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A COMPLETE HISTORY OF THE PENINSULAR STATE FROM ITS i EARLIEST SETTLEMENT TO THE PRESENT TIME. / COMPILED BX \ / CHARLES RICHARD TUTTI.E. ' - COPYRIGHT % DETROIT: ^ -^^hh^^ R. D. S. TYLER & CO., 66 GRISWOLD STREET. PRINTED BY THE DETROIT FREE PRESS COMPANY. 1873. t ■ i Entered according to Act of Congress, In the year 1873, BV CHARLES RICHARD TUTTLE, In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. 0. (^ <\-^ L 73, I, D. 0. TO THE MEN OF MICHIGAN, WHO, FROM HUMBLE BEQINNINQS, BY TIMELY PERSEVERANCE AND WELI^ DIRECTED ENTERPRISE, HAVE WON WEALTH FOR THEMSEIiVES OR FAME FOR THE PENINSULAR STATE, THIB VOLUME W RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED. PREFACE. Some ono, han very properly written that the country is already overloaded with histories of itself; and the same writer as properly adds : " Not one of them pretends to eonstitutc a general history of the United States in volumes, embracing a complete history of each State' separately — a work that would hi; of incalculable value to the archives of every Commonwealtii of the American Repub- lic." It has been offered in reply to this, that " the early history of the United States is so consolidated and intermingled as not to admit of being divided into volumes that would adapt themselves respectively to each State." The last argument holds good only in so tar as the task of compiling such a work is a difficult one, involving much labor that can scarcely hope for just compensa- tion. The work presented in this volume is threefold in its character, embracing a general history of Michigan, from its earliest settlement to the present time (unincumbered by the records of a neighboring Commonwealth), including illustrations and brief descriptive sketches of the mast prominent features of the Peninsular State, with portraits and short biographical sketches of its present leading business and professional men. With regard to the first and most important feature, it is proper to state that the works which the author has consulted freely, and to which the perfection of this book is most indebted, are Lan- man's History of Michigan, Sheldon's Early History of Michigan, Bancroft's History of the United States, Parkman's Conspiracy of Pontiac, Lanman's Red Book of Michigan, Tackabury's New Atlas of the State of Michigan, Way's History of the Boundary Difficulty, and numerous other volumes. The great aim has been to condense from the.se works, and from more recent records, a plain and truthful history of the State from its earliest settlement to the present time. &> .'^Wi^- vtti PRKFACE. In the Hccon.l an.l third fcaturcH. the aim ha« been to depict by dmTi,.tive sketches and enKravings. the more pro.ninent modern features of the Htate. and to present tlie portraits w. h bnef bu>. ,rapl,i-al sketciies of some of its hnulin, citizens. In doing he latter, cure has been taken to select repres<>ntat.ve men in al the ,.,;,„..ts of trade, am. in the learned i'-.^smns, without regard to the accident of p..liti.-al prominence fhe hat r c. n- ii.ation has not. of course, been ignored in mAmg th., se ecUo^j but preference has been given to th..se who have by nmud i.,,ultrv and native force of character, placed themselves m prominent and leading positions in their chosen hel.l of labor The labor of compiling this volume has been immense, and not always pleasant. The object has been to furnish to the citizens of the State a more complete history of the Commonwealth tluui ha« yet been written ; and at the same time to give to the wor d in a eondensed and l>opular form, reliable information m regard to the resources of a State now truly imperial in wealth, population and power. How well this task has been performed we leave to the judgment of an indulgent and discriminating public. It will be observed that the portrait engravings m Uus volume are inserted without reference to chronological order. This became necessary for the reason that printing was commenced before the engravings were finished. The only order observed is that m which the engravings reached the hands of the printer. In conclusion, the publishers desire to express their gratitude to the Detroit Free Press Company and its employes, lor the fa.thtul- ness and painstaking care with which they have corned the mechanical part of the work forward to completion The ntelh- genee and skill displayed in this part of the work is patent to every reader, and is in itself an illustration of the enterprise which is characteristic of the men of Michigan, as well as of the magnitude and excellence of the oldest printing house m the Peninsular State. V - Detroit. December, 1873. ii.caaassas-j.itfiijIss^^SSSS**®' n to depict, by iiiiient modern with brief bio- In doing the men in all the ssions, without ["h(« latter con- ig the Hclection, vc, by unaided themselves in 1(1 of labor, imense, and not ;t) the citizens of wealth than has ) the world, in a in regard to the , population and we leave to the lie. rn in this volume [jr. This became lenced before the erved is that in rinter. their gratitude to i, for the faithful- have carried the Lion. The intelli- Nvork is patent to of the enterprise , as well as of the ting house in the ILLUSTRATIONS. MIHf'ELLANE0U8. New Stntc Copltol (Frontlspli-ciO. The IncUun ('outu^il iit 8t. Mury's FuIIh (1071) ^^^ La HiilUs In the Uriffln ^^"^ Dentil of 1-nHiillc ^^^ Old Fort Mlchilimttckinac '"^ Unvoiling of the ('onHplrncy of Pontlac 240 Fort I'ontrhivrtrnin (Detroit) in 1705 273 The First Cluirciies Huilt in Micliigan '■^'^ Hon. T. J. Cuinpuu's Husidencc '^'^ Pear Trees in the Old .lesuit (Jardcn '"^" Residence of Istnuc Newton 8wain ■*^'" Country HeHidence of W. W. Backus 445 Bun's Soliir Compass Burt's Surveying Company (witli Marquette in the distance) 521 Micliigan Soldiers' und Sailors' Monument 541 Residence of James \all, jr ^^^ University of Michigan ^^^^ Agricultural College, Lansing, Michigan 611 Map of Straits of Mackinaw ^^'^ Michigd/i Female Seminary "~' Detroit Homeopathic College ^^^ Goldsmitii'8 Uiyant & Stratton Business College 635 Steamer W. L. Wetmorc ^^^ Saugatuck Union School 609 Residence of M. Jacques Campau • • • • 677 The Joseph Campau Residence 687 View of the City of Grand Rapids 691 View of the City of Adrian 699 View of the City of Detroit '"** Second Presbyterian Church, Detroit J^''' City Hall, Detroit '^^^ View of Fort Street, Detroit J^^ View of the City of Flint ""^^ gfe-= ?a/ < »g£ r»>a -^B^^i.^^-l^^^ - ,::f5t«»*T*a<^s-»KrAiiwa»t^-VSiV«^ ^ ILLUSTRATIONS. PORTRAITS. Hon. Lewis Cass 21 Lieutenant-Governor Andrew Parsons 41 Governor Jolin J. Bagley 61 Governor H. P. Baldwin 05 Hon. Frederick L. Wells 69 Hon. Eliliu L. Clarlc 73 Henry Fisli 77 Colonel Wm. M. Fen'on 83 Hon. Martin S. Brackett 91 Hon. Timothy Jerome 95 Tliomas P. Sheldon 99 Hon. .Jonathan B. Tuttle 103 General .loscph (). lludnut 113 Hon. J. W. IJegole 117 Hon. James Watson 123 Hon Peter Desnoj'ers 125 Captain John Clarke 139 Hon. John R. Kellogg 135 Hon. Charles W. Grant 141 Professor Duane Doty 145 Hon. J. G. Sutherland 149 Hon. John N. Mellen 153 E. B. AVard 157 Hon. Charles M. Garrison 101 Hon. Lysander Woodward 167 Hon. Peter C. Andre 169 Hon. Charles S. May 178 Hon. B. W. Huston 177 Ray Haddock 183 Hon. George H. Durand 185 F. G. Russell 193 Hon. A. F. R. Braley 197 Dr. Edward W. Jenks 301 Hon. Samuel D. Pace , 205 Hon. John Moore 209 E. T. Judd 213 Dr. J. B. White 217 Hon. Eleazer Jewett 231 R. W. Jenny 225 General Mark Flanigan 231 J. M. Stanley '. 235 James Shearer 241 Lorenzo B Curtis 245 Right Reverend Samuel A. McCoskry 233 Hon. S. M. Green 257 Hon. Moses B. Hess 265 IIXUSTRAT10N9. xl 21 41 61 05 69 73 77 83 91 95 99 103 llli 117 133 125 129 135 141 145 149 153 157 101 167 169 173 177 183 185 193 197 201 205 209 213 217 221 225 231 235 241 245 253 257 265 H'^n. James Birney 269 M. 8. 8mith 277 Hon. James Turrill 283 Ezra Kuat 285 David Preston 289 Hon. Bcla W. Jenks 293 E. O. Haven, D.I)., LL. D 297 Hon. John F. Driggs 305 Rev. J. M. Arnold 309 Hon. R. P. Eldredge 313 Hon. W. L. Webber 321 Chester B. Jones 325 Hon. James F. Joy 33i Hon Albert Miller 337 A. W. Wright 341 Hon. L. B. Parker 345 Hon. G. D. Williams 349 Colonel Wm. L. P. Little 357 Bradford Smith 361 Spencer Barclay 367 Hon. T. J. Campau 369 Hon. Alfred Russell 379 Dr. J. W. Kermott 381 Hon. Zachariah Chandler 385 Charles H. Borgnian 389 Hon. A. B. Turner 395 Isaac Newton Swain 403 Aaron Dikeman 413 Major Lowell Hall 417 James Scribner 421 Hon. R. McClelland 425 M. V. Borgman 437 John P. Allison 448 - Hon. George V. N. Lothrop 449 Hon. R. A. Haire 459 E. H. Turner 461 Hon. N. B. Eldredge 465 Captain J. F. Marsac 469 Hon. George W. Swift 473 Sandford Howard 481 Hon. D. Horton 485 Hon. George E. Hubbard 489 Rev. Marcus Swift 497 Dr. G. L. Cornell 505 Colin Campbell 509 Hon. Wm. A. Burt 518 Horace R. Gardner 626 if its ' xu ILLUSTRATIONS. Hon. Thomas W. Ferry 539 Myron Butmun 587 Hon. Thonuia H. Bottoniley 5^9 Hon. John Hall 545 Hon. Juy A. Hiibbell • • • 549 General J. G Parkhurst 553 Smith R. Woolley 559 Hon A. N. Hart 561 Dr. L. Younghusband 565 Hon. E. 8 Egglcston 569 Professor David Parsons 573 General A. T. McKeynolds 577 D. M. Ferry 583 Hon Ira Mayhew 585 Jamea Nail, jr 589 James W. Frisbie 59:5 J. H. Goldsmith 597 Hon. C. C. Comstock 601 Hon. Jonathan Shearer 605 Okemos 609 Edgar Conkling ■ 613 Hon. John 8. Barry 617 Hon. Moses Wisncr 621 Hon. E Ransom 626 Hon. Wm. Woodbridge 629 Hon. O. D. Conger 633 Hon. Israel V. Harris 641 Hon. David H. Jerome 645 Hon. George Willard 649 Hon O. M Barnes 653 Hon. A. C. Baldwin 659 Hon. Charles Rynd, M. D 661 Hon. Henry H. Crapo 665 Hon. Joseph Campau 679 Hon. H. M. Look 693 Hon. J. W. Gordon 701 Hon. Wm. L. Greenly 703 Hon. Wm. C. Duncan 713 Hon. Wm. W. Wheaton 716 Hon. Alexander H. Morrison 722 Hon. John 8. Horner 725 Hon. Alpheus Pelch 727 Hon. Kinsley S. Bingham 729 Hon. Stevens T. Mason 731 629 537 5a9 545 549 553 559 561 565 569 573 577 583 585 589 593 597 601 605 600 613 617 631 626 629 633 641 645 649 653 659 661 665 679 693 701 703 713 716 723 725 727 729 731 CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. Prance moves to establish a colony in America— Cartierjroceeds to Canntln— His second voyage — Rolicrval's expedition — Other French expeditions— Champlain's flrst expedition to the SI Lawrence— He forms a settlement at Quebec n CHAPTER II. Cbamplain and his infant colony— A pleasant winter in the now fort— Condition of Indian affairs -The natives— Niw France ceded to England in 1629— Gbaniplain returns to France , 29 CHAPTER 111. History of New France ftom the war with the English in 1629 to that of 16S9— The French and the Iro(iuois— Colonial history-The government of Fronte- nac— Defeat of the English .18 CHAPTER IV. History of New France from the administration of Frontenac to its overthrow by the English, at Quebec, in 1769— The battle of Quobec-The fall of Wolfe and Montcalm— Canada ceded to the English 68 CHAPTER V. Progress of the French toward Michigan— The struggles and adventures of the missionaries- Life and death of the great and good Marquette— Pioneer lite, 81 CHAPTER VI. Robert de la Salle--First vessel on Lake Erie— Loss of the Griffin- Unfortunate expedition in search of tlie Mississippi— Mutinous conduct of LaSaile's men— Death of LaSalle— His character— Fate of his companions 102 CHAPTER VII. The Sault Ste. Marie— Fort St. Joseph— Detroit founded— Its early condition- Attacked by the Ottuwas- By the Foxes— Early French travelers through the lake region 112 CHAPTER VIII. Colonial emigrants— Merchants— The peasantry— French soldiers— Legal admin- istration—Policy of the French government— Mode of land distribution 122 CHAPTER IX. War betwi. the French and English colonies-Braddock's march— His defeat— Acadia, Niagara and Crown Point- Uattle of Lake George— Condition of Can da 139 CHAPTER X The English take possession of the western outposts of Canada— March of Major Rogers and the Provincial Rangers- .\i>pearance of Pontiac— Surren- der of Detroit and Michiliraackinac to the l.iiLrlish- End of French rule in Michigan., 166 CHAPTER XI. Hostility between the northern Indians and the English— Experience of the llriit English traders who visited Michiiiniackinac— Their persecutions -The English soldiers take possession of Miuhilimaukinac 172 -^aetriiisaf XIV CONTENTS. CHAPTER XII. HoMililv lictwoon thp InrtlnnB and the English -Its cnnse explained -The in li^ans visiiiK t<. .Irive the Knglish from the o.o""try--Pontl,m-s messaKO- The council and speech in wliirli the conspiracy is maturcd-The war 189 CHAPTER XIII. Michilimackinac Description of the place in 1702 - AssemljlinK of hostile Cli".is "round Mich/iimackina.-X.iveiltnres 9I an Kn^'lish tra.Ur-Tho Indians preparing for the massaero-Thu game ol ball commencea CHAPTER XIV. The massacre at Kort Michilimackinac-Indians drinking the blood of Engllsh- m""f-S,Im'rings of Knglish prisoncrs-Thc Ottawas esponse the cause ol the Knglish and take possession of the fort-The Indian council -"o 200 CHAPTER XV. :\w English persecuted at Mii'hilimackinac after the mttgsacro-Tlu. m\\ of HUnry- Prisoners divided between theChippewas and IhcOttawjis tenant Gorell rescues the i)ri8oners from the Ottawas, and the hngUs adventure Licu- nglish leave the country— Escape of Henry 229 248 CHAPTER XVI. Conspiracy of I'ontiac, continucd-The plot to destroy the garrison of Detroit (iiscovered-Pontiac commences the siege-Captain Cam;-,beirs captivity- Poutiac demands the surrender of the tort CHAPTER XVII. Consniracv of Pontiac, oontinued-A council among the officers of the fort of Detroit-- (ila(lwyn determines to hold out-l)ifflculty between Pontiac and the ?rench-Fatc of Cuyler s expedition-The horrors of Indu.n warlare thickeuiug aronnd Detroit '** CHAPTER XVIII. Conspiracy of Pontiac. continued-Fate of the forest garrison The massacre at Fort St. Joseph--The fate of Sandusky, Miami, Onatanon, Pres<iue Isle, Le Boeuf and Venango-The reign of blooii and havoc-The bloody work ol the great Pontiac and his treacherous followers -"> CHAPTER XIX. Conspiracy of Pontiac, continued -The siege of Detroit-Adventure of a British schooner on the Detroit river-Mode of Indian warfare-Pontiac inviting the French tojdin his army-Another council-Exchange ot prisoners 282 CHAPTER XX. Conspiracy of Pontiac. continued-The battle of Bloody Run-Captain Dalzell's detachment slaughtered liy the savages-Adventure of the schooner Ulad- wyn— The Indians sue lor peace— Approach of winter 296 1^ Conclusion of Poiitiao's war CHAPTER XXI. -The siege of Detroit raised- -Bradstreel in the west-The English at peace-The Uevolutionarj: War-Instigating savages to take American scalps-Captain Byrd's expedition-Haniilton's expedition -His captiire-DePeysler cimmamls at Detroit-American liberty trium- phant— Peace restored "- CHAPTER XXH. The retention of the western posts by Great Britain after the treaty of 1783- Northwostern Territory organized-Indian troubles agam-Thc great war council at Detroit - Campaign of General Harmer -St. Clair s defeat- Wayno's victories-Michigan surrendered to the United States 324 CHAPTER XXIII. William Hull appointed governor of the Territorj' of Michigan-Tecumseh's waVriors asBi'mbling-An army raised in Ohio-It marches to Detroit under warrioi,8_asBi,mmmb between England and the United States-Hull General Hull advances into Canada . 330 CONTKNT8. XV nlncd -The '8 message — 3 wur 189 CHAPTER XXIV. Midiilimackinnc— Removal ol' Iho fort to Mackinaw JHland ronilition of the foit and scttlcnieiit ill 181-.' -Captain Hoberts' ex|icilition caiiluivs the fort— The garrison sent to Detroit— The Knglish once more in possession ot Sluck- inaw 344 t of hostile tracUr-The ill 200 1 of English- cause of the 215 le adventure awas— Licu- ^nglish leave lU of Detroit 3 captivity— 220 248 if tlie fort of Pontiac and Jian warfare 'J84 I massacre at s<iiie Isle, Le ■ work of the 27U e of a British ■i inviting the era 282 tain DalzcU'8 liooner Glad- 296 istreel in the iting savages I'a expedition iberty trium- »13 eatj- of 1783— he great war iiir's defeat- 324 — Tecumseh's Oetroit under States-Hull 330 CHAPTER XXV. General Hull's cowardice— lie evacuates Canada -Alleged treason— A detach- mont sent to meet C'oloiiiil Brush -The fort surrendered to tlu^ British- Iiidinnatiou of the arniv-Colonel Brush escapes -Detroit again under the British Hag ." 363 CHAPTER XXVI The Uritish celebrating their success at Detroit -Account of General Brock's expedition against Detroit Scenes and circumstances in and about l>elroit after the surrender— The massacre at (.'hicago- Commodore Perry on Lake Krie -Harrison's camjiaign -Kecapture of the western posts, "including Detroit, by the United Estates 3G5 CHAPTER XXVII. Mackinaw— Expedition under Commodore Sinclair and Colonel Croghan for its reiluction-i;olonel Turner captures the Perseveranci- at St. Mary's and reduces that post -Capture of the Mink -Destruction ol goods beloiigiiig to the Northwest Company— Landing of the forces at Mackinaw— Fall ot Major Uolmes— Defeat of the Americans - Fidl account of the buttle, etc 377 CHAPTER XXVIII. The ordinance of 1787— Krection of the Territory of Michigan— Its boundary- Judicial administration— The Woodward code of laws— Governor Hull— His trial by court-martial 394 CHAPTER XXIX. General Casa appointed governor -Defenseless condition of the Territory- Indian depredations around Detroit Bravery and energy of General Cass— His treaty with the Indians— Condition of Michigan at the close of the war -Expedition of General Cans to the Upper Peninsula— Discoveries— Pros- perity of the Territory under Cass' administration— The treaty of Chicago- Kxecmliou of Indians 402 CHAPTER XXX. The administration of Governor Porter— The Black Hawk war— Construction otx'oads -The llrst railroad company organized— Banks chartered- Common Schools organizeil -Chang, in the method of disposing of public lands— Deatli of Governor Porter 441 CHAPTER XXXI. The organization of a State government-The boundary question— The Toledo war— Incidents and accidents— Settlement of the question— Admission of Michigan into the Union 448 CHAPTER XXXII. Michigan as a State— Kesources and population— Administration of Governor Mason— Woodbridge — Gordon - Barry— Felch— Greenly -Uinsom-Barry- McClelland -Bingham —Wisiier 480 CHAPTER XXXIII. Administration of Governor Blair— The war of the rebellion— Patriotic action of Michigan— The troops sent to Ihe Held— The draft— Governor Oapo's administration -I lose of the war— The troops return honi> Financial con- dition of the State 494 CHAPTER XXXIV. Governor Henry P. Baldwin's administration— Steady growth of the State— (Constitutional amendment— Governor Baldwin's re-election —The State Cap- itol— The great and destructive (Ires in Michigan— The Soliliers' and Sailors' Monument— Administration of Governor Bagley 530 zvi CONTENTS. CHAPTER XXXV. Presont condition of Michigan railroads CHAPTER XXXVI. 544 M ineral and loroRt wealth of MichiKan-Iron-Copper-Salt-Gypsum-coM- Other minurala-Lumber "" * CHAPTER XXXVn. Education in Michi(fan-Tho common B.dmol ny^t^m-ThP. yn'^eiTlly-AKric"!- tural CollfRc-Stntc Normal Kchool-Allnon CollcRe- Adrian CollP(te-Kii a- ma/oo Collctfo IlillsdaU- rolU'Ki-Olivet ColU-KC-State «•; «7' *? ^,^"ol- Sliilc Pul.lic School-Asvlnm for the Deaf, Dnmb and IJlind-Mt 'hipran Kom'ilf Seminiirv-Detroit Medical CollcKC-Oetroit Iloineomithic CoUcge- fiohiimith'" iryant * Stratton Ui.sinesB Unlverslty-Mayhew's Business ^^ College CHAPTER XXXVHI. Agricultxirc—Mannfacturcs— Commerce «40 CHAPTER XXXIX. Mineral Siirinug of Michigan-Their discovery-Analyses of the watcrs-The loo!!ition of oac.h-The St Louis Spring-Alpena-Midland-Knton Ki pids- SprinK Luke-hansing-Kruitport-Butterworth's-Owosso-IIubbardston - Leslie-Mount Clemens *" Governors and officers of Michigan '" Population of Michigan °'l Sketch of Grand Rapids °°; Sketch of Adrian 2n2 Sketch of netroit 1,2 Sketch of Flint '" ■ 'r^t^^f-; ^'■^- ■ ':'--ri:<H&\'- ..-«l»D'-M»M-^-»f'' 644 ypsuni— Co'l- 672 rslty— AKiiciiI- CollPite— Kiila- ^I'orm School— lind— MU'hipran iithic. College— lew's BuBlness 490 «40 le wntcrs— The Eaton Kapids— -Ilubbardston — 668 671 . . 674 689 698 706 718 THE HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. CHAPTER I. France Moves to EsTAni.isii a Colony in Amekica — Cartieii Pro- ceeds TO Canada — His Second Voyage — Hohekvai/s Expedition —Other French Expeditions — Ciiami»i,ain's First Expedition TO THE St. Lawrence— He Forms a Settlement at Quebec. Other volumes of this work, treating of other States, give a complete narrative of the efforts of Enghmd and Spain to colonize the New World. Hence, in this place, it is sufficient to trace only the movements of France, in her unfoi'itunate struggle to plant a permanent branch of empire in America. This is the more expe- dient since only the name of the latter is associated with the first settlement of Michigan. ' At the beginning of the sixteenth century the discoveries of Christopher Columbus and Sebastian Cabot were creating consid- erable excitement in France, and Franci.s I granted a commission to Jacques Cartier, of St. Malo, authorizing him to prosecute dis- coveries in the far West. Cartier's outfit for this expedition con- sisted of two ships, of sixty tons burden each, and a crew of sixty- one efficient men. He set sail for America from St. Malo on th«' 20th of April, 1534. This was by no means the first western movement of civilization. The Spaniards already occupied Florida; the p]nglish had taken pos.ses8ion of the middle portion of the continent, and the north- ern regions alone remained for the French. To the latter point the brave commander directed his little fleet. He made a safe voyage, and after exploring the northern coast of Newfoundland, he returned to France, reaching St. Malo on the 1.5th of Septem- ber, 1534. ^!^- ■% m itr^ ^M'^^oX^u .■.i».o^*WV 18 (iF.NKKAL ntSTOUY OF TIIK STATES. lit' jravi' a very favorable account of tlic new country to tlio Frcndi court, wliicli was well received; hut suhsoquent develop- ments proved tliut heliad done little more than land on the north- western hanks of Newfoundland. Fcarinj: the consetjuences of the autumnal storms upon his ships, he remained hut n few weeks. Nevertheless he had seen enouj^h to persuade the ht'lief that a fruitful country lay beyond, iu the direction of Michijjan and the surroundiii},' States. Immediately after ("artier's return to France preparations began for a second expedition. Three vessels were fitted out with a view to r. more extended voyage. They were the Great Herminia, of about one hundred and twenty tons; the Little Herminia, of sixty tons, and the Hermirillon, of forty tons. The first named was the flag ship. The fleet set sail on the 15th of May, 15:].j. This was a very important day at St. Malo. Every adventurer about to sail for the New World was an object of much interest to the inhabitants, and not a little pains were taken to celebrate their departure, in the hour of separation from kindred and country, the priests of their religion had sought to propagate their future comfort and support by preparing a gorgeous pageant. The officers and crews of the whole stjuadron confessed, and received the sacrament. Afterwards they presented themselves before the altar in the great cathedral at St. Malo, where the bishop, arrayed in sacerdotal robes of rare magnificence, bestowed on them his benediction. An account of the voyage, which was many years after pub- lished in a French journal, states that it was very tempestuous. Many of the crew suffered unnumbered hardships, but after many days of toil and discontent, the eastern banks of Newfoundland again appeared to the eye of the adventurous commander. After five or six hours' sail, the squadron being in a higher latitude than Cartier had supposed, they passed the coast of the island, and still continuing their course, they entered, on St. Lawrence day, a broad gulf. In commemoration of this event, they gave the name of St. Lawrence to the gulf, and to the great river that flows into it, which they bear to this day. Proceeding up the river's course, they found themselves, iu a ^rT-T^^72:^Ve«i:-*.:i4W.^*(^^g*ijgjlieS*f».i£lM|.'-^. HIHTORY OF MICUKJAN. 19 country to tlio Miuciit (lovt'lop- (1 on the north- •ons('(|UoiK'('s of lit II few weeks. (' bi'licf that a cliigan and the >iirations began DUt witli a view it Herniinia, of rminia, of sixty ivt uiunetl was his was a verj' bout to sail for tlie inhabitants, departure, in ^, the priests of re comfort and ficers and crews the sacrament, tar in the great 1 in sacerdotal jenediction. ears after pub- ry tempestuous, but after many Newfoundland munder. After er latitude than island, and still iwrence day, a they gave the 'reat river that ;hemselves, in a Jew days, oj)i)ositc the riidiiin village of Stadacoiia, then occupy- ing a portion of the ground on wliicli the city of (^lu-bcc now stands. As the vessels came to an anchor, the terrified natives fled to the forest, where they gazed with iningied feelings of awe and wonder on the "winged canoes" which had borne the pale- faced strangers to their shores. The Indians at once resolved on a wary intercourse with the strangers. Their chief, Donacona, ai)])roached the vessels with a fleet of twelve canoes, tilled with arrtied warriors. Ten of these eanoes lu directed to remain a short distance, while h(> proceeded with the other two to luscertain the purport of the visit—whether it was for peace or war. With this object in view, he commenced an oration. Cartier heard the chief patiently, and with the aid of a Gasp<"' Indian interpreter, he was enabled to open a conver- sation, and to (juiet his apprehensions. An amicable understand- ing having thus been established, (^artier moored his vessels safely in the River St. Charles, where, shortly afterwards, he received a .second visit from Donacona, who, this time, came accompanied by five hundred warriors of his tribe. Having thoroughly rested and refreshed himself and his men, Cartier determined to explore the river to Hochelaga, another Indian town, which he learned was situated further uj) it.s course. With the view of impressing the Indians with the superiority of the white man, he caused, prior to his departure, several cannon .shots to be discharged, which produced the desired result. Like their countrymen of the .South on the arrival of Columbus, the red men of the St. Lawrence were alarmed by the firing of artil- lery; and, as its thunders reverberated among the surrounding hills, a feeling of terror took complete possession of their minds. Leaving his other ships safely at anchor, Cartier, on the 19th of September, proceeded up the river with the Hermirillon and two boats. He wa.s compelled, however, owing to the shallowness of the water, to leave the vessel at Lake St. Peter. Bold, and loving adventure for its own sake, and at the same time strongly imbued with religious enthusiasm, Cartier watched the shifting landscape, hour after hour, as he ascended the river, with feelings of the deepest gratification, which were heightened by the reflection that ■-i^ag\ipi!sc^ii3ism'-timsmMsi«mtmiitmiif^'-mmsin^,, 20 GENEUVK HISTORY OF TIIK STATRfl. hi! wivs tha pioneer of civilizatiDn and of ClirUtiiinily i» that unknown ilmi". " Nature" says MacMullen, " presented itnelf in ail il.H primitive t.'randeur to \w viesv. The noble river, on vhose broad bosom he floated onward, day after day, disturbing vaHt floeks of water fowl ; the primitive forests of the North, whieh here and there presented, amid tlie luxuriance of their foliage, the panisitieal vine, loaded with clusters of luscious >;rapes, and from whence the strange notes of the whippowil, and other birds of varied tone and plumage, such as he had never before seen, were heard at intervals; the bright sunshine of a Canadian autumn; the unclouded moonlight of its calm and jdeasant nights, with the other novel accessories of the occasion, nuide a sublime and profound impression upon the mind of the adventurer." Cartier arrived, on the '2d of October, opposite the Huron vil- lage of Ilochelaga, the iidiabitants of which lined the shore on his approach, and made the most friendly signs to him to land. Supplies of fish ami corn were freely tendered by the Indians, in return for which they received knives and beads. Despite this friendly conduct, however, Cartier and his (companions deemed it most prudent to pa.ss the night on board their boats. On the following day, headed by their leader, dressed in the most imposing costume at his command, the exploring party went in procession to the village. At a short distance from its environs they were met by a sachem, who received them with that solemn courtesy peculiar to the aborigines of America. Cartier made him several presents. Among these was a cross, which he hung round his neck and directed him to kiss. Patches of ripe HON. LEWIS CASS. Thk late Hon. Lewis Cass wus born in Exeter, New Ilampslure, Octo- ber 9, 1783. Having received a lln\ited education in liis native place, at the early age of seventeen lie crossed the Alleghany Mountains on foot, to seek a home in the " Great West," then an almost unexplored wilder- ness Settled at Marietta, Ohio; he studied law and was successful. Elected at twenty-five to the Legislature of Ohio, he originated the bill which arrested tlie proceedings of Aaron Burr, which, as stated by Mr. .Jefferson, was the first blow given to what is known as Burr's conspiracy. In 1807 he was appointed by Mr. JefTerson Marshal of the State, and held -T..1-**^W-i-TS.*,ei?*I fi »ii'. •^;:^e«ft^'?f-^.-;^'i^^''^.-*''>^*^e*'« - ^^.■•^Mik:^^'^ mily in that lilted it.wlf in ver, on vhose ■ttiirbinj; vast North, which their tbliiine, IS j^rapos, and id other birds r before seen, (■ a Canadian leasaiit nifj;hts, Hide a sublime nturer." he Huron vil- tlie shore on ) liini to hind. J the Indians, Despite this ons deemed it dressed in the :ploring party tauce from its them with that erica. Cartier ;ross, which he Patches of ripe [ampshlre, Octo- native place, at untains on foot, explored wiUler- was successful. iginatcd the bill as stated by Mr. urr's conspiracy. 8 State, and held HON. LKWIS OA88. <-,w>^*sjj'^^#)«||iaS!*ti(yt^3;«*5'f>^»?t\'ffMS#^ !C-:a^^ic^fc-i^*4***_J»'-.rt*rfte»fci-- HISTOIIY Ot MICHIGAN. 23 corn encircled the village, which consisted of fifty well built huts, secured from attack by three lines of stout palisades. It is recorded that Cartier did all that he could to soothe the minds of the savages, and that he even prayed with these idolaters, and dis- tributed crosses and other symbols of the Catholic faith among them. After the usual ceremonies with the Indians, Cartier ascended the mountain behind the native village. Here he erected a cross and a shield, emblazoned with the Fletir-dc-lii, emblem of church and State, and named the region of his discoveries "New France." Favorably as Cartier had been received, the lateness of the season compelled his return to Stadacona. The adventurers win- tered In the St. Charles river, and continued to be treated with apparent kindne.xs and hospitality by the Indians in that vicinity, who hat. fortimatcly laid up abundant stores of provisions. Unaccustomed, however, to the rigor of a Canadian winter, and scantily supplied with warm dothiug, Cartier and his companions suffered severely from the cold. The long and tedious winter at length drew to a close ; the ice broke up, and, although the voyage had led to no gold dis- coveries or profitable returns in a mercantile point of view, the expedition prepared to return home. They compelled Donacona, and two other chiefs and eight warriors, to bear them company to France, where a greater part of these unfortunate men died soon after their arrival. On reaching home Cartier reported to the French Court that the country he had discovered was destitute of gold and silver, and that its coast was bleak and stormy. tfie office till the latter part of 1811, when he volunteered to repel Indian aggressions on the frontier. He was elected Colonel of the Third Regi- ment of Ohio volunteers, and entered the military service of the United States at the commencement of the war of 1812. Having by a difficult march reached Detroit, he urged the iimnediate invasion of Canada, and was the author of the proclamation of that event. He was the first to land in arms on the enemy's shore, and, with a small detachment of troops, fought and won the first battle, that of the Tarontoe. At the i^ubsequent capitulation of Detroit he was absent on important service, I .^ana^miiif. i^^aaa^*^ ,.. 24 UENKRAL HISTORY OK THE STATES. I I This sad account liad a most disastrous eftect upou the energies already awakened in France, and not until four years after Car- tier's return was there a single movement in the whole empire looking toward a third expedition. Early in the year 1540 Tian- cis I granted patents covering all the territory north of British occupancy to Fraueoix de la Uoque, Seigneur de Koberval. The commission also invested him with supreme power within its bounds. In the summer of the same year a squadron of five vessels was fitted out for New France. Cartier, who had already twice suc- cessfully reached the western hemisphere, was appointed to the command, and accordingly the fleet set sail to convey the French flag once more to America. After a very successful voyage, they reached the lake and river that had received its name from Car- tier four years previously, and, proceeding in a westerly course, they subsequently arrived at Stadacona. He was at first received with eveiy appearance of kindness by the Indians, who expected that he had brought hack their chief Donacona, as well as the other chiefs and warriors who had been taken to France. On learning that some of these were dead, and that none of them would return, they ottered considerable resist- ance to the formation of a settlement in their neighborhood. By these and other difficulties Cartier was induced to move higher up the river to Cape Rouge, where he laid up three of his vessels and sent the other two back to France with letters to the king. His next proceeding was to erect a fort, which he called Charlesbourg. Here, after an unsuccessful attempt to navigate and regretted that his command and himself had been included in that capituliition. Liberated on parole, he repaired to the seat of government to report the causes of the disaster and the failure of the campaign. He was immediately appointed a Colonel in the regular army, and soon after promoted to the rank of Brigadier-General, having in the meantime been elected Major-Goneral of the Ohio volunteers. On being exchanged and released from parole, he again repaired to the frontier, and joined the army for the recovery of Michigan. Being at that time without a com- mand, he served and distinguished himself as a volunteer aide-de-camp to General Harrison at the battle of the Thames. He was appointed by t: ^rs^^ 3jar?^-i^1^M HI8TOKY OK MICHIGAN. 26 1 the energies lars after Car- whole empire ar 1540 rian- rth of British oberval. The ver within ita ive vessels was ady twice sue- pointed to the •ey the French il voyage, they inie from Car- lesterly course, )f kindness by ick their chief who had been were dead, and iderable resist- iborhood. luced to move ip three of his 1 letters to the vhich he called pt to navigate included in that it of government i campaign. He Y, and soon after : meantime been ^ exchanged and , and joined the I without a com- r aide-de-camp to as appointed by the rapids above Hochelaga, he jMissed a most uncomfortable winter. The promised supplies not having arrived, another severe winter completely disheartened Cartier, and he accordingly resolved to return home. Putting into the harbor of St. John, Newfound- land, lie encountered Roberval, who was now on his way to Canada, with a new company of udveuturers, and an abundance of stores and provisions. Cartier refused to return, and, to avoid forcible detention, he weighed anchor in the night. On the following morning the viceroy arose and observed that his wearied servant had departed. Roberval sailed up the river to Charlesbourg, which he strengthened by additional fortifications, and where he passed the ensuing winter. Leaving a garrison of thirty men behind, he returned the following spring to France, where he was detained by his sovereign to assist in the war against Charles V. After the Peacje of Cressy, Roberval, in company with his brother Achille and a numerous train of adventurers, again set out for this country. The fleet was never heard of after it put to sea, and was supposed to have foundered, to the regret of the people of France, who greatly udmired the brothers for the gal- lant manner in which they had borne themselves in the war. This loss completely discouraged Henry II, then (lo43) King of France, and he made no further efforts to effect a settlement in Canada. It was not, therefore, till 1598 that any noticeable movement was made by the French Government in projects of trans-Atlantic colonization. In this year the Marquis de la Roche, a nobleman of Brittany, encouraged by Henry, fitted out President Madison, in October, 1813, Governor of Michigan. His posi- tion combined witli tlie ordinary duties of chief magistrate of a civilized community the immediate management and control, as Superintendent, of the relations with the numerous and powerful Indian tribes in this region of country. He conducted with success the affairs of the Terri- tory under embarrassing circumstances. Under his sway peace was preserved between the whites and the treacherous and disaffected Indians, law and order established, and the Territory rapidly advanced in population, resources and prosperity. He held this position till July, 1831, when he was by President Jackson made Secretary of War. In the f .-^<«aMs<*M«iHit'' 2<i (lENKBAL IllSTOUY OF THE STATEH. a large oxpedition, which convicts were permitted to join, as it was then difficult to find voluntary adventurers owinjr to former disas- ters. Armed with the most ample governmental poweiv, the Mar- (piis departed to the new world, undcM- the guidance of Chede.el, a pilot of Normandy. But he lacked the qualities necessary to insure success, and little is recorded of his voyage, with the excep- tion that he left forty convicts on Sahle Island, a harren spot off the coast of Nova Scotia. Owing to the failure of *his adven- ture, and his attempts to eciuij) another heing thwarted at Court, the Manjuis fell sick shortly after his return home, and literally died of chagrin. The unfortunate convicts whom he left behind were entirely forgotten for several years, and suffered the most intense hardshii)s. Their clothes were soon worn o-.t, their provi- sions exhausted. Clad in the skin of the sea-wolf, subsisting upon the precarious supplies afforded by fishing, and living in rude huts formed from the planks of a wrecked vessel, famine and cohl graduidly reihuted their number to twelve. After a residence on the island of twelve years, these wretched men were found in the most deplorable condition by a vessel .sent out by the Parlia- ment of Rouen to ascertain their fate. On their return to France they were brought before Henry, who pardoned their crimes in consideration of the great hard.ships they had undergone, and gave them a liberal donation in money. In 1599 another expedition was resolved on by Chauvin, of Rouen, a naval officer of reputation, and Pontgrave, a sailor mer- chant of St. Malo, who, in i-onsideration of a monopoly of the fur trade granted them by Henry, undertook to establish a colony of five huiulred persons in Canada. In the spring of 1600 two vessels were equijjped, and Chauvin, taking a party of settlers latter part of 1836 Picsident .lackson appointed him aiinister to France, where he remained until 18«, when he requested his reciill and returned to this country. In January, 1845, he was elected by the Legislature of Michijian to the Senate of the United States, which place he resigned on his nomination, in May, 1848, a,s a candidate for tlie Presidency by the politi<iil parly to which he belonged. After the election of his opponent (General Taylor) to that office, the Legislature of Michigan, in 1849, re-elected him to the Senate for the unexpired portion of hia original '.liam^mtBii HISTOKY OF MICHIGAN. 27 in, aw it was )rnior disas- i-s, the Mar- )f Clu'do.el, nccesfiary to h the exeep- ren spot off' this adven- ■d at Court, iid literally left behind ed the most their provi- f, subsisting id living in , famine and r a residence jre found in T the Parlia- ru to France 'ir crimes in lergone, and Chauviu, of a sailor mer- opoly of the lisli a colony of 1600 two y of settlers ter to France, I and returned Legislature of le resigned on iidency by the f bis opponent igan, in 1849, jf his original with him, arrived safely at Tadoussac. He erected a fort at this place, and during the summer he obtained a considerable stock of very valuable furs for the most trifling consideration. Being anxious to disjiose of these to advantage, he returned to France on the approacii of winter, leaving sixteen settlers behind. These were slenderly provided with provisions and clothing, and in the cold weather were reduced to such distress that they had to throw themselves completely on tiie hospitality of the natives. From these they experienced much kindness, yet so great were the hard- ships they endured that several of them died before ^ iiccor arrived from France. Chauvin's deatii, in IHO:?, left Canada without a pernuinent white settlement, yet the spirit of enterprise tliat had taken firm hold of the more adventurous did not become weak- ened. After two more un.successful expeditions, one under the direc- tion of De Chaste, and the other under De Mots, the latter obtained in 1607 a conunission from King Henry for one year, and, owing to the re])resentations of Samuel Champlain, who had conducted the expedition under De Chjuste, he now resolved to establish a French settlement on the St. Lawrence. Fitting out two vessels, he placed them under the command of Champlain, a bold and experienced navigator. The expedition set sail from Harfleur on the 18th of A])ril, 1608, and arrived at Tadoussac on the 3d of June. Here Pontgrave remained to trade with the Indians while Champlain proceeded up the river to examine its banks, and determine upon a suitable site for the settlement he was to found. After a careful scrutiny, he fixed upon a promon- tory distinguished by a luxuriant growth of vines, and shaded by some noble walnut trees, called by the natives " Qubio " or " Que- terni of six years. Wlien Mr. Buchanan became President, lie invited General C'ass to tlie liead of tlie Department of State, wliicli position lie resigned in December, 1860. He devoted some attention to literary pur- suits, and liis writings, speeelies and State papers would inalie several volumes, among which is one entitled, "France, its King, Court and Government," publislied in 1840. He died in Detroit, June 17, 1866, and will long be remembered as the most eminent and successful statesman of Michigan. 11 > w a ww>jr^ Tae ww^ ^?ffqMBWw:^q^isgBnL 28 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. if I bee," and which was wituatetl a short distance from the spot where Cartier liad erected a fort, and jjassi-d a winter sixty-seven years before. Here, on the 3d of July, 1G08, he hiid the foundation of the present city of Quebec. Ru(h' buildinf^s of wood were f i-st erected on the high grounds, to aflbrd a shelter to his men. When these were complettid an embankment was formed above the reach of the tide, where Mountain street now lies, on which the house and battery were built. With the exception of Jamestown, in Virginia, this was the first permanent settlement established in North America. Having followed the French in their repeated journeys across the ocean, and left them in their first successful settlement, we will next trace their footsteps in those western voyages of dis- covery and adventure that .secured the early settlement of the peninsular State. v*so«fc«j;;H..j£;Ai*«. ^ e spot where •-rtovon years )iuidiiti()n of )(1 were fli-st men. When ive the reach :h the house iincstown, in stablished in irneys across !ttknnent, we i'ages of dis- iiient of the CHAPTER II. Champlain and Ills Infant Coi.onv— A Pleasant Winter in thk New Fout— Condition ov Indian Afkaihs— The Natives— New FuANCE Ceded to England in 1089 — Champlain Retuuns to Fhance. Samuel Champlain, as already observed, founded the settle- ment of Quebec in 1608. This was the first permanent foothold of civilization in Canada. The little garrison passed the winter of 1608 without suffering any of those extreme hardships which, during tlie same period of the year, had distinguished the resi- dence of former adventurers in Canada. Their dwellings being better protected from the cold, their persons more warmly clothed, more abundantly supplied with provisions, and with a greater amount of experience than their predecessors possessed, they dis- covered that a winter existence among the snows of the North was not only possible, but even had its ])leasures. Winter gradually merged towards spring without producing any incident of very great importance to the infant colony. Meanwhile everything had been done to preserve a good under- standing with Indians who visited the fort. Champlain wisely perceived that the success of the settlement of the country depended upon their friendship. Nor were the Indians them- selves, who belonged to the Algonquin nation, averse to the culti- vation of a friendly understanding with the French. The spring of 1609 seems to have been an early one with the colony, and no sooner had the weather become sufficiently warm to make traveling agreeable, than Champlain prepared to ascend the river, and explore it above Mount Royal. He spent the sum- mer in the vicinity of the St. Lawrence, and made many valuable discoveries. In the autumn a disarrangement in affairs in France caused his return home. In the spring of 1610 he again visited i 80 (lENTRAI, niSTOKY Or THE S<TATES. ^< his little colony, aiul iigaiii returned to Franee in the autumn of that year. In 1(111 Chaniplain returned to America, and determined to estahlish a settlement further up the river than Quehec. Aftjr a careful survey he fixed ui)on a Hite near Mount Uoyal. HIh choice has been amply justified by the great prosperity to which this place, under the name of Montreal, has suhsecpiently risen. Having; cleared a considerable space of frround, he fenced it in by an earthen ditch, and planted }i;rain in the enclosure. Champlaiu ajiain returned to France with a view of making arraufrements for more exten.sive operations. After meeting with some difficulties, he .-(ailed for Caiuida from Harfleur in the begin- ning of March, 1(>1.'{, and arrived at Quebec on the 7th of May following. He at once commenced the prosecution of discoveries. On the 21.st of May he arrived at Lachine Itapids, and proceeded with his crew up the Ottawa. In the latter undertaking he expe- rienced severe hardships, and encountered numerous difficulties. After traversing large tracts of country, and visiting several Indian villages, Chaniplain, observing the approach of winter, and the need of supplies, returned to France on the 2()th of August, 1H14. In the following May, Champlain arrived at Quebec with a new expedition. On board of this fleet came out four fathers of the order of the Recollects, whose benevolence induced them to desire the conversion of the Indians to Christianity. These were the first i)riests who settled in Canada. After adjusting nuitters in the little colony, Champlain set out for the Indian head((uarters at Lachine Rapids. He spent the summer and the following winter among the natives, aiding them in their wars with the Iroquois, and joining them in the hunt. No sooner had the spring of IHKi set in, however, than he returned to Quebec, and shortly afterward sailed for France. Here he remained over two years, endeavoring to secure another expedition. This was delayed by a difficulty between the Prot- estants and Roman Catholics, and not until July, 1H20, did the father of New France return to his charge. Champlain's judicious management soon led to the arrival of -aajfiMieiiii'v HIHTOIIY <>|- MirriKi.W. 81 lie autumn of otcrmincd to u'c. AfVjr u Uoyiil. His rity to which uoiitly risen, need it in by fi of making meeting with in the begin- ' 7 th of May f (liscoveriea. 11(1 proceeded cing he expe- .s difficulties, iting several h of winter, the 26th of uebec with a )ur fathers of iced them to These were iplain set out He spent the aiding them in the hunt. ver, than he for France, cure another !en the Prot- 1H20, did the he arrival of a(hlitional settlers, ami in ]t;2'- '>e settlement of (Quebec ulone had (ifty inhabitants. Witliout attempting the details in the early history of Canada, we will push fiirward in the channel of events, toward the settle- ment of Michigan. Tlie reader must rememiu-r. liowever, that the early history of this State caiuiot be made authentic and com- plete without including nuu-h from the records of that country to which our earliest settlements owe their existence. On the first settlement of the French in Canada, three great nations <livided the territory— the Algon(iuins, the Ilurons, and the Iroquois or Five Nations. The domini )f the Alg()n(iuins extended along the banks of the St. Law rencc aixiut a hundred leagues, and they wen; once considered as mastctrs of this i)art of America. They are said to have had a milder aspect and more jwlished manners than any other tribe. They subsisted entirelv by hunting, and looked with disdain (m their ncighlmrs who con- descended to cultivate the ground. A small remnant of this race is still to be found at the Lake of the Two Mountains, and in the neighborhood of Three Rivers. The Ilurons, or Wyandot.s, were a numerous ])eople, who.se verv extensive territory reached from the Algonijuin frontier to the borders of the great lake bearing thei'- name. They were more indu.strious, and derived an abundant subsistence from the fine country they possessed, but they were more effeminate, and had less of the proud independence of savage life. When first known they were engaged in a deadly war with their kindred, the Five Nations, by whom tliey were finally driven from their country. A remnant of this tribe is still to be found in La Jeune Lorrette, near Quebec. The Iroquois, or Five Nations, destined to act the most conspic- uous part among all the native tribes, occupied a long range of territory on the southern border of the St. Lawrence, extending from Lake Champlain to the western extremity of Lake Ontario. They were thus beyond the limits of what is now termed Canada, but were so connected with the interests of this country that we must consider them as belonging to it. The Five Nations, found ou the southern shore of Lake Ontario, embraced the Mohawks, r 32 OENERAI, HIHTOnV OF THK STATES. OnculiiH, Onondagas, St-necaH and CayugaH. Thoy were the most powerful of all the tribes east of the Mississippi, and were further advanced in the few arts of Indian life than their Algonquin neighbors. They uniformly adhered to tlie British during the whole of the contest that took place siibsecpiently between the French and English. In 1714 they were joined by the Tusca- roriis, since which time the confederacy has been called the Six Nations. After the return of Chaniplain to France in 1616, the interests of the colony were in great danger from the Prince of Cond6, Viceroy of Canada, being not only in disgrace, but in confinement for the share taken by him in the disturbances during the minor- ity of Louis XIII. After a great deal of quarreling amongst the merchant.s, the Du" de Montmorency made an arrangement with Cond^' for the purchase of his office of Viceroy, which he obtained upon the payment of 11,0(M) crowns. Chaniplain con- sidered this arrangeuMnt as every way favorable, as the Due was better qualified for such functions, and from his situation of High Admiral possessed the best means of forwarding the objecta of the colonists. Disputes between Rochelle and the other commercial cities, and between the Catholics and Protestants, prevented the departure of an> .ixpeditiou for several years. During this time attempts were made to degrade Champlain from the high situation in which he had been placed, but by virtuf! (»f commissions, both from Montmorency and the king, he suc-eeded in crushing this oppo- sition; and in May, 1620, set sail with his family and a new expe- dition, and after a verv tedious voyage arrived at Tadoussac. The first child born of French parents at Quebec, was the son of Abraham Martin and Margaret L'Anglois; it was christened "Eustache" on the 24th of May, 1621. The office of Viceroy iiad lieen hitiierto little more than a name, but at this period it came into the hands of a man of energy and activity. The Due de Ventadour having entered into holy orders, took charge as Viceroy of the affiiirs of New France solely with the view of converting the natives. For this purpose he sent three Jesuits and two lay brothei-s, who were, fortunately, men of .imifmmemiUK'ime amMr ' m ' IIIMTOUY III- MICIIIUAN. m jrc the most ivore further Algonquin during the between the ,' the TuBca- lled the Six the interests ?e of Cond6, confinement g the minor- ing amongst arrangement >y, which he iniplain con- thc Due was tion of High bjects of the al cities, and lie departure ime attempts tion in which !, both from ig this oppo- I a new expe- loussac. The s the son of IS christened than a name, f energy and 3 holy orders, e solely with pose he sent latelv, men of cxfinphiry character, to join the f(»iir Kccollccts at t^m . The.-i' nine were Hit ly priests tiicn in Caiuuhi. The mercantile company, which had nf)W i)ccn intrusted with the aHiiirs of the colony for some time, was by no means active, and was in consctiuciicc deprived of its charter, which was given to the Siciirs De Caen, uncle and nephew. On the arrival of the younger De Caen at Ta(h)ussac, Champlaiu set out to meet him, and was received with tiic greati»<t courtesy. The appointment of a Hui)erintcndent could not have i)een very agreeable to Cham- plain, who was certainly the person best fitted for the nuinage- meut of the local affairs of the colony. Mis amiable disposition and love of peace, however, induced him to use conciliatory measures. The new superintendent, on the contrary, acted in a most violent manner, claimed the right of seizing on the vessels belonging to the associated merchants, and actually took that of De Pont, their favorite agent. Champlaiu remonstrated with him, but without effect, as he possessed no power that could effectually check the violence of this new ilictator. Fortunately he thought proper to return to France, and left with the settlers a good sup- ply of provisions, arms and ammunition. His conduct, however, induced the greater part of the European traders to leave the colony ; so that, eventually, instead of its being increa.sed by him, it wtis considerably lessened, a spirit of discontent diffused, and the settlers were reduced to forty-eight. Having got rid of the troublesome superintendent, Champlaiu set himself earnestly to terminate the long and desolating war which now raged between the Hurons and the Iroquois. He accompanied some of the chiefs to the headquarters of the Iro- (piois, where they met with a very kind reception. The treaty between the nations was about to be concluded when it was nearly broken off by the relentless conduct of a savage Huron, who had accompanied the party in the hope of making mischief and pre- venting peace. This barbarian, meeting one of the detested Iro- quois in a lonely place, murdered him. Such a deed in a member of any civilized mission would have terminated all negotiations; but, the deputies having satisfied the Iroquois that it was an indi- 3 84 (IKNKUAI- IIIST«»UY nl' Till'. STATKH if,' M vi'liiul lift, lamented liy the lliiniii iiiitioii, it wiw nverKioked, iu>;l tlie treaty wan Cdiielndeil. 'I'lie (dlMiiy was at tliat time in a very iinsatisiaetury AhU; the «etth'meiitj4 at (Quebec eim.-'isfiii); (Mily i)t' titty-five per"' ii*. Ihfh'ed the wluiie of the avaihilile ixHse.tsion^ in New Franco included (inly the iWrt at t^iiehec, surroniKh'ii hy some ineonsider- al)le houses, a It'W huts on the island of Montreal, as nniny at Tadonssftc. and at other jilaees on the St. Lawrence, aii<l a settle- ment just commenced at Three llivers. The Indian alHiiis were also in disorder. The !ro(iuois hail killed a i)arty of live on thdr way to attack a natiim called the Wolves, and a hostile spirit was kindled amongst these fierce tribes, ('hami)lain did all in his power to check the spirit, but he found it impossible to prevent a body of hot-heatled young Indians from making an inroad into the lro(|nois territory. This band, having reached I..ake Ohamplain, surprised a <-anoe with three persons in it, two of whom they brought home in tri- umph. The preparations for torturing them were already going on when intelligence was conveyed to Champlain, who immediately repaired to the spot. The sight of the captives (piickenwl his ardor in the cause of hunumity, an<l he entreated that they might be sent home unhurt, with presents to compensate for this wanton attack. This advice was so far adopted that one of them was sent back, accompanied by a chief and one Maugan, a Frenchman. This expedition had, however, a most tragical end. An Algoncpiin, who wished for war, contrived to persuade the Irotjuois that the mis.sion was devised with the most treacherous intentions. The Irociuois, misled by this wicked man, determined to take cool and deliberate revenge. When the poor prisoner, the chief and the Frenchman arrived, they found the fire kindled and the cauldron boiling, and, being courteously received, were invited to sit down. The Iro(iuois then asked the Algonquin chief if be did not feel hungry. On his replying that he did, they rushed upon him and cut slices from different parts of his body, which soon after they presented to him half cooked; and thus continued to torture him till he died in lingering agonies. Their countryman, who had V .«-irt^«WS»"'r4»"**5a!!^:K*l^'tS**'>'»>^*« IirHToilY OK MlrrioAN. 3A r«>rlot)kt>il, aii'.l sfiicliiry >*Ui\i\ t-fivt' pcrMo I!*. New I''i'Hi>c<' nuf iiiciiiisidcr- il, iiH iniiiiy lit (', mill a st'ttlf- Ir(ii|ii(iis liiul :ioii nill»'<l tin* ■*t these tierce tlie spirit, hut ■iieatled yoiiiin ■rritory. [•priced a eaiine It luvaie in tri- al ready going lo iiniiiediately quiciieiied liis hat tliey niiglit for this wanton was sent hack, iciuniin. This Vn Algoii<iuin, otjiiois tiiat the iteiitions. The t) take cool and chief and the d the cauldron ted to sit down, he did not feel 1 upon him and soon after they to torture him yinan, who had returned to them so ghully, attempted to eseii|M', and was shot d»'ad (in the spot; and the Freiiehman wiw tormented t<t death in the usual manner. When the news of this dreadful tragedy reached the allies of the French, the war-cry was immediately sounded, and ( 'iiamphiiii, though deeply afflicted, saw no lon^'er any pos^iliility of averting' hostilities. II,. f,.|t that, as oii(. of his eonntrymen had been deprived of life, tiie power of the French would he held in con- ti'inpt if no resentment were shown. Indeed he experienced no little trouiile anionf,'st the friendly irilies wiio surrounded him, and in several cases Kiiropeans witc murdered in an atrocious uml mysterious manner. In the meantime the De Caens, thou;r|i not resident in the col- ony, took an active interest in the fur trade. Being Ilujfueiiots, however, and not likely to forward the Due's measures. Cardinal Uichelieu, prime minister to Louis XIII, revoked the privileges which had been ffranted to them, and em'owraged the formation of acomp.ny, to lie composed of a great mnnher of men of property and credit. A charter was ;,'rante(i •,,• this company in Hm, under the title of "The Company of < lae Hundred A.s.sociate«." ThiB company engaged, first, to supply those that they settled with lodging, f.iod, clothing ami implements for three years, after which time they would allow them sufficient land to support thein- .selves, cleared to a certain extent, with the grain necessary for sowing it; secondly, that the emigrants should he native French- men and Roman Catholics, and that no stranger or heretic should he introduced into the country; and, thirdly, they engaged to settle three priests in each settlement, whom they were bound to provide with every article nece,s.sary for their personal comfort, as well as the e.vpen.ses of their ministerial labors, for fifteen years. After which clear lands were to be granted by the company to the clergy, for maintaining the Roman Catholic Church in New France. In return for these services the King made over to the company the fort and settlement at Quebec, and all the territory of New France, including Florida, with power to appoint judges, build fortresses, cast cannon, confer titles, and take what steps they 36 (IKN'ERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. 3 I might think proper for the protection of the colony and the fos- tering of commerce. He granted to them at the same time a complete monopoly of the fur trade, reserving to himself and heirs only supremacy in matters of faith, fealty and homr.ge as sovereign of New France, and the presentation of a crown of gold at every new succession to the throne. He also secured for the benefit of all his subjects, the cod and whale fisheries of the gulf and coast of St. Lawrence. The company were allowed to import and export all kinds of merchandise duty free. Gentlemen, both clergy and laity, were invited to a share in the concern, which they readily accepted till the numbci of partners was completed. This was a favorite scheme of Richelieu's; and the French writers of the day speak of it with great applause, as calculated, had it been strictly adhered to and wisely regulated, to render New France the most powerful colony in America. This plan of improvement met with a temporary interruption by the breaking out of the war between England and France in 1628. Charles I, of England, immediately gave to Sir David Kirkt, a French refugee, a commission authorizing him to conquer Canada. In consequence of this, after some offensive operations at Tadoussac, he appeared with his squadron before Quebec, and summoned it to surrender; but he was answered in so spirited a manner that he judged it prudent to retire. In 1629, however, when Champlain was reduced to the utmost extremity, by the want of every article of food, clothing, imple- ments and ammunition, and exposed to the attacks of the Iro- quois, Sir David Kirkt, and his brothers Louis and Thomas, appeared again with a squadron before Quebec. The deplorable situation of the colony, and the very honorable terms proposed to him by Kirkt, induced Champlain to surrender Quebec, with all Canada, to the crown of England. The English standard was thus for the first time raised on the walls of Quebec, just one hun- dred and thirty-five years before the battle of the Plains of Abraham. No blame can be attached to Champlain for this act, as famine pressed so closely on the colonists, that they were reduced to au ^' ''^''»*Pr:la.^^^^m^^JtUi^^i\}M:. r^c*^Mia^w^.^::^si>3v:e5issfta^»SK^ insTORY OF MICHIGAN. 37 and the fos- s<ame time a himself and [i homr.ge as rowu of gold ured for the s of the gulf t all kinds of d laity, were accepted till IS a favorite le day speak been strictly nee the most ' interruption nd France in to Sir David ini to conquer ive operations I Quebec, and a so spirited a to the utmost othing, imple- ks of the Iro- and Thomas, he deplorable ns proposed to lebec, with all standard was ', just one hun- the Plains of act, as famine reduced to aii allowance of five ounces of bread per day for each person. Kirkt's generosity to the settlers, who were his own countrymen, induced most of them to remain. Tliose wiio wished to go were allowed to depart with their arms, clothes and baggage, and, though the recpiest to convey them home to France could not be complied with, they were provided with a commodious passage hy the way of I^ngland. Champlain, with two little native girls, whom he had carefully educated, arrived at Dover, in England, on the 27th of October. He proceeded thence to London, for the purpose of conferring with the French ambassador. He .soon afterward returned to France, where, his counsels prevailing at the court of Louis XHI, he was, upon the return of peace, again invested with the govern- ment of Canada. CHAPTER III. I 11,ST.,UY OK NkW FnANCK, FROM THE WAU WITH TlIK EnOMSII IN 1«3», TO THAT OF Ui8i)-TlIK FUENCH AND THE IlMKJl!OIS-COI,ONlAI, HisTouY — The Govehnmknt of Fuontenac— Defeat of the Enomsii. The English held possession of Canada for three years, but, attaching little or no value to the territory, they readily restored it to France at the Peace of St. Germain en Lage, which was con- cluded on the 19th of March, 1632. The great and good pioneer, Samuel Champlain, had the pleasure of reentering his beloved country once more with a squadron, containing all necessary sup- plies. He resumed the government of the colony which he had so long fostered, and continued to administer all its affairs with singular prudence, resolution and courage. Champlain continued to prosper the colony till 1635, when, full of honors and rich in public esteem and respect, he died, after an occasional residence in Quebec of nearly thirty years. His obse- quies were performed with all the pomp the little colony could command, and his remains were followed to the grave with real sorrow by the clergy, the civil and military authorities, and the inhabitants of every class, each feeling deeply the loss of a tried The death of Champlain was the most grievous misfortune with which Canada had yet been visited. During the greater part of his active life the chief object of his heart was to become the founder of the colony which he felt confident would attain to a summit of extraordinary power and importance, and to civilize and convert its native inhabitants. So great was his zeal for reli- gion that it was a common saying with him, "The salvation of one soul was of more value than the conquest of au empire." It was just about the period of his death that the religious establishments, now so numerous, were commenced m Canada. "-•r^.5«6se>s«*»^aM;s; . .^tt»8Ma(a»«!«M».' HISTORY OF MICHKJAN. 39 MSIt IN 1(53», ^ — Colon I A li EAT OK TIIK ! years, but, dily restored lich was oou- food pioneer, his beloved ecessary sup- hich he had ! affairs with 15, when, full iied, after an 3. His obse- colony could ave with real ities, and the OSS of a tried isfortune with •eater part of become the i attain to a nd to civilize 1 zeal for reli- le salvation of empire." the religious i in panada. Tlioiijrl) tliey (lid little for the immediate improvement of the colony, yet they formed the foundation on which arose those morals and habits which still cluvructerize the Frencii Ciinadians, and which in some instances merit admiration. The first mover ill this work of benevolence was the Manjuis de Gamciie, whose fervor had led him to join the order of Jesuits. He conceived the design of forming a college at Quebec, and was enabled by his friends to otter six thousand gold crowns for this purpose. His proposal was readily accepted and carried into eftect. An institution for instructing the Indians was also established at Sillery, a few miles from Quebec. The Hotel Dieu, or House of God, was founded two years afterwards by a party of Ursuliue nuns, who came out under the auspices of the Duchesse d'Aiguil- lon. Madame de Peltrie, also, a youug widow of rank, engaged several sisters of the Ursulines at Tours, in France, whom she brought out, at her own expeuse, to Quebec, where they founded the Convent of St. Ursula. The state of the Indian nations rendered the situation of M. de Montmagny, the governor, who succeeded Cha:nnlain in 1635, peculiarly critical. Owing to the weakness of the French, the Iroquois had advanced by rapid steps to great importance. They had completely humbled the power of the Algonquins, and closely pressed the Hurons, scarcely allowing their canoes to pass up and d(jwn the St. Lawrence. The governor was obliged to carry on a defensive warfare, and erected a fort at the Richelieu, by which river the Iroquois chiefly made their descents. At length these fierce people made proposals for si solid peace, which were received with great cordialty. The governor met their deputies at Three Rivera, where the Iroquois produced seven- teen belts, which they had arranged along a cord fastened between two stakes. Their orator then came along and addressed Mont- magny by the title of Oniuthio, which signifies Oreat Mountain ; and, though it was in reference to his name, they continued ever after to apply this term to the French governors, sometimes add- ing the respectful appellation of Father. The orator declared their wish " to forget their songs of war, and to resume the voice of cheerfulness." He then proceeded to i^ • us 40 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES. •-l . "1^ 4 explain the meauiug of the belt-*. Tliey expressed the calming of the spirit of war, the opening of the paths, the mutual visits to be paid, the feasts to be given, the restitution of the captives, and other friendly proceedings. In conformity to Indian etiijuette, the governor delayed his answer for two days, and then bastowed as many presents as he had received belts, and through an inter- preter expressed the most pacific sentiments. Piscaret, a great chief, then said, " Behold a stone which I place on the sepulchre of those who were killed in the war, that no one may attempt to move their bones, and that every d&sire of avenging their death may be laid aside." Three discharges of cannon were considered as .sealing the treaty. This engagement was for sonie time faith- fully observed, and the Iroquois, the Algoniiuins and the Hurons forgot their deadly feuds, and mingled in the chase as if they had been one nation. M. de Montmagny appears to have commanded the general respect of the natives, but, owing to a change in the policy of the cmirt, he was unexpectedly removed. Montmagny was succeeded by M. d'Aillebout, who brought with him a reinforcement of one hundred men. The benevolent Margaret Bourgeois, too, at this time founded the institution of the Daughters of the Congregation at Montreal, which is at pres- ent one of the first female seminaries in the colony. While the French settlements were thus in Canada, those of England on the eastern shore of America were making an eijually rapid progress. A union among them seemed so desirable to the new governor that he proposed to the New England colonies a close alliance between them and the French ; one object of which LIEUT.-GOV. ANDREW PARSONS. Andrew Parsons was born in the town of Hoosick, county of Rens- selaer and State of New York, on tlie 23d day of July, 1817, and died June 6, 1855, at the early age of thirty-eight years. He was the son of John Parsons, born at Newburyport, Mass., October 2, 17^2, who was the son of Andrew Parsons, a revolutionary soldier, wlio was the son of Phineas Par.sons, the son of Samuel Parsons, a descendant of Walter Parsons, born in Ireland in 1290. The name is still extant, and some one hundred and thirty years ago Bishop Gibson remarked, in his edition of Camden's Britannia, " The honorable family of Parsons have been 1 ■-?Ti3T^>flrawpSS?«;in?T^a^sfSf - ■ -..^g ^a s a w m B ftc -- the calming of lutual visits to ! captives, and lian eti(iuett«, then bestowed )iigh an inter- icaret, a great the sepulchre uiy attempt to ig their death ere considered nie time faith- d the Hnrons as if tliey had ve commanded change in the , who l)rought ^he benevolent e institution of lich is at pres- nada, those of ing an equally lesirable to the ind colonies a bject of which SONS. county of Kcns- , 1817, and died ; was the son of , 17^2, who was was the son of idant of Walter nt, and some one n his edition of sons have been ir MKLT.-UOV. ANDREW I'AKSONS. ft I* i ■- ■* ;^^353S1&E;i : B^EsiSSP^BSSsr rilHTOKY OK MM-IIIOAN. \.\ m\H nil (■iipij.'cmcnt to umnt cacli other, wlicii iH-ctwarv, in Link- ing war with the Five Nations. However desirous the Eiiglixli colonies might have i)een on otiier aeeount-s to torni siieh an alli- ance, the condition with respect to the Indians was not acceittahle to them, and the negotiation wiw broken otf". Of what effects tliis union, if it had taken place, would have been productive, it in impossible now to conjeiture. There is no doubt but that the failure of the i)roposition must have had an important bearing upon the events which followed ; first, in the continued rivalry of the two nations, and afterwards in the wars between them, which did uot end until the whole of Canada was subjected to Great Britain. At this period the missionaries began to combine with their religious efforts political objects, and employed all their influence in furthering the French [)ower. Amongst other movements they induced a number of Iroquois to leave their own country and settle within the boundaries of the colony, but they do not appear to have succeeded in civilizing them. They found the Hurous, however, far more tractable and docile. It is said that nearly three thousand of them were baptized at one time. A consider- able change soon appeared in this wild region, and the christian- ized Indians were united in the villages of Sillery, St. Joseph and St. Mary. During the administration of M. d'Aillebout, the Iroquois renewed the war in all its fury, and these peaceable settlers found that their enemies could advance like foxes and attack like lions. While the missionary was celebrating the most solemn rites of his advanced to the dignity of viscounts, and more lately Earls of Koss." The following are descendants of these families: Sir John I'arsons.'born 1481, was mayor of Hereford. Robert Parsons, born in 154(!, lived near Bridgewater, England. He was educated at Ballial College, Oxford, and wiis a noted writer and defender of the Uouush faith. He established an English (jollege at Rome and another at Valladolid. Francis Parsons, born in 1556, was Vicar of Kothwell, in Nottingham. Bartholomew Parsons, born in 1618, was author of various noted sermons. I* 1^ 44 UKNKKAI- IIISTOUY Ol' TIIK HTATK^. '■i' cluircli ill tlic villajjo of Sillory, the war cry wjih suddenly raised, and an indifcriiiiinatf nuu<.sttcre took place amongst the four hiin- drcMJ faniilieM reMidiiijr there. Soon alter, a hand of the same peoph', amoiintin^i; to a thousand, nuide an attack upon the missiim of St. Innace, and carried uti' or killed all the inluihitants excipt three. St. Louis was next attacked, and nuido a hrave resistance, which enabled immy of the women aiul children to escape. The mission- aries could have saved themselves, hut, attaching; a high import- ance to the administration of the last sacrament to the dying, they sacrificed their lives to the perfornumce of this sacred rite. Deep and universal disnmy now spread over the whole Huron tribe. Their laud, lately so peaceai»le, was become a land of hor- ror and blood, and a sei)ulchre for the dead. At length the Iro- quois l)cgaii to make overtures of peace, to which it was found the missionaries had powerfully contributed. At first these excellent men Ik 1 been regarded with extreme antipathy, but nmny of them, after suttijriiig protracted torture and partial mutilation, had been spared and adopted into the Indian families. Their meek deportment, their solenui ceremonies, and the fervor with which they raised to God " hands without fingers," made v strong •■ ipresaion on the savage breast. Hence deputies appearei; asking for i)euce. In their figurative language they said that " they came to wipe away the blood which reddened the mountains, the lakes and the rivers," and " to bring back the sun, which had hidden its face during the late dreadful seasons of warfare." They also solicited " Black Robes," as they called the mission- aries, to teach them the Christian doctrine, and to keep them in the practice of peace and virtue. In 1034 Thomas Parsons was knighted by Charles I. Joseph and Benjamin, Ujrotliers, were horn in Great Torrington, Eng- land, and accompanied* their father and others to New England about 1630. Samuel Parsons, born at Saulsbury, Mass., 1707; graduated H. V., 1730; ordained at Rye, N. H., November 3, 1736; married Mary Jones, only daughter of Samuel Jones, Esq., of Boston, October 9, 1739; died Janu- ary 4, 1789, at the age of eighty-two, in the fifty-third year of his ministry. The grandfather of Mary Jones was Captain Jonn Adams, of Boston, grandson of Henry >f Braintree, who was among the first settlers of Vi)(\M'rM'. uHfiili?Oi- ;;rjr^^S;^fe^lSJE^^^^«^-i3ftK5:^5^^3S3=SiaE:3^^^ rilHTORY OF MICHKIAN. 45 Idciily riiiHcd, he four hull- siinio jn'oplo, lission of St. cxci j)t three, stance, which Tlie miKHioii- high iin|)()it- () the (lying, sacred rite, ivhole Huron land of hor- igth tlie Iro- vas found tiic icae excellent but nmny of utilation, had Their meek »r with which ide V strong )earei; asking that "they louutains, the n, whieli had of warfare." the mission- keep them iu )rrinj5ton, Eng- England about ted H.C., 1730; ,ry Jones, only JSO; died Janu- )f his ministry, ms, of Boston, irst settlers of The Vi.-<count d'ArgcriKon, the next (Jovcrnor, conxidered it necessary to accept these terms. The most amicaldc professions, however, iuinlly procured a respite from hostility, for whilst one party treated another attacked. In the folhtwing summer AM)*"' Montigiiy, titular hishop of I'etre, liindcd at (iuehec with a brief from the Pope, constituting him apostolic vicar. Curacies were at the .xanie time establisheil in Canada. The Viscount d'Argenson, having rctpiested his recall on account of ill health, was relii'ved by the Harou d'.\vangour, an officer of great integrity and resolution. His decisive measures seemed to have saved C'anada. He rejjresented the defenseless state of the country, and its natural beauty and im|)ortance, to the King in warm and forcible language, and excited a deep interest for the.xe distant j)ossessions in the mind of his Majtisty, who had been hitherto ignorant of their value. It was at length announced that a grand deputation was coming from all the cantons with the intention of "uniting the whole earth," and of "burying the hatchet so deep that it might never again be dug uj)," and they brought with them a hundred l)elts of wampum, each of which signified .some condition of the i)ropose<l peace. Unfortunately a i)arty of Algoncpiins formed an aml)u.s- cade and kille<l the greater part of them. Owing to this deplor- able event all prospects of peace were bhisted, and war raged with greater fury than ever. The Iro(piois, having seen the powerful eflect of firearms in their wars with the French, had i)rocured them from the Dutch at Muuhattau (uOW New York), and thus acquired an additional Massachusetts, and from whom a numerous race of the name aiv descended, including two Presidents of the United States. The Par- sonses liave become very numerous, and are found tlu'ougliout New England, and many of the descendants are scattered in i\]] parts of the United States, and especially in the Middle and Western States. Gov. Andrew Parsons came to Michigan in 1835, at the age of seven- teen years, and spent the lirst summer at lower Ann Arbor, wlicre he for a few months taught school, which he was compelled to abandon from ill health. In the fall of that year he explored the Grand River valley in a frail ■ ^■■t.J*^^^ii^- 46 (IKNKKAI. IIIHToltN of Till: STVTIX In Hii|M rilirity over tin' wilil tiilics of the west. 'I'Ih'v iittiickctl tlif Ollawiif, wliu (lid iKil (Viii iiiiikc an atlcinpl al rcsiMtaiict', Imt wiiijrlit rrt'ii>ri' in llir islaniU of LaUi' llnrnn. Tiny coninM'inM'd a (lfH|i(nitf war witli the Kric/., a nanif in tln-ir laiinna>.'c si^'nityin^ ruts, anil at'lir a lianl -ting^lc coniidcti'ly hui'ccc(IimI. It \« rcnnirkulilc tluit lliin |M»wcii'ul nation Inis left no nn-inoriul of iti* t'xisttncf i'x»'('|>t tlif irnat lake wlii<'h hcarn itn niiin«'. Ill l(i()8 the colony wax visited l»y a imwt ivnuirkablo siicccHMion of carthiinakci-, wliicii coinincnccd on tin- (5tli of Fchruary and conti'mcfl for half a yrar with littii' intiTinission. They rcturnt'd two or thiir tinii',-* a day, vixitinj: holh land and water, and spreading universal alarm, yet without inHieting any permanent inj'iry or caiisinj,' tlu- loss of a sin>;Ie life. This reinarkal>le event was pieeided hy a great ruslung noise, heard throughout the whole extent of the country, which caused the people to Hy out of their houses as if they had been on fire, Instead of fire they were 8urprise<l to see the walls reeling hack- ward and forwanl,and the stoiu-s moving as if detached from each other; the hells sounded, the roofs of the huildings heiit down, the timbers cracked and the earth trembled violently. Animals were to be seen flying about in every direction, children were crying and Hcreaming in the streets, ami men and women, horror-stricken and ignorant wliither to fiy for refuge, stood .still, unable to move. Some threw themselves on their knees in the snow, calling on the saints for aid, while others pa.-<sed th's dreadful night in prayer. The movement of the ground resembled the waves of the oeean, and the forest appeared as if there wa«* a battle raging between canoe, tlie wliole length of the river from Jackson to Lake Muliij;an, and si)ent the foUowiiij; winter as clerk in u store at Prairie Cruek, in Ionia county, and in the spriiii!; went to iMarsliall, where he resided with his l>n)ther, Hon. Luke 11. I'ar.soas, also now deceased, until fall, when he went to Shiawassee county, then, with Clinton county, an almost unbro- ken wilderness, and constituting one organized township. In 1837 this territory was organized into a county, and al the age of only nineteen years he (Andrew) was elected County C;ierk. In 1840 he was elected Kegister of Deeds, re-elected in \M'i, and also in 1844. In 1S40 he was elected to the State Senate, was appointed Prosecuting Attorney in 1848, 5 ■■ h y -^ r --■»'j^.^r3s^ 'J^^^^S-.^^A^w^f'W^l^^n^' iittiickcd till' n'sistaiici', lull coiiiiiii'iircil a ijjf si>{iiityiiij{ I'cdcil. It i.x ii'iiiiiriiil of it^ iltlc fHU'('('Si*ion Ft'linuiiy mill 'riicy rcliiriii'il III water, anil my piTtiuiiu'iit nisli'mtj iiitiHc, wliicli fuuscil 1 been on tin', \ reeliiifr Imck- 'lu'il from each i)( lit down, the Animal."* were n were eryinjj horror-stricken nable to move, falling on the lit in prayer. L's of the ocean, raging between ;c Mldii^an, tiiul Creek, in loniu resided witii Isis ,il fidl, wlien lie in almost iinliro- p. In 1837 tills of only nineteen ) lie WHS elected In 1S40 lie was Attorney In 1848, H'SroUY OK MK'IIKIAN. 47 the trees, so tiiiit the liidiiins ileelared in their tigiirative langnage, "that ail the trees were ilrmik." The ice, wiiieli was upward of six feet thick, was rent and thrown up in large pines, and from the openings came thick clouds id" smoke or foiiiilains of dirl and sand. Tile springs were im|>regiiated witii sulphur, many rivers were Idtaiiy lost, .xiniie lieeanie yelhiw, others red, and the St. Law- rence appeared entirely white down as far as the Tadous.-ae. The extent of this earthijuaki- won wo great tliat one iiimdred and eighty tliousand si|uarc milcn were convulsed on the sunie day. There is iiolhing, however, in the whole visitation .so worthy of remark as the cure and kindness which God showed to the people in prcHcrving them, .so that not one wan lowt or hud a hair of \m head injured. Louis XIV resolved at this time to raise Canada to her due importance, and no longer to overlook one of the finest countries in the world, or expo.sc the French power to contempt by allowing it to be trampled ou by a handful of savages. For tliia piirpi.se ho sent out tour hundred troops, accompanied by 1*1. de Miwy as Governor, to examine into and regulate the diflerent branches of administration. Hitherto the Governor had exercised in ^"^rson, and without control, all the functions of government; but Louis resolved immediately to erect Canada into a royal government with a Council and Inteudant, to whom should be intrusted the weighty affiiirs of justice, police, finance and marine. In this determina- tion he was warmly seconded l)y his chief minister, the great Col- bert, who was animated by the example of Great Britain to elected Regent of the University in 1851, and Lieutenant-Governor and became acting Governor in lH.j3, eloclcd again to the J.egislature in 1854, and, overcome hy debilitated l.erdtli, hard labor and the responsibilities of his otllce and cares of his business, retired upon his farm, where he died soon after. He was a fluent and persuasive speaker, and well calculated to make friends of his aciiiuiintances. Ik- was always true to his trusts, and the whole world could not persuade nor drive him to do what he conceived to be wrong. When (Jovernor a most powerful railroad iniluenci! was broiighi to bear upon him to induce him to call an extra session of the 48 (IKNKKAl, Ht^^TORY OF TIIK STATKH. i 1 rx I improve tho navigiition and conunercc of liis (.'oiintry by colonial «'stal)lishnient-i. The i()ni]mny of the " One Hundred Partners " hitherto exer- cised the chief jjower in Canada. They were very attenuve to their own interests in rigidly guarding their monopoly of the fur trade, hut had been all along utterly regardless of the general welfare of the colony. They were now, however, very unwillingly obliged to relincjuish their i)rivileges into the hands of the crown. M. de Mesy was succeeded by the Maripiis de Tracy, who arrived in Canada in Kilio. He brought with him the whole regiment of De Carignan Salieres, consisting of more than one thousand men, the officers of which soon became the chief seigneurs of the colony. Tiie regiment had been employed for some time in Hungary, and had acijuired a high reputation. This, with a considerable number of settlers, including agriculturists and artisans, with horses and cattle, formed a:i accession to the colony which far exceeded its former numbers. The enlightened policy of Colbert, in thus raising Canada into notice and consideration, was followed by the success it deserved. To well regulated civil government was added increa.sed military protection against the Iroquois. Security being thus obtained, the migration of French settlers increased rapidly, and, being pro- moted in every |)ossible way by the government, New France rose rapidly into consideration and importance. Owing to the pres- ence of so nuvny soldiers, a martial spirit was imparted to the population, and they began to ])repare to defend properly the country of their adoption. Lcfrisliiture. Meetings were held in all parts of the State for that pur- pose. In some sections tlie resolutions wore of a laudatory nature, intended to make liini do their bidding by resort to friendly and flattering words; in other i)laees the resolutions were of a demanding nature, while in others they were threatening beyond measure. Fearing tlmt all these inlluenees might fail to induce him to call the extra session, a large sum of money was sent him, and liberal offers tendered if he would gratify the railroad interest of the State ami call liic extra session. But he returned the money, and refused to receive any favors whatever from any party who would attem)>t to corrupt him by laudations, liberal offers, or by .*■ 1 •■'■J*^'Vo4T30j»j'jw;^.i^vS««'^«-'-*f-.V-'*kS»;!^ ry l)y colonial lutherto exer- ,• atteiiuve to )ly of the f'lir f the general y unwillingly of the crown. J Tracy, who im the whole lore than one ac the chief employed for itation. Thi.s, agriculturists session to the ', Canada into s it deserved, (ased military i obtained, the id, being pro- w France rose ', to the pres- parted to the properly the e for that pur- uliitovy nature, y and flattering ig nature, wliilc g tlmt all tlicse in, a large sum luld gratify the }ut he returned from any jiarty al oflbrs, or hy HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 49 Jo Tl ^;^^''"y.^««*"« t™« i° preparing to check the in«o- r. ... 7'"'"' '"^ *" ^'"^"^^ " ^"P''^™'^^^ «ver them he erected three fort« on the river Richelieu, the first at Sorel, the second at Chambly, and the third further up the river. Over- awed by these movements, and by the report of a large force marchtng against them, three of the cantons sent deputies with ample professions of friendship, proposing an exchange of all the prisoners taken on both sides since the last treaty, to which the Viceroy agreed. a l!lf ^?"'l^' '^'"'^ '""^''^"'^ '" ""^^'^"^^ '^^y - year and a half, and on his return to France carried with him the affection of the people. He maintained a state which had never been seen before m Canada. Besides the regiment of Carignan, he was allovved to maintain a body-guard, wearing the same uniform as the Garde Royale of France. He always appeared on state occa- sions with these guards, twenty-four in number, who preceded him. while four pages immediately accompanied him, followed bv five valets. It was thought at that time that this style gave favorable impressions of royal authority. Before thi, officer returned home he placed the country in a state of defense, and established the Company of the West Indies as this new company wa. called from having been united to the' other French possessions in America, which we have not yet men- tioned. This very able Governor left M. de Courcelles to act as Governor-General, with several officers of great ability under his command, j iu> As already stated, M. de Courcellas succeeded M. de Tracv in the government of New France. ., ea^ons, that no sens.hle man could dispute, showing that the circum Th 8 brought down the wrath of various parties upon his head, but they course "" '"^ -'knowledge the wisdom and the Justice of hil One of his greatest enemies said, after long acquaintance: "Though not always comciding with his views, I never doubted his honesty of LT'Ih ,? t '"' """ ^'*"^"' '" P^^''^'" ^'^ ^""- - strict ac ord ance with the dictates of his conscience and the behests of his oath " 4 60 GENERAL IIISTOUY OF THE STATES. :l i ' During liis administration little doubt was entertained as to the permanency of the colony. The inhabitants began to extend their settlcmentH, and to cultivate their lands. The officers and soldiers had liberal grants made to them, and a free trade \va« granted to the country generally. As the nund)er of men greatly exceeded that of the women, several hundreds were sent from France to Canada. As soon as they arrived, an advertisement was published to let the people know " that a sui)ply had been sent over, and that such as had the means of supporting a wife should have their choice." It is said the collection consisted of tall, short, fair, brown, fat and lean. So great was the demand that in about a fortnight the whole cargo was disposed of. In 1670 the church of Quebec was constituted a bishopric; some important measures were also adopted for the better govern- ing of the country, and for maintaining peace with the savages. The trade and agriculture of the country prospered; and the clerical orders became more enthusiastic than ever in their efforts to make proselytes of the Indians. A fatal calamity, however, which had been hith . .known iu the New World, made its appearance among the , ; <.-. north of the St. Lawrence, namely, the small-pox. This scourge, more terrible to the savages than all the fire-arms in Europe, carried off more than half their nundier, and spread a universal panic over the land. Courcelles had reijuested his recall, and iu 1672, on his return from a journey to Cataraqui, where he had fixed upon a spot for His amiable widow is a sister of J. 8. and Dr. D. O. Farrand, of tliis city, and we understand she is now a member of the Doctor's family. The following culogium from a political opponent is just in its concep- tion and creditable to its author: " Governor Parsons was a politician of the Democratic school, a man of pure moral character, fixed and exem- plary habits, and entirely blameless in every public and private relation of life. As a politician he was candid, frank and free from bitterness; as an executive officer, firm, constant and reliable." The highest commendation we can pay the deceased is to give his just meed— that of being an honest man. iiMmmL:-i>Mi:^mr^^^- ^■■>:rmmim&:jtMSA,m m- ^M^ r^ '-^ t^K-^-'t- ss ;;-:^'. liJ^'— ': ' -t^'.^ js*;,^ HISTORY OF MrCHIOAN. 61 uiiicd lis to the ;an to exteiul je officers ami free trade \va« of the women, a. As soon as let the people at such as had choice." It is Q, fat and lean, ight the whole d a bishopric; better goveru- :.h the savages, ered; and the ' iu their efforts ■ .known i:'i L. north of scourge, more I'ope, carried off rsal panic over 2, on his return upon a spot for Fiirrand, of tliis )ctor's family, ust in its concep- as a politician of fixed and cxcm- l private relation u from bitterness; is to give his just building a fort near the prenont site of Kingston, he found his place supplicfi. His successor was Louis Count de Frontonac, who was destined to act an important part in Canada. Frontonac wa.s able, active, enterpri.^ing and ambitious; but proud, overbearing and subject to capriciiais jealousies. Enterin.^ however, cordially into his predecessor's views in regard to tl^e fort at Cataraqui, he caused it to be built immediately, and actively promoted vast projects for exploring tiie interior regions of this continent. The brilliant talents of M. de Frontenac were sometimes obscured by preju.lices, but his plans for the aggrandizement of Canada were splendid and just. He possessed, however, a spirit which would not brook contradiction. For having neglected some ordei-8 given by him, he imprisoned the Intendant-Gem-ral, M. de Chesnau; the Procurator-General he exiled; the Governor of Mcmtreal he put under arrest; and the Abbe de Salignac, Fenelon then superintending the seminary of the St. Sulpicians, at M.>n- treal, he imprisoned under pretence of having i)reached against him. His principal oppcment was the Bishop, who, very properly disapproved of the sale of spirits to the Indians, which was found to produce the most pernicious effects. The Count, however, considered it as at once extremely profitable, and as a means of attaching them to the French interest. In 1682 Frontenac was recalled, and M. de la Barre appointed his successor. Soon after his arrival, the Iroquois as.'^ime.l a tone of defiance, and made formidable preparations for war. These caused great apprehensions of a general war among the Indians, and the state of Canada became alarming in the highest degree,' as the whole population consisted only of nine thousand persons.' The military strength of Canada had been reduced greatly in consequence of many of the troops having become proprietors and cultivators of laud. M. de la Barre, however, determined upon war, and, having obtained a reinforcement of two hundred men, advanced up the St. Lawrence. He was met at Montreal by a deputation from the cantons, who made strong professions of friendship, but he considered them as unworthy of credit. He directed »I1 hk force against the Senecas, because it was through 4 ^ 62 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. 9* their country that the English had penetrated to the fur trade on the lakes. He found, however, that the tribes had determined to make common cause, and had received ample as.mirance of aid from New York, which had been taken possession of by the Eng- lish. Through their various settlements, the English held a kind of dominion over the Iroquois country, and they endeavored, with success, to alienate them from the French, chiefly by dealing with the tribes on more advantageous terms. The Iroquois soon found it to their interest not only to carry all their furs to the English market, but to buy up those of the other tribes in alliance with France. Heavy complaints were constantly made by the French, but the Indians treated them with great indifference. They shrewdly discovered, in the eager competition between these two European nations, the means of rendering their own position more secure and imposing. After meeting the deputies at Montreal, M. de la Barre pro- ceeded to the northern shore of Lake Ontario, where he had another interview with the Indians. He assumed a lofty tone, complained of their inroads into the country of the tribes in alliance with France, and of their having conducted the English to the lakes, and enabled them to supplant the commerce of his countrymen. He concluded by stating that, unless reparation was made for these injuries, with a promise to abstain from them in future, war and devastation of their country must be the imme- diate conse.quence. The deputies very coolly replied "that he appeared to speak like one in a dream, and that if he would open his eyes, he would see himself wholly destitute of the means of executing these formidable threats." With regard to the English they said, "that they had allowed them to pass through their country on the same principle on which they had given permission to his people to pass." They professed themselves anxious "that the hatchet should still remain buried, unless the country granted to them should be attacked." The Onondaga deputies guaranteed reparation for any actual plunder inflicted on French traders, but added that no .more could be conceded, and that the army must be immediately withdrawn. Humiliating as these terms were after such lofty threats and preparations, De la Barre had no choice but to comply, and return to Quebec. aM:^V^^ ^■f'-.-JtM^bi^iMt-y^^h-" be fur trade on determined to ■surance of aid of by the Eng- sh held a kind ideavored, with ly dealing with uly to carry all )se of the other were constantly lem with great wer competition rendering their ; la Barre pro- where he had ed a lofty tone, f the tribes in ;ed the English •oramerce of his uIpss reparation stain from them ist be the imme- eplied "that he ' he would open jf the means of i to the English is through their yiven permission a anxious "that country granted uties guaranteed inch traders, but ,t the army must liese terms were la Barre had no HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 68 Here he found that a fresh reinforcement had been landed. The letters he received from court intimated the expectation that he was carrying on a triura])hant war with the Five Nations, and conveyed from the King an absurd and cruel re(iuest that he would send a number of Iroquois to man the galleys. When tlie real issue of the campaign was reported at court, great dissatisfaction was felt. The Governor was immediately pro- nounced unfit for his situation, and was superseded by the Mar- quis de Denonville, This active and brave officer, immediately on his arrival, pro- ceeded to Cataraqui, now Kingston, with about two thousand troops. After a veiy short time he declared his conviction that the Iroquois could never be conciliated, and that it was necessary either to extirpate them or reduce them to a state of entire dependence. He proposed to erect a strong fort at Niagara, to prevent them from introducing the English fur trade into the Upper Lakes. An instance of treachery stains the character of Denonville. Having, under various pretences, assembled a number of chiefs at Fort Frontenac (Kingston), he iniquitously put them in irons, and sent them oflf to France, to fulfill the king's absurd wishes. He then proceeded towards the Seneca country, where he met with but little opposition, and marched for ten days, burning and destroy- ing all grain and provisions not required by his troops. Although the Governor of New York remonstrated with him, urging that the Iroquois were the subjects of England, yet he persevered, and carried into execution his plan of erecting and garrisoning a fort at Niagara. He then found it necessary to return to the Canadian side of Lake Ontario. Scarcely had he reached home before the Iroquois showed that they were masters of the country. They attacked Fort Niagara, and razed it to the ground. They covered the lake with their canoes, attacked Fort Frontenac, burned all the corn-stacks in the neighborhood, and captured a French bark laken with provisions and stores. The Indian allies of the French attacked the Iroquois of Sorel, and committed many depredations on the English settle- meni«, plundering the property and scalping the inhabitants. 54 (iKNKRAI, IltSTOKY OK 'IIIK STATIC. At k'lifitli Ix.tli imrtifs <lesiiv.l pciKr, and ii tivnty was set on foot for tl.is purpose. Deputies from tlie Ir()(|Uois ])rocee(lo(l to Montreal, leaving at two days' distan<-e behind them twelve hun- dred of thi'ir countrynien, fit for immediate action. Proud of their commandinfi situation, they (h'man(h>d tlie restt.ration of the chiefs, unjustly seized, and of all other captives. They alh.wed the (Jovernor oidv four (hiys to consider the offer, threati-ning, if n..t accei)tcd, innnediately to set fire to the huildii.KS and corn fiehls, and to murder the inlud.itants. The deepest consternation prevaih-d at Montreal, and I)en(,nville fouiul himself under the necessity of accepting these humiliating conditions, and of request- ing back from France the chiefs he so basely sent thilher. This deep and deserved mortification wa-s a just recompense for Ins treachery to the Indians. The state of affairs in Caiuvla became desperate. The peace witli tlie Iro(iuois was soon ended in another war. The F(»rt of Niagara had been destroyed. F(U-t Frontenae was blown up and abandoned by the French, and two ships that were built for the purpose of navigating Lake Ontario, were burned to prevent them from falling into the hands of the Iroquois. War, famine and dis- ease seemed lus if combined for the utter destruction of the colony. In this extremity it was judged necessary to place at the head of affairs an officer possessing energy of character and address in dealing with the natives. Tiiese (juulities were found united in the (^ount de Frontenae, who, during his former administration, had made himself both beloved and feared by the Indians. The C.)unt, in lf!89, brought out with him the captive chiefs whom Denonville had so unjustly seized. So fascinating were his manners that he completely gained their favor, Oureonhare, the l)rincipal one, remaining ever most strongly attached to him. All the chiefs, indeed, had so great a regard for him that he enter- tained hopes of conciliating the Irotjuois without much difficulty. With this view he sent a deputy of that nation, with four of his captive countrymen, to announce his return and his wish to resume amicable relations. Oureonhare transmitted a message, recpiesting them to send an end)a.ssy to their " Ancient Father," from whom they would experience much tenderness and esteem. niSTOIlY OK MIf'IIKIAN. 66 ity was Hft "11 profHH^ded to n twelve hun- 1)11. Pr.)ii<l of :oration of tlic Tliey allowed threatening, if liiif^s and corn : eoiisternation self under the iiiid of requost- thiilier. Thi.s iipensc for his te. The peaee The Fort of blown up and •e built for the () prevent them famine and dis- II of the colony, laee at the head and address^ in bund united in administration, Indians. e captive chiefs inatiiig were his Oureonhare, the led to him. All a that he enter- much difficulty, with four of his ,nd his wish to itted a message, Vncient Father," ss and esteem. The Iroquois council sent back the same deputies witli six belts, intimating their resolution, which was exi)ressed in lofty and liitter terms. Choosing to consider "Oninthio" one anil the same, though they knew that Frontenac was not the oftending person, they complained "that Ids rods of correction had been too shiirp and cutting; that the roots of the tree of peace, which he had planted at Fort Frontenac, had been withered by blood, and the ground had been polluted." They demanded atonement for these injuries, a. id that Oureonhare and his captive companions should be sent back previous to the liberation "f the French prisoners. "Oninthio would then be free," they siini, " to plant again the tree of lilxn-ty, but not in the same place." Two circumstances emboldeiuid the Iroipiois to take so high a tone at this period. The first was that, in coiise(iuence of the revolution in England, the cause of James II wiw warmly embraced by the French, and the two kingdoms were at open war. On this account the Indians could depend upon the cordial cotip- eration of the English. The second was that they were engaged in -a treaty with the Ottawas for a better market for tluiir fui*s. Frontenac, finding his attempts at negotiation fruitless, resolved to act with such vigor as to humble the Iroquois. He therefore collected his allies, and divided them amongst his regular troops, and several English settlements were surprised and pillaged. Schenectady, the frontier town of New York, was attacked by a party of one hundred French and a number of Indians. The fort and every house were pillaged and burned, and all the horrors of Indian warfare let loose upon the inhabitants. The English accounts say that sixty-three men, women and children were mas- sacred in cold blood. His next care was to send detachments to convey to Montreal the furs which had been stored at Michilimackinac. This they effected, and a large i)arty, who attempted to attack them, was completely defeated. Notwithstanding these successes, the Iro- quois maintained the same hostility and haughtiness. The old allies of the French, seeing them resume their former energy, determined to prefer them to the English. The Ottawa-s owned that they had made some progress in a negotiation with the mi 3. diiiBgatiaas^aeasaias^a!ieieas^>fe- .,i:s x i Sif . i^i^ iit i&ssiiii^ . 56 (llONERAI, iriSTOUY OF THE HTATES. EiiKrwli, but that, as soon as tliey had heard of the return of their " Anci(>nt Father," they had broken it off. The Hurons douietl " having entcreU into any treaty which could detach them from their bMoved Oninthio." The attention of Frontenac was called in the autumn of thi« year from the Indians to the English, who had determined to strike a blow which, they hoped, would deprive the French of all their possessions in America. This was a plan of attack on Can- ada, which was carried out by the English colonists at an expense of £15,000, It was twofold : first, by land and inland naviga- tion on' the southern frontier, and, second, by a fleet sent from Boston to attack Quebec. The squadron, under the command of Sir William Phipps, appeared as far up the river .us Tadoussac before the alarm reached Quebec. Froutciac immediately hastened to strengthen the defenses of the place, which consisted of rude embankments of timber and earth, and to put it into as good condition as it was possible for him to do in so short a time. On the I6th of October the squadron, consisting of thirty-four vessels of diflerent descriptions, advanced as far as Beauport. Sir William Phipps immediately sent a flag of truce on shore to summon the town to surrender. This wa^ gallantly rejected by Frontenac. This ofiicer, who was a man of great pride, lived m the castle of St. Louis, amidst all the splendor with which he could possibly surround .himself. Being resolved to astonish the Eng- lish officer who was sent on shore with the flag of truce, he caused him to be met by a French major, who placed a bandage over his eyes, and conducted him by a very circuitous route to the castle. Every delusion was practiced to make him believe thit he was in the midst of a numerous garrison. On arriving at the castle the bandage was removed, and he found himself m the presence of the Governor-General, the Intendant, the Bishop, and a large stafi" of French oflicers in full uniform, who were clustered together in the middle of the hall. With the greatest self-posses- sion the young officer presented to Frontenac a summons to sur- render in the name of William and Mary, King and Queen of England. Frontenac gave a most spirited answer, refusmg to the return of The Hiirons detach them ttunui of this determined to French of all ;tack on Can- at an expense nland naviga- leet sent from illiam Phipps, alarm reached strengthen the ihankments of lition as it was • of thirty-four • as Beauport. ce on shore to itly rejected by ide, lived in the ?hich he could tonish the Eng- Tuce, he caused ?ed a bandage uitous route to ke him believe On arriving at himself in the le Bishop, and a I were clustered atest self-posses- iimmons to sur- ; and Queen of wer, refusing to HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 67 acknowlcil^c any King of England but James II. The P^ngliMli- man wished to have his answer in writing. Frontonac peremp- torily refused, saying, " I am going to answer your nuistor by the cannon's mouth. He shall be taught this is not the nuinner in which a person of my rank ought to be sumnxmed." The ban- dage being replaced, the officer was conducted with the same mys- teries tt) his boat, and was no sooner on board the Admiral's vessel than the batteries began to play upon the fleet. On the 18th fifteen hundred English troops landed near the River St. fJharles, but not without sustaining great loss from the constant fire kept up by the French from amongst the rocks and bushes. Four of the largest vessels were anchored opposite the town, and commenced a bombardment, but the fire from the bat- teries was directed with such effect as to compel them to move up the river beyond Cape Diamond. A sharp skirmish took place on the 19th, and on the 20th an action was fought, in which the French nuide a gallant stand and compelled the English to retreat to Beauport, leaving their cannon and ammuniticm. Two days after they reembarked and returned to Boston. Owing to the bad management of Sir William Phipps, this expedition was attended with great loss of life, seven or eight of his vessels being wrecked in the St. Lawrence. The expedition against Montreal did not take place at the appointed time, owing to a want of cor^cert between the parties, and Frontonac was thus enabled to concentrate all his strength and oppose the plans of the English with vigilance and success. -it ■lis ^mmmmm^mrimmm :i (>tmmi i 3 i imi K h» CHAPTER IV. llll-IOUV OK NKW FUANfK KKOM TIIK Al>MINIWTHATU»N OK FUONTKNAC TO ITH OVKIITIIIIOW IIY TIIK KnoMWII AT tilKllW, IN 1751) — TlIK HaTTKK ok QUKllKC — TiIK FaI.1, ok VV(»1.KK and MoNTtAl.M — Canada Ck.dki) to tiik Knomhii. DuKiNd tlic year U'M the Irociuoin, with the Eiiglmh and native allies, advanced along tiie Hiver Sorel or Uiehelieu to uttat'k Montreal. De Cailliere.^ a very able orticer, then held the c'onnnand of that city. He had asf.end)hi' nearly eight hundred Indians in addition to hin own countrymen, and the nHwiilant^, after a very sharp contest, were obliged to retreat. They burned thirty houses and barns, and carried otl' several pri-sonei-s, whom they put to the most cruel torture. At length, however, De Frontenac, by the unremilting vigor of his measures, secured tlie defense of the colony so far that in l(»t)2 the inhabitants were enabled to cultivate their lands, and the fur trade was renewed and carried on with considerable advantage. In the beginning of 1()!)4, the Inxpiois made overtures of i)eace. Two Onondagos arrived at Montreal, and asked the Governor if certain deputies, who were on their way, would be received. Though they were answered in the affirnuitivc, several months elapsed before they ai)pearcd. They were well received, and brought stweral belts with them, one of which expressed the most friendly disposition, and solicited the restoration of the fort at Cataraqui. On their return home, Ourconhar^ iccompanied them. When he came back, he brought with him several pei-sons of distinction, who had been long held in captivity by the Indians. Though the first belts brought by the deputies were friendly, the others were obscure, and all attempts to obtain an explanation were fruitless. All that was contemplated merely seemed to be " to suspend the hatchet." The Cmnt rejected all the belli! except one, declaring IIIMTOKY i)V MICIIKlAN. M )K FKDS'l'KNAf IN 1751) — TlIK MON'IVAI.M — I Eiiglmh and Uii'hcluni to then lu'ld the eight luiiulrod the nH«aihmt^, They burned •isoners, whom itting vigor of ir that in H)t)2 H, and the fur advantage. •tureH of peace, le Governor if I he received, everal months received, and essed the most of the fort at them. When » of distinction, 8. Though the the othera were I were fruitless, to suspend the t one, dechiring that, unlcHH more friendly sentiments were entertained, he eould not long suspend the threatened blow. Unwilling to come to an open rupture with a people wlio could muster thre(> thotisniid warriiux, he endeavored to gain time. In the meanwhile, he reestablished the fort at ('atarat|iii, and strengthened the outposts, intending i'l the summer to commence more active measures. At length, in Jums IfiUfi, all the fon-es that could be nuistered at ('atarai|ui nnirched into tlie canton of Oimndago. On reaching a lake, they found suspended from a tree two i)undles of rusiies, which intimated that fourteen hundred and thirty-four warrioi-s were waiting to engage them. They sailed across the lake immedi- ately, and formed themselves in regular order of battle, expecting to engage their enemicw. I)e Cailliiires commanded the left wing, the Chevalier de Vaudreuil the right, and De Frontenac, then seventy -six years of age, was carried in the centre in an elbow- chair. The Five Nations, however, did not appear, and their principal tbrtrcss was found reduced to ashe^. It soon, indee<l, became evidcuit that the Indians had determined to let them march through their country unmolested. The Oneidn-s .sent deputies to Fnmtenat!, hut he would accept nothing short of unconditional surrender. De Vaudreuil marched into their country and laid it waste. It had been determined to treat the Cayugas in the same manner, but the Count returned rather suddenly to Montreal, for which the French writers severely censure him. He nnght, it is thought, have completely humbled the Iroipiois at this time. He could not, however, be prevailed upon to destroy the canton of the Goyoipiins (or Cayugas), of which his friend Oureonhar6 was chiefi The shameful manner in which the Indian allies of the French were treated with regard to their chief source of wealth, the fur trade, gave continual cause of complaint and discontent. This traffic was carried on by an adventurous but desperate race, called "caureurs des hois." It was a strict monopoly, the merchants fitting out the coureurs with canoes and merchandise, and reaping profits so am])le that furs to the value of 8,000 ciowns were pro- cured by the French for 1,000 crowns. fio UKNKKAI, IIIHTOKY OK Till". HTATKH. Ah soon US tlif Imiiims tuiiiul oiil the true value of their com- modities, they miuh' htiid mid iiii-essiiiit comiduiiils. In onltT to ooiieiliiite them, it wiw jiroposed that they slionlil l)riii>? their own furs iind dispose of them lit Montreal. The (Jovernor, however, and the other meinhers of the administration, olijeeted that thin windd liiih^' the Indian allies from the retirement of their forest^t into the immediate nei^'hlioriiood of tlie Five NationH and of the Uritish; and they dreaded tiiat, while the profits of the fur trade would he lost, a j;eiieral eoidederation of the trihoH might be elfected. In the meantime, the Iroquois (;ontinue<l the war with vigor, though both they and the Knglish Iwgan to wisii for peace. NegotiatioiiH wore, however, entered into with them through Oureonhari'', in whom Frontenae placed groat and deserved confi- dence, hut his sudden (Knitii at (iuehec retarded them. Their micceHs was, however, seciireil hy the trwity of peace signed at KyHwick, September 15, l«}i>7, and the Knglish and French Gov- ernors mutually entered into arrangements for maintaining harnumy among the Indians. The anxious ilesire manifested by both nations to secure tlie fiiendshii» of the Iro(|uoi8 flattered that bold and deceitful people, and gave them an exalted opinion of themselves. The object of both the French and English should have been to diminish their ]w\\ev, but this rather tended to increase their conseciuence and conceit. Soon after the conclusion of peace, Louis Count do Frontenae died, in the seventy-eighth year of his age, upwards of twenty of which he iiad spent in ( 'anada. His great personal abilities pre- served this colony to France, and always secured to him the GOVERNOR J.J. BAGLEY. John .1. Baoi.ey, the present Governor of the State of Michigan, was born .Tuly 24th, 1833, in Orleans County, New York. His father settled in 8t. .Tosepli County, in tliis State, 1840, wliere Mr. Bagley received a common scliool education. In 184« lie removed to Shiawa-ssee County, and in 1847 to Detroit. He served liia time at tlie tobacco trade witli Isaac 8. Miller. In 18.')8 he engaged in business for liiinsclf, and is still conducting it. Mr. Bagley has held various positions of public trust in tlie city gov- it' tlii'ir com- In onliT to la their own lor, howcvtT, ted that thin tht'ir JDiTHl** H uud of the ;he fur truth' )e8 niijcht bo r with vigor, ill for peace, u-ni through [>sorv('(l confi- theni. Their ice xigncd at French Oov- inaintaining manifested by [uois flattered malted opinion and EngliHh rather tended de Frontenac i of twenty of abilities pre- d to him the Michigan, was s fatlicr settled ,gley received a waasce Coiinty, acco trade witli self, and is still in the city gov- I l.()Vi;UM)lC JDllN ,1. IIAI.I.EV. 4 i HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. es confidence of the King, the respect of his officers and the esteem of the Indians. He was buried in the Recollect church at Quebec, which formerly stood near the site of the present English cathedral. The only memorial of him now to be found in the city is in the street called from his family name Buade street. Frontenac was succeeded by De Calli^res, who had been for some time Governor of Montreal. He administered the affiiirs of the colony with more steadiness and prudence, and with ecjual vigor and address, and in 1700 effected a general pacification among the Indian tribes. Upon the exchange of prisoners which took place at this period, a most surprising and mortifying fact transpired. The natives early sought their homes; the greater part of the French captives, however, were found to have con- tracted such an attachment to the wild freedom of the woods, that neither the commands of the King nor the entreaties of their friends could induce them to quit their Indian associates. Peace had scarcely been concluded between the savage tribes, when it was broken by their civilized neighbors. The succession of Philip of Anjou to the throne of Spain gave rise to a long and eventful war between France and Spain. It was begun by Louis XIV with every prospect of giving law to all Europe. Instead of this, the exploits of the great Marlborough and Prince Eugene, and the fields of Blenheim and Rarailies, reduced him to the lowest condition, and at one time seemed to place his throne in peril. The French colon:3t8 were thus left to their own resources, while England conceived the bold design of uniting within her territory the whole of North America. The lamented death of De Callifires, its able Governor, placed Canada in a critical state, and endangered the French power in the colony. ernment of Detroit, and in 1873 was Purlt Commissioner, Vice-President of tlie American National Bank, President of the Detroit Safe Company, Director of tlie Wayne County Savings Bank, Novelty Works, Detroit Fire and Marine Insurance Company, and Michigan Mutual Life Insur- ance Company. In the summer of 1872 Mr. Bagley was nominated by the Republican State Convention for Governor, and was elected by a large majority. 64 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES. The Count de Vaudreuil, who succeeded, proved himself worthy of his high office, and for several years managed to prevent the colonists from being molested, and to cherish the trade and culti- vation of the country. In 1708 he carried warlike operations into the British frontier settlements, having previously negotiated for the neutrality of the Iroquois, who were flattereil by being treated as an independent power. Little success, however, attended these operations, and he was soon compelled again to resume a defensive position. The persecutions of the Protestants in France caused at this time a religious animosity to be added to the hatred entertained towards the French. This unfortunately encouraged a spirit of discord amongst the colonists themselves. A people like the New Englauders, who had themselves but just escaped from persecu- tion, could not look with indifference upon their persecuted French Protestant brethren. Some of the persons in power amongst them, however, did not sympathize in this sentiment, and estrange- ment from each other and opposition to authority increased daily. Duriug all the changes which took place in the colonies, it is surprising how the Iroquois contrived to preserve their neutrality, as they had it in their power to gain information on both sides. The court that was paid to them by both powers probably fostered in them habits of dissimulation. When the English called the Five Nations to assist them against the French, they showed the great- est unwillingne.ss. They alleged that " when they concluded a treaty they intended to keep it, but that the Europeans seemed to enter into such engagements solely for the purpose of breaking them ;" and one old chief, with the rude freedom of his country, intimated that " the nations were both drunk." In 1709 a person of the name of Vetch laid before the court of Queen Anne a plan for the conquest of Canada, and was supplied with authority and resources, supposed to be sufficient for its accomplishment. The English forces which had been destined for the St. Lawrence were, however, required in Portugal, and thus the Marquis de Vaudreuil had time to make better prepara- tions for defense. The British in the meantime had occupied Lakes George and HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 65 mself worthy prevent the ie and culti- )eratiou8 into egotiated for being treated ttended these 16 a defensive aused at this d entertained id a spirit of like the New from persecu- scuted French iwer amongst and estrange- creased daily, colonies, it is eir neutrality, >n both sides, bably fostered sailed the Five ved the great- er concluded a ;an8 seemed to e of breaking f his country, re the court of i was supplied fficient for its been destined Portugal, and better prepara- « George and Champlain, and erected forts. But the Iroquois treacherously deceived them, and attempted to poison the water they drank. They immediately abandoned the enterprise and returned to New York, after burning their canoes and reducing their forts to ashes. GOVERNOR H. P. BALDWIN. Among the numerous citi/.eus of Michigan, who, from very small beginnings, by honest perseverance have accumulated wealth and local fame, ex-Qovernor Baldwin stands very prominent. He waa born in Coventry, R. I., February, 1814, and was left an orphan boy at the ten- der age of eleven years, his parents having died previous to 1835. At the age of twelve he secured a position in a mercantile house near his native town, in which situation he remained eight years. In those days salaries were small, consequently, Mr. Baldwin was unable to lay by very much; but to say that he had not, during those eight years, accumulated a capi- 6 66 UKWEBAL HISTORY OP THE STATES. Canada now enjoyed a short interval of repose, though it was understood that the English were making active preparations for a fresh expedition, and were sparing no pains to secure the cooper- ation of the Five Nations. At this time the French were engaged in a desperate struggle with an Indian nation called the Outagamis or Foxes. These people, who dwelt in the upper terri- tory, were at i" . reduced to the necessity of humbly soliciting terms of peace, but the French were persuaded by their savage auxiliaries to push matters to the last extremity, and this unfor- tunate tribe was nearly exterminated. A combined land and sea expedition against Canada took place in 1711. This expedition was shamefully managed, and the Brit- ish fleet, owing to tempestuous weather and ignorance of the coast, met with so many disasters that it was obliged to return to Boston. They lost, at the Seven Islands near the mouth of the St. Lawrence, in one day, eight vessels and eight hundred and eighty-four officers, soldiers and seamen. tal that is more precious than gold, would be cbntradictory with the fol- lowing circumstances. At the age of twenty he left this situation, and, entirely without capital of his own, began business for himself. Thus will be seen Mr. Baldwin had already established himself in the confi- dence and esteem of the people of his own native State. In 1838 Mr. Baldwin's keen penetration had foreseen the near future of lake commerce, as guaranteed by the rapid development of the North- west, and he hastened to the scene of pioneer life. Having removed to Detroit, he immediately resumed mercantile pursuits. Success followed the effort, and has continuously attended all his business operations, which have increased to co.-siderable magnitude. He has taken an active interest in many of the leading enterprises of Michigan, most of which have vigorously advanced the growth, prosperity and honor of the State. Prominent among these is the Second National Bank of Detroit. This institution commenced business in 1863 with a capital of «500,000, which was increased in 1865 to «1,000,000, and has been one of the most suc- cessful enterprises of the West, having already accumulated a surplus fund of $600,000. Mr. Baldwin was its first president, and has continued to hold that responsible position during its whole career to the present time. In relation to his political life, he has rather declined than sought after ofBce or emolument. He was a staunch Whig when that party existed. miiftnilyiiiiifln^'n^^'' bough it was eparations for re the cooper- French were ion called tlie e upper terri- ibly soliciting their savage ,nd this unibr- iJa took place and the Brit- »rance of the d to return to s mouth of the hundred and jry with the fol- B situation, and, himself. Thus elf in the confl- le near future of It of the North- ring removed to Juccess followed iness operations, 18 taken an active ,, most of which nor of the State. )f Detroit. This t500,000, which of the most suc- lulated a surplus nd has continued jer to the present than sought after lat party existed, 'T "^ HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 67 The restoration of peace between France and England, by the treaty of Utrecht, took place in 1713, by which France retained Canada, but ceded Acadia and Newfoundland, and made over to Great Britain all her claims to the sovereignty of the Five Nations. This once more left the colony an interval of rest, which lusted ten years, during which her trade and resource-s were greatly increased. The Marquis de Vaudreuil availed himself of the peace to strengthen the fortifications of Quebec and Montreal ; the training of the military, amounting to 5,000 in a population of 25,000, was carefully attended to, and barracks were con- structed. An assessment was levied on the inhabitants, for the support of the troops and the erection of fortifications. During the remainder of M. de Vaudreuil's administration, which was terminated by his death in 1726, the province prospered under his vigilant, firm and just government. The death of the Marquis de Vaudreuil in 1726, was deserv- edly lamented by the Canadians. He was succeeded, in 1726, by and became as firm a Republican at the orgiinization of that party. He was twice nominated by his party to the mayoralty of Detroit, and in 1800 was elected to the State Senate. His career in the Senate was marked with considerable ability. He was chosen Chairman of the Finance Committee of the Senate, of the Joint Finance Committee of the two Houses, and of the Joint Conuuittee for investigating into the condi- tion of the State Treasury and the defalcation of John McKinney. It will be remembered that when the Legislature met in 1861 the State Treasury was without funds, the Treasurer being charged as a defaulter, and the State finances being in a most embarrassed condition. Senator Baldwin made a most thorough examination of the department, and embodied in his report to the Legislature a complete statement setting forth the irregularities by which the difficulty had been incurred, and suggesting plans whereby the State finances could be advantageously regulated and sustained in good condition. The report and measures recommended by Mr. Baldwin were adopted, and have been the basis of the successful management of the State finances up to the present time. In 1804 Senator Baldwin's name was brought forward spontaneously by the people for the distinguished office of Governor of Michigan. At the State Convention of that year his nomination was defeated by a single .vote. Had he even signified a desire to reach the gubernatorial chair, it is generally believed that he would have been unanimously chosen by the M GENERAL HISTORY OF THE HTATEH. the Marquis do Beauliarnois. His ambitious administration excited greatly the alarm of the English colonists of Now York and New Eu;jland. Beauharnois continued in power twenty years, and diligently employed himself in promoting the interests of the colony. He planuod an enterprise to cross America to the South Sea, which did noc succt^ed. He erected also the important fort at Crown Point, on Lake Champlaiu, with several other forts at ditferent places, for the purpose of keeping the English within the Alle- ghany Mountains, and preventing their approach to the lakes, the St. Lawrence, the Mississippi, and their tributary streams. The war between Great Britain and France led to the reduction of Cape Breton in 1745, by a British naval and military force, assisted by the provincial troops of the New England colonies. The successful battle of Fonteuoy, in Europe, however, roused the martial spirit of the Canadians to attempt the r.^-conquest of Nova Scotia, in 1746 and 1747, in which they failed, and the Convention, hut, having not even siinctioned the voice of the people, his nomination was carelessly though scarcely defeated. In 1800 he was earnestly pressed to allow his name to ho placed hcfore the Republican Convention for the same honorahle office, hut, as it had been customary to reuoiuinate the (lovernor for a second term, he declined absolutely. Notwithstanding this, he received more than sixty votes at that time. In 1808 he received the nomination of his party for the higl office of Oovernor, and was elected by the largest majority which, at that time, had ever been given for a Governor of Michigan. In 1870 he was nomi- nated by acclamation, and reiJlected. In 1872 ho was again strongly pressed to accept the nomination, but positively refused, and, in a letter addressed to the Republican Convention of that year, requested that no votes should be cast for him. Thus I have given, in a very concise manner, the most prominent fea- tures of Governor Baldwin's life. In point of perseverance, purity or accomplishment, its estimation is enhanced by comparison. No stain mars the pages of his short history of success. He came forth from the obscurity of a humble orphan boy, and, through his own honest persever- ance, unaided by naught save that which integrity, energy and affability merits, accumulated much wealth, and won a public name unblemished by coarse associations. . HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 69 dminiiitratiou of New York md diligently colony. He th Sea, which [brt at Crown jj at ditTereut thin the AUe- to the lakes, )■ streanw. I the reduction nailitary force, fjand colonies, ver, roused the iN'-conquest of ailed, and the : the people, his 1)0 pliiced before e, but, as it had iccond term, he more than sixty 16 higl office of ch, at that time, 170 he was nomi- 3 again strongly 1, and, in a letter requested that no it prominent fea- erance, purity or irieon. No stain le forth from the 1 honest persever- rgy and affability ante unblemished treaty of Aix la Chnpolle, in 1748, suspended further hostilities. Commissioners were then appointed to settle a boundary line between the British and French territories in North America. The Canadian government immediately proceeded to survey the HON. FREDERICK L. WELLS. Frederick L. Wells, the present Senator in the State Legislature for the Twenty-second Senatorial District, wa"! born in the town of Stanford, Duchess county. New York, on the 34th of March, 1838, and emigrated to Michigan in October, 1838, taking up his residence in the city of Port Huron, where he now resides. This trip, at that early time of railroads, consume-^ icarly a week, Mr. Wells traveling on the New York Central from Albany to Fonda, which at that time comprised the whole length of that road. From the latter place to Buffalo the passage was made on 70 GENERAI, HISTOltY OF THE STATES. projootcd line of demarcation, with a groat disjjlay of military pomp, calciilatfd to inipn'«H on the mind« of the Indians the idea that Franw would assert her rights to the limits marked. Leaden plates, hearing the arms of France, were sunk at such distances upon this line as the Canadian Governor, in his liberality, pleased to a.ssign to England, and the whole ceremony was conducted with much formality. Such an imprudent step seriously alarmed the Indians, and terminated in their active cooperation with the English, for the utter expulsion of the French from North America. About this time a royal edict directed that no country houses should be built but on farms of one acre and a half in front and forty back. This law had the eifect of confining the population along the banks of the river, and the whole shore, from Quebec to Montreal, was soon settled with cultivated farms. A favorable change took place, too, in the fur trade, and a more liberal and efjuitable system appears to have been adopted. A large annual lair was opened at Montreal, under judicious regulations, and became the general centre of the trade. The Count de Galissoniere, a nobleman of great acquirements, succeeded M. de Beauharnois in 1747. He was superseded by the Sieur de la Jonquiere in 1749, who was superseded temporarily by the Baron de Longueuil, until the arrival of the Marquis du Quesne as Governor-General in 1752. a canal boat, and at ButTalo he embarked on the steamboat "James Madison" for Port Huron, which boat was then considered first-class. Upon his arrival at Port Huron, he found that the Indians were more numerous than the whites ; and in his younger day he has often seen the former participating in the "savage war dance" in the center of the city, where now lie Huron avenue and Military street. He soon formed an admiration for the beautiful forest scenes surrounding his new home, and from early boyhood took a great interest in the welfare of his town. By his rigid honesty, indomitable energy, and rare business qualifications, he soon rose to the front rank among his townsmen. Although Mr. Wells has never sought political honors, still his towns- men have seen fit to acknowledge their appreciation of his abilities by electing him to a large number of important official positions. In 1855 he was elected to the office of Village Recorder, and again, in 1857, he y of military inns the idcii kofi. Leaden inch distancc'H rality, pleased )nducted with y alarmed the ion with the from North ouutry hoi. (S f in front and he population , from Quebec A favorable re liberal and L large annual gulations, and ; acquirements, .erseded by the 2d temporarily ;he Marquis du amboat "James dered first-class, dians were more as often seen the be center of the He soon formed g his new home, 'are of his town. ;ss qualifications, i, still his towns- f his abilities by (sitions. In 1855 igain, in 1857, he HISTORY OF MIOHIOAN. 71 Du Qu(*Hne appean*, more openly than any other governor, to have carried on the .xy.Mtem of encroaching on the Briti.sh Colonies. Ho far did he proceed that the fort at Pittsburg, bearing his name, was erected within the confines of Virginia. The liritish immediately erected another in the immediate vicinity, which they ({uaintly ternied Necessity. To this a garrison was <lispatchc<l, from Virginia, under the command of George Washington, whose name afterward became so illustrious, and who then held a lieutcnant-coloiiel's commis.Hion in the British army. Washington, on his march to assume the conunand of Fort Necessity, was met by a party from Fort Du Questie, under M. de Jumonvill(5, who peremptorily forbade the English to pro- ceed further. The mandate was answered by a burst of indigna- tion and a volley of musketry, which killed Jumonville and sev- eral of his men. The French at Fort du Quesne, however," quickly commenced offensive hostilities, invested Necessity, and obliged Washington to capitulate. A great alarm was now spread through the English settlements, and a plan of common defense was brought forward, in a conven- tion held at Albany in July, 1754. At this meeting Benjamin Franklin proposed a general union of the colonies, to resist the French. Though not then acted upon, this document was the basis of the federal union subsequently formed for the overthrow of the British dominion in the United States. was chosen for the same position. In 1859 he was elected City Clerk, and was reelected to the same ofllce the two following years. He was Chltjf Engineer of the Fire Department during the year 1868, and in 1863 was chosen Mayor of the city. He has also held the office of Alder- man for three terms of two years each, which makes him a city officer of thirteen years' standing. After a spirited contest, in 1870, Mr. Wells was elected to represent llie Second District of St. Clair county in the State Legislature. He filled this position so well that the people of St. Clair county elected him to represent them as Senator in the Legislature of 1872-3. He was a member of the standing committees of the Senate-— lumber interests, asylum for deaf, dumb and blind, and State capitol and public buildings, being chairman of the first mentioned— where he zeal- ously looked after the interests of the State, performing a large amount of arduous labor. 4 72 Gi./RAI. IIIHTORY OF THE HTATEfl. Enj?liind wa«. at thw time proparinp for a» f.pon war with France, vvl.ich tl... amhifmii ..f Fn'dwU'k of PniHMia, au.l the ntate of Eurcpo, 8.)()u re.i.U-n'.l H'-'^'ral. A *'tronK' I'crt with troop-, waa (l(!spatfhe<l from Franco to rcintor.-o Qui-Imt ; an ICnglwh fleet purHUed it, hut suecceded in capturing only two frijratoH, with the (.uginoerH and troop on hoard, on the hanks ..f Newfound- The Marquis de Quesne having renigned, was MU-ceeded hy the Sieur de Vaudrouil, tlie hist Freu-'». governor in 'Jana<hi, in 1755. This administration was auspicio isly opened by the defeat of the brave but rash General Bnuhh.ck, in one of the defiles of the Alleghany Mountains. Rniddock, unaccnstomcd to Indian war- fare, neglected every precauth.n of scouts and outposts, and refused to make proper i)reparations for the meeting of the French and their In-han allies. When the British entered a gorge where retreat was impossible, they poured upon tl.em, from their ambus- cades, a deadly fire, under which numbers of the unfortunate sol- diers fell. Braddock himself was killed, and the remainder ot the army was saved only by the intrepidity of Colonel George Washington, who now, for the first time, distinguished himselt, and won back the laurels he had lost at Fort Necessity. These troops having afterward joined the provincial fores under Generals Johnson, Lvman and Shirly, repulsed an attack made by the French under Baron Dieskau. After a battle of four hours' duration the French retreated to Crown Point, with a loss Mr Wells Ims also taken a great interest in Free Masonry, Imving received all the degrees to the "8. P. R. S.," thirty-second degree of the A & A. Scottish rite. He has held many important offices in the lodge of which he is a member. He has been Worshipful Master of the Port Huron Lodge, No. 58, for five years; High Priest of Huron Chapter Royal Arch Masons, for two years, and has held for the past year and still holds, the office of Eminent Commander of the Port Huron Com- mandery of Knights Templar. For the past nineteen years, and at present, he is extensively engaged in the manufacturing of lumber. He is also a partner in the banking house of John Johnston & Co., Port Huron. In all the positions Mr. Wells has held he has performed his duties faithfully, and exhibited a large amount of business tact. ■. ■ i3«#W«fW--''°^-*'f Vl ' ^"'* *t^' *^'°'"'°*^**''*'"***^'^' ^ H»* Wi V 'T iiJ HW II rt iJ'^^'M*-'^''" niHTORY OP MICHIGAN. Tt ppii war witl> , iiiul the fttftte t witli troojH, (•; III) EiigliHli ) frinatcx, with of Nc'wfoiuul- •ccedod by the iiiathi, ill 1755. ' the defeat of ) defiles of the to Indian war- ()Uti)o»tH, and ; of the French I a gorge where m their ambus- infortunate 8ol- e remainder of Colonel George ;uished himself, ssity. leial fores under lu attack made I battle of four 'oint, with a loss Mfxsonry, having ond degree of the flees in the lodge taster of the Port f Huron Chapter, he past year, and Port Huron Com- stcnsively engaged ler in the banking rformed his duties .ct. of one thouBand raer, and the capture of their lender, who wm severely wounded. This Huccesrt restored the drooping spirits oi the British army, and these battles helped to train the colonists for those ccmtesta HON. ElilHU L. CLARK. Eliuu L. Clark, President of the Lenawee County Savings Bank, was born in Wayne County, New York, on the 18th of July, 1811. Both of his grandfathers served in the Revolutionary War, the one on his father's side being one of Washington's Rangers, and the one on his mother's side being in active service at the battles of Monmouth, Princeton and a num- ber of others. Mr. Clark remained on the farm where he was born until he was nine- teen years of age, when he went to the village of Palmyra, in the same county, and served as clerk in a dry goods store for one year. After- 74 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. which they were to wage with those very men by whose side they now fought hand to hand against the French. Little did Wash- ington then contemplate the destiny that awaited him. France, now fully aware of the importance of Canada, sent out a chosen body of troops, under the command of the gallant and experienced Marquis de Montcalm. He obtained a series of suc- cesses, terminating by the reduction of the important British forts at Oswego, and Fort Edward, near Lake George. This victory was stained by the barbarous murder of near two thousand Eng- lish prisoners, by the Indian allies of the French. This monstrous deed completely roused the indignation of the English, and led to those mighty preparations which Anally destroyed the power of France in America. As some compensation for these losses, the fortified and garri- soned town of Louisburg, in the island of Cape Breton, was taken in the uiost gallant manner by the English army under General Amherst and Brigadier-General Wolfe, the future conqueror of Canada. In 1758 Fort Frontenac, near Kingston, and Fort Du Quesne, near the Ohio river, were captured by the colonists. The campaign of 1759 was opened with a plan of combined operations by sea and land. Canada was to be invaded at three different points by Generals of high talent. The commander-in- chief, General Amherst, undertook the reduction of the forts at Crown Point and Ticonderoga. He was to cross Lake Champlain, and, proceeding along the Richelieu, was to reach the St. Law- rence and join the other army before Quebec. The force destined to proceed by sea to Quebec was under the command of the heroic General Wolfe. General Prideaux, with another army and a wards he was the owner of a mercantile establishment in the same town for two years. In September, 1834, he married Miss Isabella T. Bean, and in June of the following year he emigrated to Michigan, and at once engaged in the mercantile business, in which he remained until 1848. In the autumn of that year he was elected a Representative in the Legisla- ture of Michigan from Lenawee County, being the only Whig in the Legislature from that county of five Representative districts. From that time until 1870 he has been engaged in a private banking and bro- kerage business, accumulating considerable wealth. In 1870, upon the : i iS-Hiafei£,VS^a-&ttf '-t^i^^ '--■ '~ " ^!- '^^■- ■^'**''-^ ' "^^^ HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 76 lose side they tie did Wash- lada, sent cut ! gallant aud aeries of suc- t British forts This victory tiousand Eng- his monstrous sh, and led to the power of ed and garri- :on, was taken nder General conqueror of and Fort Du alonists. of combined ided at three ommander-in- F the forts at :e Ghamplain, the St. Law- brce destined I of the heroic army and a the same town ibella T. Bean, m, and at once until 1848. In in the Legisla- y Whig in the istricts. From iking and bro- 1870, upon the large body of friendly Indians, under Sir William Johnson, was appointed to rc'.uce the fort at Niagara. Wolfe's array, anio';.nting to about eight thousand men, was conveyed to the vicinity of Quebec by a fleet of vessels of war and transpoxt3, and landed in two divisions on the island of Orleans, on the 27th of June. The Marquis de Montcalm made vigorous preparations for defending Quebec. His armed force consisted of about thirteen thousand men, of whom six battalions were regulars and the remainder well disciplined Canadian militia, with some cavalry and Indians. He ranged these forces from the river St. Charles to the Falls of Montmorency, with the view of opposing the landing of the British. Wolfe first attempted the entrenchment of Montmorency, land- ing his troops under cover of the fire from the ships of war, but was gallantly repulsed oy the French. In consequence of this repulse he sent dispatches to England, stating that he had doubts of being able to reduce Quebec during that campaign. His pros- pects, indeed, were not encouraging. The great stronghold kept xip an incessant fire from its almost inaccessible position, bristling with guns, defended by a superior force, and inhabited by a hostile population. Above the city steep banks rendered landing almost impossible ; below the country for eight miles was embarrassed by two rivers, many redoubts and watchful Indians. A part of the fleet lay above the town, and the remainder in the north channel, between the island of Orleans and Montmorency. Soon after this repulse, however, Wolfe roused his brave and vigorous spirit, called a council of war, and proposed, it is gener- ally said at the instigation of his second in command, Greneral organization of the Lenawee County Savings Bank, he was chosen President of tha: corporation, which office he still holds, performing the duties to the entire satisfactiou of the stockholders and depositors in the bank. During the late civil war, Mr. Clark was an active supporter of the Union cause, and did much for the Michigan soldiers. One of his sons sacrificed his life in defense of the nation. Mr. Clark is well known throughout Lenawee and the adjoining counties, and is held in very high esteem. '!•. r. M IPs 76 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. k- Townsend, to gain the Heights of Abraham behind and above the city, commanding the weakest part of the fortress. The council acceded to this daring proposal, and their heroic commandci' com- menced his preparations, in the meanwhile making such active demonstrations against Montcalm's position that the French still believed it to be his main object. On the 11th of September the greater part of the troops landed and marched u^: the south shore opposite Quebec, forded the river Etchemin, and embaiked on board the men-of-war and transi)ort8 which lay above the town. On the 12th the ships of war sailed nine miles up the river to Cap Rouge. This feint deceived Mont- calm, and he detached DeBougainville, who with his army of reserve proceeded still farther up the river, to prevent the English from landing. During the night the English troops dropped silently down the river with the current in boats, and at four o'clock in the morning began to laud. It is surprising bow the troops contrived to hind, as the French had posted sentries along the sliore to challenge boats and give the alarm. The first bout was questioned, when Captain Donald McDonald, one of Frazer's Highlanders, wjjo was perfectly well acquainted with the French language and customs, answered to " Qui vive f " which is tlieir challenge, tlie word, " La France." When the sentinel demanded, "A quel regiment f" the captain replied, " De la Reine," which he knew by accident to be one of those commanded by DeBougainville. The soldier took it for granted that it wa.s an expected ('onvoy, and saying " Passe," the boats proceeded without further question. One of the sentries, more wary than the rest, running down to the watci'f- edge, called out, " Pourquoi, est-ce que vouji ne parlez pas plus haut f " to which the captain answered, in a soft tone of voice, " Tais-toi, noun serous entendm. Thus cautioned, the sentry retired, and the boats pro- ceeded without further altercation, and landed at the spot now celebrated as " Wolfe's Cove." General Wolfe was one of the firtt on shore, and, on seeing the difficulty of ascending LUe precipice, observed familiarly to Captain McDonald, " I do not believe there is any possibility of getting up, but you must do your endeavor." Indeed, the precipice here was :r.,-..s.ii;.i^H~i"" and above the The council nmandei- com- ig such active e French still troops landed irded the river ind transi)ort8 of war sailed eceived Mont- 1 his army of nt the English roops dropped s, and at four lis the French [s and give the iptain Donald perfectly well s, answered to "/a France." " the captain t to be one of er took it for g " Passe" the if the sentries, ■'f- edge, called 'd f " to which 0%, notta seroM the boats pro- the spot now , on seeing the irly to Captain ' of getting up, !ipice here was HISTORY OF MICHIOAW. 77 80 steep that there seemed no possibility of scaling it, but the Highlanders, grasping the bushes that grew on its face, ascended the woody precipice with courage and dexterity. They dislodged a small body of troops that defended a narrow pathway up the HENRY FISH. Henry Fish, one of the present leading citizens of Port Huron, Michi- gan, was born Ave miles above Jklontreal, Canada, in 1824. His parents were of New England birth, but removed to Canada at an early day. In the year 1830 the family came to Michigan, and settled in Macomb county. In the year 1848 Henry Fish moved to Port Huron, and engaged in merchandising and lumbering. For the past eighteen years he, in connection with his brother, has been engaged in the lumbering business exclusively, the firm of A. & H. Fish being favorably and extensively 14 m •iti36 m 78 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. bank ; and, a few more mounting, the General drew up the rest in order as they arrived. With great exertion they reached the sum- mit, and in a short time Wolfe had his whole army drawn up in regular order on the plains above. Montcalm, struck with this unexpected movement, concluded that unless Wolfe could be driven from this position Quebec was lost. Hoping, probably, that only a detachment had as yet reached it, he lost his usual prudence and forbearance, and finding that his opponent had gained so much by hazarding all, he, with an infatuation for which it is difficult to account, resolved to meet the British army. He crossed the St. Charles on the 13th, sallying forth from a strong fortress without fi.3ld artillery, without even waiting the return of Bougainville, who with two thousand men formed a corps of observation. Before he could concentrate his forces, he advanced with haste and precipitation, and commenced a most gallant attack when within about two hundred and fifty yards of the English line. The English moved forward regularly, firing steadily until within thirty or forty yards of the French, when they gave a general volley, which did great execution. The English had only a light cannon, which the sailors had dragged up the heights with ropes. The sabre, therefore, and the oayonet decided the day. The agile Scotch Highlanders, with their stout claymores, served the purpose of cavalry, and the steady fire of known. Mr. Fish is one of tlie most active and influential lay members of the Methodist Episcopal Church in Michigan, being elected President of the State Convontion of that church, held at Albion, in 1871. The r»etn)it Annual Conference, in company with Mr. John Owen, of Detroit, elected him as lay delegate to the General Conference of May, 1^72. He was the candidate of the Prohibition party for Governor >t Michi- gan in 1870 and again in 1872. The National Prohibition party, yet in its infancy, presented its first natiunal ticket to the people in 1872. It had its inception in a meeting of a few friends of tempermce (of whom Mr. Fish was a leading one), held in Detroit, on tlie 8th of January, 18«7. This meeting advised the formation of an independent political party, because, as they stated, legal prohibition of the liquor traflBc is such a radical reform as cannot be accomplished through the agency of a politi- cal party comp Jsed of temperance men and the sellers and drinkers of ^> ;■ ..r,.).*>-r.~TO?sraSK -r««iSSS«!5,^B!^(K"W?3:- ; H^^Sijit4iW gg.-"tf3g3aqs«r-rar^--. ^- -a««w»i5j*MfafJs<BSSf.;.4?', iit/^^^.i: HISTORY OP MICHIOAN. 79 up the rest in iched the sum- ' drawn up in ^nt, concluded 1 Quebec was t had as yet 36, and finding ig all, he, with solved to meet : forth from a in waiting the men formed a his forces, he lenced a most fifty yards of igularly, firing French, when :ecution. The s had dragged id the oayonet 'ith their stout steady fire of ial lay members lected President 1, in 1871. Tlie •wen, of Detroit, May, 1H72. cernoc ni Michi- on party, yet in jple in 18T2. It rmce (of whom )f January, 1807. ; political party, traffic is such a rency of a politi- and drinkers of the English fusileers compensated in some degree for the want of artillery. The heroism of Montcalm was as conspicuous as that of his illustrious opponent ; both headed their men ; both rushed with eagerness whc^j the battle raged most fiercely. Often by their personal prowess and example did they change the fortune of the moment. Both were repeatedly wounded, but still fought on with enthusiasm. And at last both these gallant commanders fell mor- tally wounded, whilst advancing to the last deadly charge at the head of their respective columns. Wolfe was first wounded in the wrist. He immediately wrapped a handkerchief round his arm, and, putting himself at the head of his grenadiers, led them on to the charge. He was then struck with a second ball, but still pressed on, when, just a-s the enemy were about to give way, he received a third ball in the breast and groin, and sank. When they raised him from the ground he tried, with a faint hand, to clear the death-raist from his eyes. He could not see how the battle went, and wa •, sinking to the earth, when the cry, " They run ! they run ! " arrested his fleeting spirit. " Who run ? " asked the dying hero. " The French," replied his supporter ; " they give way everywhere." " What ! " said he, " do they run already? Now God be praised — I die happy ; " and, so saying, the youthful victor breathed his last. Such was the death intoxicating liquois. Both the Republican and Democratic parties are so composed, and are, therefore, organically disqualified to indorse prohibi- tion as a piirtj' measure, and without such indorsement no political party can b.! dcp-'^nded upon, when in power, to enact and enforce laws prohib- iting the li(iuoi' tratTlc. Hence, they declared that both rrason and expe- I'ieiice proved the necessity of independent political action on the part of the frieniis of prohioition As the result of this meeting, a State Conven- tion was held at Jackscn, January 27th, 1809, and such a party formed. The following year they nominated their first State ticket, lieaded by Mr. Fish for Governor, and at the election in November he received a vote exceedingly fla*teriiig to himself and his party. In 1872 he was again the candidate of the same '.arty for the same office, and with similar results. Mr, Fish is a careful ind :,ompetent business man, of far more than average culture, and a very affable and agreeable gentleman. «-i*/«*«sai»,;*itv*afi5««>*y«?^-;t--T««f^-.;--(.^«se«se^-i;(*i?in*-^^ 80 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES. of Wolfe at the early age of thirty-five, when but few men begin even to appear on he theater of great events. There is a suiall monument on the place of his death, with the date and this inscription: "Here Wolfe died victorious." He was too precious to be left even on the field of his glory ; England, jealous of his ashes, had them laid with his father's iu Greenwich, the town in which he was born. The news of these events reached Britain but forty-eight hours later than the fin^t discouraging dis- patch, and spread universal joy for the great victory, and sorrow for its price. Throughout broad England were illuminations and songs of triumph; one country village was, however, silent and still— there Wolfe's widowed mother mourned her only son. The chivalrous Montcalm also died nobly. When his wounds were pronounced mortal, he expressed his thankfulness that he should die before the surrender of Quebec. On being visited by the commander of the garrison, M. de Ramzay, and by the com- mandant, De Rousellon, he entreated him to endeavor to secure the retreat of the army beyond Cap Rouge. Before he died he paid the victorious army this magnanimous compliment : " Since it has been my misfortune to be discomfited and mortally wounded, it is a great satisfaction to me to be van- quished by so brave and generous an enemy." Almost his last act was to write a letter recommending the French prisoners to the generositv of their vi<-tors. He died at five o'clock on the morn- ing of the 14th of Se.)teml)or, and was buried iu an excavation made by the bursting of a shell, near the Uisuline convent. The battle had scarcely closed before Bougainville appeared in sight ; but the fate of Canada was decided, the critical moment was gone. He retired to Pointe aux Trembles en has, where he encamped, and thence he retreated to Three Rivers and Montreal. Had all the French forces been concentrated under Montcalm, it is doubtful if the heroism of the British troops could have secured the victory, so great was the valor displayed. On the 17th a flag of truce came out of the city, and on the 18th a capitulation was effected on terms honorable to the French, who were not made prisoners, but conveyed home to their own country. General Murray then assumed the command. '•,5ft««H«iJ^-^lS|Se$afSiai£^-^i5!*Wi^- ,j,5^it5n*-««^-ii w men begiu a**i^tp*-' ftth, with the orious." He ry; England, u Greenwich, vents reached ouragiug dis- y, and sorrow li nations and cr, silent and ily son. !n his wounds ilness that he ng visited by I by the com- ivor to secure mnguanimous be discomfited nc to be van- lost his last act 'isouers to the ou the nioru- an excavation convent, le appeared in ritical moment I, has, where he and Montreal. >r Montcalm, it Id have secured ;he 17th a flag apitulation was were not made atry. General CHAPTER V. PltOGnESS OF THE FllKNCH TOWAHD MlCHIOAN— THK 8tRUOOI.ES AND AnVENTIUEB OF THE MiSSIONAUIES — LlKE AND DEATII OF THE Great and Good Marquette— Pioneer Like- Having followed the history of New France to the end of the French rule in Canada, we will now return and trace the west- ward movements of civilization to the borders of Michigan. The French settlers who had established themselves upon the banks of the St. Lawrence were never wanting in zeal and enter- prise in extending their explorations westward. It was early the avowed object of the government to carry the cross of the Catho- lic Church to the remotest bounds of the western territory, and thus to secure the advantages of its great resources. The princi- pal directors of the ecclesiastical establishments that were collected at Quebec found it their poliry to become informed of the con- dition of the domain of the great lakes, and as early as 1634 the Jesuits Breboeuf and Daniel joined a party of Hurons, who were returning from that walled city, and, passing through to the Ottawa River, raised the first hut of the Society of Jesus upon the shore of Lake Iroquois, a bay of Lake Huron, where they daily rang a bell to call the savages to prayer, and performed all those kind offices which were calculated to secure the confidence and affection of tlie tribes on the lake shore. In order to confirm the missions a college was founded in Quebec during the following year, and a hospital was established at the same place for the unfortunate of every class. A plan for the establishment of mis- sions, not only among the Algouquins of the north, but also south of Lake Michigan and in Michigan, was formed within six years after the discovery of Canada. Cartier was the pioneer, but Cliamplain was the founder of the French power upon this continent. For twenty years succeeding 6 I. <! - L. ««w41?«t*^-i«SaafSse?iS^«*?3»»«*^.*'*«u»w.ww'^WW^«»3J3Bl!«]>ftiffiyfrlPV^^^^ 83 GENERAL HISTORY OP THK STATM. the commencement of the seventeenth century he was zcahiusly emphiyed in planting and rearing upon the l)auli.^ of the St. Law- rence that infant tdony whicli was destined to extend its branches into Michigan, and finally to contest with its great rival the sover- eignty of North America. We .shall not here attempt to trace the progress of these remote settlements, nor to mark the alternations of prosperity and adver- sity. They are in this work peculiarly interesting to us only as they exhibit the gradual and successive steps by which a knowl- edge of the lake country was acquired, and its first settlements founded. As the tide of French power flows toward Michigan, we become more anxious to trace its principles and progress, and to inquire into the motives and means of the hardy adventurers who were every year ascending still further and further the boundless waters before them. It was early discovered that a profitable traffic in furs could be carried on with the Indians, and the excitement of gain prompted tho-se engaged in it to explore every avenue by which the camp and hunting grounds of the Indians could be approached. A better and nobler feeling, too, brought to this work a body of learned and pious men, who left behind them their own world, with all its pleasures and attach- ments, and sought in the depths of remote and unknown regions objects for the exercise of their zeal and piety. The whole history of human character furnishes no more illustrious examples of self- devotion than are to be found in the records of the establishments of the Roman Catholic missionaries, whose faith and fervor ena- bled them to combat the difficulties around them in life, or to triumph over them in death. By the operation of these causes a knowledge of the great fea- tures of the continent was gradually acquired, and the circle of French power and influence enlarged. As early as 1632, seven years only after the foundations of Quebec were laid, the mission- aries had penetrated to Lake Huron by the route of Grand River, and Father Sagard has left an interesting narrative of their toils and suflerings upon its bleak and sterile shores. The Wyandots had been driven into that region from the banks of the St. Law- rence, by their inveterate enemies, the Iroquois, whose valor, H^„vw^#,«gE5isa»sM&ifefei «s»^MR«*j«*W'«sa«wa*^fi«wa«<efcvsf**«^ f l w ^ umiM iB u ms s'-" HISTORY OP MICHIGAN. 83 was zealously >t" the St. Law- lul its branches rival the sover- )f these remote pity and adver- ; to us only as vhich a knowl- irst settlements vard Michigan, d progress, and rdy adventurers nd further the jcovered that a he Indians, and in it to explore grounds of the bier feeling, too, 8 men, who left ares and attach- nknown regions he whole history examples of self- e establishments and fervor ena- em in life, or to :>f the great fea- i,nd the circle of y as 1632, seven laid, the mission- of Grand River, ive of their toils The Wyandots 3 of the St. Law- ois, whose valor, enterprise and success constitute the romance of Indian history. The good priests accompanied them in this expatriation, and if they could not prevent their sufferings, they shared them. No portion of those wide domains was secure from the conquering COL. WM. M. FENTON. Wm. M. Fenton, one of the greatest of Michigan men, was born on the 19th of December, 1808, in Norwich, Chenango county, New Yorlc. Here his father, Hon. Josepli 8. Fenton, was one of the first citizens in wealth and social position, being a prominent banker, and an elder in the Presbyterian church, of which he wuo one of the main pillars of support. His mother, a member of the same church, was distinguished for devoted piety and an earnest zeal in every good work. William was the eldest of nine children, and in early life, while under the parental roof, was remarkable for his integrity and great love for knowledge, which made him a most indefatigable student, so that when h i' 'M '■' *»-*^sv.4S*at*<NJ ■«*t.fet*rai^ie^>aa«*j*«.-«SWi«8MW>V*3tvf<'^«S^^ 84 OENKKAI. HIHTORY OK THE HTATK8. Iro.iuoi«, and they pumicl their diHcorafited enemies with relent- lesH fury. Little would he giiiiu-d by an attempt to de«enbe the event* of thi. xterminatinB warfare. "Tlie detail, are as afHict- iuft," says General Cass, "as any recorded in the h>n^ annals of human vengeance an.l human sutterings." Villages were sack.'d; and by night and by day, in winter and in summer, there was nei- ther rest nor safety for the vanquished. The character of the miKsionaries .lid not exempt them from a full participation in the misti.rlunes of their cnverts, an.l many of them were murdered at the fo..t of the altar, with the .-rucitix in their hands and the name of God up.)n their lips. Some were burned at the stake, with all those horrible accompaniments of savage ingenuity which add intensity to the pangs of the victims and duration to their sutteriugs. But nothing could shake the fortitude of these apos- tles. They live.1 the life of saints, and die.l the death of martyrs. It is now difficult to conceive what, however, is now well authen- ticated, that two hundre.1 years ago the great central point of In.liun inrtuence and intelligence was upon the southern shore of but fourtecin years of age lie passed his exainumtion, and cntere.l llamil- tou College. From this institution lie gra.luated .it the liead ot his class in 1827 at the .ige of eigliteen, wlien tlie most of students >ire only p.e- pared to enter. From the college halls he went into tlic banking house of his father. The confinement conse.iucnt upon this business was too close for his feeble health, and after a service of but a few months he entered upon a seafaring life, sliipping from Charleston, 8. C, as a f om- mon sailor. Pour years later he left this occupation, having acquired that physical culture .uid discipline, an.l gained that knov/ledgc of human nature, which proved of great service to him through the remain- der of his life. At the time of .putting Ids marine life he was mate of a merchantman, and was olTered the captaincy of a simihir craft. In April 1H:}4, he married a daughter of Judge James Birdsall, ot Norwich, and in July of the same ycur emignih.d to Michigan, at the age of twentv-six. After ir.siain- lo. iwo y....s ai I'....tmc. being engaged in meivanllle pursuit, he .v..H.vr,l 1.. .ienesee .■ounly, and purchased tlie land when' the vilh.,i.e of F.uiton now siands. In 18:!!) be eu.nnv^n :ed the study of Unv ui FenUmviiie. und in 1841, With Andie^v l»„rsons, afterwards Coventor, w;.^ ad.uiiu.d u. llie bar. Soon after he eiuiaged in politics, a.ui his taienls ,.. a lawyer, and his extensive knowledge of men and things, at once made him a leader in I. Ill til .'ii th 111 Sll 1>' at P' St: wi at cti ai wi th Tl hi th ca di th Li 18 II to bt cu th ot H Pi 8t fa in h< -wws.'ssrisSJJeSSSSfSi^S^feKj^^iWJSfwess^a^f-irj^a*;!^ "1 mien with rolt>nt- t to (li'MiTibe thu i\h are as afHict- 10 I'ing auuttln of ges were sacktul; ler, there waa nei- chiiraeter of the rtii'ipatioii in the 11 were murdered ■ir hands and the ned at the stake, B ingenuity which duration to tlieii ide of these ai)08- death of martyrs, i now well authen- t central point of southern shore of and entered llamil- he head of his class udents are only pre- ( tlic banking house Ills business was too ut a few months he iton, 8. C, us a f oni- on, having acquired that knowledge of through the remain- life lie was mate of a rtilar craft. ! James Birdsall, of to Michigan, at the ■s at I'ontiiW, being iciu'soe county, and stands. iiiiiviiir, and in 1841, ailniiiifd ID llie bar. as a lawyer, and his made him a leader in HISTORY OF MICHKJAN. H5 Luke 8iiperior, and tiir towiinl il-« wcstciii extremity. This was llie se:«t of the Cliippewn pnvcr. and Ip ic wax Ixn ling the eternal tire w lio,sc ( v III liiiii furi'td' !, iC ii did imt i.r ;-'iii n national ciihiniiiy. " .Nil I;:''!," ."ays (i imi'iiI (!iiss, "\* hei m' e- ilili»h('d in the wlioie liiiivv nl' liidi;iii liwuiry. ihiin the devn imi of some, if not Mil llie iiilies. lu ilils (•liiini('t''ristic feainri' ol' the iiiKrient superstiiini 1.1' tin- Maui. A'>'l ''■ ki'mm's iheir «i|iaiiiioii tVomthe primitive >\"rk at an c'lrly ilay. wiini tliis Ih'Iici' \va^ prevalent amon;r the easimi nations. \\\ the eereiiionies altciidiiiji- the preservation of this tire yi-t lived in [ndiaii tradition, uihI it was still biirninji when the French first ap|)eared among them. There were male and feinaie guardians, to whose care it was committed ; and when we ri t the solemn, and ritual, and dreadful impre- cations with win. ilic same pledge of Roman safety was guarded and preserved, it ought not to surprise us that such importance was attached by the Indians, whose duration was to be coeval with their natiomil existence. The augury has proved but too true. The fire is e.Ktinct, and the power ha-s departed from them. We have trampled on the one and overthrown the other." the Democratic party, of which he was a member. In 1844 he was tlie candidate of his party for representative in the State liCgislature, but was defeated. At the next election, however, he was chosen Senator from the district comprising the counties of Oakland, Macomb, Genesee and Living.ston. He was twice elected Lieutenant-(4overnor, serving from 1848 to 1853 inclusive, while Governors Hansom and Barry were in office. He presided with dignity and ability over the Senate, and had the party to which he belonged continued in power, he would undoubtedly have been rai.^ed to the ofHce of Governor. He was twice nominated for Cir- cuit Judge by his party, and had he been elected he would have secured the same praise which he so unanimously received while performing other responsible public duties. In 1850 Mr. Fenton removed to Flint, where he resided until his death. He was appointed Register of the Land Olflce in that city by President Pierce, in 1852, and held the position until the office was removed to Saginaw. During the year 1856 he traveled through Europe with his family, for the purpose of improving his wife's failing health. Return- ing, he was elected Mayor of Flint in 1858. When the first murmurings of the late civil war were indistinctly heard throughout our land, the voice of Mr. Fenton was raised far above SiSmi««?Ssai 86 OENERAI. HISTORY OF THK HTATra. Ab the couFHO of the French trtide firnt took the route of the Ottawa River, tlioir estuljliwhrnent upon the upper hikes preceded their nettlementa on the Detroit River. Soon after the middle of the seventeenth century trading posts were establisl'.cd at Michili- mackinac and the Sault Ste. Marie, at Green Bay, at Chicago and af St. Joseph. It was soon known, from tin reports of the ludians, that a great river flowed through the coii' ' h.-yonii the lakes in a southerly direction. In August, 1665, Father Claude Allouez founded the fir^t per- manent white settlement on Lake Superior, amtmg the kindly and hospitable Indians of the northwe-st. He soon lighted the torch of Catholicism at the council fires of more than twenty nations. He came in peace, the messenger of religion and virtue, and he found warm friends. The Chippewaa givthered round him to receive instruction ; Pottawatomies, Sacs, Fox>-^. and even Illinois, an hospitable race, having no weapon but the J>.)V>" and arrow, diminished in numbers by wars with the Sioi. t ami liie Iroquois, came to rehearse their sorrows in the hearing of this devoted mi.s- the din of party discord for his country, which he loved so well. He had been and was a Democrat, but he was niort- than either Democrat or Republican — he was a true patriot, and, dropping all considerations of a party character, he offered his services to his country in a way that at once attested his devotion to the principles of American union, and proved how much dearer his country was to him than his life. His wealth was also freely given to sustain the cause for which he fought, and, when financial difficulties first faced the government, he telegraphed to Governor Blair that the sum of $.5,000 of his private means was at the disposal of the Stale for the equipment of the State troops. Early in the season of 1861 he was appointed a member of the State Military Board, and shortly afterward he received the appointment of major of the Seventh Infantry. On the 7th of August following, being commissioned by Gov- ernor Blair, colonel of the Eighth Infantry, he, with that regiment, started for the seat of war in Virginia, on the 27th of September, IflOl. This regi- ment he was mainly instrumental in recruiting, and he seemed to diffuse his own courage through the entire command. No regiment has a better record, and, while health permitted, his record »nd that of the Eighth are identical. The rapidity and number of its marches Avere such as to give it the name of the " wandering regiment." From the time that it started for the seat of war until November 1st, 1861, a little more than • M-.j-^i«;-i5i';cSw'.;-w.4f *rais>':-ffis4«»raM'/a«K<a»Biw^^^^«t »«Si«iia»eSSSS^aSBiti»5';V<'SS'.jf» «. the route of the ir lakes preceded IT the middle of isl'.ed at Michili- ■, at Chicago and ' rer»ortH of the iint'y h.ryoiui the led the tir^t per- g the kindly and ighted the torch twenty natioua. d virtue, and he i round him to iiiid even Illinois, bovv' and arrow, iiui ;he Iroquois, ;hid devoted rais- oved so well. He jither Deniocrat or considerations of a •y in a way that, at crican union, and lian his life. His ' wlucli lie fought, L'ut, lie telegraphed e means was at the )ops. Early in the ite Military Board, lajor of the Seventh missioned by Gov- it regiment, started r, 1«61. This regi- 1 seemed to difiuse jiment has a better that of the Eighth 38 Avere such as to a the time that it , a little more than '^^ms a'i|»fi'a^?fe! i V,'j j gJ4f j/y ' j ' vy^'jjwf r IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) %^ <' '^j^ % 2i 1.0 ^i- I I.I 1.25 2.5 lEfi 2.2 2.0 U 11.6 6" «• Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 V "E^ ^ •^ <^ ;\ ^^4 '^F^ ^ ^ maatmrnm CIHM/iCMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historica:: Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques 1 cS^ ■iSH'^ HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. S7 siouary. His curiosity was roused by their account of the noble river on which they dwelt, and which flowed toward the south. " They had no forests, but instead of them vast prairies, where herds of deer, and buffalo, and other animals, grazed on the tall grasses." They explained, also, the wonders of their peace pipe, and declared it to be their custom to welcome the friendly stranger with shouts of joy. " Their country," said Allouez, " is the best field for the gospel ; had I leisure I would have gone to their dwellings, to see with my own eyes all the good that was told me of them." In 1668 additional missionaries arrived irom France, who, fol- lowing in the footsteps of those already mentioned, Dablon and Marquette, founded the mission at St. Mary's Falls, on the shores of Lake Superior. While residing at St. Mary's, Father Mar- quette resolved to explore the Mississippi, of whose magnificence he had heard so much. Some Pottawatomie Indians, having heard him express this resolution, attempted to tiirn him from his purpose. " Those distant nations," said they, " never spare the thirty clays, it had been eiifraged In nine battles, occurring in four differ- ent States, South ('urolinn, Georgia, Virginia and Maryland. From this time until April lOtli, 18(i2, it was engaged most creditably in several battles, and afterwards became specially noted in the spirited engagement at the reconnoissance made on board the steamer " Honduras," by Colonel Penton, at Wilmington Island, Ga., where, after landing from the boat, it encotmtered the Thirteenth Georgia, about eight lumdred strong, and drove them from the field in confusion. (3u the 16th of June following an assault was made on the enemy's works at Secessionville, on James's Island, 8. C. The direct attack was made by Colonel Fenton, under General Stevens. Colonel Fenton led the brigade, while his own gallant regiment was commanded by Lieute lant-Colonel Graves. This was one of the most dashing assaults of the .i&r, but made at a distressing sacri- flee of life. - Colonel Fenton's health failing, he was compelled to tender his resig- nation, which was accepted in March, 1863, after having done his country incalculable service. His name has passed into the history of his coun- try, and his gallantry and patriotism have become a part of the record of which his State may well feel proud. When he could no longer serve in the army, his whole energies and wide influence were given to aid the government in its mighty struggle to remain intact. 88 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES. stranger; the great river abounds with monsters which devour both men and canoes." "I isliall gladly," replied Marquette, "lay down my life for the salvation of souls." Such was the noble spirit of this brave and worthy missionary, such his entire devotedness to the sacred prin- ciples of that religion of which he was the humble expounder. Continued and peaceful commerce with the French having con- firmed the attachment of the Indian tribes of Canada and the Northwest, a friendly alliance was now sought with them which was well calculated to extend the power of France on the conti- nent. In May, 1671, a grand Indian council was held at the Falls of St. Mary's. At this council, convoked by the agents of the French government, it was announced to the tribes assembled from the banks of the Mississippi, the head springs of the St. Lawrence and the Red River, that they were placed under the protection of the French king, formal possession being taken of Canada and the Northwest by officers acting under his authority. The Jesuit missionaries were present to consecrate the imposing In 1864 he was the Democratic candidate for governor of the State, in opposition to Governor Crapo. Upon his return from the seat of war, he gave his attention to the prac- tice of liis profession, in wliich he ranked very liigli, and to the details of his personal business, which was quite large. He built the magniticent block in Flint which bears his name, was the founder of the Citizens' National Bank in that city, and the president of it at the time of his death. He was also chief engineer of the Fire Department of that city, and, while in the performance of the arduous duties of that office, he met with the accident which caused his death. On the evening of May 11th, 1871, hearing an alarm of fire, he ran rapidly to the rescue, striking himself against a hitching post with great violence, from which he received the injuries which resulted in his death at eleven o'clock the following evening. The death of Colonel Fenton was a blow felt throughout the State, but more especially in his own city, where he occupied a position which but few men can ever attain. On the day of his funeral, all places of business in Flint were closed, and his remains were followed to their last resting place by a funeral cortege which constituted the most striking and bril- liant spectacle ever witnessed in that city, being conducted under the imposing ceremonies of the Knights Templar. * 'S. rs which devour J my life for the [" this brave aud the sacred prin- le expounder, inch having con- Canada aud the vith them which ce on the conti- hcld at the Falls ae agents of the tribes assembled rings of the St. ilaced under the I being taken of er his authority, ite the imposing >r of the State, in ention to the prac- id to the details of It the magnificent r of the Citizens' it the time of his ment of tliat city, that office, he met •m of fire, he ran ig post witli great iulted in his death lout the State, but osition whicli but places of business J their last resting striking and bril- ducted under the 90 OENERAL HISTORY OF THE 8TATBB. cereraoniul. A cross of cedar was erected, and by its side rose a coliimu of similar wood, on which was engraved the lilies of the Bourbons. The authority and faith of France being thui pro- claimed, " the whole company, bowing before the image of man's redemption, chanted to its glory a hynm of the seventh century." On the 10th of June, 1673, Father Marquette, who had long entertained the idea of exploring the Mississippi, the great river of the West, accompanied by Joliet, live Frenchmen, and two Algonquin guides, lusceuded to the head of the Fox River, and, carrying their two bark canoes across the narrow portage which divides the Fox River from the Wisconsin, launched them upon the waters of the latter. The guides now left them, and for seven days they floated down the stream, between alternate prairies and hill sides, beholding neither man nor beast — through the solitudes of a wilderness, the stillness of which overawed their spirits. At length, to their inexpressible joy, their frail canoes struck the mighty waters of the Mississippi, rolling through verdant prairies dotted with herds of buffalo, and its banks overhung with primi- tive forests. Having sailed down this noble stream for about sixty leagues, they discovered, toward the close of June, an Indian trail on its western bank. It was like the human footsteps which Robinson Crusoe saw in the sand, and which had not been effaced by the rising of the tides or tlie rolling of the waters. A little footpath was soon found, and, leaving their companions in the canoes, Mar- quette and Joliet determined to brave alone a meeting with the savages. After following the little path for about six miles, they (iiscovered an Imlian village. First imploring the protection of Divine Providence, they made known their presence to the Indi- ans by uttering a loud cry. " At this cry," says Marquette, " the Indians rushed out of their cabins, and, having probably recog- nized us as French, especially seeing a ' black gown,' or at least having no reason to distrust us, seeing we were but two, and had made known our coming, they deputed four old men to come and speak with us. Two carried tobacco pipes, well adorned and trimmed with many kinds of feathei-s. They marched slowly, lifting their pipes toward the sun, as if offering them to him to t- ( its Bide rose a ;he lilies of the being thu>< pro- image of man's veuth century." , who had long the great river hmen, and two ^'ox River, and, V portage which hed them upon n, and for seven ate prairies and gh the solitudes leir spirit". At loes struck the irerdaut prairies ung with primi- it sixty leagues, lian trail on its which Robinson n effaced by the u little footpath the canoes, Mar- leetiug with the six miles, they le protection of ice to the Indi- tfarquette, "the probably recog- )wn,' or at least it two, and had en to come and ill adorned and aarched slowly, them to him to HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 91 smoke, but yet without uttering a single word. They were a long time coining the little way from the village to us. Having reached us at last, they stopped to consider us attentively. I now took courage, seeing these ceremonies, which are used by them HON. MARTIN S. BR.'.CKETT. Martin H. Brackeit, one of the leading men of the Peninsular Rail- way of this State, was born at Elbritlge, Onondaga County, New York, December lJ)th, 1810. He is the youngest son of Captain Ezra Brackett, who was one of the first settlers of Elbridge. Mr. Brackett's boyhood days were passed with his father, on whose farm and in whose brickyard he worked during the summers, and attended school during the winters. At the age of fifteen he commenced his studies in the academy at Onon- daga Hollow, where he remained three terms. At the expiration of the third term, he returned to his native town, and continued his studies smm waaaaai 92 ORNKKAI. IltHTOIlY OK THK HTATJX iiiilv with tViciuls; I tlicroforo i^ijoko to them fitNt. mid aMki'<l them who they W'.'ii'. ' Wf mic.' .■-iiiil liny, ' Illiiini-,' iiml, in token of peine, lliey iticseMlcil u^ llnir piju's lo siiioki'. Tlu'V then invited us to their viiinL'e, where sill the trihe iiwaited u^ wilh iinimtieiiee. Thi-e |)i|)i - lire eiillfd ill the inimliy (■iiliimi'l"." Our iriivfh'rs iiiiviiiu niiixcd at liic villiiyf, iin iip'd chief bid tlieni wcii'uiiie to his chImii wiili ii|ilittid hiiiids, llieir usual inethud ol' re<-eiviii^'' ^traiiiirr,-. "llow licaiitifiil." said the I'hief, " i.s the .Hiin, Fri'iiehman, when ihoii eoiiust to visit us! Our whole vil- ]«},'(• awaits thee; thou shalt enter in pence into all our dwellings," A graiul eouueil of the whole tribe was held, which Marcjuette addressed on the subject of the Christian religion, informing them at the same time that the French king had subjugated their ene- mies, the IriMjuois, and (piestioning them respecting the MisHissippi and the tribes which inhabited its banks. The mi.ssionary having finished, the sachem of the Illinois aro.se, and spoke thus: "I thank thee, black gown, and thee. Frenchman," addressing M. Joliet, " for taking so much pains to come and visit us. Never has the earth been so beautiful, nor the sun so bright as to-day ; never has our river been so calm, nor so free from rocks, which your canoes have removed as they passed ; never has our tobacco umU-r the instructions of the Rev. Timothy Stowe, pastor of the Presby- terian church of that villa<;e, until the latter part of the summer of 182H. At this time Mr. Hraekett, for his brother, took charge of a large number of men and teams going overland lo Washington, 1). C, and assisted in the construction of nine miles of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, in which there were nine locks. This work occupied some two years, at the end of which he again returned to Elbridge, and resumed his studies with the reverend gentleman heretofore mentioned. In the spring of 1831 he commenced civil engineering, under the super- vision of .ludge Wright, in the State of New Jersey, and assisted in the construction of the canal built through New Jersey at that time, and also the partial excavation of the canal for the water works at Trenton. The Trenton Company being enjoined from further proceedings, Mr. Brack- ett went to Philadelphia, and took a contract on the Philadelphia, Ger- mantown and Morristown Railroad. After finishing his contract on this road, he went to New York City and contracted with Robert L. Stevens, Esq., to furnish the stone blocks for the Camden and Amboy Qailroad. Completing this contract, he returned to Onondaga and lid aj'ked them (I, ill token of y then invilcd ih iiiipaueiice. njrcd ( liict' bid U'^iial inctliod HISTORY OF MICniOAN. M cliiet', " is tlie ^iir whole vil- mr dwellings." ich Marcpiette ilbrining them ited their eiie- the Mi-xsiiisippi sionary having Dke thus: "I addressing M. sit us. Never ght as to-day ; m rocks, which as our tobacco r of the Presby- iunnncr of 182H. P a large number and assisted in Ohio Canal, in le two years, at under the super- assisted in the it time, and also t Trenton. The ings, Mr. Brack- liladelphia, Ger- his contract on with Robert L. iden and Amboy Onondaga and had 80 fine a flavor, nor our corn appeared so beautiful a.>< we behold it to-day. Here is my son that I give thee, that thou raayest know my heart. I pray thee to take pity on me and all my nation. Thou knowt-st the Great Spirit who has made us all, thou speakest to hira and hearest his word ; ask him to give me life and health, and come and dwell wilh us that we may know hira." " Saying this," says Manptette, " he placed the little slave near us, and made us a second present, an all-mysterious calumet, which they value more than a slave. By this present he showed us his esteem for our governor, after the account we had given of him. By the third he begged us, in behalf of the whole tuition, not to proceed further, on account of the great dangers to which we exposed ourselves. I replied that I did not fear death, and that I esteemed no happiness greater than that of losing my life for the glory of Him who made all." This council was followed by a festival of Indian meal, fish, and the choicest products of the prairies. The town, consisting of about three hundred cabins, was then visited. Its inhabitants, who had never before seen a Frenchman, gazed at them with astonishment, and made them presents. " While we marched entered the law office of the Hon. James R. Lawrence, where he studied the legal profession for over two years. In 1836 the Auburn and Syracuse Railroad was commenced, and Mr. Brackett contracted for and completed the heaviest work on the line. It was also under his supervision that the Erie Canal was enlarged from Syracuse to Geddes. In the spring of 1838 Mr. Brackett removed to Michigan, settling in the village of Rellevue, where he still resides. He officiated as Deputy County Clerk at the first term of the Circuit Court held in his county, in in the autumn of 18:;8. the Hon. Judge Ransom presiding. The same fall he entered the firm of Gibhs & Bradley, attorneys, in Marsliall, and, in the following year, was admitted to tlie practice of his iirofession in all the courts of the Htute. During the autumn of this year he was elected to the office of County Clerk, winch position lie held for three successive feim.s. perfoiiniiiiAllie dm ;.< of the office in a creditable and highly satisla.toty muniicv. Imnir.uuiely upon liie expiration of his third term as County Clerk, tlie cili/eus of liis county cliose hiui as their Prosecuting Attorney, in which official position he remained tliree years, if •i^'i ♦ ^ H WWW^^H'nrJTri g tiiaMi ' aBa . n wg**^ 94 OR!*KRAI, ntSTORV Ol* THE HTAtlHH through tho Htrects," ciiyH ManiuottP, " uii orutor was conMtantly haranguing, to ohiigc all to set' us without hoiug trouhleHonie. We were cvi'rywhcro prcsciitt'd with hi'lts, gartcrn, and other articlcM, nuide of tlu' hair of the hear and wild cattle, dyed red, yellow and gray. These are their rarities, hut, not being of cou- sequence, wo did not burden ourselves with them. Wo slept in the sachem's cabin, and the next day took leave of him, promising to pass back through his town in four moons. He escorted us to our canoes with nearly six hundred persons, who saw us embark, evincing in every possible way the pleasure our visit had given them." The following is a brief abstract from the account given by Father Marquette of the manners and customs of the Illinois Indians at the jjcriod of his visit. Happily, the Jesuits were men of learning and observation, who felt the importance of their position, so that while faithfully discharging the duties of their religious profession, they carefully recorded the progress of events around them : "To say ' Illinois' is, in their language, to say ' the men,' as if other Indians compared to them were beasts. They are divided into several villages, some of which are quite distant from each holding it one year by iip])()intinent. In 1H42 he received tlie nomination of the Wing party for State Senator, liiit, witli Ids party, was defeated at the election. In 1848, finding himself ditVerinj; in nianj- essential points from the Whijrs, he left that party and joined his fortunes witli the Demo- crats, from whom he received the nomination for State Senator in IHSO, and fttr Lieutenant-Governor in 1804. On the 7tli of September, 180.5, the Peninsular liailway C'ompauy was organized in Mr. Brnckett's office, in Bellevue, at which time he was elected a director, and secretary and attorney of the company. He has held these offices ever since, with the exception of the office of .secretary, which was held by the Hon. Charles W. Olisbie from February, 1808, until March, 1800. Mr. Brackett also held the office of Grand Worthy Chief of the Inde pendent Order of Good Templars of the State, for three years. As a man he has at all times contributed much towards t: sformation of the evils by which his fellow man Was surrounded, tad has ever worked for the good of his town and State. p was constantly ng troublesonio. rtorx, and other cuttle, dyed red, )t being of con- 11. We slept in f him, promising c escorted us to saw us embark, visit had given count given by of the Illinois he Jesuits were jortance of their i duties of their rogresH of events ' the men,' as if Hu'v are divided rttuut from each ed the nomination y, wu» defeated at iij' essentiai points It's witli tlic Demo- : Senator in IHW. way C'onipany was liich time he was company. He has offlce of se(!retary, n February, 18«8, Uiief of the Inde B years. ds l: eformation led, uad has ever niSTOHY OF MICHIGAN. 96 other, and which produces a diversity in their language, which in general has a great affinity for the Algoncjuin. They are mild and tractable in disposition, have many wives, of whom they are extremely jealous; they watch them carefully, and cut otl" their HON. TIMOTHY JEROME. TmoTHY .Ieuome, of Saginaw (^ity, was liorn in tiie vicinity of Tru- mansburg, N. Y., in 1830. His parents settled in Detroit in 1828, and, except from 1831 to 1834, he has resided in the Territory and State of Michigan ever since— in St. Clair county until 1853, and from that time in Saginaw county. During the whole period of his residence in the latter county he has lived in tlie city of Saginaw, and there he has flxed his permanent abode. During his boyhood the opportunities for education in Michigan were limited, but he made the most of them. Though his attainments as a scholar were not such as to give any particular direction ^s^' hi -■ ' I I). 1, dd GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STAtES. noses and ears when they do not behave well ; I saw several who bore the marks of their infidelity. They are well formed, nimble and very adroit in using tlie bow and arrow. They use guns, also, which they buy of our Indian allies, who trade with the French ; they use them especially to terrify the rations against whom they go to war. These nations have no knowledge of Euro- peans, are unac(iuainte(l with the use of either iron or copper, and have nothing but stone knives." When the Illinois go to war, a loud cry is made at the door of each hut in the village, the morning and evening before the warriors set out. "The chiefs are distinguished from the soldiers by a scarf, ingeniously made of the hair of bears and wild oxen. The face is painted with red lead, or ochre, which is found in great quantitie^s a ^ew days' journey from the village. They live by game, which is abundant in this country, and on Indian corn. They also sow beans and meloLS. Their squashes they dry in the sun, to eat in the winter and spring. Their cabins are very large, and lined and floored with rush mats. Tliey make all their dishes of wood, and their spoons of the bones of the buffalo. Their only clothes are skins ; their women are always dressed very modestly and decently, while the men do not take any pains to cover themselves. "It now only remains for me to speak of the calumet, than which there is nothing among them more mysterious or more esteemed. Men do not pay to the crowns and sceptres of kings ;o hi.s labors in later life, they were sufficient, with the practical training of experience in his early manhood, to discipline his mind and develop his versatile talent. In business he has displayed a resolute courage <-■■- ,.jat fertility of mental resource. He has succeeded as a lumberman, ir steamboating, and in important and delicate negotiations. As the fruit of his varied operations, he lias aciiuired a goodly property, and is recognized as one of the solid men of the Saginaw Valley. He sei\.d one term in the .Michigan Legislature, as member of the House l(.r Siiiniaw coitniy. in 1S5T-8. Willi tliat exception, and though oceasio-!;\;iy a /.ea'uiis poiiic'.an. he has m.i ln-.i! nor sought office. Sociiiiiy he is genial, aluaciive in manner am; conversation, surrounded with hosts of fi v. h,is and admirers, il" is wnnn in his friendships, and possesses an unusually long and giaieful memory of little kindne.«es. tfis. I saw several who ill formed, nimble . They use guns, lo trade with the le rations against nowledge of Euro- iron or copper, and llinois go to war, a 1 the village, the out. "The chiefs ', ingeniously made is painted with red ntitias a ^ew days' which is abundant Iso sow beans and .0 eat in the winter lined and floored of wood, and their f clothes are skins ; 3tly and decently, ihemselve.-). the calumet, than nysterious or more d sceptres of kings the practical training lis mind and develop " ,.jat fertility of nan, ir steamboating, le fruit of his varied is recognized as one re, ii.-- n'.ember of the 'xct'i)tion, and though )V ^;olldlt offlcx". iver*itioii, surrounded 1 his fricndsliips, and ! of little kindnesses. HISTORY OK MK'HKJAN. 97 the honor they pay to it. It seems to be the god of peace and war, the arbiter of life and death. Carry it about you and show it, and you can march fearlessly amid enemies, who, even in the heat of battle, lay down their arms when it is shown. Hence the Illinois gave me one, to .serve as a safeguard amid all the Indian nations that I had to pass on my voyage." Such is the account left by Marquette of the condition of the Illinois Indians, at the time of his visit, in 167:5. Taking leave of these hospitable savagei^, our adventurous travelers once more launched forth on the broad waters of the Missi.ssii)pi. As they floated down this noble river day after day, they gradually entered on the richer scenery of a southern climate. The sombre pines of the woods of Canada, the forests of oak ami maple, were, by degrees, exchanged for the lofty cottonwood, the fan-like palmetto, and the noble arborescent ferns of the troi>ics. They began to suflfer from the increasing heat, and from legions of mosquitos, »vhich haunt the swampy margin of the stream. At length they arrived at that part of the stream which, upwards of a century before, had been discovered by De St)to and his ill-fated compan- ions, in the country of the war-like Chickasaws. Here they were attacked by a fleet of canoes filled with Indians, armed with bows and arrows, clubs, and axes ; but when the old men got a fair view of the calumet, or peace-pipe, which Marquette continually held up to view, their hearts were touched, and they restrained the In the ordinary routine ami exigencies of business, he is prompt, diligent, and quietly executive— lie works out his plans without display. He has ever been punctilious in tlie performance of his undertakings, and so moderate and just in his dealings, that he lias seldom, it ever, been a party to any litigation. It is apparent, from many interesting episodes in his life, that he sel dom puts fortli more than a minimum of his strength. When occasions arise of such interest or importance as to thoroughly arouse him, he dis- plays powers of argument, ridicule and irony, amounting to genius. None of these outbursts are the result of preparation ; they come from a sudden impulse, like an inspiration ; they arc eloquence in words and action— quick, apropofi and decisive. His antagonist is first astonished, then confounded, tlien overwhelmed ; without the opportunity or power of resistance, he is seized and subdued, as by a coup de main. 7 p \ J. J n 98 (4RNKRAL HISTORY OF THR STATE«. impetuosity of their young warriors by throwing their bows and arrows into the two canoes, as a token of jjcaee and welcome. Having l)een liospitai)ly entertained by these Indians, tliey were escorted the following day by a deputation in a canoe, which pre- ceded them as far as the village of Akamsea (Arkansas). Here they were received most kindly; the natives continually bringing wooden dishes of sagamity — Indian corn — or pieces of dog flesh, which wei-e, of course, respectfully declined. These Indians cooked in earthen pot-", and served their food on earthenware dishes ; wi're very amiable and unceremonious, each man helping himself from the dish, and passing it on to his neighbor. It was here that the travelers wisely terminated their explora- tions. " M. Joliet and I," says Manjuette, " held a council to deliberate on what we should do — whether we should push on, or rest satisfied with the discoveries we had made. After having attentively considered that we were not far from the Gulf of Mexico, the basin of which is 81° 40' north, and we at 33° 40', so that we could not he more than two or three days' journey off; that the Mississippi undoubtedly had its mouth in Florida, or the Gulf of Mexico, and not on the east, in Virginia, whose seacoaat is 34° north. Moreover, we considered that we risked losing the fruit of our voyage if we fell into the hands of the Spaniards, who would undoubtedly make us prisoners ; anil that we were not in condition to resist the Indians who infested the lower parts of the river. All these considerations induced us to return. This we announced to the Indians, and, after a day's rest, prepared for it." On their return, they lefl the Mississippi at the thirty-eighth degree of latitude, and entered the Illinois River, which greatly shortened their voyage. The country through which this river flows was found to be full of fertile and beautiful prairies, abound- ing in wild ducks, swans, parrots, and turkeys. The tribe of Illinois living on its banks entreated Marquette and his compan- ions to come and live with them ; but as Marquette intimated his anxiety to continue his voyage, a chosen party conducted him by way of Chicago to Lake Michigan ; and before the end of Sep- tember all were once more safely landed at Green Bay. Joliet 1^ their bows and •e and welcome, idiiins, tliey were •anoe, wl.ioh pre- irkaiisas). Here tinually brin^'ing eeet* of dojr Hesh, These Indians on earthenware lU'h man hrlping 'ijrlibor. ed their exph)ra- ehl a council to iiould push on, or e. After having •oni the Gulf of ad we at 33° 40', (lays' journey off; in Florida, or the ia, whose seacoaat risked losing the )f the Spaniards, that we were not the lower parts of to return. This rest, prepared for the thirty-eighth er, which greatly which this river 1 prairies, abound- /^s. The tribe of and his compau- ette intimated his onducted him by ; the end of Sep- reen Bay. Joliet HISTORY OF MICmOAN. 99 returned to Quebec to announce the discoveries they hau made, whilst Marquette remained to preach the gospel to the Miamis, near Chicago. Father James Marquette having promised the Illinois Indians THOMAS P. SHELDON, Thomas P. Sheldon, a leading banker of East Saginaw, Michigan, was born in White Pigeon, St. Jo<pph county, Michigan, in 1882. His parents removed to Detroit when he was but a child, where lie remained until the spring of 1803, when he permanently located in East Saginaw, taking charge of the Saginaw Valley Bank. In 1807 lie severed his con- nection with that institution, and organized a Savings Bank in that city, which he is still conducting with marked ability. Mr. Sheldon is an energetic business man, well qualified to manage the ,'• ft jjiitm a^mmmmm mwiiirri fff" 100 (IKNKKAL HISTORY OK THK STATKS. to return among them to teach them the go«pel, hatl great diffi- culty in keeping his word. The hardships of his first voyage had brought on a disease which deterred liini from undertaking a second. His malady, however, abating, and having obtained the permission of his superiors, he set out for this puri)os,' in the month of November, 1674, with two men, one of whom had already made his first voyage with him. During a month's navigation on the Illinois Lake— Lake Michigan— his health became partially restored ; but when winter set in, his old malady returned with increased violence, and he was forced to stop in the river which leads to the Illinois. Here he spent the winter in such want of every comfort, that his illness constantly increjised. The ice breaking up on the approach of spring, and feeling somewhat bet- ter, he continued his voyage, and at length was enabled to fulfill his' promise to the Illinois, arriving at their town on the 8th of April, where he was enthusiastically received. Being compelled to leave them by the return of his malady, he resumed his voyage, and soon after reached the Illinois Lake. His strength gradually failed as he sailed along the shores of the lake, and his men despaired of being able to carry him alive to the end of his jour- ney. Perceiving a little river, with an eminence on the bank not far from its mouth, at his request his companions sailed into it, and carried him ashore. Here they constructed a "wretched bark cabin, where they laid him as little uncomfortably as they could ; but they were so overcome by sadness that, as they afterward said, they did not know what they were doing." Perceiving his end approaching, he called his companions and embraced them for the la.st time, they melting in tears at his feet. He then directed that his crucifix, which he wore constantly around his neck, should be held before his eyes ; and after repeating the profession of his faith, he devoutly thanked God for his gracious kindness in allow- ing him to die as a humble missionary of Jesus Christ, and above all to die as he had always prayed that he might die— in a rude affairs of a banking Institution, and tlie mutcrial success wliich he has fairly earned is alike beneficial to himself and to the place in which he l)as labored. pel, had great diffi- lirt first voyage had •oin undertaking a aving obtained the irjjosi! in the month fthoni had already nth'w navigation on h beeame partially lady returned with ) in the river which ter in such want of acreased. The ice eling somewhat bet- is enabled to fulfill town on the 8th of . Being compelled resumed his voyage, 8 strength gradually lake, and his men the end of his jour- ace on the bank not nions sailed into it, ed a " wretched bark •tably as they could ; they afterward said, Perceiving his end abraced them for the le then directed that his neck, should be ;he profession of his us kindness in allow- us Christ, and above night die — in a rude HtHTORV OK MICHirUN. 101 success which he has the place in which he cabin in the forests, destitute of all human aid. He afterwards became silent, his whole appearance denoting that he wax con- versing inwardly with God. His countenance then suddenly brightened with a smile, and he expired without a struggle. His two poor broken-hearted companions, after shedding many tears over his inanimate body, carried it devoutly to the grave, and raised a large cross near it, to serve as a mark to pa.ssers by. Did the savages respect that cross ? They did. We can pro- nounce no higher enlogium on Father Jame« Marquette, than the fact that the Kiskakou Indians, to whom he had preached the gospel, returning from hunting on the banks of Lake Illinois, repaired to the missionary's grave, and, after mature deliberation, resolved to act with their father as they usually did with the beat beloved of their own tribe. They reverently disinterred the remains, and putting them into a neatly constructed box of birch bark, removed them from the wilderness to the nearest Catholic church, where they were solemnly buried with appropriate cere- monies. * i 'ii W CHAPTER VI. ROBEKT DE T,A S.VIXE — FlUHT VESSEL ON LaKK EkIK — Loss OK THE UlUKFIN — UnFORTLNATE Kxi'EDITION IN SEAKCII OK THE MlSHIS- siiTi — Mutinous Conduct ok La Sam.e's .Men — Death ok La Salle — His Charactek — Pate of His Companions. About tlic time of the death of Father Marcjuette there dwelt, at the outlet of Lake Ontario, Robert Cavalier de la Balle, an adventurer of good family, who was educated by the Jesuits. He wjis engaged in the fur trade with the Indians, in the prosecn- tion of which he had explored Lakes Ontario and Erie. His energy and ability having attracted the attention of Frontenac, the French Governor, he repaired to France, and, aided by Fron- tenac, obtained a patent of nobility, a monopoly of the trade with the Iroquois, and an extensive tract of country in the neighbor- hood of Fort Frontenac, on the condition of his keeping the fort in an effective state. Around this stronghold soon clustered the huts of Indians and the dwellings of French traders. Their flocks and herds increased, pasture-land and corn-covered clear- ings opened up the forest; groups of Iroquois built their cabins in the environs ; the missionaries commenced their labors; canoes multiplied upon the borders of the lake ; and La Salle, but yes- terday a poor adventurer, suddenly found himself invested with all the power and opulence belonging to a feudal sovereign in the wilderness. But his ambitious spirit would not let him rest contented with what he had acquired. Having heard of the mighty river of the far West, and the discoveries of Marquette, his imagination became inflamed, and he was induced to undertake schemes of colonization and aggrandizement, which ended in disaster and death. In 1677 La Salle sailed to France and sought an interview with KIK — Ii08(* OK THE ICll OK TItE M18HI8- ;n — Death ok La NIONH. [uette there dwelt, T de la Balle, an I by the Jesuits. us, ill the prosecii- ) aud Erie. His iou of Froutenac, d, aided by Fron- of the trade with y in the neighbor- keeping the fort loon clustered the li traders. Their oru-covered elear- built their cabins eir labors; canoes La Salle, but yes- self invested with il sovereign in the !st contented with lighty river of the , his imagination jrtake schemes of 1 in disaster and an interview with msTOKV OF MirmoAN. 10:5 Colbert, then prime minister. To him he |)n)pose(l the union of New France with the valley of the ^Mississippi, ami suggested their close connection by a line of military posts. He proposed also to open the commence of J^urope to them both. Colbert lis- HON. JONATHAN B. TUTTLE. .Jonathan Bkowne Titti.e, the subject of this sketch, was born at Lodi, Medina County, Ohio, on the 15th day of August, 1841. His par- ents were New- England iicople, who emigrated to Ohio at an early day. Mr. Tuttle's early life yfa» spent in his native village, and his education obtained in the local schools and at Oberlin College. At the age of sev- enteen Mr. Tuttle began the study of law in the ofBce of Win. F. Moore, and afterwards pursued a regular course of study at the Ohio State and Union Law College, at Cleveland, Ohio, where he graduated in the early y ti[iliV>.in<iMirmlrtri«w'""-rrf-f"' KM <ii;M;i!A|, IIISTOUY Ol' THK SI'ATKS. tciicil with (lfli;rlit ti) tho jrigiuitif scheme.'' of the young cnthucinst, ami a royal conimls.-iloii was soon procured, empowering him to explore the valley of the Mississipj)!, and giving him an exelusive monopoly in the trade of buflUlo skins. On the 14th of July, 1678, La Salle sailed from Franee with all needful supplies for the voyage, and merchandise for the Indian trade, and in the mouth of September arrived again at Fort Frontenac. Having built " a wooden eanoe " of ten tons burden, — the first that ever sailed an the Niagara River — he ascended that river to the vicinity of tho great falls, and, above them, com- menced building a ship of 60 tons burden, which, in the summer of 1679, was launched on the waters of Luke Erie, amid a salvo from his artillery, and the chanting of the Te Deum. In this vessel, which was called the Griffin, La Salle sailed across Lake Erie, and up the Detroit, or strait which separates it from that limpid sheet of water, to which he gave the appropriate name of Lake St. Clair; and having escaped from storms on Lake Huron, and constructed a trading-house at Mackinaw, cm Lake Michigan, he cast anchor in Green Bay. In Green Bay La Salle bartered his goods with the natives for a rich cargo of furs, with which the Griffin was loaded and sent back to Niagara, that the peltry might be sold and a remittance made to his creditors. In the meantime La Salle and his com- panions, pending the return of the Griffin with supplies, ascended Lake Michigan to the mouth of the St. Joseph, where the mission- ary Allouez had established a station, and to which he now added a fort, known as the Fort of the Miamis. His whole fortune depended on the return of the Griffin, and of her no tidings were part of the year 1863, being the youngest of a graduating class of forty- five. He Ijcgan liis practice tlie same year at Cleveland, in tlie otBce of General John Crowell. In the summer of the same year Mr. Tattle entered the Union army as a private soldier, and, after passing through various grades of promotion to that of euptain of infantry, was lionorably discharged, by reason of physical disal)ility, in the summer of 18(>4. Soon after leaving the army, Mr. Tuttle located at the city of Alpena, which then was a small hamlet, and entered upon the practice of law. VIIOS. IIISTOKY OF MICHir.AN. 10ft le young cnthufinst, 'inpowcring liim to ig liim an excluHive ! from France with ihUhc for the Indian vod again at Fort of ton tonw burden, River — he ascended I, above them, com- lich, in the summer Erie, amid a salvo To Deum. In this sailed across Lake larates it from that ppropriate name of ns on Lake Huron, on Lake Michigan, tvith the natives for IS loaded and sent d and a remittance :^alle and his com- supplies, ascended . where the mission- hich he now added His whole fortune lier no tidings were lating class of forty- ;land, in t)ie offlce of d the Union army as grades of promotion liarged, by reason of ter leaving the army, was a small hamlet, heard. W«'arie.l witli delay, he resolved to explore the Illinois territory ; and leavinj: ten men to guard his little fort, La Salle, with a chosen body •)f thirty followers, ascended the St. Joseph's River, and transporting his bark canoes across a short portage, entered the Kankakee, a branch of the Illinois River. Descend- ing its narrow stream, the travelers reached, by the end of Decem- ber, an Indian village on the Illinois, tlie natives of which were absent on a hunting expedition. Being in great want of provi- sions. La Salle took advantage of their absence to help himself to a sufficiency of maize, of which his followers found large (pumti- ties hidden in h.)les under their wigwams. The corn having been shipped they again set sail, and on the 4th of January, 1680, entered Lake Peoria. The Illinois Indians on the banks of this lake were friendly, and here La Salle erected another fort. As no tidings had been received of his missing vessel, to proceed farther without supplies was impossible ; his followers became discouraged, and in great despondency he named his new fort " Creveceeur "— broken-hearted— in memory of his trials and misfortunes. La Salle now perceived that he must go back himself to Fron- tenac for supplies ; and to prevent the entire stagnation of dis- covery during his absence, he requested the Jesuit missionary, Father Hennepin, who accompanied the expedition, to go to the Mississippi, and explore that stream to its source, whilst Tonti, a veteran Italian, was chosen to command in his absence, with instructions to endeavor to strengthen and extend his relations among the Indians. He then, in the month of March, 1680, with only three companions, set off on foot to travel a distance of at least 1,200 miles, through marshes and melting snows, through thickets and forests, with no supplies but what the gun afforded, a In 1865 he was married to Miss Ross, a Canadian lady, by whom he has one child— a daughter. He has since held the offices of judge of probate, circuit court commis- sioner, prosecuting attorney, city attorney, and various others, and con- tinues to practice his profession at Alpena, where he still resides, having been identified with the growth and development of thai active and flourishing city. Mr. Tuttle is one of the leading lawyers in the northern part of the State. ^miiSmiif^^ 106 (JKNKKAI, IIISTOUY OK THK STATKs. l)liiiik«'t 1111(1 11 few (»kini*, witli which to iniike im)(ra.xiiiH, or Intiinii .xhoi'H. Ni) roctinl cxiMts of what het'i'll liim on thiit lonjj joiirncv, whicli lu', however, tiiially ac<-oin|)lwhe(l. La SaUe fountl, a.< lie fully exj)ecte(l, that the Griftiii hud heen wrecked ; that his ajrontH had cheated him ; and that his creditors had seized his goods. His courage overcame evi'ry difficidty ; and by midsuiniiier, in 1680, he returned once more to his little garri- son in Illinois, with a liody of new adventurers, large supplies of merchandise, and stores tor rigging a hrigantine. lint disasters had befallen his agents during his absence, and the post in Illinois was deserted. Having succeeded in finding Timti, and collecting his scattered followers, he constructed a capacious barge, and in the early part of .lauuary, 1()82, Lu Salhs and his com[mny descended the Mississiitj)! to the sea. They lauded ou the bank of the most western channel, about tliree leagues from its mouth. On the 7th, La Salle went to recon- noitre the shores of the neighboring sea, while Touti examined the great middle channel. They found there two outlets, beauti- ful, large and deep. Ou the 8th they reascended the river a little above its coiiHuence with the sea, to find a dry place beyond the reacii of inundations. Here they prepared a colnnni and a cross, and to the said column they affixed the arms of France, with this inscription : " Loui8 LK Grand, Koi de France et de Navarre, regne NEl'VIEME AVRIL, 1(582." The Te Deum was then sung, and after a salute of fire-arms, the column wius erected by La Salle, who laid claim to the whole of the Mi.ssi.ssippi valley for the I>euch king, with the usual formali- ties. After erecting another fort, called St. Louis, and giving the title of liouisiana to the newly discovered territory. La Salle, in the autumn of 1683, returned in triumph to France. The account given by him of the extraordinary beauty of the Mississijipi valley created the utmost enthusia.sm among the French petjple. Preparations were immediately commenced by the agents of the king, to provide an extensive outfit, and on the 24th of July, 1684, four vessels, having on board two hundred \ 1118, or tndinii lonjj: joiiriiev, Hii Imd bci'U ; his cruditorH ifficulty ; liinl iH littU' pirri- V supplicH ot' (licaHters had int in Illinois ind collt'ctiiin Imr^re, anil in Win company lianncl, about vent to riicon- nti oxainini'd utlcts, heauti- i river a little e beyond the n and a cross, nee, with this \RHE, KEGNK fire-arms, the ) the whole of usual lormali- ud giving the ', La Salle, in beauty of the among the iiumeuced by t, and on the two hundred lOH (iKNKKAI, HISTORY OK THK STATKS. and eighty persons, eeelesiastics, soldier*, ineclmnies and emigrants, left Roclu'lle full of ardor and expectation, for the far-famed country of Louisiana. Tlie soldiers had for their commander, Joutel, a man of courage and truth, who afterwards became the historian of this disastrous expedition. Misfortunes overtook them from tlie very commencement of their voyage. Difficulties arose between La Salle and the naval commander, which impeded the voyage ; and on the 10th of Jan- uary, 1685, they unfortunately i)assed the mouth of the Missis- sippi. La Salle soon perceived their error, and wished to return ; but this the commander of the fleet refused to do, and they con- tinued their course until they arrived at the Bay of Matagorda, in Texas. Completely tired of disputes with Beaujeau, the naval commander, and conjecturing that the numerous streams which had their outlet in the bay, might be branches of the Mississippi, or might lead to its discovery. La Salle resolved to disembark. 'As the vessels entered the" harbor, the store-ship, on which the infant colony mainly depended, was completely wrecked by the carelessness of the pilot. Calming the terrible energy of his grief, La Salle, by the aid of boats from the other vessels, suc- ceeded in recovering a part of the cargo, but night coming on, and with it a gale of wind, the store-ship was utterly dashed to pieces. To add to their distress, a party of Indians came down to the shore to plunder the wreck, an'l murdered two of the volun- teers. Several of the men who had now landed became discouraged, and returned to the fleet, which immediately set sail, leaving La Salle with a desponding company of two hundred and thirty souls, huddled together in a miserable fort, built with fragments of the wreck. Stimulated to extraordinary eflbrts by the energy and example of La Salle, a beautiful spot was selected, and a more substantial and comfortable fort constructed. La Salle was the architect, and marked the beams, mortise.- and tenons himself. This was the first settlement made in Texas. Desperate and des- titute as was the situation of the settlers, they still exceeded in numbers those who landed in Virginia, or those who embarked on board the Mayflower, and possessed " from the bounty of liouis f-4.ia«5«i»ilar<»,agl»*> -»V i fv- .a>^:.' HIMTOKY OF MICHKiAN. 109 and emigrants, the far-famed iir commander, rds became the iimencement of ', and the naval he 10th of Jan- of the Missis- ished to return ; ), and they con- ' of Matagorda, ijeau, the naval streams which the Mississippi, I to disembark. ), on which the wrecked by the I energy of his her vessels, suc- ght coming on, terly dashed to IS came down to o of the volun- me discouraged, sail, leaving La and thirty souls, fragments of the the energy and ted, and a more ja Salle was the tenons himself, sperate and des- still exceeded in rho embarked on bounty of liouis XIV, more than was contributed by all the English monarchs together, for the twelve united colonies on the Atlantic." The summer of 1686 was spent in the construction of this second fort, which was named Fort St. Louis, and La Salle, having finished its erection, set out with a selected party in canoes, in search of the Mississippi. After an absence of about four months, he returned in rags, having lost twelve or thirteen of his men, and completely failed in his object. His presence, however, as usual, inspired hope; and in April, 1686, another expedition was attempted, which was lurod into the interior by brilliant fictions of exhaustless mines on the borders of Mexico. This expediticm return«ul without effecting any other discovery than that of the great exuberance and fertility of the soil in the immediate neigh- borhood of the fort, l^a Salle hud succeeded in obtaining a sup- ply of maize and beans and five horses from the Indians, but had suffered greatly ; and of the twenty men he had taken with him only eight returned, the remainder having either fallen sick, died, or deserted. Affairs had been equally unprosperous at Fort St. Louis, during his absence. The only remaining ship was a wreck, and the colony had been rapidly thinned by privation, misery and exposure, until there remained nothing but a mere handful of desperate, disappointed men. Amid the ruin of all his prospects, once so proud and flourish- ing. La Salle alone remained undaunted ; and, as a last resource, determined to visit the French settlements in Illinois, or, if neces- sary, his feudal domain in Frontenac, in order to bring aid to his perishing colony. On the 12th of January, 1687, La Salle set out on his last expedition, accompanied by Joutel, across the prairies and forests of Louisiana. In his company were two men, Duhaut and L'Archevfique, who had both embarked capital in this enterprise. Each regarded the other for immediate purposes as his friend ; and both were actuated by a spirit of bitterness and animosity against La Salle, whom they regarded as the author of all the calamities that had befallen them. Moranget, a nephew of La Salle, was also one of the party following the tracks of buffaloes, who chose by instinct the best routes. La Salle marched through groves and plains of astonishing fertility and beauty ; 110 (iENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. now fordiug the rapid torrents, and now building a bridge by throwing some monarch of the foreat across the stream, until he had passed the Colorado, and came to a branch of the Trinity River. On the 17th of March, 1687, the whole party engaged in a buf- falo hunt. Duhaut and L'Archeveque, having been successful, sent their coninumdcr word, who immediately despatched his nephew Morangct to the camp. When Moranget came to the spot wliere Duhaut and the rest were stopping, he found they had reserved for themselves the very best parts of the bufttiloes; and hasty and passionate, not considering where he wa.s, nor with whom he was dealing, ho " took from them their choice pieces, threatened them, and spoke harsh words." This enraged the mutinous .spirits of Duhaut and his companions, who secretly took counsel together how to effect the destruction of Moranget and his associates. Night came on apace, and Moranget and his party having supped, wearied with their day's travel, laid themselves down to sleep on the {)rairie. Liotot, the surgeon, now took an axe, and with a few strokes killed Moranget and his comrades. Having good reason to fear tiio resentment of La Salle, the murderers next resolved to kill him also. Surprised at his nephew's delay, La Salle went forth on the 20th to seek him. Perceiving at a distance birds of prey, hovering as if over carrion, and suspecting himself to be in the immediate neighborhood of his men. La Salle fired a gun, which was heard by the conspirators, who were thus made aware of his approach. Duhaut and his associate hastened secretly to meet their victim — the former skulking in the grass, the latter showing himself " Where," said La Salle to L'Archeveque, " is my nephew." Before an answer could be returned, Duhaut fired and La Salle fell dead on the prairie. The murderers then approached, and, with cruel taunts, stripped the corpse, leaving it naked and unburied, to be devoured by the wild beasts of the wilderness. Thus perished La Salle, and with him that colonial settlement which he had attempted to form. His fortitude and bravery must ever command admiration, while his cruel and undeserved death awakens feelings of pity and indignation. Although he was not HISTORY OF MICHIC4AN. Ill T a bridge by ream, until he )f the Trinity ;aged in a buf- 3en successftil, espatched his t came to the mnd they had bufttiloes ; and lor with whom jes, threatened utinoua spirits unsel together Ilia associates, aving supped, vn to sleep on nd with a few ^ good reason next resolved La Salle went tance birds of triself to be in ! fired a gun, i made aware ed secretly to ass, the latter cheveque, " is Duhaut fired urderers then pse, leaving it beasts of the ial settlement bravery must 3served death h he was not the discoverer, yet he was certainly the first settler of the Mississippi valley, and the father of colonization in the "far West." As such his memory is imperishable, and will ever be honored. The Illinois settlements of Peoria, Kaskaskias, and Cahokia, are the fruit of La Salle's hibors. It is true he did not found these places, yet he gave them their inhabitants, for it wa.s by those whom he led into the West that tlicy were peojiled. Poi-severance anfl courage, combined with a noble ambition to promote the interests of his country, led him into a gallant but unsuccessful career of enter- prise. He did what he could to benefit his country ; and if he had lived he might have achieved mucii more splendid results. ;*,. CHAPTER VII. TnK Saii.t Stk. Maiiik— Fout St. Joseph — Detkoit Founded — Its Eaui-y CoxurrioN — Attacked hy the OrTA\VAH— By the Foxeh— Eakly French Tkavelehs Tiihouoh the Lake Reoion. No 8ETTLEMEN'i' had lit this tiiue been made at Detroit, bet-ause the traders and Jesuit missionaries had a more direct and safer route to the upper lakes, from Montreal to Michilimackinac, by the way of the Ottawa River. But this point had long been regarded an eligible position for a settlement, as it commanded a broad tract of country, and stood, as it were, at the gate of the upper lakes, in a direct route from these lakes to the English col- onies of New York, by the way of Lake Erie. The French and English both desired to obtain possession of this post. But while the English were looking to its accjuisition, they were anticipated by their rivals. Taking counsel from the movements of their opponents, the French called a grand meeting of the Irocpiois, or Five Nations, at Montreal. The chiefs of the different tribes from the St. Lawrence to the Mississippi, attended this meeting ; also the principal men and the Governor-General of Canada. Here the establishment of a post at that place was dis- cussed, and the grounds on whicl the two nations based their claims to it weighed. The Iroquois, however, said that, under- standing the French were about to make a settlement at that point, they were opposed to the measure, as they had already pro- hibited the English from doing the same. The Governor-General of Canada replied that the land belonged neither to the Iroquois nor to to the English, but to the King of France, and that there was already an expedition on the march for the purpose of erect- ing a colonial establishment at that place. In accordance with this plan, Antoine de la Motte Cadillac, lord of Bouaget, Mont Desert, having been granted a tract of fifteen acres square, by r>^-i^e .^uw i Aj^ . ) <i- j t. e )s w?N,jHa ^ t;jg Mig|B.iaM»ai^i;sr^^iJi'Kllii H '' H l l li m ai>i » liwii» i /■'^iSi^t.^iuy^t,^ T Poi'NDKD — Its - bv the foxkh— Region. Detroit, bec-ause lirect and safer lilimaekinac, by had long been it commanded a the gate of the the English col- lin possession of its ac'tjuisition, Dunsel from the a grand meeting ?he chiefs of the issippi, attended ernor-General of it place was dLs- ious based their lid that, under- tlement at that lad already pro- overuor-General r to the Iroquois !, and that there jurpose of erect- accordance with ' Bouaget, Mont acres square, by HISTORY or MICHIGAN. 113 Louis XIV, left Montreal, accompanied by a Jesuit missionary and one hundred men, and arrived at the point of the wilderness which is now the site of Detroit, in the month of July, 1701, where they commenced the foundation of the first permanent settlement GEN. JOSEPH O. HUDNUT. Joseph Opdyke Hudnitt, son of Edward and Susan (Opdyke) Hudnut, was born at West Spartn, Livingston county, New York, .June 30, 1824. He prepared for college at Genesee Academy, New York, under Prof. Robinson, author of Robinson's series of mathematicsi. Since gradua- tion he has been engaged mostly in civil engineering, with tlie exception of two years and a half in tlie army during the war of secession. In the fall of 1849 ht) entered on his engineering profession, being engaged on the State canals of New York. He remained on the canals during 1849, 8 JiA*.MmJR***5JM;^'n^rLM»tW««»M6«Xl«i«!^^ 114 OENERAIi HISTOUY OP THE SIATES. in Mk'liifran. Before, it had only been known by the French missionaries aa a trading post, and in 1620 it was occnpied by an Indian viUage, which was called Teuchsa Grondie. Thr Sault Ste. Marie, as we have seen, had at that time Ixicn founded, and a rude i)ost was also erected at Fort Gratiot, which was a resting- point for the fur trade. This chain of fortifications was all the defense which was con- structed upon the lake shores for nearly a century and a half, and it comprised a part of that line of forts that was projected by La rtalle, extending from the St. Lawrence down the Mississippi to New Orleans. Their object was to furnish outposts by which the territory of Canada on the borders of the lakes could be held, the English settlements hemmed in, the Jesuit missionaries and set- tlers protected against the numerous and capricious tribes of sav- ages in tiiis quarter, and by which the fur trade might circulate, with full success, along the lakes and streams of the Northwest. The forts of Detroit, Michiliraackinac, St. Joseph and Green Bay, were of rude construction, and the chapels erected by their sides were used for the religious assemblies of the French settlers, who were from that time collected around the posts, and also for the Indians who were under the special guardianship of iLc Jesuit missionaries. These structuras, minute points on the borders of the forest, were either roofed with bark or thatched with straw, and on their top was generally erected the cross. Tribes of friendly Indians that could be induced to settle near them, had 1850 and 1851. In the spring of 1853 he went to Memphis, Tenn., and run the first survey of the railroad from Memphis to Clarlisville, Tenn. In 1853, 1854 and 1855, he was on the Louisville & Nashville and Louis- ville & Oovington Railroads, in Kentucky. In 1855 he removed to Waverly, Iowa, and in that year and in 1856 he was on the Iowa Central R. R. In 1858 he taught mathematics in the Genesee Academy, and in 1859 he taught in the Chicago Higli School. In the spring of 1860 he returned to Iowa, and was engaged as civil ejigineer on tlie Hannibal & at. Joseph R. R. In the winter of 1801-2 he was a member of the Iowa Legislature, and in May, 1862, he entered the army as Major of the 38th Regiment of Iowa Volunteers. He was promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel, Colonel and Brigadier-General. While in tlie army he was much on detached service as military engineer, mo.st of the time on the fortifica- -»i.'«tj»s(;il»2jijSaUayjSfc,|i:i<j,(SlS^, ._.,.fct J •v^?-i:-K»»t:«v»;< HISTORY OF MK^HKIAN. iiri by the French occupied by an ulie. Thr Sault 1 founded, and a 3h was a resting- e which was cou- ' and a half, and projected by La he Misisissippi to sts by which the oukl be held, the iouaries and set- us tribes of sav- I might circulate, f the Northwest, and Green Bay, id by their sides inch settlers, who , and also for the ip of iLc Jesuit n the borders of ched with straw, ross. Tribes of 6 near them, had »mphis, Tenn., and 1 Clarksville, Tenn. iishville and Louis- 55 he removed to n the Iowa Central e Academy, and In spring of 1860 he on tlie Hannibal »& ember of the Iowa I Major of the 38th Lieutenant-Colonel, r he was much on ne on the fortifica- their villages or wigwam.s around these post.-», and also their plant- ing grounds, in whidi tlicy cultivated Indian corn, not only for the Frencii settlers, but also tor the persons connected with the fur trade. They derive their princijjal importance from tiie fact that tiiey were the only outposts of the Freiu'h government in this country before the Englisii concpicst, and, conse((uently, the thea- tres of the most interesting frontier operations. About three years after DetnMt was founded, the Ottawa Indians in that vicinity were invited to Albany, in New York, upon wiuit was supposed to be a friendly visit. As St. Josepii was surrounded by villages of the Hurons, Pottawutomies, and Miamis, so also was Detroit, at that time, guarded by parts of tlie frieiuily tribes of the Huron.s and Pottawatomies near the settlements, and an Ottawa village had been erected on the opposite bank of the river. It would appear that while the Ottawas were in Albany, they had been persuaded by the English, who even then wished to obtain possession of the post of their rivals, that it was the design of the French to wrest the dominion of the country from their hands ; and they accordingly set fire to the town, but without success, as the fire was soon extinguished. At this time, also, groups of sav- ages of the same tribe, having made a successful expedition against their enemies the Iroquois, and warm with victory, were seen parading in hostile array in front of the fort ; but M. Tonti, who was the commandant of the post, despatching the Sieur de Vin- tions at Vicksburg, Miss., and afterwards in building a military railroad from Brazos Harbor to Brownsville, Texas, with a shell bridge across the Boca Chica. At the close of the war he was elected Professor of Civil Engineering in the University of Chicago, which position he still retains, with occasional leave of absence for engineering purposes. In 180(i he made a survey and the estimates for a ship canal from Lake Michigan to the Mississippi river. In 18fi7 he was on the location of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. R., and the location of the bridge at Omaha, Nebraska. In February, 1868, he went on the Union Pacific R. R., and located nearly all that part of it from the North Platte river to the Humboldt Wells, and in the winter and spring of 1868 and 1869 he ran the preliminary surveys for a railroad from the north end of Salt Lake, through Idaho and Oregon, to Portland, Oregon, and Pnget Sound. Afterwards he was engaged as civil engineer on the St. Paul & Chicago 116 GENERAL msTOBY OF THE STATES. cennes against them, he dispersed their bands, and rescued the Irocjuois prisoners whom they left behind them in their fligiit. Tlie progress of operation on the lake shores was not ni this period marked with any very great interest, as the sottloraents were few ; but they reflect, nevertheless, the spirit which prevailed in France during their continuance. The lauds lay sleeping in their original silence and solitude, undisturliod by the i)low. Occasionally the settlers may have been surprised by their ancient enemies the Iroquois, but the appearance of parts of these nations excited only a surprise which soon settled down into peace. But in 1712, the Ottagamics or Foxes, who had been before but little known, but who were probably in secret alliance with the Iroquois, projected a plan for the destruction of Detroit. Tiiey made their arrangements in secret, and sent their bands to collect around the new French settlement, which was then garrisoned by a force of twenty soldiers, of whom M. Du Buisson was the commandant. The occupants of the three French villages of Indians, the Otta- was, Pottawatomies, and Hurons, were then absent on a hunting excursion. A converted Indian, however, under the influence of •a Jesuit missionary, disclosed their plot before it was ripe for exe- cution, and Du Buisson immediately sent dispatches through the forest to call in the aid of the friendly Indians, and prepare for an effective defense. On the 13th of May of that year, the Foxes made their onset upon Detroit with fiendish yells. No sooner, however, was the R. R., with headquarters at Mhmeapolis, Minnesota. Later he was Chief Engineer of tlie Grand Rapids & Indiana R. R., in tlie employ of the Continental Improvement Company. In 1871 he went to the South in the employ of a company of wliich (Jen. George W. Cass was president, and has been engaged in various railroad projects in that section ever since. His present headquarters are at Greenville, 8. C, but his perma- nent residence is at Big Rapids, Michigan. Gen. Hudnut is a very eminent locating engineer, having withm tlie last twenty years located thousands of miles of railroad most skillfully. He married Miss Marcia Webster, at Lima, N. Y., October 23, IbSL He has had two children, viz: Edward Webster Hudnut, born December 15, 1853, and Byron Murray Hudnut, born Marcli 21, 1858 ; died June 21, 1860. .i,,«56.siSii*w,^.'ii;*ii«iaui.'yf. I ITIBTOBY OF MICHIGAN. 117 nd rescued the heir flight. iviiH not ai this the sottU'raenta ivhich prevailed lay sleeping in hy the i)l()W. by their ancient of these nations nto peace. But jet'ore but little ith the Iroquois, rhey made their lUect around the ed by a force of le commandant, idians, the Otta- Qt on a hunting the influence of was ripe for exe- hes through the d prepare for an made their onset lowever, was the Later he was Chief the employ of the It to the South in ;a88 was president, I that section ever C, but his perma- having within the d most skillfully. , October 23, 1051. ut, born December , 1858 ; died June attack commenced, than portions of the friendly L ns were seen through the wilderness, painted for battle as is their custom, and the gates of the fort were opened to receive them. A consultation was now held at the council house, and they renewed their league HON. J. W. BEGOLE. JosiAH W. Begole, the present Representative in Congress from the Sixth District of Michigan, was bom in the town of Groveland, Livings- ton county. New York, on the 20th of January, 1815. His younger days were spent on a farm, where he received that physical training and cul- ture which contributed largely to his health and prosperity in after years. Mr. Begole received a common school and academic education in his native State, and emigrated to Michigan in 1836, settling in the then town of Flint, where he still resides. 118 OENERAI, HI8TORY OF THE STATES. with Du Buiason, and expressed their determinixtion, if necessary, to (lie in tlie def'ouse of the jxwt. On tlie arrival of the friendly Indians, the Foxes retreated to the forest which now adjoi'.s the eastern boundary of Detroit, and intrenched theinselvi^s in their camp. The French tlien sallied out from the fort, and, backed l)y their savage allies, e<-ected a block-house in front of their cani|), in order to force the enemy from their position. Here the latter were closely besieged; being cut otf from their supply of water, and driven to des|)cration by thirst and famine, they in turn ruslu'd out from their strongholds upon the Frendi and the friendly Indians, and succeedcsd in getting jjossession of a house near the village. This house they fortified, but tiiey were here attacked by the French cannon, an' driven back to their former intrenchraeut. Finding that their attack was likely to prove unsuccessful, the Foxes now sent despatches to the French commandant asking for peace, which was denied them. Upon this they considered them- selves insulted, and, burning with revenge, they discharged showei-s of blazing arrows ui)on the fort. The lighted uuitehes they had afiixed to their arrows coming in contact with the dry roofs of the houses, kindled th :«t into flame, when the precaution was taken to cover the rest with wet skins, and by this means they were pn;- served. The desperation of the Foxes almost discouraged the French commandant, and he had nearly determined to evacuate Mr. Begolo'8 first official position was tliat of school inspector for the township of Genesee, wliicli office he helil from 1842 to 1844 inclusive. He was promoted to the office of township clerk in 1845. From 184(1 to 1833 he was an active justice of the peace, doing most of the business for his own and three or four adjoining towns, never trying a case where he could prevail upon the parties to settle it. In 1834 and 1855 he held the office of supervisor in the same town. Performing the duties of these minor offices in a thorough and systematic manner, his townsmen saw fit to reward his services, in 1856, by electing him county treasurer of Genesee county, to which position he was reelected three times, holding the office eight consecutive years. He, although constantly engaged in other business, has ever been a practical and successful farmer, devoting considerable time to brining I »..::.3^fc%V^tSvVrf^-.^^»*CSl*«J«4«iS«='<S**Sa«S««J«!»8»Sif^^ HI8TOKY OF MKHIOAN. n, it' nec'cssary, of tliP friendly iow adjoi'.s the ii<olv«« in their l)a(k»Ml l)y tlu'ir their canii), in Here the hitter iipply of water, ', they in turn 'rent'ii and the sion of a house tiiey were liere to their former uiHUccessful, the dant asking for 'onsidered them- cluirged showers atelies tliey liad dry roofs of tlie lution was taken 18 they were prtv discouraged the lined to evacuate inspector for the to 1844 inclusive. 15. From 1840 to of tlic business for iig a case where he d 1855 he held the he duties of these his townsmen saw ounty treasurer of iree times, holding 9, has ever been a e time to brining Detroit, and to retir(> to Mi'ihiliniaekinac, when his Indian allies promised to redouhlo their effort^j for his defense ; and the war- songs and dances of their hands, heard through the solitude of the forest, assured him that a more desperate effort was ahout to be made in his helialf. Tiie preparations having been finished, the French and Indians advanced upon the Foxes with moro deter- mined courngp, and, pouring upon their intrenchments a deadly fire, tliey were soon filled with the dying and the dead. Oncje more the Foxes demanded peace. Before any capitulation, how- ever, was completed, the enemy retreated towards Lake St. Clair, during a storm at nudiught, on the nineteenth day of the siege. The French and their Indian allies, as soon as they discovered their flight, prepar(>d for a pursuit, and soon came uiu>n their camps. An action began, which at the outset was in favor of the Foxes, the French and Indians beii»g repulsed. But a different plan of operation was soon after adopted, and with better success. At the end of thre;; days a field battery was completed, and the intrenchment of the Foxes fell before the French cannon. The Foxes nuiy l)e considered tho Ishmaelites of the wilderness, for they were at enmity with all the tribes on the lakes. They collected their forces on the Fox River of Green Bay, where they commanded the territory between the lakes and the Mississippi, so that it wa^! dangerous for travelers to pass through that region except in largo bodies, and armed, while their warriors were sent out to seek objects of plunder and devastation. So great was the that great branch of our industry as near perfection as possible. In 1865 he commenced his career as a lumberman in the vast pine forests of our State, and has ever met an enviable success in this occupation, in which he is still heavily engaged. In 1809 he was again called upon to fill an important political position, being elected Stale Senator from his Senatorial District, the duties of which office he performed much to the satisfaction of his constituents. He was chosen a delegate to the National Republican Convention, which met in Philadelphia during the summer of 1872, and nominated General Grant for President the second time. In the fall of the same year he was nominated by his pnrty for Representative in Congress from the Sixth District of this State, to which position he was elected by a large majority. i 120 UKNERAl, HISTORY Of THE 8TATM. (Iniiffor npprclu'iidt'd by the niUsioimrics and traders in passing tlirougli tlmt territory, as well iis by the Freneh f^ettlers, and so great the injury already done by tlxwe tribes, that an expedition wan fitted out a-ruinxt tiiein l)y the Fren<'h, baeked by their Indian allies, who were ranklinj; under a nense of rei)eated \vninj,'H. Thi:< warlike nation iiad stationed itself on the banks of the Fox lliver, at a place then and now called by the Frencli Butle dea Morta, or the Hill of the Dead, defending their position by a diteh and three courses of palisade-*. Here they collected their women and chil- dren, and prepared for a desperate resistance. M. de Louvigny, the commandant of the expedition, perceiving tlie strength of their works, determined not to expose his men by a direct attack, but entered upon a regular siege, and was preparing for the final crisis when the Foxes i)roposed a capitulation. This was accepted ; and the pride of the Foxes being thus humbled, they sank into obscurity during the remainder of the French war. Thus it is seen that, although the few French forts upon the lakes were rudely constructed, and but poorly adapted to make a serious and efl'ective defense, they were nevertheless competent, with their small garrisons, to protect the emigrants against the disatlected tribes which were from time to time arrayed against them. The pickets which surrounded them, composed of upright stakes, furnished a line of concealment rather than iitow^ bul- warks, antl, together with the light cannon with which they were mounted, enabled the French to suppress the disturbances that occasionally sprang up around their posts. The early missionaries and French travelers who journeyed through the region of the lakes exhibit a peculiar form of char- acter. Tinctured with the spirit which prevailed in France at the period of their immigration, the novel scenes around them impressed them with those sentiments of romance so peculiar to the French. They show the spirit under which the missionaries and soldiers traveled, and the eloquence with which the scenes around them tended to inspire their minds. The forests amid which their lot was cast were calculated to fill them with wonder and admiration. A vast chain of inland seas, which appeared to them like oceans, stretched a watery horizon •"^^jvio^^'f^s^^ *"" ,,®actrt.ic«^S5.*fe'53B3?p* ii-it<^^Si^ ^ 'fe" i niHTOUY OK MICIIIOAN. 121 'adcrn in passing I HcttltTM, and so lit an cxpc'ditiun by their Indian d \vninj,'s». This f till' Fttx IliviT, itte ilea Moris, or I ditcii and three vonien and chil- A. (It! Louvigny, the strength of ' a direct attack, ng tor the final liw waa accepted ; , they riuuk into r. I forts upon the apted to make a L'less competent, lints against the arrayed against posed of upriglit hau -itroDj]; bul- rvhich they were [isturbances that along thtr borders of the wilderness. Flocks of water fowl of varied plumage streamed along the shores of the lakes, and the waters swurmed with tish. The fiice of nature, fresh in the luxu- riance of a virgin soil, was everywhere clothed with magnificent vegetation. Did they travel through the Indian trails or bridle paths which wound throiigii the forest, extensive tracts of oak- lands, that seemed like cultivated parks, met their eye, studded with little crystal hikes and streams, and covered with flowers. Herds of bufliiloes wandered over the prairies, trampling down the flowei-s which blushed in their track a-* they rushed on in clumsy motion. Great numbers of moose and elk, which in the size of their horns almost rivaled the branches of the trees, bounded through the thickets. Deer were here and there seen feeding upon the margin of the water cimrses. Flocks of wild turkeys and other game filled the woods ; the prairies were alive with grouse, and pigeons swept along like clou<ls above the forests, in numbers which sometimes almost obscured the sky. Beyond this, they beheld in the luxuriance of the soil the source of inexhaustil)le wealth. Rich clusters of grapes him^ from the trees, which reminded them of the cham[)agne distric - of France, from which they had emigrated, and apples and plums abounded in thrifty groves. who journeyed ir form of char- in France at the 8 around them 36 80 peculiar to the missionaries fhich the scenes calculated to fill in of inland seas, I watery horizon ^i CHAPTER VIII. Colonial Emigkantb -Merchants — The Peasantry — French Sol- diers—Legal Administration— Policy of the French Govern- MKNT— Mode ok Land Distribution. Owing to the frequent changes in the government of the west- ern outp()!*ts of Canada, as well as to the fact that, at various periods in its early history, it was entirely withdrawn, consequent either upon some freak of colonial policy in France, or resulting from difficulties with the savages, it is quite as impracticable to attempt a connected history of these settlements as it is impossible to detail all the trials and hardships endured or overcome by the colonists. The history of the French settlements in Michigan, during that period in which France held possession of the terri- tory, is a record of constant changes, authenticated only by the "Jesuit relations," and this being rather a diary of church mat- ters than a journal of political events, throws but a faint light upon those greater ciri'umstancos which the modern world calls history. Yet, after all, we are not left without a general history of the first settlements of Michigan. The i)oste we-e inhabited by a hardy race of people, who had emigrated principally from Brittany and Normandy, provinces of France. They were mostly working men, drawn from the more dense settlements round Montreal and Quebec, and were sent out by the government for the purpose of building up the posts, and of protecting the fur trade carried on through the chain of the great lakes. The i)opiilation of the posts consisted of the military by which they were garrisoned, Jesuits, priests, merchants, traders and peasants. These, however, were moved from place to place, as the interests of the government seemed to require. The French commandants were the most prominent individuals of the posts, and, with their garrisons, constituted a little mon- iii^ -Cl'-t.V' ^ — ...■.-_ . ...fr^j^.* ]^*^pf.jj|ftf^^^ ^. ^ |y| ,f^-^,,.T..|pLt^,.^y., — tf ^eh ft wR^^a naafafa^^Ma^ ■Mt.^tsa^z^^^A''^ HISTORY OF MICHIOAN. 123 — Fhench Soii- RENCn GOVERN- ;nt of the west- hat, at various wn, consequent ce, or resulting npracticable to it is impossible vereome by the s in Michigan, on of the terri- ed only by the of church mat- it a faint light ern world calls general history leople, who had ly, provinces of from the more 1 were sent out ) the posts, and le chain of the of the military rchants, traders place to place, re. aent individuals id a little mon- archy. Their power was arbitrary, extending to the right of doing whatever they might deem expedient for the welfare of the settle- ment, whether in making laws or punishing crime. The oldest merchant** were reverenced as the head men of their colony. HON. JAMES WATSON. .James Watson, of Bay City, was born in Detroit, September 2, 1814. He removed to liis present place of residence, tlien called Lower Saginaw, in 1850. He carried on a mercantile business successfully for several years; then he turned his attention, with even greater profit, to lumber- ing, and continued in that business until 1870. He has been, and now is, one of the solid men of Bay City. He has contributed largely to its rapid growth by investing liberally in local improvements. He erected and now owns a model brick block, known as the "Watson Block," .u-i^li^iiilUt-'i. i 124 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. They were careful and frugal in their habits, and exercised an influence among the settlers calculated to secure a willing obedience. Mr. Lanman, in his history of Michigan, states that the early French settlers were wanting in virtue, and " often fostered a large number of half-breed children around their posts, who were the offspring of their licentiousness." To a careful reader of our early history this statement, or charge, seems to be entirely unsupported by truth. It would have appeared more reasonable, and less at variance with the facts, had Mr. Lanman attributed the existence of this race of half-breeds to the want of rigid virtue among the soldiers and the rangers of the woods. This peculiar class, no doubt engendered by the manner in which the fur trade was conducted, were properly called bush- rangers, or coureurs des hois, half-civilized vagrants, whose chief vocation was conducting the canoe of the traders along the lakes and rivers of the interior. Many of them, however, shaking loose every tie of blood and kindred, identified themselves with the Indians, and sank into utter barbarism. " In many a squalid camp," says Parkman, " among the plains and forests of the Wcfit, the traveler would have encountered men owning the blood and speaking the language of France, yet, in their swarthy vis- ages and barbarous costume, seeming more akin to those with whom they had cast their lot. The renegade of civilization caught til luibits and imbibed the prejudices of his chosen asso- ciates. He loved to decorate his long hair with eagle feathers, to make his face hideous with vermilion, ochre and soot, and to adorn his greasy hunting frock with horse-hair fringe." His dwelling, if he had one, was a wigwam. He lounged on a bear skin while his squaw boiled his venison and lighted his pipe. In hunting, in dancing, in singing, in taking a scalp, he rivaled the genuine Indian. His mind was tinctured with the supersti- tions of the forest. He had faith in the magic drum of the con- which is an ornament to the city. He has reared a large family, and is a gentleman of fine presence, kind and aflfable, and wields a large influence socially and politically. He has been twice elected county treasurer, twice mayor of Bay City, has held the office of president of the Board of Education, and served as president of the Bay City Temperance Society. ""••~^u>&i£>.^-.u frihf-- ■ t'i.>»<MM»tMii'a««»'a<6w>ito.' ri i wwi ii > i '« i tt« Biiwl fc --' HISTORY OF MIcmOAN. 125 ud exercised an ailing obedience. s that the early 1 foatered a large s, who were the ider of our early rely unsupported ible, and less at ted the existence irtue among the ' the manner in srly called bush- mts, whose chief 9 along the lakes owever, shaking themselves with I many a squalid d forests of the )wning the blood heir swarthy vis- iu to those with 3 of civilization his chosen asso- eagle feathers, to oot, and to adorn He lounged on a . lighted his pipe, scalp, he rivaled nth the supersti- drura of the con- ge family, and is a is a large influence county treasurer, !nt of the Board of mperance Society. juror. He wa.s not sure that a thunder cloud could not be frightened away by whistling at it through the wing-bone of an eagle; he carried the tail of a rattlesnake in his bullet-pouch, by way of amulet, and he placed implicit trust in his dreams. • HON. PETER DESNOYERS. Peteh Desnoyers, one of the most prominent men of Michigan during its early history, was born in Detroit, Michigan, April 2lst, 1800. His father, Peter J. Desnoyers, was born in tlie city of Paris, France, in 1773, came to America in 1790, and married Miss Marie Gobiel, of Detroit, Mich. He lived in Galliopolis a number of yeais, and afterwards in Pitts- burg, from which place he removed to Detroit with the army of " Mad Anthony" Wayne, in August, 1796, whe.e he resided until his death, which occurred in 1846. He was one of the leading merchants and citi- 126 OENEIl/VIi HMTORY OF THK STATES. The peasants, or that ohi«.s of hike settlers who subsisted by agricultural pursuits, witiiin tlu^ narrow circle of their picket fences, were not numerous. Their dress was peculiar, ami even wild. They wore surtouts of coarse blue cloth, fastened at the middle with a red sash, a scarlet woolen cap, containing a scalping knife, and moccasins made of deer-skin. Civilization was here strangely mingled. Groups of Indians from the remotest shores of the lakes, wild in their garb, would occasionally make their appearance at the settlements with numerous canoes laden with beaver skins, which they had brought down to these places of deposit. Among them were intermixed the French soldiers of the garrison, with their blue coats turned up with white facings, and the Jesuits, with their long gowns and black bands, from which were suspended by silver chains the rosary and crucifix, who, " with th,! priests, had their stations round the forts and ministered in the clmpeis." Agriculture was hot extensively encouraged by the policy of the fur trade or the character of the population. It was confined to u few patches of Indian corn and wheat, which they rudely culti- vatefl. They ground their grain in wind-mills, which were scat- tered along the banks of the Detroit river and the St. Clair lake. The recreations of the French colonists consisted in attending the religious services held in the rude chapels on the borders of the y\ zena of Detroit during his day, and his death was mourned by a large circle of friends and ".r.iunintftnces. Mr. Dcsnoyer'', the subject of this sketch, was in Detroit attending scliool when the great fire of 1805 broke out, which entirely destroyed the town, leaving the inhabitants houseless, and in a very destitute con- dition. He commenced business as a mercliant in 1821, having just attained his majority, and was eniiiiently successful in this occupation. He was the first county treasurer of Wayne county elected by the populnr vote, which occurred in 183(i. At the next election he was reflected to the same office. In 1837 he was ciiosen one of the aldermen of the city of Detroit, and he also served some time in this position after the division of the city into wards, representing the fourth ward in the council. In 1831 Mr. Desnoyers was appointed United States Marshal by Presi- dent Jackson, which position he held until the organization of the / • .%>^«S— «>M«'<ul»;~3£l«MMM^M'i«iA<iMMIatlMetmrf^ HISTORY OP MICHIGAN. 127 ho subsisted by of their picket ciiliar, ami even fastened at the lining a scalping zation was here remotest shores lally make tiieir ,noes laden with those phices of ■h soldiers of the liite facings, and nds, from which d crucifix, who, :s and ministered the policy of the wivs confined to hey rudely culti- vhich were scat- le St. Clair lake, in attending the e borders of the ourned by a large Detroit attending entirely destroyed very destitute con- 1821, having ju.st 1 this occupation, ty elected by the t election he was e of the aldermen this position after ourtli ward in the Marshal by Presi- ganization of the wilderness, in adorning their altars with wild flowers, in dancing to the sound of the violin at each other's houses, in hunting the deer, and in paddling their light canoes across the clear and silent streams. The women employed themselves in making coarse cot- ton and woollen cloths for the Indian trade. In their cottages were hung rude picture.s of saints, the Mudoima and child, and the leaden crucifix supplied the place of one of silver. Abundance of game roamed in the woods, and the waters were alive with fish. The Jesuits, who were the most active agents of the government in the exploration of these regions, were, as a class, men of high intelligence. The narratives of their wanderings through the wilderness throw a coloring of romance around the prairies, and forests and lakes, which amounts almost to a classic spirit. Yet they have left upon the lake shores but few monuments either of their enterprise or Chri.stian zeal. Their success in Christianizing the Indians was limited when compared with the extent of their labors. By the savages these Catholic missionaries were regarded as medicine men and jugglers, on whom the destiny of life and death depended; and although they were greatly feared, they succeeded in making but few converts to their religious faith, excepting young children, or Indians just about to die. The administration of the law in the western outposts was founded, as far as possible, on the contume de Paris, which was Territory into a State in 1837. He was appointed city treasurer of Detroit in 1838, and promoted to State treasurer in 1839 by Governor Stevens T. Mason. He served in the latter position until the commence- ment of Governor Woodbridge's term, bringing great credit to himself as a shrewd financier, and guarding the State moneys in an honorable and trustworthy manner. In 1843 he was again elected county treasurer of Wayne county, and again in 1851. Mr. Desnoyers removed from Detroit to Hanitramck in 1840, and still resides in the latter place. In 1850 he was elected a member of the Constitutional Convention, which met in Lansing during that year and framed our present State Constitution. He was also a member of the State Constitutional Con- vention of 1867, which closed his public career. At present he is living at Hanitramck in a very retired and quiet manner, enjoying the comforts of an active and prosperous life. it '.it, 128 OEI^RRAL HISTORY OP THE STATES. the law of all Canada. This code, although received and prac- ticed upon in tlie older and more populous Hcttlements of the lower province, was not adopteil with any degree of unifornaity among tliese distant colonists. Tlie commandants or governors of the posts had the principal cognizance of the population around them, and exercised their authority in an arbitrary manner. There wa-s at this time no system of education like that which prevailed in New England, and all the knowledge acquired by the children of the colonists wa.s olitained from the prie*«t8. The plan of distributing tlie land was calculated to prevent the settlement of the country. A law wa.s passed reiiuiriug the houses of the inhabitants to be placed ui>on ground with a front of only (me acre and a half, and running forty acres back. This kept the settlements iu a close line along the banks of the streams. A feudal and aristocratic spirit also controlled the grants of land. The commandants of the forts had the power to convey lands, with the permission of the Governor-General of Canada, subject to the confirmation of the King of France, special rights being reserved to the grantor. / As early as 1749, the post of Detroit and the others upon the northwestern lakes, Michilimackinac, Ste. Marie, and St. Joseph, received an acce,*sion of immigrants. The last two were called after the saints of those names iu the Catholic calendar. Michili- mackinac derives its name from the Indian words Michi-mackinac, meaning a great turtle, from its supposed resemblance to that animal, or from the Chippewa words Michine-maukinonk, signify- ing the place of giant fairies, who were .supjMsed by Indian superstition to hover over the waters around that beautiful island. The origin of the word Detroit is the French word Detroit, signify- ing a strait, because the post was situated on the strait connecting Lake Erie with Lake St. Clair. -^ During the whole period of the French domination, extending from the first settlement of the country down to the year 1760, the traffic of Michigan was confined principally to the trade in furs. This interesting traffic upon the great lakes was carried on by the French under peculiar circumstances. As the forests of the lake region abounded with furs which were of great value in HISTORY OF MICIIUUN. 129 ved ivnd prac- eraentM of the of unifomity >r governors of ilation around trary manner, kc that which ;e acquired by priests. to prevent the ring the houses a front of only This kept the le streams. A grants of land. convey lands, ^^lauada, subject il rights being thers upon the ,nd St. Joseph, NO were called ndar. Michili- [ichi-mackinac, blance to that iinonk, signify- sed by Indian eautiful island. Detroit, signify- rait connecting ition, extending the year 1760, to the trade in was carried on 3 the forests of ' great value in the mother country, it became an important object with the Cana- dian government to i)roi<ecute that trade with all the energy in its power. The rich furs of the beaver and otter were jMiiticularly valuable, from the [great demand for them in Europe. Large CAPT. JOHN CLARKE. .John Ci-aukk, of St. Clnir, one of the pioneers of Michigan, was born at Bath, Maine, July 29, 1797. In 1812 he went to Augusta, Maine, and accepted a situation in the mercantile establishment of T. Sargent, Esq., but he, through ill health, was soon compelled to give up this position and return to his home. Peace being declared between Great Britain and tiie United States, his physicians advised him to make a trip to Europe, and in April, 1815, he sailed for Bremen. After traveling through Germany, England and Scotland, and witnessing the great 9 simiMiimesimtri* 130 (iENEKAI. HI8T0KY OF THK HTATKS. m canoes made of bark, anrl strongly oonstructed, were despatched aninially to the hikes la<k'n with packs of European merchandise, consisting of blankets, printed calicoes, ribbons, cutlery, and trinkets of various kinds, which the Indians used ; and Detroit, Michiiimackinac and Ste. Marie, were their principal places of deposit. To secure the interests of the large companies, licenses for this trade were granted by the Governor-General of Canada to the mer- chants, who sometimes sold them to the covreura des hois. The possessor of one of these licenses was entitled to load two large canoes, each of which was manned by six men. The cargo of one of these canoes was valued at about a thousand crowns. This merchandise was sold to the traders on credit, and at about fifteen per cent advance on the price it would command in ready money. But the voyages were very profitable, and there was generally a gain of about one hundred per cent on the sum invested in the rejoicings in tliose countriL'8 over tlie defeat and capture of Napoleon Bonaparte at Waterloo, he emboft-ked from Liverpool with liis uncle, Capt. F. Clarke, in the ship Ellington, for Boston. When about in mid-ocean, and during a severe gale, the vessel foundered, and the passengers and crew were obliged to take to the small boats. After remaining in these for three days, they were picked up by a dismasted brig from Scotland. At the expiration of three more days, the "James Madison," from Phila- delphia, came to their relief, and putting them on a short allowance of food, in order to make it last, brought them in safety to Philadelphia, after a lapse of thirty-two days. Upon arriving in the latter city, Mr. Clarke was unable to find his uncle (who, to gain time, had taken a steamer as soon as they entered tJie river), and having no money, wan- dered around for three days without food. His condition becoming known, he was assisted by the kind hearted citizens, and his uncle, who had preceded him by steamer, linding him, gave him money with which to reach his home. Arriving there, he received a clerkship in a store, and after serving in this position for a short time, he accepted of a similar one in the whole- sale house of Page & Gitehell, in Hallowell, in 1817, receiving the highest salary paid for similar labors, which was only seventy-tive dollars per year. Mr. Clarke here united with the Baptist Church, of which he is still a member, and at once took a deep interest in Sabbath schools. He still U: ^^,;^ft^gJ^gggS^g^^B5SJ^S»Bt«^®5BSSMiSi«,ia;»3aSaB»i5. 8. were (leftpiitphed iiin luerchaudise, IS, cutlery, and >d; and Detroit, incipul pliiccs of I, licenses for this inada to the raer- r-a (lea hois. The a load two large 1. The cargo of ad crowns. This d at about fifteen [ in ready money. I was generally a 1 invested in the ipture of Napoleon nth liis uncle, Capt. iibout in mid-ocean, the passengers and remaining in these brig from Scotland, idison," from Phila- i short allowance of ety to Philadelphia, the latter city, Mr. time, had taken a ing no money, wan- jondition becoming and his uncle, who , money with which md after serving in ir one in the whole- 1817, receiving the )' seventy-live dollars of which he is still a th schools. He still HIHTOKY OF MICHKIAN. 131 enterprise. The traders endured most of the fatigue, and the mer- chants received most of the profit. On the return of one of these exjK'ditions, six hundred crowns were taken by the merchant for his license, and a« he had sold the thousand crowns' worth of goods at their prime cost, from this sum he also deducted forty per cent for bottomry; the renniinder was then divided among the six coureurs des bow, who were thus left with but a small compensation for all their perils and hardships. The coureurs des bois were the native agents of the fur trade. Thoroughly acquainted with the navigation of the lakes, they fearlessly swept along the waters of these inland seas, eucamj)ing at night upon their shores. Of mixed white and Indian blood, they formed the connecting link between civilization and barbarism. Their dress was also demi-savage. Lively and sanguine, they were at all times ready to join the Indians in the dance, or pay respect to their ceremonies. Their French fathers had familiarly retains his activity in this class of labors, although he has reached the advanced age of seventy-six years. In 1818 he removed to Belfast, and engaged in the mercantile business, with more than average prosperity. He married Miss Mary Sherbun, of Hallowell, in December, 1819. Upon attaining his majority he espoused the principles of the Jefferson republican party, and gave his support to the administrations of Madison and Monroe, and worked faithfully for the election of General Jackson during the following presidential campaign, which resulted in the elec- tion of John Quincy Adams by the House of Representatives. Although he resolutely refused to accept any political position, he undertook many difficult tasks for his party, and performed his work in a manner to elicit the highest praise from the then Governor of Maine, and other prominent officials. His health again failing him, he closed his business in Belfast, with the intention of coming to Michigan, but his friends prevailed upon him to return to Hallowell, where he took an active part in all political issues. In 1829 Mr. Clarke was called to Washington on business, and while there was received by President Jackson in the kindest manner, and an intimate friendship soon sprung up between them. He came to Michigan in 1830, arriving at Detroit in October of that year, and in the following December opened a mercantile establishment on Woodward avenue, two doors from Jelferson avenue, in a building !S^3eimSi-' ^32 OENKRAI, HIHTORY OK TIIK STATIC. UHSOciuted with the native tribe., a.ul thoir .uothern aud wive., were the inmaten of Indian ea.«iw. It. many resj.-rts their char- acter resembled that of nnirinerH upon the ocean, for the .ame general .•ausc might be .aid to operate upoa both. Instead of navigating the high .ea. in .hip. toHHcd by storms, and ploughing ti,e waves fron. port to port, it was their lot to propel tlu-.r light eanoes over the fresh water seas of the forest, where, hurr.e.l tnm. one Indian village to another, like the mariner on the ocean, they acquired all those habits which belong to au unsettled and wan- dering life. . ^ , Advancing to the remote shores of Lake Superior or Lake Michigan, and following the courses of the rivei-s which flow into them, as ..on as they reached the points where the Indians were iu the mil.it of resorting, they at once encamped. Here they opened vheir packap . of goods, exhibited them to their savage eust(.mei-s aud exchanged them for furs; and having disposed ot ..wned by Robert Smart, Esq. In the fall of 18:W he purchased a large tnict of land on the St. Clair river, where he now resides, and m the fol- ,.,win,. spring removed to where the city of Port Huron now stands, and a, which place there were then ..nly three frame buildings. He took charge of the steamer Gen. Gratiot about this time, and sailed her on the route from Port Huron t<. Toledo. In 1835 he removc-d to ^^^Vr^^^' residence, ia the town of China, a few miles below the city ot St. tla.r, on the river of that name. He was one of the delegates chosen from St. Clair county to the State convention for the framing of a State Constitution, which met in Detroit on the nth of May, 1835. As a member of this important body he per- formed much good work, and nis actions won him many influential friends. , , , Pending the admission of Michigan into the Union, at the request of a number of the influential men of the Territory he visited Washington, and upon arriving there found the objectionable bill had passed the very day he had started. He presented the facts in the case to President ^ Jackson, and that official expressed his regrets that Mr. Clarke had not arrived sooner, as he would not have signed the bill had the matter been fully explained to him before. During his stay at the capitol, the Gov- ernor of his Territory and other prominent men arrived in Washington. These gentlemen called upon the President, in the presence of the Secre- tary of State, and after some discussion upon the admission of the ■a; ,i«S^ifflWKi»i1«**a»!»*^Sr«»'. HIHTORY OK MrCITKlAN. IflS ier» and wivcH 'ctM th«'ir cliar- , for tlie Mxme th. Instead of luul ploughing )|)i'l tlicir light ■e, hurrii'd from the ocean, they ettlcd and wun- pcriDi' oi' Lake which flow into he Indians were )ed. Here they to their savage ^•ing disposed of purcliiised a large k's, and in the fol- n now stands, and lildings. He took I sailed lier on the vud to liis present e city of St. Clair, ounty to the State liich met in Detroit jrtant body he per- n many influential , at the request of a /isited Washington, iiad passed the very B case to President Mr. Clarke had not liad the matter been lie capitol, the Gov- ved in Washington, •esence of the Secre- e admission of the all their nicrchandise, and loa(h'd tlieir canoes witii tlie peltries it had procured, they hade adieu to their Indian friends, and starteil on tiu'ir voyage l)ack, with feathors stuck in tlieir hats, keeping; time with their paddles to the Canadian l)oiit .-ongs. La ilonlnii, in his .Fournal, which was puhlished in France, and a translation of which was afterwards puhlished in this country, gives an interesting account of the fur trade, showing the general course of that traffic while the Canadas were under the French. The author resided at Montreal. At this time (IfiHH) Michili- inackinac was the principal stopping place for the traders on their way from Montreal and Detroit to the fonsts hordcring on Lake Superior. Here their goods were deposited, an<l here the furs were collected for their return freight. Sometimes, however, the traders, a(!conipanied by numerous cnno«"s of the Ottawas, would proceed directly to the older settlements on the St. Lawrence, Territory, President .lackson made thin statement to tliem ; " Yon have no influence willi tlie Cal)inet. We look to Mr. Clarke for all the infor- mation we desire. We know liim, and have the fullest confidence in him." The Secretary of State, meeting Mr. Clarke afterwards, informed him that ho had but to mention what he desired in the gift of the Presi- dent, and he should receive it. Mr. Clarke, however, declined accepting any ofH> . At the first election under the State Constitution, he having received the nomination of both parties, was elected State Senator for tlie Fifth Senatorial District witliout an opposing vote, and to which position he was reelected at the following election. Every effort was made by his friends at this time for permission to place liis name l)efore the Legisla- ture as a candidate for the United States Senate, but he wf>uld not consent. In 1837, President .lackson appointed him one of two commission- ers to acquire the title of the Indians to the lands they claimed in Michigan, which duty he performed in a very satisfactory manner. Afterwards he received the appointment of Receiver of the Land OfBce at Ionia, from President Van Buren, with whom he had been acquainted from 1829. Mr. Clarke declined to accept this position. He was a member of the State Convention of 1850, for the revision of the State Constitution, and took a prominent part, in the deliberations of that body. With the nomination of .Tames Buchanan for tlie presidency by tlie '^a%Mi< i:{4 OENKRAI- IIIHTORV OK THE HTATf^l. wh«'ro tlu'V HuppoHod tlioy inijrht ho ahlo t<» dicposo of their car- jrofs to jrri'iitiT iidvii'itii^'o tliiin at the interior poctf. The toUowiiiji is Lii Iloiituirs uceoiint of the fur traile at the period referred to: " Much iihout the same day," Hiiys he, " there arrived twenty- five or thirty eauo(>!', beiiij; homeward hound front the jireat hii<e.«', and iafh'u with heaver nkinH. The earjro of each eanoe amounted to forty packs, eaeh of whieh weighs fifty pounds, and will fetch fifty crowns at the farmer's office. These canoes were followed l.y fifty more of the Ottawas and Hurons, who come down every year to the <-olony in order to make a better market than they <-an do in their own country of Michilimackinac, which lies on the hanks of the Lake of Hurons, at the mouth of the Lake of Illinese (Michipin). Their way of tradiniu' is as follows: " ITp(tn their arrival they encamp at a distance of five or six hundred paces from the town. Tiie first day is spent in rauciuK Deni"cratH, Mr. Clarke left tlmt party, and gave Ids Hupj)ort to General Fremont, wliom lie claimed represented the tnie principles of Jeflerson imd Ills associates. In 1857 Mr. Clarke was nRuin elected to the State Legislature, and dur- ing its session exerted great iutluence in securing tlie passage of good laws, and the defeat of those lie considered would be injurious to the State. At this session he used his entire intluence, and no doubt aided materially in the election of the lion. Zaehariuh Chandler to the United States Senate. Mr. Clarke is a very prominent and influential Free Mason, having united with this order at Belfast, Maine, as early as 1830. Upon l)eing admitted he strove to advance and learn its great principle" and traveled a distance of over fifty miles to receive the Chapter degrees. Upon its revival after the Morgan aflair, he took an active part in perpetuating its existence and principles. He was elected E. C. of the John Clarke Com- mandery, of St. Clair, and was afterwards elected to the same position in the Port Huron Commandery. From their establishment until the pres- ent time, over sixteen years, he has not been absent from a meeting of either of these bodies. Mr. Clarke has conferred more knightly orders than any other E. C. in the State. He was elected H. E. G. C. of Michi- gan, and appointed V. E. G. C. G. by the Hon. B. B. French, M. E. G. M. of the G. G. E. of the United States. He is known throughout the Union as a prominent Free Mason, and has received a number of valu- able presents from the fraternity. ^ife.^^^^ ■Am&iiiM^ ' i,i£-ms'TmsT:!mm0mfiis^>j^ xi mi^s ^ ^ wo of tlit'ir car- \ir triulf nt tho iirrivcd twonty- thc j^rcnt liikcc, caiioc ainoiintiMl :», and will fetch viTc followed liy ilowii every yeiir Imii they <'an do ie« on the banks* Ijiike of Illinese ce of five or hIx <pent in ranginK HUliport to General ciples of .TefTurson gisluture, and dur- e iiiissn)j;c of good w injurious to the id no doiil)t aided adler to the United ree Mason, having 1830. Upon l)i'ing ;iplea and traveled degrees. Upon its in perpetuating its I John Clarke Com- tie same position in lent until the pres- from a meeting of Dre knightly orders E. G. C. of Michi- Vench, M. E. G. M. vn throughout the i a number of valu- HIHTOUY OV MICIIK.AN. i:ir. their nuioes, unloailinj; their ^oodn, and pitehinjj their tent.", which are made of hireh hark. The next day they demand uinlienec of the Governor-(tonerai, which is* granted them that sani" day, in a public place. .>^ HON. JOHN R. KELLOG. John It. Kelloo, a prominent man in Michigin during the time of Lewis Cass, was born at New Hartford, Oneida county, New York, in 1793. His father was one of the hardy pioneers of the New England States, the farm upon which he resided in New Hartford, being pur- chased from George Washington and George Clinton. Tho original con- tract of this purchase is still In existence and is now in the possession of A. J. Kellog, the youngest son of the subject of this sketch, who resides in Allegan, Michigan. When he was six years of age, the parents of Mr. John R. Kellog 4;s5: ]'M GENERAI. HISTORY OF THE STATES. " Upon this occasion each nation makes a ring for itself. The savages sit upon the ground, with pipes in their mouths, and the governor is seated in an arm-chair ; after which there starts up an orator or sjjeaker from one of these nations, who makes a harangue, importing that his brethren are come to visit the Gov- ernor-General, to renew with him their wonted friendship; that their chief view is to promote tlie interest of the French, some of whom, being unac(iuainted with the way of traffic, and being too weak for the transporting of goods from the lakes, would be una- ble to deal in beaver-skins if his brethren did not come in person to deal with them in their own colonies. That they knew very well how acceptable their arrival is to the inhabitants of Mon- treal, in regard to the advantage they reap from it; that, in regard to the beav(>r-skins, they w(;re much valued in France, and the French goods given in exchange were of an inconsiderable value ; and that they mean to give the French sufficient proof of their readiness to furnish them with what they desire so earnestly. " That, by way of preparation of another year's cargo, they are come to lake in exchange fusees, and powder and ball, in order to hunt great numbers of beavers, or to gall the Iroquois in case they offered to disturb the French settlements; and, iu fine, in mi^a from New Hartford to Skaneateles, New York, taking him alonn; with tliem. At the age of thirteen lie went to Lowville, New York, as a clerk for .Alessrs. Leonard, in which occuiiation he remained until he was twenty-two years" of age. From here he went to New York city as a clerk for John Glover, Esq. While in this city he united with Ihe Presbyterian Church, Dr. John M. Mason, pastor, and lived an earnesi and faithful christian the remainder of his life. In 1817 he married Miss .Mary Ottorson, of New York, a young lady highly respected for her many good qualities, who still survives him. From this city with his wife and two children he returned to New Hartford in 1817, remaining one year, when he again removed and set- tled in Marcellus, Onondaga county, New York. Here he retained his residence until 183(5, being engaged in mercantile pursuits. In this year he emigrated to Michigan and served in the Legislature of the State dur- ing the winter of 1837-38. In the latter year he settled in Allegan, Alle- gan county, Michigan, where he resided until his death, which occurred in 18G8. Mr. Kellog was a member of the State Board of Education for six -■^,sf.f> vSJ X.i :..iJS»;ii«o-S«W'J«^*«fe^iB^SiK.5»-i .v^i4»«<!»*s*s>^i«i;- ■• '♦Si?s*t(a«' HISTORY OP MIC'HIOAN. 187 for itself. The nouths, and the ere starts* up au who makes a ) visit the Gov- riendship ; that French, some of ', and being too !, would be una- , come in person they knew very bitants of Mon- om it; that, in \ in France, and 1 inconsiderable fficiont proof of sire so earnestly. s cargo, they are ball, in order to Iroquois in case and, in fine, in i'ork, taking him wville, New York, lie remained until to New York city ic united witli the ;l lived an earnesi )rk, a young lady 1 survives him. returned to New removed and set- re lie retained his uits. In this year e of tlie State dur- 1 in Allegan, Alle- Ih, which occurred Education for six confirmation of their words, that they throw a porcelain collar (belt of wampum), with some beavor-skius, to the kitchi-okima (so they call the Governor-General), whose protection they laid claim to in case of any robbery or abuse committed upon them in the town. The spokesman having made an eiul of his speech, returns to his place and takes up l:is pipe, and the interpreter explains the substance of the harangue to the Governor, who commonly gives a very civil answer, especially if the presents be valuable, in consideration of which he likewise makes them a present of some trifling things. This done, the savages rise up and return to their huts, to make suitable preparation for the ensuing truck. " The next day the savages make their slaves carry the skins to the houses of the merchants, who bargain with them for such clothes as they want. All the inhabitants of Montreal are allowed to traffic with them in any commodity but rum and brandy, these two being excepted upon the account that, when the savages have got what they want, and have any skins left, they drink to excess, and then kill their slaves ; for, when they are in drink, they quarrel and fight, and, if they were not held by those who are sober, would certainly make havoc one of another. years, and while in this position he did much for the advancement of education, and to liim in a great measure are we indebted for the liigli position which ^Michigan occupies to-day when compared with lier sister States In an educational point of view. He was associate judge of Allegan cc-inty two years, during the judi- cial term of Judge Kansom, and performed the respon.'sible duties of that position in a manner that elicited the highest praise from that distiu. guished gentleman. He was one of the main movers in his section of the State in organi/,- ing the association and raising the necessary funds for the erection of the Soldiers and Sailors' monument which now beaiuities the Campus Martius in the City of Detroit. Mr. Kellog's public history is well known ihrougliout the State, as lie occupied an enviable position during his life in all matters of importance concerning the government of the State and its welfare and prosperity. He was an intimate friend of Secretary Seward and General Cass, and maintained a friendly correspondence with them until separated by death. vsm:?xm 138 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. " However, you must observe that none of them will touch either gold or silver. Aa soon as the savages have made an end of their truck, they take leave of the Governor, and return home by the River Ottawa. To conclude, they do a great deal of good, both to the poor and rich, for you will readily apprehend that everybody turns merchant upon such occasions." To the question what was the condition of the Northwestern Territory when it was claimed and occupied by France, we can furnish a ready answer. It was a vast ranging ground for the numerous Indian tribes, who roamed over it in all the listless indo- lence of their savage independence ; of the Jesuit missionaries, who, under the garb of their religious orders, strove to gain the influence of the red men in behalf of their government as well as their church, by their conversion to the Catholic faith ; the theatre of the most important military operations of the French soldiers at the West ; and the grand mart where the furs, which were deemed the most valuable products of this region, were collected for shipment to France, under a commercial system which ww* originally projected by the Cardinal de Richelieu. The condition of a country, although often in some measuu modified by the nature of the climate and the soil, is more genei ally founded upon the character of the people and that of its laws. This is clearly exhibited in the case of the Northwest ; for, while that domain was rich in all the natural advantages that could be furnished by the soil, it was entirely barren of all those moral and intellectual' fruits springing from bold and energetic character, directed by a free, enlightened, and wholesome system of juris- prudence. ;hem will touch e made an end of ,nd return home 3at deal of good, apprehend that he Northwestern y France, we can ; ground for the 1 the listless indo- juit missionaries, rove to gain the rnment as well as faith ; the theatre e French soldiers furs, which were on, were collected ystera which was u. in some raeasui;. oil, is more gener id that of its laws, thwest ; for, while vges that could be ,11 those moral and lergetic character, e system of juris- CHAPTER IX. War Between the French and Enolish Colonies— Bbaddock's March — His Defeat — Acadia, Niagara and Crown Point- Battle OF Lake Georoe— Condition of Canada. ScARCKLY had the French established themselves in Canada, when a chain of circumstances occurred that resulted in their overthrow. The people of the northern English colonies had learned to regard their Canadian* neighbors with the bitterest enmity. With them, the very name of Canada called up horrible recollections and ghastly images ; the midnight massacre of Sche- nectady, and the desolation of many a New England hamlet ; blazing dwellings and reeking scalps, and children snatched from their mothers' arms, to be immured in convents, and trained up in the abominations of Popery. To the sons of the Puritans, their enemy was doubly odious. They hated him as a Frenchman, and they hated him as a Papist. Hitherto, he had waged his murderous warfare from a distance, wasting their bettlements with rapid onsets, fierce and transient as a summer storm ; but now, with enterprising audacity, he was intrenching himself on their very borders. The English hunter, in the lonely wilderness of Vermont, as by the warm glow of sun- set he piled the spruce boughs for his woodland bed, started, as a deep, low sound struck faintly on his ears— the evening gun of Fort Frederic, booming over lake and forest. The erection of this fort, better known among the English as Crown Point, was a piece of daring encroachment, which justly kindled resentment in the northern colonies. But it was not here that the immediate occa- sion of a final rupture was to arise. By an article of the treaty of Utrecht, confirmed by that of Aix la Chapelle, Acadia had been ceded to England ; but, scarcely was the latter treaty signed, when debates sprang up touching the limits of the ceded province. 140 GKNKRAI- ttlSTOHY OF TMF STATES. Commissioners were named on either side, to adjust the disputed boundary ; but the t-laims of the rival powers proved utterly irrec- oncilable, and all negotiation was fruitless. Meantime, the French and English forces in Acadia began to assume a belligerent atti- tude, and indulge tlieir ill blood in mutual aggression and reprisal. But, while this game was played on the coasts of the Atlantic, interests of far greater moment were at stake in the West. The people of the middle colonies, placed by their local posi- tion beyond reach of the French, had heard with great composure of the sufferings of their New England brethren, and felt little concern at a danger so doubtful and remote. There were those among them, however, who, wUh greater foresight had been quick to perceive the ambitious project of the rival nation ; and, as early as 1716, Spotswood, Governor of Virginia, had urged the expedi- ency of securing the valley of the Ohio by a series of forts and settlements. His proposal was coldly received, and his plan fell to the ground. The time at length was come when the danger was approaching too near to be slighted longer. In 1748, an association, called the Ohio Company, was formed, with the view of making settlements in the region beyond the AUeghanies ; and, two years later, Gist, the company's surveyor, to the great disgust of tlie Inaians, carried chain and compass down the Ohio as far as the falls at Louisville. But, so dilatory were the English, that, before any effectual steps were taken, their agile enemies appeared upon the scene. In the spring of 1753, the middle provinces were startled at the tidings that French troops had crossed Lake Erie, fortified themselves at the point of Presque Isle, and pushed for- ward to the northern branches of the Ohio. Upon this. Governor Dinwiddle, of Virginia, resolved to despatch a message requiring their removal from territory which he had claimed as belonging to the British crown ; and, looking about him for the person best qualified to a,ct as messenger, he made choice of George Washing- ton, a young man twenty-one years of age, Adjv tant-General of the Virginia mllltla. Washington departed on his mission, crossed the mountains, descended to the bleak and leafless valley of the Ohio, and thence HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 141 ii.it the disputed ■ed utterly irrec- time, the French belligerent atti- nggrespion and he coasts of the at stake in the their local posi- great composure I, and felt little ["here were those t had been quick on; and, as early rged the expedi- ries of forts and and his plan fell when the danger er. In 1748, an ed, with the view Llleghanies ; and, the great disgust the Ohio as far as ;he English, that, enemies appeared lie provinces were rossed Lake Erie, e, and pushed for- )on this. Governor message requiring med as belonging ir the person best George Washing- Ijv tant-General of ;d the mountains, 3 Ohio, and Ihence continued his journey up the banks of the Alleghany, until the fourth of December. On that day he reached Venango, an Indian town on the Alleghany, at the mouth of French Creek. Here was the advanced post of the French, and here, among the Indian HON. CHARLES W. GRANT. Chauleb WE8I.EY Gkant, of East Saginaw, was born March 15, 1817, at Smithville, Chenango county, New York. He came to Michigan at the age of twenty years, and settled in Saginaw county in the spring of 1849. At that time there being no railroad nor plank road, and scarcely any other leading to that county, he came in a skiff down Flint river from the then village of Flint with the late George R. Cummings, Esq., who had just received a commission from Governor Ransom us prosecuting attorney for Saginaw county. M *! %i 142 GENERAL HI8TORY OF THE STATES. lo« cabins and hut« of bark, he saw their flag flying above the hou of an EugliHh trader, whom the nnlitary mtruder. had unnln..ou.ly ejected. They gave the P-^^.-^y ^^^^^ be receptiov., and referred him to the commanding officer >o.e reXlerJwere at Le IW a fort which ^^^^^^ French Creek, some distance above Venango. Thither Wash ng fon repaired, nd on his arrival was received with state yeourt^y ; thTofiice;. Legarduer de 8t. Pierre, whom he a-c^ibe; - a ehlerly gentleman of very soldier-like appearance To the m^ age of Dinwiddle St. Pierre replied that he wonld forward ,t to hf Governor-General of Canada ; but that, in the meantime, h. -riretoho^^^of^^^^^^ rgh'n^te:^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ -^' with one attendant, to the English borders. While the rival nations were beginning to ^--f^^^^ I rLlnn^ed to neither of them, the unhappy Indians saw, with bet«„ rapaciou. ..rangers. The Brs. 'PP*;™""'/ *;f„X „„ the Ohio excited the »ilde»t fears m the tribe, of that quarter a„ „g° hom «e«, those who, disgusted by the eucroaehn,euB of Te pLusylv.ui«... had fled to those remote retreats to ^.pe 4e tatr^rof the »hite men. Scareely was their itacted asylum S7 ien they «.. themselves invaded by a host of .mod men C Canada. i.us, placed between two hr^, they tae» not lh» «ay to turn. There was no union in their conoseU and C J:!] like a mob of be«JlderedcMldre;^jri.lrn^^ TT^M^Hovt the Droprietor of the incipient city of East Saguiaw. he bmlt the first mm organized the first dwelling house. He was one o^h ^v J^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ ,,,.„. r X— ^^^o? ^Swa" .usticeof the peace, school inspec TlsSG he was elected sheriff of Saginaw county, and held that office Jdslfe^erTed as deputy united States marshal under Col. Rice, Col. Davis and John S. Bagg. HISTORY OP MICHIOAN. IA'\ [iying above the y intruders had envoy a hospita- ing officer, who.-'e had just built on rhither Washiug- h stately courtesy e describes as an ice. To the mes- )uld forward it to the meantime, his md this he should 5wer, Washington, retraced his steps, quarrel for a prize i Indians saw, with bone of contention ance of the French bes of that quarter, e encroachments of streats to escape the leir fancied asylum I host of armed men ires, they knew not their counsels, and . Their native jeal- or of the incipient city re, and for himself, the ;r8 who organized the n he was elected town- le peace, school inspec- ty, and held that ofllce nd for two years after- 1 under Col. Bice, Col. oHsy was roused to its utmost pitch. Many of them thought that the two white nations had conspired to destroy them, and then divide thoir lands. " You and the French," said one of them, a few years afterwards, to an English emissary, " are like the two edges of a pair of shears, and we are the cloth which is cut to pieces between them." The French labored hard to conciliate them, plying them with gifts and flatteries, and proclaiming themselves their champions against the English. At first, these arts seemed in vain, but their eflect soon began to declare itself; and this effect w greatly increased by a singular piece of infatuation on the part oi the pro- prietors of Pennsylvania. During the summer of 1754, delegates of the several provinces met at Albany, to concert measures of defense in the war which now seemed inevitable. It was at this meeting that the memor- able plan of a union of the colonies was brought forward ; a plan, the fate of which was curious and significant, for the crown rejected it as giving too much power to the people, and the people as giving too much power to the crown. A council was also held with the Iroquois, and though they were found but lukewarm in their attachment to the English, a treaty of friendship and alliance was concluded with their deputies. It would have been well if the matter had ended here, but, with ill-timed rapacity, the proprie- tary agents of Pennsylvania took advantage of this great assem- blage of sachems to procure from them the grant of extensive tracts, including the lauds inhabited by the very tribes whom the French were at that moment striving to seduce. When they heard Mr. Grant came to Saginaw poor in purse, but rich in energy and cour- age. Having satisfied his taste for public oflSce, he turned his attention to lumbering, which he has diligently and successfully pursued ever since. By the exercise of his business talent, which is of a high order, he has built up an enviable credit and amassed an ample fortune. He is an exam- ple of that steady advance in wealth and social standing that is invariably achieved by a young man of good habits and pei-severing industry, who has the good sense to husband his income and make it productive by judicious investment. He resides on the "James Riley Reservation," where he has erected a palatial residence. Here he enjoys his well earned wealth, and dispenses an elegant hospitality. •tt] m ,4J, H". mc- 144 OENERAL HISTORY OK THE STATES. that without their consent, their conquerora and tyrautH, the Iro- quois, had sold the «)il from beneath their feet, their indignatum was extreme; and, convinced that there was no limit to Eugbsh encroachment, many of them from that hour became fa.t allies ot the French. . The courts of Lond.ni and Ver^iilleH =-till maintained a diplo- matic intercourse, both protesting their earnest wish that their conflicting claims might be adjusted by friendly negotiation ; but, while each disclaimed the intention of hostility, both were hasten- ing to prepare for war. Early in 1755, an English fleet sailed from Cork, having on board two regiments destined for \ irginia and commanded by General Braddock ; and, soon after, a French fleet put to sea from the port of Brest, freighted with munitions of war and a strong body of troops, under Baron Diesk«u, an oflicer who had distinguished himself in the campaigns ot Marshal 8axe The English fleet gained its destination, and landed ite troops in safety. The French were less fortunate. Two of their .hips the Lys and the Alcide, became involved in the fogs ot the bank's of Newfoundland; and, when the weather cleared, they found themselves under the guns of a superior British force, belonging to the squadron of Admiral Boscowen, sent out for the express purpose of intercepting them. "Are we at peace or at war?" demanded the French commander. A broad- side from the Englishman soon solved his doubts, and, after a stout resistance, the French struck their colors. News of the cap- ture caused great excitement in England, but the conduct of the aggressors was generally approved ; and, under pretence that the French had begun the war by their alleged encroachments in America, orders were issued for a general attack upon their marine. So successful were the British cruisers, that, before the end of the year three hundred French vessels and nearly eight thousand Lilo'rs were captured and brought into port. The French unable to retort in kind, raised an outcry of indignation, nnd Mirepoix, their ambassador, withdrew from the Court of London. Thus began that memorable war, which, kindling among the forests of America, scattered its fires over the kingdoms of Europe and the sultry empire of the Great Mogul ; the war made glorious HISTORY OF MICHIOAN. 146 tyriiutrt, iho Iro- leir indignation irait to English ,me faat allies of intainud a diplo- wisli that their ipgotiation ; but, [)th wore ha.ston- rlir*h fleet sailed ucd for Virginia, 1 after, a French 1 with munitions ron Dieskau, an aigns of Marshal 1, and landed its ;e. Two of their in the fogs of the her cleared, they or British force, icowen, sent out a. " Are we at ander. A broad- ubts, and, after a News of the cap- lie conduct of the pretence that the encroachments in upon their marine, "ore the end of the ly eight thousand 'he French, unable ion, end Mirepoix, London. indling among the ingdoms of Europe war made glorious by the heroic death of Wolfe, the victories of Frederic, and the exploits of Clive; the war which controlled the destinies of America, and was first in the chain of event* which led on to her Revolution, with all its vast and undeveloped consequences. On PROF. DUANE DOTY. DcANE Doxy, the present Superintendent of Public Instruction for the city of Detroit, was born in the State of Ohio. He, with his parents, came to Michigan during his early childhood, and in this State received a thorough education, graduating from the literary department of the Michigan University, in 1856. With the exception of five years devoted to travel, army and editorial life, his whole time since his graduation has been occupied by educa- tional work. In 1865 he was appointed Superintendent of Public 10 17 ^^i ■ » IM 0KNI;RAI> HI8T0KY OF THE BTATI-M. m the. oM lmttl<..Kroun.l ..f Knropo tlu. ..o„t...t bore the .an,., t.inulmr foutun-s uf viok.n.i- and l.um.r wl.icl. Im.l mark.a th. Ank' ui former gouenUions- tu.ld. piou^'lu..! by the canuon hull, an.l walls Bhattcml by tho .xpl...liug mino, .uckcl town, and hlaz.nn .ub- urbs, the lamentation of womer- and the Ih-ense ..f a nuiddenc-.l Holdierv. B»t •>>' Ani-riHi. war su.uod a new and strikn.K a.pec-t. A wilciernes. was it« Md,lime arena. Arn.y met army under the shadows of primeval wood.; their eannon renoumled over wastes unknown to eiviliml nmn. Aud, before the hostile powers could join in buttle, endless fore«t« must be traversed, and morasses passed, and everywhere the axe ..f the pioneer must hew a path ior the bayonet of the soldier. _ Before the declurati.m of war, and before the breaking off of negotiations between the courts of France and Englan.l, the Lngl.sh ministry formed the plan of assailing the French in Ameru'a on all sides at once, aud repelling then,, by one bold push, tr.,n, all their encroachments. A provincial army was t.. advuneo upon Acadia, a second was to attack Crown Point, and a third Nuigara ; while the two regiments which had lately arrive<l in \ .rgm.a, under General Brad.lock, aided by a strong body of provincials, were to dislo.lge the French from their newly-built fort ot Du Que«ne To Braddock was assigned the chief command ot all the British forces in America ; and a person woi-se fitted for the office could scarcely have been found. His experien.-e had been ample, and none could doubt his courage ; but he was prufl^ T^nciiou for the city of Detroit, whicl. difficult and laborious position he has acceptably filled for eight years. During his ter.n of office n.any important improvements have been made; the school work and school buLess have all been thoroughly systematized, and the c.ty supplied with good school buildings. Mr Doty's organizing and administrative ability is conceded to be o a very high order, and he belongs emphatically to the class of workers who richlv merit the honors conferred upon them. His work and ellorts m the c'ause of popular education have secured him an enviable reputat,on and. besides this, he is well known for his knowledge of the vast and increasing resources of his country, and for availing himself of every opportunity for addins to his abundant fund of information on all sub- , . ."•,:;-: .■,>^jK■J!l^ ..■;., jects. G8. HISTORY OF MICHIOAN. w > the t'anui liiiuilittr ikctl tlu' Htiilk' i>l" ion bull, mil walls i and blazing sub- i«o oi' a inatlilcncd in»l striking aspect, ii't army under the )un(led over wastes lostile powers could rwed, and morasses [nust hew a path for the breaking off of Inglanii, the English nch in America on bold push, from all 8 to advance upon lul a third Niagara ; rrived in Virginia, body of provincials, vly-built fort of Du ief command of all worsii fitted for the >xperience had been ut he was profligate, and laborious position is term of offlce many ;cliool work and wehool and the city supplied r is ci/Hceded to be of a le class of workers who lis work and elibrts in an enviable reputation, rt'k'dgc of the vast and liling himself of every nformation on all sub- arrogant, perverse, and a bigot to military rules. On his first arrival in N'irginia, he called together the Governors of the sev- eral provinces, in order to exi)laiu his instructions and adjust the details of the projected operations. These arrangements complete, Braddock advanced to the borders of Virginia, and Ibriued his camp at Fort Cumberland, where he spent several weel^< in train- ing the raw backwoodsmen who joined him into such discipline as they .seemed capable of ; in collecting hordes and wagons, which could only be had with the iitmo.st difficulty ; in railing at the contractors, who scandalously cheated him ; ami in venting his spleen by copious abuse of the country and the people. All at length was ready, and early in .lune, 17-')"), the army left civiliza- tion behind, and struck into the broad wilderness as a scpiadron puts out to sea. It was no easy task to force their way over that rugged ground, covered with an unbroken growth of forest ; and the difficulty was increa.sed by the needless load of baggage which encumbered their march. The crash of falling tret>s resounded in the front, where a hundred axemen labored with ceaseless toil to hew a passage for the army. The horses strained their utmost strength to drag the ponderous wagons over roots and stumps, through gullies and quag- mires ; and the regular troops were daunted by the depth and gloom of the forest which hedged them in on either hand, and closed its leafy arch above their heads. So tedious was their pro- gress, that, by the advice of Wa.shington, twelve hundred chosen men moved on in advance, with the lighter baggage and artillery, leaving the rest of the army to follow, by slower stages, with the heavy wagons. On the eighth of July, the advanced body reached the Monougahela, at a point not far distant from Fort du Quesne. The rocky and impracticable ground on the eastern side d,ebarred their passage, and the General resolved to cross the river in search of a smoother path, and re-cross it a lew miles lower down, in order to gain the fort. The first passage was easily made, and the troops moved, in glittering array, down the western margin of the water, rejoicing that their goal was well nigh reached, and the hour of their expected triumph close at hand. Scouts and Indian runners had brought the tidings of Braddock's 148 OENKUAI. lIlsrOHY OF THE HTATKfl. anpnuu'l. tc. tlu. Vrvurh at Fort du Quosno. Tl.eir .Immay wa« umit niul C.ntnMM.ur, tho c.nnuin.l.T. thou^l.t only of n-tmit. ;vl,.-n H.««uion, a ••uptai. in tl.e pirri...n. nuulo the bold proposal of U.u.linK out a party of Vwuvh and In.lian. to waylay the Lng- li-h in the wood., and hara-s or interrupt their mareh. The otler wa.M nccopted, and Heaujeu ha.Htened to the Indian eatnp. Aroun.l tlu. fort and beneath the adjacent forest were the bark lodges ..f savage honle., whom the French luul n.u«tere<l from lar and near: Ojibwns and Ottawas, Hunms and Caughnawaga., Abenakis and Delaware^. Beaujeu ealled the warrioi-s together, flung a hatehct on the ground before them, and invited them to f„llow him out to battle : but the bohlcst «tood aghast at the pen , and none woidd aecei.t the ehallenge. A Becon<l interview took place, with no better success ; but the Frenchnu^n was resolved to carry his point. " I am determined to go," he exchiimed. ' What, . will you sutr.r your father to go alone?" His daring proved con- tagious The warriors hesitated no longer ; and when, on the morning of the ninth of July, a scout ran in with the news that the English army was but a few miles distant, the Indian camps were at once astir with the turn.oil of preparation. Chiets harangued their yelling followers, braves bedaubed themselves with war-paint, smeared themselves with grease, hung feathers in their scalp-locks, and whooped and stamped till they had wrought themselves into a delirium of valor. That morning, James Smith, an l^iglish prisoner, recently cap- tured on the frontier of Pennsylvania, .too.l on the rampart, and saw the half-frenzied multitude thronging about the gateway, where kecrs of bullets and gunpowder were broken open, that each might heFp himself nt will. Then band after band hastened away towanls the forest, followed and supported by nearly two hundred and fifty French and Canadians, commanded by Beaujeu. There were the Ottawas, led on, it is said, by the remarkable man whose name stands so prominently on the pages of this history ; there were the Hurous, of Lorette, under their chief, whom the French called Athanose, and many more, all keen as hounds on the scent of blood At about nine miles from the fort they reached a spot where the narrow road descended to the river through deep and ',«. HISTORY OK MICHKiAN. 149 riieir (I'mmay woh , only of rc'trciit, the bold proposal wiiylay the Eiig- ruirch. The- otter III camp. rest were the bark mustered from far d Caiighiiawagas, warrioi-s together, il invited them to ighast at the peril, md interview took an wns resolved to idaimed. " What, [laring proved con- md when, on the vith the news that the Indian camps reparation. Chiefs daubed themselves ;e, hung feathers in 1 they had wrought soner, recently cap- u the rampart, and , the gateway, where len, that each might nd hastened away nearly two hundred by Beaujeu. There larkable man whose this history; there if, whom the French hounds on the scent they reached a spot jr through deep and gloomy woods, and wliero two ravines, concealed by trees and bushes, seemed formed by nature for an ambuscade. Htaujeu well knew the grounrl ; and it was here that he had resolved to fight ; but ho and his followers were well nigh too late ; for, as .*" HON. J. G. SUTHERLAND. Jabez G. SuTHEWiAND was bori, '■ ! ; - vtT 0, 1825, in Onondaga county. New York; removed with his lallier (o Micliigan in 1830, and lias ever since resided in tlie counties of Genesee and ynginaw. lie commenced the study of low in 1844, nud t. uie to tlic bar in 1848. In 1849 lie settled in Saginaw county, and w :s appointed by the Governor prosecuting attorney of that county. He served as delegate in the Constitutional Convention of 1850, and in 1853 as a member of the lower branch of the Legislature. In 1858 he was the unsuccessful Democratic candidate for :4 150 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. they neared the ravines, the woods were resounding with the roll of the British drums. It was past noon of a day brightened with the clear si.nlight of an American midsummer, when the forces of Braddock began, for a second time, to cross the Mouongahela, at the fording-place, which, to this day, bears the name of their ill-fated leader. The scarlet columns of the British regulars, complete in martial appoint- ment, the rude backv.'oodsmen, with shouldered rifles, the trains of artillery and the white-topped wagons, moved on in long proces- sion through the shallow current, and slowly mounted the opposing bank. Men were there whose names have become historic : Gage, who, twenty-one years later, saw his routed battalions recoil in disorder from before the breastworks on Bunker Hill ; Gates, the future conqueror of Burgoyne ; and one destined to a higher fame, George Washington, a boy in years, a man in calm thought and self-ruling wisdom. With steady and well-ordered march the troops advanced into the great labyrinth of woods which shadowed the eastern borders of the river. Rank after rank vanished from sight. The forest swallowed them up, and the silence of the wilderness sank down once more on the shores and waters of the TMonongahela. Several engineers and guides and six light horsemen led the way ; a body of grenadiers under Gage was close behind, and the army followed, in such order as the rough ground would permit, along a narrow road, twelve feet wide, tunneled through the dense and matted foliage. There were flanking parties on either side, "but no scouts to scour the woods in front, and, with an insane con- fidence, Braddock pressed on to meet his fate. The van had passed the low grounds that bordered the river, and were now ascending a gently rising ground, where, on either hand, hidden by thick trees, by tangled undergrowth and rank grasses, lay the two fatal ravines. Suddenly, Gorden, an engineer in advance, saw the French and Indians bounding forward through the forest and Attorney-Qeneml; in 1863 was elected circuit judge of the tenth circuit, and reelected in 1869 without opposition. In 1870 he was elected to Congress, and thereupon resigned his judgeship. 38. ling with the roll : clear sr.nlight of addock began, for ;he fording-place, ited leader. The i martial appoint- •ifles, the trains of 1 in long proces- nted the opposing le historic : Gage, ittalions recoil in Hill ; Gates, the to a higher fame, aim thought and ^ps advanced into e eastern borders sight. The forest lerness sank down mgahela. horsemen led the se behind, and the jnd would permit, through the dense ies on either side, ?ith an insane con- te. The van had er, and were now ;r hand, hidden by rasses, lay the two 1 advance, saw the ^h the forest and of the tenth circuit, ) he was elected to HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 151 along the narrow track, Bcaujeu leading them on, dressed in a fringed hunting-shirt, and wearing a silver gorget on his breast. He stopped, turned and waved his hat, and his French followers, crowding across the road, opened a murderous lire upon the head of the British colunui ; while, screeching their war cries, the Indians thronged into the ravines, or crouched behind rocks and trees on both flanks of the advancing troops. The astonished grenadiers returned the fire, and returned it with good effect ; i'cr n vandom shot struck down the brave Beaujeu, and the courage ot the assailants was staggered by his fall. Dumas, second in command, rallied them to the attack ; and while he, with the French and Canadians, made good the pass in front, the Indians from their lurking places opened a deadly fire on the right and left. In a few moments all was confusion. The advance guard fell back on the main body, and every trace of subordination vanished. The fire soon extended along the whole length of the army, from front to rear. Scarce an enemy could be seen, though the forests resounded with their yells ; though every bush and tree was alive with incessant flashes ; though the lead flew like a hail-storm, and the men went down by scores. The regular troops seemed bereft of their senses. They huddled together in the road like flocks of sheep ; and happy did he think himself who could wedge his way into the midst of the crowd, and place a barrier of human flesh between his life and the shot of the ambushed marksmen. Many were seen eagerly loading their muskets, and then firing them into the air, or shooting their owu comrades, in the insanity of their terror. The officers, for the most part, displayed a conspicuous- gallantry ; but threats and commands were wasted alike on the panic-stricken multitude. It is said that, at the outset, Braddock showed signs of fear; but he soon recovered his wonted intrepid- ity. Five horses were shot under him, and five times he mounted afresh. He stormed and shouted, and, while the Virginians were fighting to good purpose, each man behind a tree, like the Indians themselves, he ordered them, with furious menace, to form in pla- toons, where the fire of the enemy mowed them down like giass. At length, a mortal shot silenced him, and two provincials bore him off the field. W ashington rode through the tumult, calm and ?i- ..-I 152 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES. undaunted. Two horses were killed under him, and four bullets pierced his clothes ; but his hour was not come, and he escaped without a wound. Gates wa« shot through the body, and Gage, also, was severely wounded. Of eighty-six officers only twenty- three remained unhurt; and of twelve hundred soldiers, who crossed the Monongahela, more than seven hundred were killed and wounded. None suffered more severely than the Virginians, who had displayed throughout a degree of courage and steadiness which put the cowardice of the regulars to shame. The havoc among them was terrible, for, of their whole number, scarcely one- fifth left the field alive. The slaughter lasted three hours, when, at length, the survivors, as if impelled by a general impulse, rushed tumultuously from the place of carnage, and, with dastardly precipitation, fled across the Monongahela. The enemy did not pursue beyond the river, flock- ing to the field to collect the plunder, and gather a rich harvest of scalps. The routed troops pursued their flight until they met the rear division of the army, under Colonel Du:ibar ; and then their senseless terrors did not abate. Dunbar's soldiers caught the infection. Common baggage, provisions and wagons were destroyed, and all fled together, eager to escape from the shadows of those awful woods, whose horrors haunted their imagination. They passed the defenseless settlements of the border, and hurried on to Philadelphia, leaving the unhappy people to defend them- selves as they might against the tomahawk and scalping-knife. The calamities of this disgraceftil rout did not cease with the loss of a few hundred soldiers on the field of battle ; for it brought upon the province all the miseries of an Indian war. Those among the tribes who had thus far stood neutral, wavering between the French and English, now hesitated no longer. Many of them had 'been disgusted by the contemptuous behavior of Braddock. All had learned to despise the courage of the English, and to regard their « vn prowess with unbounded complacency. It is not in Indian nature to stand quiet in the midst of war ; and the defeat of Braddock was a signal for the western savages to snatch their tomahawks and assail the English settlements with one accord, murdering and pillaging with ruthless fury, and turning the fron- -«- tetrj-^i^/vtit s. HISTORY OP MICHIGAN. 153 and four bulleta and he escaped body, and Gage, lers only twenty- id soldiers, who dred were killed the Virginians, ge and steadiness irae. The havoc her, scarcely one- th, the survivors, Ituously from the in, fled across the 1 the river, flock- a rich harvest of intil they met the ? ; and then their iiers caught the d wagons were "rom the shadows heir imagination, rder, and hurried to defend them- icalping-knife. ot cease with the le ; for it brought IT. Those among ;ring between the Many of them had ? Braddock. All <h, and to regard cy. It is not in X ; and the defeat ;s to snatch their with one accord, I turning the fron- tier of Pennsylvania and Virginia into one wide scene of havoc an J "<'b ^lation. a' Inree remaining expeditions which the British ministry had planned for that year's campaign were attended with various HON. JOHN N. MELLEN. JoHK N. Mkllen, the present State Senator from the twenty first sena- torial district of this State, was born in the town of Garry, Chautauqua county, New York, September 30, 1831. His father, Leander Mellen, was born at Shaftsbury, Bennington county, Vt., February 17, 1797. Mr. Mellen emigrated to Michigan in 1837, and settled in the town of Washington, Macomb county. He received a thorough common school education in the schools of that county, and removed to the town of Lenox, in the same county, in 1841. In 1869 he again changed his place of residence, and settled in the village of Romeo, where he still resides. i* 164 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES. results. Acadia was quickly reduced by the forces of Colonel Monkton ; but the glories of this easy victory were tarnished by an act of cruelty. Seven thousand of the unfortunate people, refusing to take the prescribed oath of allegiance, were seized by the cou«iuerors, torn from their homes, placed on shipboard, like cargoes of negro slaves, and transported to the British provini-es. The expedition against Niagara was a total failure, for the troops did not even reach their destination. The movement against Crown Point met with no better success, as regards the main object of the enterprise. Owing to the lateness of the season, and other causes, the troops proceeded no farther than Lake George ; but the attempt was marked by a feat of arms, which, in that day of failures, was greeted, both in England and America, as a signal victory. . ft^ General Johnson, afterwards Sir William Johnson, had been charged' with the conduct of the Crown Point expedition ; and his little army, a rude assemblage of hunters and farmers from New York and New England, officers and men alike ignorant of war, lay encamped at the southern extremity of Lake George. Here, while they languidly pursued their preparations, their active enemy anticipated them. Baron Dieskau, who, with a body of troops, had reached Quebec in the squadron which sailed from Brest in the spring, had intended to take forcible possession of the English fort of Oswego, erected upon ground claimed by the French as a part of Canada. Learning Johnson's movement, he changed his plun, crossed Lake Champlain, made a circui t by way of W ood From 1847 until 1853 Mr. Mellon was actively engaged in the govern- ment surveys of the Upper Peninsula, and explored tlie wild and pic- turesque scenery of the Lalie Superior region. During the winter of 1853-54 he made a trip to the Pacific coast, and remained two years among the gold mines, l)ecoming thoroughly conversant witli the man- ners and customs of those bold adventurers who, in search of wealth, had forsaken their comfortable homes in the East, and exposed them- selves to the dangers and hardships of this new country, peopled with hostile Indians. He was with Lieutenant Richardson on a topograpliieal survey of Northern California, Oregon and Washington Territory, in 1858, and while on this expedition learned a considerable of the habits of the diflferent tribes of Indians dwelling in those regions. • • , • HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 155 jes of Colonel tarnished by rtunnte people, were seized by shipboard, like •itish provinees. ■, for the troops cement against the main object lason, and other Le George ; but , in that day of •ica, as a signal inson, had been xlition ; and his •mers from New gnorant of war, George. Here, eir active enemy body of troops, d from Brest in a of the English he French as a he changed his >y way of Wood ed in the govern- the wild and pic- ing the winter of mained two years tnt with the man- search of wealth, nd exposed them- itry, peopled with on a topographical gton Territory, in l)le of the habits of 8. Creek, and gained the rear of the English army, with a force of about two thousand French and Indians. At midnight, on the seventh of September, the tidings reached Johnson that the army of the French baron was but a few miles distant from his camp. A council of war was called, and the resolution formed of detach- ing a thousand men to reconnoitre. If they are to be killed, said Heudrick, the Mohawk chief, they are too numy ; if they are to fight, they are too few. His remonstrance was unheeded ; and the brave old savage, unable from age and corpulence to fight on foot, mounted hi., horse and joined the English detachment, with two hundred of his warriors. At sunrise, the party defiled from the camp, and, entering the forest, disappeare<l from the eyes of their comrades. Those who remained behind labored with all the energy of alarm to fortify their unprotected camp. An hour elapsed, when, from the distance, was heard a sudden explosion of musketry. The excited soldiers suspended their work to listen. A rattling fire succeeded, deadened among the woods, but growing louder and nearer, till none could doubt that their comrades had met the French, and were defeated. This was indeed the case. Marching through thick woods, by the narrow and newly-cut road which led along the valley south- ward from Lake George, Williams, the English commander, had led his men full into an ambuscade, where all Dieskau's army lay in wait to receive them. From the woods on both sides rose an appalling shout, followed by a storm of bullets. Williams was soon shot down ; Hendrick shared his fate ; many officers fell, and lu 1857 he returned to "the States," and was engaged in government surveys at the head of the Red Iliver of the North, in the State of Min- nesota. Here he acquired much valuable information of the soil, climate and products of that region, and also increased his knowledge of the peculiar traits of the red man. In 1860 he was occupied on surveys in the northern portion of Wisconsin, with Alfred Millard, Esq., and Har- vey Mellen. He was employed in the early surveys of Dacota Territory in 1861-2-3, under the supervision of G. D. Hill, surveyor-general. Since that time Mr. Mellen has been engaged in exploring the imsettled por- tions of the States of Wisconsin and Michigan, in search of pine lands and minerals, in which he is an extensive dealer. ^ 'I 156 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE 8TATEH. the road waa strewed with dead and wounded soldiers. The Eng- lish gave way at ouce. Had they been regular troops, the result would have been worse ; but every man was a woodsman ard a hunter. Some retired in bodies along the road ; while the greater part spread themselves through the forest, opposing a wide front to the enemy, fighting stubbornly as they retreated, and shooting back at the French from behin'' every tree or bush that could afford a cover. The Canadians and Indians pressed them closely, darting, with shrill cries, from tree to tree, while Dieskau's regu- lars, with steadier advance, bore all before them. Far and wide through the forest rang shout and shriek and Indian whoop, min- gled with the deadly rattle of guns. Retreating and pursuing, the combatants passed northward towards the English camp, leaving the ground behind them strewn with dead and dying. A fresh detachment from the camp came in aid of the English, and the pursuit was checked. Yet the retreating men were not the less rejoiced when they could discern between the brown columns of the woods, the mountains and waters of Lake George, with the tents of their encampments on its shores. The French followed no farther. The blast of their trumpets was heard recalling their scattered men for a final attack. During the absence of Williams' detachment, the main body of the army had covered the front of their camp with a breastwork— if the name can be applied to a row of logs— behind which the marksmen lay flat on their faces. This preparation was not yet complete, when the defeated troops appeared issuing from the woods. Breathless and perturbed, they entered the camp, and lay down with the rest ; and the army waited the attack in a frame of mind which boded ill for the result. Soon, at the edge of the woods which bordered the open space in front, painted Indians were seen, and bayonets glittered among the foliage, shining, in the homely comparison of a New England soldier, like a row of icicles on a January morning. The French regulars marched in column to the edge of the clearing, and formed in line, confronting the English at the distance of a hundred and fifty yards. Their complete order, their white uniforms and bristling bayonets, were a new and startling sight to the eyes of Johnson's rustic soldiers, mtht tt U f AKiii HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 157 8. The Eng- ips, the result dsman ard a lie the greater I wide front to and shooting sh that coiUd them closely, Heskau's regu- Far and wide u whoop, min- l pursuing, the camp, leaving l^ing. A fresh iglish, and the e not the less wn columns of iorge, with the ich followed no recalling their e main body of a breastwork — liind which the n was not yet juing from the camp, and lay k in a frame of he edge of the )ainted Indians lage, shining, in r, like a row of ars marched in ine, confronting y yards. Their r bayonets, were rustic soldiers, who raised but a feeble cheer in answer to the shouts of their ene- Happily, Dieskau made no assault. The regulars opened a mies. distant fire of musketry, throwing volley after volley against the English, while the Canadians and Indians, dispersing through the E. B. WARD. Ebtcu B. Wahd was born in Canada in 1811, his parents having fled into that country from Vermont, to escape tlie ravages consequent upon "the war of eighteen hundred and twelve." But he was not destined to remain long in the enemy's country. As soon as the smoke had died away from the last battle-field, the family returned to their pleasant home in Rutland county, Vermont, where they remained until Mr. Ward was about six years old. At this period, the future of the American States being fixed, civilization again resumed its westward march. Vermont, among other New England States, contributed to the movement, and in 1817 many of the best families of the Green Mountain State were seeking 168 GENERAL HISTORY OF THB STATES. I] niorassra on each flank of tin* camp, fired sharply, under cover of the trees and bu»lies. In th«' rear, the English were protected by the lake, but on the three remaining sides they were hedged in by the flash and smoke of musketry. The fire of the French had little effect. The English recovered from their first surprise, and every moment their confidence rose higher and their shouts grew louder. Leveling their long hunting guns with cool precision, they returned a fire which thinned the ranks of the French, and gidled them beyond endurance. Two cannon were soon brought to bear upon the mora-sses which .shel- tered the Canadians and Indians; and, though the pieces were served with little skill, the assailants were soon terrified by the crashing of the balls among the trunks and branches, that they gave way at once. Dieskau still persisted in the attack. From noon until past four o'clock, the firing was scarcely abated, when, at length, the French, who had suffered extremely, showed signs of wavering. At this, with a general shout, the English broke from their camp and rushed upon their enemies, striking them down with the butts of their guns, and driving them through the woods like deer. Dieskau was taken prisoner, dangerously wounded, and leaning for support against the stump of a tree. The slaughter would have been great, had not the English gen- eral recalled the pursuers, and suffered the French to continue their flight unmolested. Fresh disasters still awaited the fugitives; a more lucrative inheritance in the boundless West and South. Mr. Ward's parents were anjong the travelers. The^- had set out for Ken- tucky, but being delayed at Wftterford, Pennsylvania, for some time, owing to a disarrangement in their plans for transportation, a sad dispen- sation of Providence interrupted their journey. Mr. Ward's mother, after a severe illness, died, and was buried at this place. Changing their course, the father and son went into Ohio, babsequently events led them westward until they were permanently located in Michigan. Mr. Ward first landed in Detroit in 1821, when he was only nine years old. Then he was a poor boy, without even the prospect of fortune and success; but, observe the course he pursued, and the results that attended his efforts. Nature seems to have qualified him to battle the perils of pioneer life; and, as if to increase the hardships that apparent ill fortune had already visited upon him, at the age of twelve years he secured the HIBTOKY OF MICHIOAN. 159 , under cover of jre protected by re hedged in by iglisli recovered confidence rose 3ir long hunting ich thinned the idurance. Two isses which shel- the pieces were terrified by the nches, that they 5 attack. From [y abated, when, ly, showed signs ) English broke i, striking them lem through the Br, dangerously sump of a tree, he English gen- ach to continue ted the fugitives ; and South. Mr. set out for Ken- 1, for some time, tion, a sad dispen- ard'8 mother, after Changing their tly events led them igan. as only nine years ect of fortune and suits that attended attle the perils of pparent ill fortune trs he secured the for, as they approached the scene of that morning's nmbnacade, they were greeted by a volley of musketry. Two companies of New York and New Hampshire rangei-s, who had come out from Fort Edward us a scouting party, had lain in wait to receive them. Favored by the darkness of the woods— for night wa.«* now approaching— they made so sudden and vigorous an attack, that the French thought them far superior in numbers, were totally routed and dispersed. This memorable conflict had cast itn dark associatittns over one of the most beautiful spots iu America. Near the scene of the evening fight, a pool, half overgrown by weeds and water lilies, and darkened by the surrounding forest, as pointed out to the tourist, and he is told that beneath its stagnant waters lie the bones of three hundred Frenchmen deep buried in mud and slime. The war thus began was pros'icuted for five succeeding years with the full energy of both nations. The period was one of suf- fering and anxiety to the coloni-sts, who, knowing the full extent of their danger, spared no exertion to avert it. In the year 1758, Lord Abercrombie, who then commanded in America, had at his disposal a force amounting to fifty thousand men, of whom the greater part were provincials. The operations of the war embraced a wide extent of country, from Cape Breton and Nova Scotia to the sources of the Ohio ; but nowhere was the contest so actively carried on as in the neighborhood of Lake George, the waters of which, joined with those of Lake Champlain, formed huiul)le position of cabin boy on a small schooner on the lakes. Thus was modestly inaugurated Captain Ward's marine life. It is inexpediont to tax the reader with all the changing scenes that came over his life since this dedication of boyhood to the interests of navigation. It is enough to say that from these humble beginnings, by hard industry and timely enterprise, he has won success for lake navigation, and wealth for himself. Ilis accumulations are said to exceed five millions, and may be summed up as follows: $1,000,000 in Chicago Kolling Mills stock, PO0,O(K) in Milwaukee Kolling Mills stock, $500,000 in Wyandotte Roll- ing Mills stock, $500,000 in floating property, and over $2,000,000 in real estate. Mr. E. B. Ward is n .s about sixty -two years of age, but is prosecuting his enormous business with all the vigor and exactness of his youth. IM GENERA li HISTORY OF THE STATES. f the main avenue of coramuninition between Canada and the Brit- wh provinces. Lake George i.i more than thirty miles long, but of width so slight that it seems like some broad and placid river, enclosed between ranges of lotty mountains ; now contracting into narrows, dotted with i-slands and shadowed by cliffs and crags, now spreading into a clear and open expanse. It had long been known to the French. The Jesuit, Isaac Jogues, bound on a fatal rais- eioii U) the ferocious Mohawks, had reached its banks on the eve of Corpus Christi Day, and named it Lac St. Sacrement. Its soli- tude was now rudely invaded. Armies passed and re-passed upon its tranquil bosom. At its northern point the French planted their Htionghold of Ticonderoga ; at its south stood the English fort, William Henry ; while the mountains and waters between were a scene of ceaseless ambuscades, surprises, and forest skir- mishing. Through «ummer and winter, the crack of rifles and the cries of men gave ?io rest to their echoes ; and at this day, on the field of many a ibrgotten fight, are dug up rusty tomahawks, corroded bullets, .mfl human bones, to attest the struggles of the past. The earliest years of the war were unpropitious to the English, whose commanders displayed no great degree of vigor or ability. In the summer of 1756, the French general, Montcalm, advanced upon Oswego, took it, and leveled it to the ground. In August of the following year, he struck a heavier blow. Passing Lake George with a force of eight thousand men, including about two thousand Indians, gathered from the farthest parts of Canada, he laid siege to Fort William Henry, close to the spot where Dieskau had been defeated two years before. Planting his batteries against it, he beat down its ramparts and dismounted its guns, until the garrison, after a brave defense, were forced to capitulate. They marched out with the honors^ of war ; but, scarcely had they done 80 when Montcalm's Indians assailed them, cutting down and scalping them without mercy. Those who escaped came into Fort Edward with exaggerated accounts of the horrors from which they fled, and a general terror was spread through the country. The inhabitants were mustered from all parts to repel the advance of Montcalm ; but the French general, satisfied with what he had HIHTOKY (;F MICHIGAN. 161 i and the Brit- niles long, but d placid river, ontracting into and crags, now Qg been known in a fatal rais- es on the eve of lent. Its soli- re-passed upon i'rench planted lod the English waters between md forest skir- )f rifles and the this day, on the ity tomahawks, struggles of the to the English, vigor or ability. calm, advanced In August of Passing Lake iding about two ;s of Canada, he where Dieskau batteries against guns, until the ipitulate. They y had they done tting down and 1 came into Fort from which they i country. The 1 the advance of th what he had done, re-pii,ssod Lake Georp', and n'tired behind th(i walls of TicondtToga. In the year 1758, the war began to assume a ditTeront aspect, for Pitt was at the head of the goverinncnt. Sir Jeffrey Amherst HON. CHARLES M. GARRISON. Charles M. Gaukison, a leading citizen of Detroit, Micliigan, was born near Mt. Vernon, Oliio, on the ITtli of March, 1837. His father, John J. Garrison, commenced business in Detroit in 1829 as a wliolesale grocer. After being burned out and losing his entire stock on two differ- ent occasions, he established himself a third time, and, in the midst of unbounded success, he retired in 1803, being succeeded by his son, tlie subject of this sketch. Charles M. Garrison spent his youthful days, as he has his entire life, 11 102 OKNEBAL HIHTi . Ot THE 8TATE8. laul mw to the .trouK fortn'HS of LouisburK. md nt length mluce.1 if whilo in the South, (Jetu'ral ForbcH nuirchi-d aK.ui.Ht F».rt .lu qyxmu', ai.tJ, more ibrtumite thui. his i)re.leceHH..r, Brad.h.ek, dn.ve the French from that important point. Another 8Ueee««f\.l wtrolte was the .k.«truc'tion of Fort Frontenac, which WiW taken l)y a pro- vincial army, under Coh^nel IJradstreet. These achieven.entn were countcrb.ihincea by a great disaster. Lord Abercrombie, with .in urmv of Hixtee.1 thousand men. a.lva.iced to the head of Lake George, the phice made memorable by Dieskau's defeat and the h)88 of Fort William Henry. On a brilliant July mornmg, he embarked his whole force for an attack on Ticonderoga. Many of those present have reco.ded with admiration the beauty of the Hpectacle-the lines of boats, filled with troops, stretching lar down the lake, the fl.ishing of oars, the glittering of weapons, and the music ringing back from crags and rocks, or dying, in mel- lowed strains, among the distant mountains. At night, the army landed, and, driving in the French outposts, marched through the woods towards Ticonderoga. One of their columns, losing its way in the forest, fell in with a body of the retreating French ; and, in the conflict that ensued, Lord Howe, the favorite of the army, wa.s shot dead. On the eighth of July, they prepared to storm the lines which Montcalm had drawn across the peninsula, in front of the fortress. Advancing to the attack, they saw before them a breastwork of uncommon height and thickness. The French were drawn up behind it, their heads alone visible, as they leveled their muskets against the assailants; while, for a iTthe city of Detroit, receiving a tliorougli education in lier common ''auiIc .ige of sixteeahe entered his father's store, and has been con- stantly engaged in the wholesale grocery trade ever since, budding up one of the most extensive and important establishments in Michigan. Mr Garrison has filled a number of positions of importance and trust, and has ever been known to perform his duties faithfully and well In 1871 he was elected president of the Board of Trade without opposition and his performance of the duties of that responsible position was such as to secure his unanimous reelection to the same oflBce in 1872. When the disastrous fires of the fall of 1871 swept over the northern and western portions of our State, laying whole towns in ashes, and tl |^(f «^^t.?-*5e"^M'^' ■ IIIHTORY OF MICHKIAN. 1G3 t length r«Mluce<l aKiiiiist Fort (hi Braddork, drove sufcertafiil Htroki! ( takt'ii by a jjro- •liievonu'ntH were cronibie, with an e head of Lake 'h defeat and the Tilly morning, he jnderoga. Many the beauty of the retching far down of weapons, and or dying, in inel- t night, the army •ched through the Lins, h)8ing its way ing French ; and, )rite of tlie army, •repared to storm the peninsula, in k, they saw before i thickness. The ids alone visible, lants ; while, for a ion in lier common , and has been con- r since, building up ints in Michigan, nportance and trust, hfully and well. In ; without opposition, )le position w^as such flee in 1872. pt over the northern towns in ashes, and hundred yards in front of the work, the ground was covered with fellc<l tnrx, with sharpened bnin<'heH, pointing (lutwards. The signal of awaiilt wan given. In vain, the HighlandtTH, screaming with rage, liewed with their broadswords among the branches, struggling to get at the enemy. In vain the English, with their deeptoned shout, rushed on in heavy columns. A tempest of musket balls met them, and Montcalm's cannon swept the whole groun<l with terrible carnage. A few officers and men forced their way through the branches, piv-sed the ditch, climbed the breast- work, and, leaping among the enemy, were instantly bayonetted. The English fought four hours with determined valor, but the position of the French was impregnable ; and at length, having lost two thousand of their number, the army drew off, leaving many of their dead scattered upon the field. A sudden panic seized the defeated troops. They rushed in haste to their boats, and, though no pursuit was attempted, they did not regain their composure until Lake George was between them and the enemy. The fatal lines of Ticonderoga were not soon forgotten in the provinces ; and marbles in "Westminster Abbey preserve the mem- ory of those who fell on that disastrous day. This repulse, far from depressing the energies of the British commanders, seemed to stimulate them to new exertion ; and the campaign of the next year, 1759, had for its object the immediate and total reduction of Canada. This unhappy country was full of misery and disorder. Peculation and every kind of corruption prevailed among its civil and military chiefs, a reckless licentious- doing incalculable damage to our pine forests and farming interests, and rendering hundreds of families houseless and destitute, Mr. Garrison did his utmost to render assistance, and contributed largely to that end. He was appointed chairman of the State relief committee, by Governor Baldwin, and in this position he did a work that prevented a large amount of suffering, and brought happiness to many an unfortunate family throughout the desolate region traversed by the fires. In the autumn of 1872 he was chosen to represent the fourth ward of Detroit in her Common Council, and in the proceedings of that body he exerts considerable influence, and is ever found on the side of economy and honesty. 164 GENERAL HI8T0RT OF THE STATES. ness was increasing among the people, and a general famine Beemed impending; for the population had of late years been drawn a?a; for military service, and the fields were left "ntiUed In spite of their sufferings, the Canadians, strong m rooted antipathy he English, and highly excited by their pnests resolved on fighting t? the last. Prayers were offered up m tbe ^hu-hes masses said, and penance enjoined, to avert the wrath of God 71 the colony, while everything was done for its defense wh.ch the energies of a great and patriotic leader could effect . * The detail, of L fall of Quebec, and the death of Montcalm and Wolfe, having been given in another chapter, we wdl now flw the English army to Western Canada, Detroit, and other western outposts. 1^;,- -/««*».-^'H«««*wa(bi#»iesw****^ ,1 famine seemed irs been drawn ift untilled. In rooted antipathy ists, resolved on n the churches, 3 wrath of God its defense which effect. ith of Montcalm ter, we will now etroit, and other CHAPTER X. The English take Possession of the Western Outposts of Canada — Mahch op Majoh Rogeus and the PuoviNiiAi, Rangeus — Appeakance of Pontiac— SrnuENDER of Detroit and Miciiii,i- MACKINAC to THE ENGLISH— ExD OF FkENCH RULE IN MICHIGAN. Canada had fallen ! Montcalm, her bold defender, had also fallen, and now the plains around Montreal were dotted with three victorious English armies. The work of conquest was com- plete. Canada, with all her dependencies, had yielded to the British Crown. It remained only for the English to take posses- sion of those western outposts, where the lilies of France were still flying from the flag staff". The execution of this very dangerous task was assigned to Major Robert Rogers, a provincial officer, and a native of New Hampshire. Rogers commanded a body of provincial rangers. Putnam and Stark were his associates ; and it was in this woodland warfare that the former achieved many of those startling adventures which have made his name familiar at every New England fire- side. On the twelfth of September, 1760, Rogers, then at the height of his reputation, received orders from Sir Jeffrey Amherst to ascend the lakes with a detachment of rangers, and take posses- sion, in the name of his Britannic Majesty, of Detroit, Michili- mackinac, and other western posts included in the capitulation of Montreal. He left the latter place on the following day with two hundred rangers in fifteen whnle boats. They gained Lake Ontario, skirted its northern shore, amid rough and boisterous weather, and, crossing at its western extrem- ity, reached Fort Niagara on the first of October. Carrying their boats over the portage, they launched them once more above the cataract and slowly pursued thair voyage; while Rogers and 166 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. f 1 it a few attendante hastened ou in advance to Fort Pitt, to deliver dispatches, with which he was charged, to General Monkton. This accomplished, he re-joined his army at Presque Isle, about the end of the month, and the whole proceeded together along the southern margin of Lake Erie. " The season was far advanced," says Parkman, " the wind was chill, the lake was stormy, and the woods on shore were tinged wit\ the fading hues of autumn." On the seventh of November they reached the mouth of a river, called by Rogers, the Chogage. No body of troops under the British flag had ever penetrated so far before. The day was dull and rainy, and, resolving to rest until the weather should improve, Rogers ordered his men to prepare their encampment in the neighboring forest. Soon after the arrival of the raugers, a party of Indian chiefs and warriors entered the camp. They proclaimed themselves an embassy from Pontiac, ruler of all that country, and directed, in his name, that the English should advance no further until they had had an interview with the great chief, who was already close at hand. In truth, before the day closed, Pontiac himself appeared ; and it is here, for the first time, that this remarkable man stands forth on the pages of the History of Michigan. He greeted Rogers with the haughty demand, what was his business in that country, an' how dared he enter it without his permission. Rogers informed him that the French were defeated, that Canada had surrendered, and that he was on his way to take possession of Detroit, and restore a general peace to white men and Indians alike. Pontiac listened with attention, but only replied that he should stand in the path of the English until morning. Having inquired if the strangers were in need of anything which his country ccld afford, he withdrew, with his chiefs, at nightfall, to his own encampment ; while the English, ill at ease, and sus- pecting treachery, stood well on their jruard throughout the night. In the morning, Pontiac returned to the camp, with his attend- ant chiefs, and made his reply to Rogers' speech of the previous day. He was willing, he said, to live at peace with the English, and suffer them to remain in his country, as long as they treated him with due respect and deference. The Indian chiefs and a sisiftwaig i fc is' HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 167 Pitt, to deliver jral Monkton. que Isle, about ether along the far advanced," ;ormy, and the autumn." 3Uth of a river, )op8 uuder the le day was dull hould improve, napment in the f Indian chiefs themselves an nd directed, in 'ther until they as already close 'ontiac himself his remarkable Michigan. He 'as his business ; his permission, id, that Canada ke possession of 3n and Indians replied that he rning. Having hing which his fs, at nightfall, ,t ease, and sus- ghout the night, with his attend- of the previous th the English, as they treated iian chiefs and provincial officers smoked the calumet together, and perfect har- mony seemed established between them. Up to this time, Pontiac had been the fast ally of the French, but it is easy to see the motive that impelled him to renounce his old allegiance. The SS-«S<*iASWiSK!SiJ» HON. LYSANDER WOODWARD. Lysander Woodward, one of the most prominent men in Oakland county, was bo-i in the town of Columbia, Tolland county, Connecticut, November 19, 18i7. His parents, Asahel Woodward and Harriet House, were natives of that State. In ie'35, with his parents, he removed to the town of Chili, Monroe county, N. Y. From here he emigrated to Michigan in the fall of 1838. He married Miss Peninah A. Simpson on the 11th of May, 1843, and settled near the village of Rochester, Oakland county, where he still resides. '■' ' ■•'■•"■^ ■ -- - >■ 168 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES. American forests never produced a man more shrewd and ambi- tious. Ignorant as he was of what was passing in the world, he could clearly see that the French power was on the wane, and he knew his own interest too well to prop a falling cause. A cold storm of rain set in, and the rangers were detained sev- eral days in their encampment. During this time Rogers had several interviews with Pontiac, and was constrained to admire the native vigor of his intellect, no less than the singular control which he exercised over those around him. On the twelfth of November the detachment was agaiu in motion, and within a few days they 'lad reached the western end of Lake Erie. Here they heard that the Indians of Detroit were in arms against them, and that four hundred warriors lay in ambush at the entrance of the river to cut them off. The powerful influence of Pontiac being exerted in favor of his new friends, the warriors abandoned their design, and the rangers continued their march toward Detroit, now near at hand. Lieutenant Brehm was sent forward by Rogers to inform Cap- tain Beletre, the commandant at Detroit, that Canada had capitu- lated, that his garrison was included in the capitulation, and that an English detachment was approaching to relieve it. Captain Beletre, in great wrath at these tidings, disregarded the message jMr. Woodward's clkief occupation is that of a farmer, but he lias held many important offices in his township. In 1860 he was elected Repre- sentative from the first .istrict of Oakland county to the State Legislature, and served with considerable distinction during one regular and two extra sessioii. F" was county tvoasurer of Oakland county two terms, from 1800 tc 1>..(», and performed his duties in a thoroughly satisfactory manner. Mr. Woodward was also president of the Oakland County Agricultural Society for three years, and in this position did great service iu advancing the agricultural interests of his county. He was among the first to conceive and advocate the building of the Detroit & Bay City Railroad, and has been instrumental in canvassing for and promoting its construction. He was chosen the first president of this company in 1871, which important office he held up to May 15, 1873, and he still remains one of tlie directors of the company. Mr. Woodward owns one of the largest and best cultivated farms in Oakland county. i..,^tMiSWi.'. s. irewd and iimbi- in the world, he he wane, and he luse. ere detained sev- irae Rogers had •aiiied to admire ^lingular control >n the twelfth of and within a few Erie. Here they igaiuat them, and e entrance of the of Pontiac being abandoned their vard Detroit, now srs to inform Cap- inada had capitu- tulation, and that lieve it. Captain irded the message er, but he lias held was elected Repre- lie State Legislature, le regular and two 1 county two terms, roughly satisfactory le Oakland County ion did great service He was among the Detroit & Bay City )r and promoting its lis company in 1871, ind he still remains cultivated farms in HISTORY OP MICHIGAN 169 as an informal communication, and resolved to keep a hostile atti- tude to the last. He did his best to rouse the fury of the Indians, but his faithless allies showed symptoms of defection in his hour of need. .—«*" HON. PETER C. ANDRE. ^^ Peter Charles Andre, of Sagimiw, was born in Detroit, Michigan, October 25, 1817. His grandfather, Jo-eph Andre, was the founder and proprietor of Vincennes, Indiana, wlicnce Joseph Clark Andre, the father of Peter C, removed in 1801 to Detroit, where, on July 29, 1813, he married Clemelia, daughter of Capl John Pearson, of Boston, Mass., who is known as among the earliest n vigators "f the upper lakes. Of the issue of this marriage there are still snrvi-'ng, besides the subiect of this sketch, Julia, wife of Major Plaoedus Ord, U. S. A., Elias C. and Alexander Andre, Josephine Schick and Louisa Calnon. X. 170 GENERAL HI8TOKY OF THE STATES. k y •»' Rogers had now entered the mouth of the Detroit River, whence he sent forward Captain Campbell with a copy of the capitulation and a letter from the Marquis de Vaudreuil, directing that the place should be given up, in accordance witli the terms agreed upon between him and General Amherst. Beltitre was forced to yield, and with a very ill grace, declared himself and his garrison at the disposal of the English commander. The whale boats of the rangers moved slowly upwards belween the low banks of the Detroit, until at length they came in sight of the little town. Before them, on the right side, they could see the village of the Wyandots, and on the left, the clustered lodges of he Pottawattomies, while a little beyond, the flag of France was flying for the last thw- above the bark roofs and weather-beaten palisades of the liti le fortified settlement. The rangers lauded on the opposite bank, and pitched their tenta upon a meadow, while two officer!^, with a small detachment, went across the river to take possession of the place. In obedience to their summons, the French garrison defiled upon the plain, and Mr. Andre's family consists of his wife (formerly Miss Clarissa M. Stark), two daughters and himself. At a very early age he entered the dry goods store of 8. P. Fletcher, then in the " John R. Williams Block," Detroit, as a clerk. After spend- ing a few years in that capacity, and before reaching his majority, he went into the mercantile, forwarding and commission business, on his own account, at Grand Haven, Michig"u, and in 1843 established five trading posts in the northern portion of the Lower Peninsula. These he conducted until 1846, when he removed to Saginaw and opened a mer- cantile house, which he continued until 1803. Since then he has been, and sti'l is, engaged largely in the real estate business. Mr. Andre's fortune is among the largest in Saginaw; and it is perhaps due him to say that his tact, sagacity and energy, have carried him suc- cessfully through the great financial troubles of the last forty years.^ . , He has been mayor of Saginaw and register of deeds for Saginaw county, and has held responsible positions under the general government. He has always taken a lively interest in all matters pertaining to the develo -ment and g.owth of his city and couiu,y. His advice and opin- ions are much sought in the councils of both, and he contributes free]y and generously to every enterprise tending to their prosperity and wel- fare. .i_, .-- ^ _iu -,M>-ii -L.iv-... -.<"■- r- ;.: ■•• .,-:'.-«>■ .'•^- ■' ' ;=^rsm»< ii js tiB^mmsfKi ' mim 4iE-S3BBiE!SB»w,- HISTORY OP MICHIGAN. 171 it River, whence the capitulatiou recting that the le terms agreed •e was forced to and his garrison ipwards between ey came in sight ie, they could see clustered lodges ag of France was d weather-beaten >itched their tents detachment, went In obedience to ion the plain, and y Miss Clarissa M. ) of 8. P. Fletcher, ilerk. After spend- ig his majority, he on business, on his 843 established five jninsula. These he and opened a mer- ! then he has been, 3. w; and it is perhaps ve carried him sue- last forty years. deeds for Saginaw general government, rs pertaining to the lis advice and opin- le contributes free]y prosperity and wjI- laid down their arms. Thefleur de lis was lowered from the flag- staff, and the cross of St. George rose aloft in its place, while seven hundred Indian warriors, lately the active allies of the French, greeted the sight with a burst of triumphant yells. The Canadian militia were next called together, and disarmed. The Indians beheld these actions with amazement, being (luite at a loss to understand why so many men should bow before so few. " Nothing," says Parkman, " is more effective in gaining the respect or even atuichment of Indians, than a display of power." The savage spectators conceived the loftiest ideas of English prowess, and were astonished at the forbearance of the conquerors in not killing their vanquished enemies on the spot. Thus, on the 29th of November, 1760, Detroit fell into the hands of the English. The garrison were sent as prisoners down the lake, but the Canadian inhabitants were allowed to retain their farms and houses, on condition of swearing allegiance to the British crown. An officer was sent southward to take possession of the forts Miami and Ouatanon, which guarded the communica- tion between Lake Erie and the Ohio ; while Rogers himself, with a small party, proceeded northward, to relieve the French garri- son of Michiliraackinac. The storms and gathering ice of Lake Huror forced him back, without accomplishing his object, and Michilimackinac, with the three remoter posts of Ste. Marie, Green Bay, and St. Joseph, remained for a time in the hands of the French. During the next season, however, a detachment of the Sixtieth Regiment, then called the Royal Americans, took pos- session of them, a full account of which will be found farther on. Nothing now remained within the power of the French, except the few posts and settlements on the Mississippi and the Wabash, not included in the capitulation of Montreal. The fertile wilder- ness beyond the Alleghanies, over which France had claimed sovereignty— that boundless forest, with its tracery of interlacing streams, which, like veins and arteries, gave it life and nourish- ment—had parsed into the hands of England. The French in America were completely subdued, and, to the English mind, there was little to be feared from the red man. The lapse of two years, however, sufficed to show how complete and fatal was the mistake. ;,-S«BiE*««te«4!lk" fl $: CHAPTER XI. >? id 11' 3, Hostility Between the Noktiieun Indians and the Engubh- EXPEHIENCE OK THE FlHCT EN(U,IBH ThADEHS WHO VlHITED MlCH- IMMACKINAC-THEIK PeUSKCLTIONS-ThE EnOMSH 80I.DIEU8 TAKE POHSESHION OK MlCHILIMACKINAf. With the change of jurisdiction narrated iu the preceding chap- ter a new scene opens before us. The victory on the Heights of Abraham gave to England the possession of a wide extent of terri- tory ; but that territory was vmt forest, broken only here and there by a prairie, a lake, or an Indian clearing. The emblems of power iu these illimitable wastes were the log forts which had been, here and there, erected by the French for trading posts. The English took possession of these, garrisoned them with a few men, seemingly oblivious of the dangers by which they were sur- rounded, dependent, as they were, upon the Indians for supplies, and weakened by the long distances which separated them from each other. But, weak as they were, their presence alarmed the Indians. The untutored mind of the savage could not comprehend by what right the British flag was unfurled over their dominions, or why the English should claim any right to their lands because of a victory over the French. Hence, from the first, they were tilled with suspicion and dislike ; and the conduct of the English was such as to foster, rather than allay, the feeling. The French had always treated the red man as a brother. « They called us children," said a Chippewa chief, "and we found them fathers But the English were cold and harsh. The Frebch had made them liberal presents ; but the English spurned them from their doors. The French traders had dealt honestly by them ; but the English had cheated them and outraged their families. Another source of discontent was the advent of English set- tlers Their choicest lands were invaded, and the graves of their - .iiaBii^aifeah-IJsfcJ--'- W''"'^'*' * HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 173 » THE ENGUBH — HO VlHITED MlClI- SlI 80I.UIEU8 TAKB e preceding chap- n the Heights of de extent of terri- n only here and The emblems of forts which had for trading posts. 1 them with a few ich they were sur- iians for supplies, arated them from ence alarmed the Id not comprehend jr their dominions, heir lands because the first, they were uct of the English ling. The French " They called us nd them fathers." Frebch had made d them from their by them ; but the Pamilies. 3nt of English set- the graves of their ancestors dasecrated. These things aroused some of the tribes to the highest pitch of excitement. In the meantime, the French were not idle. Every advantage was taken of the conduct of the English and the natural fears of HON. CHARLES S. MAY. Charles Sedgwick May was born at Sandisfleld, Berkshire county, Mass., March 22, 1830. In the year 1834, his fatlier's family removed to Richland, Kalamazoo county, Michigan, being among the earliest settlers of the town. Until his fifteenth year he worked upon his father's farm, attending district school during the winter months. lie .-icn entered as a student the Kalamazoo branch of the Michigan University, and was in attendance with more or less regularity for four years, acquiring some knowledge of Latin and Greek, and laying the foundations of the rhetorical and oratorical excellence for which he has since been so well known. At the age of twenty he had acquired a command of both 174 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. '■■■ 1 %" M f I}!" the ludian^. They tohi the Indians that the English were deter- mined to exterminat..' them, or drive them from their hom.-s and tiioir hnnting grounds ; th:.t tl." King of France had heen asleep, but was now awake, and hastening with avast array to the assiat- ance of his red children. Another cause which tended to increase their excitement, and hasten an outbreak, was the appearance of a prophet among the Dolawares. He taught them to lay aside everything which they had received from the white man, and thus strengthen and purify their natures, and make themselves acceptable to the Great Spirit. He told them that by so doing the favor of the Great Spirit would be conciliated, and the white man would be foreyer driven from their dominions. This excitement soon led them to action. In the spring of 1761, Captain Campbell, then commanding at Detroit, learned that a deputation of Sepecas had come to the neighboring village of the Wyandots, for the purpose of instigating the latter to destroy him and his garrison. Upon examination, the plot was found to be general, a:id other posts were to share the fate of his own ; but his promptness in sending information to the other commanders extemporaneous and written oratory rarely met with in so young a man. Tliis naturally led him to the choice of law as a profession. After read- ing at home for some time such elementary law books as he could obtam, he pursued his legal studies more regularly at Bennington, Vermont, and at Battle Creek, Michigan, while at the same time he was a frequent contribuior to the anti-slavery journals of the State. He was duly admit- ted to the bar of Michigan in 1854. From November, 1855, to October, 185(1 he wus associate political editor of the Detroit Dally Tribune, actmg a considerable portion of that time as its editorial correspondent m Washington. Finding this employment too confining, he returned to the practice of law at Battle Creek, and in September, ISr?, removed to Kalamazoo, where he has since resided, practicing his profession. In November, 1860, Mr. May was elected Prosecuting Attorney for Kalamazoo county. Immediately after the bombardment of Sumter, in April 1861, he resigned his office to raise a company for the Second Regiinent of Michigan infantry, and, with liis men, started at once for the seat of war. After serving through the first campaign of the Army of the Potomac, participating with honor in the battles of Blackburn s *S.! - jja - - ' Jj-:4i!J(WftWUWAI4g glish were deter- their homtw and I had been asleep, rmy to the aHsiat- expitement, and rophet among the irthing whieh they igthen and purify 3 the Great Spirit, jreat Spirit would reyer driven from the spring of 1761, 3it, learned that a ring village of the tter to destroy him t was found to be f his own ; but his ather commanders 1 in 80 young a man. fession. After read- C8 as he could obtain, ngton, Vermont, and e he was a frequent He was duly admit- ber, 1855, to October, Daily Tribune, acting lal correspondent in ning, he returned to ber, 18r7, removed to liis profession, ecuting Attorney for rdment of Sumter, in ipany for the Second n, started at once for ampaign of the Army battles of Blackburn's HISTORY OF MICHIOAN. 176 nipped the conHpiracy in the bud. During the following year, a Hiniilar (Uwlgn was detected and Huppressed. But these proved to be only warnings of what was to come. In the spring of 176.3, a scheme wa.s matured, " greater in extent, deeper, and more com- ]>rehen8ive in design — such a one as was never, before or since, conceived i r executed by a North American Indian." It contem- plated, /)•«<, a sudden and contemporaneous assault i.pou all the English forts around the lakes ; and, second, the garrisorm having b<!en destroyed, the turning of u savage avalanche of destruction upon the defenseless frontier settlements, until, as many fondly believed, the Knglish should be driven into the Atlantic Ocean, and the Indians reinstated in ll Drimitive })os8e8sions. But, before we proceed furt, ,vith the narration of the events of this couHpiracy, let us turn our attention to the condition of Michilimackinac, and note the events which were there transpir- ing. The Indians of that locality as deeply regretted the change which bad taken place as their more southern neighbors, and for the same causes. j- - ,''" ' This post, it will be remembered, did not fall into the hands of the English until about one year after the surrender of Detroit. Ford and Bull Run, he was compelled by ill health to resign his commis- sion, and return to his home and profession. In the fall of 1803, ho was elected Lieutenant-Governor of Michigan; as such, presiding over the State Senate during its sessions, though the yc ungest member of that body, with signal ability and general approval. He was universally conceded to have been one of the ablest presiding officers that had ever occupied the chair of the Senate chamber. On the 9th of February, 1803, he addressed the Senate, in a carefully prepared speech, urging the L.igislature to sustain the government in putting down the rebellion. The speech was widely circulated by his Republican friends, and was admitted, even by his political opponents, to be an eflfort of great power. On the 35th of January, 1864, during the extra session, at the unani- mous request of the Republican members of both branches of the Legislature, Mr. May made a speech in the Hall of Representatives, enti- tled " Union, Victory and Freedom," of such clearness of statement and force of argument, that it was published as a pamphlet and very widely circulated, and copied into many of the leading Republican journals f ^6:'' 176 OENKRAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. ?^;5? t\^ Our [nirposc ih now to narrnto sonic of tlic irnportnnt ovontfl which transpired <liiriii<j the hist year of French occupation i>f this ancient Indian metropolis. The Englisii fluj; Hoated over t^veiy post in tlie hike region save this. Here, alone, the fleur de lis still waved in the hreeze ; mid here were collected those sava^'cs who were most liostil to the English. The French constantly ^^'oads'l their Indian allic s to jtreater hostility to the iMiglish — determined to harass the enemy they could not comiuer. The feelinj; which animatefl these Indians cannot be better described than by nar- rating some of the adventures of Alexander Ilcnry, the first Eng- lish trader who ventured among them. No treaty having been made, it was with difficulty that Henry secured pernnsci(m to trade. But consent was at hwt given, and^ on the third of August, 1761, lie began his perilous journey. Reaching Michilimickinac, he secured a b 'iise, but was immediately warned by the inhaliii ants that his position was? far from safe. Tliey advised him to lose no time in returning to Detroit ; but he disregard^ <! their admo- nitions, and concluded to take his chances, his friend Campion having declared his belief that the Canadian settlers Avere more hostile than the Indian.s, and that their admonitions were prompted by jKilousy of English traders. Iluoiighout the West. Since the close of his term as Lieuteiiant- (jovernor, he hns held no public offloe. In the nutioniil and Stiite cnnipaigns from 1850 to 1870, he was actively engiiged as a political orator on the Republican side. During the ( lun- paij>;u of 1873, he supported Horace Greeley for President, running as elector at large on the Liberal Slate ticket. Although prevented by a severe and i)rotiacted illness from participating in tlie campaign to any extent that season, yet on the 2Tth of September, while still much enfee- bled, and suffering from disease, he made a notable and powerful speech at Union Hall, in Kalamazoo, in vindication of the Lil)cral movement, which was widely read and circulated throughout the State. In conclusion, the subject of this eketcli is well known as a man of uncompromising integrity, and of indomitable and undaunted moral courage in his advocacy of the great principles of justice, temperance, morality and equal rights, and both for his own high character and his unquestioned ability, he commands the respect and confidence of his fellow men. t <-r ^^ JieSi^ S) i S ii«i t &i^ & SSlS !^3,^SimSiStiimii V**- ys I int cvcntH which ■upation i>t' tliis <1 ovcrt^vory post fteitr de lis still 381' HavagoH who )iiHtaiit!y ;;oacl(v) linh — (li'tcrmiiH'd he IV't'liiig which led than by nar- ry, the first En^;- iity having been il ptTinisiJion to thinl of Aiiiiust, Miehilimiiikinac, by the iuhabii vised him to lose di (^ their admo- frieud Campion ittlers were more 19 were prompted •m 119 Lienteiinnt- ro, he WHS actively Durinj? the ciini- jident, running ns irh prevented by a eamprtisn to any e still much enfee- ;1 powerful speech jiberal movement, State, nowu as a roan of undaunted moral istlce, temperance, character and his confidence of his I a«iaaaa»;-r!nTf("-^f- %'.1^.. Wi IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 ^1^ 1^ I.I 156 US 2.2 Hi >± I. ■yuu 1.8 t ^ ^/ ^0 /- f/. 1.25 ||.4 !'•* ^ 6" — ► •(' Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STRCET WEBSTER, N.Y 14580 (716) 872-4503 \ V •SJ [v '^ ■^' '«?» CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. jfe. Canadian Institute for Historical IVIicroreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductfons hista^-iques HISTORY OP MICHIGAN. 177 Fort Michiliraackinac was built by order of the Governor-Gen- eral of Canada, and garrisoned with a small number of militia, who, having families, soon became less soldiers than settlers. The fort and settlement stood on the south side of the strait connecting •f » HON. B. W. HUSTON. BENJAMrN W. Huston, of Vassar, Tuscola county, was born near the city of Rochester, New York, March 5, 1831. His father, B. W. Huston, Sr removed from the State of New York in the spring of 1836, and set- tled upon a farm in the township of Canton, Wayne county, Michigan, where he is still living. Mr Huston, Jr., the subject of this sketch, when very young, evmced a strong desire for an education, but the moderate means of his parents prevented them from gratifying this desire only in a limited manner. At 12 178 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. Lake Huron and Lake Michigan. The settlement had an area of two acres, and was inclosed with pickets of cedar wood, and was so near the water's edge, that when the wind was from the west, the waves broke against the stockade. On the bastions were two small pieces of English brass cannon. Within the stockade were thirty houses, neat in their appearance, and tolerably commodious, and a church, in which mass was celebrated by a Jesuit priest. The number of families was nearly equal to that of the houses, and their subsistence was derived from the Indian traders, who assembled there on their voyages to and from Montreal. Michili- mackinac was the place of deposit, and point of departure between the upper countries and the lower. Here the outfits were prepared for the countries of Lake Michigan and the Mississippi, Lake Superior and the Northwest ; and here the return, in furs, was collected and embarked for Montreal. Henry was not released from the visii- and admonitions of the inhabitants of the fort before he received the equivocal intelli- gence that the whole band of Chippewas, from the Island of Mich- ilimackinac, was arrived, with the intention of paying him a visit. There was in the fort a Mr. Farley, an interpreter, lately in the eight years of age he was taken from the district school and jilaced at worli on his father's farm, and from tliat time until he was nineteen years of age he seldom received over a month or six weeks' schooling during the year, and that in the winter season, when his services could not be made available on the farm. At the age of nineteen his health failed him to such an extent tliat he could not perform the laborious duties of a farmer, and, consequently, he enjoyed the benefits of an eleven weeks' term at the seminary, in Ypsilanti. He taught school the follow- ing winter, and worked on the farm the two succeeding summers, attending the Ypsilanti seminary during the fall terms of those years. In the spring of 1853, Mr. Huston entered the office of Hon. C. Joslin, of Ypsilanti, as a law student. At this time he was destitute of all pecu- niary assistance, and had to rely entirely upon his own resources to acquire the desired knowledge. He, however, pushed his legal studies diligently, and was admitted to the bar at Ann Arbor in September, 1854. At the time he was reading law he married Miss Nancy J. Vought, of Superior township, Washtenaw county, Mich. In the spring of 1855 he removed from Ypsilanti to Tuscola county, 3S. It had an area of ,r wood, aud was as from the west, astions were two he stockade were ibly commodious, yr a Jesuit priest, at of the houses, lian traders, who )ntreal. Michili- eparture between fits were prepared Mississippi, Lake turn, in furs, was iraonitions of the equivocal intelli- le Island of Mich- aying him a visit, eter, lately in the Ehool and jilaced at 11 he was nineteen ix weeks' scbooling 1 his services could nineteen his health rform the laborious benefits of an eleven t school the follow- cceeding summers, s of those years. ! of Hon. C. Joslin, lestitute of all pecu- 3 own resources to cd his legal studies in September, 1854. !^ancy J. Vought, of 1 to Tuscola county, ■'*«i HISTORY OP MICHIGAN. 179 employ of the French commandant. He had married a Chippewa woman, and was said to possess great influence over the nation to which his wife belonged. Doubtful as to the kind of visit which he was about to receive, Henry sent for this interpreter, and requested, first, that he would have the kindness to be present at the interview ; and, secondly, that he would inform him of the intention of the band. Mr. Farley agreed to be present ; and, as to the object of the visit, replied, that it was consistent with a uni- form custom, that a stranger, on his arrival, should be waited upon and welcomed by the chiefs of the nation, who, on their pirt, always gave a small present, and always expected a large one ; but as to the rest, declared himself unable to answer for the particular views of the Chippewas on this occasion, he being an Englishman, and the Indians having made no treaty with the English. He thought there might be danger, the Indiana having protested that they would not suffer an Englishman to remain in their part of the country. This information was far from agreeable ; but there was no resource except in fortitude and patience. At two o'clock in the afternoon, the Chippewas visited Mr. Henry, at his house, about sixty in number, and headed by Mina- and settled in tb- town of Vassar, where he still resides. When he reached Vassar he found himself in a county that was almost an unbroken wilderness, having only two thousand inhabitants inside its boundaries. His possessions consisted of ninety dollars worth of law books, a loving wife, and several hundred dollars of debts. This was rather a discour- aging start in life, but Mr. Huston showed himself equal to the heavy task before him. He received the appointment of prosecuting attorney for his county, at a salary of «150 a year, and with this, and what he earned by hard work at his profession, succeeded in maintaining himself for several years, until his county grew, and his practice with it. From the time of attaining his majority until the breaking out of the rebellion, Mr. Huston acted with the Democratic party. In 1856 he received the nomination of prosecuting attorney of his county from that party, but the county being strongly Republican, he was defeated. In 1858 he was elected prosecuting attorney and circuit court commissioner on the Democratic ticket, although that party was still in the minority. At the following election he was defeated for the same office by only ii^» 180 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES. vavana, their chief. They walked in single file, each with his tomahawk in one hand and scalping-knife in the ether. Their bodies were naked from the waist upward, except ir. a tew instances, where blankets were thrown loosely over their shoulders. Their faces were painted with charcoal, worked up with grease ; their bodies with white clay, in patterns of various fancies. Some had feathers thrust through their noses, and their heads decorated with the same. It is not proper to dwell here on the sensations with which Henry beheld the approach of this uncouth, if not frightful assemblage. The chief entered first, and the rest followed, without noise. On receiving a sign from the former, the latter seated themselves on the floor. Minavavana appeared to be about fifty years of age. He was six feet in height, and had in his countenance an inde- scribable mixture of good and evil. Looking steadfastly at Henry, where he sat-with an interpreter on either side, and several Canadians behind him-he entered at the same time into conversa- tion with Campion, Henry's friend, inquiring how long it was since Mr. Henry left Montreal, and observing that the English, as it would seem, were brave men, and not afraid of death, since they dared to come, as Henry had done, fearlessly among their enemies. ' '^^;^;:;^Z^^^M ms election he supported Stephen A. Douglass for the presidency, but has not acted with the Democratic party since. In 1802, at the request of the war committee of h.s county, he raised and organized Co. "D," of the 33d Michigan Infantry Volunteers, and went out with it as captain. He started for the seat of war on the 18th of September, 1802, and remained with the regiment until the winter of 1805. Capt. Huston was in active service in many of the most importan engagements during the war, among which were Morgan's raid, the batt e of Campbell's Station, and the siege of Knoxville. He was engaged m 1 Whole campaign in East Tennessee, and was with ^^J^^^ the campaign against Atlanta. Being previously promoted to major, and owing to the sickness of Col. Spaulding, he was in —and of the regiment during the greater portion of this campaign Major Huston took an active part in the engagements around Lost Mountain and a Resaca. At the latter place he displayed great courage, remainmg on the field after all the men and officers had retreated to the cover ot the woods. WKh t he exception of two short leaves of absence of twenty days each, HISTORY OP MICHIGAN. 181 e, each with his he ether. Their 3xeept ir. a few r their shoulders, up with grease ; j9 fancies. Some ■ heads decorated )ii the sensations is uncouth, if not id, without noise, seated themselves fifty years of age, ntenance an inde- ig steadfastly at er side, and several ime into conversa- how long it was lat the English, as lid of death, since lessly among their )hen A. Douglass for ic party since, lis county, he raised itry Volunteers, and t of war on tlie 18th It until tlie winter of if the most important rgan's raid, the battle He was engaged in ith Gen. Sherman in promoted to major, I in command of the aign. Major Huston lost Mountain and at ftge, remaining on the le cover of the woods, of twenty days each, The Indians now gravely smoked their pipes, while Henry inwardly endured 'the torture of suspense. At length, the pipes being fini.-*hed, as well as a long pause by which they were suc- ceeded, Minavavana, taking a few strings of wampum in his hand, began the following speech : " Englishman, it is to you that I speak, and I demand your attention. Englishman, you know that the French king is our father. He promised to be such, and we, in return, promised to be his children. This promise we have kept. Englishman, it is you that have made war with this our father. You are his enemies, and how, then, could you have the boldness to venture among us, his children ? You know that his enemies are ours. Englishman, we are informed that our father, the King of France, is old and infirm, and that, being fatigued with making war with your nation, he has fallen asleep. During his sleep, you have taken advantage of him, and possessed yourselves of Canada. But his nap is almost at an end. I think I hear him already stirring and inquiring for his children, the Indians ; and when he does awake, what must become of you? He will destroy you utterly. Englishman, although you have conquered the French, you have not yet con- quered us! We are not your slaves! These lakes, these woods and mountains, were left to us by our ancestors. They are our one of which was on account of injuries, Mr. Huston wsvs not absent from duty a single day from the time he entered the service until he left the same, in .January, 1865. In the spring of 1865, he returned to Vassar, and again renewed the practice of his profession. In 1866 he was elected circuit court commis- sioner of his county, which position he soon after resigned. He was elected a delegate to the State Constitutional Convention in 1867, without opposition. In this convention he succeeded in winning the confidence and esteem of his associates. In the fall of 1868 he was elected as a Representative to the State Legislature by a large majority, and served as chairman of the committee on public lands, being also a member of the judiciary committee. Mr. Huston was reelected to the House in 1870, and was a prominent candidate for the speakership before the Republican caucus, being defeated by only one ballot, and that in the absence of a number of his friends. He served as speaker pro tern of the House during the sessions of 1869 and 1871-2, and was chairman of the judiciary com- mittee during the latter session. As a member of the Constitutional 1. ■'! 1 I t I .1 182 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. inheritance, and we will part with them to none. Your nation supposes that we, like the wh\e people, cannot live without bread, and pork, and beef. But you ought to know that He, the Great Spirit and Ma.ster of Life, has provided food for ua in these spacious lakes, and on these woody mountains. " Englishman, our father, the King of France, has employed our young men to make war upon your nation. In this warfare many of them have bsen killed, and it is our custom to retaliate, until such time as the spirits of the slain are satisfied. But the spirits of the slain are to be satisfied in either of two ways: the first is by the spilling of the blood of the nation by which they fell ; the other, by covering the bodies of the dead, and thus allaying the resentment of their relations. This is done by making presents. " Englishman, your king has never sent us any presents, nor entered into any treaty with us, wherefore he and we are still at war ; and until be does these things, we must consider that we have no other father or friend among the white men but the King of France. But, for you, we have taken into consideration that you have ventured your life among us in the expectation that we should not molest you. You do not come armed, with an inten- tion to make war ; you come in pe ace, to trade with us, and supply Convention and the Legislature, Mr. Huston wus one of the most untir- ing and fuithful workers in those bodies, never being absent from roll call of either of them during their entire sessions. He was one of the managers in the impeachment trial of Commissioner Edmonds, and he is said to have made the most convincing speech, from the facts that were proven, that was made on the part of the prosecution. He was one of the delegates to the Republican National Convention, which met m Philadelphia, in 1872, and nominated General Grant for a second tenn of the presidency. , ... i, v As a lawyer, he has been remarkably successful, and although he started in a new country, and under very discouraging circumstances, he has, through the dint of hard labor, built up a large and lucrative prac- ' As a man, he is social and pleasant in his intercourse with his fellow men He is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and superin- tendent of their Sunday school. He contributes freely to all charitable and religious purposes, and has the entire confidence of the community m which he resides. 'm* HISTORY OP MICHIGAN. 183 le. Your nation re without bread, it He, the Great in t)iese spacious las employed our liis warfiire many to retaliate, until But the spirits vays : the first is ich they fell ; the thus allaying the aking presents, any presents, nor d we are still at sider that we have 1 but the King of deration that you pectation that we led, with an inten- rith us, and supply ) of the most untir- ng absent from roll He was one of the Edmonds, and he is the facts that were ion. He was one of tion, which met in for a second tenn of nl, and although he ng circumstances, he i and lucrative prac- jurse with his fellow Church, and superin- reely to all charitable ; of the community in U8 with necessaries, of which we are much in want. We shall regard you, therefore, as a brother ; and you may sleep tranquilly, without fear of the Chippewas. As a token of our friendship, we present you this pipe tosmoke." ..-,. F(AY HADDOCK. Ray Haddock, county clerk of Wayne county, was born in Herkimer county, New York, in the year ISl.'i. He early manifested a strong pre- dilection for the " art preservative of all arts," and commenced his appren- ticeship in a printing ofBce, in Little Falls, in 1830, closing it in Columbus, Ohio, whither he went with his parents, in 1833. He .vorked as a journeyman printer in Columbus, Cincinnati, Louisville, ti Louis, New Orleans, Natchez, Jackson and Clinton, Mississippi; e8t'-')lished the Republican at Brandon, in the same State, in 1837; returned north in 1839, and was connected successfully with the Cincinnati Message, Ohio States- man, Cleveland Times, and Sandusky Mirror; came to Detroit in April, 1857, and accepted the position of commercial editor of the Detroit Tri- bune, continuing in the same capacity upon the Advertiser and Tribune, after the consolidation of the two journals, a position which he resigned in 1860, to accept a situation upon the Detroit Post. Mr. Haddock was appointed secretary of the Detroit Board of Trade in 1800, which appointment he held for nearly 13 yeais, tendering his resignation in the 1 ».^' 184 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. As the chief uttered thi-so words, an Indian preHcnted Henry with .1 pipe, which, after he had drawn the .moke three times, wa« carried to the chief, and after liim to every person in the room. This ceremony ended, the chief arose, and gave H. nry his hand, in which he was followed by all the rest. Being again seated, the chief requested that his young men might be allowed to taste what he called Henry's English milk (meaning rum), observing that it was long since they had tasted any, and that they were very desi- rous to know whether or not there was any diflereuce between the English milk and the French. Henry's former adventures with Indians had left an impression on his mind which icade him tremble when ludians asked for rum, and he would, therefore, have willingly excused himself in this particular; but, being informed that it was customary to comply with the request, and, withal, satisfied with the friendly declara- tions which he had received, he promised to give them a small cask at parting. After this, Henry, by the aid of an interpreter, made a reply to the speech of the chief, declaring that it was the good character, which had been reported to him, of the Indians, that had emboldened him to go among them; that their late father, the King of France, had surrendered Canada to the King of Eng- land, whom they ought to regard now as their father, and who would be as careful of them as the other had been. Henry continued his speech at some length, and, at the parting, distributed a small quantity of rum among the Indians. Henry now imagined himself free from cause for anxiety, as to the treatment which he was to receive from the Indians. He assorted his goods which he had taken with him, and hired Cana- dian interpreters and clerks, in whose care he was to send them into various parts of the country. Everything was ready for their departure, when new dangers sprang up and threatened to over- whelm him. This new danger came from a village of the Otta- Nearly everything was in readiness for the departure of the was. goods, when accounts of the approach of two hundred warrior=- fall of 1872, having been nominated as tlie Republican candidate for county clerk, to which office he was elected in November of the same year. FES. 1 prcHonted Henry ke thn'c times, waH irson in the room, re H- nry his hand, g again seated, the lowed to ta«te what ), observing that it ley were very desi- lerence between the left an impression lians asked for rum, ed himself in this stomary to comply 46 friendly declara- re them a small cask m interpreter, made ;hat it was the good if the Indians, that it their late father, to the King of Eug- leir father, and who )een. and, at the parting, e Indians. ise for anxiety, as to n the Indians. He im, and hired Cana- le was to send them g was ready for their threatened to over- village of the Otta- the departure of the vo hundred warrior- publican candidate for November of the same HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 186 was received. They assembled in the house which had been built for the commandant, and ordered Henry's attendaice, and also that of the other merchants who had already joined Inm from Montreal, viz: Stanley Godderd and Ezekicl Solomons. if #'^:m;j . . , , HON. GEORGE H. DURAND. Thk subject of this slcetch is one of the prominent and well known young men of Michigan, and is properly classed among tliose who, with large natural gifts, that have been utilized and strengthened by con- tinued and well rewarded labor, have done so much to give character to our beautiful peninsula, and whose sterling qualities have demanded and received esteem, respect and acknowledgment. Mr. Durand was born at Cobleskill, Schoharie county, New York, in 1838. His educa- tion was acquired through his own exertions entirely, his vacations being ;|j i, \^ ^ J sdi/ii!ssj imx:s m ^ - »if<fs^^ ^ '^ •^aSfr-*^ ' 186 OENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES. After these men had entered the council room and taken their geatfl, one of the chiefs commenced an addrcHH, wliich he concluded asfollowH: " Englirthmeu, wo see your canoes ready to depart, and find your men engaged for the MissisHippi, and otlier distant regions. Under these circumstances, wo iuivo considered the affair, and you are now sent for that you may hear our determination, whicli is, that you shall give to each of our men, young and old, merchandise and ammunition to the amount of fifty heaver skins, on credit, and for which I have no doubt of their paying you in the summer, on their return from the wintering." A compliance with this demand would have stripped them of nearly all their resources. They, therefore, tried to lessen the employiul in earning the necessary means to enable him to prosecute his studies. He removed to Micliigan in 185(1, and like many of our promi- nent citizens, Mr. Duranci, at the time of his arrival in this State, possesHcd neither friends, influence or wealth. His future was an enigma to be solved only by passing years— to be solved, not by impotent resolve nor errant purpose, but by that strong and indefatigable will, which overcomes difflcvdties and dr.. 'ers, and which is certain lo bring to the man of intel- lect that meed of success which Is the test of merit. Very soon after his arrival here he commenced the study of the law, and after pursuing his studies with great diligence, he was admitted to to the bar In 185«, when he immediately located in the enterprising city of Flint, where he has ever since resided. A young lawyer, under the most favorable auspices, has much to contend with, but young Durand, with no capital and no friends or influence at Flint, had still more than is usual to combat. He was brought in professional contact with such men as the late Hon. Wm. M. Fenton, Hon. Wm. Newton, the late Hon. Levi Walker and other distinguished lawyers, whose names are well known in the best legal circles of the State, and who had grown gray in the arduous labors of the courts ; but he persisted, and by his courteous and gentlemanly manners, his dear perception and great good judg- ment, he gained not only the respect of his brothers in the profession but also the confidence of the community, and his future as a lawyer was thus assured. For fifteen years Mr. Durand has followed his profession, devoting himself to it with much earnestness and industry, and has acquired a large and lucrative practice. With politics he has had as little to do as is possible for a man of b ardent nature and his clear ideas of right and wrong. His sentiments, perhaps, more nearly afflliftte with the Democracy of the conservative -'«« E8. 1 and taken their liich he foiu'luded ) ready to depart, and otlier distant iiHidered tlie affair, )ur determination, n, young and old, fifty beaver skins, eir paying you in I* 3 stripped them of ried to lessen the ilm to prosecute his muny of our promi- I this StiUt', possessed ,iis iin cnij^um to be impotent resolve nor vill, wliich overcomes g to tlic uuui of iutel- lie study of tl»e law, , he was uduiitted to the enterprising city ng lawyer, under the li, but young Durand, i, had still more than lal contact with such >Tewton, the lato Hon. hose names are well lo had grown gray in and by his courteous and great good judg- 3 in the profession but iture as a lawyer was llowed his profession, Qd industry, and has ssible for a man of b •ong. His sentiments, 3y of the conservative HISTORY OF MICniOAN. 187 demand ; but was informed that all hud Imeu said that would be said, and were niven till the next day for reflection. The ussur- anee was also offen-d them that if the denumd was nut complied with, their jfoods would he taki:n hy foree. They then retired for .•oiisullation. In the evening, Farley, the interpreter, informed them that their massacre had been determined upon, and advised them to accede to the demand. But this they determiiu'd not to <lo, us they suspected the interpreter of u design to prey upon their fears, and drive them from the post. They then barricaded their house, armed about thirty of their followers, and slept upon their arras. They were not molested, however, but the next morning were summoned to another council, which they refused to attend. There were none without in whom they had school than with any other party, still, he may not be reckoned as a party man in tlie strictest sense. He was an ardent advocate of the war for the suppression of the rebellion, and has always been eminently patriotic in his views. Although preferring to remain in private life, attending to the ordinary duties of his profession, his ability and counsel have been sought after in other capacities, and, as a conseciuence, ho has for years taken an active and leading part in public matters, political and otherwise, in his section of the State. He has often been nominated and frequently elected to office, always running largely ahead of his ticket, and at the municipal election held In Flint, In April, 1873, although run- ning on the Democratic ticket, and against a worthy competitor, he was elected mayor of that strongly repiiblican city by a majority greater than was ever given to any public ofBcer in that |)lace. This responsible office he now holds, as well as that of I «. D. G. M., in the Masonic fraternity, for the eighth Masonic district of Michigan. In all of his official posi- tions he invariably conducts himself with moderation and.good judgment, while his advice is peculiariy winning and convincing, and his jiersonal character admirable. Mr. Durand, although but thii ty-five years of age, has made for himself a record which is indeed an enviable one, and what- ever of prominence or success, whether in his profession or the more liberal pursuits, whether in the political field or the worid of letters, shall attend him in the future, it will be, as in the past, the result of a steady determination on his part to do whatever he undertakes in a careful, painstaking and intelligent manner, united with a special gift of unusual ability, whetlier as writer, orator or counselor. The lesson of his life may be easily gathered from a knowledge of its character, a study of its purposes, and a familiarity with its accomplishments. ,j» sal ; ,f/i ^ 'i - .^jft K ksM'jmtteMwi^ '•' '■"'-'■'■" " ' 188 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. any confidence, save Campion. From him they learned, from time to time, whatever was rumored among the Canadian inhabitants as to the designs of the Ottawas, and from him, toward sunset, they received the gratifying intelligence that a detachment of British soldiers, sent to garrison Michilimackinac, was distant only five miles, and would enter the fort early the next morning. Near at hand, however, as relief was reported to be, their anxiety could not but be great, for a long night was to be passed, and their fate might be decided before the next morning. To increase their apprehension, about midnight they were informed that the Ottawas were holding a council, at which no white man was permitted to be present, Farley alone excepted ; and him they suspected, and afterwards knew to be their greatest enemy. The Englishmen, on their part, remained all night upon the alert ; but at daybreak, to their surprise ana joy, t^ey saw the Ottawas preparing to depart. By sunrise, not a man of them was left in the fort. The inhabit- ants, who, while the Ottawas were present, had avoided all con- nection with these Englishmen, now came with congratulations. They related that the Ottawas had proposed to them that, if joined by the Canadians, they would march and attack the troops, which were known to be advancing on the fort; and they added that it was their refusal which had determined the Ottawas to depart. At noon, three hundred troops of the Sixtieth Regiment, under command of Lieutenant Leslie, marched into the fort. This arrival dissipated all the fears the Englishmen had, and somewhat reversed their position in regard to the French. After a few days, detachments were sent into the Bay des Puans, by which was *^- route to the Mississippi, and at the mouth of St. Joseph, whicn led to the Illinois. The Indians from all quarters were eager to pay their respects to the commandant; and the three English mer- chants dispatched their canoes, though it was late in the sea-on. We will now leave Michilimackinac to notice events elsewhere, but will return at the proper point, and resume our account of the adventures of Mr. Henry and his associates, of which the most thrilling part is yet to come. Interwoven with this narrative will also be found a true account of the massacres and barbaric wars in and around this northern fort. I M-f* ^i.i«:;?i:: ■jvij '«« >y learned, from time anadian inhabitants him, toward sunset, at a detachment of lac, was distant only the next morning. . to be, their anxiety I be passed, and their g. To increase their med that the Ottawas lan was permitted to they suspected, and y. The Englishmen, irt ; but at daybreak, 5 preparing to depart, le fort. The inhabit- had avoided all con- with congratulations, to them that, if joined ack the troops, which and they added that ;he Ottawas to depart, ieth Regiment, under into the fort. This en had, and somewhat ch. After a few days, ans, by which was *^ - ■ St. Joseph, whicn led ;ers were eager to pay le three English mer- 13 late in the sea-on. lotice events elsewhere, ime our account of the tes, of which the most with this narrative will cres and barbaric wars CHAPTER XII. Hostility Between the Indians and the English -Its Cause Explained-Thb Indians Rising to Dhive the English from THE COUNTUY-PONTIAC'S MeSSAGE-ThE COUNCIL AND SPEECH IN WHICH THE Conspiracy is Matured— The War. It must not be supposed that the hostility bcf^veen the Indians and the English was confined to Michilimackinac. France had scarcely yielded up her claim to the country, when smothered murmurs of discontent began to be audible among the Indian tribes throughout the entire Northwest. In every wigwam and hamlet of the forest a deep-rooted hatred of the English increased with rapid growth. Nor is this to be wondered at. « We have seen with what sagacious policy," says Parkman, » the French had labored to ingratiate themseWes with the Indians ; and the slaughter of the Monongahela, with the horrible devastation of the Western frontier, the outrages perpetrated at Oswego, and the massacre at Fort William Henry, bore witness to the success of their efibrts. Even the Delawares and Shawanoes, the faithtul allies of William Penn, had at length been seduced by their blan- dishments; and the Iroquois, the ancient enemies of Canada, had half forgotten their former hostility, and well nigh taken part against the British colonists. The remote nations of the West had also joined in the war, descending in their canoes for hundreds ot miles to fight against the enemies of France. AH these tribes entertained towards the English that rancorous enmity which an Indian always feels against them to whom he has been opposed m "^ It would seem that, under these circumstances, the English would have used the utmost care in their conduct towards the Indians. But, even when the conflict with the French was impend- ing and the alliance with the Indian tribes was of the greatest i*' 1 I 4 1 t.!^ 190 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. f ' importance, they treated them with careless indifference and neglect. They were not likely to adopt a different course now that their friendship seemed a mntter of no consequince. In truth, the intentions of the English were soon apparent. The fol- lowing paragraphs, from Parkman's Conspiracy of Pontiac, car- ries us to the point I desire to reach so admirably, that I will take the liberty to use them ; " In the zeal for retrenchment which prevailed after the close of hostilities, the presents which it had always been customary to give the Indians, at stated intervals, were either withheld alto- gether, or doled out with a niggardly hand ; while, to make the matter worse, the agents and oflScers of the government often appropriated the presents to themselves, and afterwards sold them at an exorbitant price to the Indians. When the French had pos- session of these remote forts, they were accustomed, with a wise lib- erality, to supply the surrounding Indians with guns, ammunition and clothing, until the latter had forgotten the weapons and gar- ments of their forefathers, and depended on the white man for support. The sudden withholding of these supplies was, there- fore, a grievous calamity. Want, suffering and death were the consequences and this cause alone would have been enough to produce general discontent. But, unhappily, other grievances were added. The English fur trade had never been well regu- lated, and it was now in a worse condition than ever. Many of the traders and those in their employ were ruffians of the coarsest stamp, who vied with each other in rapacity, violence and profli- gacy. They cheated, cursed and plundered the Indians, and out- raged their families: offering, when compared with the French traders, who were under better regulation, a most unfavorable example of the character of their nation. The officers and sol- diers of the garrison did their full part in exciting the general resentment. Formerly, when the v/arriors came to the forts, they had been welcomed by the French with attention and respect. The inconvenience which their presence occasioned had been dis- regarded, and their peculiarities overlooked, but now they were received with cold looks and harsh words by the officers; and, as we have already noticed, at Michilimackinac, which, as we now indifference and rent course now Bonsequi nee. In parent. The fol- of Pontiac, car- rably, that I will d after the close een customary to ir withheld alto- lile, to make the rovernment often rwards sold them I French had pos- id, with a wise lib- |uns, ammunition weapons and gar- le white man for pplies was, there- 1 death were the i been enough to other grievances r been well regu- a ever. Many of ns of the coarsest )lence and profli- Indians, and out- with the French most unfavorable 3 oflScers and sol- jiting the general I to the forts, they ition and respect, ned had been dis- at now they were the officers ; and, which, as we now ' - 4H,r; •„«-/! !ii!|i|l|l| 1^1 vu-/^ .##4 •If* iiliilijli: I' !i 192 GENERAL BISTORT OF THE STATES. observe, was no exception to the general rule of the whole western country, with oaths and ofttimes blows from the more rec^le^ of the garrison. When, after their troublesome and intrusivj fash- ion, they were lounging everywhere about the fort, or lazily reclm- ing in the shadow of the walls, they were met with muttered ejac- ulations of impatience, or abrupt orders to be gone, eniorced, perhaps, by a touc^i from the butt of a sentinel's musket. These marks of contempt were unspeakably galling to their haughty '^But what most contributed to the growing discontent of the tribes was the intrusion of settlers upon their lands, which was at all times a fruitful source of Indian hostility. Its effects, it is true, could only be felt by those whose country bordered upon the English settlements; but among these were the most powerful and influential of the tribes. The discontent of the Indians gave great satisfaction to the French, who saw in it an assurance of sate and bloody vengeance on their conquerors. Canada, it is true, was gone beyond the hope of recovery ; but they still might hope to revenge its loss. Interest, moreover, as well as passion, prompted them to inflame the resentment of the Indians; tor most of the inhabitants of the French settlements upon the lakes and the Mississippi were engaged in the fur trade, and, fearing the English as formidable rivals, they would gladly have seen them driven from the country. Traders and all classes of this smgular population accordingly dispersed themselves among the villages ot the Indians, or held councils with them in the secret places of the woods, urging them to take up arms against the English They exhibited the conduct of the latter in its worst light, and spared neither misrepresentation nor falsehood. It is difficult to determine which tribe was the first to raise the cry of war. There were many who might have done so, for all the savages in the backwoods were ripe for an outbreak, and the movement seemed almost simultaneous. The Delawares and Sene- cas were the most incensed, and Kiashuta, chief of the latter, was, perhaps, foremost. It, however, re(iuired a greater chief than he to give method and order to what would else have been a wild bu^t of fury. But for Pontiac, the whole might have ended in a ., -««<>»— ^ *-"'-'"- *"*" ■ HIBTOBY OF MICHIGAN. 198 3 whole western lore reckless of . intrusiv J fash- or lazily reclin- i muttered ejac- gone, enforced, musket. These I their haughty scontent of the ds, which was at Its effects, it is irdered upon the ost powerful and le Indians gave assurance of safe mada, it is true, still might hope veil as passion, the Indians ; for s upon the lakes !, and, fearing the J have seen them s of this singular )ng the villages of 3 secret places of inst the English. s worst light, and ! first to raise the e done so, for all outbreak, and the elawares and Sene- of the latter, was, iter chief than he have been a wild it have ended in a few troublesome inroads upon the frontier, and a little whooping and yelling under the walls of Fort Pitt. There has been some dispute as to the nationality of Pontiac. Some hold that ho was a member of the tribe of the Sacs or Loii- -•>•-' F. G. RUSSELL. , . =t -. Frank G. Kubseli-, the present city attorney of Detroit, was born in Green Oak, Livingston county, Micliigan, in April, 18!}7. His fatlier was a farmer, and Mr. Russell spent his yoiilh at home, assisting in agricul- tural pursuits. He had all the advantages of a common school, and was at an early age sent to the State Normal School, at which institution he graduated in the spring of 1858. He was principal of the Lansing Union School from the autumn of 1858 to the spring of 1861, when he resigned the position to accept a situation in the Interior Department at Washing- 13 r\ K'iv .m»i^siu:t=issi^-J'-J^Jasmmsm'f.-'iv!-im~'r7r 194 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATED. kipf, but by fur tho fijreatcr number bnve placed liim among the Ottawas. His lionic was about tifrlit miles above Detroit, on Pecliee Island, which looks out upon the waters of Lake St. Clair. His form was cast in the finest mould of savage grace and strength, and his eye seemed capable of penetrating, at a glance, the secret motives that actuated the savage tribes around him. His rare personal qualities, his courage, resolution, wisdom, address and eloquence, together with the hereditary claim to authority which, according to Indian custom, he possessed, secured for him the esteem of both the French and the English, and gave him an influence among the lake tribes greater than that of any other individual. Early iu life he distinguished himself as a chieftain of no ordinary ability. In 1740 he commanded a powerful body of Indians, mostly Ottawas, who gallantly defended the people of Detroit against the formidable attack of several combined north- ern tribes, and it is supposed that he was present at the disastrous defeat of Braddock, in which several hundred of his warriors were engaged. He had always, at least up to the time when Major Rogers came into the country, been a firm friend of the French, and received many marks of esteem from the French officer, Mar- quis de Montcalm. How could he, then, the bravest chief of the great "West, do ton, D. C. lie was engaged in the hist mentioned capacity, principally as examiner of pension claims, from tlie spring of 1801 to tlie summer of 1864, wlien he resigned and came to Detroit. He was successfully engaged at the latter place for two years iu tlie prosecution of war claims, and in 18(10 returned to his home in Green Oak, and assumed charge of his father's farm, remiiining there until the autumn of 1807, when he returned to Detroit, and commenced the study of law. lie was admitted to the bar in the Supreme Court in October, 1808, and couimeneed the practice of law in the following spring. In the practice of law, Mr. Russell has met with .substantial success. Being favorably known in the whole State, both for ability and integrity, he immediately came into public favor, and has found unceasing demand for his professional labors. In the spring of 18«!) he was appointed pri- vate secretary to Governor 11 F. Baldwin, holding this position till the inauguration of Governor Bagley, January 1, 1873. lie was elected city attorney of Detroit iu 1871. HISTORY OF MICHKIAN. 195 lim among the )ve Detroit, on Luke St. Clair, ceaiid strength, ance, the secret liim. His rare in, addretis and mthority which, ed for him the id gave him an lat of any other f as a chieftain I powerful body i(\ the people of combined north- it the disastrous liis warriors were me when Major of the French, nch officer, Mar- ! great West, do _> pacity, principally 1 to the summer of ! wa8 successfully tion of war claims, issumcd charge of of 18(57, when he lie was admitted tid commenced the iubstantial success, jility and integrity, unceasing demand was appointed pri- lis position till the le was elected city otherwise than dispute the English claim to his country? How could he endure the sight of this people driving the game from his hunting groimds, and his friends and allies from the lauds they had so long possessed? When he iicard that Rogers was advancing along the lakes to take possession of his country, his indignation knew no bounds, and he at once sent deputies, reipiest- in'' him to halt until such time as he could see him. Flattering words and fair promises induced him, at length, to extend the hand of friendship to Rogers. He; was inclined to live peaceably with the English, and to encourage their settling in the country, as long as they treated him as he deserved ; but if they treated him with neglect, he would shut up the way and exclude them from it. He did not consider himself a conijuered prince, but he expected to be treated with the respect and honor due to a king. While a system of good management might have allayed every suspicion, and engendered peace and good-will, a want of cordiality increased the discontent, and Pontiac soon saw that the fair promises which had been made him were but idle words. The Indians were becoming more and more dissatisfied, and he began seriously to apprehend danger from the new government and peo- ple. He saw in the English a boundless ambition to possess them- selves of every military position on the northern waters, an ambition which plainly indicated to his far-reaching sagacity that soon, nothing less than undisputed possession of all his vast domain would satisfy them. He saw in them a people superior in arms, but utterly destitute of that ostensible cordiality, personally, to which his people had been accustomed during the golden age of French dominion, and which they were apt to regard as neces- sary indications of good faith. There seemed no disposition for national courtesy, individual intercourse, or beneficial commerce of any kind. All those circumstances which made the neighbor- hood of the French agreeable, and which might have made their own at least tolerable, they neglected. Their conduct never gave rest to suspicion, while that of the French never gave rise to it. Hence, the Indians felt that they had " no father among the white men but the King of France," and Pontiac resolved, as he had threatened, to " shut up the way." His plan was to make a con- ^! ■:©■' 196 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 8TATEH. teniporaiieous iiHsaull upon all tho British posts, and thus effec- tually extinguish the English power at u single blow. This was a stroke of policy that evinced an extraordinary geuiuK, and denaanded for its successful execution an energy and courage of the highest order. But Pontiac was fully equal to the task. He was as skillful in executing as he was bold in planning. He knew that success would multiply friends and allies, but friends and allies were necessary to insure success. First, then, a council must be called, and, for this purpose, at the close of 1762, he sent out his ambassadors to all the different nations. With the war-belt of wampum, and the tomahawk, stained red in token of war, these swift-footed messengers went from camp to camp, and from village to village, throughout the north, south, east and west, and in whatever tribe they appeared, the sachems assembled to hear the words of Pontiac. The mes- sage was everywhere heard with approbation, the war-belt a(;cepted, and the hatchet seized, as an indication that the assembled chiefs stood pledged to take part in the war. The Grand Council assembled on the twenty-seventh day of April, 1763, on the banks of the little river Ecorse, not far from Detroit. The pipe went round, and Pontiac stepped forth, plumed and painted in the full costume of war. He called into requisi- tion all the eloquence and cunning of which he was master. He appealed to their fears, their hopes, their ambition, their cupidity, their hatred of the English, and their love for their old friends, the French. He displayed to them a belt, which he said the King of France had sent him, urging him to drive the English from the co'mtry, and open the way for the return of the French. He painted in glowing colors the common interests of their race, and called upon them to make a stand against a common foe. He told them of a dream, in which the Great Manitou had appeared to a chief of the Abenakis, saying : " I am the Maker of heaven and earth, the trees, lakes, rivers, and all things else. I am the Maker of mankind ; and because I lovo you, you must do my will. The land on which you live I have made for you, and not for others. Why do you suffer the white man to dwell among you ? My children, you have forgotten the customs and traditions of ^?:«ina5sjsEffiffg»i'ff3|)BW?fe^3ee» Wfe^'Wft'..!':' -^ waBt^w-w^aw^^w - HISTORY OF MICmOAN. 197 and thiirt effec- low. This was •y gouiuf, and I coiiruge of the tusk. He waa He know that cuUh and ulliet) this purpose, at all the different the tomahawk, lessengers went throughout the they appeared, tiao. The mes- ir-belt a(!cepted, issembled chiefs seventh day of !e, not far from d forth, plumed ed into requiai- ^as master. He , their cupidity, leir old friends, ich he said the rive the English I of the French. ts of their race, tmmon foe. He u had appeared [aker of heaven else. I am the must do my will, ou, and not for ell among you ? nd traditions of your forefathers. Why do you not clothe yourselves in skins, m they did, and use the bows and arrows, and the stone-pointed lances which they used? You have bought guns, knives, kettles, and blankets from the white men, until you can no longer do with- HON. A. F. R. BRALEY. Alfred F. K. Brai.ey, of Saginaw City, was born October 20, 1828, at Albion, Orleans county, N. Y. He received an academic education at his native place, and studied law four years with (Church & Davis, who have a national reputation as jurists. He attended lectures at the Albany Law School, and at a general term of the Supreme Court at Albany, in 1852, was admitted to the bar. In the spring of the following year he commenced practice at Toledo, Ohio. Ill health induced him to spend the winter of 185;i-4 in the South, and suspended his labors for a period of five years. He returned discouraged to Albion. He was justice of ';;! ■i'l ■r 1i ■^^Mue>,.^^tsr^\r^Sf v :<<ay'^* - ■^.K.ASSii^.,' iC'i*ra-*»t-i.'Sl^sai;Bi>^i'4;" ■" 198 OF.NKUAt, HISTORY OF THK BTATEH. out tlicin ; and, wlmt is woiw, you Imvo (inink tlio poison firc- wiil.M- wiiich tuniH you into tools. FiiuK all lli»'s<' tiling's awiiy ; live as yonr wise forcfiitht'is lived ix't'orc you ; and, as for tlicse Kn^'lish— thfsc dofTS dressed in red, wlio lwiv«' eoine to rol» you of your hunting ^'rounds and drive away tho j,'aim<— you must lift the hatelu't against tlieni. Wipe tlieni from the faeo of the earth, and then you will win my tiivor hack apiin, and once more Ite hai)py and pros|)erous. The children of your great tiither, the King of France, are not like the English. Never forget that they are your brothers. They are vt^y dear to me, for they love the red men, arfd understand tho true mode of worshiping me." Such an appeal to the passions and prejudices of crodnlouH and excited savages wa.s well calculated to produce the desired etlect. If the Great Si)irit was with them, it was impossible to fail. Other speeches were doubtless made, and, before the council broke up, the scheme was well matured. Thus was the crisis hastening on. While every principle of revenge, ambition and patriotism in the savage was thus being rousetl up to the highest pitch, and the tomahawk was already lifted for the blow, scarce a susi)icion of the savage design found its way to the minds of the English. Occasionally, an English trader would see something in their behavior which caused him to suspect inischief, or some .scoundrel half-breed would be heard the i)ettce there from 185!) to the spring' of 1802, when he came to the City of Stiginuw. Here his lieiilth being reOstablished, lie engaged in the inanufaetiu-e of salt until 1806. He then opened a private banliing ofHce in company witli Harry and Wni. M. Miller, under the name of Miller, Braley & Co. They did a successful business until their concern was merged in the First National Bank of Saginaw, of which Mr. B. has since been the cashier. He has served two terms as recorder of the city of Saginuw, and three terms as mayor. He is a gentleman of excellent business qualifications; he is honest and universally recognized as honest. Socially he is popular and entertaining. He is a good listener and a good talker; he can tell a good story, and when he does relate an anecdote, the moral is apparent, and the listener knows where the "laugh comes in." No man in Saginaw has more friends. r.iraKB.^=3i«!T.S3EaBES3SSS»»«"j«WWi5»»-'«i«9SSaisw«-^^ ■imHir OF MICIIKIAN. 199 lie po'iHOH firo- • thing's awiiy ; 1(1, as Cur tlifs<e t(i roll yon of 111 imist litl the the ciirtli, 11 nd more lie hiijipy er, the Kiiifi; of that they are [•y love the red TIU". f crediilouH and e desired otTect. o!<Mlhle to fail. le council broke ■ry jirinciple of was thus beinf? \vk wiw already go design found illy, an English h caused hira to fonld be heard n he came to the lie engaged in the ite hanking offlce e name of Miller, their concern was which Mr. B. has aginuw, and three boasting that, before the ftoxt siimmor, he would have llngli-h liair to fringe his liiinting i'nnk ; but these |ltings(.iiised noaliirin. On<'e, liowever, the plot was nearly .(i?<rovere(l. A friendly Indian told th.' comniander of lort ^lianii that a »viir-belt had been sent to the warriors of a neighboring' village, and that the destruction of himself and garrinin had been resolveil upon ; but, wlini information of this had been conveyed t(» Major Gladwyn, of Detroit, that officer wrote to General Amherst, stating that, in his oiiinion, there had been some irritation among the Indians, but that the affair woidd soon blow over ; ami that, in the neighbor- hood of his own fort all was tran(|uil. Amherst thought that the acts of tht^ Indians were unwarrantable, and hoped they would bo too sensible to their own interests to conspire against the English ; he wished them to kmiw that if they did, in his opinion, they wouM make a " contemiitible figure." He a.«'scrtcd that they would be the sufferers, and, in the end, it would result in their destruction. But the English were deluded. Almost witliin rifle-shot of Gladwyn's (luarters was Pontiac, the arch-enemy of the English and the jirimc mover in the plot, and the .se(iuel iiroved how " con- tcmptibb; " was the figure which the savages made. The work of extirpation soon began, and extended from north to south, and from east to west. Numbers of English traders, on their way from all (piarters of the country to the different posts, were taken, and their goods made the prize of the conquerors. Large bodies of savages were seen collecting around the different forts; yet, strange to say, without creating any serious alarm. When the blow was struclk, nine out of twelve of the British posts were surpri.sed and destroyed ! It will, doubtless, be interesting to notice in detail these surpri.ies, three of which properly come within the scope of the History of Michigan. I i; he is honest and • and entertaining. I good story, and t, and the listener iaginaw has more ■le>ivrVW-i*W*1(^ iji^-^9imr&>'fis»u3i<;u^MMvai^»ii'f*^^--^^- ;.i5?(C*p**»a-'-^««*;i*.ii*jr-«*u-*tfSi^'''«*"» ''■■- ■'4 CHAPTER XIII. MiCniLIMACKINAC-DKgCHIPTION OF THK PlACE IN 1702 — ASSEMBLIKG OF Ho8Tii,E Indians Around Miciiilimackinac — Adventuhes of AN English Tuader — The Indians Prkpakikg for the Massa- cre—The Game of Ball Commenced. Before entering upon an account of the massacre at Fort Michilimackinac, we may, perhaps, entertain the reader with a short description of the place as it appeared just before the war broke out, in the spring of 1763. Michilimackinac was the most northern English port in the lake region. It was located on the extreme northern point of the Southern Peninsula of Michigan, on the site of the present city of Mackinaw. The fort stood near the water's edge, and near by was a cluster of white Canadian houses, roofed with bark, and protected by fences of strong round pickets. As the visitor entered the gate of the fort he could see before him an extensive square area, surrounded by high palisades. Numerous houses, barracks, and other buildings, formed a smaller square within, and in the vacant space which they inclosed, appeared the red uniforms of British soldiers, the gray coats of Canadians, and the gaudy Indian blankets, mingled in picturesque confusion, while a multitude of squaws, with children of every hue, strolled rest- lessly about the place. Such was Fort Michilimackinac in 1763. Though buried in the wilderness, it was still of no recent origin. As early as 1671 the Jesuits had established a mission of the same name on the northern side of the strait, and a military force was not long in following, for. under the French dominion, the priest and the soldier went hand in hand. Neither toil, nor suffering, nor all the terrors of the wilderness, could damp the zeal of the undaunted missionary ; and the restless ambition of France was always on the alert to seize every point of advantage, and avail !-xmf*p>mKs^:, s« ei^««SKvt-«»<->. HKTORY OF MICHIGAN. 201 1702 — Assembling — Advkntuhes of ;g Foii TiiK Massa- massacre at Fort ae reader with a 3t before the war iglish port in the thern point of the f the present city edge, and near by d with bark, and As the visitor i him an extensive Numerous houses, ler square within, appeared the red Canadians, and the confusion, while a hue, strolled rest- imackinac in 1763. f no recent origin, iiission of the same military force was uminion, the priest toil, nor suffering, np the zeal of the tion of France was Ivantage, and avail itself of every means to gain ascendency over the forest tribes. Besides Michilimackinac there were two other posts in the north- ern region, Green Bay and Sault Ste. Marie. Both were founded at an early period, and both presented the same characteristic DR. EDWARD W. JENKS. Edwakd W. Jenks, one of the leading medical professors of the State, was born in the town of Victor, Ontario county, New York, in 1833, where his father was a prominent business man at that time. In 1843. he, with his father, emigrated to Indiana, where the latter gentleman founded a town called Ontario, and endowed a collegiate institute called La Grange College. The principal part of Dr. Jenks' earlier years was passed m Isew York and Indiana, where he received liis general education. His medical training was pursued at the Medical University of New York, until ill i'S? i ,; j^K'6«K't?a**>4rtM»«n«**^'WV* 202 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. features — a mission house, a fort, and a cluster of Canadian dwel- linf^s. They had been orifriiially j^arrisonod by small parties of militia, who, l)rin<,'ini^ tlieir families with them, settled on the spot, and were the founders of these little colonies. Miciiilimaekinae, much the largest of the three, contained thirty families within the palisades of the fort, and about as nnmy more without. Besides its military value, it was important as the center of the fur trade, for it was here that the traders enga}?ed their men, and sent out their goods in canoes, under the charge of subordinates, to the more distant regions of the Mississippi and the Northwest. The Indians near Michilimackinac were the Ojibwas and Otta- was, the former of whom claimed the eastern section of Michigan, and the latter the western ; their respective portions being sepa- rated by a line drawn southward from the fort itself The princi- pal village of the Ojibwas contained about a hundred warriors, and stood on the island of Michilimackinac, now called Mack- inaw. There was another smaller village near the head of Thun- der Bay. The Ottawas, to the number of two hundred and fifty warriors, lived at the settlement of L'Arbre Croche, on the shores of Lake Michigan, some distance southward from the fort. This health coiiipelled him to make a change, when he wcut to Ver- mont, griiduuthig from Ciistleton Medical College in 1855. Dr. ,Ienks, however, was determined to he proflcienl in hia profession, and after- wards took an additional degree of medicine at Bellevue Hospital Medical College. After receiving this la.st degree. Dr. Jenks practiced medicine very successfully in New York and Indiana, where he made numerous professional friends. About this time, his health again failed, and his sufferings were such as compelled him to constantly change clinnite in order to retain his already shattered health. lie, however, practiced his profession wherever his health permitted him to remain long enough, until 1804, when he came to Michigan and settled in Detroit. In that city he at once acquired an extensive practice, and he has ever since been known throughout this State and those adjoining, for hia remarkable success in the treatment of difficult diseases. He was one of the founders, in 1868, of the Detroit Medical College, and has occupied the presidency in that institution since its organization, and besides holds the honorable position of Professor of Medical and Surgical Diseases of Women and Clinical Gynojcology. He has worked i-T..«i»itiji-<;-:"a:r.*.s»-a*>Ma'<5aie»i^^aiai^aE^ HISTORY OP MICHIGAN. 203 Canadian dwel- snmll parties of tied on the spot, ^licliiliinaekinae, niilies within the ithout. Besides of the fur trade, en, and sent out Drdinates, to the orthwest. ibwas and Otta- ion of Michigan, ions being sepa- elf. The princi- iiudred warriors, )w called Mack- c head of Thun- undred and fifty he, on the shores 1 the fort. This he weut to Ver- 1855. Dr. Jenks, ifession, and after- Bc'llevue Hospital r. Jenks practiced aa, where he made lealth again failed, constantly cliange th. lie, however, ed liim to remain . settled in Detroit. ;c, and he has ever adjoining, for his s. it Medical College, :e its organization, 3r of Medical and T. He has worked place was then the seat of the old Jesuit rai.<<sion of St. Ignace, originally placcil by Father Marquette on the northern side of the straits. Many of the Ottawas were nominal Catholics. They were all somewhat improved from their original savage condition, living in log houses, and cultivating corn and vegetables, to such an extent as to supply the fort with provisions besides satisfying their own wants. The Ojibwas, on the other hand, were not in the least degree removed from their primitive barbarism. At this time both these tribes had received from Pontiac the war belt of black and purple wampum, and painted hatchet, and had pledged them.selves to Join in the contest. Before the end of May the Ojibwas, or Chippewas, received word that the blow had already been struck at Detroit, and, wrought up to the highest pitch of excitement and emulation, resolved that peace .«houId last no longer. Eager to reap all the glory of the victory, or prompted by jealousy, this tribe neither communicated to the Ottawas the news which had come to them, nor their own resolu- tion to make an immediate assault upon Michilimackinac ; hence, the Ottawas, as we shall presently learn, had no part in that most bloody tragedy. There were other tribes, however, who, with no ordinary amount of zeal to make the Detroit Medical College one of the leading institutions of that kind in the West, and the success of his efforts is shown in the very flattering report made by tlie conmiittee appointed by the State Medical Society to examine into its condition. He was appointed surgeon of the department of diseases of women at St. Mary's Hospital in 18(i8. He was connected with Hari)er Hospital from its organization until 1872, when he resigned. Dr. Jenks ranks high as a surgeon in the Northwest, being called to practice this branch of his profession over a large extent of territory. He is a prominent member of numerous medical societies, being Professor of Medieval and Surgical Diseases of Women in Bowdoin College; a member of tlie Ameri- can Medical Association; corresponding member of the Gyna;eological Society; President of the Detroit Academy of Medicine; an active mem- ber and President of the State Medical Society, and a member of a num- ber of other institutions. Dr Jenks was one of the original publishers of the Detroit Review of Medicine and Pharmacy, filling the position of editor on that magazine for some time with marked ability. t w J.J ii r V 204 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. attracted by rumors of impending war, had gathered at Michili- mackiuac, and who took part in the struggle. We will now return to the Englishman, Mr. Henry, whom we Icfl at Michiliraackinac, at the close of the previous chapter, and relate his adventures simultaneously with an account of the mas- sacre. The British having taken possession of the fort, Henry's fears were entirely dispersed, and he spent the winter at Michilimack- inac, amusing himself as best he could by hunting and fishing. But few of the Indians, he tells us, came to the fort, excepting two families. These families lived on a river five leagues below, and came occasionally with beaver flesh for sale. Their chief was an exception to the rule, for instead of being hostile towards the English, he was warmly attached to them. But, in this case, the exception proved the rule to a demonstration. He had been taken prisoner by Sir William Johnson, at the siege of Fort Niagara ; and had received from that intelligent oflicer, his liberty, the medal usually presented to a chief, and the British flag. Won by these acts of unexpected kindness, he had returned to Michili- mackiuac, full of praise of the English, and hoisted his flag over his lodge. This latter demonstration of his partiality nearly cost him his life ; his lodge was broken down, and his flag torn to pieces. The pieces he carefully gathered up and preserved with pious care, and whenever he visited the fort he drew them out and exhibited them. On these occasions it grew into a custom to give him as much liquor as he said was necessary to make him cry over the misfortune of losing his flag. The commandant would luvve given him another, but he thought he could not accept it without danger. Upon the opening of navigation, Mr. Henry lefi Michilimack- inac to visit the Sault Ste. Marie. Here he made the acquaintance of M. Cadotte, an interpreter, whose wife was a Chippewa, and, desirous of learning that language, he decided to spend the suc- ceeding winter in the family of his new found friend. Here, also, there was a small fort, and during the summer, a small detach- ment of troops, under the command of Lieutenant Jamette, arrived to garrison it. Late in the fall, however, a destructive ai rtimnfiXmmm^iS i'mi'^S iSk -i Mm in vi s i ^^ ES. hered at Michili- Henry, whom we ious chapter, and count of the mas- brt, Henry's feara r at Michilimack- iting and fishing, he fort, excepting ve leagues below, Their chief was oatile towards the t, in this case, the [e had been taken of Fort Niagara ; , his liberty, the sh flag. Won by urned to Michili- hoisted his flag i partiality nearly and his flag torn ip and preserved rt he drew them ;rew into a custom sary to make him The commandant ;ht he could not lefi Michilimack- ! the acquaintance a Chippewa, and, to spend the suc- iend. Here, also, jr, a small detach- sutenant Jamette, iver, a destructive HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 205 fire, which consumed all the houses except Cadotte's, and all the fort supplies, made it necessary to send the garrison back to Michiliraackinac. The few that were left at this place were now crowded into one small house, and compelled to gain a subsistence HON. SAMUEL D. PACE. Saxidel D. Pack, of Port Huron, Mich., was bora in tlie township of Yarmouth, Canada West, April 29, 1885. His father, a carpenter by trade, was a native of the State of New Jersey. His motlier was a descendant of a New England family. During the winter months of his early boyhood, he attended the dis- trict school in the neighborhood where he was born, and in the summer season he was principally engaged with his father working as a carpenter. At the age of fifteen he removed with his father to Racine, Wisconsin, where he shipped as a sailor on the schooner Amelia. He followed a fi "ti' 206 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES by hunting and fishing. Thus inuring tlieinselves to hard- Hhips, a very good opportunity was attorded them of becoming familiar with the Chippewa tongue. Here Henry passed the Heeond winter of his sojourn in tlie wilderness of the upper lakes. Early in the Huceeeding spring, 176:3, he was visited by Sir Robert Dover, an English gentleman, who was on a " voyage of eurios- ity," and with whom Henry again leturned to Miehilimackinac. Here he intended to remain until his clerks should come from the interior, and then go back to the Saidt. When Henry reached Miehilimackinac he found several other traders who had arrived before him, from different parts of the country, and who, in general, declared the dispositions of the Indians to be hostile to the English, and even apprehended some attack. One M. Laurent Ducharme distinctly informed Major EthringUm that a plan was absolutely conceived for destroying him, his garrison, and all the English in the upper country ; but the commandant believing this and other reports to be without foundation, proceeding only from idle or ill-disposed persons, and of a tendency to do mischief, expressed much displeasure against M. Ducharme, and threatened to send the next person who should sailor's life for two years on the lakes, and in the month of November, 1832, while on board the sloop Rfingcr, wir shipwrecked on Lake Midligan, a short distance south of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The vessel, aftfjr being tossed about three days and nights without rudder or sail, stranded and became a total loss. During tliis time lie suffered intensely from hunger and cold. His wardrobe, by no means extensive, was materially diminished by this misfortune, as most of his personal effects shared tlie fate of tlic vessel, and he found liimsclf on the streets of Mil- waukee witliout hat, boots or coat. His loss in this respect, however, was more than made good by a kind-hearted Jew, who took pity on the shivering sailor boy, and presented lum with substitutes foj- tlie garments he had lost, making the cliaracteristic remark, " Dcse cost you notting." It may be mentioned as a coincidence that at the time, Mr. Pace had just exactly nothing witli which to pay for them. At school, lie was invariably at tlie head of liis class, and he also took the lead in most kinds of boyish miscliief. As a school boy, lie mani- fested a determination to succeed, whicli trait has never since left him. Although married at twenty-one years of age, he has never ceased to be a,=t^Sl«|l»«BMS«M»S*»>-»*5BWrrilfeS^ i M HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 207 iselves to hard- icm of beconiing lenry passed the the upper hikes. ,ed by Hir Robert voyage of eurios- Mic'liiliraackinac. lid come from the mid several other ereiit part's of the spositions of the pprehended some iuformed Major 3d for destroying per country; but rts to be without loscd persons, and ispleasure against person who should iontl\ of November, p wrecked on Lake cousin. The vessel, thout rudder or sail, lie sutFered intensely cans extensive, was if his personal eft'ects )n the streets of Mil- lis respect, however, vho took pity on the utes for the garments se cost you notting." le, Mr. Pace had just ass, and he also took school boy, he mani- never since left him. as never ceased to be bring a story of the same kind a prisoner to Detroit. The garri- son consisted at this time of tiiirty-fivo men witii their officers. The white inhabitants of the fort numliored about one hundred, and but few entertained anxiety concerning the Indians, who had no weapons but small arms. Meanwhile the Indians from every quarter, were daily a,-<.<cml)ling in unusual numbers, but with every a[)pearance of friendship, fiv(|neutiug the fort and dis- posing of their peltries, in such a manner as to dissipate almost any one's fear^^. It was reported that not less than four hundred warriors were eninimiied near the fort. As I have promised, I shall associate the account of Henry's adventures with a rehearsal of the horrible massacre at the fort. Shortly after his first arrival at Michilimackiuac, in the preced- ing year, a Chippewa, named Wawatam, began to go often to his house, betraying in his demeanor strong marks of personal regard. After this had continued for some time, he went, on a certain day, taking with him his whole family, and at the same time a large present, consisting of skins, sugar and dried meat. Having laid these in a heap, he commenced a speech, in which he informed Henry that some years before, he had observed a fast, devoting him- self, according to the custom of his nation, to solitude and mortifi- a student. Medicine was always a favorite study with him, but owing to the up-hill road which poverty compelled iiini to travel, he did not reach the acme of his ambition in this respect until 1800, when he commenced the practice of his profession in Port Huron, Michigan. As a physician he was eminently successful. In politics. Dr. Pace is a radical Republican, his first vote being cast for Abraham Lincoln, in 1800. In 1804, he agreed with President Lincoln that it was dangerous "to trade horses whilst crossing a stream," and consequently took an active part in the campaign which ended in the defeat of Gen. McClellan. In 1808, Dr. Pace took the stump for Gen. Grant, and again in 1873 he took an active part in the presidential cam- paign. In the spring of 1809 he was by President Grant appointed United States Consul, at Port Sarnia, Canada, a position which he still occupies. In religion. Dr. Pace is also a radical. A reverence for the things and ideas of the past is not a leading trait with him, and he refuses to be tied to any article of faith. 208 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES. catiou of his body, in the hope to obtain from the Great Spirit protection through all his days ; that on this occasion he had dreamed of adopting an Englishman as his son, brother and friend ; that from the moment in which he first l)clield him he had recognized him aa the person whom the Great Spirit had been pleased to point out as his brother ; that he hoped that Henry would not refuse his present, and that he should forever regard him as one of his family. Henry could not do otherwise than accept the present. He also declared his willingness to have so good a man for his friend and brother. Henry offered a present in return for the one he had received, which Wawatam accepted, and then, thanking Henry for the favor which he said he had rendered him, he left the house, and soon after set out on his winter's hunt. Twelve months had now elapsed since the occurrence of this incident, and Henry had almost forgotten the person of his brother, when, on the second day of June, Wawatam again visited his house, in a mood visibly melancholy and thoughtful. He said he had just returned from his wintering ground, and went on to say that he was very sorry to find his old friend returned from the Sault ; that he had intended to go to that place himself immedi- ately after his arrival at Michilimackinac ; and that he wished Henry and his family to go there with him the next morning. To all this Wawatam added an inquiry as to whether or not the com- mandant had heard bad news, adding that, during the winter, he had himself been frequently disturbed with the noise of evil winds ; and further suggesting that there were numerous Indians near the fort, many of whom had never shown themselves within it. Wawatam was about forty-five years of age, of an excellent char- acter among his nation, and a chief. Referring much of what he had heard to the Indian character, Henry did not pay all the attention to the entreaties and remarks of his visitor which they were found to have deserved Henry said that he could not think of going to the Sault as soon as the next morning, but would follow him there after the arrival of his clerks. Finding himself unable to ptevail, Wawatam withdrew for that day, but early the next mornmg he returned, bringing with him his s. the Great Spirit oeciision he had m, brother and ■hehl him lie had Spirit had been iped that Henry d forever regard the present. He m for his friend )r the one he had inking Henry for le left the house, ccurrence of this jon of his brother, again visited his tful. He said he nd went on to say jturned from the I himself immedi- i that he wished ext morning. To er or not the com- ing the winter, he oise of evil winds ; 3 Indians near the ttselves within it. an excellent char- i Indian character, aties and remarks 2rved Henry said 18 soon as the next ■rival of his clerks, withdrew for that inging with him his HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 209 wife, and a present of dried meat. At this interview, after stating that he had s(!veral packs of beaver, which he intended trade with Henry, ho expressed a second time his apprdu'nsious from tlie numerous Indians who were around tlie fort, and earnestly HON. JOHN MOORE. John Mooue, the present circuit judge of the tentli judicial circuit of this State, was born in the city of London, Enghuid, July 7, 1820. When four years of age, he, with his family, removed to the State of New York, and four years afterwards he emigrated to this State, and resided upon a farm in Mllford, Oakland county, until the spring of 1846, whea he commenced the study of law in the oflBce of Hon. Augustus C. Baldwin, then of Milford, but now residing in Pontiac. In the spring of 1848, he entered the law office of Lothrop & Duffleld, of Detroit, and in October of that year was admitted an attorney of the Supreme Court, at 14 **,! % 210 OENERAL HISTORY OF THE 8TATI«. prc88(Hl Ilia English friend to consent to an inuncliate departure for the Sm.lt. As a reason for this particular ro.iuest he jissured Henry that all the Indians proposed to come in a hody that day to the fort, to demand liquor of the commandaut, and ti.at he wished his friend to he away before they should grow intoxu.ited This was as much as Wawatam dare reveal, hut of course he had full knowledge of the plan for the awful nuissacre that followed. Henry had made, at the peri..d to which I am now referring, so much progress in the language in which Wawatam addressed h.m as to he able to hold an ordinary conversation in .t. Yet alter all Henry tells us, that the Indian manner of speech is so extrav- agantly figurative, that it is only a very perfect master that can follow and comprehend it entirely. " Had I been further advanced in this respect," says Henry, " I think that I should have gathered BO much information from my friendly monitor, as would have put me 'into possession of the designs oi the enemy, and enabled me to save others as well as myself; as H was, it unfortu- nately happened that I turned a deaf ear to everything, leaving Wawatam and his wife, after long and patient efforts, to depart alone, with dejected countenances, and not before they each let fall some tears." a session of that body held in Pont!.^c. Mr. Moore commenced the prac- tice of his profession soon ufterw.- .. in FentonviUe, Genesee county and remained there until the spring of 1851, when he removed to Sagi- naw, where ho has ever since resided, engaged in professional busmess. Mr. Moore was prosecuting attorney of Saginaw county from 18o. to 1858, inclusive. He was also mayor of Saginaw Cit j fi-om 1801 to 803 inclusive, and a member of the Board of Education for about fifteen years prior to June. 1810, when he declined to serve longer, his time being too much occupied with the business of his profession. In 1808 Mr. Moore was the Democratic candidate for Governor of the State, in Opposition to Governor Baldwin, and received thirty thousand more votes than any Democratic candidate for that office md evei received prior to that date, and above thirteen thousand more than any candidate of that party has since received for that office. 1 vacancy occurred in the office of circuit judge of the tenth circuit, by the resignation of Judge Sutherland, January 1, 1871, a^dj meeting oithe bar of that circuit was held shortly afterwards, and Mr. Moore ^■wa; T>jr«:.*S'Jw>s*«a*fe'**i«*« jiigawiwwmffiwwMiB'^iaiH^^ nWTOKY OK MICninAN. ttt liate departure u'st he lusrtured I body tluit day it, and t'liat he •ow intoxicated, f course he had ;hat I'oHowed. ow referring, so II addressed him it. Yet after •ch is so extrav- master that can urther advanced d have gathered litor, as would the enemy, and t was, it unfortu- jrything, leaving efforts, to depart re they each let iiuienced the prac- !, Genesee county, 1 removed to Sugi- (fessionul business. )unty from 1855 to from 1801 to 1803, n for about fifteen re longer, his time [ession. for Governor of the red thirty thousand lat office had ever and more than any ce. f the tenth circuit, 1871, and a meeting rds, and Mr. Moore In the course of tlie same day, Henry observed tliat the Indians came in great numbers into the fort, purchasing tomalutwks. and frequently desiring to see silver arm-bands, and other valimble ornaments. These ornaments, however, they in no instance pur- chased ; but after turning them over, left them, saying that they would call again tlie next day. Their motive, as it afterward appeared, was no other than t'le very artful one of discovering, by requesting to see them, the peculiar places of their depoHif,so that they might lay their hands on them, in the montent of pillage, with greater certainty and desi)atch. At nightfall, Henry turned his mind to tlu; visits of Wawatam ; hvit, although they excited uneasiness, nothing induced him to believe that serious mischief was at hand. The next day, being the fourth of Jime, was the King's birthday. The morning was sultry. A Chippewa visited Henry, and told him that his nation was going to play at boggattawny with the Sacks, another Indian nation, for a high wager. He invited Henry to witness the sport, adding that the commandant was to be there, and would bet on the side of the Chippewaa. In conse- quence of this information, Henry went to the commaiulant, and expostulated with him a little, representing that the Indians might was requested, by nn unnnimous vote, to accept tlie office— a deserved compliment to liis legal Ml)ility r.nd standing in the profession. The members of the bar, and the loading men of the circuit, united, irrespec- tive of party distinctions, in requesting Governor Baldwin to appoint Mr. Moore to the office, on the ground of his eminent ability and fitness of the position. He was accordingly appointed on the first day of February, 1871, to fill the vacancy until an election could he held. A special elec- tion was held the following spring, at which the Hepublican and Demo- cratic parties united in the nomination of .Judge Moore, and he was elected without opposition. He has continued to discharge the duties of the office until the present time, and his work upon the bench has fully justified the expectations of his numerous friends, and has already given him an enviable reputation throughout the Slate. The business of his circuit, measured by the magnitude and variety of the interests involved, is second to none in the State, and has been administered by him, it is believed, with entire satisfaction to the profession and the public. When called to the bench he stood at the head of bis profession in the circuit, ^^Bt^gM^Sttr;. 212 (IKNKHAI, HISTORY OK THK HTATR«. poHHihly luvvo Home HiniHter end iu view ; but tliccotiinmii.laiit only Hiiiilfd at liix MiiMim-ioiis. Tlu- Kill"*' <>♦" l»<)Jtgiittawtty, whi<'li tlie Indians playc*! upon that memorable oenwion, was the most exciting «|)ort in which the red men eouhl engage. It was phiyed with bat and ball. Tiie bat, 80 ealled, w.w about four feet in length, and one inch in diameter. It WUH nnide of the toughest material that could be found. At one end it was curved, and terminated in a sort of racket, or, per- haps, more properly, a ring, in which a net-work of cord was loosely woven. The players were not allowed to touch the ball with the hand, but caught it in this net-work at the end of the bat. At either end of the ground a tall post was i)lanted. These posts marked the stations of the rival parties, and were sometimes a mile apart. The object of each party was to ilefend its own post, and carry the ball to that of the adversary. This is, undoubtedly, the same game which is now called Lacrosse, and which is very popular in Canada and some parts of the United States. At the beginning of the game the main body of the players jwsemble half-way between the two posts. Every eye sparkles, and every cheek is already aglow with excitement. The ball is tossed high into the air, and a general struggle ensues to secure it and was In the enjoyment of a lucrative practice. In tlie surrender of his handsome income from tills source for the pitiful salary of his ofllce, Mr. Moore displayed a public spirit as commendable as it is rare. As a judge, lie is distinguished for his (luick and clear discrimination, keen powers of analysis, thorough legal knowledge, and sound judgment in the application of the law, as well as promptness and impartiality in the discharge of his ofHcial duties. Mr. Moore commenced life with habits of industry, energy and good character, and from this beginning he has risen to liis present high posi- tion, having occupied a place among the prominent men of his profession in the State for the past fifteen years, and been identified witli nearly all the important litigation in his section. In politics he is known as a Democrat, and highly esteemed for his always moderate and independent course. During the war he did as much as any person in that portion of the State to unite popular senti- ment in support of President Lincoln's war policy, without regard to men or measures. ft.'raxiu»a^tmt»is»aa» iimnduiit ouly ycd upon tliiit wliicli the rt'il iill. Tli(> hat, h in (liimu'tcr. (' fountl. At ackot, or, pcr- i of ('(irti waa ouch the ball he end of the anted. These fere sometimes d its own post, , undoubtedly, which is very ates. )f the players eye sparkles, t. The ball is lies to secure it surrender of his jf his office, Mr. nre. • discrimination, sound judgment :l impartiality in energy and good •e«ent liigli posi- of lu8 profession [1 witli nearly all esteemed for his 3 war he did as te popular senti- lut regard tu men niBTORY OF MirilKlAN. 218 as it descends. ITo who succeeds, starts for the p)al of the adver- sary, liuldin^r it hi^h above his head. The opposite party, with merry yells, are swift to pursue. His course is intercepted, and, rather than see the ball taken from him, he throws it, as a hoy E. T. JUDD. E. T. JuDD, of East Saginaw, Michigan, was born in Geneva, New York, in 1823. At an early age he commenced business for himself in his native town, and continued it for eight years, winning many friends and prospering copiously. Closing up this business, he removed to Ham- ilton, Canada West, where he remained until 1805, when he removed to East Saginaw, and has resided there ever since. On the 17th of June, of the same year, the First National Ba.nk of East Saginaw was opened, with Mr. Judd as president, which position he still occupies. Under the management of Mr. Judd, this bunk has secured a wide patronage, and proved a good investment to its stockholders, becoming one of the per- manent institutions of the Saginaw Valley. 214 GENERAL niSTORY OP TttE STATES. throws a stone from a sling, as far towards the goal of his adver- sary as he can. An adversary in the game catches it and sends it whizzing back in the opposite direction. Hither and thither it goes; now far to the right, now as far to the left; now near to one, now as near to the other goal ; the whole band crowding con- tinually after it in the wildest confusion ; until, finally, some agile figure, more fleet of foot than others, succeeds in bearing it to the goal of the opposite party. Persons still living at Michiliraackinac, who, having seen this game played by the Indians, and themselves participated in it, say that often a whole day is insufficient to decide the contest. When such is the case, the following day is taken, and the game begun anew. As numy as six or seven hundred Indians sometimes engage in a single game, while it may be played by fifty. In the heat of the contest, when all are running at their greatest speed, if one stumbles aud falls, fifty or a hundred, who are in close pursuit, and unable to stop, pile over him, forming a mound of human bodies, and frequently players are so bruised as to be unable to proceed in the game. This game, with its attendant noise and violence, was well calcu- lated to divert the attention of ofiicers and men, and thus permit the Indians to take possession of the fort. To make their success more certain, they prevailed upon as many as they could to come out of the fort, while at the same time their squaws, wrapped in blankets, bene«ith which they concealed the murderous weapons, were placed inside the inclosure. The plot was so ingeniously laid that no one suspected danger. .=»-jit-,sj*»i.vi»-»-s.«i6*jMfts9»aiiSiii»iS^^ il of his adver- i it and sends it and tliither it ; now near to 1 crowding con- ally, some agile learing it to the laving seen this ;ipated in it, say contest. When ;he game begun )metimes engage In the heat of est speed, if one lose pursuit, and if human bodies, ble to proceed in }, was well calcu- aiid thus j)ermit ake their success jy could to come uvws, wrapped in rderous weapons, ) ingeniously laid CHAPTER XIV. The Massache at Fort Miciiiumackinac - Indians Drinkino the Blood of Esolishmen-Sufferinos of English Prisoners— Tue Ottawas Espouse the Caise of the English and Take Posses- sion OF the Fort— The Indian Council. The discipline of the garrison was relaxed, and the soldiers permitted to stroll about and view the sport without carrying weapons of defense ; and even when the ball, as if by chance, was lifted high in the air, to descend inside the pickets, and was fol- lowed by four hundred savage warriors, all eager, all struggling, all shouting, in the unrestrained pursuit of a rude, athletic exer- cise, no alarm was felt until the shrill war-whoop told the startled garrison that the work of slaughter had actually begun. Mr. Henry, of whom I have been speaking, did not attend the match which I have just described. There being a canoe prepared to depart on the following day for Montreal, he employed himself in writing letters to his friends. While thus engaged, he heard an Indian war cry and a noise of general confusion. Going instantly to his window, he saw a crowd of Indians, within the fort, furi- ously cutting down and scalping every Englishman they found. In particular, he witnessed the fate of Lieut. Jamette. He had in the room in which he was a fowling-piece, loaded with swan- shot. This he immediately seized, and held it for a few moments, waiting to hear the drum beat to arms. In that dreadful interval he witnessed the scene of several of his countrymen falling under the tomahawk, and more than one struggling between the knees of an Indian, who, holding him in this manner, scalped him while yet living. At length, disappointed in the hope of seeing resistance made to the enemy, and knowing that no effort of his own unas- sisted arm could avail against four hundred Indians, he thought only of seeking shelter. Amid the slaughter which was raging, he 216 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. M observed many of the Canadian inhabitants of the fort calmly looking on, neither opposing the Indians, nor suffering injury, and, from this circumstance, he conceived a hope of finding security in their houses. Between the yard-door of his own house and that of M. Lang- lade, his next neighbor, there was only a low fence, over which he easily climbed. On entering, he found the whole family at the windows, gazing at the scene of blood before them. He addressed himself immediately to M. Langlade, begging that he would put him into some place of safety until the heat of the affair should be over, an act of charity by which he might, perhaps, be preserved from the general massacre. But, while he uttered his petition, M. Langlade, who had looked for a moment at him, turned again to the window, shrugging his shoulders, and intimat- ing that he could do nothing for him. With Henry this was a moment of despair ; but the next, a Pawnee woman, a slave of M. Langlade, beckoned him to follow her. She led him to a door, which she opened, desiring him to enter, and telling him that it led to the garret, where he must go and conceal himself. Henry joyfully obeyed her directions ; and she, having followed him up to the garret door, locked it after him, and took away the key. This shelter obtained, Henry became anxious to know what might still be passing without. Through an aperture, which afibrded him a view of the area of the fort, he beheld, in forms the foulest and most terrible, the fero- cious triumphs of barbarian conquerors. The dead were scalped and mangled ; the dying were writhing and shrieking under the unsatiated knife and tomakawk ; and, from the bodies of some, ripped open, their butchers were drinking the blood, scooped up in the hollow of joined hands, and quaffed amid shouts of rage and victory. Henry was shaken, not only with horror, but with fear. The sufferings which he witnessed, he seemed on the point of experiencing himself. Not long elapsed before, every one being destroyed who could be found, there was a general cry of, "All is finished !" At the same instant, Henry heard some of the Indians enter the house in which he had taken shelter. The garret was separated from the room below only by a layer of single boards. trr- -I agjgiiwwiiiWiKht he fort calmly ng injury, and, ling security in it of M. Lang- , over which he 3 family at the He addressed that he would !at of the affair ^ht, perhaps, be I he uttered his loraent at him, irs, and intimat- but the next, a d him to follow desiring him to lere he must go directions ; and , locked it after btained, Henry )assing without. kv of the area of errible, the fero- ad were scalped eking under the bodies of some, ood, scooped up I shouts of rage horror, but with ned on the point , every one being 1 cry of, "All is le of the Indians The garret was of single boards. HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 217 The prisoner could, therefore, hear everything that parsed ; and the Indians no sooner came in than they inquired whether or not any Englishmen were in the house. M. Langlade replied that he could not say ; they might examine for themselves, and would DR. J. B. WHITE. John B. White was born January 13, 1826, in the town of Pompey, Onondaga county, New York. His fatlier was a farmer, and he remained with him on tlie farm until about his eighteenth year, receiving sucli education as could be obtained at a country sdiool and village academy. He studied medicine with Dr. H. B. Moore, of Manlius, New York, who was then the leading surgeon of that part of the country. He attended his first course of medical lectures at Geneva, New Y'ork, where he became clinical assistant to the professor of surgery. The following year he went to Philadelphia, and graduated at the Philadelphia College i ■ 218 GENERAL HIStORY OF THE STATES. soon be satisfied as to the object of their question. Saying this, he conducted them to the garret door. The state of Henry's mind at this juncture may be imagined. When they arrived at the door, some delay was occasioned, owing to the absence of the key, and a few moments were thus allowed Henry in which to look round for a hiding place. In one corner of the garret was a heap of those vessels of birch bark used in making maple sugar. The door was unlocked and opened, and the Indians ascended the stairs before Henry had completely crept into a small opening which presented itself at one end of the heap. An instant later, four Indians entered the room, all armed with tomahawks, and all besmeared with blood upon every part of their bodies. The die appeared to be cast. Henry could scarcely breathe, and he was sure that the throbbing of his heart occasioned a noise loud enough to betray him. Th?; Indians walked in every direction about the garret, and one of th^^m approached him so closely that, at a par- ticular moment, had he put forth his hand, he could have touched him. Still, he remained undiscovered, a circumstance to which the dark color of his clothes, and the want of light in the room, must have contributed. In short, after taking several turns m the room, during which they told Langlade how many they had killed and how many scalps they had taken, they returned down stairs ; and Henry, with sensations not easily expressed, heard the door locked for the second time. of Medicine, and in the sprins of 18G0 received an ad eundem degree from the niedical department of Pennsylvania College. Soon after his gradua- tion he returned to New York, and practiced his profession, with his old preceptor, for about two years, and while there received the appointment of demonstrator of anatomy in the New York College of Dental Surgery, but on the earnest solicitation of his old friend and room mate of the villa.re academy (now the Hon. J. G. Sutherland), who had located and was practicing law at Saginaw City, Michigan, he was induced to remove to that city, where he arrived July 1, 1854. He early succeeded in acquiring a large and extensive practice, which declining health has now compelled him to partially ab.mdon. He now devotes his time chiefly to the practice of gyn.Bcology, and is medical advisor and acting surgeon of the Jackson, Lansing & Saginaw Division of the Michigan Central R. R. «aajmHB?°wa6wiiK.> ES. ion. Saying this, nay be imagined, occasioned, owing were thus allowed ;e. In one corner irch bark used in Indians ascended to a small opening An instant later, omahawks, and all • bodies. The die ■eathe, and he was noise loud enough iirection about the sely that, at a par- ;ould have touched imstance to which light in the room, several turns in the iny they had killed turned down stairs ; led, heard the door d eundem degree from Soon after his gradua- ■ofession, with his old lived the appointment ige of Dental Surgery, ud room mate of the who had located and fas induced to remove [e early succeeded in ;lining health has now jtes his time chiefly to and acting surgeon of lichigan Central R. R. HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 219 There was a feather bed on the floor, and on this, exhausted as he was by agitation of mind, he threw himself down and went to sleep. In this condition he remained till the dark of the even- ing, when he was awakened by a second opening of the door. The person who now entered was M. Langlade's wife, who waa much surprised at finding him, but advised him not to be uneasy, observing that the Indians had killed most of the Englishmen, but that she trusted he would escape. A shower of rain having begun to fall, she had come to stop a hole in the roof On retiring, Henry begged her to send him a little water to drink, which she did. As night was now advancing, he continued to lie on the bed, thinking of his condition, but unable to discover a source from which he could hope for life. A flight to Detroit had no probable chance of success ; the distance from Michilimackinac was four hundred miles ; he was without provisions, and the whole length of the road lay through Indian countries— countries of an enemy in arms— where the first Indian he should meet would take his life. To stay where he was threatened nearly the same thing. As before, fatigue of mind, and not tranquillity, suspended his cares, and procured him further sleep. The respite which sleep afforded him during the night was ended by the return of morning. At sunrise, he heard the family stir- ring, and presently after, Indian voices, informing M. Langlade that they had not found an Englishman named Henry among the Dr. White has always been a diligent student, and taken groat interest in the advancement of medical education, especially in the medical schools of our State, and is an active working member of the county and State medical societies.' lie is also a i)ermanent member of the National Medi- cal Association. As a practitioner, he has taken high rank, and by steady observance of the professional amenities, has ever been on good fellow- ship and popularity with other members of his profession. He is a firm upholder of the dignity of the profession. Charlatanry, of whatever form or kind, is confronted boldly. He is unyielding in his opposition to all of the sophism of the day, convinced that whatever there is of value in the healing art is mainly due to the discoveries and investiga- tions of those who continue to walk in the path of regular and legitimate medicine. msik- «>: ;■ 220 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. J-i >; if ; I (lend, and that they believed hira to be somewhere concealed. M. Laiijrlade appeared from what followed, to be, by ihis time, acfiuaintcd with the place of Henry's retreat, of which, no doubt, ho liad been informed by his wife. The poor woman, &.-< soon as the Indians mentioned Henry, declared to her husband, in the French tonjiue, that he should no longer shield the Englishman, but deliver him up to his pursuers, giving as a reason that, should the Indians discover his instrumentality in the matter, they might avenge it on her children. M. Langlade resisted at first, but soon suttered her to prevail, informing the Indians that he had been told Henry was in the house ; that he had come there without his knowledge, and that he would put him into their hands. Tins was no sooner expressed than he began to ascend the stairs, the Indians following at his heels. Henry now resigned himself to his fate ; and, regarding every attempt at concealment as vain, he arose from the bed, and presented himself in view to the Indians, who were entering the room. They were all in a state of intoxi- cation, and entirely naked, except about the middle. One of them, named Wenniway, whom he had previously known, walked up to him, and seized him with one hand by the collar of the coat, while in the other he held a large carving-knife, as if to plunge it into his breast ; his eyes, meanwhile, were fixed steadfastly on Henry's. At length, after some seconds of the most anxious sus- pense, he dropped his arm, saying, " I won't kill you!" To this he added that he had been frequently engaged in war against the English, and had brought away many scalps ; that, on a certain occasion, he had lost a brother, whose name was Musinigon, and that Henry should be called after hira. He then ordered him down stairs, and there informed hira that he was to be taken to his cabin. Here, as indeed everywhere else, the Indians were all mad with liquor. Death, again, was threatened, and not as possi- ble only, but as certain. Henry mentioned his fears on this subject to M. Langlade, begging him to represent the danger to his mas- ter. Langlade, in this instance, did not withhold his compassion, and the Indian immediately consented that Henry should remain where he was, until he found another opportunity to take him away. 4f Tiriiini lTMi lfi fn i Tl ili t li i iiirTii ' fffr"-''--^=^-- ^■.iSiSifeiiWs, PES. lewhere concealed. ) be, by ihis time, f which, no doubt, woman, a.-* soon as r husband, in the I the Englishman, reason that, should matter, they might id at first, but soon that he had been ome there without I into their hands, o ascend the stairs, resigned himself to ealment as vain, he 'iew to the Indians, II a state of intoxi- e middle. One of isly known, walked 3 collar of the coat, e, as if to plunge it ixed steadfastly on ! most anxious sus- kill you!" To this in war against the ; that, on a certain was Musinigon, and i then ordered him was to be taken to ;he Indians were all ed, and not as possi- fears on this subject 3 danger to his mas- hold his compassion, ^enry should remain rtunitv to take him HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 221 Thus far secure, he reiiscencied the stairs, in order to place him- self the farthest possible out of the reach of insult from drunken Indians ; but he had not remained there more than an hour, when he was called to the room below, in which wiw an Indian who said HON. ELEAZER JEWETT. Bleaker Jewett was born in tlie State of New Hampshire, April 29, 1799. He came to Micliigan and settled on the Saginaw river in Septem- ber, 1826, traveling from Pontiac on foot, alone, carrying in a pack all his worldly goods. The country was then new and unsettled. Eight miles north of Pontiac was the residence of Alpheus Williams, father of Harvey Williams, one of the pioneers of the Saginaw Valley. There was no other t'ace of civilization on the way, except at Grand Blanc and the Grand Traverse of Flint River (now city of Flint). At the latter place a half-breed named Campau had a log hut on the south side of the river. W 222 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. .;/ that the Englishman must go with him out of the fort, Wcnniway having sent for him. Henry had also seen this man before. In the preceding year he had allowed him to take goods on credit, for which he still owed ; and some short time previous to the sur- prise of the fort he had said, upon being asked for the amount, that " he would pay the Englishman before long." This speech now catne fresh in Henry's memory, and led him to suspect that the fellow had formed a design against his life. He communicated his suspicion to Langlade, but that gentleman gave for an answer, that he was not his own master, and must do as the Indian had ordered. The Indian, on his part, directed the Englishman to undress himself before leaving the house, declaring that his coat and shirt would become an Indian better than they did Henry. His pleas- ure in this respect being complied with, no other alternative was left to Henry than either to go out naked, or to put on the clothes of the Indian, which he freely gave him in exchange. His motive for thus stripping him of his own apparel was no other, as Henry afterwards learned, than that it might not be stained with blood when he killed him. The Englishman was now ordered to proceed, and his driver fol- lowed him close until he had passed the gate of the fort, when he near where the principal bridge stands. Between Flint river, at this place, and Haginaw, was an unbroken wilderness, and only an Indian trail to guide the adventurous traveler. There was no settlement in the Saginaw Valley, except on the site where the city of Saginaw now is. Here was a narrow clearing on the margin of the river. Besides the Indian farmers and blacksmiths, provided by the government, the American Fur Com- pany had a small trading establishment in charge of a Frenchman named Reaume. They constituted the civilized population. Mr. Jewett went into the employ of the American Fur Company for two years, then he built a block house on Green Point and commenced trading with the Indians on his own account. He continued this trade for ten years. He married in 1831. His eldest child, a daughter, now the wife of Dr. N. D. Lee, was the first white child born in the Saginaw Valley. In 1833, Mr. Jewett purchased at Steben's mill, on Thread river, near the Grand Traverse of Flint river, 10,000 feet of pine boards, of which m ..^■^is^-iSSmiiSrsism- ■ B fort, Wcnniway raan before. In ; goods on credit, evioua to the sur- for the amount, ig." This speech (1 to suspect that He communicated ,ve for an answer, ) the Indian had ihman to undress his coat and shirt enry. His pleas- er alternative was put on the clothes inge. His motive 10 other, as Henry tained with blood and his driver fol- ' the fort, when he It river, at tliia place, y an Indian trail to ment in tlie Saginaw V now is. Here was 68 the Indian farmers American Fur Com- u Frenchman named n Fur Company for 'oint and commenced ! continued this trade now the wife of Dr. naw Valley. )n Thread river, near ine boards, of which HIBTORV OF MICHIGAN 223 turned toward the spot where he knew the Indians to be encamped. This, however, did not suit the purpose of the Indian. He seized Henry by the arm, drew him violently in the opposite direction, to the di.><tance of fifty yards above the fort. Here, finding that he was approaching the bushes and sand hills, Henry determined to proceed no farther, but told the Indian that he believed he meant to murder him, and that if so, he might as well strike where he was as at any greater distance. The Indian replied with coolness, that the Englishman's suspicions were correct, and that he meant to pay him, in this manner, for his goods. At the same time he produced a knife, and held Henry in a position to receive the intended blow. Both this and that which followed were neces- sarily the affairs of a moment. By some effort, too sudden, and too little dependent on thought to be explained or remembered, Henry was enabled to arrest his arm, and give him a sudden push, by which he turned from him and became released from his grasp. This was no sooner done than Henry ran towards the fort with all the swiftness in his power, the Indian following him, and the pur- sued expecting every moment to feel the knife of the pursuer. Henry succeeded in his flight, and on entering the fort, he saw Wenniway standing in the midst of the area, and hastened to him for protection. Wenniway desired the Indian to desist ; but he formed a raft in Flint river. Unaided, he floated this raft down to tlie driftwood at the mouth of Flint river. Of this lumber he constructed a frame house on tlie opposite side of tlic river from Green Point, in which he afterwards resided and continued his business. In January, 1837, when Saginaw City had attained considerable size as a village, he placed his house on four sleds and drew it with four pair of oxen down the river on the ice to the "city," where, notwithstanding some other migrations, it is still standing. In lb28, he brought the first swine to Saginaw county. On the 4th of July, 1832, he invited the entire population of the Sag- inaw Valley to a celebration of the national anniversary at his home on Green Point. All the inhabitants, old and young— twenty-nine in num- ber—came at his hospitable invitation. The ceremonies were patriotic and interesting. They were enlivened by music and conviviality-the music on a bass drum, brought and played, solo, by Abraham Butts, a respected pioneer, who died only tw-^ years ago; the conviviality, aided 224 OENEKAL HISTORY OP THE bTATES. ^1 the latter still purHUcd him around the chief, making several strokes nt Henry with his knife, and foaming at the mouth with rage at the repeate.l failure of his purpose. At length Wenniway drew near to M. Langlade's house, and, the door being open, Henry ran into it. The Indian iollowe<l him, hut on entering it he voluntarily abandoned the pursuit. Pres»Tved so often, and so unexpectedly, as it had already been his lot, he returned to his garret, with a strong inclination to believe that, through the will of an overruling Providence, no In.lian enemy could 1o him hurt. Exhausted with fear, he threw himself ui)on the bed and was soon relieved by sleej). At ten o'clock in the evening he was again aroused, and once more desired to descend the stairs. Not less, however, to his satisfaction than surprise, he was summoned only to meet Major Etherington, Mr. Bostwick, and Lieutenant Leslie, who were in the room below. These gentlemen had been take" prisoners, while looking at the game without the fort, and immediately stripped of all their clothes. They were now sent into the fort under the charge of Canadians, because, the Indians having resolved on getting drunk, the chi xs were apprehensive that they would be murdered if they continued in the camp. Lieutenant Jamette and seventy English had been killed, and but twenty Englishmen, including soldiers, were still alive. These were all within the fort, together with more than double their number of Canadians. by the spirituous bcvernge of the time, which was innocent of all the corruptions that at a Inter date have rendered it obnoxious. His three sons -lew to manhood. One fell in the service of his country at Gcltys- burc,'h ; the others reside at Saginaw, worthy c^:nmple8 of industry and thrift Mr. .T. was elected justice of the peace at an early day, and has smce served in that capacity for nearly thirty years. He also served as county surveyor for nearly twenty years, immediately succeeding the inaugura- tion of Saginaw county, and served fourteen years as judge of probate. He is the sole survivor of the first pioneers. In his prime, he was a man of courage and muscle. He is still in robust health, residing (tuietly and in comfort at his country seal in KochviUe. He does not appear to be the worse for the exposure and hardships of his rough pioneer experience. '^ ■^1. V '-^4.'i^T»ci»^5Sj*flOi(t»f£rf^!i^*»i*fc' making several the moiitli with !iigth Wemiiwuy oor lu'iiig open, Hit 0(1 entering it ad already been g inelination to Providence, no th fear, he thre\/ y sleej). At ten jnce more desired satisfaction than Etherington, Mr. the room below, lie looking at the ped of all their der the charge of on getting drunk, murdered if they i seventy English including soldiers, )rt, together with innocent of all the noxious. His three g country at Gcltys- les of industry and ,' day, and has since Iso served as county c'ding tlie inaugura- judge of probate, his prime, he was a illli, residing (piietly He does not appear ■ his rough pioneer nr«ir>RY op michioan. 225 It was suggested among the English prisoners that an effort to regain poHsesnion of the fort might successfully be ma<lo. The Jesuit missionary was consulted on the subject, but his words dis- couraged the idea. Thus the fort and prisoners remained in the R. W. JENNY. RoYAi, W. .Ienny came to Michigan in 1834, and engaged at his trade in Detroit, where he worked six years. In 1840, he launched the Lapeer fkntiuel on his own account. This journal was first edited by Mr. Henry W. Williams, and at a later period by Col. J. li. White, who is still living at Lapeer. He moved to Saginaw City in the spring of 1844, where he edited and published the N»rth Star, at that time the most northerly paper in the United States. Mr. Jenny not only edited and printed the 8ta/r, unaided by help of any kind, but for quite a period filled the responsible position of town clerk of Saginaw; was one of the superintendents of 15 220 OENEUAI. niHTOBY OP XnE STATW. ha...!.-* of thp InclianH. tl.oi.Kh tl.rough the whole ni^ht the pr.Honer« an<l whiten were in actual ,M.«HeHHio... That whole night, or the greater part of it. wan pas^'d in mutual con.lolcnec. In the morn- ine Henry wa« vi-ite.! l.y Wenniway, and ordered to accompany that chief. He led him to a Hmall house within the fort, where, i„ a narrow room whi<-h wa. almost .lark, he found his old fnend Solomons, an Englishman from Detroit, and a soldier, both pris- oners With these he remained in painful suspense aa to the scene that was next to present itself. At ten o'clock in the forenoon, an Indian arrived, and immediately marched them to the ake side, when a cmoe appeared ready for departure, and in which they were ordered to embark. Their voyage, full of doubt as it was would have commenced immediately, but that one of the Indians who was to be of the party was absent. His arrival wn* to be waited for, and this occasioned a very long delay, during which the Englishmen were exposed to a keen northwest wind An old shirt was all that covered Henry, and he suffered much from the cold. At noon t he party was collected, the prisoners aU t'i^T^oor of Sa7naw county, and cU-puty postmaster At this period .h-d^c G. n. Williams was postmaster at Saginaw, which was the only postofflcc in all the territory now embraced within the counties of Sagi- naw, Tuscola, Bay and Midland. Mr. .Icnny wa.s married to Mrs. Sophia A. Hill, a sister of the late lamented James N. Gotee and .lerome H. Golec, at Saginaw, in February. 1847 His wife is an estimable lady, of rare literary culture, and who, soon after her removal to Flint with her husband in 1840, wrote the con^ stilution and bylaws of the Ladies' Library Association of that city and organised it. This was the first Institution of the kind ^o-"! « '^^ Northwest, and h.ts become the nu.del for the hundreds of im la. associations scattered throughout Michigan and the whole North.es. In this great field of usefulness, Mrs. Sophia A. Jenny has won the highest esteem of the people of this State, and endeared her memory to ^°S>;^ WBvemoval to Flint, he has published the Genesee !.««. cmr-a journal which has ever been high-minded in discussion honest in politics and deserving of the extensive patronage which it has always enjoyed. During the late war. Mr. Jenny urged, through the columns of hi journal, the "raising of men and money" that the generul govern^ meat might need to suppress the rebellion. Major E. W. Lyon, at that K rilBTORY OF MicninAN. 227 l^ht the prlHoiicr« jle night, t)r the e. In the niorn- I'd to accompany I tlie fort, wlierc, nd hm ohl friend ohlier, both pri«- iHo as to the scene in the forenoon, hem to tiic lake ■e, and in which II of doubt as it that one of the His arrival was »ng delay, during northwest wind. he sufTcred much , the prisoners all ;r. At this period, wblch was the only le counties of Sagl- i sister of the late ginaw, in February, y culture, and who, 1840, wrote the con- ion of that city, and kind formed in the lunclreds of similft' ,e whole Northwesi. Jenny has won the ;ared her memory to ed the Genesee D«»»«- discussion, honest in which it has always rough the columns of the gcnerul govern- • E. W. Lyon, at that embarked, and they started for the IhIos du Castor, in Lake Michi- gan. The Indians in the canoe ntimbered seven, the prisoners four. Tlie soldier was made fast to a bar of the ('un«)e, by a rope tie<l around his neck, as is the manner of the Indiaim in truns- IM)rting their prisoners. The others were left unconfined, but pad- dles were put into their hands, and they were ordered to use them. After paddling along for some time, keeping near shore on account of a dense fog that prevailed, they approached the land of the Ottawas, at Fox Point, eighteen miles from Michilimackinac. After the Indians had made tln^ir war whoop, an Ottawa appeared upon the beach and signaled them to land. When the canoe arrived in shallow water, a hundred Ottawiis sprung I'rom among the busiies, and dragged the prisoners out of it amid a terrifying shout. They gave as a reason for this action, that the Chippewas had insulted them by attacking the English without consulting them, and consequently they were friends of the English and ene- mies of the Chippewas, They added that what they had done time a partner with Mr. Jenny, at once raised a company for Col. Fen- ton's regiment, in which he was effectually allied by Mr. Jenny. A few years ago, participating in the celebration of the completion of the railroad from East Saginaw to Bay City, Mr. Jenny, in response to a call, said: " You of the Saginaws do not duly appreciate your geographi- cal position and the advantages you will receive in the not distant future. Quicker than you now dream will you find yourselves on the great line of communication between the orients and the Occidents. The Northern Pacific Railroad finished— now, 1 admit, only talked of— and the people of China and Japan will throng your streets and solicit your acquaintance and trade. You gentlenjen over the table who laugh at my credulity, please remember my predictions." If the reader will remember that those words were uttered when northern Michigan was a wilderness, and that his predicticis have been already more than realized, it will be easy ti» appreciate the value of such a man to the infant growth of our State. It has been stated that Mr. Jenny has " built in his paper" nearly every work of improvement pro- jected in the northern part of the State, at least half a dozen times before they were undertaken by active operations. Two projects only now remain, heretofore advocated by him, but the lookout for these is not very encpi"'«s''na;. They are slack-water navigation of the Flint river from Flint to Saginaw, and the " Bad River Canal " in Saginaw county. ■««&» &^^^^^':i/^':-^%'^^^ ■ 228 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. wa« for the purpose of saving their lives, as the Chippewas were carrying them to the Isles du Castor to kill and eat them. The prisoners were soon embarked again in an Ottawa canoe and carried back to Michilimackinac, where they were marched into the fort by the Ottawas in view of the Chippewas, who were confounded at seeing their brothers of the forest opposing them. The Ottawa., being of sufficient numbers, at once took possesion of the fort. The prisoners who had changed hands were lodged in the house of the commandant, and vigilantly guarded. Early the next morning a general council was held, m which the Chippewas complained of the conduct of the Ottawas in rob- bing them of their prisoners, and urging them to join in the war, as the English were meeting with destruction iu every part of the world As the Indians rarely make their answers until the day- following the hearing of the arguments offered, the council adjourned for that purpose. BS. I Chippewas were eat them, m Ottawa canoe, ley were marched ppewas, who were st opposing them. :?e took possession ands were lodged guarded. vas held, in which le Ottawas in rob- to join in the war, I every part of the 3wers until the day fered, the council CHAPTER XV. The English Perbeccted at Miciiimmackinac after the Massacre — TuE Adventure of Henry— Prisoners Divided Between the Chippewas and the Ottawas— Lieutenant Gorell Rescues the Prisoners from the Ottawas, and the English Leave the Country— Escape of Henry. The prisoners, whose fate was thus in controversy, were unac- quainted at the time with this transaction, and, therefor", enjoyed a night of tolerable tranquillity. The result of the council was that the prisoners were returned to the Chippewas. While in the hands of the Ottawas, the prisoners had been informed that the former intended to kill them and make broth of them ; hence, we may imagine their feelings at being restored to their old enemies. The Chippewas marched them into a village of their own, and put them into a lodge, already the prison of fourteen soldiers, tied two and two, each having a rope about his neck that was made fast to a pole of the lodge. Henry was left untied ; but he passed a night sleepless and full of wretchedness. His bed was the bare ground, and his only clothing was the old shirt, already mentioned. He was, besides, in want of food, having for two days eaten nothing. Henry relates that, while he was in the canoe with the Chippewas, they offered him bread, but that it had been cut from the loaf with the same knives the Indians used in the massacre — knives still covered with blood. The blood they moistened with spittle, and, rubbing it on the bread, offered it to the prisoners, telling them to eat the blood of their countrymen. Such was the situation of the Englishmen at Michilirnackinac on the seventh of June, 1763, but a few hours produced ivn event that gave still a new color to Henry's lot. Toward noon, when the great war chief, in company Avith Wenniway, was seated at the opposite end of the lodge, his friend, Wawatara, suddenly entered. In passing by he gave Henry his hand, but went immediately ms-munamtmsAit- 230 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. toward the great chief, and sat down beside him. The most uninterrupted silence prevailed ; each smoked his pipe ; and, this done, Wawatam arose and left the lodge, saying to Henry, as he passed, "Take courage!" An hour elapsed, during which several chiefs entered, and preparations appeared to be making for a council. At length, Wawatam reentered the lodge, followed by his wife, and both loaded with merchandise, which they carried up to the chiefs, and laid in a heap before them. Some momenta of silence followed, at the end of which Wawatam delivered a speech. " Friends and relations," he began, " what is it that I shall say ? You know what I feel. You all have friends, and brothers, and children, whom, as yourselves, you love ; and you— what would you experience, did you, like me, behold your dearest friend, your brother, in the condition of a slave— a slave, exposed every moment to insult and to menaces of death. This case, as you all know, is mine. See there (pointing to Henry) my friend and brother among slaves— himself a slave. You all well know that, long before the war began, I adopted him as my brother. From that moment he became one of my family, so that no danger of circumstances could break the cord which fastened us together. He is my brother ; and, because I am your relation, he is, there- fore, your relation, too ; and how, being your relation, can he be your slave ? " On the day on which the war began you were tearful lest, on this very account, I should reveal your secret; you requested, therefore, that I should leave the fort, and even cross the lake. I did so ; but I did it with reluctance. I did it with reluctance, notwithstanding that you (naming the chief) who had the com- mand in this enterprise, gave me your promise that you would protect my friend, delivering him from all danger, and giving him safely to me. The performance of this I now claim. I come not with empty hands to ask it. I bring these goods, to buy off every claim which any man among you all may have on my brother, as his prisoner." Wawatam having ceased, the pipes were again filled ; and, after they were finished, a further period of silence followed. At the end of this, Minavavana arose and gave his reply : * HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 231 lim. The most his pipe ; and, lying to Henry, ed, during which d to be making le lodge, followed ich they carried Some momenta of slivered a speech. 8 it that I shall ids, and brothers, ; and you — what aid your dearest -a slave, exposed h. This case, as [enry) my friend )u all well know n as my brother, so that no danger tened us together, ition, he is, there- ilation, can he be jre leariul lest, on ;; you requested, cross the lake. I t with reluctance, vho had the com- ! that you would sr, and giving him !laim. I come not goods, to buy off may have on my II filled ; and, after followed. At the )ly: " My relation and brother," said he, " what you have spoken is truth. We were acquainted with the friendship which subsisted between yourself and the Englishman, in whose behalf you have now addressed us. We knew the danger of having our secret dis- GEN. MARK FLANIGAN. Mark Flanigak was born in the county of Antrim, Ireland, in tlie year 1825. His parents, who belonged to the sect of Presbyterians known as Covenanters, emigrated to Canada in 1833, whence the subject of this sketch came to the United States in 1841, and settled in Detroit, Michigan, in 1845. In 1847 he engaged in business, in which he continued down to the breaking out of the rebellion, soon after which he volunteered to serve during the war, entering the 24th Michigan Infantry, of which regiment he was made lieutenant-colonel. He served with distinction under all the generals who commanded the army of the Potomac. m^t-^ 232 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. covered, aud the consequeuces that must follow ; and you say truly that we requested you to leave the fort. This was done out of regard for you aud your family ; for, if a discovery of our design had been made, you would have been blamed, whether guilty or not ; and you would thus have been involvL'd in difficul- ties from which you could not have extricated yourself. It is also true that I promised to take care of your friend ; and this promise I performed by desiring my son, at the moment of the assault, to seek him out, and bring him to my lodge. He went, ac<"ordingly, but could not find him. The day after, I sent him to Langlade's, where he was informed that your friend was safe ; aud, had it not been that the Indians were then drinking the rum which had been found in the fort, he would have brought him home with him, according to my orders. I am very glad to find that your friend has escaped. We accept your present, and you may take him liome with you." Wawatam thanked the chiefs, aud, taking Henry by the hand, led him to his lodge, which was at the distance of a few rods only from the prison-lodge. His entrance appeared to give joy to the whole family ; food was immediately prepared for him, and he now ate the first hearty meal which he had made since his capture. He found himself one of the family ; and, but that he had still his fears as to the other Indians, he felt as happy as the situation could allow. In the course of the next morning, he was alarmed by a noise in the prison-lodge ; and, looking through the* opening of the lodge in which he was, he beheld seven dead bodies of white men dragged forth. Upon inquiry, he was informed that a certain For gallant conduct at Fitzhugh Crossing, Va., Lieut. -Col. Flanigan was made colonel by brevet, and received the further brevet rank of brigadier-general of volunteers for the bravery shown, and the valuable services rendered, at Gettysburg, in which famous battle he losf a leg. On his return home, after partially recovering from his wound, he was received by the city of Detroit with the most flattering tokens of the regard and approbation of her citizens. In addition to an honorable military record, Gen. Flanigan has long occupied a prominent position in civil affairs. An active member of the old Detroit fire department, he was for many years foreman of Phoenix Co. No. 5, and also held the position of member of the board of trustees 'E8. w ; and you say Dhia was done out discovery of our blamed, whether irolvL'd in difficul- lurself. It is also and this promise of the assault, to vent, ac<'ordingly, im to Langlade's, ; and, had it not Q which had been home with him, i that your friend ay take him home enry by the hand, of a few rods only to give joy to the r him, and he now since his capture. , that he had still py as the situation ig, he was alarmed trough the* opening ead bodies of white rmed that a certain Lieut. -Col. Flanigan rther brevet rank of ,vn, and the valuable battle he lost' a leg. a his wound, he was tering tokens of the 1. Flanigan has long active member of the foreman of Phoenix the board of trustees HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 233 chief, called by the Canadians, Le Grand Sable, had not long before arrived from his winter's hunt ; and that he, having been absent when the war began, and being desirous of manifesting to the Indians at large his hearty concurrence in what they had done, had gone into the prisou-lodge, and there, with his knife, put the seven men to death. Shortly after, two of the Indians took one of the dejid bodies, which they chose as being the fattest, cut off the head, and divided the whole into five parts, which were put into five kettles, hung over as many fires, kindled for this purpose at the door of the prison-lodge. Soon after, the horrible prepara- tions were deemed completed, and the warriors were invited to the feast. The invitations are given by the master of the feast. Small cuttings of cedar wood, of about four inches in length, supply the place of cards; and the bearer, by word of mouth, states the particulars. The Indians attend, each taking with him his dish and spoon. Henry tells us that his friend Wawatam did not appear to have relished the repast, having returned, after an absence of about an hour and a half, bringing in his dish a human hand and a large piece of flesh. In the evening of the same day, a large canoe was seen advanc- ing to the fort. The Indian cry was raised in the village, a general muster ordered, and, to the number of two hundred, the savages marched up to the fort, where the canoe was expected to land. The occupants of the canoe, who were English traders, suspected nothing, and came boldly to the fort, when they were seized. and treasurer of the department. He was an alderman of the city in 1859 and 1860, and sheriff of Wayne county in 1861 and 1862, until he entered the army. The wound received at Gettysburg having unfitted him for furtlier ser- vice in the field, he was made provost-marshal at Detroit, and was afterwards assessor of internal revenue for the first district of Michigan. On the consolidation of revenue offices, and the reduction of the force, he was made collector of internal revenue at Detroit, which office he now holds. Gen. Flanigan's labors in the cause of free schools, during the many years he has been a leading member of the Detroit Board of Edu- cation, are too well known to need comment or praise from us. It is sufficient to say that their results have uniformly been such as to add to the respect and regard felt for him by his fellow-citizens. ^fi. l&p 234 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. dragged through the water, beaten, reviled, inarched to the prison, and there stripped of their clothes and confined. Of all the Engl^h traders who fell into the hands of the Indians at the capture of ti.efort, Mr. Tracy was the only one who lost his life Mr. Solomons and Mr Henry Bostwick were taken by the Ottawas ; and, after the peace, carried to Montreal, and there ran- somed. One account says that, out of ninety troops, seventy were killed This is probably incorrect, as there were only about thirtv-five soldiers, with their officers, in the fort. It is only rea- sonable to suppose that of the seventy killed, many were women and children, wives and children of the soldiers. The peculiarities of the Indian character readily explain the part which the Ottawas played in this transaction. They deemed it a gross insult that the Chippewas had undertaken an enterprise of such vast importance without consulting them or asking their assistance. They had, therefore, rescued Henry and his compan- ions in tribulation from the hands of their captors, and borne them back to the fort. After the council between the two nations, of which we have already spoken, some of the prisoners, among whom was Henry, were given up, but the officers and several of the soldiers were retained, and carried by the Ottawas to L Arbre Croche Here they were treated with kindness. From this point Ethriugton dispatched two letters, one by Father Janois, to Major Gladwyn, of Detroit; and the other, by an Ottawa Indian, to Lieutenant Gorell, at Green Bay. These letters contained a brief account of the massacre, and an earnest entreaty for assistance. When Father Janois reached Detroit, he found the place closely besieged ; and, consequently, no assistance could be had from that quarter; but at Green Bay the Indian messenger was more for- tunate. With seventeen men, Lieutenant Gorell had taken pos- session of that post in 1761, and", by a system of good management, had succeeded in allaying the hostility of the savages, and secur- ing the friendship of at least a part of the tribes around him. On receiving Ethrington's letter, Gorell told the Indians what the Chippewas had done, and that he and his soldiers were going to Michilimackinac to restore order, adding that, dunng his absence, he commended the fort to their care. Presents HISTORY OP MICHIGAN. 286 ed to the prison, is of the Indians one who lost his ere taken by the il, and there ran- )p8, seventy were rere only about It is only rea- my were women idily explain the a. They deemed ken an enterprise 1 or asking their and his compan- iptors, and borne n the two nations, prisoners, among rs and several of ttawas to L'Arbre From this point r Janois, to Major Dttawa Indian, to ) contained a brief ' for assistance, id the place closely [ be had from that ger was more for- sU had taken pos- good management, savages, and secur- tribes around him. the Indians what his soldiers were dding that, during jir care. Presents were distributed among them, and advantage taken of every cir- cumstance that could possibly be made to favor the English cause ; so that, when the party was ready to embark, ninety warriors proposed to escort the garrison on its way. J. M. STANLEY. James M. Stanlby, the leading delineator of Indian character, was a man of more than national reputation as an artist, and no mere bio- Kraphical sketch can do justice to his achievements. He was born at Canadaigua. N. Y., on the 17th of January, 1814. At an early age he was thrown upon his own resources for a livelihood, and he spent the greater portion of his boyhood in Buflfalo, N. Y. In 1834, he removed to this State, and, in 1835, commenced his profession of portrait pamtmg in the city of Detroit. He remained there until 1837, when he went to », *^ 236 OENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. Arriving at L'Arbre Croche, where Captain Ethrington, Lieu- tenant Leslie, and eleven men were yet detained as prisoners, Oorell received an intimation that the Ottawas intended to dis- arm hiH soldiers ; but he promptly informed them that such an attempt would meet with a vigorous resistance. Several days were now spent in holding councils. The soldiers from Green Bay recjuested the Ottawas to set their prisoners at liberty, to which tlie latter at length assented. Thinking only of how they might escape their troublesome foes, they prepared to depart. One dif- ficulty, however, yet remained. The Ojibwas (Chippewas) had declared that they would prevent the English from passing down to Montreal ; and again they had recourse to a council. A revul- sion of feeling, as we shall soon see, had already taken place among the Chippewa chiefs ; and at length, though reluctantly, they yielded the point. On the eighteenth day of July, 1763, Chicngo, residing tlicre and at Qalcna, Illinois, until 1889, where he spent much of hi.<< time in painting portraits of the Indians, and taking sketches of the Indian country in the region of Fort Snelling, Minnesota. Sub- sequently he followed his profession in New York CMty, Philadelphia, Penn., Baltimore, Md., and Troy, N. Y. In 1842, having in the mean- time become imbued with a love for Indian scenes and adventures, he traveled extensively over the great prairies of the West, painting the portraits in full costume of the leading warriors around Fort Gibson, Arkansas, and in Texas and New Mexico. He accompanied the Kearney and Emory expeditions across the Rocky Mountains, and, after perform- ing nmch important labor for the United States government in California, he visited Oregon and traversed the greater portion of the Columbia river, taking a large number of sketches of the scenery along the route and transferring them to canvas. Afterwards, he spent over a year in the Sandwich Islands, and, in 1851, settled in Washington, where he resided until 1863, when he returned to Detroit, residing there until his death, which occurred on the 10th of April, 1872, being caused from heart disease. During his residence in Washington, he placed in the Smithsonian Institute a large and very valuable collection of portraits of the leading Indian chiefs of this country, and when a portion of that building was destroyed by fire on January 24, 1865, these pictures were burned with it. This collection was the result, substantially, of eleven years of travel and labor, and their pecuniary value cannot be estimated. This gallery HI8TORY OF MICHIGAN. 287 Sthriogton, Lieu- aed as prisoners, intended to dis- etn that such an e. Several days from Green Bay liberty, to which ' how they might iepart. One dif- (Chippewas) had om passing down suncil. A revul- iady taken place wgh reluctantly, r of July, 1763, (89, where he spent ind taking sketches , Minnesota. Sub- Jity, Philadelphia, ving in the mean- and adventures, he West, painting the )und Fort Gibson, lanied the Kearney and, after perform- iinent in California, 1 of tlie Columbia ery along the route ent over a year in liington, where he ling there until his being caused from n the Smithsonian raits of the leading f that building was were burned with 3ven years of travel ated. This gallery escorted by a fleet of Indian canoes, the English left L'Arbre Croche, and, on the thirteenth day of Augu.., the whole party arrived in safety at Montreal, leaving not a British soldier in the region of the lakes except at Detroit. For a little more than a year after the massai-re, Michilimaeki- nac was only occupied by the eoureura des bois, and such Indian bauds as chose to make it a temporary residence; but, after the treaty with the Indians, Captain Howard, with a sufficiently large detachment of troops, was sent to take possession ot that post; and, once more, the English flag was a rallying point and the protection of the adventurous trader at Michilimackinac. We will now turn back, in point of time, and follow Mr. Henry to the end of his thrilling adventures, after which we will resume our narrative of the nine surpriBals by Pontiac and his brave warriors. comprised one hundred and fifty-two paintings, mostly life-size, of the prominent chiefs and leading men of forty-two distinct tribes. The opportunities that Mr. Stanley had for acquiring a thorough insight into the habits and manners of the North American Indians will, per- haps, best be inferred from a brief outline of his labors and travels as a delineator of Indian life and character. These may be said to date from the visit to Fort Gibson, heretofore referred to. D»""K,;"« «°f "™;; this frontier post, he painted the portraits of Alligator, Wild Cat, Tiger, Big Warrior, and many other prominent Seminole chiefs the^ living. From Fort Gibson, Mr. Stanley went with the party of Col. Pierce M^ Butler U. 8. Commissioner, to attend a council of the Texas tribes of Indians at Wacco village on the Brazos river, where terms of a treaty were discussed, but not finally settled. From Wacco village he returned with the Butler party to Fort Smith, Arkansas, by a circuitous route, crossing the Red river of the South at Shreveport, Louisiana the whok distance being traversed .without a military escort. 8^°^ ^ ^ «' '^^ return Mr. Stanley left Fort Smith to visit a council of Indians at Taleqilah, attended by seventeen different prairie and border t"be^ J^^ he found an excellent opportunity to study savage life m ^ov^eoU^mo^ striking and interesting phases. Upon this occasion, over fifteen thou^ and Indians went daily through their favorite ball plays, dances and other diversions, and the opportunities thus afforded for enriching his portfolio were fully improved. In 1843, he attended a council near Cache Lek, on the Bed river of the South, and, in 1846, in the capacity of m^ 4 ..i* 238 OEWRRAL HISTORY OF THE BTATRfl. On the morning of the ninth of Jnne, a general council waa held, at which it was refiolved to remove to the Inland of Mncki- uaw, Hituatcd in the StraitH of Mackinac, to the north, a» a more defenHiblc Hituation, in the event of an attack by the Englinh. The Indians had begun to entertain apprehem ' ns of a want of strength. No news had reached them from the x ottawattamies, in the Bay des Paunts, and they were uncertain whether or not the Monomins would join them. They even feared that the Sioux would take the English side. Their minds made up on this point, they prepared for a speedy retreat. At noon, the camp was broken up, and they embarked, taking with them the prisoners that were still undisposed of, among whom was Henry, the hero of this romantic adventure. By the approach of evening, they reached the island in safety, and the women were not long in erecting their cabins. In the morning, there was a muster of the topographical draughtsman, he went witli Qen. Kearney to New Mexico and California, puHsing along the Gila river, and this was the first time the Amcricon flag wiw ever unfurled in the Gila Valley. This expedition was frequently intertepted by Indians, but under the direction of the famous mountain guide and explorer. Kit Carson, they fought their way through. The march occupied three months. The expedition was severely handled at San Pasquale and San Bernardino, and, although Mr. Stanley lost all his clothing and other cflccts, he saved his sketches, paints and canvas. From San Diego, California, the artist proceeded to San Francisco, where he completed his ofBcial engagement, and severed his connection with the public service. In 1847, he took with him some Indian guides, and made, at his own expense, a tour through the whole extent of the territory of Oregon. Having diligently observed the manners, customs and habits of the aborigines, sketched the beautiful scenery, and painted the principal chiefs and warriors of the different tribes, he returned to San Francisco, and engaged passage in a vessel homeward bound, by the Cape from Honolulu. On the way back, the artist passed some time on the Sandwich Islands, where he was engaged to paint the portraits of King Kamehameha I and his consort. It was from the Sandwich Islands that he shipped to the Atlantic States a large and valuable number of Indian curiosities collected in Oregon, which were unfortunately lost in the ship- wreck of a whaler. Mr. Stanley's fourth journey was made in the spring of 1863, when be U s-.=;:rs^g; r-T — I . im. i m „i m f p » m »'i ral council was sland of Mncki- orth, as a more by the EngliHh. 18 of a want of ittawattamiefl, in sther or not the that the Sioux ftde up on this n, the camp was m the prisoners Henry, the hero »f evening, they ere not long in a muster of the y to New Mexico was the first time This expedition I direction of the fought their way J expedition was and, althougli Mr. lis sketches, paints ;o San Francisco, cd his connection ne Indian guides, lolc extent of the manners, customs nery, and painted is, he returned to nrd bound, by the ised some time on ; portraits of King Iwich Islands that number of Indian ly lost in the ahip- of 1863, when he HISTORY OF MIcni(»AN. 239 r I IndianH, at which there were found three hundred and fifty fight- I ing men. In the course of the day, a caiioo arrived from Detroit, I with ambassadors, who endeavored to prevail on the Indians to I repair thither, to the assistance of Pontiac ; but fear was now the I prevailing ptvssion. A guard was kept during the day, and a I watch by night, and alarms were very frequently spread. Had av I enemy appeared, all the prisoners would have been put to death. It is not difficult to imagine the feelings of Henry and l.is fellow- prisoners at this time. One morning an alarm was given, and the Indians, in large numbers, ran toward the beach. In a short time it was ascer- tained that canoes from Montreal were in sight. All the Indian canoes were immediately manned, and those from Montreal sur- rounded and seized. The goods were consigned to a Mr. Levy, and would have been saved if the canoe-men had called them formed one of the party that accompanied Isaac L. Hlevens, the first Governor of Washington Territory, on his survey of tlie Northern Pacific Railway route. In this tour, he traversed the continent from the head waters of the Mississippi river m Forts Benton and Union, the Rocky Mountain chain, and the Bitter Root Mountains (to the west of the Rocky), to Fort Coldville, one of the old Hudson Bay Company's stations down the Columbia river to Fort Vancouver, and thence back by the isthmus. It was with this party that Mr. Stanley became per- sonally and intimately acquainted with all the tribes on the upper waters of the Missouri-the Creeks, Assiniboins, Crows, Sioux. Blackfeet and others dwelling in the regions east of the Rocky Mountains; and renewed, on this occasion, his acquaintance with the tribes on the Upper Colum- bia whom he had already visited in 1847-48, after the Kearney expedition. In these eleven years, during which Mr. Stanley explored all that vast region vaguely described on the older maps as the "Indian Country, but which now comprises the States and Territories of Texas, New Mexico Arizona, California, Oregon, Washington, Minnesota. Dacota. Montana, Idaho, and the British Possessions, he had every opportunity to become familiar with the Nomads, whose home they have been since time immemorial. Mr. Stanley was thrown into more or less immediate contact with nearly all the tribes in the Western country, and he was therefore with justice regarded as one of the highest authorities on Indian life and character. The time when the red men, who were once the sole occupants of our prairies and forests, will survive only in song SBl«Bi»«r»«MS«l«0««"«*»*»**«=™*^^ 240 (JKNKRAI, HIBTOKY OF THK HTATW. French property ; but they were bo terrified that they diggulaed nothing. In the canooH wft»« a large ({uantity of litjuor — a ilan- gcrouH acquisition, and one which threatened diHturbance amon^; the IidianH, from their bloodthirsty recitletwnesu while under it* influmce. Wawatani. alwayn watchful of Henry's safety, no sooner heard the soiindM of drunken revelry, in the evening, than he repre- Hcnted to Henry the danger of remaining in the village, and owned that he could not liimHelf resist the temptation of joining his comrades in the debauch. That he might escape all mischief, the Indian requested Henry to accompany him to the mourtain, where he was to remain hidden till the liquor should be drunk. They ascended the mountain, accordingly. After walking more than half a mile, they came to a rock, at the base of which was an opening, dark within, and appearing to be the entrance of a and story, is not far distant; and these truthful nnd yet vivid delineations of a once grout race of human beings will tlien constitute one of their best and most authentic records. To enunjenite all of this iirtist's productions would be too extended an undertaking for a limited sketoli like this. His most important recent work, " The Trial of Hed .Jacket, ' is well known and has lieconie popu- larized by the faithful chronio reproductions of the original work, which were executed in Berlin, Prussia. Tills celebrated painting was exhibited in all the principal citioj of this country and many in Europe, and is now in Detroit at the residence of Mrs. Stanley. It in valued at JJJO.OOO. Among his productions are several of great interest, depii ting events in the history of Michigan, which have also been reproduced in chromo-iitho- graphs; and creditable portraits of distinguished men from all parts of tlie country have been painted by him. He endeavored, by all means in his power, to cultivate a love for art matters wherever he resided, and several years since, by the expenditure of a great amount of labor and time, he succeeded in organizing the Western Art Association, and opening a gallery of paintings, which is now a pennanent and valuable acquisition to Detroit. Personally, he was a man among men. He was quiet, unobtrusive and gentlemanly — a thorough artist, and one who always had a good word for his fellows. He was greatly loved by those who knew him, and his death was lamented by all who were fortunate enough to have formed his acquaintance. I e j.?. : ;^'3 r . - - ■ ■.. - KK. UIMTOKY OF MU'HIOAN. 241 lat they disguifled [)f licjuor — a dan- iHturbance among 88 while under itii , no sooner heard g, than he repre- the village, and ptation of joining ^cape all niiflchief', to the mourtain, should be drunk. ler walking more ane of which was the entrance of a et vivid dclineatioDB istitutc one of their I be too extended an osl im))ortHnt recent d has become popu- ri>;inal worlt, wlilcli inting WU8 exiiibited r' in Kurope, and i8 in valued at JSO.OOO. , depicting events in cell in cliromo-litlio- from all parts of the by all means in his resided, and several ! labor and time, he ion, and opening a valuable acquisition liet, unobtrusive and 's had a good word knew him, and his igb to have formed cave. Hero Wawutani rccdiiinit'iKlcd that Hfiiry cliouid take up hin lod^'iuj^s, mid l>y all iiii'ims rcnuiin till he rcturn('<l. Till- cntriuict' to the cave wax nearly ten tt'ct wido; and, on going in, ho found the further end rounded like an oven, but with JAMES SHEARER. .James Sukaueu, of Bay City, Michigan, ,■.. born in the city of Albany, New Yorl?, in 182:5. In 1887, he emigrated to Michigan and settled in Detroit, where he resided until 1840, being engaged in busincFn as an architect and builder. He was identified with many of the pu'lic and private enterprises con- tributing to the development of tba' iMy during his residence there, and enjoyed the entire confidence of his fellow citizens. lu 1864, he removed to Bay City, Michigan, and engaged in lumbc ring, 16 "t ttia.iW,-Bi\drttfcV*w^^iw.'*^iiii.V-.^r; .■«-,-'>AiiHr-:-«--^-' 242 GENERAL HISTOUY OF THE STATM. a further aperture— too small, however, to be explored. After thus looking around him, he broke >fmall branches from the trees, and spread them for a bed, then wrapped himself in hi.s blanket, and slept till daybreak. On waking, he found himself incom- moded by some object upon which he was lying, and, removing it, found it to be a bone. This he supposed to be that of a deer, or some other animal ; but, when daylight visited his chamber, he discerned, with some feelings of horror, that he was lying on nothing less than a heap of human bones and skulls, which cov- ered the bottom of the cave. Henry passed the day without the return of Wawatam, and without food. As night approached, he found himself unable to meet its darkness in the charnel-house, which he had made his home during the day. He chose, there- fore, an adja(;ent bush for this night's lodging, and slept under it; but, in the morning, he awoke hungry and dispirited, and almost envying the repose of the dead in the mountain cave, to the view of which he returned. At length the sound of a foot reached his ear, and his Indian friend appeared, making many apologies for his long absence, the cause of which was an unfortunate excess in the enjoyment of his liquor. On returning to the lodge Henry experienced a cordial wel- come from the family, which consisted of the wife of his friend, his two sons, of whom the eldest was married, and whose wife and a daughter of thirteen years of age completed the list. A few days after this occurrence, Minavavana, chief of the vil- lage of Michilimackinac, visited the lodge of Wawatam, and when the usual ceremony of smoking wa« finished, he observed banking, real estate and other occupations, with more than average suc- cess Mr. Shearer has been President of the First National Bank, of Bay City, since January, 1808; President of the Lumberman's Associa- tion since its organization in 1870; President of the Bay City Water Works Commission since its formation in 1871 ; and is one of the present Commissioners on the building of the State Capital at Lansing. He is also a director in a number of other business associations in his city, an.l has frequently declined many offices of trust and honor, preferring rather to follow in the quiet channel of a business life, than to travel the tumultous road of the public servant. explored. After ics from the trees, If iu his bhmket, d himself incom- and, removing it, that of a deer, or 1 his chamber, he ho was lying on skulls, which cov- le day without the ;ht approached, he the charnel-house, Ho chose, there- Lnd slept under it ; pirited, and almost n cave, to the view ' a foot reached his many apologies for ifortunate excess iu iced a cordial wel- wife of his friend, and whose wife and the list. la, chief of the vil- of Wawatam, and nished, he observed [lore than average suc- ■st National Bank, of LiUnibernian's Associa- the Bay City Water d is one of tlie present tal at Lansing. He is iations in his city, and onor, preferring rather fe, than to travel the HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 243 that Indians were daily arriving from Detroit, some of whom had lost relations iu the war, and who would certainly retaliate on any Englishman they found, upon which account he advised that Henry should be dressed like an Indian, an expedient by which he might hope to escape all future insult. He could not but assent to the proposal, and the chief was so kind as to a.ssist Wawatam in effecting, that very day, the desired change. His hair was cut off, and his head shaven, with the exception of a spot on the crown of about twice the diameter of a silver dollar. His face was painted with three or four different colors, some parts of it red, and others black. A shirt was provided for him, painted with vermilion, mixed with grease. A large collar of wampum was put round his neck, and another suspended on his breast. Both his arms were decorated with large bauds of silver above the elbows, besides several smaller ones on the wrists; and his legs were covered with viitasaes, a kind of hose, made of scar- let cloth. A scarlet mantle, or blanket, was placed on his shoul- ders, and his head was decorated with a large bunch of feathers. Protected iu a great measure by this disguise, he felt himself more at liberty than before, and the season being arrived in which his clerks from the interior were expected, and a portion of his property recovered, he begged the favor of Wawatam that he would enable him to pay a short visit to Michilimackmac. The Indian complied, and Henry found his clerks, but, owing to their misconduct, he obtained nothing. Indeed, he now began to think that he should require nothing during the remainder of his life. To fish and to hunt, to collect a few skins and exchange them for necessaries, was all that he seemed destined to do and to acquire for the future. He returned to the Indian village, where at this time much scarcity of food prevailed. They were often for twenty-four hours without eating a morsel, and when, in the morning, they had no victuals for the day before them, the custom was to black their faces with charcoal, and exhibit thorough resignation and a tem- per as cheerful as if in the midst of plenty. A continuance of this famine, however, soon compelled them to leave the island in search of food; and they departed for the Bay of Boutchitaony, i i 244 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. (listaut eight miles, where tliey tbimd plenty of wild fowl aud fish. Leaving the bay mentioned, Henry, with his friend Wawatam, and family, went to St. Martin's Island, where, in the enjoyment of an ex('ellent and plentiful supply of food, they renmined till the twenty-sixth of August. It was now proposed by Wawatam, to Henry's great joy, to go to his wintering quarters. Prepara- tion being made, they i^roeeeded to the mouth of the Kiver Aux Sables, and, " as they hunted along their way," says Henry, " I enjoyed a personal freedom, of which I had long been deprived, and became as expert in the Indian pursuits as the Indians them- selves." The winter was spent iu the chase ; and, by degrees, Henry became familiarized with that kind of life ; and, had it not been for the idea, of which he could not divest his mind, that he was living among savages, and for the whisper of a lingering hope that he should one day be released from it, he could have enjoyed as much happiness in this a** in any other situation. At the approa(!h of spring, the hunters began their prepara- tions for returning to Michilimackinac ; but their faces were no sooner turned towards the scene of the massacre, than all began to fear an attack from the English. On the twenty-seventh of April, 1764, they landed at the fort of Michilimackinac. The Indians who had arrived before them were few iu number, and, as yet, Henry was treated with great ('ivility. With his earnings of the winter's chase Henry procured clothes, of which he was much in need, having been six months without a shirt. In addition, he purchased a good store of ammunition and tobacco, which exhausted his resources. Eight days had passed in tranquillity, wheu there arrived a band of Indians from the Bay of Saguenaum. They had assisted at the siege of Detroit, and were now trying to must«r recruits for that service. Henry was soon informed that, as he was the only Englishman in the place, they pre osed to kill him, in order to give their friends a mess of English broth, to raise their courage. This intelligence was not of the most agreeable kind, and he r^iuested his Indian friend to carry him to the Sault Ste. Marie, at which place he knew the Indians to be peaceably inclined, and that M. Cadotte, a resident of that place, enjoyed a powerful influence over their If I t HIRTORT OF MICHIGAN. 245 ild fowl aud fish, rieiul Wawataiu, ill the enjoyment lev remained till icd by Wawiitiuu, artersi. Prepara- if the Kiver Aux ' says Henry, " I ng been deprived, the Indians theni- and, by degrees, e ; and, had it not his raiud, that he f a lingering hope t, he could have er situation. ;an their prepara- lieir faces were no •e, than all began twenty-seventh of ilimackiuac. The V iu number, and, y procured clothes, ix months without re of ammunition Eight days had id of Indians from at the siege of Its for that service, aly Englishman in i give their friends This intelligence Mjuested his Indian at which place he id that M. Cadotte, afluence over their conduct. They - -sidered Cadotte as their chief, and it is said he was a friend t (!)„ English. It was by him that the Chippewas of Lake Superior were prevented from joining Pontiac. Wawa- tam complied, and that same night transported Henry and his LORENZO B. CURTIS. I^HENZO B. CuHTis, of Saginaw City, was born in Boston, Erie county, New York, May 3, 1831. He emi>rrated to Michigan with liis fatlier, Benjamin Curtis, in September, ISJiO, and settled in Vicksburg. Wash- tenaw county. In the spring of the succeeding year liis father purchased a farm in the township of Green Oik, Livingston county, and there the family immediately moved. They, with the family of Mr. Stephen Lee, were the first white settlers In the county. It was in the common schools of this county that the subject of this sketch received his education. His father dying in the summer of 1834, ^ 246 GEKKRAL HISTORY OP THE STATES. own lodge to Point St. Ignace, on the opposite side of the Strait. Here they remained till daylight. The following day, Henry hailed a canoe on the way to the Sault, and, finding tha. it con- tained the wife of Cadotte, already mentioned, he cbtamed per- mission to accompany the party. Henry bid his Indian tnends farewell ; and, putting on his Canadian snit, took his seat in the canoe. After an agreeable journey, they arrived safe at thehault where Henry received a generous welcome from Cadotte. He had been at this place but six days, when he wa« informed tliat a canoe full of warriors was approaching, with the intention oi kill- ing him. Nearly at the same time he received a message from the chief of the village, telling him to conceal himself. A garret was. a second time, his place of refuge ; and, through the influence of Cadotte, his life was spared. ^ At this juncture the village was astir, on account of a canoe which had just arrived from Niagara. The strangers bore a mes- sage from Sir William Johnson, desiring the Indians oi the Sault to send deputies to a great cmmciWjfeast^e h^^ he being the old^f seven children, was left in charge of the family. To fulfill this duty he carried on his father's farm for the two succeeding years, when, his mother marrying again, he started out in hfe for him- self, working at farming and taking jobs at clearing land during the summer seasons, and attending school during the winters. In 184o ht removed to Genesee county, and purchased a saw mill ten miles north o Flint After running this for two years it burned down, and with it about half a million feet of lumber, his barn and house, leaving h.m pen- niless and «1,000 in debt. Nothing daunted, he removed to Saginaw in the spring of 1848, and at once went into the employ of Judge Gardner D Williams, with whom he remained until he spring of 1853. He then was engaged by Capt. Millard, and after working for him one year, he rented the captain's saw mill, and shortly afterwards purchased it. Since that time he has been constantly engaged in the lumbering business, first in the firm of Curtis & King, until 18(14, next in the firm of Curtis & Corning, until 1870, and since that time in the firm of L. B. Curtis .\. Co. Mr Curtis was appointed swamp land State road commissioner by Governor Crapo in 1867, and held the position during the different admin- istrations until the fall of 1872, when he resigned. He has hdd severa other important offices in his town and city, and has given universal satisfaction in all the positions he has filled. § w^' ii w ^-JitBf g . j | JWW i .> i ja^ » .. ' ..V I M'.U- ' ^-'H* ' ^''^**"^ HISTORY OK MICHIGAN. 247 ;s. idc of the Strait. A-ing day, Henry ding thai it con- he obtained per- is Indian friends k his seat in the safe at the Sault, Dadotte. He had 1 informed that a J intention of kill- id a message from limself A garret ough the influence Niagara. After a short consultation, it was agreed to send twenty deputies. Henry seized upon this opportunity of leaving the country; and, having received the permission of the great chief to accompany the deputation, he did so. and thereby escaped from the hands of hia persecutors, after trials and tribulations seldom paralleled in the romance of Indian history. !count of a canoe augers bore a raes- idians of the Sault ist, to be held at harge of the family, ir the two succeeding I out in life for him- ■ing land during tlie winters. In 1845 he lill ten miles north of d down, and with it luse, leaving him pen- moved to Saginaw in loy of Judge Gardner ing of 1853. He then for him one year, he 8 purchased it. Since nbering business, first the firm of Curtis & of L. B. Curtis .fc Co. •oad commissioner by ng tlie different admin- He has h'.^ld several d has given universal 1 CHAPTER XVI. CONPPmACYOF PONTIAC C.)NTIN.Kl)-TlIE I.-uT TO DESTROY THE GaR- jiiBON OK Detroit Discovkued-Pontiac Commences the Sieoe- Captain Campbem/b Captivity-Pontiac Demands the SmmEN- DKU OP THE Fort. We now turn from Michilimackinac to the events that were transpiring elsewhere. On the fifth of May, 1763, a Canadian woman left her home at Detroit, and passed over to the Ottawa village, on the eastern side of the river, for the purpose of obtain- ing a supplv of venison from the Indians of that village. She noticed several of the warriors filing off the barrels of their guns, so as to reduce them, stock and all, to the length of about a yard. Returning home in the evening, she told her neighbors what she had seen. This, and other circumstances, excited the siispicions of the Canadians who had the welfare and peace of the commu- nity at heart; and one M. Gouin, an old and wealthy settler, went to the commandant, and warned him to stand upon his guard, but Gladwyn, a man of fearless temper, slighted the advice. It is difficult to determine who Gladwyn's informant was ; but, before the next day had closed, he was in possession of a com- plete knowledge of the plot, and actively preparing to meet the emergency. On the following page we present an engraving, which, if there be truth in tradition, illustrates the unveiling of this conspiracy. The story, as related to Carver, is as follows: In the Pottawattamie village lived an Ojibwa girl, who could boast of a larger share of beauty than is common in the wigwam. She had attracted the eye of Gladwyn, and there is no doubt that she loved the British officer with all the ardor of her untu- tored mind. On the afternoon of the sixth, Catherine, as she was called by the officers of the fort, came to Detroit, and repaired to Gladwyn's quarters, bringing with her a pair of elk-skin mocca- sins, ornamented with porcupine work, which he had requested i mv * i i 9m im i»0mm9 [)EOT«OY THE GAR- KN-CK8 THE SiKOE— A.NDS THE SrUUEN- events that were [763, a Cauadiau var to the Ottawa purpose of obtain- that village. She rels of their guns, li of about a yard, leighbors what she ted the siispicions ice of the coramu- d wealthy settler, id upon his guard, 3d the advice. It Drmaut was ; but, ssession of a corn- taring to meet the ent an engraving, 3S the unveiling of rver, is as follows : va girl, who could ion in the wigwam, there is no doubt ardor of her uutu- itherine, as she was sit, and repaired to of elk-skin mocca- 1 he had requested 250 (JKNKRAI- BIHTOKY OF TRK bTATKS. 4 '•I f her to make. There was Homethinj? unusual in her look an. manner. Her face was sad and downcast. She said httle. and soon left the ro.,m ; but the sentinel at the door saw her stdl lineorinK at the street corner, though the hour for closmg the gates was nearly come. At length, she attracted the notice of Gladwyn himself, and. <>ulling her to hi.n. he pressed her to declare what wa« weighing upon her mind. Still she remamed for a long time silent; and it was only after much urgency, and „,auy promises not to betray her, that she revealed her momentous secret "To-morrow." she said, "Pontiac will come to the lort, with sixty of his chiefs. Each will be armed with a gun, cut short, and hidden under his blanket. Pontiac will demand to hold a council, and. after he has delivered his speech, he wdl offer a peace-belt of wampum, holding it in a reversed position. Thifl will be the signal of attack. The chiefs will spring ui. and fare upon the officei-s. and the Indians in the street will fall upon the garrison. Every Englishmin will be killed, but not the scalp ot a single Frenchman will Vc touched." Whether or not this was the true source of Gladwyn's information, it is difficult now to determine; but he was, through some instrumentality, told that an attempt would be made, on the seventh, to capture the fort, through treachery. He summoned his officers and told them what he had heard. The defenses of the place occupied a large area, and were quite feeble, and the garrison was too weak to repel a general assault. The force of the Indians at this time is variously estimated rt from six hundred to two thousand ; and the commandant greatly feared that some wild impulse might change their plans, and that they would storm the fort before the morning. Gladwyn, accord- ingly, prepared his garrison for a sudden emergency. He ordered half the soldiers under arms, and the officers to spend the night upon the ramparts. Night came on, and, from sunset till dawn, an anxious watch was kept from the slender palisades of Detroit. The soldiers were all ignorant of the danger, and the sentinels were anxious to know why their numbers were doubled. Again, and again, through that long and dreary night, the commandant mounted his wooden ramparts, and looked forth into the gloom. tfM. - J 8 M B MPg i^iWW»Wy^ Ks. in her look and ic said Httlo, aud loor saw her still r for flosiuj,' the cted the notice of ho pressed her to Still she remained auch urgently, and led her momeutous come to the fort, i with a gun, cut ic will demand to peech, he will offer »ied position. This spring up and tire t will fall upon the )ut not the scalp of ler or not this was is difficult now to mentality, told that o capture the fort, what he had heard, rea, and were quite lel a general assault, riously estimated rt commandant greatly their plans, and that , Gladwyn, accord- rgency. He ordered to spend the night rom sunset till dawn, palisades of Detroit. 3r, and the sentinels ;re doubled. Again, ;ht, the commandant forth into the gloom. HIBTORY OK MUHirJAN. 'irA All was still, save at intervals, when the wind In.ro from tho d.s- tance the sound of the Indian drum, and the wild chorus of Indian yells, iw the warriors danced the war dance round their camp-fires on Belle Isle. The night passed away quietly at the fort, but, with the morn- ing, came evidences of intended massacre. The sun rose clear, and the fresh Helds seemed to smile with the verdure of spring. The morning mists were scarcely dispelled, when the little garri- son observed a fleet of canoes crossing tlie river from the western shore, not more than a cannon shot above the fort. Only two or three warriors couhl be seen in each, but the slow and steady motion of the canoes indicated greater numbers. In truth, they were full of savages, lying flat upon their faces, that their num- bers might not hv the cause of suspicion among the English. As the morning advanced, the common behind the fort was thronged with squaws, children and warriors ; some naked, and others dec- orated with all the fantastic bravery of savage costume. Many of them moved toward the gate, and all were admitted; for Gladwyn determined not only to prove to them that he had detected their plot, but that he despised their hostility. The whole garrison was ordered under arms; the merchants closed their stores, many of them arming themselves, with the intention of aiding the garrison in the defense of the fort, and all stood waiting, in cool confidence, the result that was soon to follow. Meanwhile, Pontiac was approaching along the river road, at the head of sixty chiefs, all marching in Indian file. At ten o'clock, the great chief reached the fort, with his treacherous followers. All were wrapped to the throat in colored blankets. Some were crested with hawk, eagle, or raven plumes; others had only the fluttering scalp-lock of the crown; while others wore their long, black hair flowing loosely at their backs, or wildly hanging about their brows, like a lion's mane. For the most part they were ta .1, strong men, and all had the gait and bearing of brave war- riors. "As Pontiac entered," says Parkman, " it is said that he started, and that a deep ejaculation half escaped his lips." Well might his stoicism fail, for, at a glance, he read the rum ot his plot On either hand, within the gateway, stood ranks of sol- ■6t --»W5«'^««»*i*«" f^^"***^''^'*"** ■ 2.'52 OENKRAI, HfHTORY OP TH*: frV'-.^*.*. m- till (licrH and lu'dgcH of glitterinK Htecl. The Bwarthy evitgeti of the fiir-tradcrH, armed to the teeth, Htood in groups at the street cor- nerH, and the measured tap of a drum fell ominously on th»: ear. Soon regaining his composure, Pontiac strode forwanl into the narrow street, and hi:« chiefs tiled after him in silence, while the Hcared faces of women and chihlren looked out from the windows atfi they passed. Their rigid muscles betrayed no signs of emo- tion ; yet, looking closely, one might have seen their small eyes glance from side to side with restless scrutiny. Traversing the entire length of the little town, they reached the door of the council house, a large building near the margin of the river. On entering, they saw Gladwyn, with several of his officers, seated in readiness to receive them, and the observant chiefs did not fail to remark that t^very F^nglishman wore a sword at his side, and a pair of pistols in his belt. The ^-onspirators eyed each other with uneasy glances. " Why," demanded Pcmtiac, " do I see so many of my father's young men standing in the street with their guns?" Gladwyn replied, through his interpreter. La Butte, that he had ordered the soldiers under arms for the sake of exercise and dis- cipline. With delay, and many signs of distrust, the chiefs sat down on the mats prepared for them, and, after the customary pause, Pontiac rose to speak. Holding in his hand the wampum belt, which wiw to have given the fatal signal, he addressed the commandant, professing strong attacliment to the English, and ileclaring, in Indian phrase, that he had come to smoke the i)ipe of peace and brighten the chain of friendship. The officei-s watched him keenly as he uttered these hollow words, fearing lest, though conscious that his designs were suspected, he might still attempt to accomplish them. And once, it is said, he raised the wampum belt, as if about to give the signal of attack ; but, at that instant, Gladwyn signed slightly with his hand. The sudden clash of arms sounded from the passage without, and a drum rolling the charge, filled the council room with its stunning din. At this, Pontiac stood like one confounded. Seeing Glad- wyn's unruffled brow, and his calm eye fixed steadfastly upon him, he knew not what to think, and soon sat down, in amaze- ment and perplexity. Another pause ensued, and Gladwyn com- i& Ji^.^lMJIiUU-U Iiy ernngef of the at the htreet cor- loiisly on th«: ear. forward int«) the Hilence, while the from the windowH no sijjnH of emo- their small eywt Traversing the 1 the door of the of the river. Ou )fHcers, seatetl in ets did not fail to ut his side, and u 'd each other with ' (It) I see HO many with their guus?" iutte, that he had ■ exercise and <lis- ust, the chiefs sat ter the customary land the wampum , he addressed the the English, and to snjoke the pipe ihip. The officere low words, fearing uspected, he might it is said, he raised lal of attack ; but, ;h his hand. The ige without, and a m with its stunning ded. Seeing Glad- d steadfastly upon at down, in amaze- and Gladwvu com- BtSTORY OF MICHKUN. 2/)3 mencod n hriof reply. He assured the chiefs that friendship and prolt'<'tion should he extended towards them as ioiijr a.« they c(m- tinue<l to deserve it, hut threatened ven^reanee tor the tirsl act of aggression. The council then broke up. The gates of the fort, RT. REV. SAMUEL A. M'COSKRY. SAMtmL A. McCosKKY, tlic present Bishop of tlie Episcopal Church, for the Diocese of Micltignn, was Itorn in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, Novem- ber 9, 1804. .J 254 OENERAI. HISTORY OP THE STATES. r which had been closed during the conference, were again flung open, and the savages were suffered to depart unmolested. " Gladwyn," says Parkniau, " has been censured, and, perhaps, with justice, for not detaining the chiefs as hostages for the good conduct of their followers." Perhaps the commandant feared that, if he should arrest the chiefs when gathered at a public council, and guiltless of open violence, the act might be regarded as cowardly and dishonorable. Further than this, he was not aware of the magnitude of the plot. He regarded the affair as one of those impulsive outbreaks, so common among the Indians, and he hoped that the threatening cloud would soon blow over. Disappointed in his aims of treachery, Pontiac withdrew to his village, enraged and mortified, yet determined to persevere. After a consultation with his chiefs, he resolved to visit the fort again ; and, accordingly, on the following day, he repaired to the council room, with three of his chiefs, bearing in his hand the sacred calumet, or pipe of peace. Offering it to the commandant, he addressed him and his officers to the following effect : " My fathers, evil birds have sung lies in your ears. We that stand before you are friends of the English. We love them as our brothers ; and, to prove our love, we have come this day to smoke Bishop McCoskry's early studies were pursued under the direction of Major Kearsley, of Detroit, who, after the war of 1812, took charge of the grammar school in Dickinson College. In 1820, he received a cadetship appointment to the Military Acii-ieroy at West Point, then in charge of Colonel Thayer, of the U. S. Engineers, Colonel Worth being the commandant of the cadets. He entered this institution with a very large class, at the age of fifteen years and eiglit months, and found the discipline and studies very severe. The first year he was third in mathematics and sixth in French, which made him rank fourth in general average. In military studies, he stood with the first, and was appointed a non-commissioned officer — the highest rank he could obtain in the class. He remained at West Point nearly two years, when, on the death of his brother, who was a surgeon in the United States Army, he resigned and returned to his home in Carlisle. Dickinson College was then under the care of the celebrated Dr. John M. Mason, who had associated with him some of the most distinguished scholars in the country. Bishop McCoskry passed through the four years ■■l>|j^»| »'lk ' ilJtWJW«UUWHt0.w'^ja9tl'Jt8MJJll» ! ^^ >TEa. e, were again flung nmolested. lured, ami, perhaps, •stages for the good ommandant feared thered at a public ; might be regarded I this, he was not [irded the affair as among the Indians, I soon blow over. ;iac withdrew to his ined to persevere. ved. to visit the fort , he repaired to the Qg in his hand the to the commandant, )wing effect : " My rs. We that stand love them as our e this day to smoke inder the direction of 1812, took charge of ;he Military Acaiemy if the U. S. Engineers, ets. He entered this ifteen years and eight evere. Tlie tirst year ^hich made him rank e stood with the first, highest rank he could arly two years, when, in the United States lisle. e celebrated Dr. John tie most distinguished througli the four years HTf :ORY OF MICHIGAN. 255 the pipe of peace." When Pontiac left the fort, he gave the r ■ pipe to Captain Campbell, as a further pledge ot his smcerity. I On the following day, the ninth of Muy, the Indians began to I congregate on the common, near th^i fort ; and fontiac advanced, I once more, to the gate. It was closed against him. He demanded of the sentinels, in a haughty numner, an explanation ; but Glad- wyn replied that there was no objection to the great chief enter- ing, if he chose ; but that the crowd he hud brought with him must remain outside. Pontiac asked permission for his chiefs to enter with him, but to this he received a prompt refusal. Pon- tiac then turned from the gate in great rage, and strode toward hid followers, who lay, in great numbers, fiat upon the ground, just beyond the reach of gun-shot. At his approach, they all leaped up and ran off towards the house of an English woman, who lived, with her family, on a distant part o^ the common. They beat down the doors, and rushed in. In a few moments, they had brutally murdered all the inmates. Another large party ran down to the river's edge, leaped into their canoes, and paddled, with all speed, to the Isle au Cochon, where an English- man, named Fisher, resided. They dragged him from his hiding- place, murdered him on the spot, and took his scalp. Pontiac I Bil.lK ' "! course of tliis institution in two years and three months, and received the fourth honor in the graduating class. He entered upon the study of the law, under the distinguislied lawyer, Andrew Carothers, Esq., at Carlisle, and was admitted to practice in eighteen months from the time he commenced studying. After practic- ing one year, he was appointed deputy attorney -general for his cour.ty, which position he held two years. He remained at the bar for six years, building up a large and lucrative practice. Having been for several years a member of St. Jolm's Episcopal Churcli, at Carlisle, under the care of the Rev. L. Hare, he then com- menced tlie study of Divinity, under tlie cliarge of tlie Right Reverend H. U. Underdook, then Assistant Bishop of Pennsylvauia. During his probation studies, he was invited to take charge of Christ Church, Reading, Pennsylvania, as a lay reader. The church would not call a pastor, and he continued to offlciate in it for one year, when and where he was ordained a Deacon by Bishop Underdook. He was called to take charge of the parish tlie day of his ordination, and remained 256 GENERAI. HISTORY OF THE STATES. m- had uot taken any part in these murders. When he saw his second plan defeated, he turned towards the shore, no man daring to follow hira in his terrible mood. Pushing a canoe irom the bank, he paddled it to the opposite shore, where stood a village of the Ottawas. Arriving at this place, he ordered the inhabit- ants to cross the stream, and encamp oa the western shore, that the river might no longer interpose a bar-ier between his followers and the English. Preparation for the it.;noval was made at once ; but, before the embarkation, Pontiac delivered his great war speech. He was surrounded by his warriors, who, catching his enthusiasm, commenced the hideous war dance, circling round and round, with frantic gestures, and startling the distant garri- son with their unearthly yells. When this performance was over, the work of transporting the tribe and their movables to the opposite side of the river was commenced ; and, long before the morning, the transfer was completed. The whole Ottawa popu- lation crossed the river, and pitched their wigwams on the western side, just above Parent's Creek, afterwards appropriately named Bloody Run. During the same evening, fresh news of disaster reached the fort. Two English officers, Sir Robert Davers and Captain Robertson, had been waylaid and murdered by the Indians, above Lake St. Clair. The same messenger declared its pastor one year, when lie was invited to take charge of St. Paul's riiurch, in Philadelphia, which invitation he accepted at the earnest solicitation if Bishop White, remaining in the parish two years. At the close ot' this time, he was nominated by the same Bishop to the Bishopric of Michigan, and the nomination was concinred in by the Bishops, and he was consecrated in St. i^aid's Church, Philadelphia, July 7, 1830. He entered upon his duti'js as Biahop of Michigan and Rector of St. Paul's Church, Detroit, on the 3«th of August, 1830. Bishop McCoskry performed these twofold duties, without an assistant, for twenty-seven years, when he was relieved of the care of a pttvish, sufficient funds liaving been provided to support him as the Bishop of the diocese with- out other labors. In the discharge of the responsible work of vhis important position, Bishop McCoskry has continued in uninterrupted good health, and with a thankful heart for the help of God in his labors. • i, ^ - • fll' ■. Ctiiifli i i i i <ii wm.jAujiM>uiii''Jin ! uiii«iiii iwuMtmumtj 58. Tien he saw his i, no man daring canoe irom the 3 stood a village ?red the inhabit- astern shore, that yeen his followers al was made at livered his great rs, who, catching 36, circling round the distant garri- rmance was over, movables to the 1, long before the ale Ottawa popu- tns on the western )ropriately named news of disaster sbert Davers and murdered by the esseiiger declared harge of St. Paul's pted at the earnest ih two years, same Bishop to the jncinred in by the urch, Philadelphia, in and Hector of St. Bishop McCoskry It, for twenty-seven ish, sufficient funds of the diocese with- i important position, )d health, and with a HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 257 that Poutiac had just been reinforced by a large band of Ojibwas, from Saginaw Bay. Ever/ man in the fort was now order<3d under arms, and the little garrison spent the night full of anxiety, expecting every HON. S. M. GPEEN. Sanfohd M. Green, of Bay City, was horn May 30, 1807, at Grafton, Kensselaer county, N. Y. He is a descendant of the Greens of Rhode Island. His father was a farmer of limited estate, and uneducated. He per- mitted this son to purchase his time at the age of sixteen years, and at that early age, he left the parental roof. During the next three years he labored on a farm for wages, and applied himself to study in the inter- vals of labor, under a private instructor. Up to this time, he had never had any instru ;tion in, nor given any attention to, geography or English 17 ■■-'if I !' Z c i\ 258 OENEKAL HISTORY OF THK STATES. inonieut to hour t'be war-whoop under the walls of the fort. Gladwyn walked the ramparts throughout the whole night, for he had now begun to have serious apprehensions for the fate of his command. The night was quiet, but, with the dawn, came a burst of Indian yells, and in a moment the warriors swarmed to the attack. The bullets from the savage guns rapped hard and fast against the palisades, and the soldiers within flew to their posts, expecting that the Indians would make a rush against the weak barrier that surrounded them. The savages were firing from khind hills, trees, barns, or whatever afforded them shelter, and the guns of the fjrt replied with steadiness, and, in some instances, with good effect. A short distance from the fort stood a cluster of oat-buildings, behind which a large number of Indians found shelter and opportunity to harass the garrison. A cannon was brought to bear upon them, loaded with red-hot spikes. The buildings once in flames, the Indians ran toward the woods, yelping with rage. The assault continued for six hours ; until, seeing their efforts were futile, the Indians slackened their grammar. At the age of nineteen, he had qualified himself to teach, though he had only attended school, anJ that a common school, for three months. For two years he taught school in winter and continued to labor on a farm through the remainder of the year. In 1829, he commenced the study of law, and, in the same year, cast his first vote for President Jackson. He read law for a time with Geo. C. Sherman, and afterwards w..h Judge Ford, eminent lawyers of New York; still later, he pursued his reading in the oftlce of Stirling & Bronson, of Watertown. Having pursued his studit s for five yf ars, he was admitted to the bar as an attorney at law and solicitor in chancery. He went into practice at Brownville, N. Y., and pursued it there until 1835, when he removed to the city of Uochester, where he became partner of the late Hon. H. L. Stevens. On Mr. Stevens removing to Michigan, a year afterwards, he formed a partnership with I. A. Eastman, Esq., with whom he continued until 1837. In the spring of that year he became interested in the land on which the city of Owosso, Michigan, has since been built, and went there to reside. He assisted in laying the foundation of that thriving town, and continued to live there for six years. During thiu period, he held the ofllces of justice of the peace, supervisor, assessor ot a school district and prosecuting attorney of Shiawissee county. ES. HI8TOKY OF MICHIGAN. 259 vails of the fort, rhole night, for he "or the fate of his awn, came a burst s swarmed to the led hard and fast lew to their posts, against the weak werp firing from them shelter, and iss, and, in some ce from the fort I a large number arass the garrison, ided with red-hot ins ran toward the led for six hours; ms slackened their id himself to teach, non school, for three jr and continued to 1 the same year, cast iw for a time with , eminent lawyers of e office of Stirling & s admitted to the bar e went into practice }5, when he removed f the late Hon. H. L. I year afterwards, he 1 whom he continued interested in the land been built, and went tion of that thriving )uring thiu period, he assessor of a school nty. wild yells, and retired. Duriug this engagement, five of the British had been wounded, while the injury sustained by the Indians was but trifling. The garrison was once more enjoying' peace, when Gladwyu, still deeming the attack which they had just suffered wj^ only an (mtburst of Indian restlessness, and, being in great want of provisions, determined to open negotiations with the Indians by which he might be able to obtain the necessary sup- plies. La Butte, the interpreter of the fort, was despatched to the camj) of the great chief with a message from Gladwyu, offer- ing to redress any real grievances of wliich he might complain. Two old Canadians, named Chapeton and Godefroy, offered to accompany the interpreter, and advance any measure looking toward a peace between the Indians and the English. The gates of the fort were now thrown open, and the three deputies departed, to hold an interview with the Indian king. Pontiac received them with kindness. La Butte delivered his message, and Pontiac seemed much pleased with his offer, when the inter- preter withdrew, leaving the two Canadians to urge the case still A* the election, iu 1843, he was elected State senator and served for two years. At the close of his term as senator, in 1844, he was appointed by the chancellor and judges of the supreme court to revise the statutes of the State, and was required to report his revision at the conmienceraent of the legislative session of 184G. He served, during this term, in the Senate as chairman of the judiciary committee. As such he reportiid the bill providing for that revision, and for the appointment, by the goverrior, of a comniissioner to prepare i',. I'lie bill was passed by the Senate in this form After it went to the House the ((uestion was started, who should be appointed commissioner, Senator Green was the general choice; but, under the bill which he reported, and ns it passed the Sen- ate, he was ineligible, as the then constitution prohibited the appointment by the governor of any person to an office created by the Legislature of which he was a member. To obviate this objection, the House amended the hill £0 as to transfer the appointing p )wer to the judiciary, and the amendment was concurred in by the Senate, 'iis appointment was recommended by the entire Senate, with one or two ex( eptions, and by all the professional men in the House. In 1843, he removed to Pontiac, and there he prepared his revision. It was reported at the time prescribed; was adopted by the Legislature, 260 GKNEBAL HISTORY OF THK HTATE8. further. Returning to the fort, he informed the co.umander that riudian« could be easily pacified by giving then, a few pres- ents- but, when he returned to the Indian camp, he found, to hi. greal dissatisfaction, that his companions had made no progress ' ith the chief whatever. Although professing a strong desire for pice he haughtily refused to accept any definite proposal. W; La Butte again returned, all the Indian chiefs withdrew, r hold a consultation among t uemselves. After a short absence they returned, and Pontiac declared that, mshing to come to a satisfactory unde.tanding. he and his chiefe desired to hoW a council with their English fathei. themselves. T^^- «« °»«J ^ very reasonable proposition, an^ the deputies returned to the fort and cheerfully announced Pontiacs request They stated that the chiefs would be satisfied to negotiate with Captain Campbd . with whom they had always been on the most friendly terns WhenGladwyn heard this, he suspected treachery, and advised Captain Camybell not to go ; but the latter gentleman, feeling a confidence in his influence with the Indians, urged he command- ant to permit him to comply with^PontWs^equest^^^ ^Ui:;r^.'^.::^::^^^^:^^ into eflfect Ma^cl^;^:'^^^ was reelected to the Senate immediately before making las report. on the resignation of .Judge IWm, in 1848, after lus election as go. oroor and the transfer of Judge Whipple to the third circuit to fiU the v^'icy ludge Green w.vs appointed to fill the vac.acy in the fourth cu- ciTas Judge Whipple's successor. In this position of circuit judge, Z r.Sud.e of the supreme court, of which he w. ^^^ for two years, he served until the reorganization of the latter court n 1858 \f tor his .hange in the judiciary, he continued to hold the office oircd judge of the ^ixth circuit, until 180T, when he resigned. He Ln:aiately removed to Bay City, and thenceforth -i-ted — J^ the practice of the law, until he was appointed, m J^^«' ^f •";;"; judge of the eighteenth circuit, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Tud£te Greer. In this position he is still acting. ,,..-. In 18 he pr.pared and published a work on the practice of the circun courts .In editi .0 of twelve hundred copies was issueu. and so eage ly "asi 'so^h for by the profession, that nearly every copy has been soW. The important and conspicuous part performed by Judge Green offl- ciS anTotherwise, in giving judicious form and system to the statute L the practice of the courts of thi. State, and in improving its general I t llW ^M. . , , ,. .,^KsMS**SSis^5tfSW*»wa«iw HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 261 EH. > commaudcr that thero a few pres- 3, he found, to his made no progress a stronjr desire for definite proposal, n chiefs withdrew, er a short absence, ling to come to a desired to hold a IS. This seemed a returned to the fort They stated that Captain Campbell, lost friendly terms, chery, and advised ;entleman, feeling a irged the command- request. At length, eh l8t, 1847. He was his report. ter his election as gov- third circuit to fill the ;uacy in the fourth cir- tion of circuit judge, he was presiding judge of the latter court in inued to hold the office when he resigned. He rth devoted himself to [, in .June, 1872, circuit caused by the death of le practice of the circuit .s issueu, and so eagerly srery copy has been sold, led by Judge Green, offl- Qd system to the statutes n improving its general he gave his consent, and Campbell left the fort, accompanied by Lieutenant McDougal, La Butte, and several Canadians. When they reached the Indian camp, Pontiac came forward and shook them by the hand, and led them to his camp, where, mats being spread for the purpose, he ordered them to be seated. Instantly, the lodge was thronged with savages. Pontiac spoke a few words, when the usual pause ensued. This was ended by Campbell, who addressed the Indians in a short speech. It was heard in per- fect silence, and fully an hour passed before the Indians made any reply, or turned their scrutinizing gaze from the officers. At length, Captain Campbell, conscious of the danger which threat- ened him, and being determined to fully ascertain his true position, rose, and signified his intention of returning to the camp. At this, Pontiac made a sign that he should resume his seat, and said, " My father will sleep to-night in the lodges of his red chil- dren." The Indians were resolved to kill Campbell and his English companions on the spot, but Pontiac would not allow them to do so. He protected them from injury and insult, and conducted them to the house of M. Meloche, near Parent's Creek, where decent jurisprudence, is worthy of a more extended notice than is admissible in this brief memoir. The revised statutes of 1848 have remained now for a quarter of a cen- tury, and no effort has been made to supersede it by another. Two com- pilations have been made to bring together in convenient form the numerous changes made necessary by national events, by the expanding enterp 3 of th*? times, and the rapid development of our local resources, but the general features of tuat revision remain. His judicial record, for over twenty years as a TO«>n(w judge, and for ten years in the court of last resort, is creditable alike to the State and to him. The opinions of the court prepared and read by him, published in the first four volumes of the Michigan Reports, are clear and forcible in style; they show a thorough acquaintance with the subjects involved, a modest deference to the current of decisions by other courts, a clear perception of the ethical philosophy of the law, a constant appreciation of its great purpose, and a bold adherence to recognized principles. These contain the results of his mature judgment after deliberate consideration. But he has exhi- bited, in his long service at the circuit, a wider range of judicial (lualities than can be called into exercise in a purely appellate court. He possesses I i; M -«>M>PMW«' 262 OENERAL HI8TORT OF THE STATES. I ' A' quarters were assigned them. Their danger was diminished by the fact that Gladwyn, at the same time, detained two Indians, for some offense, as prisoners in the fort. When I.u Butte returned to the fort, and informed the commandant of the deten- tion of the officers, a sadness and melancholy pervaded the whole garrison. Pontiac now began operations with greater vigor than ever. Receiving additional reinforcements, he made several changes in the disposition of his forces. A band of warriors were ordered to lie in wait along the river bank, below the fort, while others concealed themselves in the woods. Another band was stationed in the neighborhood of the fort. These were ordered to conceal themselves, and shoot down any soldier or trader who might hap- pen to expose his person, when no general attack was in progress. These arrangement? were completed on the eleventh of May, 1763, when a number of Canadians visited the fort, and advised the commandant to abandon the post, saying that it would be stormed, in less than an hour, by fifteen hundred Indians. Glad- wyn refused, and, in half an hour afterward, the savages r-^newed the attack on the fort. This was kep ^up ti ll evening, when the '^i^^^xM^^XX^^^^l^^'^^i^ P'-i"'> bench, for the trial of questions of fact His analytical mind enables him at once to put aside what is for- eign to the subject of inquiry, and to so clansify the material evidentiary fads as to disentangle the most intricate case, and bring order out of apparent chaos. His knowledge of the law is profound; he has mastered and digested it as a great moral science. In the administration of it, he is ready without being precipitate, dignified without austerity, patient and attentive to arguments, and independent and uniformly impartial in his deci-sions. He is ever serene and self-possessed, however the bustle and excitement of important trials may affeta parties, counsel or the pub- lic He is popular with the profession, and enjoys the fullest cnfadence of the public. On his retirement from the bench, in 1867, he was ten- dered a public dinner at Pontiac, and the festive occasion was emphsr sized by the presentation of a beautiful silver service, with toasts and speeches abounding in compliments, well merited, and which had the ring of "well done, good and faithful servant." Nor is Judge Green a mere judge or jurist; his reading has been extensive. He is, in short, . a man of refinement and general culture, of broad and liberal views, social, public spirited— a just and good man. »• -.ti ^!jj.J»„,U*.,iil..JJWJ«.l.4VS*!S!*i!SSfe«K^r" s. HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 263 18 diminished by ncd two Indians, Vhen III Butte knt of the deten- ■vaded the whole vigor than ever. Evcral changes in ors were ordered fort, while others md was stationed rdered to conceal ir who might hap- k was in progress, jleventh of May, fort, and advised that it would be d Indians. Glad- e savages r-^newed evening, when the trial of questions of It aside what is for- muterial evidentiary [1 bring order out of nd; he has mastered ninistration of it, he ut austerity, patient liformly impartial in 1, however the bustle I, counsel or the pub- lic fullest confldence , in 1867, he was ten- occasion was emphsr vice, with toasts and and which bad the Nor is Judge Green ve. He is, in short, id and liberal views. Indians retired. Soon after, a Canadian visited the fort, with a summons from Poniinc. demanding Gladwyn to surrender the post at once, and promising that, in ca-sc of compliance, the English should be allowed to go on board of their vessels unmolested, leaving their arms and effects behind. To this the commandant gave a flat refusal. •^^' CHAPTER XVII. "m iV' 1 CONSPIKACY OK PONTIAC (^ONTINITKI)— A COUNCIL AMON(i THE OKKICEHH OF THE Fort ok Detuoit— (Ji.adwyn Divikumineh to IIoi.u Out — Difficulty Between Pontiac and the Fiiencii — Fate of Cuyi.eh's Expedition — The Hohkous of Indian Wakkake Thickening Auound Detkoit. TiiK officers of the fort of Detroit uow assembled to consider what measures would be most advisable in the emergency. It is recorded that Gladwyn v/w* alone in the opinion that the defense of the place should be continued— the others urging the policy of an immediate surrender and embarkation for Niagara. Their condition was, indeed, a deplorable one. The provisions on hand would not sustain the garrison more than three weeks, within which time it was madness to hope for succor. But this was not their only source of fear. The wooden houses of the fort were thatched with straw, and might be set on fire, and the enemy might make a general onset, and cut or burn their way through the pickets. Resistance would then be useless. " Day after day," says Parkraan, " the Indians continued their attacks, until their war cries and the rattle of their guns became familiar sounds. For many weeks no man lay down to sleep, except in his clothes, and with his weapons by his side. Parties of volun- teers sallied, from time to time, to burn the out-buildings, which gave shelter to the enemy. They cut down orchard trees and lev- eled fences, until the ground about the fort was clear and open, and the enemy had no cover left from whence to fire. The two vessels in the river, sweeping the northern and southern curtains of the works with their fire, deterred the Indians from approach- ing those points, and gave material aid to the garrison. Still, worming their way through the grass, the pertinacious savages would crawl close to the palisades, and shoot arrows, tipned - .uijii'HiiiLi II 'I :'''««i'SgiMM!iS.'™^---^t8it^'i^ii^^ HISTORY OP MICHIOAN. 2fi5 ION(i THE Okkickus INEH TO IIoi.D Ovr PllKNCII — FaTK (»K Indian Waukaue mbled to consider emergency. It is )n that the defense rgiug the policy of r Niagara. Their irovisiona on hand iree weeks, within But this was not BS of the fort were ■e, and the enemy • burn their way be useless. " Day nued their attacks, us became familiar to sleep, except in Parties of volun- ut-buildings, which ihard trees and lev- as clear and open, e to fire. The two d southern curtains ans from approach- ;he garrison. Still, lertinacious savages lOOt arrows, tipped with burning tow, upon the roofs of the houses* ; but water wa8 everywhere provided against such an emergency, and these attempts proved abortive. The little church, which stood near the palisades, was particularly exposed, and would probably have HON. MOSES B. HESS. Moses B. Hess, an enterprising citizen of East Saginaw, was born in the town of Verona, Oneida county, New York, July 3, 1821. At ten years of age, he emigrated to Michigan and took up liis residence at Hartland, Livingston county, where he worked on a farm until he removed to Brighton, in the same county. Here he served two years in the copper, tin and sheet-iron business. In 1847, and before the State buildings were erected, he moved to Lansing, where he was assistant postmaster and State librarian until Sfcii % 2rtfl OETCERAI, HTHTORY OF THE HTATEH. been set on fire, had not tlie priest of the setthment tlireateno<l I'onliiic with the veiiKi'anc*! of the (Jreiit Spirit, nlioiihl h.' he jriiilty of such micrilejre. Tontine neglected no expedient thiit his Hiivuge taetie« could Hupply. He went further, and beK^rfd the French inhabitant** to teach him the European method of attack- ing a fortified place by regular approaches ; but the rude Cana- dians knew as little of the matter a« he ; or if, by chance, a few were better informed, tliey wisely preferred to conceal their knowledge. Soon after the first attack, the Ottawa chief had sent in to Gladwyn a summons to surrender ; assuring him that, if the place were at once given up, he might embark on board the vessels, with all his men, but that, if he persisted in his defense, he would burn him alive. To this Gladwyn made answer that he cared nothing for his threats. The attacks were now renewed with increased ctivity; and the assailants were soon after inspired with fresh ardor by the arrival of a hundred and twenty Ojibwas. Every man in the fort now slept upon 'he rampart' , yet confidence and cheeri'ulness still prevailed among the weary garrison." JIad it not been for the assistance of a few Canadians, who lived <.n the ■vnV'Osite side of the river, and who provided the gar- risoj' v"'s foil i Detroit would have been abandoned, or destroyed. lsi>.. Als services in the latter office were such na to merit and receive a liviittl rcsohition of tlianks from tlie State senate. In law, lie venioveil to wliat is now East Saginaw, und still makes llmt his iiomc. From that time, he has hecn closely identifled witli the growth of that portion of our prosperous State. When he settled there, Buena Vista included what is now East Saginaw, Huena Vista and Blumfield. He has held the offices of supervisor, town clerk, school insjiector and highway conunlssioner. He was treasurer of the village of East Saginaw two terms, and, while in that office, paid every order when presented, often using his own personal funds to do it. Mr. Hess was also register of the United States land office for several years, and as such was faith- ful and vigilant, and contributed largely to turning the tide of emigration to this State and removing the false opinions jirevalent about its health- fulness and natural resources. He was one of the few who, in 1858-59, had implicit faith in the saline f ! •'«*■ tHu •^m-t s^^-£^' -^ • ;r. cnient tliroatpnod pit, nlioiild lit' Itf xpedit'iit timt his •, iiiul lH!gj;t'(l the nothod of uttaek- t the rude (Iiiim- , by chance, ii few to conceal their )ttttwa chief had iissuriiig him that, embark on l)oard 3 persisted in his Iwyn made answer ittacks were now lailants were soon >f a hundred and w slept upon fhe prevailed among w Canadians, who ) provided the gar- oned, or destroyed. o merit and receive , and still makes tliiit ' identifled witli tlie lien he settled there, V, Ihu'iia Vista and Bchool insjiector and llage of East Saginaw rder when presented, [ess was also register d as such was faith- ;he tide of emigration dent about its health - licit faith in the saline ■Msgsiummi &":*?.,_„ -■ ' !^,^i,imem^mmSr^ | *' > !l»l>mm'^^iw>^J-'^||!' ' .^f^ -'-^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 14^128 |2.5 L25 iU il.6 7, <P^ r if Photographic Sciences Corporation ■/ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEbSTER.N.Y. M5S0 (716) 872-4503 '^ CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICIVIH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques w HISTORY OP MICHIGAN. 267 These supplies were carried to the fort in boats, at night, with- out exciting the suspicion of the Indians. No sooner had the garrison been relieved from apprehensions of i:nraediate famine, than the Indians themselves began to suffer from hunger. Think- ing to have taken Detroit at a single stroke, they l-.ad neglected to provide against the exigencies of a siege, and now, in small parties, they plundered the Canadian families along the river shore. These acts called forth a remonstrance from the Canadian settlers, and a number of them visited the camp of the great Ottawa chief, and urged him to prevent their continuance. He yielded to their requests ; and, in order to effectually put a stop to his young men committing further depredations, Pontiac organized a commissary department. He visited, in person, all the Canadian families ; and, inspecting the property belonging to them, he assigned to each the share of provisions which it must furnish. The contributions thus levied were all collected at the house of M. Meloche, Pontiac's headquartei-s, and the prison of Captain Campbell and his companions. Pontiac, not wishing to offend the French, and being unable to make compensation for the provisioas he had exacted, had recourse to a remarkable expedient. He issued promissory notes, drawn upon birch bark, signed with the figure of an otter, the resources of the Saginaw Valley, and his energy, influence and money contributed largely toward getting the legislation and capital to sink the first well of the East Saginaw Salt Manufacturing Company. The success of this adventure, which contributed more to the prosperity and marvel- ous growth of that region than any other one thing, is too well known to need comment here. Mr. Hess was a pioneer in the worl of dredging out the Saginaw river, and was one of the first movers and a director of the East Saginaw Street Itoilwfty. He has always affiliated with the Democratic party, and for many years was a prominent politician in local and State affairs. For several years his ill health has kept him from all participation in public matters, but this has not prevented him from taking a deep intu.est in all public and private improvements. In both public and private life, by his energy, uprightness, faithfulness and candor he won and retained the esteem of all. |,|. 268 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. " totem " to which he belonged, and it is authoritatively recorded that they were all faithfully redeemed. The measures the chief had adopted allayed the anger of the French, and contributed largely to his own welfare. None of his followers would cross the cultivated fields of the French, but always followed the beaten paths, as Pontiac had commanded them. But we will now turn to the work of the siege. " While perils were thickening around the garrison at Detroit," says Parkman, " the British commander-in-chief, at New York, remained igno- rant of its danger. Indeed, an unwonted quiet had prevailed, of late, along the borders, and about the neighboring forts. With the opening of spring, a strong detachment had been sent up the lakes, with a supply of provisions and ammunition, for the use of Detroit, and other western posts. The boats of this convoy were now pursuing their course along the northern shore of Lake Erie, and Gladwyn's garrison, aware of their approach, awaited their arrival with an anxiety which every day increased. Day after day passed on, and the red cross of St. George still floated above Detroit. The keen-eyed watchfulness of the Indians had never abated, and woe to the soldier who showed his head above the palisades, or exposed his person before a loop-hole. Strong in his delusive hope of French assistance, Pontiac had sent messengers to M. Neyon, commandant at the Illinois, earnestly requesting that a force of regular troops might be sent to his aid ; and Glad- wyn, on his side, had ordered one of the vessels to Niagara, to hasten forward the expected convoy. The schooner set sail ; but, on the next day, as she lay becalmed at the entrance of Lake Erie, a multitude of canoes suddenly darted out upon her from the neighboring shores. In the prow of the foremost the Indians had placed their prisoner. Captain Campbell, with the dastardly purpose of interposing him as a screen between themselves and the fire of the English. But the brave old man called out to the crew to do their duty, without regard to him. Happily, at that moment, a fresh breeze sprang up, and the schooner bore prosper- ously on her course towards Niagara, leaving the savage flotilla far behind. The fort, or, rather, town of Detroit, had by this itively recorded he anger of the e. None of his he French, but lad commanded " While perils ' says Parkman, remained igno- jad prevailed, of Qg forts. With een sent up the n, for the use of this convoy were re of Lake Erie, b, awaited their laed. Day after kill floated above dians had never head above the J. Strong in his sent messengers Qestly requesting ! aid ; and Glad- s to Niagara, to ter set sail; but, Qtrancc of Lake ; upon her from nost the Indians th the dastardly 1 themselves and called out to the Happily, at that Qer bore prosper- le savage flotilla roit, had by this !, 1 HISTORY OF MtCHIOAN. 269 time lost its wonted vivacity and life. Its narrow streets were gloomy and silent. Here and there strolled a Canadian, in red cap and gaudy sash ; the weary sentinel walked to and fro before the quarters of the commandant; an officer, perhaps, pjissed n# irr HON. JAMES BIRNEY. James Biiiney is a native of Danville, Kentucky, and the eldest son of the late James G. Bimey. His collegiate education was obtained at Centre College, Kentucky, and at Miami University, Ohio. At the latter institution he graduated in 1836. During the two succeeding years he was employed in the University as professor of the Greek and Latin languages. During the next two years he attended the law lectures of Judge Stom and Professor Hitchcock, of the law school of Yale College, at New Haven, Connecticut. hik: 270 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. along, with rapid step and anxious face ; or an Indian girl, the mate of some soldier or trader, moved silently by, in her finery of heads and vermilion. Such an aspect as this the town must have presented on the morning of the thirtieth of May, when, at about nine o'clock, the voice of the sentinel sounded from the southeast bastion, and loud exclamations in the direction of the river, roused Detroit from its lethargy. Instantly, the place was astir. Soldiers, traders and inhabitants, hurrying through the water- gate, thronged the canoe wharf and the narrow strand without. The half-wild cmrmrs des boia, the tall and sinewy provincials, and the stately British soldiers, stood crowded together, their uniforms soiled and worn, and their faces haggard with unremit- ting watching. Yet, all alike wore an animated and joyous look. The long-expected convoy was full in sight. On the farther side of the river, at some distance below the fort, a line of boats was rounding the woody projection, then called Montreal Point, their oars flashing in the sun, and the red flag of England flying from the stern of the foremost. The toils and dangers of the garrison were drawing to an end. With one accord they broke into three hearty cheers, again and again repeated ; while a cannon, glanc- ing from the bastion, sent ita loud voice of defiance to the enemy, and welcome to approaching friends. But, suddenly, every cheek grew pale with horror. Dark, naked figures were seen rising, with Sul)sc(iuently Mr. Birney removed to Cincinnati, Oliio, and entered upon the practice of tlie law. He devoted liimself to tliis business for eleven years, and acquired a desirable position in the profession. Mr. Birney, while in New Haven, maiTied Miss Moulton, stepdaughter of Nathaniel Bacon, Esq., of that city. Of this marriage there were five children, the eldest of whom distinguished himself in the army as Captain in the 7th Regiment of Michigan Volunteers, and died while an officer of the U. S. regular army. In 1858, Mr Birney was elected a member of the State Senate for the Saginaw district; was chairman of the committee on public instruction, and a member of the judiciary committee of that body. In lbC)C, he was nominated by the State Kcpublican Convention to the office of lieutenant-governor and elected by a majority of over 20,000. By virtue of this office j he became president of the State Senate, and as a presiding officer received great favor. ■■ r H18TOKY OF MICHIGAN. 271 [ndiau girl, the in her finery of [own rauHt have when, at about in the southeast a of the river, place was astir. )ugh the water- strand without, ewy provincials, together, their •d with unremit- md joyous look, the fiirther side ne of boats was treal Point, their land flying from 8 of the garrison broke into three a cannon, glanc- ice to the enemy, enly, every cheek ! seen rising, with Ohio, and entered to this business for profession, ilton, step-daughter iage there were five If in the army as 1, and died while an itate Senate for the public instruction, iy- 1 Convention to the rity of over 20,000. State Senate, and as wild gestures, in the boats, while, in place of the answering salute, the distant yell of the war-whoop fell faintly on their ears. The convoy was in the hands of the enemy. The boats had all been taken, and the troops of the detachment slain, or made captive. Officers and men stood gazing, in mournful silence, when an incident occured whu'h caused them to forget the general calamity in the absorbing interest of the moment. Leaving the disappointed garrison, we will pass over to the prin- cipal victims of this deplorable misfortune. In each of the boats, of which there were eighteen, two or more of the captured sol- diers, deprived of their weapons, were compelled to act as rowers, guarded by several armed savages, while many other Indians, for the sake of further security, followed the boats along the shore. In the foremost, as it happened, there were four soldiers, and only three Indians. The larger of the two vessels still lay anchored in the stream, about a bow-shot from the fort, while her com- panion, as we have seen, had gone down to Niagara, to hasten up this very reinforcement. As the boat came opposite this vessel, the soldier who acted as steersman conceived a daring plan of escape. The principal Indian sat immediately in front of another of the soldiers. The steersman called, in English, to his comrade to seize the savage and throw him overboard. The man answered While he was lieutenant-governor, a vacancy occurred in the olBce of circuit judge for the district of which he was a resident. The governor tendered the appointment to him, and it was accepted. He presided as circuit judge during the next four years. He was unanimously renomin- ated by the Republican Judicial Convention, but the district having a Democratic majority he has not elected. After serving as judge, Mr. Birney returned to the practice of the law. In 1871, he established the Bay City Ghrmkle as a weekly Republican paper. In June, 1873, he commenced the publication of the Marning Chronicle. In 1872, Governor Baldwin nominated Mr. Birney to President Grant as Centennial Commissioner for Michigan to celebrate the Hundredth Anniversary of the Declaration of Independence in 1876. Mr. Birney is now residing at Bay City, and is devoting himself to the care of his estate and the editorial duties of the daily and weekly Chronkle. His son Arthur M. Birney is associated with him in business. ti 272 (lENKKAL HISTORY OF THE STATES that he w.i« not ntrong enough ; on whi.-h the steerntnan direete.1 him to change places with him, as if fatigued with rowuig-a movement which would excite no suspicion on the part ot their guard. As the bold soldier stepped forward, as if to take h.s companion's oar, he suddenly seized the Indian by the hair and, griping with the other hand the girdle at his wa^t, lifted him by main force, and flung him into the river, fhe boat rocked till the water surged over her gunwale. The Indian hold fast to his enemy's clothes, and, drawing himself upward, as he trailed alongside, stabbed him again and again with his knile and then dragged him overboard. Both went down the swift current, rising and sinking; and, as some relate, perished grap- pled in each other's arms. The two remaining Indians leaped out of the boat. The prisoners turned, and pulled for the distant vessel, shouting aloud for aid. The Indians on shore opened a heavy fire upon them, and many canoes paddled swiftly m pur- suit The men strained with desperate strength. A fate inex- pressibly horrible was the alternative. The bullets hissed thickly around their heads; one of them wa« soon wounded, ami the light, birch canoes gained on them with fearful rapidity. Escape seemed hopeless, when the report of a cannon burst from the side of the vessel. The ball flew close past the boat, beating the water in a line of foam, and narrowly missing the foremost canoe. At this, the pursuers drew back in dismay; and the Indians on shore, being further saluted by a second shot, ceased firing, and scattered among the bushes. The prisoners soon reached the ves- sel where they were greeted as men snatched from the jaws ot fat'e- "a living monument," writes an officer of the garrison, « that fortune favors the brave." They related many particulars of the catastrophe which had befallen them and their companions. Lieutenant Cuyler had left Fort Niagara as early as the thir- teenth of May, and embarked from Fort Schlosser, just above the Falls, with ninety-six men. and a plentiful supply of provisions and ammunition. Day after day he had coasted the northern shore of Lake Erie, and seen neither friend nor foe amid those ■ lonely forests and waters, until, on the twenty-eighth of the month, he landed at Point Pel6e. not far from the mouth of the eixman direoted with rowiug— a he part ot' their 1 if to take hiH in by the hair, his waist, lifted iver. The boat le. The Indian uself upward, as >n with his knife, down the swift I, perished, grap- y Indians leaped 3d for the distant shore opened a ;d swiftly in pur- fa. A fate inex- ets hissed thickly rounded, and the rapidity. Escape irst from the side boat, beating the le foremost canoe, i the Indians on ceased firing, and n reached the ves- from the jaws of r of the garrison, many particulars their companions, early as the thir- jser, just above the ipply of provisions isted the northern or foe amid those snty-eighth of the I the mouth of the 18 274 GENERAL IlIHTOBY OF THR flTATES. River Detroit. Ti.e boatn «-ere drawn on the l.cucl.. .uul the party prepared to enean.p. A "-" -d a boy wont to gather h. - wood at a short di.tanee Irom the .pot. .hen an Induu. U-ape. at of the .ood.s «ei.cd the b.>y by the hair, and tonndnnv ed hi™. The man ran into can,p with the ah.r.n. C«y er .mmed.- ately formed his .oUliers into a nemi-eireh. before the boats H had scarcely done so when the enen.y opened the.rhre. For an instant, there was a hot bhue of musketry on both -1-; tl^ U Indians broke out of the woods in a body, and '--^-l "^^ upon the center of the T.ne. whieh gave vay .n every part the In flagging down their guns, running in a bhnd pan.c to the ZL, and struggling. .Hh iU-direeted efforts to shove t em u^> the water. Five were set afloat, and pushed ofl Ironx the slu>re. crowded with the terrified soldiers. Cnyler seeing hm.sel as he says, deserted by his n.en, waded up to Ins neck in t le lake, l;:nimbed into ^ne of the retreating boats. The mb^. on their part, pushing two more afloat, went in pursui of the lug tives. three boat-loads of whom allowed themselves to be re-cap- tured, without resistance ; but the remaining two. m one o which wasCuyler himself, made, their escape. They rowed all mght and landed in the morning upon a small island. Between th r y and forty men, some of whom were wounded, were crowded n these two boats; the rest, about sixty in number, bemg kdled o taken. Cuyler now made for Sandusky, ^vhich, on his arnva . he found burnt to the ground. Immediately leavmg the spot, he rowed along the south shore to Presque Isle ; from whence he pre. ceeded to Niagara, and reported his ^-^ *" ^^^^^ ^^ "It d commanding oflicer. The actors in this bold and ^vell execut d stroke were the Wyandot., >vho, for some days, had lam ip ambush at the mouth of the river, to intercept tradmg boa^ or parties of troops. Seeing the fright and confusion of Cuyler s men. they had forgotten their usual caution, and rushed upon them in the manner described. The ammunition, provisions, and other articles taken in this attack, formed a valuable prr.; but unfortunately, there was, among the rest, a great qu>. .ity ot whisky. This the Indians seized, and carried to their respective camps, which, throughout the night, presented a scene of savage ;h. niHTORY OF MirniOAN. 27ft bench, uiid the ;nt to gnthiT tirc- aii lutliiui lotniccl lud tonmhiiwketl Cuyler immi'iU- ; tho bouts. He icir fire. For an ;h siilos ; then tho 1(1 riishi'd fiercely in every purl, the )lin(l piinic to the a shove them into ff from the slioro, seeing himself, as nock in the lake. The Indians, on )iirsuit of the fugi- tives to be re-cap- '0, in one of which f rowed all night, 1. Between thirty 1, were crowded in ler, being killed or I, on his arrival, he aving the spot, he •om whence he pro- Major Wilkius, the and well executed days, had lain in pt trading boats, or nfusion of Cuyler's 1, and rushed upon tion, provisions, and valuable pri 'p ; but, J, great qu^ -ity of d to their respective i a scene of savage revelry and riot. Dnrnuint jeaioiiHicH were awakened ; old, for- gotten (juarrelH kindled afrenh ; and, iiad not the scpmws taken the precaution of hidiiit,' ail the weapons thoy could find, before tiie debauch hejjan, nuieh blood would, no doubt, have been spilt. As it was, many were wounded, of wiioni two died in the morning; and several others had their noses bitten off — a singular mode of revenge, much in vogue upon similar occasions among the Indians of the upper lakes. The English were gainers by this scene of riot ; for, late in the evening, two Indians, in all the valor and vainglory of drunkenness, came running direi tly towards ilie iiirt, boasting their prowess in a loud voiee ; hut, being greeted with two rifle bullets, they leaped into the air, like a ])air of wounded bucks, and fell dead on their tracks. It will not be proper to jjass over in silence the fate of the unfortunate men taken prisoners in this affiiir. After night had set in, several Canadians came to the fort, bringing vague and awful reports of the scenes that had been enacted at the Indian camp. A cloud of deep gloom sank down upon the garrison ; and none could help reflecting how thin and frail a barrier protected thorn from a similar fate. On the following day, and lor several succeeding days, thoy beheld frightful confirmation of the rumors they had heard. Naked corpses, gashed with knives and scorched with fire, floated down on the pure waters of the Detroit, whose fish came up to nibble at the clotted blood tha : clung to their ghastly faces. ii£S*Baiav;,!9fe-*<dSS«il!S»»teat>- .4*^^ CHAPTER KVIII. cc^nucv o. POK.UC -™^^™ -r^rr s^r: r™"' 0^^000 1.0 IlAVoc-TuK B.oonv Wouk ok t„k Gukat PONTIAC AND IIlS ThKACIIKUOUS FOT.I.OWERS. Such was the work of death and desolation around the forest garrisons, in 1763-such the scenes enacted on the soU of Michi- gan one hundred years ago. But we must hasten to close our narrative of Pontiac and his woeful war, as other events of great importance must not be crowded out; and in this we will be guided by the authority of Francis Parkman. Late one after- noon in May, 1763, the garrison were again greeted with the dismal cry of death, and a host of naked warriors was seen issu- ing from the woods in the rear of the fort. Each savage was painted black, and each bore a scalp, fluttering from the end of a pole. It ^«« «o^ Pl^i^ that some new disaster delighted he blood-thirsiy savages; and, in truth, this was so; for, duung the same evening, news reached the fort that Sandusky had been taken, and all its garrison slain, or made prisoners. 1 his post had been attacked by the Wyandots, living in its m „ .orhood, aided by a detachment from the army of Pontiac. i^niong the few survivors of the slaughter was the commanding oflicer, Ensign Paully, who had been conducted to Detroit by the savages, bound hand and foot, and assured on the passage that hejould be burnt alive, beside the camp of the great chief. On being taken to the lodge of Pontiac, he was surrounded by a crowd of Indians, who pelted him with stones, and forced him to dance and sing^ A worse infliction seemed in store for him, when, happily, an old woman, whose husband had lately died, chose to adopt him in place of the deceased warrior. Seeing no alternative but the HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 277 FOKEST GAURISON Fatk of Sanmtsky, iND Venanoo— The ORK OK THE Great around the forest the soil of Michi- lasten to close our her events of great in this we will be I, Late one after- n greeted with the riors was seen issu- Each savage was g from the end of a saster delighted the so; for, duiing the Sandusky had been risoners. This post in its n<. \ jorhood, ontiac. Among the ndiug officer, Ensign y the savages, bound 3 that tie T^ould be ef. On being taken Y a crowd of Indians, 1 to dance and sing. ,vhen, happily, an old ose to adopt him, in ) alternative but the stake, Paully accepted the proposal; and, having been first plunged in the river, to Avash the white blood from lii? veins, he was conducted to the lodge of the widow, and treated thence- forth with all the consideration due an Ottawa warrior. The gar- M. S. SMITH. Martin 8. Smith, the senior partner of the firm of Messrs. M. S. Smith & Co., the present leading jewelers of Detroit, was born in Lima, Livings- ton county, State of New York, in 1834. At an early age he came to Michigan in company with his parents. In 1859, Mr. Smith established himself in the jewelry business in Detroit, and has conducted since that time, or from a period not long after, the leading jewelry establishment in Michigan. In the summer of 1868, he visited Europe, and returned in the follow- ing autumn, an im^rorter of jewelry and such other goods as are usually i; m^ K^ta#iieiiWMtf«i^liiMMi«Uk^>iUli<l«iil^:Ma^>- JM 278 OENERAI. HISTORY OF THE STATES. rison at Detroit soon received a letter from him, through a Canadian, giving a full account of the capture of Fort Sandusky, wliich had taken place on the sixteenth of the same montl,. A brief account of the surprise of this fort is as follows : PauUy, the commandant, was informed that seven Indians were waiting at the gate to see him. As several of the number were well known to him, he ordered thorn to be admitted. Arriving at his headquarters, two of his treacherous visitors seated them- selves on each side of the commandant, while the rest were dis- posed in various i)arts of the room. The pipes were lighted, and the conversation began ; when an Indian, who stood in the door- way, suddenly made a signal, by raising his head. Upon this, the astonished officer was instantly pounced upon and disarmed ; while, at the same moment, a confused noise of shrieks and yells, the firing of guns, and the hurried tramp of feet, sounded from the area of the fort without. This soon ceased, and Paully, led by his captors from the room, saw the parade ground strewn with the corpses of his murdered garrison. During the night, he was conducted to the margin of the lake, where several birch canoes lay h: readiness; and, when the party had pushed out from the shore, Paully looked back through the darkness, to see the fort, associated with gold and silver wares. About this time, a new spirit of enterprise seized the people, and the commerce of Detroit was nearly doubled in every important branch. Consequent upon this interchange with the outside world came all the wholesome characteristics of reflno-l society. , •, • , With this favorable c;ombination of circumstances and events, it is not a difficult matter to account for Mr. Smith's great success in business. In 1860 it may be observed, his sales touched only the modest figures of ai7 000, but witli a steady increase, year after year, reached the astound- ing sum of 8300,000 in 1873. A natural accompaniment of this commercial prosperity was the exchange of a small store, occupied at the time of purchasing the establishment, for the magnificent house on the corner of Woodward and Jefleison avenues which he now occupies. This building is richly ornamented with a large stock of American and imported jewelry, bronzes, etc., comprising one of the most complete establish- ments of the kind in the Northwest. Mr. Smith's deportment in business transactions has been such as to HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 279 hira, through a Fort Sandusky, me month. I is UH follows: en Indians were he number were litted. Arriving iors seated them- le rest were dis- vere lighted, and ood in the door- ead. Upon this, »u and disarmed ; shrieks and yells, eet, sounded from md Paully, led by )und strewn with the night, he was ^eral birch canoes shed out from the !8, to see the fort, time, u new spirit of Detroit was nearly ion this interchange icteristics of refinnl I and events, it is not :ces8 in business. In he modest figures of readied the astound- ntof this commercial upie.d at the time of )Hse on the corner of upies. Thisbuilding erican and imported t complete establish- has been such as to lately under his command, bursting on all sides in sheets of flame. Such was the fate of Sandusky, in 1763. Detroit was next startled with the news of the massacre of the garrison at Fort St. Joseph. This was on the fifteenth of June, when the soldiers noticed a number of Indians approaching the gate of the fort, bringing with tbem four English prisoners ; who proved to be Ensign Schlosser, lately commanding at St. Joseph's, together with three private soldiers. The Indians wished to exchange them for several of their own tribe, who had been, for nearly two mouths, prisoners in the fort. After some delay, this was effected ; and the garrison then learned the; unhappy fate of their friends. St. Joseph stood near the mouth of the river bearing the same name, near the head of Lake Michigan. The garrison of that post seemed to have apprehended no danger, when, on the twenty-fifth of May, early in the morning, the officer was informed that a large party of Pottawattamies, of Detroit, had come to pay a visit to their relations of that place. Pres- ently, a chief, named Washashe, with three or four followers, visited the commandant's quarters, as if to hold a council ; and soon after, a Canadian arrived, with the intelligence that the fort was surrounded by Indians, who evidently had hostile intentions. win the highest confidence of the whole public, and already the people are pointing to him with messages of public trust. He has been for some time a member of the Board of Police Commissioners and Vice-President of tl»e Detroit Trust and Safe Deposit Company. He is also director in the Wayne County Savings Hank, director in the American National Banli, American Plate Glass Company, and in the Mutual Life Insurance Company. 31 Smith went forth from a humble home at the age of twelve years, unaccompanied by assistance. From these obscure beginnings, by that perseverance whicli <<ocures good will as well as material prosperity, he has done much to promote the commerce of Michigan, and secured fame as a merchant of Detroit. The character of his business has had a most salutary influence on society. When the first waves of civilization broke away the coldness of pioneer life, or the dignity of increasing wealth sent forth the demands for new luxuries, he was among the first to sup- ply these wants, or even by keeping in advance of them to create a taste for the more expensive characteristics of refinement. 1 280 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. At this, Sehlosser ran out of the apartment, and, crossing the parade, which was full of Indians and Canadians, hastily entered the barracks. These were also crowded with savages, very inso- lent and disorderly. While busying himself in getting his men under arms, he heard a wild cry from within the barracks. Instantly, all the Indians in the fort rushed to the gate, toma- hawked the sentinel, and opened a free passage to their comrades without. In less than two minutes, eleven men were killed, and himself, with the three survivors, made prisoners, and bound fast. They were then conducted to Detroit, as already shown. Three days after these tidings were received, the news of the massacre at Michilimackinac came to the fort. Of this terrible event we have already given a full account in a previous chapter. News of disaster was now the order of the day, and the wea- ried garrison seemed to read their own fate in every tale of woe Next came the tidings of the fate of Ouatanon, a fort situated on the Wabash, a little below the site of the present town of Lafayette. Lieutenant Jenkins commanded at this fort ; and, on the first of June, he and his garrison were made prison- ers by the surrounding Indians, who spared their lives. Close upon these tidings came the news that Fort Miami was taken. This post stood on the Maumee River, and was com- manded by Ensign Holmes, who suspected the intention of the savages, and was, therefore, on his guard. On the twenty-seventh of May, a young Indian girl, who lived with him, told him that a squaw lay dangerously ill in a wigwam, near the fort, and urged him to come to her relief. Having confidence in the gir , Holmes forgot his caution, and followed her out of the fort. When Holmes came in sight of the Indian wigwams the Indian girl pointed out the lodge in which the sick woman lay. When he drew near the lodge, two guns flashed from behind the hut, and he fell lifeless on the grass. The shots were heard at he fort, and the Sergeant rashly went out to learn the cause of the firing. He was taken prisoner at once, amid a tumult of Indian war whoops. The soldiers in the fort were next summoned to surrender, with a promise that, if they did so, their lives would be spared, but that otherwise they would all be killed, without mercy. The terrified men gave themselves up as prisoners. HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 281 ad, croiSBiug the , hastily entered vages, very inso- getting his men in the barracks. the gate, toraa- their comrades were killed, and , and bound fast, y shown. Three of the massacre terrible event we hapter. lay, and the wea- in every tale of Ouatanon, a fort te of the present aded at this fort ; rere made prison- }ir lives. t Fort Miami wa.s er, and was com- e intention of the he twenty-seventh him, told him that ear the fort, and fidence in the girl, out of the fort, gwams, the Indian foman lay. When tn behind the hut, were heard at the n the cause of the 1 tumult of Indian oext summoned to their lives would be be killed, without as prisoners. The news of the loss of Prcsque Isle reached Detroit on the twentieth of June. This fort stood on the southern shore of Lake Erie, at the site of the present town of Erie, and was com- manded by Ensign Christie. After a long and formidable resist- ance, he surrendered to the Indians. One Gray escaped, while the rest were conducted prisoners to Detroit. Christie soon after effected his escape, and succeeded in reaching the fort at Detroit in safety. After Prcsque Isle, Le Bceuf and Venango shared its fate ; while farther south, at the forks of the Ohio, a host of Indian warriors were gathering round Fort Pitt, and blood and havoc reigned along the whole frontier. We will now return to Detroit, and follow the half-famished garrison through their sufferings and their battles. We will also see what became of Captain Campbell and his companions, who, when sent us deputies from Gladwyn, were detained by the great Pontiac, and lodged as prisoners in the house of M. Melochc, near Parent's Creek. CHAPTER XIX. CoNsnuACY OK PoNTiAC Contikced-Thk Siege o. Detroit-Adven^ Tu E OK A BUIT.BU SCUOO^■E. OK THE DETROIT RlVEU-Mo.E OK IV^VK WAUKAKE-POK-HAC ImXTINO TUE FKENCn TO .luIK HIS ARMV-ASOTUEK CoVKCn-ExCUANGE OF PlUSONERS. ON THE nineteenth of June, a rumor reached Detroit that one of the vessels had been seen near Turkey Island, several nnes below the fort. It will be remembered that this vessel had, sev- eral weeks before, gone down Lake Erie to hasten t^.e advance o Cuyler's expected detachment. She passed these t-ps - h- way, and sailed to Niagara, where she remained untd h return JfCuylor.with the remnant of his men. After the latter had elated his sad mishap, he was ordered to embark in the vesse that had come from Detroit, with - ^^^ ^f ^ r^j;"^'^^^ spared from the fort at Niagara, and return to Detroit This order had been carried out, and now, as the rumor purported, the vetel was near the point of her destination, although the mos dangerous part of the journey was yet to be traversed^ The river channel was, in many places, narrow, and more than eight hundred Indians were on the alert to intercept their pass ge S eral days parsed, and no tidings of the expected craft -ch^'i the\arrison; when.onthe twenty-third, a great commotion was ibTe among the Indians, a large portion of whom w.re seen o pass along the outskirts of the woods, in the rear of the fort. Th cause'of this movement could not be conjectured till evening then a Frenchman arrived at the fort, with the intelligence tha he vessel wa. again attempting to ascend the river, and that all t Indians had^gone to attack her. Upon this two cannon were fired that the crew might know that Detroit was still m the hal of the English ; and now all remained in g-t -;\- to the result. The schooner soon began to move slowly up the HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 283 Detroit— Adven- RivEii— Mode of ENcn TO Join his INERS. Detroit that one md, several miles is vessel had, sev- n the advance of 3C troops on her d until the return ter the latter had ark in the vessel diers as could be to Detroit. This nor purported, the ilthough the most )e traversed. The d more than eight ;ept their passage. Bcted craft reached ;at commotion was rthom were seen to e rear of the fort, jctured till evening, le intelligence that ; river, and that all is, two cannon were oit was still in the I in great anxiety as nove slowly up the river, with a gentle breeze. About sixty men were crowded on board, of whom only ten or twelve were visible on deck. The officers had ordered the rest to lie hidden below, in hopes that the Indians, encouraged by their apparent weakness, might make HON. JAMES TURRILL. James TrKiULi., of Lapeer, was born in Shorchani, Addison county, Vermont, September 24, 1797. Leaving liis father's farm at tlie age of twenty-one, he engaged in general merchandising in his native town, and at Bridport, in the same county. Mr. Tnrrill pursued his mercantile labors in the two places above mentioned, with very gratifying and renmnerative results, until 1836, when he came to Michii;an, and invested extensively in lands at and near the present tiourishing city of Lapeer. Returning to \'ermont, he continued his business until 1843, when he brought out his family, consisting of his wife and eight children — three sons and five daughters — I:: 284 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. an open attack. Just before reaching the narrowest part of the channel, the whid died away, and the anchor was dropped. Immediately above, and within gun-shot of the vessel, the Indians had thrown up a breastwork of logs, carefully concealed by bushes, on the shore of Turkey Island. Here they lay, in great force, waiting for the schooner to pass. Ignorant of this, but still cautious and wary, the crew kept a strict watch from the moment the sun went down. Hours wore on, and nothing had disturbed the deep repose of the night. At length, the sentinel could dis- cern, in the distance, various moving objects upon the dark sur- face of the water. The men were ordered up from below, and all took their posts in perfect sUence. The blow of a hammer on the mast was to be the signal to fire. The Indians, gliding steadily over the water, had advanced to within a few rods of their sup- prize, when, suddenly, the dark side of the slumbering and located in the village of Lapeer. Here he again turned his attention to mercantile aflfairs, dealing largely in real estate at the same tmie. Suc- cess attended his efforts, and after a lapse of thirteen years he retncd from active business, and has since given his attention to the cultivation of his farms and the management of his pme land interests. He is now, and has been for some time, one of the banking firm of R. G. Hart & Co. He was one of the directors of the Port Huron & Lake Michigan Rail- road, and aided largely with his means and advice, at a time when othere were quite discouraged, in getting it completed from Port Huron to Flint. After that was done he retired from the directorship, at his own request, but remained quite active and efficient in the work. Although Mr. Turrill has never been ambitious for public life, still his fellow-citizens have seen fit on several occasions to place him in positions of honor and trust. He was several times elected one of the trustees, and afterwards president of the village of Lapeer, and upon its incorporation as a city, he was chosen its first mayor. Mr. Turrill was also elected to the House of Representatives of the State Legislature in the fall of 1848, and served in that body during the sessions of 1848-9. During the war he took an active part in putting down the rebellion, and his eldest son, Capt. J. Henry Turrill, a brave and noble-l»earted officer of the 7th Michi- gan Infantry, lost his life at the battle of Antietam. In manner Mr. Turrill is dignified, but not overbearing. He is a man of strict integrity, liberal in the support of religious and charitable insti- tutions, and gives with a free hand to the poor and needy. HTSTORY OF MICHIOAN. 285 3t part of the was dropped, el, the Indians conrealed by y- lay, in great P this, but still im the moment ; had disturbed tinel could dis- 1 the dark sur- . below, and all hammer on the sliding steadily Is of their sup- the slumbering •ned his attention same time. Sue- years he retired to the cultivation ests. He is now, R. G. Hart & Co. le Michigan Rail- time when others a. Port Huron to rship, at his own fork. ublic life, still his e him in positions if the trustees, and a its incorporation ■as also elected to n the fall of 1848, . During the war nd his eldest son, sr of the 7th Michi- •ing. He is a man id charitable insti- jdy. vessel burst into a blaze of cannon and musketry. Grape and musket shot flew tearing among the canoes, destroying several of them, killing fourteen Indians, wounding as many more, and driv- ing the rest in consteriuition to the shore. Recovering from their EZRA RuST. Ezra Rust, of Saginaw City, was born September 23, 1833, at the town of Wells, Rutland county, Vermont. When he was five years of age, his parents removed to Newport, St. Clair county, Michigan. They were in limited circumstances and unable to provide him with an educa- tion beyond that afforded by the common schools of tlie place. His advantages, though limited, were thoroughly improved. He developed a strong taste for mechanics in his boyhood, and, before he was sixteen years of age, was employed as .second engineer of the steamer Pacific; and such was his skill and ability that in his seventeenth year he waa ■m. 286 OKNKRAI- ntflTORY OF THT; STATKH. surprise, thoy began to fire upon the vesi^el from behind their breastwork, upon whieh she weiphed nnehor, unci dropped down, onec more, beyond their reiich, into the broad river. Beveral days afterwards slie attempted to aseond. This time sho met with better sueeess. As she passed the Wyandot village, she sent a shower of grape among its yelping inhabitants, by whieh several were killed ; and then, furling her sails, lay peaeeably beside her companion, abreast of the fort. She brought to the garrison a much needed supply of men, ammunition and provisions. 8he bore, also, the important tidings that peace had been eoneluded between France and England. The great struggle of the French war, whicli had disturbed the peace of the whole continent of North America since the year 1755, although virtually ended on the Plains of Abraham, and by the junction of the three British armies at Montreal, was not completely settled till the formal treaty of peace. To most of the French this peace was odious. They went about among the settlers and Indians, declaring that the pretended news of peace was only -an invention of Major Gladwyn ; that the King of France would never abandon his childreu ; and that a great French array was even then ascending the St. Lawrence, while anotiier was approaching from the country of the Illinois. These Indians believed these falsehoods, and thus the war continued. Pontiac himself clung to this delusive hope, and began the work of subduing the fort with renewed ■>! promoted to tli • position of first engineer of tlip same steamer. During the three following years he held the same situation on tlie steamer Ai-ctic. In 1854, he was transferred to the E. K. Collins, and was first engineer of that ill-fated steamer when she was burned near Maiden, in the same year. For the three years following, he was engaged in manufacturing lum- ber for his brothers, A. & D. W. Rust, at tluir mill in Newport. In the summer of 1858, his health failing, he went to Cuba, where he remained nearly a year, employed as an engineer upon Aldama's sugar estate, " Santa Rosa." Upon his return, in 1859, he entered into rartnership with Mr. James Hay, under the firm name of Rust & Hay, in the business of lumbering upon the tributaries of the Saginaw river, and since that time he has resided in Saginaw. HtSTORV OF MICniGAN. 287 , behind their dropped down, river. Several e aha met with ge, she sent a which Hevcnvl iibly beside her the garrison a revisions. Bhe )een concluded of the French le continent of ually ended on le three British till the formal ice was odious. , declaring that ition of Major er abandon his then ascending rom the country falsehoods, and to this delusive t with renewed steamer. During Q on the steamer llius, and was first d near Maiden, in anufncturing luin- Newporl. In the ihcrc he remained na's sugar estate, ip with Mr. James ness of lumbering > that time he has vigor. Ho sent a message to Gladwyn, urging him to surrender, and advising him of the expected arrival of eight hundred Ojib- wus, who, ho said, would take? the sculp of every Knglishnuin in the fort. To this advice Gladwyn returned a brief and con- temptuous answer. Pontiac now resolved to gain the a.ssistance of the French inhabitants, and for this purpose he called them together in coun- cil. Near the camp of the Ottawas, the Frencii inhabitants and Indians, headed by Pontiac, were convened. All was silent, and several pipes were passing round from hand to hand, when Pontiac rose and threw down a war-belt at the feet of the Canadians, and spoke as follows : " My brothers, how long will you suffer this bud flesh to remain on your lands? I have told you before, and I now tell you again, that when I took up the hatchet, it was for your good. This year the English must all perish throughout Canada. The Muster of Life commands it ; and you, who know him better than I, wish to oppose his will. Until now, I have said nothing on this matter. I have not urged you to take part with us in the war. It would have been enough had you been content to sit quiet on your mats, looking on while we were fighting for you. But you have not done so. You call yourselves our friends, and yet you assist the English with provisions and go about as spies among our villages. This must not continue. You must be either wholly French or wholly English. If you are French, take up that war-belt and In 18(51, he, in company with others, sunk a salt well and constructed works for the manufacture of salt, which business he carried on success- fully for two years following. In the year of 1865, the firm of Rust, Eaton & Co. was formed, with Mr. Rust at its head, and he has, until the present time, continued to manage the extensive business of that firm, as well as that of Rust & Hay, with unvarying success. As a business man, Mr. Rust is distinguished for his quick and correct perception and prompt decision— his unswerving honesty and uneiTing judgment. He is possessed of fine social qualities and a sympalhetic nature, which manifests itself in kindness to his employes to a remark- able degree. He is justly entitled to a prominent position among the successful and wealthy lumbermen of Michigan. f ,«> r ' :J^ V'M.UUUUHI - .-i^iiSiWSiK******.' -..s^tuiiaj'^ 288 OENERAl. HIBTORY OP THK HTATfV^. lift the hfttchct with uh; hut if you arc EnRlinh. then we .loolare war upon you. My l>n.thorH. I know thin is a h.ir.l thin^^ Wo an. all alike chihlrci. ..f ..ur -rcat fath.-r, the Kin^ of Kmi.c-, an.l it is hard to n^ht amc.iiK hrothrcn lor the sake of .lo^s. But th(.r« i« no choice. Look upon that bolt and let us hear your answer." One of the Canadians replied, holding a copy of the capitula- tion of Montreal in his hand : " My brothers, you must first untie the knot with which our great father, the King, has hound us. In this paper, he tells all his Canadian children to sit quiet and obey the English until he comes, because he wishes to punish his enemies himself. We dare not disobey him, for then he would be angry with us. And you, ,ny brethren, who speak of making war upon us if we do not do as you wish, do you think you could escape his wrath if you should raise the hatchet against his French children. He would treat you as enemies, and not as friends, and you would have to fight both English and French at once. Tell us, my brethren, what can you reply to this ? " For ...me moments Pontiac remained silent, when a rough Canadian trapper came forward and took up the belt, much to the disgust of the better class of the French present. He and his comrades joined the Indians, but this could not, in the least •logree, be "construed as indicating that the French inhabitants of Detroit had joined their Indian friend in the war. On the following night, a party of these renegades, joined by about an equal number of Indians, approached the fort and intrenched themselves in order to fire upon the garrison. At day- break, they were observed, the gate was thrown open, and a file of men, headed by Lieutenant Hay, sallied forth to dislodge them. This was effected without much difficulty. This party had retired to the fort, when, at about four o'clock in the afternoon, a man was seen running towards it, closely pursued by Indians. On his arriving within gunshot, the Indians gave up the chase, and the fugitive arrived safely in the fort. He proved to be the com- mandant of Sandusky, who, having, as before mentioned, been adopted by the Indians, and married to an old squaw, now seized ih UIBTOUY OF MICniOAN. tlicii wt' (Icclaro iinl tliitiL'. We r of Kmiicf, 1111(1 I' of <1<)K«. I^"*- >t UB hear your of the capitula- with which our iipor, he tells all English until he mself. We dare th U8. And you, 8 if we do not do lis wrath if you dren. He would ou would have to U8, ray brethren, ;, when a rough belt, much to the jnt. He and his not, in the least ich inhabitants of r. egades, jomed by bed the fort and garrison. At day- open, and a file of to dislodge them. 8 party had retired e afternoon, a man y Indians. On his the chase, and the ■ed to be the com- e mentioned, been I squaw, now seized the first opportunity of oscaping tVi>m her ckabriices. Through this man, till' gai isou leariu I the sad news that Captain ('unipbell luid lii't'M kiliud. It appeared thai an Indian, kiUed in the morning and Hcalped by Lioutctiaut Hay's party, wa^ a nephew of Wasson, DAVID PRESTON. David Preston, of Detroit, Michigan, was born iu Harmony, Chau- tauqua county, New York, September 20, 1826. He received a common school education in the schools of this county, and emigrated to Michigan in 1848, arriving in Detroit on the 4th of November of that year. Upon his arrival in that city Mr. Preston was without money and friends, having borrowed twelve dollars to pay his fare. During the first year of his residence in Detroit he received a salary of 8150, the second year it was increased to 8300, and the third found him getting 8250, while the fourth brought a further advance to 8350. Mr. Preston commenced the banking business in Detroit in May, 1852, with a capital of but 8450, and out of which he furnished his house, hav- 19 I. , 1 lf 5«^!»ga6!^JS!^SiSHS«M^9aa*ia^^ tj.liS.fi^^'i**^**^'^-"' 290 GEHERIL HIBTOBV OF THE BTiTES. Chief Of the Ojibwa,. On he.ring of U. death, W^BO„ W ta Lately bllekene,. h. face ta .ign of revenge, ^W^^' . party of hi, follower,, and, repairing to the honse of Melo^e, ;h« Captain Oampbell «a, kept prisoner, had ,e.ed npon ha, Ind tomahawked him on the ,p„t, brutally muUlaUng h, body. r3r:htt!'i:rd Wd by *» C^adlan. The other captive, McDougal, had previously escaped. The t»o . booner, anchored opposite the fort »ere now be ome ob^c^of awe and aversion to the Indians. Th.s . not - ^ wondered at, for, besides aiding in the defense of the place by Tw^tng tw side, of it with their fire, they often caused great 3 and annoyance to the besiegers. Several fntes hey had Te their anchorage, and taking up a convement p». .on d battered the Indian c«nps and villages w,th no '* *«'g J^/' in particular, and this was the 8rst attempt of the kmd, GMwyn h°ms"lf!ith several of his otttcers, had embarked on board the sin r v.»el, while a fresh bree. was Moving "-* west The Indians, on the banks, stood watcbmg h«- a. she Sed fl shore ti shore, and pressed their bands agatust the.r mfuths in amazement, thinking that magic power aloae c^dd lable her thus to makeJ«r_«o^again.^™J_a^^ V , A m nno of Mr Preston's money in his possession. AltliougU oy ^ ^ ■itwe.!S(R*-t"-*v^' -*-W»tf^S!t':WW»WW'5* '"tfSBfiJM^SB^tSifP* ES. HISTORY OP MICHIGAN. 291 ath, "Wasson had ge, called together louse of Meloche, i seired upon him utilating his body, aurderers, to make ato the river, aud 3 Cauadians. The 3d. t were now become This is not to be 3e of the place by often caused great eral times they had •uient position, had ) little effect. Once, the kind, Gladwyn arked on board the ing from the north- atching her as she hands against their ! power alone could wind and current. n May, 1854, through ess, Mr. Preston found iced banking two years of §5,000. With this icago, and, directly fol- [Clemm, of New York, ssession. Although by be was not discouraged, )n placed himself on a uses both here and in the confidence of the years. he banking house of D. md for a few days, not efalcation of aayi)er8on Making a long reach from the oppobite shore, she came on directly towards the camp of Pontiac, her sails swelling, her masta leaning over until the black muziles of her guns almost touched the water. The ludians watched her in astonishment. On she came, until their fierce hearts exulted in the idea that she would run aahore within their clutches, when suddenly a shout of command was heard on board, her progress was arrested, she rose upright, and her sails flapped and fluttered as if tearing loose from their fasten- ings. Steadily she came round, broadside to the shore; then, leaning once more to the Avind, bore away gallantly on the other tack. She did not go far. The wondering spectators, quite at a loss to understand her movements, soon heard the hoarse rattling of her cable as the anc'ior dragged it out, and saw her furling her vast white wings. As thty looked unsuspectingly on, a pufi" of smoke was emitted from ner side, a loud report followed, then another and another ; and the balls, rushing over their heads, flew through the midst of their camp and tore wildly among the forest trees beyond. All was terror and consternation. The startled warriors bounded away on all sides ; the squaws snatched up their children, and fled, screaming ; and, with a general chorus of yells, the whole encampment scattered in such haste that little damage was done, except knocking to pieces their frail cabins of bark. This attack was followed by others of a similar kind ; and now the Indians seemed resolved to turn all their energies to the connected with the firm, but entirely on account of their not being able to convert their securities into currency fast enough to supply the demand of their depositors. TJiia suspension 'vas only temporary, and within a very short time the doors were thrown open again and business proceeded with as usual. The Chicago firm of Preston, Kean & Co., of which Mr. Preston has been a member for the past ten years, were able to pass through the above mentioned financial trouble without any serious difficulty. Mr. Preston is best known, however, to the people of Michigan for his unbounded generosity. No object of a charitable nature is ever pre- sented to him for his aid, without receiving substantial assistance. Within the last ten years he has given away over $05,000 to forward various charitable enterprises, and has thus engrafted himself into the iiflections of the people of the whole Northwest. I / 1 mmmm» 292 GENERAL HI8TOKY OF THE STATES. destruction of the vessel which caused them such annoyance. On the night of the tenth of July, they sent down a b az.ng raf^ fonued of t.o boat., secured together with a rope, and fd ed w.th pitch, pine, birch-bark, and other combustibles, whu h. by good Ltu;e' missed the vessel and floated down the stream w.thou doin.^ injury. AH was quiet throughout the following night but abou"; tw.> o'clock on the morning of the twelfth, the sentmel on tty saw a glowing spark of fire on the surface of the .^er a .ome distance above. It grew larger and brighter; it rose in a forked flame, and at length burst forth into a broad -Aag-^- In this instance, too. fortune favored the vessel ; for this raft which was larger than the former, passed down between her and The fort, and burned until its last hissing embers were quenched "Thourt-ice defeated, the Indians would not abandon their plan, but, soon after this second failure, began -^^'^ifl^' diff-eent construction from the former and so large that they rought it certain to take effect. Gladwyn, on his part, provided bit which were moored by chains at some ^1— J^oj^^ vessels and made other preparations of defense so eflectual hat Tlndians, after working four days upon the raft, gave over their undertakinir as useless. , ,. tblttlds time, a party of Shawanoe and Delaware Indians arrived at Detroit, and were received by the Wyandots with a 111 of musketry, which occasioned some alarm among the Ck wbo knew nothing of its cause. They reported the pro^ :1 of the war in the south and ea.t ; and. a few days after, an Abenaki, from Lower Canada, also made his appearance bring ug to the Indians the flattering falsehood that their g-at father the King of France, was at that moment advancing up the bt. Law- ^nce with his a my. It may here be observed that the name of fether ^ven to the kings of France and England, wa. a mere S^ of'couiitry or policy, for. in his haughty independence, the Indian vields submission to no man. , . , 1 was now between two and three months since the siege began and. if one is disposed to think slightingly of the J^^:^^ numbers could avail so little against a handful of half-starved it 1^ H— -•r'^r^'. ■ 9. HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 293 annoyance. On a blazing raft, 3, and filled with , whiv h, by good ! stream without owing night ; but I, the sentinel on e of the water, at hter ; it rose in a jad conflagration, el; for this raft, 1 between her and 3rs were quenched not abandon their n anothor raft of ■) large that they his part, provided Ustance above the s so effectual that aft, gave over their Delaware Indians Wyandots with a alarm among the ;y reported the pro- a few days after, an .ppearance, bringing eir great father, the sing up the St. Law- jed that the name of Ingland, was a mere ;y independence, the ince the siege began ; f the warriors whose adful of half-starved English and provincials, he has only to recollect that where bar- barism has been arrayed against civilization, disorder against discipline, and ungoverned fury against considerate valor, such has seldom failed to be the result. HON. BELAW. JENKS. Bela W. Jenks, one of the citizens of St. Olair, Jlichigan, was born at Crown Point, Essex county, New York, June (5, 1834. His father was a farmer, and being in moderate circumstances, was unable to give liis son the advantages of an education. However, the young man was industrious and diligent in his studies, and, by his own unaided exertions, received a fair instruction in the schools of Charlotte, Chittenden county, Vermont. Mr. Jenks emigrated to Michigan in 1848, and settled in St. Clair, St. Clair county, where he has ever since resided. He at once engaged in '.7 'i Li h 31^; •!X0m 294 GENEKAL HIStORY OF THE STATES. At the siege of Detroit, the Indians displayed a high degree of comparative steadiness and perseverance; and their history cannot furnish another instance of so large a force persisting so long m the attack of a fortified place. Their good condvict may be ascribed to their deep rage against the English, to the.r hope of speedy aid from tho French, and to the controlhng spxnt o Pontiac. .hich held them to their .ork. The Indian is buU qualified for such attempts, having too much caution for a. assau by storm, and too little patience for a blockade. The Wyandot, and Pottawattamies had sho^n. from the beginmng, less zeal than the other nations; and now, like children, they b«gan ^ U- of the task they had undertaken. A deputation of tbe ^Vyandots came to the fort, and begged for peace, which wa^: g-nted ^^e- ' but when the Pottawattamies came^on^s^mejrrand^th^ he branched out in the lumbering business and "^^ « en^^^^^^^^^ quite extensively in real estate. He is still engaged in these wo M^ occupations, and is constantly adding to his already -.^l^J^^^^'^^; J^^^ at the same time he is doing much to advance the mlerests of his city . "t™ years pas, Mr. .Tenks has taken quite an active part in local and State politics, always acting with the ««P"^>>'='^" ^^ 7^' /^J^j^^^^^^ a number of important official positions in the S^T™^;/ .'^f J^^^^^^ St. Clair, performing his duties in a manner to elict the praise of even "irr MlTl^ L was elected State . .ator from - 1^^^ . . u, r\a\r oawntv and was reBlectett lo me senatorial district, compnsmg bt. Cla r ^"""'>^' ''^ i^^^^n same position in 1871. While occupying a pcsi ion m ^^^^ ^enat^' ''7^^^^ the confidence of that body and took a leading par - --^ ^^^^ legislation of the one extra and ^^^J^ 1:^:2: ^^^ Z^.e ::tc:i::rx:rrim^onr.mmi^cm towns and counties, on public lands and on drainage .«J"";g ^^f^^^" energy, seldom failing to secure the object for which he labors. "Vaifcrfrr^riWiriMnnr^'^'T'"^ " ■■■*''- tska^^^-^ ' HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 295 3. a higli degree of ir history cannot sisting so long in conduct may be , to their hope of trolling spirit of Indian is but ill tion for an assault The Wyandots ling, less zeal than began to tire of of the Wyandots va^: granted them ; ,ame errand, they rative trade. Later, commenced dealing 1 in these two latter ample wealth, while 3 interests of his city 1 active part in local ,n party. He has held rnment of the city of cit the praise of even rom the twenty-fourth d was reelected to the 1 in the Senate, he won part in much of the sions which were held Dan of the committee imittees on division of »ge during the session chairman of the com- littees on constitutional rtionment. and his mannei-s and gard and esteem of his mesty and indomitable ich he labors. insisted, as a preliminary, that some of their people who were detained prisoners by the English should first be given up. Gladwyn demanded, on his part, that the English captives known to be in their village should be brought to the fort, and three of them were accordingly produced. As these were but a small part of the whole, the deputies were sharply rebuked for their duplicity, and told to go back for the rest. They withdrew, angry and mortified ; but, on the following day, a fresh deputation of chiefs made their appearance, bringing with them six prisoners. Having repaired to the council room, they were met by Gladwyn, attended only by one or two officers. The Indians detained in the fort were about to be given up, and a treaty concludcMl, when one of the prisoners declared that there were several others still remain- ing in the Pottawattamie village. Upon this, the conference was broken off, and the deputies ordered instantly to depart. On being thus a second time defeated, they were goaded to such a pitch of rage, that, as afterwards became known, they formed the desperate resolution of killing Gladwyn on the spot, and then making their escape in the best way they could ; but, happily, at that moment the commandant observed an Ottawa among them, and, resolving to seize him, called upon the guard without to assist in doing so. A file of soldiers entered, and the chiefs, seeing it impossible to execute their design, withdrew from the fort, with dark and sullen brows. A day or two afterwards, however, they returned with the rest of the prisoners, on which peace was granted them, and their people set at liberty. ;;t It? M si tiimi > mi i i>t*iiu » «mitmtii i tim<« CHAPTER XX. Conspiracy op Pontiac Continced— The Bati-le of Bloody Run- Captain Dalzell's Detachment Slauohtehkd by the Savages — Adventuue of the ScHooNEii Gladwyn— The Indians Sue fob Peace — AppnoAcu of Winteu. For some time after this peace with the Wyandots and Pottawattamies, nothing of importance occurred at Detroit, except that the garrison was continually harassed by the Ojibwas and Ottawas. But, in the meantime, Gladwyn's little band was being reinforced. Captain Dalzell had left Niagara with twenty-two barges, bearing two hundred and eighty men, with several small cannon and a fresh supply of provisions and ammunition. This detachment reached Detroit at the end of July, 1763, and landed amid the cheers of the garrison. The detachment was composed cf soldiers from the 56th and 80th regiments, with twenty inde- pendent rangers, commanded by Major Rogers. The barracks in the place being too small to receive them, they were all quartered among the inhabitants. On the day of his arrival, Captain Dalzell had a conference with Gladwyn, and strongly insisted that the time was come when an irrecoverable blow might be dealt at Pontiac. Gladwyn, better acquainted with the position of the enemy, was averse to the attempt; but Dalzell, still urging his request, at last obtained the commandant's consent. Owing to the delay of marching out as at first contemplated, their plans became known to the great chief, and he prepared himself for the battle. However, early the following morning, the thirty-first of July, the gates were thrown open in silence, and the detachment, two hundred and fifty in number, marched out. They filed two deep along the river road, whiio ,«.- btiteaux, each bearing a swivel, rowed up the river abreattl of them. Lieutenant Brown m ^^SSISS'J' ^♦» iLE OF Bloody Run — ekkd iiy the savages -The Indians Sue fou the Wyandots and •ed at Detroit, except by the Ojibwas and little band was being ;ara with twenty-two 1, with several small 1 ammunition. This ily, 1763, and landed ihment was composed ts, with twenty inde- rs. The barracks in jy were all quartered ell had a conference the time was come t Pontiac. Gladwyn, enemy, was averse to dis request, at last St contemplated, their ! prepared himself for )rning, the thirty-first , and the detachment, out. They filed two lUX, each bearing a . Lieutenant Brown HISTORY OP MICHIGAN. 297 led the advance guard of twenty-five men, the centre was com- manded by Captain Gray, and the rear by Captain Grant. The morning was close and sultry. On their right lay the river and on their left a succession of Canadian houses, with barns, orchards E. O. HAVEN, D. D., LL. D. EnASTUS Otis Haven was born in 1820, and it is his double good fortune to have been a Boston boy and a farmer boy. In intervals of work, he found time to gratify, varied and keen intellectual tastes ; and made thorough preparation for college. Entering at Middletown, in 1888, he not only mastered liberal studies but acquired their uses also. In 1843, he began— as instructor in the New York Amenia Seminary (of which he became principal in 1840) — a career in the comparatively brief course of which he has left hardly a branch of higher knowledge untaught or ill- ,p ■W -Mmmmmiiimi^immtmtiiti 298 OENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. ¥:.? »' t and corn fields. Tlie inhiibitante, roused from sleep, looked from the windows in u-stonishmont and alarm. Thus the English moved forward to the attack, little thinking that behind every available shelter Indian scouU< watched every movement, and still less suspecting that I'ontiac, aware of their plan, had broken up his camp and was marching against them with all his warriors, armed and painted for battle. " A mile and a half from the fort," says Parkman, " Parent's Creek, ever since that night called Bloody Run, descended through a wild and rough hollow, and entered the Detroit amid a growth of rank grass and sedge. Only a few rods from its mouth, the road crossed it by a narrow, wooden bridge, not exist- ing at the present day. Just beyond this bridge, the land rose in abrupt ridges, parallel to the stream. Along their summits were rude intrenchments, made by Pontiac to protect his camp, which had formerly occupied the ground immediately beyond. Here, too, were many piles of fire-wood, belonging to the Cana- dians, besides strong picket fences, inclosing orchards and gar- dens connected with the neighboring houses. Behind fences, wood-piles and intrenchmente crouched an unknown number of Indian warriors, with leveled guns. They lay silent as snakes, tauglit, scarcely a form of wliolesome discipline or an element of generous culture unutilized. His services as a minister of the Gospel, as an ecclesiastical journalist, as a public lecturer on various topics, and as a legislator, have been no less distinguished. From 1848 to 185!5, he was pastor, successively, over three churches of New York; from 1853 to 1854, professor of Latin, and from 1854 to 1850, professor of rhetoric and English literature, in the University of Michigan; from 1856 to 1803, editor of Zion's ITerald (Boston, Massachusetts), the organ of New Eng- land Methodism-performing at the same time the duties of member of the local school committee, member of the State board of education, and (1863, 1863) of State senator from the first Middlesex district, being chair- man of the joint committee of the legislature on education; from 1863^to 186fl, president of the University of Michigan; and, from 1869 to 1873, president of the Northwestern University. While in the Massachusetts legislature. Dr. Haven introduced and secured the enactment of laws-excusing Roman Catholic children from reading the Bible in the public schools, and permitting it to be read by 'ES. sleep, looked from rhu8 the Euglish that belli lul every loveiuent, and Htill n, had broken up th all his warriors, arkman, " Parent's Run, descended the Detroit amid a few rods from its u bridge, not exist- idge, the land rose ong their summits protect his camp, imed lately beyond, iging to the Cana- orehards and gar- js. Behind fences, nknown number of ,y silent as snakes, n element of generous of the Gospel, as an rious topics, and as a 1848 to 185!5, he was ' York; from 1853 to ofessor of rhetoric and i; from 1856 to 1803, e organ of New Eng- e duties of member of jard of education, and IX district, being chair- lucation; from 1863 to id, from 1869 to 1872, laven introduced and Catholic children from flitting it to be read by HISTORY OP MICHIGAN. 299 for now tlicy could hear the distant tramp of the approaching column. The sky was overcast, and the morning exceedingly dark. As the English drew near the dangerous pass, th(>y could dis«rrn the oa-mentioned house of Meloche, upon a rising ground to the left, while in front, the bridge was dimly visible, and the ridges beyond it seemed like a wall of undistinguished blackness. They pushed rapidly forward, not wholly unsuspicioas of danger. The advance guard were half way over the bridge, ami the main body just entering upon it, when a horrible burst of yells rose in front, and the Indian guns blazed forth in general discharge. Half the advanced party were shot down ; the appalled survivors shrank back aghast. The confusion reached even the main body, and the whole recoiled together; but Dalzell raised his clear voice above the din, advanced to the front, rallied the men, and led them forward to the attack. Again the Indians poured in their volley, and again the English hesitated ; but Dalzell shouted from the van, and, in the madness of mingled rage and fear, they charged at a run across the bridge, and up the heights beyond. Not an Indian was there to oppose them. In vain the furious soldiers sought their enemy behind fences and intrenchraentfl. The active savages had fled ; yet still their guns the teacher; creating an agricultural college and endowing the Institute of Technology; enlarging the scope of Normal schools, and granting much needed State aid to the Museum of Natural Science, of which Agassiz is the head. The State of Michigan, during the three years of liis first connection with its great University, he may be said to have canvassed. His services to the University during this time have scarcely been appreciated at their true value. The men gathered at Ann Arbor, in 1853, under the presi- dency of Henry P. Tappan, numbered not a few of the most accomplished proficients in the various branches of liberal learning, and masters in the art of teaching them, of their day. The University-its single academic course antiquated, its faculty discordant and disorganized, its students scattered, the public confidence gone, the mere tool of sects and the sport of politicians-was on the point of being utterly broken up. The legis- lature required that the University should have a scientific department, to which young men should be admitted without classical preparation. The constitution of this department was intrusted to a special committee 'v ■£■' .1 ii ■i m liMilHiJUiW''"''-""'"^'"""* •'*""""''"""' OENKRAL HISTORY OP THK STATES. flashed thick through the gloom, and their war-cry rose with undiminixhed clamor. The English pushed forward amid the pitchy darkness, (piite ignorant of their way, and soon hecame involved in a maze of outhouses and indosures. At every pause they made, the retiring enemy would gather to renew the attack, firing hack hotly upon the front and flanks. To advance further would be useless, and the only alternative was to withdraw, and wait for daylight. Captain Grant, with his company, reerossed the bridge, and took up his station on the road. The rest fol- lowed, a small party remaining to hold the enemy in check while the dead and wounded were placed on board the two bateaux, which had rowed up to the bridge during the a(!tion. This task was commenced amid a sharp fire fro,>» both sides ; and, before it was completed, heavy volleys were hriard from the rear, where Captain Grant was stationed. A great, force of Indians had fired upon him from the house of Meloche and the neighboring orchards. Grant pushed up the hill, and drove them from the orchards at the point of the bayonet — drove them, also, from the house, and, entering it, found two Canadians within. These men told him that the Indians were bent on cutting ofi" the English from the fort, and thn ^ they had gone in great numbers to occupy the houses which commanded the road below. of the professors, of which Haven iind Boise (who was then in tlie chair of Greek) were members. Its liistory is a record unsurpassed of unbroken progress — keeping equal pace with every advance of science, and instantly meeting the current demands of practical aflfairs. It was neck to neck with the classical course in a race in which eacli competitor enjoyed all that the otlier gained. In 18G3, he was invited to the vacant presidency. The summons was by telegraph; likewise the response. The motives wliich induced a step that seemed to many sudden and unadvised, do honor to Haven's head and heart. The true friends of tlie University were again in a panic of terror. Knowing that Dr. Tappan would not be reelected— in thorough sympathy witli the idea of tlie nstitution; enjoying the manly respect of all parties to the recent conflict, and the aflfectionate esteem of nearly all; familiar with the people of the State and the genius of its institutions- he was inspired with a chivalrous desire to return and help to make the University a success. Suffice it to say that, having in hand the most difficult and delicate " case " of college management that ever arose, even r.«i60^'*e!t i^^»«*s j^ TE8. war-cry rose with forward amid the and Hoou became 8. At every pause ) renew the attack, Po advance further 9 to withdraw, and company, recrosscd oad. The rest fol- emy in check while rl the two bateaux, I action. This task lides ; and, before it )m the rear, where if Indians had fired d the neighboring rove them from the hem, also, from the within. Thes?e men ing off the English ; numbers to occupy was then in the clinir surpassed of unbroken ince of science, and I atFairs. It was neck diiclj each conipetilor The summons was wliich induced a step onor to Haven's liead ere again in a panic of reelected — in thorough g tlie manly respect of te esteem of nearly all ; us of its institutions — 1 and help to make the ing in hand the most It that ever arose, even HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 301 It was now evident that instant retreat was nocowary ; and, the command being issued to that eftect, the men fell back into marching order, and slowly began their retrograde movement. Grant was now in the van, and Dalzell at the rear. Some of the Indians followed, keeping up a scattering and distant tire ; and, from time to time, the rear face.l about, to throw back a volley •.! musketry at the pursuers. Having pr..ceeded in this nmnner half a mile, they reacluMJ a point where, close upon the right, were many barns an.) outhouses, with strong picket fences. Behind these, and in a newly-dug cellar dose at hand, lay concealed an immense multitude of Indians. They suilcred the advanced party to pass unnudestcl ; but, when the center an.l rear came opposite their ambuscade, they raised a frightful yell, and poured a volley among them. The men had well nigh fallen into a panic. The river ran close on their left, and the only avenue of escape lay along the road in front. Breaking their ranks, they crow.led upon one another, in blin<l eagerness to escape the storm of bul- lets ; and, but for the presence of Dalzell, the retreat would have been turned into a flight. "The enemy," writes an officer who was in the fight, " nuirked him for his extraordinary bravery ; and he had already received in our wayward and capricious communi.'y. he within a month achieved the promise of success; and at the end of two years there remained- neither in the University nor out of it-a trace of the bitter dissension that threatened to rend and ruin the institution. Under his presidency, the number of students was nearly doubled, though the standards for admission were materially raised; the internal economy was renovated and improved; the "Senate" of the faculties exercised its proper and useful functions; efficient discipline was secured, though "personal government" scarcely made itself felt. The Univer- sity "however, had but fairly begun its mature growth, though its income was at the maximum. President Haven determined that the State should grant pecuniary aid to the University. He spent several weeks with the legislature of 1880. An act was passed, granting aid on condition of the appointment to the medical department of a professor of homaopathy. The condition reflected the opinion of a large minority of citizens. Dr. Haven simply urged the necessity of making the medical department (like that of the universities of Europe) strictly and broadly scientific. -i; ijlffi.liiJ»l\ll'-||if'''Wli'ffi'"'*''W*''^^i''' 302 QENRRAL HIBTORY OF THE BTATKB. * ; two Hevere wounds. Yet Hia exertions did not Hlucken for a moniont. Some of the soldiers he rel.uked, some he threiiteued, and m.nie he bent with the flat of his sword ; till, at length, onU'r was restored, and the tire of the enemy returned with eHect. Though it was near daybreak, the dawn was obseured by a thick fog, and little could be seen of the Indians, except the incessant flashes of their guns amid the mist, while hundreds of voices, mingled in one appalling yell, confused the faculties of the men, and drowned the shout of command. The enemy had taken possession of a house, from the windows of which they fired down upon the English. Major Rogers, with some of his provincial rangers, burst the door with an axe, rushed in, and expelled them. Captain Gray was ordered to dislodge a large party from behind some neighboring /ences. He charged them with his cbmpany, but tell, mortally wounded, in the attempt. They gave way, how- ever ; and now, the tire of the Indians being much diminished, the retreat was resumed. No sooner had the men faced about, than the savages came darting through the mist upon their flank and rear, cutting down stragglers, and scalping the fallen. At a little distance lay a sergeant of the Fifty-tifth, helplessly wounded, raising himself on These views carried such weight with all wlio loved, not tlieir favorite system less but the University more, tliat tlie next legislature, removmg this onerous condition, provided for a sliglit increase of the State tax- ei5 (HK) annually. The income from this and otlier sources was nearly doubled. Every department has reaped theifruits-the medical, in a course of pharmacy and a hospital ; the literary, by new material of study; the scientific school, l)y tlic addition of mining and mechanical engmeer- ing- the law, by substantial enlargement of its facilities. Another engrossing (luestion was appealed to the legisiature-the admis- sion of women. Dr. Haven, while maintaining that in theory men and women should enjoy equal advantages, did not. as president of the University, advise the opening of its doors to women, until the legislature, having twice decided to make no other provision, finally recommended their admission. He then advised that the University, instead of waiting to have tlie matter thrust upon it, should take up the new policy and guide and shape it. The question was thus decided. Dr. Haven finally accepted the call to the Northwestern University, and 1 4 stimii.imii^i^miA^ieiiiii^^*'^-^-^'^ ' *' ■ , ' 'i'>-' ' » i il.i4.t ' WiaiiamwimM» 'VS. not Hlttckon for a H\v lie throiiteiu'd, (1 ; till, at Iciigtli, tunuMl with etl'ect. bHcured by a thick ccopt the incoHsani uudredn of voiccH, eulties of the men, enemy had taken eh they fired down of hiH provincial and expelled them, party from behind (vith his obmpany, hey gave way, how- much diminished, the savages came rear, cutting down ttle distance lay a , raising himself on red, not their ftivorite legislature, removing ise of the State tax— LT sources was nearly ,s — the medical, in a lew material of study; , mechanical engineer- lities. legislature— the admis- lat in theory men and , as president of the [1, imtil the legislature, , finally recommended lity, instead of waiting ip the new policy and d. iTcstern University, and IIIHTORY OK MK'IIKJAN. ao3 his hands, and gazing, with a look of despair, after his retiring ..on.ra.h.s. The sight .■auglit the eye of Dal/.ell. That gallant soldier, in the true spirit of heroism, ran out, amid the Hring, to rescue the wounded nmn, when a shot struck him, ami he fell .lea.l. Few observed his fate, and none durst turn back to recover his body. The detac-hment pressed on, greatly harasst'd by the pursuing Indians. Their h.ss w.uld have been much more severe, had not Major Rogers taken possession of another house, which c.mmanded the road, and covered the retreat of the party. He entered it with some of his own men, while many panic- stricken regulars broke in after him, in tiicir eagerness to gain a temporary shelter. The house was a large and strong one, and the women of the neighborhood had crowded into the cellar for refuge. While some of the soldiers looked, in blind terror, for a iilace of concealment, others seized upon a keg of whisky in one of the rooms, and .luatted the liquor with eager thirst ; while others, again, piled packs of furs, furniture, and all else within their reach, against the windows, to serve a< a barri- cade. Panting and breathless, their faces moist with sweat, and blackened with gunpowder, they thrust their musket, through the openings, and fired out upon the whooping assailants. At inter- before he severed his connection with that institution it was placed on a firm foundation. In the short time he was at its h.ad, it developed from a college to a university, and promises to be one of the largest denomma- tlonal institutions in the country. The general conference of the Methodist Episcopal church, in 1872, established a board of education, to have supervision over the whole subject of education in the church, and unanimously elected Dr. Haven its corresponding secretary or superintendent, since which time his residence has been in New York City. The lesson of the life here slietched is Hufflciently apparent in the life itself To bring principle the most exalted and charai^er the purest to practical affairs, thereby to mak« tlie most of the common opportunities and the common things of to-day, by the exercise of powers which are men's common endowment-such is, as we conceive, the problem of the " higher life " in our crowded, intense and practical civilization. Of this perfection of the practical. Haven is so preeminently an example that it may be said that it is his genius; but it is a genius rich "lis i»BfciiUrwa *» i >» i ij> i»<' f i it i» »w"rt i «m - t<iia*i i iii« ii nii i ri i 304 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES. k- i vals, a bullet flew sharply whizzing through a crevice, striking down a man, perchance, or rapping harmlessly against the parti- tions. Jacques Campau, the master of the house, stood on a trap- door, to prevent the frightened soldiers from seeking shelter among the women in the cellar. A ball grazed his gray head, and buried itself in the wall, where, a few years, since, it might still have been seen. The screams of the half-stifled women below, the quavering war-whoops without, the shouts and curses of the soldiers, mingled in a scene of clamorous confusion ; and it was long before the authority of Rogers could restore order. In the meantime. Captain Grant, with his advanced party, had moved forward about half a mile, where he found some orchards and inclosures, by means of which he could maintain himself until the center and rear should arrive. From this point he detached all the men he could spare to occupy the houses below ; and, as soldiers soon began to come in from the rear, he was enabled to reinforce these detachments, until a complete line of communication was establiched with the fort, and the retreat effectually secured. Within an hour the whole party had arrived, with the exception of Rogers and his men, who were quite unable to come off; being besieged, in the house of Campau, by full two hundred Indians. in inspiration to multitudes wlio may never attain the liigh ideal. What- ever else he is, he is always practical. His discourses have been sometimes criticised by those wlio are so shallow as to confound the art of bringing thought to the surface with superficiality. They rarely fail to gather up and utilize the profoundest thoughts, the remotest theorizings, the largest generalizations. But his style is a means, not an end; like the air, itself invisible, it reveals all things; its charm is that of purity, giving clear vision— never distortion oi mirage. The still waters of his discourse run deep; his words always " set hearts beating pure," if rarely " fast." At Detroit, in 1869, he innocently raised a tempest iu the ecclesiastical tea-pot by doing what he had often done in the East — preaching a Christian sermon in a Unitarian pulpit. It fails to appear, however, that on these occasions he deviated from the orthodox standard of doctrine in his church. It is, at the same time, the habit of his mind, as il is the instinct of his pure heart and generous nature, to recognize and acknow- ledge truth in doctrine and excellence in character wherever found. - BK?SS(«SSK*^S!S«'^«j^WteS'<ei -^ut.tjL;ujs^M-l-a!Mr^uiU-L4UJMiii ' uni ' 4MH«;B*i.V i Pi«:- " E8. , crevice, striking against the parti- B, stood on a trap- a seeking shelter id his gray head, rs, since, it might lalf-stifled women shouts and curses IS confusion; and uld restore order, fcranced party, had nd some orchards maintain himself rom this point he the houses below ; the rear, he was I complete line of and the retreat party had arrived, were quite unable mpau, by full two e high ideal. What- have been sometimes d the art of bringing rely fail to gather up eorizings, the largest d; like the air, itself ' purity, giving clear of his discourse run f rarely "fast." It in the ecclesiastical I East — preaching a ippear, however, that indard of doctrine in lis mind, as it is the icognize and acknow- vherever found. HIBTORT OF MICHIGAN. 305 The two armed bateaux had gone down to the fort, laden with the dead and wounded. They now returned, and, in obedience to an order from Grant, proceeded up the river to a point oppo- site Campau's house, where they opened a fire of swivels, which . HON. JOHN F. DRIGGS. John F. Drigos was born at Kinderhook, Columbia county, New York, March 8, 1813. His parents were natives of the State of Connecticut, their ancestors having emigrated there at a very early period in the history of our country. His grandsires were both revolutionary soldiers. When Mr. Driggs was but a small boy, his father moved from Kinder- hook, and settled, for a few years, on the banks of the Hudson, near West Point. It was while residing here, that Mr. Driggs first heard the history of the war of independence from the lips of many of the old 80 .^ •A ■ti L;;^ ' n!m.WJam" "-CTiaw iWitiww.Mi*^"fc"iii'wi'tf"»iii*'iii|'''***^''^^*Mrti» 306 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. swept the ground above and below it, and completely scattered the assailants. Rogers and his party now came out, and marched down the road, to unite themselves with Grant. The tvo bateaux accompanied them closely, and, by a constant fire, restrained the Indians from making an attack. Scarcely had Rogers left the house at one door, when the enemy entered it at the other, to obtain the scalps from two or three corpses left behind. Fore- most of them all, a withered old squaw rushed in, with a shrill scream, and, slashing open one of the dead bodies with her knife, scooped up the blood between her hands, and quaffed it with a ferocious ecstacy. Grant resumed his retreat, as soon as Rogers had arrived back, from house to house, joined in succession by the parties sent to garrison each. The Indians, in great numbers, stood whooping and yelling, at a vain distance, unable to make an attack— so well did Grant choose his positions, and so steadily and coolly conduct the retreat. About eight o'clock, after six hours of marching and combat, the detachment entered once more within the shel- tering palisades of Detroit. In this action, the English lost fifty- soldiers who lived in that patriotic region. From their stories, he imbibed those strong sentiments of hatred for slavery and oppression, and that love of libert and justice which has so prominently influenced and con- trolled his after life. His father soon moved again, and took up his residence in the village of Tarrytown, also on the Hudson. He did not remain here long, how- ever, as he shortly afterwards located in New York City, where he lived the remainder of his life. In consequence of the frequent removals of his father, Mr. Driggs had but few opportunities of acquiring an education until he settled in New York City at the age of fourteen, and then such only as a natural strong mind, perseverance and an academy afforded. Of these opportunities he made the most. Having been apprenticed to and learned the trade of sash, blind and door making, he followed that occupation— first as a journeyman, then for many years as a master mechanic. Shortly after his marriage, and without application, he received the appointment, from the common council of the city of New York, of superintendent of the penitentiary and public institutions on Blackwell's Island^ and his wife received at the same time the appointment of matron BSSS^SSSS^sSSB^ ms iimMMiiMHr ITES. HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 307 pletely scattered the J out, and marched , The tvo bateaux ; fire, restrained the lad Rogers left the it at the other, to left behind. Forc- ed in, with a shrill idies with her knife, ,d quaffed it with a re had arrived back, the parties sent to ers, stood whooping e an attack — so well J and coolly conduct hours of marching are within the shel- le English lost fifty- leir stories, lie imbibed d oppression, and that ,ly influenced and con- lesidence in the village remain here long, how- rk City, where he lived father, Mr. Driggs had mtil he settled in New )nly as a natural strong ' these opportunities he rade of sash, blind and as a journeyman, then iation, he received the city of New York, of titutions on Blackwell's appointment of matron nine men killed and wounded. The loss of the Indians could not be ascertained ; but it certainly did not exceed fifteen or twenty. At the beginning of the fight their numbers were probably much inferior to those of the English, but fresh parties were continu- ally joining them, until seven or eight hundred warriors must have been present. The Ojibwas and Ottawas alone formed the ambuscade at the bridge, under Pontiac's command ; for the Wyaudots and Pottawattamies came later to the scene of action, crossing the river in their canoes, and passing round through the woods, behind the fort, to take part in the fray. In speaking of the fight of Bloody Bridge, an able writer in the " Annual Register" for the year 1763, observes, with justice, that, although in European warfare it would be deemed a mere skirmish, yet in a conflict with the American savages, it rises to the importance of a pitched battle; since these people, being thinly scattered over a great extent of country, are accustomed to conduct their warfare by detail, and never take the field in any great force. The Indians were greatly elated by their success, and reinforce- of the penitentiary. The duties of these positions were performed to the entire satisfaction of the pu'jlic and all parties. Though, in early life, Mr. Driggs had formed a preference for the Democratic, principles of Thomas Jefferson, his strong opposition to slavery brought him in full sympathy and coSperation with such early advocates of emancipation as Leroy Sunderland, Orange Scott, Alvi^ Stewart, Lewis and Arthur Tappan, Friend Hopper and their co-laborers. His abolition sentiments prevented a sympathy between him and either of the dominant parties in 1836. Yet, in choosing between the two, he gave the preference to the Democrats, but these he virtually left when he cast his vote for Martin Van Buren for President on the Free Soil platform. Leaving the city of New York in 1856, he, with his family, settled at East Saginaw, Michigan, where he entered into the mercantile and lumber business. The second year after his locating there, he was elected president of the village and held that position when East Saginaw was incorporated as a city. In 1859, he was elected to the State Legisla- ture for two years, and, in 1861, was appointed register of United States land ofiice for the Saginaw district. While holding this position, he was elected to Congress from the then Sixth Congressional District, compria- ^'^n -immm 9mi»fii.t£v»a»&MiK^^'' ti '■I ■2 308 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. .1 !•' ->! 'i ■.'1 ':■ ' il ■■':,■ ments soon began to come in to swell the force of Pontiac. " Fresh warriors," writes Gladwyn, " arrive almost every day, and I believe that I shall soon be besieged by upwards of a thousand." The English, on their part, were well prepared for resistance, since the garrison now comprised more than three hundred effec- tive men ; and no one entertained a doubt of their ultimate suc- cess in defending the place. Day after day passed on; a few skirmishes took place, and a few men were killed ; but nothing worthy of notice occurred until the night of the fourth of Sep- tember, at which time was achieved one of the most memorable feats of which the chronicles of that day can boast. The schooner Gladwyn, the smaller of the two armed vessels 80 often mentioned, had been sent down to Niagara with letters and dispatches. She was now returning, having on board Horst, her master, Jacobs, her mate, and a crew of ten men, all of whom were provincials, besides six Iroquois Indians, supposed to be friendly to the English. On the night of the third she entered the River Detroit, and, in the morning, the six Indians asked to be set on shore, a request which was foolishly granted. They dis- ing the Upper Peninsula of thirty counties, being nearly one-half of the territory in the entire State. He was reelected twice by largely increased majorities, but, refusing to leave his post at Washington to secure a fourth nomination, he was, after a protracted session, defeated in the convention by one. Two years subsequent to this, he was again nomin- ated by the Republican party and defeated, after an extraordinary contest, by Judge Sutherland, the Democratic nominee. The extraordinary means resorted to, to accomplish Mr. Driggs' defeat in the district where it is universally admitted that he made an enviable record as a faithful, patriotic and energetic representative, are well known to the people of his State, and cannot be further alluded to in this sketch. Suffice it to say, that during his congressional career, he established a record for fidelity, industry and patriotism, of which he may well be proud. Near the close of the war, under the last call, he raised a full regiment in sixty days, while the other six regiments called for had to be consoli- dated to fill their ranks, before leaving for the front. Mr. Driggs still resides at East Saginaw, where he is much respected and largely engaged in the manufacture of salt and in real estate trans- actions. He may well be included among the most worthy and prominent citizens of Michigan. -11 ' -.J,,-,-. ITES. force of Pontiac. most every day, and irds of a thousand." lared for resistance, three hundred effec- their ultimate suc- passed on ; a few killed ; but nothing ■ the fourth of Sep- le most memorable boast. e two armed vessels !i^iagara with letters ing on board Horst, en men, all of whom uns, supposed to be 16 third she entered lix Indians asked to granted. They dis- nearly one-half of the ce by largelj' increased "ashington to secure a ission, defeated in the 3, he was again noniin- i extraordinary contest, The extraordinary at in the district where ble record as a faithful, mown to the people of lis sketch. Suffice it to itablished a record for r well be proud, e raised a full regiment d for had to be consoli- nt. e he is much respected ind in real estate trans- , worthy and prominent ttlStORY OF MICfilGAN. 309 appeared in the woods, and probably reported to Pontiac's war- riors the small number of the crew. The vessel stood up the river until nightfall, when, the wind falling, she was compelled to anchor about nine miles below the fort. The men on board REV. J. M. ARNOLD. John M. Arnold, one of the most widely known ministers of the Methodist Episcopal church in this State, was born in Durham, Greene county, New York, on the 15th of October, 1824. He began life as a farmer, and early attained a fair education. During his boyhood, he acquired an insatiable desire for knowledge, and soon became a constant reader, which laid the foundation of that general information and literary discrimination which has since characterized him and been the occasion of directing him to the peculiar sphere of activity that he now occupies. Mr. Arnold came to Detroit in 1861, as pastor of the First Methodist Episcopal church, and at the close of his term with that church he com- ISbS •«5SB| Wer- immfmt » mv^^v *ii »'»^'»^ ,! '-f 310 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. watched with anxious vigilance. The night set in with darkness so complete, that, at the distance of a few rods, noth.nfr could be discerned. Meantime, three hundred and fifty Indians, in their birch canoes, felided silently down the current, and were close upon the vessel before they were seen. There was only time to fire a single cannon shot among them before they were beneath her bows, and clambering up her sides, holding their knives clenched fast between their teeth. The crew gave them a close fire of musketry, without any effect; then, flinging down their guns, they seized the spears and hatchets, with which they were all provided, and met the assailants with such furious energy and courage, that, in the space of two or three minutes, they had killed and wounded more than twice their own number. But the Indians were only checked for a moment. The master of the vessel was killed, several of the crew were disabled, and the assailants were leaping over the bulwarks, when Jacobs, the mate, called out to blow up the schooner. This desperate command saved her and her crew. Some Wyan- dots who had gained the deck, caught the meaning of his words, and gave the alarm to their companions. Instantly, every Indian leaped overboard in a panic, and the whole were seen diving and menced the organization of the Detroit Book Depository, under the auspices of his denomination, which has since grown into a large and flourishing business institution, and is now conducted under the name of J M \rnold&Co. Mr. Arnold is widely known as an entlmsiastic and penetrating book dealer, buying and selling, under protest only, any pub- lication that does not tend to improve the head or heart, and has bmlt up his present business without pandering in the least to that class of literature which tends to demoralize the younger portion of our popu- ^*'Zde from attending to his business, Mr. Arnold continues to fill sonie one of the various pulpits of his own and other denominations, through- out the State, during the majority of the Sabbaths in the year ma highly acceptable manner. For a number of years, he has held from us conference the appointment of Sabbath school agent. In performing the duties of this position, he travels extensively, lecturing and preachmg m all portions of the State, and is a man of wide personal influence in his own and other denominations. TH8. nisTonv OP michioan. 811 t in with darkness 3, nothing could be y Indians, in their at, and were close re was only time to they were beneath )lding their knives gave them a close Singing down their which they were all furious energy and e minutes, they had own number. But The master of the e disabled, and the en Jacobs, the mate, crew. Some Wyan- eaning of his words, stantly, every Indian vere seen diving and swimming off in all directions, to escape the threatened explosion. The schooner was cleared of her assailants, who did not dare to renew the attack ; and, on the following morning, she sailed for the fort, which she reached without molestation. Six of her crew escaped unhurt. Of the remainder, two were killed, and four seriously wounded ; while the Indians had seven men killed upon the spot, and nearly twenty wounded, of whom eight were known to have died within a few days after. As the action was very brief, the fierceness of the struggle is sufficiently apparent from the loss on both sides. The appearance of the men, says an eye-witness who saw them on their arrival, was enough to convince every one of their brav- ery, they being as bloody as butchers, and their bayonets, spears and cutlasses bloody to the hilt. The survivors of the crew were afterwards rewarded as their courage deserved. The schooner, so boldly defended by her crew against a force of more than twenty times their number, brought to the fort a much needed supply of provisions. It was not, however, adequate .0 the wants of the garrison, and the whole were put upon the shortest possible allow- ance. Depository, under the rown into a large and cted under the name of 1 as an entlmsiastic and r protest only, imy pub- heart, and has built up least to that class of r portion of our popu- Id continues to fill some lenominations, through- s in the year, in a highly he has held from his rent. In performing the [jturing and preaching in personal influence in his ■Tf lijVji^SiiNtiMfa^MiWiii ■<•>'■■' ■'^" '' f'"*'**"*"' I' 'v i 1 CHAPTER XXI. Conclusion of Pontuc's War-Tiie Siege of Detkoit Raised- Bradsthbet in the Webt-The Enomsii at Peace— The Revold- TIONAUY VVaR-IN8TICIATINO SaVAOES TO TAKE AMERICAN ScALI'S— Captain Byrd's Expedition— Hamilton's Expedition— IIis Cap- ture— De PEY8TER Commands at Detroit- American Liberty Triumphant— Peace Restored. It was now the end of September. The Indians had pressed the siege with a determination unknown to their race, since the beginning of May ; but at length their constancy began to wane. The tidings that Major Wilkins was approaching with a strong detachment reached their camp, and they began to fear the con- sequences of an attack, especially as their ammunition was nearly expended. By this time, most of the tribes around Detroit were disposed to sue for peace. They wished to retire unmolested to their wintering grounds, and renew the war in the spring. Accord- ingly, on the tweltlh of October, Wapocomoguth, great chief of the Mississaugas, visited the fort with a pipe of peace. He made a speech to Major Gladwyn, asking for peace, to which the com- mandant replied, telling him that he could not himself grant peace, but would consent to a truce. This was accepted, and Gladwyn availed himself of the opportmity to collect provisions from the Canadians, and succeeded so well that the fort was soon furnished for the winter. After overtures of peace, Pontiac with- drew, with his chiefs, to the Maumee, to stir up the Indians in that quarter, with a view of resuming the war in the spring. About the middle of November, after quiet had been restored around the fort at Detroit, two friendly Indians visited the fort, and one of them took a closely folded letter from his powder- horn aiid handed it to Gladwyn. The note was from Major Wil- kins, and contained the disastrous news that the detachment ttlStORY Of MICHIOAK. 313 f Detuoit Raised — Peace— The Revoltj- B American 8cali*8 — ilXPEDITION— II18 Cap- ■— Ameiucak Liberty Indians had pressed their race, since the tancy began to wane, iching with a strong gan to fear the con- imunition was nearly around Detroit were retire unmolested to the spring. Accord- oguth, great chief of I of peace. He made ,ce, to which the com- ild not himself grant is was accepted, and ■ to collect provisions that the fort was soon [■ peace, Pontiac with- ,ir up the Indians in ar in the spring, iet had been restored dians visited the fort, ;ter from his powder- s was from Major Wil- that the detachment under his command had been overtaken by a storm ; that many of the boats had been wrecked ; that seventy men had perished ; that all its stores and ammunition had been destroyed, and the detachment forced to return to Niagara. This intelligence had KSSSQRr^^RSSW^i^K^ HON. R. P. ELDRIDGE. Robert P. Eldridoe, a prominent lawyer of the Sixteenth Judicial Circuit, was born on the banks of the Hudson, in the township of Green- wich, Washington county, New York, in 1808. The winter after he was six years of age, his fatlier moved to Lebanon, Madison county, and from there to the township of Hamilton, on the east side of the west branch of the Chenango river, in the same county. The spring after he reached his fourteenth year, he was sent to the academy at the village of Hamilton to prepare for a collegiate education, but his • s 'i ■»:iiiii<rf?ii*iiiiiiifl>'f'* M 814 (IKNKRAL ntSTORY OF TMK BTATEfl. ,.t il^'i an effect upon the garrison which rendered the prospect of the cold and cheerless winter yet more dreary and forlorn. But the winter came, and was endured by these hardy soldiers ; and, with the return of spring their savage enemies began to appear. They endured their assaults until the twenty-sixth of August, when Bradstrect's fleet came sailing up the river, to the relief of the disconsolate garrison. They were welcomed by the cannon of the garrison, and cheer after cheer pealed forth from the crowded ramports. Well might Gladwyn and his soldiers rejoice at the approaching succor. They had been beset for more than fifteen mouths by their savage enemies; and, though there were times when not an Indian could be seen, yet woe to the soldier who should wander into the forest in search of gaiae, or stroll too far beyond range of tlie can ion. The army had no sooner landed than tlie garrison was relieved and fresh troops substituted in their place. Bradstreet next inijuirod into the conduct of the Canadians ">f Detroit, and pun- ished such of them as had given aid to the Indians. A few only were found guilty, the more culpable having fled to the Illinois, on the approach of the army. Pontiac, too, was gone. The great war chief— his vengeance unslaked, and his purpose unshaken — mother dying when he was sixteen, his father's family was broken up; the chiUlren, of which there were eight, were separated and never again were they all assembled under the one roof. From this time, he was compelled to teach school winters in order to study summers, and from necessity was obliged to abandon the Idea of "going through college." In his seventeenth year, at the earnest request of liis father, he entered the law office of Stowe & Girdly, one of the most eminent law firms of Madison county, New York. While in this law office, he was required to labor very hard at the table, copying; yet he received much valuable information from Judge Girdly, in the science of the profession he was destined to pursue. At the close of his school in the spring of 1826, after paying his little necessary indebtedness, he found himself the owner of twenty dollars, and with this amount he started for the territory of Michigan, being utterly unacquainted with the world, and with no practical experience in any business, except school teaching. Mr. Eldridge landed in Detroit on the 26th day of May, 1826, poorly ..i,B^DM^^-' ' TEA. 1 the prospect of and forlorn. But irdy soldiers ; and, » began to appear. y-Hixth of August, er, to the relief of (1 by the cannon of 1 from the crowded diers rejoice at the more than fifteen 1 there were times ;o the soldier who c, or stroll too far rrison was relieved . Bradstreet next f Detroit, and pun- [lians. A few only fled to the Illinois, 18 gone. The great purpose unshaken — ItlSTOnY OF MIcmOAN. ni5 amily was broken up; rated and never again am this time, he was ly summers, and from ig through college." his father, he entered eminent law firms of )fflce, he was required iceived much valuable the profession he was after paying his little ler of twenty dollars, y of Michigan, being practical experience in r of May, 1826, poorly had retired to the banks of the Maumee, whence he sent a haughty defiance to the English commander. The Indian vil- lages near Detroit were half emptied of their inhabitants, many of whom still followed the desperate fortunes of their ind.)mitable leader. Those who remained were, for the most part, brought by famine and misery to a sincere desire for peace, and readily obeyed the summons of Bradstreet to meet him in council. The council was held in the open air, on the morning of the seventh of September, with all the accompaniments of military display which could inspire awe and respect among the assembled savages. The tribes, or, rather, fragments of tribes, represented at tliis meeting, were the Ottawas, Ojibwas, Pottawattamies, Miamis, Sacs, and Wyandots. The Indians of Sundusky kept imperfectly the promise they had made, the Wyandot^ of . that place alone sending a full deputation ; while the other tribes were merely represented by the Ojibwa chief, Wasson. This man, who was the principal chief of his tribe, and the most prominent orator on the present occasion, rose and opened the council. He frankly confessed that the tribes which he represented were all justly "hargeable with the war, and now deeply regretted it. Bradstreet would grant peace only on condition that they should clad and with ten shillings as the sum total of his capital. After a short time some gentlemen in Detroit with the under-sheriff of Wayne county, fitted up the "debtors room," in the jail, for a school room, and he went to teaching their boys at «8.00 : 2r quartor. At the end of six weeks, pleasantly occupied in conducting his school, he was stricken down by a severe attack of bilious fever, which, had it not been for the kind care of a Mr Seymour, with whom he boarded, and a naturally strong constitu- tion, would have proved fatal. Recovering, he collected what was due him paid his debts, and with the remainder, one dollar and a half, paid his stage fare to Pontiac, Micliigan, where he had engaged to teach school during the winter of 1820-27. While teaching this school, he devoted his evenings and Saturdays to recording deeds in the register of deeds office for Oakland county. Aside from this, he found some time to pursue his legal studies in the office of Governor Richardson. During this winter, he was severely afflicted with inflammation of the eyes, the healing of which cost him more than what he [l.ad earned teaching school. " V ' - r ' ne GENEP*'. BI8T0RY OP THE BTATfiH. ■-.1 become Hubjects of the King of EnKlund, and acknowledge that he held over their country a sovereignty an ample and complete a» over any other part of his dominions. Nothing could he more imiKditic than this demand ; but. happily, not a navage present wa-s able to comprehend it. The terms, therefore, met with a ready assent. They promised in the future to call the English King father, instead of brother. A deputation was sent to Pontiac, who had retired to the Mau- mee, and that chief agreed to lead the nations to war no more ; but declared that he would never become a friend to the English ; although, two years afterwards, he was declaring himself the fast friend of that nation, in a speech to Sir William Johnson. In 1769, this great chief and warrior met his death, in Illinois, at the hands of an Indian of the Kaskaskia tribe, who was induced to commit the crime for a barrel of whisky, by an Englishman, named Williamson. Bradstreet left Detroit, to compel Indian submission elsewhere ; and left the little garrison enjoying the luxury of peace. Now that the insurrection was quelled, the British adopted a system of conciliatory measures, to secure the good-will of the disaffected tribes ; small grants of land were made around the posts, and the In the following summer, he found it necessary to seek a new location, and, borrowing a friend's horse, lie rode down to Mt. Clemer s, in Macomb county, and, after an examination, decided to locate there. Accordingly, on the 3d of July, 1827, he started out on foot from Pontiac, and after a fatiguing march reached Mt. Clemens the next day. Here he v .t into the employ of a merchant by the name of Ashley, worliing for his board. In the fall following, his father sent him a few law books, mostly elementary. Being obliged to leave Mr. Ashley's house on account of sickness in that family, he commenced keeping bachelor's hall, and reading his law books preparatory to being admitted by the supreme court of the territory as soon as he attained his majority. In the fall of 1828, he applied for admission. His examination was in open court, and after being thoroughly quizzed by six of the ablest lawyers in Detroit, before .Judges Sibley and Chipman, he was admitted as an attorney at law and solicitor in chancery. The court at that time was held in the old State capital, and he was stopping at " Uncle Ben's Steamboat Hotel," but in going from the former to the latter, after passing his examination. PB-»— •■■W«WPH"»P^ sui&.atei i ai.M^afe^Miai^v'fe' i ^ i^^^^^^^ ^ acknowledge that iiple and complete ing could be more a navagc present rofore, met with a to call the Englieh retired to the Mau- to war no more; nd to the English ; ng himself the fast liam Johnson. In ;ath, in Illinois, at e, who was induced )y an Englishman, )mi88ion elsewhere ; iry of peace. Now adopted a system of [ of the disaffected i the posts, and the HISTORY OF MIcmOAN. 817 seek a new location, . Clemers, in Macomb ! there. Accordingly, u Pontiac, and after a Here he V <t into the irorking for his board. w law books, mostly 1 house on acco\int of bachelor's hall, and litted by the supreme ijority. In the fall of ivas in open court, and lest lawyers in Detroit, d as an attorney at law lie was held in the old n's Steamboat Hotel," tssing his examination, Indians themselves were induced to cede portions of their terri- tory for a tririing consideration. The French settlements* extended in a short time along the banks of the Detroit and St. Clair riv- ers to a distance of about twenty miles above and below Detroit. The latter continued to bo the most prominent post, and in 1766 the town contained more than a hundred hou-^es, independent of till! barracks. To the west of the latter lay the commons, which was also called tlw King's (Janlen. The post was surrounded by piektits, mounted with small cannon, and was garrisoned by two hundred soldiers. Meanwhile, the Hudson's Bay Company extended its operations through the wilderness which had, for a century previous been the ranging ground of the French traders. This company had been chartered, in 1669, by Charles II. That charter, granted to a company of English merchants, authorized them to occupy a very extensive region, for the prosecution of the fur trade ; to estab- lish military posts for their defense, and to traffic with the native tribes. In 1766, individual adventurers began to extend their operations along the lake shores, in the same track that had for- merly been pursued by the French, and soon came in collision with the large companies, which were striving to occupy the whole territory for their exclusive benefit. he has no recollection of passing any houses or pedestrians on tlie way. Keturning to Mt. Clemens, he " put out his shingle." Mr. Eldridge was then the only lawyer in that county, and tlie good people in it were sober and industrious, and derived more pleasure and profit in cultivating their farms than in contentions and law suits, which made the prospects for a young lawyer, without means, relatives or influential friends to aid him, look very gloomy indeed. He would undoubtedly have sought a new location, only that poverty held him there with u f.rm grip. The county improved rapidly, however, settlers increased and grew wealthy, another lawyer located in the county, and then many suddenly discovered that they had received Injuries at the hands of their neighbors, which then- duty to themselves and society required them to have righted. From this time, Mr. Eldridge found it easy to support himself and family and to put away a few dollars for future contingencies. He soon took an active part in politics, and, having been educated a Democrat, he was a warm supporter of Jackson and Van Buren, and tlie Democratic nominees for State and county offices. In February, 1842, y.^H;ia*i 1^1 !;?• 318 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES, The English made but little change, either in the laws or in their administration, and pursued the same general policy as their predecessors, the French. The commandants of the posts, although responsible to the Governor-General at Quebec, were still possessed of a discretionary power which was all but abso- lut •, and which they exercised in a highly arbitrary mauner. In 1774, while Governor Hamilton was commanding at Detroit, an act was passed, called the Quebec Act, establishing the bounda- ries of Canada, including Michigan, and extending thence to the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers, on the south, and north, from the St. Lawrence to the latitude of 52°, or, to the lands of the Hudson's Bay Company. This act granted to the Catholic inhabitants the free exercise of their religion, the undisturbed possession of their church property, and the right, in all matters of litigation, to demand a trial according to the former laws of the province. But this right was not extended to the settlers on lands granted by the English Crown. The criminal laws of England were introduced into Canada, and the Crown reserved to itself the right of establishing courts of civil,, criminal and ecclesiastical juris- diction. .. ^ >M ■' The enterprise of the people was not wholly confined to the fur trade. As early as 1773, the mineral regions of Lake Superior Mr. Eldrldge was appointed to the prominent position of secretary of State by Governor Barry, which office he held by reappointment during the four years of Governor Barry's administration. In the fall of 1846, he was elected a member of the State senate, and, in the winter of 1847, attended as a senator the first session of the legislature held at Lansing. With the close of that session, he ended his public labors, and severed his connection with politics so far as holding or seeking to hold any office was concerned. Upon the expiration of his term of office as secretary of State, he resumed the practice of his profession at Mt. Clemens, and now, at the age of sixty-five, he is actively engaged in the pursuit of it. He is as attached to it now as when compelled to depend upon its receipts to sup- port his family and educate his children. He looks upon the law as a noble science; he esteems and reverences it; he loves its practice, and he is now and ever has been an honor to the profession, occupying a position among the eminent lawyers of the State. ",*• ^.TES. r in the laws or in neral policy as their mte of the posts, al at Quebec, were li was all but abso- bitrary mauner. In iding at Detroit, an dishing the bounda- nding thence to the i north, from the St. ,nds of the Hudson's holic inhabitants the d possesdion of their tters of litigation, to ws of the province. its on lands granted s of England were ved to itself the right 1 ecclesiastical juris- ly confined to the fur ns of Lake Superior ion of secretary of State ppointment during tho In the fall of 1840, he , in the winter of 1847, ilature held at Lansing. )lic labors, and severed or seeking to hold any secretary of State, he lemeris, and now, at the pursuit of it. He is as upon its receipts to sup- looks upon the law as a 3ves its practice, and he ,on, occupying a position HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 319 were visited ; and a project was formed for working the copper ore discovered there, and a company in England had obtained a charter for that purpose. A sloop was purchased and the miners commenced operations, but soon found, however, that the expenses of blasting and of transportation were too great to warrant the prosecution of the enterprise, and it was abandoned. In 1783, several influential merchants, who had been individually engaged in the fur trade, entered into partnership for its more successful prosecution, and established what was styled the Northwest Fur Company. In 1787, the shareholders appointed from their num- ber special agents, to import from England such goods as might be required, and to store them at Montreal. This plan of con- ducting the trade was not dissimilar to that which had been pur- sued by the French. Storehouses were erected at convenient places on the borders of the lakes ; and the posts formerly occu- pied by the French were used for the same purpose. Agents were sent to Detroit, Mackinaw, the Sault Stc. Marie, and the Grand Portage, near Lake Superior, who packed the furs and sent them to Montreal, for shipment to England. The most important point of the fur trade was the Grand Portage of Lake Superior. Here the proprietors of the establishment, the guides, clerks and interpreters, messed together in a large hall, while the canoe men were allowed only a dish of " hominy," consisting of Indian com boiled in a strong alkali, and seasoned with fat. Thus, this inter- esting trade, which had been carrie ' on for more than a century, still continued to circulate in its ordinary channels, along the waters of the lakes. But the spirit of mercantile rivalry was carried to a great extent, and unhappily, excited the worst passions of those inter- ested in the several companies. The employes of the Hudson's Bay and Northwest Companies, the boundaries of which were not very clearly defined, often came into active and desperate con- flict, and made repeated attacks upon the trading posts of each other. Lord Selkirk, however, having jilaced himself at the head of the Hudson's Bay Company, succeeded at length in uniting the stock of the two companies, and this put an end to the strife. These two companies held dominion over the territory bordering '-» -h m 320 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. 1 13, .1 If ( tt on the lakes, and studied only to keep it a barren wilderness, that their trade might be preserved and prolonged. The American revolution was already bursting forth ; but, during this eventful struggle, the territory of the present State of Michigan, from its remote situation, was but little affected by the war, though the Indians within its borders were employed to harass the American settlements upon the frontiers of New York, Pennsylvania and Virginia. Detroit and Michilimackinac were, during this period, the points of greatest interest. At these posts the Indian warriors were assembled, and furnished with arms and ammunition, and from thence they were dispatched against the nearest American settlements, t« burn and destroy, and to massacre and scalp the defenseless inhabitants. On their return from such murderous expeditions, these savage allies were met by the British commanders in the council houses of Michili- mackinac and Detroit, and there paid a stipulated price for the scalps which they brought. In some instances, the Indians were supported in these expeditions by the regular troops and loca. militia. . One of these joint expeditions, commanded by Captain Byrd, set out from Detroit to attack Louisville. It proceeded in boats as far as it could ascend the Maumee, and from thence crossed over to the Ohio, and marched to Ruddle's Station. This post surrendered at once, without fighting, under the promise of being protected from the Indians. This promise, however, was violated, and the prisoners were all massacred. A small stockade, called Martin's Station, was also taken by the same commander, and his march through the whole region was attended with the utmost consternation. Another expedition, under Governor Hamilton, the command- ant of Detroit, started out in 1778. The commander appeared before the fort of Vincennes,in December, with an army of thirty regulars, fifty French volunteers, and four hundred Indians. The people living in the neighborhood of the fort made no effort to defend it, and the only garrison within its walls was Captain Helm, and a private soldier, called Henry. Seeing the troops at a distance, they loaded a cannon, which they placed in the open TES. ren wilderness, that irsting forth ; but, ' the present State jt little affected by i were employed to itiers of New York, chilimackinac were, •est. At these posts imished with arms dispatched against and destroy, and to ibitants. On their e savage allies were LI houses of Michili- pulated price for the !es, the Indians were ,ar troops and loca. id by Captain Byrd, [t proceeded in boats from thence crossed s Station. This post the promise of being >owever, was violated, mall stockade, called 3 commander, and his ded with the utmost milton, the command- commander appeared ?ith an army of thirty undred Indians. The ort made no effort to its walls was Captain Seeing the troops at ey placed in the open HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 321 gateway ; and the commandant of the fort. Captain Helm, stood by the cannon with a lighted match. When Governor Hamilton and his military approached within hailing distance, Helm called out with a loud voice, " Halt !" This show of resistance made HON. W. L. WEBBER. William L. Webber, of East Saginaw, was born July 19, 1825, at Ogden, Monroe county. New York. In June, 1836, he came with his father and family to Michigan, and settled in Hartland, Livingston county. He studied medicine two years, in 1847-8, at Milford, Oakland county, when, discovering that the law would be more congenial to his taste, he changed his reading to fit him- self for the latter profession, and was admitted to the bar in 1851. He removed to East Saginaw in March, 1853, where he at once took a lead- 21 -- :, v.. ^'''^^i^B WCWff l BB J^^^^^Br' ',3 1 i !1 322 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. Hamilton stop and demand a surrender of the garrison. "No man," exclaimed Helm, with an oath, " enters here untd I know the terms." Hamilton replied, " Yon shall have the honors of war. Helm thereupon surrendered the fort, and the vholc garrison consisting of the two already named, marched out and received the customary marks of. respect for their brave defense Hamil- ton wa. afterwards met by General Clark, to whom he surren- dered The British soldiers were suffered to return to Detroit; but their commander, who was known to have been active m instigating Indian barbarities, was placed in irons, and sent to Virginia as a prisoner of war. , « u a* The pious Moravian missionaries, on the banks of the Mus- kingum, did not escape the hand of the English at Detroit They were suspected of holding a secret correspondence with the Con- gress at Philadelphia, and of contributing their influence, as well as that of their Indian congregation, to aid the American cause Deputies were therefore sent to Niagara, and a grand council ot the Iroquois was .vssembled, at which those Indians were urged to break up the Indian congregation collected by the Moravians. These tribes, not wishing to have anything to do with it, sent a message, to the Chippewas and Ottawas, with a belt, statmg that they gave the Indian congregation into their hands, "to make soup of." _____—— — plLent lawyers of Northern Michigan. As a P-^.t-onci-^^e w s sU d.^ ous, mastering all the law applicable to his cases, P-^'^f »«;?';";; all he facts fn>m his client, alert to find out whatever was to be known r advance about the plans of his adversary, self-possessed -c^ ^'S-^^ in hi. conduct on the trial of cases, affable and fair to his ^-"ir- n the profession, and. withal, zealous for hi. client. He wa. -- - -^"'-^ faithful in his relations, professional and otherwise, keeping faith .v.th everybody, as a matter of conscience and lionor. Latteriy for several years, he was been intimately associ. ted with the Flint & Pere Marquette Railroad as its attorney, and connn.ssioner for 2 care and disposition of its large land grant. For this posi ion he gave np general practice. By his Judicious management of 1 1 land department, he has very largely contributed to the »^^-- ° ^'^ ^^^^^ north of the Saginaw river. He is at present mayor of the city of East Saginaw. - '^ / '^S^ TE8. lie garrison. " No jre until I know the he honotH of war." he vholc garrison, I out and received ■e defense. Hamil- whom he surren- 1 return to Detroit ; lave been active in I irons, and sent to banks of the Mus- jh at Detroit. They ence with the Con- ir influence, as well tie Americau cause. a grand council of dians were urged to l)y the Moravians. Lo do with it, sent a ti a belt, stating that sir hands, "to make HISTORY OF MICBIOAN. 323 has been one of the ■actitioner he was studi- s, painstaking to learn ever was to be known )0ssessed and dignified r to his brethren in the e was ever candid and 'ise. keeping faith with ely associ, ted with the , and conunissioner for For this position he inagement of this land le interior of the State lyor of the city of East In 1781, these Moravian missionaries arrived at Detroit, when they were brought before De Poyster, the commandant. A war council was held, and the council house completely filled with Indians. Captain Pipe, an Indian chief, addressed the assembly, and told the commandant that " the English might fight the Americans if they chose ; it was their cause, and not his ; that they had raised a quarrel among themselves, and it was their business to fight it out. They had set him on the Americans, as the hunter sets his dog upon the game." By the side of the British commander stood another war chief, with a stick in his hand, four feet in length, strung with American scalps. This warrior followed Captain Pipe, saying : " Now, father, here is what has been done with the hatchet you gave me. I have made the use of it that you ordered me to do, and found it sharp." Such were the scenes at Detroit that occurred frequently, from the close of the Pontiac war till the advent of the " stars and stripes." During the whole course of the revolutionary war, the savage tribes in this vicinity were instigated to commit the most atrocious cruelties against the defenseless American settlements. Every avenue was closed whereby a different influence might be introduced among them, and they were made to believe that the Americans were only seeking to possess themselves of their lands, and to drive them away from the territory they had inherited from their fathers. But, at last, the great cause of American free- dom was triumphant. The treaty of Versailles was concluded in 1783, and the settlers of Michigan were once more permitted to renew their labors in comparative peace. M 'il CHAPTER XXII. H\ The Retention of the Western Posts hy Gueat Britain After THE Treatt of 1783 -Northwestern Territory Oroanized- INDIAN Troubles Aoain-The Great War Coincii, at Detroit -Campaign of General Harmer-St. Clair's Defeat- Waynes Victories -Michigan Surrendered to the United States. We have said that the war was ended and peace established; but no sooner was a treaty of peace concluded, than new troubles began to arise. We have seen how, during the revolutionary war, the western outposts of Great Britain were instrumental in send- ing the savages against the weak settlements; and, now that the Americans had been victorious, England refused to withdraw her troops from the garrisons in the lake region. However, by the second article of Jay's treaty, in 1794, it was provided that the British troops should be withdrawn from all the posts assigned to the United States by the former treaty of 1783, on or before the first day of June, 1796. This matter being settled, the American people turned their attention to the Northwest, with a view to its settlement; and measures were accordingly taken for its tempo- rary government. The circumstance which had more particu- larly directed the public attention to the western domain was a memorial from the soldiers and officers of the Revolutionary army, presented to General Washington in 1783, setting forth their claims to a portion of the public lands. One difficulty that lay in the way was that the territory northwest of the Ohio was claimed by several of the Eastern States, on tlie ground that it was included within the limits indicated by their charter from the English Crown. But, in answer to the wishes of the govern- ment and people, these States, in a patriotic spirit, surrendered their claims to this extensive territory, that it might constitute a common fund, to aid in the payment of the national debt. Many of the native tribes conveyed to the United States their ^Ov-'J- HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 325 rights to territory in this doraaiu, and thus was the way prepared for the erection of the territory northwest of the Ohio. A gov- ernment was formed for this extensive region, with Arthur St. Clair as Governor; and, on the seventh of April, 1788, a com- lEAT Britain After RiTORY Organized — COUNCII, AT DkTROTT i'8 Defeat— Wayne's United States. 1 peace established; I, than new troubles e revolutionary war, istrumental in send- ; and, now that the ised to withdraw her 1. However, by the 13 provided that the the posts assigned to '83, on or before the lettled, the American 3st, with a view to its taken for its tempo- had more particu- ;stern domain was a Revolutionary army, i, setting forth their ae difficulty that lay 33t of the Ohio was n tlie ground that it )y their charter from wishes of the govern- tic spirit, surrendered it might constitute a f the national debt. } United States their CHESTER B. JONES. Chester B. Jones, the subject of this sketcli, was born in Western Pennsylvania, September 11, 1833. At an early age he passed through an academic course of education, at Erie. This finished, he emigrated to Kentucky, and taught school there and in other Southern States for several years. Having a desire for an active business life, he connected himself with a mercantile house, and traveled extensively through the Union representing their interests. In 1853, he became connected with a wealthy lumber firm in Albany, 19. ,|,u,:.. -.1 ;i. OKNKRAL HI8TOBY OF THE STATES. pany of forty-seveti individuals landed at the site of the present town of Marietta, and there commenced the settlement >f Ohio. We have seen that the western posts were still retained hy the British government. This gave rise to several (luestions of no little interest, which excited unfriendly feelings between the two nations, and which largely governed their policy. Debts duo by Americans to British subjects, the payment of which had been guaranteed by the treaty, were not paid ; and, on the other hand, the slaves belonging to Americans, and who had been taken away by British Officers, were not restored. In consefjucnce of these, and other unsettled matters, when Baron Steuben was sent by General Washington to Sir Frederic Haldimand, at Quebec, to arrange for the occupation of these posts, with instructions to proceed to Michigan, and along the line of the lake frontier, for the purpose of taking possession of them, he was informed that they would not be given up, and was refused passports to Niagara and Detroit. In addition to the retention of the western posts by the English, a new confederacy among the savages was organizing. In Decem- ber, 1786, a grand council of the different tribes was held near the mouth of the Detroit river. At this council were delegates from all the nations inhabiting the Northwest. The principal subject of discussion appears to have been the question of bound- New York, and on the first day of April in that year arrived in East Saginaw, to manage tlieir interests in that section. Altliough wliere East Saginaw now stands was then a wilderness, he had the foresight to see that the time was not far distant when the great lumber resources of that region would build up a large and influential city. With this idea in view, he at once went to work with the intention of permanently locating there. Being an energetic, christian young man, and faithful to the. trusts consigned to his care, he soon built up an enviable reputation for integrity and good business qualities. Outsiders availed themselves of his knowledge and good judgment, and he rapidly became a prominent purchaser and shipper of lumber. He is also largely interested in real estate, and is intimately connected with the growth of his adopted city. Being of a retiring disposition, he has many times refused offices of public trust, which his fellow-citizens wished to bestow upon him. However, he is very active in all educational affairs, and has served ~ti^ti&.:.: "E8. ite of the present Bttlemeut jf Ohio. 11 retained hy the il (juestionH of no ! between the two y. Debts duo by [■ which had been on the other hand, A been taken away ise<iiu'nc.'e of tliese, iubon waH sent by ind, at Quebec, to fith instructions to B lake frontier, for was informed that assports to Niagara >9t8 by the English, iiizing. In Decem- ibcs was held near ncil were delegates ?st. The principal question of bound- year arrived in East Altliougli where East 1 the foresight to see liber resources of that \'. With this idea in ' permanently locating 1, and faithful to the. iviable reputation for availed themselves of y became a prominent ^ely interested in real 1 of his adopted city, mes refused offices of ,0 bestow upon him. ffairs, and has served HISTORY OF MICHKIAN. 327 ary. It was contended by the Indians that the United States had no right to cross the Ohio. This pending outbreak among the savages was undoubtedly th(. work of the English, who were agam seeking their aid to harass the Americans. England set forth as a plea for retaining the western posts, that the (-xtensive and valuable country in which they were situated had been ceded away through sonic ..versight on the part of the commissioners, or from their ignorance of the geography of the country; and now, aided by ihv. savages, they hoped to retam their possessions in the West. It was at this juncture that Alex- ander McKenzie, an agent of the British government, visited Detroit, painted like an Indian, and stated that he had just returne<l from the remote tribes of the upper lakes, who were all in arms, and prepared to oppose the claims of the Americans to the western lands ; that large bodies of warriors had already assembled, and that they were about to attack the infant settle- ment of Ohio. These stories, gotten up by McKenzie, succeeded as he had desired. In 1794, an agent was sent from the Spanish settlements, on the banks of the Mississippi, for the same object, and to hasten the organization of the Indian confederacy against the United States. Excited by his speeches, bands of savage war- riors, armed with the tomahawk and scalping-knife, were seen hastening toward the lake posts, md the great Indian confeder- acy was formed against the Americans, equaling that constituted several years as a member of the board of education of his city. As chairman of the building committee of that body, he has been very efficient as the many beautiful school-houses in East Saginaw, erected under his supervision, bear witness. He is now president of the board. He was married to Miss Caroline H. Smith, daughter of Hon. Jeremiah Smith, of Grand Blanc, Michigan, on the 11th of .January, 1859. In religious matters, Mr. Jones is liberal and generous, and takes a prominent part in the advancement of all good works. From his indus- try he has secured a competency, which is freely used in comforting the sick and supplying the wants of the poor. He is a true friend to indus- trious young men, and many have secured positions through his influence. He is truly one of that class of men that are an aid to the community in which they dwell, and is recognized as one of the public spirited pioneers and solid men of the Saginaw valley. 8S8 ..KNKUAL HIBTORV OP THE STATES. .«;. . a quarter of a century previous, under the great Toutiac, aguiust the Engliwh themselves. The border incurHions commeiieed immcdiutely, and again the work of desohition reigned among tli iidlint .>*etth'inent« on the Ohio. These outbreaks, which were uelieved to be the work of the Britisli, induced the Ainerican governnjcnt, in 1790, to send General Harmer, an able officer, with an army to quell them. He advanced against the hostile tribes with a force amounting to four- teen hundred men : but, imprudently dividing his army, he was taken l>y surprise and defeated by a body of Indians, led by Little Turtle. Hurmer having failed, General St. Clair advanced into the Indian country, in 1792, with two thousand men. Tiiis army wa** defeated bv a large body of Indians who lay in ambush, and com- pelled to retreat. Efforts were now put forth to increase the army ; and, in 1793, General Anthony Wayne succeeded St. Clair in the command of the western army. Advancing through the forest to the spot which had been rendered memorable by the defeat of St. Clair, he there constructed a fort, and called it Fort Recovery. Advaiicing further into the wilderne.s8, he found many Indian villages deserted. At the Rapids of the Maumce he erected Fort Deposit, where he i«tored his supplies. They were now within a few nnles of a British post, which had been garrisoned by soldiers sent from Detroit, for the purpose of aiding the Indians. General Wayne had been instructed to use his English opponents according to the usages of war ; and, with a bold deter- mination, he pushed forward to the enemy's fort. The Indian force, their whole strength being collected at this point, was, in numbers, about the same as that of the Americans. The Indians were stationed in a dense forest, and protected by the bank of the river and a breastwork of fallen trees, and they were disposed in three lines, within supporting distance of each other. The bat- tle soon followed ; and, through stratagem, Wayne was successful, and. completely routed the savages. He destroyed the Indian villages and corn fields on the banks of the Maumee, and pro- ceeded towards Fort Defiance. Before he left the battle ground, however, he paraded his force m front of the British post, that ^^5^^^i^^^e^*fi?«?« 'Efl. t Poutiac, aguiust cly, and again the settlements on the to be the work of t, in 1700, to send o quell them. Ho iiniounting to Ibiir- his army, he was Jiann, led by Little radvaneed into the n. This army wa** ambusli, and eoni- h to increase the lyne succeeded St. Vdvancing through red memorable by fort, and called it bund many Indian laumce he erected . They were now ad been garrisoned lose of aiding the i to use his English 1, with a bold deter- fort. The Indian t this point, was, in icans. The Indians by the bank of the ey were disposed in 3h other. The bat- ayne was successful, Bstroyed the Indian ! Maumee, and pro- ■t the battle ground, e British post, that HI8TOKY OK MICHIOAK. 329 thev might s»'e its strength; while ho advanced towards the glacifl, to examine the character of the position, and to ascertain, a.s far as was possible, what were the intentions of the garrison. The American officers, lus they drew near, could discover the Hrit- ish soldiers, with matches lighted and standing by thil- guns, ready for any emergency that might arise. General Wayne finally concluded a treaty with the Indians, at (}reen\illc, which etrectually broke up the whole confederacy. In 1795, a project was started, which, had it been successful, would have injured the iuten'sts of the West. Robert Randall and Charles Whitney, of Vermont, in .onnection with several^ merchants of Detroit, entered into a compact, for the purpose of appropriating to themselves a vast territory, comprising nearly twenty millions of acres, situated between Lakes Erie and Michi- gan. The land was to be divided into a number of shares, and distributed among the purchasers and the members of Congress who should exert their influence in procuring the passage of the neceasary law. But, as soon as the corrupt character of the plot had been discovered, the two principal projectors were brought before the bar of the House of Representatives. On hearing the evidence, Randall was discharged, but Whitney was fined the amount of the costs, and received a severe reprimand. Wayne's victory having broken the luiliau power, and the treaty of Greenville binding them from further aggressions, the Island of Mackinaw and the fort of Detroit were surrendered by the English, but the retiring garrisons, to show their spite, locked the gates of the fort, broke all the windows in the bar- racks, and filled the wells with stones, so as to annoy the new occu- pants as much as was in their power. It was in the beginning of June, 1796, that Captain Porter, with a detachment of American troops, entered the fort, which had been previously evacuated by the British. The American flag was displayed, and the dominion of the country peaceably transferred. T5S CHAPTER XXIII. VVll. 1,1AM lll'I.I. Al'l'OINTKIl OOVKHNOII OF TlfK TkUHITOHV OK MlCIII- (lAN— Tkciimhkh'w Wakuioiw AcHKMiii.iNd — An Aumy Uaihki) in Ohio — It Mauciikm io Dktiioit Undkk (Ji.nkuai, llrii — VVau I)i:< I.AHKI) HkTWKKN KN(1I,AM) and TlIK I'NI'IKD bTATKM — HlJl.I, Aos'ancks into Canada. It was a ron^idcrubli' time iH'fore the Territory of Mu-liigaii, now ill the possi-s.siou of the United Stuten, was iniprovcKl or alti'icd hy the iiicreafe of settlcnieutH. The Canadian French continned to form the principal part of its population. The interior of the country wa.s hut little known, except hy the IndianH and the fur traders. The Indian title not being fully extinguinhed, no lands were brought into market, and consenuently the sottle- meiit.s increased but slowly. The State of Michigan at this time constituted simply the county of Wayne in the Northwest terri- tory. It sent one representative to the legislature of that territory, which was held at Chilicothe. A court of common j)Iea8 was organized for the county, and the general <'ourt of the whole territory sometimes met at Detroit. No roads had as yet been constructed through the interior, nor were there any settlements, except on the frontiers. The habits of the people were essentially military, and but little attention was paid to agriculture, except by the French ])casantry. A representation was sent to the gen- eral a.ssembly of the Northwest territory at Chilicothe until 1800, when Indiana was erected into a separate territory. Two years later Michigan was annexed to and continued to be a part of the Territory of Indiana until 1805, when, in the month of January of that year, it was erected into a separate territory, and William Hull appointed its first governor. We will not interrupt the narrative here to notice the acts of Governor Hull's administration in detail, as this information will niRTORY OP MrrHIOAN. 331 be found in HUPceodinf,' chaptcrH devoted to thi> political liiMtory of MichifTiui. We liiivc swn tliiit Michiiran had hut j\iHt onicrifod from a huc- cetwion of Indian wars, and now anotlu-r was evidently preparing. ITOIIY Oh MlCHt- iiMY Uaisko in ii, Uri.i, — Wau Statkm — Ihiu, py of Michigan, i» improved or madian French pulation. The ; by the Indians ly extinguished, ently the settle- 111 at this time N^(jrthwest terri- )f that territory, mon pleas waa ■t of the wliole luid as yet been luy settlements, were essentially ■iculture, except sent to the geu- othe until 1800, )ry. Two years )e a part of the nth of January •y, and William 3tice the acts of nformatiou will HON. JAMES :• JOY. James F. Joy, of Detroit, was born at Durluvm, New Iliiniiwliire, December 2, 1810. His fatlier, a manufacturer of scytii; j and otlier implements, was a man of iron muscles, large brain, nntl gieat mental as well as moral power. Lilce all the strong men of iSew Euglnud, he appreciated tlic value of education, and a moral and religious culture for his children, and io he labored earnestly ^.ly by day that they miglit enjoy those advantages which honest poverty had denied to him. He was a man who practiced ' , r' 332 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. This was in the shape of another confederacy, which was directly instigated by the English. The old story was revived, that the Americans were about to drive the Indians from the lands, that they might occupy them themselves. The chief prqiectors of this war were Tecumseh and his brother, the prophet. Tecumseh led the nations to war, while his brother, Elkswatawa, operated on the minds of the savages by means of superstition, and excited them to a high pitch of ferocity. These new troubles were indeed nothing more than the Americans might have expected. The Indians saw a new power encroaching upon the inheritance that had been handed down to them from their ancestors. It was not difficult, therefore, to unite them in one last desperate effort to resist this usurping power. Their titles had been only partially extinguished, and they complained that, where this had been done, the treaties had been unfairly conducted ; that the Indians had been deceived ; that they were in a state of intoxication at the time they signed away their lands, and that, even under these circumstances, only a part of the tribes had given their consent. The dissatisfaction existing among them was artfully fomented by himself and taught his family all the virtues of the New England calendar. Having fitted himself for college with such aid as his father could give him, James F. Joy entered Dartmouth, and graduated therefrom in 1833, havinfr the rank of the first scholar of his class and winning the valedic- tory assigned to him as such. From Dartmouth College, with all its holy and inspiring associations and memories as the school of Wehster and Choate, and such men, and as the subject of Webster's grand constitu- tional argument and most eloquent appeal to the supreme court, Joy went to Cambridge, where, during the years 1833 and 1834, he had the benefit of the teaching and example, and was cheered, encouraged and stimulated by the friendship of Story and Greenleaf, and where he laid broad and deep the foundations for that great structure he has since reared thereon. Being poor, however, he was compelled to leave the law school and enter the academy at Pittsfield as its preceptor, and while there he was employed as tutor in Dartmouth College, io instruct the classes in Latin, which he did for a year, and then returned to the law school in Cam- bridge, where he completed his studies and spent another j'car. Mr. Joy was a thorough classical scholar, and, during all the labors of thp last thirty years, while engaged in his profession, or in those vast 'ES. lich was directly revived, that the I the lands, that prqiectors of this . Tecumseh led iwa, operated on ion, and excited ibles were indeed expected. The inheritance that tors. It was not jsperate effort to en only partially is had been done, the Indians had toxication at the iven under these ^en their consent, iilly fomented by the New England is father could give Iherefrom in 1833, inning the valedic- ge, with all its holy ol of Webster and ir's grand constitu- me court, Joy went , he had the benefit iged and stimulated e he laid broad and nee reared thereon, ie law school and while there he was he classes in Latin, law school in Cam- ber year. ng all the labors of m, or in those vast HI8T0RT OP MICHIGAN. 333 the agents of the Northwest Fur Company, who foresaw that if the Americans were permitted to occupy this country they would be cut off from a valuable portion of their trade ; while the English government, which ceded away this extensive tract with- out any very definite idea of its resources, looked with complacency on any attempts made by the savages to reta! i it in their hands. The American pioneers of the West had, no doubt, slighted the rights of the Indians, and wrongs had been inflicted which required correction. Taking advantage of this, the traders and the English generally were indefatigable in rousing the Indians to war. The prophet commenced his mission in 1806, and did all that supersti- tion could do to excite the fury of the Indians agdm»l, the Americans. The plan for the league was not unlike that formed by Pontiac. Tecumseh's plan was to surprise the posts of Detroit, Fort Wayne, Chicago, St. Louis and Vincennes, and to unite all the tribes from the borders of New York to the Mississippi. As early as the year 1807, the Shawanese chief and his brother, the prophet, were actively engaged in sending their emissaries, with presents and war-belts, to the most distant tribes, to induce them railroad enterprises which he has founded and constructed with such eminent ability and success, has never neglected to keep up, as far as possible, his early studies. Although the railway king of the Northwest, he is more than this-he is^a ripe scholar, a man of great literary attain- ments and a most eminent and able lawyer, who, today, has few superiors in this country in all that vast code of law that has grown up as a part and parcel of the railway system of the United States, and is a thorough master of constitutional law. Take him away to-day from his avocation as president of several long lines of railway, place him at Cambridge, and he would be a most competent and able lecturer on the law; transfer him back to Dartmouth, and he would prove, even now, a thorough, capable teacher of Latin or nearly any other depart- ment of learning. In September, 1830, he came to Detroit and entered the law office of Hon. Augustus 8. Porter. At that time, he was not worth a hundred dollars in the world. During the year that he remained in the office with Mr. Porter, he attracted attention to his character for industry, steadiness of purpose, devotion to busii ess and high moral principles; and, when admitted in 1837, he at once entered on a fine and large practice. Soon after he came to the bar, he became a partner of (Gteorge F. _.A ^ia<%^.ss^5e^MwSS&?5^3fli»^ '•' 334 GENERAL HISTORY OF TflE STATES. to join in the confederacy ; and when the comet appeared in 1811, the latter artfully turned it to account, by practicing on the super- stitions of the savages. On the 4th of May, a special mission, consisting of deputies from the Ottawas, was sent to o distant post upon the borders of Lake Superior, and a grand council being there a.ssembled, it was addressed by Le Marquoit, or the Trout. He told the Indians that he had been sent by the messenger and representative of the Great Spirit, and that he was commissioned to deliver to them a speech from the " first man whom God had created, said to be in the Shawanese country." He then informed them what were the instructions of that Great Spirit in the suc- ceeding address : " I am the P^ither of the English, of the French, of the Spaniards, and of the Indians. I created the first man, who was the common father of all these people as well as of our- selves, and it is through him, whom I have awakened from his long sleep, that I now address you. But the Americans I did not make. They are not my children, but the children of the evil spirit. They grew from the scum of the great water when it was troubled by the evil spirit, and the froth was driven into the Porter, a former banker, and a man of mucli practical business knowledge, and to Mr. Joy he was invaluable. .Joy & Porter soon became the attorneys and counselors of the Dwights of Boston, Artlmr and Frederick Bronson, of New York, and in 1847, when John W. Brooks came from Boston to Michigan to purchase the then Detroit & St. Josepli Railroad, he came consigned to Joy as the man to take the legal charge of all the negotiations and to act as counsel for the new stockholders in that great enterprise. Brooks intrusted to Mr. Joy all the negotiations, and by him tlie purchase was made from the State, the acts drawn and passed, the purchase money seemed, and the Michigan Central Railroad, now one of the best in the world, was born into existence with Joy as the legal accoucheur at its birth. With the ( "mpletion of the new line to Chicago, he at once started to extend it to tn.; Missouri river, and, organizing the Chicago, Burlington tfc Quincy Railroad, he built up one of the most lucrative and best regulated and managed roads in the United States. Not only has he built this grand road, but he has paid regular dividends and more than quadrupled its stock out of its earnings. Instead of appropriating these earnings to his own private wealth like the officers of many other similar corporations, he has given them all to the stockholders. Mr. Joy is es. ippeared in 1811, ;ing ou the 8uper- a special mission, t to distant post ind council being loit, or the Trout, le messenger and was commissioned 1 whom God had He then informed Spirit in the suc- ish, of the French, ,ed the first man, as well as of our- ened from his long jricans I did not lildren of the evil water when it was s driven into the business knowledge, !r soon became the tfthur and Frederick . Broolis came from St. Josepli Railroad, igal charge of all the Lliolders in that great )tiation8, and by him rawn and passed, the llailroad, now one of ith Joy as the legal he at once started to Chicago, Burlington t lucrative and best Not only has he built mds and more than )f appropriating these •f many other similar lolders. Mr. Joy is aiSTORY OF MICHIGAN. 335 woods o, i strong east wind. They are enormous, but I hate them, ily children, you must not speaK of this talk to the whites ; it must be hidden from them. I am now on the earth, sent by the Great Spirit, to instruct you. Each village must send me two or more principal chiefs, to represent you, that you may be taught. The bearer of this talk must point out to you the path to my wigwam. I could not come myself to L'Arbre Croche, because the world is changed from what it was. It is broken and leans down, and as it decliues the Chippewas and all beyond will fall off' and die; therefore, you must come to see me and be iuttructed. Those villages which do not listen to this talk will be cut oti' from the face of the earth." It was through these means that the savages were roused to attack the frontier settlements of the West, and, later, to unite with the English during the memorable war of 1812. In 1805, as shown elsewhere, Detroit was destroyed by fire, and, on being rebuilt, the stockade was dispensed. But now that the forests were again filled with hostile Indians, a new stockade was constructed around the new town of Detroit for its better defense. president and a director of the Michigan Central, president and director of the Hannibal & St. Joseph road, the Missouri liiver & Council Blufls llailroad and their different branches, and is an officer and stock- holder in several others. He and Mr. Brooks also organi/.ed the company for the construction of the St. Mary's Falls Ship CanaV connecting the navigation of Lake Superior with that of the lower lakes for all classes of vessels— a work of great national importance. Since the close of the war, he has mainly d(!voted himself to the con- struction of railroads, for the most part in this State. It was through his efforts that the DetroU, Lansing & Lake Michigan Railroad has thus far been completed. The road from Detroit to Bay City, and also the Chicago & Michigan Lake Shore Railroad, extending from New Buffalo to Pentwater, with branches to Grand Rapids, and Big Rapids, have also been built by his means and influence. He did much also to promote the construction of the Granil River Valley, and the Jackson, Lansing & Saginaw roads, while at the same time also he was engaged in similar works in Kan&as and Nebraska. Perhaps it is not too much to say, that no single man in the West has done so much to pronu)te and push for- ward the public improvements and contributed so much to the develop- ment of the resources and wealth of the great West as he has done. tf-»^3K^^w5fc»tiea.s»p!VV- m GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. Tn September, 1809, a special council of the Hurons was called near Brownstown, and, at the instigation of their principal chief, Walk-in-the-Water, they freely spoke of their grievances to Gov- ernor Hull. The speech addressed by this chief to the Governor, setting forth the title of his tribe to a large tract of territory near the Detroit river, which was claimed by the United States, under the treaty of Greenville, shows how dissatisfied they were with this treaty, and with the encroachments of the American people. In the midst of all these evidences of war, the Territory of Michi- gan remained in a comparatively defenseless state. There were at this time, in the whole territory, but nine settlements of any importance ; nor were the inhabitants of these villages calculated to show any considerable resistance to the approaching incursions of the savages. These settlements were situated on the Rivers Miami and Raisin, on the Huron of Lake Erie, on the Ecorse, Rouge and Detroit rivers, on the Huron of St. Clair, the St. Clair river, and the Island of Mackinaw. In addition to these there were, here and there, a group of huts belonging to the French fur traders. The villages upon the Maumee, the Raisin, and the Huron of La ke Erie, contained a population of about Mr. Joy's habits of mind and life are too rigid to allow him to be a politician, yet, at the commencement of the great war, he was induced to go to the legislature of the State, where his ability and influence did much to prepare the State for the great contest which was impendmg. He was chairman of the committee of ways and means, and had a large influence in settling the financial policy of the State, which has smce relieved it from all embarrassment, and enabled it rapidly to extinguish its funded debt. , What his fortune is, no one but himself can state, but that it is very large all must know; yet all his habits of life, his dress, his home, his equipage, though rich and genteel, are simple and unostentatious. He neither indulges in the use of tobacco or intoxicating liquors. He never wastes his time in the follies of society, but devotes it to the improving of his mind, making the most of every hour and achieving something for the future; and yet he has neither became a miser or a greedy lover of money. As a member of the Congregational Church, he is consistent and liberal; and as a father, he has watched carefully over his children, giving them all the benefit of a thorough education, and training them to lives of industry and integrity. :es. HISTORY OP MICHIGAN. 887 Hurons was called eir principal chief, 'fievances to Gov- !f to the Governor, !t of territory near nited States, under ed they were with ; American people, rerritory of Michi- state. There were settlements of any villages calculated reaching incursions ited on the Rivers Irie, on the Ecorse, ■ St. Clair, the St. a addition to these s belonging to the [aumee, the Raisin, opulation of about to allow him to be a war, he was induced ity and influence did vhich was impending, leans, and had a large State, which has since t rapidly to extinguish tate, but that it is very IB dress, his home, his d unostentatious. He ing liquors. He never es it to the improving i achieving something uiser or a greedy lover !hurch, he is consistent fully over his children, n, and training them to thirteen hundred ; the post of Detroit and the settlements on the Rivers Rouge and Ecorse, and on the Huron of Lake St. Clair, num- bered about two thousand two hundred ; the Island of Mackinaw about one thousand. Detroit was garrisoned by ninety-four men, HON. ALBERT MILLER. Albert Miller was born at Hartland, Windsor county, Vermont, May 10, 1810. His father, Jeremy Miller, who was of English descent, was a native of Middletown, Connecticut; and his mother was a native of Hartland, her maternal grandfather having been the first settler in that town, and her ancestors on her father's side were among those who landed at Plymouth Rock, in 1620. Jeremy Miller died in March, 1817, leaving the subject of this sketch, who was the youngest of four children, to the care of a devoted mother, 22 n- h I? E,iSSe5KS,^S;^WW'<« 338 orNERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. and Mackinaw by seventy-nine. Thus, the entire population of the State was only about four thousand eight hundred, four-fifths of whom were French, and the remainder Americans. An In.lian war being now apparent, a memorial was presented to Congress, setting forth the defenseless condition of the Terri- tory, and praying for aid f...u that body. This memorial was signed by the principal inhabitants of Detroit, and sent to Washington on the twenty-seventh of December, 1811. Tecura- seh had collected his warriors, and was now ready for action. The first hostile demonstration was in the shape of marauding parties, going from one settlement to another and committing depredations. On ihe banks of the Kalamazoo river, a smith's forge had been erected, where hatchets and scalping-knives were made by the savages ; and, at no great distance from this, the Indian women were cultivating corn, with which to supply the warriors with food. All the plans having been fully matured, the contest at length began, on the banks of the Wabash, at the Prophet's town. The Indian warriors from all quarters came to join with but limited means ; and whatever success has attended him is attributable alone to his own exertions and the judicious training received from his mother. ,. . , i • i •„ Until he was nine years of age, he attended the district school m his native town the three summer months of each year, and from that time until he was eighteen, he attended six months in the year. At this age, he had acquired sufficient education to teach e district school, and occu- pied himself at that work the two succeeding winters. Determined to receive a thorough education, in 1830 he entered the Kimball and Union Academy, at Meriden, New Hampshire, to prepare himself for college, but within four weeks after entering the academy, he was prostrated by a severe illness, which so enfeebled him that he was obliged to give up his long cherished wish to obtain a collegiate education. Mr Miller, upon recovering his health, decided to come West, and started from his home on the 2d of September, 1830, and arrived in Detroit, Michigan, on the 22d of the same month. The people of that town then pointed to its size with pride-it contained 2,222 inhabitants^ Being joined by his father's family in the spring of 1831, he located and settled on eighty acres of land at Grand Blanc, Genesee county. In 1833, tt'v TES. niSTOKT OP MICniOAN. 889 Qtire population of hundred, four-fifths lericans. loria) was presented lition of the Terri- ly. This memorial letroit, and sent to ber, 1811. Tecum- w ready for action, bape of marauding er and committing i smith's forge had lives were made by m this, the Indian supply the warriors matured, the contest sh, at the Prophet's rters came to join has attended him is cious training received le district scliool in his ir, and from that time ,he year. At this age, itrict school, and occu- inters. Determined to he Kimball and Union ire himself for college, r, he was prostrated by was obliged to give up jation. }d to come West, and , 1830, and arrived in h. The people of that ined 2,322 inhabitants, of 1831, he located and nesee county. In 1833, Tecumseh, and tlie English, on the opposite shores, looked on with deep interest upon what wns passing, regarding tlic savnges as important allies in the conflict in which they expected shortly to be engaged. A body of troops was collected in Ohio, consisting of about twelve hundred men, raised by oroer of the Presi<lent of the United States ; and this number was largely increased by volun- teers. These troops were formed into three regiments, under the command of Colonels McArthur, Finelly and Cass ; and a fourth regiment, about three hundred strong, under Colonel Miller, after- wards joined them, the whole being under the command of Gen- eral Hull, the Governor of Michigan. With this force, General Hull marched from Dayton towards Detroit. "While under march, near the River Raisin, on the third of July, 1812, General Hull received dispatches from Washington City, announcing the declaration of war against England. Two days after, they reached the River Huron, where a floating bridge was constructed, so that the entire army, with all the baggage and stores, passed over in safety. On the fifth of July, the array passed he purchased from the government a tract of land on tlie east side of the Saginaw river, at the junction of the Shiawassee and Tillabawassee rivers with it, and settled there in February of that year. At the spring election of that year, he was elected to an office which constituted him one of the inspectors of election for his township, and during his residence there of fifteen years, he was a constant member of the board of inspectors, and never absent from a single election. Upon the organization of the county of Saginaw, in 1835, he was appointed judge of probate for the county, by Stevens T. Mason, then acting gover- nor of the territory, which office he held for nine years. He was also a justice of the peace for the township of Saginaw for thirteen successive years. In 1847, he represented the county of Saginaw in the State legis- lature. At this session, the capitol was removed from Detroit to Lansing. He was one of the committee of arrangements at the laying of the corner stone of the new State capitol. Judge Miller was married to Miss Mary Ann Daglish, of Detroit, February 0, 1838. Of this marriage, there has been six children, only one of whom is still living. In December, 1838, Judge Miller and wife both united with the Presby- -li^j faiMi il k i wIttliuSIMW ■i',1 " 340 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE BTATE8. tie Indian council ground at Brownatown, crossed the River Rouge, and encamped at Springwells, about three nulcs below Detroit The Fourth Regiment marched to the fort, and occupied it, on the following day. The volunteers took up their position near the fort, and a movement was made to procure a large num- ber of boats, for the purpose of transporting the army into Canada. Orders were accordingly issued for the army to be in readiness to cross the river early on the following morning; and, at this time, the army moved up the river to a point opposite the lower end of Hog Island. It was now daylight, of a del.ghtluUy bright summer morning. The whole line entered the boats, which had on the previous evening been" taken from opposite the fort at a point near Sandwich, in order to mislead the enemy as to the place selected for their advance. The army was not attacked on landing in Canada, as they expected, and marched down the road along the bank of the river, to a point opposite the town presenting a fine appearance from the opposite shore. The inhabitants, nearW all Canadian French, welcomed the troops as friends, and white handkerchiefs and flags wa ved from every terianch^ch, and to-day they are still members of this denomination. He hnB materially aided the churches of the Saginaw valley from their infancy, and has twice represented the Presbytery of Saginaw in the general assembly-at Philadelphia, in 1863, and in 1870. Judge Miller is now residing at Bay City, where he caused the town of Portsmouth to be laid out in 1830, and near where he built the second saw mill that was put in operation on the Saginaw river. He has resided here since 1848. , . ■ ^ •* .Tudge Miller has always sustained the highest reputation for integrity, and as a consequence, has enjoyed the fullest confidence of the com- munities in which he has lived. He is gentle and affable in his manner to all classes; he has ever been in fellowship with the good, and full of sympathy for the poor. - . Though he has borne the burden and seen all the vicissitudes of pioneer life he has not been demoralized by its vices nor prematurely aged by its hardships. He is enjoying in competence a contented retirement. He witnesses with fatherly interest the varied activities that distingmsh the Saginaw valley, without permitting the serenity of his old age to be dis- turbed by an unseemly greed and scramble for more wealth. ITE8. crossed the River ; three miles below le fort, ami occupied ik up their position irocure a large num- bing the army into r the army to be in ving morning; and, a point opposite the ht, of a delightfully entered the boats, en from opposite the lislead the enemy as The army was not )ected, and marched ) a point opposite the opposite shore. The comcd the troops as waved from every HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 841 B of this denomination, rinaw valley from their ery of Saginaw in the n 1870. e he caused the town of lere he built the second jf river. He has resided reputation for integrity, confidence of the com- nd affable in his manner ith the good, and full of he vicissitudes of pioneer • prematurely aged by its •ntented retirement. He irities that distinguish the ^ of his old age to be dis- aore wealth. house, and many greeted the army with shouts of, " We like the Americans !" A vacant, unfinished, two-story brick house, belong- ing to Colonel Baby, with extensive grounds, became the head- quarters and intrenched camp of the northwestern army in A. W. WRIGHT. Ammi Willard Wkight, of Saginaw City, was born at Grafton, Ver- mont, July 5, 1822. He emigrated to Michigan in 1850, remaining in Detroit for over a year. From here he removed to Portsmouth, now a part of Bay City, where he settled in Novp.uoer, 1851, making that his home until 1852. During the winter of 1852, he commenced his lumbering operations, and has continued to deal heavily in this commodity ever since. In 1859, he entered the lumber manufacturing firm of Miller, Paine & Wright, ■A awgiHifff'Vriiyr •"-'- ^'^"**^***''''^''' 342 GENERAL nrSTOKY OP THE STATES. a-. f 1 Canada. The roof of the Iiouhc was shingled, the floors laid, and the windows in ; otherwise, it was entirely unfiniHhed A parti- tion of rough hoards was put up on each side of the hall, which ran entirely through the building. General Hull, with his aids, occupied the north half of the house; General James Taylor, Quartermaster-General of the army, with his two assistants, occu- pied the south side. The councils of war were held in the second story, over the room occupied by the Commanding Gen- eral, access to which was had by a rough stairway. General Hull, and his son, Captain Hull, lodged, most of the li i^c, at headquarters ; General Taylor, being unwell, lodged in Detroit. While at these headquarters, General Hull issued a lengthy proclamation to the people of Canada. In tliis document he promised protection io life and property, if the inhabitants main- tained a strict neutrality ; but that, if the barbarous policy of Great Britain, iu letting loose the Indians to murder American citizens, was pur&iieu, the war would become a war of extermina- and after doing business for a number of years, "11118 firm was dissolved. Mr. Wright went into a copartnership with J. H. Pearson, Esq., of Chicago, in the spring of 1865, under the firm name of A. W. Wright it Co. In June following the formation of this firm, their mill burned down, and they immediately rebuilt it on tlie old site on a much larger scale, and with many improvements. Afterwards, they erected another large mill, farther down the river, and carried on a very extensive lumber manufacturing business until they sold out their mill property. This firm still exists, but they are no longer engaged in the manufacture of lumber. Mr. Wright stands in the front rank of the sterling business men of the Saginaw valley, and tiiougli shrinking from notoriety, has been a leading spirit in many public enterprises. He was president of the Saginaw & St. Louis Plank Road Company; id treasurer, director and a heavy stockholder in tlie Saginaw Valley & St. Louis Railroad Company; is a director in the Saginaw & St. Clair Railroad; is vice-president and director of the First National Bank; president and superintendent of the Tittabawassee Boom Company, and holds many other important business positions. In manner, Mr. Wright is pleasant and social, of a kind disposition, and possessed of a generous nature. lie is benevolent to his employes and ever enjoys their hearty good will. ATM. , the floors laid, and iifiiiiHhed A pnrti- e of the hall, which Hull, with hifl nidn, cral James Taylor, two assistants, occu- were held in the ! Commanding Gen- stairway. General lost of the u in\ at lodged in Detroit. 11 issued a lengthy I this document he tie inhabitants main- barbarous policy of > murder American a war of extermina- liis Arm was dissolved. H. Pearson, Esq., of le of A. W. Wright & rm, tlieir mill burned site on a much larger , they erected another very extensive lumber mill property. This in the manufacture of srling business men of notoriety, has been a was president of the insurer, director and a lis Railroad Company; is vice-president and superintendent of the lier important business of a Icind disposition, volent to liis employes HISTORY OF MICHIOAN. 843 tion. He warned them that no white man caught fighting by the Bide of nn Indian would be taken prisoner, but would instantly be put to death ; and closed with the hope that the Diviiu' Kuler would guidethem in their .nolce to a result most compatible with their rights, interests and happiness. This address is said to have been written by Governor (then Colonel) Cass. -I* '.p ■Jj. CHAPTER XXIV. MicniMMACKiNAC — Removal ok tiik Fout to Mackinaw Im.ani Condition ok thk Fout am> Setti.kmknt in 1812 — Caitain Roiikkth' Kxi-kdition C'ai'ti KErt THE Four— The (»auuihon Sent TO Detuoit— Tub Enoi-ihh Onck Mohe in Fobbekwon ok Macki- naw. Leaving Hull and his army at Sandwich, in Canada, wo will now return to long-forgotten Michilimackiiiac. We have seen how, about one year after the niawHacre, the British again sent troops, under Captain Howard, to garrison the fort. After this, the next event that attracts our notice was the removal of the fort. In 1779, a party of British officers from the post of Michili- mackinac visited the Island of Mackinaw, which lies iu the straits separating the two peninsulas of Michigan, for the purpose of selecting a suitable site for the fort. This done, they gained permission from the Indians to occupy it, and the fort was removed to the Island in the summer of 1780, the troops tak- ing possession July fifteenth. The removal of the inhabitants from the mainland was gradual, and the fort, which was built on the site of the present one, was not completed until 1783. In 1795, when the British gave up Fort Mackinaw to the Americans, they repaired to the Island of St. Joseph, which is situated in the St. Mary's river, about twenty miles above Detour, and there constructed a fort. At the commencement of the war of 1812, the fort was garrisoned by a small detach- ment of British regulars, under command of Captain Roberts. At this time, the garrison of Fort Mackinaw consisted of only fifty-seven effective men, under the command of Lieutenant Hanks. The walls, which had been built by the English in 1780, and which are still standing, were surmounted by a palisade of cedar pickets, about ten feet high, intended as a defense against the Indians. To make it impossible to scale this palisade, each HIBTORY OF MICIIIOAN. 846 i Mackinaw Ihi,ani>— IT IN 18ia— Caitain -The (Jauuihon Sent I'OBBKKHION t>K MACKI- , ill Canada, wo will inc. We have seen c British again sent :he fort. After this, i the removal of the 111 the po8t of Michili- ', which lies in the igan, for the purpose; lis done, they gained ;, and the fort was 1780, the troops tak- I of the inbabitanta brt, which was built eted until 1783. rt Mackinaw to the St. Joseph, which is twenty miles above t the commencement d by a small detach- of Captain Roberts, aw consisted of only luand of Lieutenant ■ the English in 1780, ited by a palisade of as a defense against lie this palisade, each picket was protected at the top by sharp iron prongs. Through it were numerous port-holes, through which a leaden shower of death might be poured upon any foe that should come near. Two or three guns, of small calibre, were planted at convenient HON. L. B. PARKER. L. B. Paukeh, II prominent citizen and a leading physician of St. Clair county, was born at Moores, Clinton county, N. Y., July 19, 1818. His father was a man of limited means, and unable to give his children such assistance as was essential to secure them a liberal education, but the subject of this sketch being well supplied with the "never give up" principle, found means to give himself the instruction requisite in the important positions he was destined to fill. In 1824, his father moved to Fairfax, Vermont, and here he attended the common school for some time and until a high school was opened at 346 GENERAL H18TORy!!oP THE STATES. places upon the walls, and one small piece in each of the three block houses, which are yet standing. The town, at the time, was small. Except the old distillery, which stood upon the beach, some little distance from the present western limits of Shanty- town, no building had been erected west of the house recently occupied by Mr. A. Davenport, and none east of the fort garden, except one small shanty, which stood near the present site of the old mission church. With one exception, the houses were all one- story buildings, built of cedar, and roofed with cedar bark. The several traders then on the Island had each a store, and there was one dock, so called, which consisted of two cribs, filled with stone, and connected with each other and with the beach by ten logs, placed side by side. When war was declared, there was an unpardonable negligence on the part of the War Department, in not furnishing the west- ern frontier with information of that important event. Owing to this negligence, the English opposite Detroit were in posses- sion of the news before it reached the American side, and the English commander, taking advantage of that fact, hastened to Fairfax Centre, three miles distant, by Professor Hartwell Farrar. He attended »his high school two terms. Leaving home at fifteen years of age, he, from that time, received no assistance, save from friends whom he had won by his manly exertions in his own behalf. Teaching school winters, he thus secured the means to attend the academy at St. Albans, during the summer seasons. Mr. Parker commenced his medical studies with Drs. Hall and Ballou, of St. Albans, in 1839, and graduated at Castleton College, Castleton, Vermont, in June, 1842. He immediately commenced the practice of his profession at Cambridge, in the same State, where he remained two years and a half. Dr. Parker eraigi-ated to Michigan in 1846, and settled in Newport (now Marine City), St. Clair county, where he still resides. Here he soon built up a large and lucrative business, and he is now one of the leading and most successful physicians in that county. He married Miss Jane Sparrow, of Algonac, July 6, 1852. Of this marriage, there has been seven children, six of whom are still living- four boys and two girls. Dr. Parker has ever taken an active part in politics, and, being educated IV Democrat, he still advocates the principles of that party. Yet, he is not ATE8. 1 each of the three wn, at the time, waa id upon the beach, I limits of Shanty- the house recently t of the fort garden, 3 present site of the houses were all one- th cedar bark. The 1 a store, and there ;wo cribs, filled with ith the beach by ten ardonable negligence furnishing the west- rtant event. Owing itroit were in posses- lerican side, and the lat fact, hastened to Hartwell Farrar. He home at fifteen years of ive from friends whom ihalf. Teaching school academy at St. Albans, ;h Drs. Hall and Ballon, ton College, Castleton, snced the practice of his here he remained two settled in Newport (now ies. Here he soon built ' one of the leading and July 6, 1852. Of this whom are still living— tics, and, being educated lat party. Yet, he is not HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 347 transmit the intelligence to all his outposts, and take such steps as would best secure the interest? of the British Crown. With almost incredible dispatch, a messengpr ,vas sent to the Island of St. Joseph, situated in St. Mary's river, bearing a letter to Cap- tain Koberts, containing the information of the declaration of war, and also the suggestion of an immediate attack on Fort Mackinaw. Roberts waa but poorly prepared for an enterprise of such moment, yet, entering warmly into the views of his superior officer, and being cordially supported by the agents of the Northwest Fur Company, he was not long in deciding upon his course. The Ottawas and Chippewas, two neighboring Indian tribes, soon flocked to his standard in large numbers. The French, jealous of the Americans, still further augmented his strength ; and, in the short space of eight days, he had a force, naval and military, of more than a thousand men at his command. On the sixteenth day of July, he embarked for Mackinaw. But all this was unsuspected by the little garrison and the inhabitants of Mackinaw. The first intimation which they received that all was not right was from the conduct of the a bitter party man, but lends his influence and aid to the support of whatever is patriotic and tends to produce harmony and advance the condition of the State and Union. During the rebellion, he was known as a war Democrat, and did much to assist the government in Us elTorts to sustain the Union. In 1848, he was nominated by the Democrats as their candidate for ropresentative in the State legislature fvom the first district of St. Clair county, but, that party being in the minority, he was not elected He served as vice-president of the St. Clair county agricul- tural society one year, and, in 1860, was elected to the Stat,; senate from St Clair county and served in that body during the sessions of 186i-62. He has also held a number of important offices in the village in which he resides and has taken a great interest in educational matters, being one of the union school trustees and president of the board of education for a number of years. . i .. Dr Parker is a man of strong determination, and performs his duties without fear or favor. He is universally honest and upright in all his dealings with his fellow men, and by his strict integrity and constant application to his profession, has secure.l an ample fortune, being now engaged in lumbering, and is also the owner of some valuable vessel property. "^-i ,-..,^-L-:r/-^»lfii i-j'-.-wrt-Jf.- ; 348 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. t?i 11^ I Indians. In obedience to the summons of Captain Roberts, they were going toward the Saiilt in large numbers. This caused some uneasiness, and Lieutenant Hanks, with the citizens of the place, made every effort to learn from them the object of their journey. Several councils were called, but in vain. Seegeenoe, chief of the Ottawas, was questioned closely, but not a word could be elicited from him which in any "py explained their conduct. Failing to get any satisfaction from the Indians, they next called a public meeting of the citizens, where it was resolved to make yet another effort to unravel the mystery. One Mr. Dous- man, an American fur trader, had, some time before, sent two of his agents into the Lake Superior region, to trade with the Indians for furs. He had heard of their return to the Sault, but knew of no reason why they had not returned to his head- quarters at Mackinaw. He, therefore, on the sixteenth of July, under the pretense of ascertaining the reason of their delay, but really to learn what it was that called so many of the Indians in that direction, set out for the Sault. He had not gone far before he learned the whole truth ; for, meeting Captain Roberts' expedition, he was taken prisoner, barely escaping with his life. In the evening of the same day, when the expedition was near- ing the Island, it was proposed by Captain Roberts to send one Oliver, a British trader, to the people of the town, to inform them of his approach, and conduct them to a place of safety. Mr. Uoosman now urged upon Captain Roberts that the people would, perhaps, be slow to believe such a report from a stranger ; and, anxious for the safety of his friends, asked leave to return on that mission himself. This he was permitted to do, having first taken oath that he would not give information of their approach to the garrison. He returned to the harbor, in front of the town, and, an hour before day, proceeded to the house of Mr. A. R. Daven- port, and rapped loudly at the door. Mr. Davenport, on learning who was at the door, rose hastily, and went out, where he learned from his friend that war had been declared, and that the British bad come to take the fort, being already upon the island. The news spread rapidly from one settler to another, yet the fort remained in ignorance of danger, for none dare betray the sciret. K i *.TE8. iptain Roberts, they abers. This caused I the citizens of the the object of their 1 vain. Seegeenoe, jut not a word could ned their conduct. Indians, they next 3 it was resolved to ;ry. One Mr. Dous- e before, sent two of to trade with the return to the Sault, Bturned to his head- e sixteenth of July, n of their delay, but Many of the Indians [e had not gone far ;iDg Captain Roberts' icaping with his life, sxpedition was near- Roberts to send one town, to inform them place of safety. Mr. srts that the people loi-t from a stranger; Led leave to return on Bd to do, having first ion of their approach in front of the town, 3e of Mr. A. R. Daven- )avenport, on learning out, where he learned and that the British ipon the island. The another, yet the fort [are betray the sciret. HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 349 Word was circulated that if the citizens took refuge in the dis- tillery they would be safe. Like wild-fire, the message went from mouth to mouth, until every man, woman and child were on their way to the place of promised safety. ^ HON. G. D. WILLIAMS. GARDNER D. Williams, late of the city of Saginaw, was a descendant of a Mem family. His ancestor, Robert Williams, settled in Roxbury, Massachusetts, in 1638, only eighteen years after the arrival of the ^^xCbmnch of the family from which Judge Williams descended remained in Roxbury for five generations. His father, Oliver Williams, r moved to Concord, Massachusetts, about the year 1794, where the sub- j.ot of this sketch was bom, September 7, 1804. 350 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. 4 ',•• 1 Meanwhile, Captain Roberts proceeded to the northwest side of the Island, landed his forces, and began his march toward the fort. At the farm near the landing they took possession of a number of cattle, and, before the dawn of day, reached the hol- low which may be seen a short distance to the rear of the fort. Upon a little ridge, which separates this hollow froir. the parade ground, they planted a gun in the road, and anxiously awaited the approach of day. The dawn appeared, and the unsuspecting gar- rison began to move. As Lieutenant Hanks looked out from his quarters, he was surprised at the unusual quiet that prevailed in the town below. No smoke was seen curling from the chimney- tops, and no footsteps were heard in the streets. This looked strange, and he ordered Lieutenant Darrow, with two men, to go down and ascertain the reason. When this officer arrived at the distillery, the truth flashed upon him. "Under a strong guard which had been sent by Cap- tain lloberts, the inhabitants of the place were awaiting the deci- sion that would again make them subjects of the British Crown. Darrow entered the distillery, and shook hands with its inmates ; Oliver Williams came to Detroit in 1807, leaving his family in Concord. He engaged in business there as a merchant, and was one of the largest dealers in Detroit. He brought from Boston at one time, for his trade, 864,000 in goods. Abou* the year 1811, he built the sloop "Friend's Good Will," on board of which he visited Mackinaw in 1812. At that place, his vessel was chartered by the government to go to Chicago for furs. He proceev v' ,o that place under the charter, and took on board ninety-nine nac'csof furs belonging to the government, besides a quantity of his own. On his return voyage, his vessel was captured by the British at Mackinaw, that post having capitulated in his absence. The capture was effected by a mse of the enemy. 0- approaching the fortress, Mr. Williams saw the American flag flying, and a sentry in American uniform on guard, and had no suspicion that the post had changed hands. He was undeceived only when too late to escape. He lost his vessel and cargo; and it is little to the credit of the government that it never made up to nim the loss. The British changed the name of the vessel to the " The Little Belt." It was one of the vessels captured by Commodore Perry, in the battie of Lake Erie. The family of Oliver Williams, including Gardner D., arrived at Detroit Lavember 5, 1815, where they .;ont!nued to reside until 1819. At that L.TES. le northwest side of march toward the ook possession of a y, reached the hol- he rear of the fort, iw from the parade jxiously awaited the lie unsuspecting gar- looked out from his iet that prevailed in from the chimney- treets. This looked (dth two men, to go y, the truth flashed id been sent by Cap- re awaiting the deci- f the British Crown, ads with its inmates ; his family in Concord, was one of the largest one time, for his trade, It the sloop "Friend's inaw in 1812. At that it to go to Chicago for rter, and took on board nent, besides a quantity I was captured by the i in his absence. The O- approaching the lying, and a sentry in cion that the post had too late to escape. He ■edit of the government sh changed the name of of the vessels captured ter D., arrived at Detroit lide until 1819. At that HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 351 but, when he started to return to the fort, the guards proposed to make him prisoner. Taking a pistol in each hand, and demand- ing permission to return, he faced the guards, and, followed by his men, walked backwards til' beyond their reach, when he returned, without molestation, to the fort. But Lieutenant Hanks did not have to wait for the return of Darrow, to learn the state of affairs below, for the sharp report of a British gun soon told him all. The report had scarcely died away, when a British officer, with flag in hand, appeared and demanded a surrender, emphasizing the demand by a statement of the overwhelming numbers of the invading army, and a threat of indiscriminate slaughter by the savages at the first motion towards resistance. When the inhabitants of the town had been gathered under guard at the distillery, Messrs. Davenport, Abbot, Bos^wick, Stone and Dousman, who were among the leading citizens, were advised to go at once to the landing, and give themselves up to Colonel Dickinson, who had been left at that point by Captam Roberts, for that purpose. This they accordingly did. They were then urged by Colonel Dickinson to petition Lieutenant time, they removed to Silver Lake, in Oakland county, being among the first to settle in that now populous and thriving county. In 1827 Judge Williams, accompanying his brother Ephraim L., went to Saginaw and engaged, for the American Fur Company, in the fur trade Here he continued to reside until his death, December 10, 18o8. During his eventful life, (ic held several important offices. He was a member of the first convention to form a constitution for the State of MiclMgau He was successively a member of each branch of the State le-islature, commissioner of internal improvements, county judge, and treasurer of Saeinaw county. He was the first mayor of the city of Saginaw, and held that oif.ce et the time of his decease. He was no ordinary man. Though deprived of opportunities in youth for education, yet by native force of character he was equ^l to the requirements of all the position, he was called to occupy. He had b oad views of public afifairs, and enjoyed tl>e full confidence of his fellow citizens. He was eminently honest, wind and genial. He was married in 1829 and left three sons surviving him, wLo, continumg the lumber- ing business established by the father, and in which he was a pionee^ have amassed liberal fortunes. They are respected socially, and classed among the best citizens of the Saginaw valley. " li 1 f ui^ 352 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES. Hanks to surrender the fort at once, stating that the Indians would be entirely unmanageable in case there shoi.ld be any resistance. This they did promptly. Lieutenant Hanks' position can now be easily imagined. Not having received intelligence of the declaration of war, he was wholly off his guard, and unpre- pared to defend himself The British troops, though less in num- bers than the garrison under his command, had a position which commanded the fort, and were supported by nearly a thousand Indian warriors, who had been instructed to show no mercy, in case hat any resistance was made. Under these circumstances, . Lieutenant Hanks surrovulored the fort at once, and his men were paroled and sent to Detroit. _ Some have censured Lieutenant Hanks for his precipitate sur- render; but, when it is considered that the first act of resistance would have been the signal for an indiscriminate massacre of the garrip'.n, the justice of such censures may well be questioned. After the surrender, the citizens were assembled at the Govern- ment House, and the oath of allegiance to the British Crown administered to them. They were generally willing to take the oath, but Messrs. Davenport, Bostwick, Stone, Abbot and Dous- man refused to turn traitors. These men were immediately sent away with the soldiers, and were not permitted to return till after the declaration of peace. Captain Roberts and his men were highly complimented by the British government, and richly rewarded, for thus surprising and capturing the fort. Prize money, to the amount of ten thousand dollars, was distnbuted among the volunteers and soldiers, and merchandise and arms given to the Indians. . Having thus easily and cheaply succeeded in wrestmg from the American people one of their most important military positions, ^ the English at once set about strengthening themselves in their new po".ession. Fearing that they would not be able to hold what thev had so easily gained, they hastened to construct a forti- fication ;n the crowning point of the island, which, m honor o. their reigning sovereign, they called Fort George. The remain, of the old fort, afterwards called Fort Holme.,, may still be seen. f ..j«j>un»it«..i,ii'i»f'rn.'i5^TB<i»?»aiKCTa^-?g'-^-''-' • * ltes. g that the Indians lere shoi.ld be any ant Hanks' position eceived intelligence is guard, and unpre- though less in num- lad a position which ' nearly a thousand I show no mercy, in these circumstances, ce, and his men were r his precipitate sur- first act of resistance inate massacre of the II be questioned, mbled at the Govern- the British Crown ly willing to take the )ne. Abbot and Dous- ?ere immediately sent ted to return till after s and his men were ernment, and richly ring the fort. Prize )llars, was distributed aerchandise and arms id in wresting from the lant military positions, ng themselves in their not be able to hold led to construct a forti- md, which, in honor oi George. The remains limes, may still be seen. CHAPTER XXV. Geneuai. Hull's Cowaudice — He Evacuates Canada — Allewep TiiEASON — A Detachment Sent to Meet Colonel Bnrsii— The Fort Surrendeued to the British— Indionation of the Army —Colonel Brihh Escapes— Detroit Aoain Under the British Flag. We will now return to General Hull's army, at Sandwich, Canada. Here the troops quartered for four weeks, duriug which time a detachment, under the command of Colonel McArtliur, marched up the Thames river, and returned with large supplies of flour, wheat, beef, cattle, and about a thousand sheep. The latter were all sent over the river, and were permitted to range at large upon the extensive common back of the fort, where they remained until after the surrender of the army, when they were killed by Indians, and the meat appropriated to their use. A reconnoissauce in force, under Colonels McArthur and Cass, marched to the vicinity of Maiden, where they dislodged a picket- guard, posted at the bridge over the Canard river, fourteen miles from camp, and four miles above Maiden. Another recouLoissance, by the Light Infantry and a small detachment of the Fourth U. S. Regiment, commanded by Cap- tain Snelling, was made about the twentieth of July, by which it was ascertained that the enemy had withdrawn his outpost at the Canard bridge, and had stationed a vessel, named the Queen Char- lotte, off and near the mouth of the Canard river, in a position of observation. A plan was formed by these officers and others to construct some floating batteries, place a twenty-four pound gun upon each, and, with the addition of a few gunners and sailors then in Detroit, to descend along the shore of the river on the first dark night, and capture the Queen Charlotte. This project met with a refusal at headquarters, and all that could be obtained »«»iittt;..^-T*^-^^ — 1 pi* 354 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. =' a' 'I M was a permission to make a further reconnoissunce, and ascertain the exact position of the vessel. In making this recoruoissance, it was intended, if possible, to carry her by boarding, but the attempt, for the want of the batteries and sailors, and owing to the night brightening after twelve o'clock, did not succeed. At this time, the British had posted a small Indian force on the line of communication between Detroit and Ohio, and had captured a bearer of dispatches from headquarters, as well as private correspondence, which of course were taken to Maiden. General Hull, therefore, ordered Major Vanhorne, of the Second Regiment of Volunteers, with two companies of infantry, a part of a company of volunteer cavalry, together with a part of a rifle company, to escort the mail and dispatches, as well as a few gen- tlemen, belonging to the commissary department, returning to Ohio. He proceeded down the same road the army had marched up on its approach to Detroit, and, on reaching a point nearly opposite Maiden, about the center of Grosse Isle, was attacked, and, after the loss of many brave men and officer?, compelled to retreat back to the fort. This, together with the reception at headquarters of the news that Fort Mackinaw had been captured by Roberts, seemed to have shocked the commanding general, and to have divested him of all control over his fears. From the twentieth of July, the army was in hourly expecta- tion of orders to march on Maiden, The enemy's weakness was well known, and it is believed that the English would have made but a small resistance. But time passed on, and no such orders wore given. On the evening of the seventh of August, march- ing orders were given. At eleven o'clock, tents were struck and loaded, and the wagon train was moving ; but, instead of moving down the road, in the direction of the enemy, it was driven to the landing, and taken by ferry-boats across the river, and stationed on the common, north of the fort. Orders were issued during the night to break up camp, and the army recrossed to Detroit. This act created astonishment and indignation among the soldiers, and it was freely whispered that General Hull had disgraced him- self and the army. This art of Hull's is the more astonishing, when we consider TES. nnce, and ascertain his recoruoissance, boarding, but the ilors, and owing to not succeed, ill Indian force on and Ohio, and had (uarters, as well as ! taken to Maiden, jrne, of the Second of infantry, a part vith a part of a rifle 3 well as a few gen- tment, returning to array had marched ling a point nearly Isle, was attacked, ficer?, compelled to h the reception at y had been captured mmanding general, is fears. in hourly expecta- emy's weakness was sh would have made and no such orders of August, march- Qts were struck and t, instead of moving it was driven to the river, and stationed were issued during recrossed to Detroit. •1 among the soldiers, 1 had disgraced him- j, when we consider I i 'Hl'l ' 2;:;.iiir \m fl!:NKlUI, IllHTOUY OK Tilt; STATKfl. that the enemy's fnrco wns known to liim to be slight, and honrly becoininii; weiiker. It hud iilrt'iidy Itcon rciliicfd l)y ilc-'crtinn from nix luindred and ^'i^ty C'aimdian militin to ono hundred and sixty ; from one hundred Indiana, un(U'r Tecuniseii, to sixty, and Inivinj; hut two hnndretl and twenty-five reguhuM. It was also known to Hull tisit the Britij-h ofFu'ers had already sent their most va]ual)!e eH'cets on hoard their vessels in the port, prepara- tory to a precipitate evaeuatiiui of the post. Siicii were tiie forces, and sucli the condition of tiie Hritish. Now let us sec what was the strength of the American army. According to the official report of tiie IJrigade Major, acting as Adjiilant-Ocncral of the army, tiie forces numheretl '2,;K)(> effective men, well Mipplir-,1 aith artillery, indcp(Mident of the guns of the fort and advanced Inii- teriea. As we have already seen, there was an ahundance of pru- visions, and nothing was wanting to secure the most fiivorahle action of the troops. Hut, with tiiis .superiority of miinl)ers. with the enemy already defeated witli alarm, General Hull ingioriously :nirren(lcrs Detroit and his whole army to a handful of English I But we shall see more particularly how this was done. On the ninth of August a strong detachment was marched down the road, vith iiders to attack the enemy, who had crossed from Maiden ia fji'ce, and taken uj) a position nearly opposite tin; center of Grosse Lsle, cutting off the road of communication with Ohio. The detachment reached them at three o'clock in the afternoon, and immediately charged upon their lines, and drove them three niil&s to their boats, when, as it had become dark and was rain- ing, the most of tiiem escaped to Maiden. In this action, some say that the forces were about equal ; but it is probable that the Americans had the strongest force. The British brought into the field a large part of their regulars, together with all the Indian contingent, the whole being under the command • of j\Iajor Muir. The following day, the American detachment, after sending for- ward the mails and dispatches, returned to the fort. The Ameri- cans lost sixty-eight men in the battle ; the English loss was somewhat less. This action is known as the Battle of Browns- town. This fight developed the fact that a largely increased Indian •ATKfl. be slight, and hourly 'iliii't'd l)y ilc.-'crtiiiii to MIR' luiiiilri'd and •umseh, to nixty, iiiid I'giilars. It was also d already sont their II the port, preiiara- "^ilcli were tile i'orces, let us see what was (ling to the official iitaiit-Cieiieral of the II, well .siippliv,! svith t and advanced hat- m abinidanee of pr.i the most fiivoralde ity of iiunil)crs. with ral Hull iiiLrlorioiisly handful of English I s was done. On the •ched down the road, 'ro?.«od from Maiden i)()sitc the center of uication with Ohio, •k in the afternoon, nd drove them three dark and was rain- In this action, some is probable that the tish brought into the with all the Indian ind • of Major j\Iuir. it, after sending for- e fort. The Ameri- le ICnglish loss was 3 Battle of Brown.s- ily increased Indian IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 Irli^ IIM 1^ 12.2 I4£ 124 112 1112.0 1.8 U IIIIII.6 V <? /a ^'> •V '^ Photographic Sciences Corporation -y 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 873-4503 \ ^\^ SJ \\ lV c^ *-1l — - - L^ CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICIVIH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproduction« / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques .*'^ HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 357 force had joined the standard of Tenuraseh, who had circulated the news of the fall of Mackinaw among the tribes, and sum- moned them to him with promises of plunder. Instead of sixty men under his command, he had now nearly six hundred ; and, COL. WM. L. P. LITTLE. William L. P. Little, one of the earliest pioneers of the Saginaw valley, was born in Avon, Livingston county, New Yorlt, Novem- ber 26, 1814. He was the second son of Dr. Charles Little, who made the first entry of government lands on the Saginaw river, which entry comprised a large portion of the territory now included in the corporation limits of East Saginaw. His son, the subject of this sketch, received a common school educa- 368 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. bv the sixteenth, seven hundred warriors had joined him, v;ho, J a body of savages, were probably never equaled for b-avery. « A suspicion, strongly grounded and deeply felt, on the part of the most active and intelligent of the volunteers,' says Col. W. S Hatch, "had now risen to such a point, that there was no longer any confidence reposed in the valor or patriotism of the commanding general. A consultation was held, and it was decided to get up a ' Round Robin'-a written document signed by names in a ring or circle, so as not to show who signed it first -addressed to the colonels of the Ohio volunteers, requesting the arrest or displacement of the general, and devolving the command on the eldest of the colonels, McArthur." This wa. on the twelfth of August, and on the following day it was reported tha an armistice, or, at least, a temporary cessation ot hostilities, had been agreed upon by the British authorities and the American armies on the Niagara and northern frontier; and that Major- General Brock, Governor of Upper Canada, an officer of high reputation, had arrived at Maiden, to conduct operations in that "^""The suspicion and distrust of the army," says Colonel Hatch, ;;;n in the State of New York, and in early life developed to a remark- able degree that indomitable energy, rare financial capacity- " iron will. With axe-likc edpc, unturnable,- and mathematical exactness in matters of business, -^-^^ j;''^ l^'^ distinguishing characteristics throughout a long and ever crowded active "trtiUle settled in Saginaw in 1836, and shortly afterwards was appointed a colonel in the State militia. He went into the e-Ploy of th Saginaw City Improvement Company in that year and remamed w t them until 1840, when he commenced mercantile business with his brother-in-law, Hiram L. Miller. . tlm he removed to East Saginaw, and entered into partnership with Jesse Hoyt, in general merchandising. Their establishment being :— d b L on the 5th of July, 1854, they closed "Pth^ir business In November. 1855, Colonel Little opened the bankmfe office of W. I. P Little & Co., in the then village of East Saginaw, and managed its . IsL without he least aid from a cashier, teller, book-keeper, clerk or ^m ATES. i joined him, v;ho, lied for b'avery. y felt, on the part teers," says Col. W. that there was no r patriotism of the held, and it was in document, signed f who signed it first teers, requesting the jiving the command This was on the it was reported that an of hostilities, had !ind the American ;r ; and that Major- a, an officer of high at operations in that says Colonel Hatch, HI8TOKY OF MICHIGAN. 359 developed to a remark- 1 capacity— liness, wbich were his md ever crowded active shortly afterwards was t into the employ of the ^ear and remained with ntile business with his entered into partnership leir establishment being dosed up their business, banking office of W. L. ,ginaw, and managed its er, book-keeper, clerk or " was increased by General Hull's peremptory refusal to allow that distinguished officer. Captain (afterwards Colonel) Snelling, to cross the river in the night, to carry and destroy an unfinished battery, which was being constructed on the opposite bank, under the direction of Captain Dixon, of the Royal Artillery. This was the only battery of any consequence established by the enemy, and the only one that injured the Americans. It opened on the afternoon of the fifteenth, and continued its cannonade during i.:e morning of the sixteenth, when one of its balls struck, and instantly killed, Lieutenant Hanks, who had been in com- mand at Mackinaw." Tlie same ball passed on and mortally wounded Surgeon Reynolds, of the Third Regiment of Volun- teers. On Thursday, August thirteenth, it was absolutely necessary that the greatest vigilance should be maintained, and that the outlying pickets should be largely increased. At eleven o'clock of this evening a boat was discovered approaching the fort from the Canadian side of the river, and, as it neared the shore, two men were noticed sitting aft, and two more at the oars. On being challenged, the boat came up, and one of the gentlemen gave the countersign. " He was well known, and known to have the con- messenger, for one year. This was the first banking house on the Saginaw river. At the expiration of that time, Mr. James F. Brown, the present president of the Merchants' National Bank of East Saginaw, entered into the employ of the firm, and together they conducted the business for three years, when other help was required, and Mr. Douglass Hoyt was made assistant cashier. From this time, the business of the firm rapidly increased, and, on January lat, 1806, it opened as the Merchants' National Bank of East Saginaw, with Colonel Little as its president; James F. Brown, cashier, and Douglass Hoyt, assistant cashier. Aside from Colonel Little's banking business, he was largely engaged in real estate and general commercial transactions. He was also largely interested in the development of the salt interest, and was one of the heaviest dealers and manufacturers of lumber in the Saginaw valley. Every local improvement, both of a public and private nature, secured his influence and aid. At the first charter election of the city of East Saginaw, held in March, 1859, Colonel Little was elected to the mayoralty by a handsome major- ity, notwithstanding that the Democratic party, with which he always f; :M 360 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES. fidence of the commanding general more than any other officer," says the same authority, already quoted, " and, in almost every instance, liad been intrusted with the duty of intercourse by flag with the enemy. The other gentleman ippeared, as ntar as could be judged by the dim light, to be young, well formed, and of mili- tary bearing. They directed their steps to the headquarters of the commanding general, remaining there three hours. They then returned to the boat, and crossed to the Canadian shore. The boat came back ; but one of the gentlemen only was with her. He gave the word, and passed on. At that time, on that night, the capitulation of the fort and the surrender of the northwestern array was agreed upon. The parties to that agreement were General Hull, and, ou the part of the British, Major Glegg, one of the aids-de-camp of General Brock." Colonel Hatch further substantiates his views as follows : " This is a historic fact, which Major Glegg, if alive, will corroborate, as, after the war, in 1815, at a hotel in Philadelphia, he communi- cated his participation in the act, as above stated, to the late Quartermaster-General of the northwestern army. General James Taylor, of Newport, Kentucky." Previous to this time, a reinforcement of two hundred and acted, was then in the minority in the city. The duties of this position he discharged with zeal and fidelity. Under President Buchanan's administration, he held the position t)f receiver of the United States land office, Moses B. Hess being the register, and it was mainly through the efforts of these gentlemen that the transfer of that office from Flint to East Saginaw was effijcted. Just past the meridian of life, in full possession of every comfort and luxury wealth could bestow— the result of years of unremitting toil- surrounded by associates ever ready to yield an unquestioning assent to the suggestions of his ripe judgment and experience; happy to all appear- ance in the possession of an attractive home, an affectionate family and a devoted circle of relatives and friends; a fearful malady seized his over-worked brain— filled for the time with clouds and shadows— and in an instant of temporary hallucination of mind, that terrible energy of character which had so often before seemingly wrought miracles in his behalf, was turned to the horrid work of self-destruction. This tragical event occurred on Monday, the 9th of December, 1807, and his funeral was conducted by the Masonic fraternity on the following Wednesday. w 8. ly other oiBcer,' in almost every tercourse by flag as ntar as could ned, and of mili- idquarters of the lurs. They then lian shore. The ly was with her. le, on that night, the northwestern agreement were MEajor Glegg, one IS follows : " This 11 corroborate, as, hia, he communi- tated, to the late ly, General James wo hundred and ;ie8 of this position leld the position of B. Hess being the hese gentlemen that was effected. ' every comfort and I unremitting toil— uestioning assent to happy to all appear- ictionate family and 1 malady seized his nd shadows— and in it terrible energy of )Ught miracles in his ;tion. This tragical 807, and his funeral (wing Wednesday. HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 361 thirty men, under the command of Colonel Henry Brush, of Chilh- cothe, Ohio, conveying supplies, including one hundred head of cat- tle had arrived at the little French settlement at the crossmg of the River Raisin, thirty-five miles from the fort. Here they halted, BRADFORD SMITH. BuADKOiiD Smith was born at Moira, Franklin county, New York, on the 15th of November, 1820. ,..,,„ He is a lineal descendant of William Bradford, of Mayflower memory, who was for thirty years Governor of Plymouth Colony. He is a graduate of St. Lawrence Academy, and was connected with Oberlin College, in the capacity of pupil and teacher, for four years, receiving the degree of A. M. from that institution in 1870. As early as 1853, he moved to Detroit, where he has ever since resided. mj; vam,- 862 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. \'~ F^ in consequenco of the thrcutening attitude of the enemy, and reported to the commanding general, who issued orders on the afternoon of Friday, the fourtecntli of August, for a detachment of about three liundred and sixty men, under command of the colonels of the First and Third Regiments of Ohio Volunteers, to march at twilight on the line of a circuitous route or trail, which passed by the River Rouge, several miles above its mouth, and continued far into the interior, passing the Huron, and striking the Raisin, and passing down that stream to French- town. Accompanying the order was the information that Colonel Brush had been ordered to move from his camp up this route, and would doubtless be met between the Rouge and the Huron, and at a distance not exceeding twelve miles from the fort ; but the detachment was to continue its march till he was met. " The officers of the detachment," says Colonel Hatch, " believ- ing that they would meet Colonel Brush and party, and return with it to Detroit by two or three o'clock A. M. ; and, desiring the troops to march light and rapid, directed that no food or bag- gage be taken along, not even their blankets, nor would they remain for supper. This order, at the time, excited no particular suspicion. The course adopted was attributed to timidity, over- Since his removal to Detroit, lie has had much to do with the educa- tional interests of the city. Fifteen years of his life have been devoted to teaching. Eight years of this time, he was principal of what is now known as the Houghton school, and superintendent of the schools connected therewith. He has also been a member of the board of managers of the Young Men's Christian Association, and was president of tliat society for two years. He was also chairman of the employment committee of the Young Men's Christian Association, and as such has proved a most useful member of society. Hundreds of young men acknowledge their indebtedness to him for their first start in life. No worthy young man ever appealed to him in vain for reasonable aid, or assistance to obtain employment. He takes a lively interest in all public improvements of the city and State of his adoption, particularly those which tend to render them beautiful, healthful and attractive. But his chief delight is in improvements of an intellectual, moral and religious character, especially such as promote the culture of the young. He believes in education, sanctified by the spirit of truth, free from all sec- rES. f the enemy, and led orders on the for a detachment command of the Ohio Volunteers, us route or trail, 3 above its mouth, the Huron, and tream to French- ation that Colonel mp up this route, ! and the Huron, rora the fort ; but was met. (1 Hatch, " believ- party, and return M. ; and, desiring at no food or bag- nor would they ited no particular to timidity, over- do with the educa- ave been devoted to al of what is now int of the schools r of the board of and was president of the employment >n, and as such has eds of young men 5t start in life. No r reasonable aid, or aterest in all public , particularly those ittractive. But his iioral and religious f the young. He i, free from all sec- niSTORY OF MICHIGAN. 363 ruling sagacious and prompt military conduct on the part of the commanding general. But here all were deceived, a.s no order had been sent to Colonel Bru.sh to move in the direction stated, or to move at all. The sole object of the movement was to reduce the active force at the fort, preliminary to carrying into effect the capitulation which had already been agreed upon, to get rid of a large number of officers and men known to be keenly sensitive to an honorable success, and had been openly hostile^ to the inaction of the army when in Canada, and to the recrossing the river ; and who, if present, would have resisted, to the extrem- est point, regardless of all or any consequences, any attempt to surrender the fort or the army." The detachment left the fort at dusk, and entered th.jnA, just in rear of the common. They continued their march unti thirty-five miles from Detroit, when, ascertaining that Colonel Brush had not started from his camp, they returned As they neared the fort a brisk cannonading was heard, from which it was supposed that the enemy had crossed the river below the town and made an attack on the fort. "If the firing had continued 'until the detachment had reached the little settlement on the River Rouge," says the same authority. " it would have tarianbias. He is eve.- found, as time will allow, in the various schools of tlie city. Cheering the teachers in their noble vocation, -d^-^^^^^^^^ the DUDils by words of counsel and encouragement. On the Sabbath, he 17e1i Class, ''stt.dying."ashesays/^ of the board of trustees of the Mayberry avenue miss.on-now the T:^:^r m:.r;r:ver prompt, reHable and e«cie..^. vmg into his every day transactions the principles of morality and CI- 3t - anhy wh ch form the guiding star of his existence. His benevolence is only bounded by his ability to give relief to the needy or Bss.stance o works of charity. It is not too much to say that, m i^opo ion to his ^neaus he sives in charity as much as any other man in Detroit '"h net^asplred to political honors, rather choosing to be the nieans of doing good, and assisting others, in the private walks of life In he ?all o 1878, however, he was nominated for mayor of Detroit, on tl^ P^ohUiition ticket, but. at his own earnest solicitation, his name was withdrawn. IS^ M 364 GENKRAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. entered by the Spriiigwells roiul, and have come in on the left flank and rear of the enemy; and, doubt h'ss, as we b'lievcd, would have captured the entire of the British forces, as they would have been between the fires of our volunteers in front of the fort, and ours in their rear. Entertaining these exhilarat- ing hopes, although without food for so long a time, the troops conii)osing this deta(;hment, without exception, appeared stinni- lated by the anticipated and hoped for conflict. With these high and cheering ernectations, they not only marched in double-quick time, but actually kept up with the slow trot of the horses for at least twenty miles, when the cannonading ceased. We resumed this unusual march, and, without once halting until we arrived, at about midnight, at the edge of the woods which we had entered the night before ; when to our utter astonishment and indigna- tion, we beheld the British flag floating from the flag-staff" of the fort, and the Indians in the extensive common before us, taking horses and cattle." The fort of Detroit and the northwestern army had been sur- rendered. The detachment that we have just followed was also included, as well as that under Colonel Brush, at the Raisin. Colonel Brush, however, decided that he would not be surren- dered. He detained the British flag, sent to inform him of the capitulation, only long enough to obtain supplies for his soldiers, and the whole force was then started for Ohio, which they reached in safety. B. e in on the left na we b'lievcd, 1 forces, as they iintecrfi in front : tliese exhilarat- tinu', the troops iippoared stinm- With these high in double-quick the horses for at , We resumed ntil we arrived, 1 we had entered nt and indigna- 2 flag-staff of the Defore us, taking ly had been sur- ollowed was also , at the Raisin, i not be surren- brm him of the ? for his soldiers, hio, which they CHAPTER XXVI. THK BuiTIflll CEI,E»KATtN(. THKIU SlCCKHS AT DCTKOrT-ACCOUNT OF Gkneuai, Huock's Exi'EuiTioN A(.AiN«r Detuoit-Scenks and Cm- CUMSTANCES IN AND ABOUT DETROIT AKTEU THE Si UUENOEU-TllB Massu-ke at CnicAdo-CoMMODoiiK Pehkv on Lake Kiue-Hau- lUSON's CAMI'VION-UeCAPTIUE ok the WbsTEHN I'OHTB, INCI.UDINO Detiioit, by the United States. On the 17th day of August, at noon, the British celebrated their success by firing a salute. General Brock and his aids appear- ing in full dress. They used on this occasion one of the brass six-pounders belonging to the fort, which had been taken at the great revolutionary triumph at Saratoga, on the IGth of October, 1777, which was recorded on it in raised letters of brass. The salute was responded to by the Queen Charlotte, which came sweeping up the centre of the river, replying to each discharge. This same brass field piece came again into the possession of the Americans at the battle of the Thames. Let us now return and follow General Brock through the short campaign. He arrived at or near Maiden on the 12th of August, where he found everything looking prosperous for the English cause. General Hull had already broken up his camp, and recrossed the river on the night of the 7th and morning of the 8th. He also received, at the same time, the additional and most gratifying intelligence, obtained from intercepted dispatches, that General Hull had, at a council of war, held prior to this date, spoken of the probability of his having to capitulate at no dis- tant day. On the thirteenth he reconnoitered the position of his enemy ; and receiving, whilst at the little village of Sandwich, a flag from General Hull, with some excuses as to the burning of a house in the afternoon afler his evacuation of Canada, detained the flag until late at night, and then dispatched his aid, Major Glegg, with j, ; It-; 366 (lENERAI. HISTORY OF THE 8TATt». the return flag to General Hull, (lemaiuliiiK ii surrender of the fort and army In the following lauKUUge : " Sir, the lorces at my diHixml uuthorize mo to re.,uire of you the imme.liute surrender of Fort Detroit. It is far from my ineliiuition to join in a war „f extermination ; but you must be aware that the numerous bo.ly of Indians, who have attached themselves to my troops, will be l)eyond niy control the moment the contest commeiu es." On the fifteenth, General Brock established his headquarters at Sandwich, and nuide his arrangemenU for crossing the river. On the sixteenth, he crossed the river, formed in column, and marched up to within one mile of the fort, and halted. His Indian force, organized and led by Tccumsch, under the command of Colonel Elliott and Captain McKee, landed one mile below, and moved up in the edge of the woods west of the common, keeping a mile and a half distant. The strength of his force, according to his report to Lieutcnant-Gencral Provost, was as follows : Royal Artillery, 30 men ; Forty-first Regiment, 250 ; Royal Newfoundland Regiment, 50 ; militia, 400 ; and about 600 Indians-making a total force of 1,330 men, with three six- pounders and two three-pounders. We will now read the reply of General Hull to General Brock's demand for the surrender of the fort : " I have no other reply to make than to inform you that I am prepared to meet any force which may be at your disposal, and any conse- quences which may result from any exertion of it you may think proper to make," etc. This bold reply contrasts strangely with his act of the following morning, when he invited the enemy to receive his surrender of the fort and army, without even firing a gun. There is a mystery surrounding this surrender. If we say it was brought about through cowardice, how shall we explain away the sending out of the detachment to meet Colonel Brush? General Hull is chargeable with cowardice or treason. The reader must judge for himself between these two oflenses, or say that it was probably both. General Brock lost no time in returning to the Niagara fron- tier. Paroling the volunteers not to serve until exchanged, fur- III8TOUY OF MICHIGAN. m I giirrcndcr of the ', the lurcos ivt my nu-(liutL> Hurremicr 1 to join in a war ittt the numerouH to my troojM, will Dmnicncps." luH headquarters crossing the river. ;d in column, and , and halted. His nder the command [1 one mile below, t of the common, igth of his force, al Prevost, was as •St Regiment, 250 ; 00 ; and about 600 >n, with three six- 1 Hull to General fort : " I have no t I am prepared to )sal, and any conse- )f it you may think rasts strangely with ivited the enemy to without even firing ender. If we say it all we explain away eet Colonel Brush? e or treason. The ! two ofl'enses, or say to the Niagara fron- iintil exchanged, fur- nishing them with boutM and vowels to pass the lake to Cleveland, eouding General Hull and the regular troops to Montreal, and his militia to their homes, issuij.g his proclamation to the inhabit- ants of his coniiueri'd territory, and leaving Colonel Proct«)r lu SPENCER BARCLAY. 8PENCEH Bakclay, onB of the most extensive business men in Miclii- gan was born in Lyons, Wayne county, New Yorii, on the 22d of June, 1835 In that State, he carried on the meat pacliing business for four years, tlien changing, lie commenced as a merchant, in which occupation he remained seven years. Mr Barclay emigrated to Michigan in !8n5, settling in Grand Kapids during September of that year. He at once started in the mercantile trade, which he followed for three years with a somewhat varied success. Afterwards, he removed to Ionia, where for the same length of time he n J. m — . iimiBmmieimi«msmmmmi>i!<yM^»» ;^68 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. comnaud, he went on board the Queen Charlotte, and on the next day, the eighteenth, sailed down the lake, stopping at Fort Erie and Fort George, arriving in triumph, on the twenty-second, at his seat of goverment, which he had left on the fifth. In this short period of twelve days he had moved two hundred and fifty miles against his enemy, effected a surrender of a strong fort and well equipped army of 2,300 effective men, and one of the territories of the United States. A provisional government was established by the British at Detroit, and a small force placed in the fort. The Indians, who were numerous, and claimed large rewards tor their cooperation, and who were but slightly, if at all restrained by the garrison, carried plunder and devastation into almost every house, and through almost every farm in the Territory. The miserable inhabitants had no alternative but to submit, or incur the hazard of more aggravated outrage. Most of the citizens of Detroit were sent into exile, and distress and ruin appeared to be the inevitable lot of all. Contemporaneously with these events on the eastern side of the peninsula of Michigan, another disaster, rendered memorable by the folly which led to it and the blood which accompanied it, occurred on the western side, under the walls of Chicago. While yet in Canada, General Hull, actuated, no doubt, by the appre- hensions which made him regard all things under his control with trembling anxiety, sent orders to Captain Heald, who commanded at Chicago, to evacuate that post, and retreat to Fort Wayne. Every order of this unfortunate general appeared to be pregnant with misforf ne. That which was issued at this time to Captain Heald, involved a garrison, which had ample means of defense at its post, in disgrace and blood. « s was again engaged in the packing business. From here, he moved to Ea.st Saginaw in 1863, and commenced the same business that he followed in tlie latter place, having only «900 as a capital. However, he went to work with renewed zeal and a determination to succeed, and success has nobly crowned his efforts, as he is now doing a business of from $75,000 to 6100,000 per year, which is the result of an undivided and earnest attention to business, aided by a keen penetration and a sound judgment. •*^ STATES. HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 369 Charlotte, and on the lake, stopping at Fort on the twenty-second, on the fifth, id moved two hundred surrender of a strong ctive men, and one of led by the British at art. The Indians, who 3 for their cooperation, rained by the garrison, lost every house, and itory. The miserable uit, or incur the hazard citizens of Detroit were red to be the inevitable the eastern side of the endered memorable by which accompanied it, ,11s of Chicago. While o doubt, by the appre- 3 under his control with Heald, who commanded ■etreat to Fort Wayne, ppeared to be pregnant at this time to Captain iple means of defense at From here, he moved to 3 business that he followed tal. However, he went to o succeed, and success has J business of from $75,000 an undivided and earnest ion and a sound judgment. The order for evacuation was received on the ninth of August. Captain Wells, of the Indian department, who, with a few faithful Miamis, was to guide the retreat, mistrusting the fidelity of the Pottawattamies, recommended an immediate evacuation, before HON. T. J. CAMPAU. Theodork J. Campau, the fifth son of the late Joseph Campau, was born in Detroit. On his return from college at Notre Dame, Indiana, in 1846, he entered his father's oflflce and remained there sixteen years. He was a young man of energy and good business habits, possessing the entire confidence of his father. Having had the advantage of sixteen years' experience in the management of the estate during his father's life-time, it made him familiar with all the details of it, everv house being described in his rent books. The antecedents, recommend.'tions and disadvantages of his 84 „j>» 870 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES. ii- M n that tribe should have time to concentrate around the fort. His recommendation was disregarded, and, in a short time, more than four hundred of them had collected in the neighborhood. In order to secure their forbearance, a promise was made to them that all of the surplus stores should be left at their disposal. Captain Heald prudently foresaw that large quantities of whisky and powder, such as were then on hand, might be dangerous gifts to the Indians, and resolved to destroy clandestinely as much of them as possible before the evacuation. He, accordingly, during the nights when the Indians were not present, threw most of the powder into a welj, and wasted a greater part of the whisky. The Indians are said to have obtained some intima- tion or knowledge of these nocturnal transactions ; and, regarding them as an infringement on their rights, may have then conceived the plan of vengeance which they afterwards so fearfully exe- cuted. After the Poitawattamies had assembled in such num- bers, both Captain Wells and Mr. Kenzie (who was an Indian agent at the place, and knew well the character and feelings of these Indians) 'represented to Captain Heald that a retreat would then be unsafe. But their represcufations had no effect. He had neglected to inake it at iEi time when no obstacles were in the way, and by delaying, in order to destroy the surplus ! Jt 1^ 'I tenants were always entered with a full description of the property rented. The labor of doing this was immense, but the system was com- plete and the information needed always on hand. Every lease granted by him and every receipt taken is regularly indorsed and alphabetically filed away for each year. He continues to occupy the old homestead, 140 Jefferson avenue, as his office, it being one of the parcels allotted to him as his share of his father's estate. Mr. Campau has held many positions of trust and honor, being a mem- ber of the State legislature for two years. He was appointed to the Democratic national convention, held at Chicago on the 2i)th of August, 1S64, which nominated General George B. McClellan for the presidency. He once received and declined the nomination for school inspector of his ward in the city of Detroit, and, in 1862, wae twice nominated alderman of his ward, but declined each time. In 1803, he received the nomina- tion for mayor of Detroit, and withdrew in favor of K. C. Barker, who V ,■ PES, und the fort. His rt time, more than neighborhood. In was made to them at their disposal, lantities of whisky ight be dangerous ndestinely as much He, accordingly, areseut, threw most reater part of the lined some intima- ns ; and, regarding ave then conceived s so fearfully exe- bled in such nura- lio was an Indian •acter and feelings said that a retreat ions had no effect. 1 no obstacles were estroy the surplus tion of the property the system was com- Every lease granted d and alphabetically » Jefferson avenue, as im as his share of his 1 honor, being a mem- vas appointed to the a the 2i)th of August, in for the presidency, chool inspector of his nominated alderman received the nomina- af K. C. Barker, who HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 871 whisky and ammunition, had deprived himself of the means of remaining, when it had become prudent and proper to do so. On the fifteenth of August, the garrison, consisting of fifty-four regular troops and twelve militia- men, together with several families, evacuated the fort. When about a mile on its march, Captain Heald observed that the Indians were preparing for an attack, and made dispositions for defense. A short conflict ensued, in which about one-half of the garrison, and some women and children, were killed, when Captain Heald surrendered. The fort was burnt by the Indians the next morning, and the prison- ers were distributed among the bands. The most distinguished victim of this short and sanguinary action was Captain Wells. In his chagrin and despondency at the fate which the willfulness and blindness of Captain Heald was bringing upon the whole retreating party, he had, according to the custom of the savages under such feelings, blackened his face, and was thus found among the slain. We have already alluded to his services and gallantry in General Wayne's cam- paign. His singular and eventful life, the energy and boldness of his character, entitle him to a passing notice. He was, while a child, captured by the Indians, and became the adopted son of liittle Turtle, the most eminent forest warrior and statesman was elected bv an overwhelming majority. He was chairman of tlie Democratic city convention in 1863. and again in 1805. In 1864, he was appointed administrator of his father's estate; he was elected chairman of the second senatorial district Democratic committee in 1864 and 1806, and chairman of the first congressional Democratic committee four years —from isr •, to 1870. In 1804, and again in 1800, he was nominated to the office of bL.ite senator, but declined the honor. He was appointed, in 1871, a commissioner of the plan of the city of Detroit, and also one of the committee on the location of the Detroit park. Very many of our past and present prominent men owe their position to Mr. Campau. He is considered one of tbc most influential men of the Democratic party in Detroit, as well as a leading spirit among its mem- bers. Mr. C;ampau is a prudent, sagacious and trustworthy gentleman, and a true Democrat. In social life, he is modest and unassuming; charitable to a fault, punctual to his engagements, but in business an autocrat in bearing. 'S ■^ l'^ M ^ I GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. of his time. In the defeats of Harmer, on St. Clair, he took a distinguished part, commanding, in the latter action, three hun- dred young warriors, who were posted immediately in front of the artillery, and caused much carnage among those who served the pieces. After this sanguinary aflair, his forecast led him to anticipate the final ascendency of the whites, who would be roused by these reverses to such exertions aa must be successful, with their pre- ponderance of power; and he resolved to abandon the savages. His mode of announcing this determination was in accordance with the simple and sententious habits of a forest life. He was traversing the woods in the morning, with his adopted father, Little Turtle, when, pointing to the heavens, he said : " When the sun reaches the meridian, I leave you for the whites ; and, wherever you meet me, in battle, you must kill me, as I shall endeavor to do thfe same with you." The bonds of affection and respect which had bound these two singular and highly gifted men together were not severed or weakened by this abrupt declar- ation. Captain Wells soon after joined Wayne's army ; and, by his intimacy with the wilderness, his perfect knowledge of the Indians' haunts, habits, and modes of warfare, became an invalu- able auxiliary to the Americans. He served faithfully and fought bravely through the campaign; and, at the close, when peace ■ had restored amity between the Indians and the whites, rejoined his foster-father, Little Turtle, and their friendship and connec- tion was broken only by the death of the latter. When his body was found among the slain, at Chicago, the Indians are said to have drunk his blood, from a superstitious belief that they should thus imbibe his warlike endowments, which had been considered by them as preeminent. During the fall and winter succeeding these events. General Harrison had been collecting an army, for the purpose of recover- ing the northwestern frontier. Having advanced as far as San- dusky, he detached General Winchester, in advance, to the Maumee. General Winchester sent forward a foraging party as far as the River Raisin, which reached that place on the eighteenth of January, 1813, and dislodged a body of Indians found there. HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 373 lair, he took a ion, three hun- in front of the vho aerved the n to anticipate roused by these with their pre- )n the savages. in accordance st life. He was adopted father, ! said: "When he whites; and, me, as I shall of affection and ad highly gifted is abrupt declar- 3 army ; and, by nowledge of the came an invalu- ifuUy and fought lose, when peace ■ I whites, rejoined ship and connec- When his body dians are said to that they should [ been considered e events. General iirpose of recover- ed as far as San- advance, to the foraging party as on the eighteenth lians found there. The next day, General Winchester, with his main body, joined this advance, having a force of about one thousand men. He encamped on the left bank of the river ; but, although fore- warned of the approach of a hostile party from Maiden, it does HON. T. J. CAMPAU'S RESIDENCE. The above illustration of Mr. Campau's residence shows that he lives in a style becoming his wealth and position. His brick mansion, situated at 50o"jeflfer8on avenue, was erected by himself in 1869, and is furnished in princely style. The stables, which contain a fine assortment of -,H ■^ iT;,%'mjriP«ftmlms. 374 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. not appear that he made any disposition of his troops to meet the emergency. On the twenty-second, early in the morni:;g, his camp was attacked by the British and Indians. Portions of the line defended themselves with obstinacy and success, particularly the left, under Major Madison. General Winchester himself had taken lodgings on the opposite side of the river, at some dis- tance from the scene of action ; and it is said that he was cap- tured before he joined his troops. Being without any general direction, the line, with the exception before mentioned, soon fell into confusion and gave way, retreating across the river ; but the savages, who anticipated such a movement, were in readiness there to meet the fugitives, and few escaped the slaughter. Major Madison continued to defend himself, until informed by General Winchester — then a prisoner — that his party had been surren- dered. The bloody scene which followed this disastrous morning has given celebrity to the spot, far beyond the importance of this event. The massacre at the River Raisin will ever remain a san- guinary blot on the military fame of Great Britain. Most of the wounded were collected in one or two houses near the battle- ground. General Winchester, whose situation enabled him to observe the conduct and disposition of the savages, felt an appre- hension for the fate of those unfortunate sufferers, and frequently reminded General Proctor of his solemn engagements to protect them. Whether his comparatively small number of regular troops could not control the cannibal ferocity of his allies ; or, whether he looked on their bloody orgies without opposition or remonstrance, may be left undetermined by the charity of his- tor)', as long as the proofs are at all questionable. There appears to be a dark shadow, suited to the blackness of the transaction, resting over it, and nothing, perhaps, is distinctly known, except- blooded liorses, and which are tlie pride of Mr. Campau, are situated in the yard, and are a marvel of unrivaled convenience and comfoit. Tlie front part contains the carriage house, harness room, wash house and the coachman's room, and in the reai are the stables. His noted trot- ting horses are White Bird, Ida, Mary, Ned and Prince, each one being kept in a box stall. J 11 HI8TOBY OF MICHIGAN. 876 oops to meet the lie morni:;g, his Portions of the less, particularly ichester himself ^er, at some dis- lat he was cap- lout any general tioned, soon fell e river ; but the re in readiness iughter. Major med by General ad been surren- 118 morning has portance of this er remain a san- n. Most of the near the battle- enabled him to !S, felt an appre- , and frequently ments to protect ber of regular E* his allies ; or, Lit opposition or charity of his- There appears the transaction, ' known, except- tu, are situated in Dd comfort. The wash house and His noted trot- :e, each one being ing the horrible result. Butchery and conflagration were at work through the night, and these unhappy victims, who trusted to the mercy or honor of the British character, were mostly, if not all, buried under a heap of smoldering ruins. This series of events, so unfortunate for the Americans, and so triumphant for the British, filled the inhabitants of Michigan with despondency. General Harrison's operations on the frontier of Ohio threw an occasional gleam on their dark fortunes. The . signal triumph of Croghan, at Sandusky, and some of the events at Fort Meigs, showed that victory might still revisit the Ameri- can arms. These operations, however, had no immediate influ- ence on the condition of the Territory, until Perry's victory, on the tenth of September, 1813, opened a passage over the lake for the American forces. This brilliant and important naval action, which wafl so instrumental in restoring Michigan to the Union, deserves particular notice, as an essential part of her history,. Commodore Perry's fleet had been built, under great disadvan- tages, at Erie, Pennsylvania. The bar at the mouth of the har- bor would not permit the vessels to pass out with their armament on board. For some time after the fleet was ready to sail, the British commodore continued to hover off" the harbor, well knowing it must either remain there inactive, or venture out with almost a certainty of defeat. During this blockade. Commodore Perry had no alternative but to ride at anchor at Erie. For- tunately, early in September, the enemy relaxed his vigilance, and withdrew to the upper end of the lake. Commodore Perry seized the opportune moment to pass the bar, and fit his vessels for action. This triumph over the vigilance of the British was a presage of the still greater triumph that followed. On the tenth of September, at sunrise, while at anchor at Put-in-Bay, Commodore Perry discovered the enemy towards the head of the lake. He immediately got under weigh, and, with a favoring wind, brought him to action a few minutes before noon. His flag vessel, the Lawrence, was engaged with the whole force of the enemy for nearly two hours before the wind permitted her consorts to join in close combat. She gallantly maintained the unequal fight, until all her rigging was cut to pieces, every gun »>* 876 OENEKAL HI8TOKY OF THE STATES. Vu V rendered useless, and the greater part of her crew either killed or wounded. In this perilous condition, Commodore Perry adopted one of those bold, decisive resolutions which often enable a great commander to convert an apparent defeat into a certain victory. He caused his boat to be lowered, and launched himself and his fortunes upon the bosom of the lake, amid the showers of death that fell around him. Reaching the Niagara in safety, which was just coming into close action, with a swelling breeze, he at once determined to break through the enemy's fleet, already somewhat crippled by the contest with the Lawrence. The Niagara had every rope and spar, every gun and man untouched. She broke into the enemy's line, and, ranging by the vessels in succession, poured in her broadsides, compelling them, one by one, to lower their flags in token of submission, until they all were " ours." In achieving this decisive victory, the Niagara was assisted by the smaller vessels, which were brought into cooperation by Captain Elliott, who had volunteered in this service when Commodore Perry assumed command of his vessel. Not long after Commo- dore Perry boarded the Niagara, the Lawrence struck her colors. She was, however, but a fleeting trophy ; for, before she could be taken possession of, every British flag had followed her humiliat- ing example. This consummate victory opened the lake to General Harrison, who, soon after, crossed his army to the Canadian shore, and, in the course of a short campaign, which was brilliantly finished by the battle of the Moravian towns, drove the enemy from the northwestern frontier. On the twenty-ninth of September, 1813, Detroit was occupied by a detachment of his army. An armis- tice was concluded with the Indians on the eighteenth of October following, thus restoring tranquillity and security to the Territory. General Harrison soon after moved down, with his main body, to the Niagara frontier, and left General Cass in command at Detroit. No military movements took place during the winter following, excepting an incursion into the interior of the upper province by Major Holmes, who was attacked near Stony Creek, and maintained his ground with great bravery and success. f Si PES. iw either killed or ore Perry adopted Rten enable u great ) a certain victory. I himself and his showers of death I safety, which Avas breeze, he at once already somewhat The Niagara had ached. She broke isels in succession, e by one, to lower were " ours." In ms assisted by the sration by Captain when Commodore ong after Commo- I struck her colors. )efore she could be owed her humiliat- General Harrison, lian shore, and, in brilliantly finished le enemy from the f September, 1813, army. An armis- liteenth of October ;y to the Territory, th his main body, ss in command at during the winter erior of the upper near Stony Creek, md success. ^ CHAPTER XXVII. Mackinaw — Expedition Under Commodoue Sinclaib and Colonel CiiodiiAN KOH ITS Reduction -Colon EI, Tuunku Captiues the Peusevehance at St. Mauy's, and Redi-ces that Post-Captuue ov the Mink— Destuijction ok Goods Bei.onoinq to the Nouth- west Company— LANDiNd ok the Foiues at Mackinaw-Fai.l ok Ma.1011 Holmes — Defeat ok the Ameuicans— Full Account of THE Battle, Etc. So PAU as the Northwest was concerned, the war was now prac- tically closed, yet there was one post of great importance which had not been wrested from the English. That was Fort Macki- naw. Active steps were soon taken to dispossess the English of this stronghold, and drive them wholly from the American soil. Immediately after the battle of the Thames, an expedition to the upper lakes was contemplated ; but, unfortunately, it was pre- vented by the non-arrival of two schooners, which had been sent to Cleveland and Bass Islands for provisions. These vessels had arrived off Maiden, but a storm from the west drove them to the lower end of the lake, where they were stranded. Early in the following April, 1814, this expedition up Lake Huron was again proposed, the object being twofold— the capture of Fort Macki- naw, and the destruction of certain vessels, which it was said the English were building in Gloucester, or Matchadash Bay, at the southeast extremity of the lake. But this plan was also aban- doned ; partly from a want of men, partly from the belief that Great Britain did not, as had been supposed, intend to make an effort to regain the commerce of the upper lakes; and partly, also, from a misunderstanding between General Harrison and Colonel Croghan, who commanded at Detroit, on the one hand, and the Secretary of War on the other. No sooner had this plan been abandoned than it was revived again, in consequence of new information of the establishment at Matchadash Bay. r. If j3 878 OENERAL niBTOBY OP THE STATES. Accordingly, orders were issued on the second day of June, and ample preparations were soon made. A squadron wus fitted out, consisting of the United States 8looi)s-of-war Niagara and Lawrence, carrying twenty guns each, with the smaller schooners, Caledonia, Scorpion, Tigress, Detroit, and others, and a land force of seven hundred and fifty men, placed on hoard. Commodore Sinclair was the naval commander, and Lieutenant -Colonel Croghan, a young man who had gallantly and successfully defended Sandusky during the early part of the war, had charge of the militia. The squadron reached Lake Huron on the twelfth of June, on its way to Matchadash Bay. Disappointment, however, awaited them. Every possible effort was made to gain the desired bay and destroy the imaginary vessels there building, but in vain. No pilot could be found for that unfrequented part of the lake. Islands and sunken rocks were numerous, and threatened destruc- tion to the fleet. The lake was almost continually covered with a dense fog, and, from the time already consumed in the fruitless attempt, provisions were growing short, hence, that part of the work was abandoned, and the squadron proceeded to Mackinaw. When nearing the place of destination, a council was called, to decide whether they should proceed at once to the capture of Fort Mackiuaw, or first repair to St. Joseph's, and destroy the enemy's works at that place. It was urged that an immediate attack upon the fort was policy, inasmuch as the English, having had no intimation of their approach, were, probably, without Indian allies, and unprepared to defend the island; that, should they first proceed to St. Joseph's, time would thus be given the English to call in these savage auxiliaries, and so strengthen themselves, that, upon their return, it would be diflicult, if not impossible, to take the place; but Sinclair thought that, by leaving a part of the squadron to cruise around the island during his absence, this could be prevented ; hence, in spite of salutary advice from those who knew the Indian character far better than themselves, it was agreed between the naval and military commanders to proceed at once to St. Joseph's. This was a fatal error, as will be seen in the sequel. ■ , . . -iv HISTORY OF MK'HIOAN. 379 ad day of June, ladron wuh fitted ar Niagara and mailer nohooners, and a hind force rd. Commodore iutenant -Colonel and successfully war, had charge elfth of June, on however, awaited the desired bay but in vain. No irt of the lake, ireatened destruc- ftlly covered with id in the fruitless that part of the ed to Mackinaw, icil was called, to e capture of Fort stroy the enemy's diate attack upon I, having had no , without Indian that, should they given the English gthen themselves, not impossible, to ly leaving a part uring his absence, itary advice from • than themselves, y commanders to "atal error, as will On the twentieth of July, they arrived at St. Joseph's, and found the British establishmont at that point deserted. This they burned, but left untouched the town and Northwest Com- pany's storehouses. While wind-bound at this point, Sinclair HON. ALFRED RUSSELL. Alfked Russkll, one of Detroit's most distinguished members of the bar, was born at Plymouth, Grafton county, New Hampshire, Marcli 18, 1830. Mr. Russell graduated at Dartmouth College in the class of 1830, and at the Dane law school of Harvard University in the class of 1852. He was admitted to the bar at Meredith Bridge, New Hampshire, Novem- ber, 1852, and emigrated to Michigan during the same mouth and settled in Detroit. Soon after his arrival in that city, he entered the law office of Hon. James F. Joy— studied law with that gentleman for a brief -r 1 ' k'l 1 1 .1 1. i\ "11 880 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE HTATES. i. I 'I i captured tlie Northwest Coinpany's Mt-hooner, Mink, on her way from Muokiuiiw to St. Miiry'n, with a cargo of flour, and by thiH means recoivtnl intelligence that the Hchooner Perseveranco was lying above the Falls of St. Mary, at the foot of Lake Su|)erior, in waiting to trannport the Mink's cargo to P^ort Williams. U[)ou the rcc(!ipt of this intelligence, he dispatched Lieutenant Turner, an active and enterprising officer, to capture her, and, if possible, get her down the falls. Colonel Croghan dispatched Major Holmes, with a party of regulars, to cooperate in the exi)edition, in which the capture of fit. Mary's was included. The following official report of Lieutenant Turner to Sinclair will give the reader a clear idea of what was efllected by this movement. It is dated U. 8. schooner Scorpion, oft' Michilinuickinac, July 28th, 1814: "Sir — I have the honor to inform you that, agreeably to your orders of the 22d instant, I proceeded on the expedition to Lake Superior, with the launches. I rowed night and day ; but, hav- ing a distance of sixty miles against a strong current, informa- tion had reached the enemy, at St. Mary's, of our approach, about two hours before I arrived at that place, carried by Indians, in their light canoes, several of whom I chased, and by firing on them, and killing some, prevented their purposes ; some I cap- tured and kept prisoners until my arrival ; others escaped. The force under Major Holmes prevented anything like resistance at period iw did lie also with llie Messrs. Wallier. Mr. Russell was adnutted to the bur of Michigan in 185:1, and, in 1854, formed a partnership with the Messrs. Walker, which lasted until 1861. During that year, Mr. Russell was appointed United Htates district attorney for Michigan, by President Lincoln, and was reappointed by President Johnson in 1805. Mr. Russell was originally a Whig of the New England Federal party school, and acted with the Free Boilers during the existence of that party. Upon the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, he took a prom- inent part in the organization of the Republican party in Michigan, and has since been more or less closely identified with that organization. Mr. Rubsell is, however, a free thinker and an independent actor in politics. As a lawyer, he stands in the front rank of the profession, and is known throughout the State as an eminently useful citizen, and, in his social relations, as a polished gentleman. HIBTORY OF HVcmUkV. 381 TE8. Mink, on her way flour, iind by tluH ■ Persevemnco wiw of Luko Hu|K!rior, t Williams. Ui)ou Lioutonnnt Turner, er, and, if posBiblo, (liH|)iit('lie<l Major ! in tho exiH'dition, cd. The following chiir will give the 8 movement. It is ckinac, July 28th, ;, agreeably to your expedition to Lake md day ; but, hav- 5 current, informa- of our approach, carried by Indians, :d, and by firing on poses ; some I cap- thers escaped. The y like resistance at Russell was admitted [id a partnership with iring that year, Mr. rney for Michigan, by lent Johnson in 1805. England Federal party he existence of that Bill, he took a prom- jrty in Michigan, and lat organization. Mr. dent actor in politics, fession, and is known ;en, and, in his social the fort, tho enemy, with tluur Indians, ■arryiug wif' them all tho light, valuable articles, peltry, -lothes, etc. I proeeedid across tho strait of Lake Superior withi f a momentV ilelay ; and, on my appearance, the enemy, finding they .ould not got off with DR. J. W. KERMOTT. Among the numerous professional men represented in this work will be found many who have, through their own unaided industry, raised themselves from small beginnings to positions of usefulness and import- ance. This may be truly said of Dr. J. W. Kermott. He was born in the province of New Brunswick, in 1819. At the very early age of nineteen, he emigrated to Canada West, where, after availing himself, through many obstacles, of such educational advantages as his industry could command, he began to teach school. In this occupation, he made valuable progress for himself. The advantages were twofold, for while ti !S 1 .i IttMHHPtitfii^t^M*^ il^ iff 382 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. t the vef.sel I was in quest of, set fire to her iu several places, and left her. I sucoeeded in boarding her, and, by considerable exer- tions, extinguished t;.e flames, and secured her from sinking, I then stripped her and prepared for getting her down the falls. Adverse winds prevented my attempting the falls until the twenty- sixth when every possible effort was used, but, I am sorry to say, without success, to get her over in ..fety. The fall, in three- quarters of a mile, is forty-five feet, and the channel very rocky. The current runs from twenty to thirty knots, and in one place there is a perpendicular leap of ten feet, between three rocks. Here she bilged, but was brought down so rapidly that we succeeded in running her on shore, below the rapids, before she filled, and burned her. She was a fine, new schooner, upwards of one hun- dred tons, called the Perseverance, and will be a severe loss to the Northwest Company. Had I succeeded in getting her safe, I could have loaded her to advantage from the enemy's store- houses. I have, however, brought down four captured boats, loaded with Indian goods, to a considerable amount; the balance. contained in four large and two small storehouses, was destroyed, amounting in value to from fifty to one hundred thousand dollars. All private property was, according to your orders, respected. The officers and men under my command behaved with great activity and zeal, particularly Midshipman Swartwout." On the return of the launches to St. Joseph's, the squadron proceeded to Mackinaw, where it arrived on the twenty-sixth. W9 duties in the school room brought moderate pecuniary gam, the nature of his labors had a most salutary eftect in training his mind m all those practical questions so requisite for the foundation of the profes- sional studies with which he was soon after deeply absorbed. Prudence and perseverance, at the end of several years' teachmg enabled him to proceed to Philadelphia, where, at the most celebrated medical university in America, he entered upon the study of medicme In this institution, he displayed that energy characteristic of his life, and prosecuted his most difficult studies with marked success. Graduating in due time, he returned to his adopted home in Canada West, where he entered upon the practice of his profession. Not many years previous, he had arrived in the same place a stranger to its inhabitants and without means Now he was welcomed by warm friends and enjoyed the ^-> ■»T^ - *-avi*«.--*r:^r/*t#w»! iVM»tK^^:SMH»S^iV«»d»(lMII«&«K^^ "'rftftf^it'- ^^t*V-'i'S*fl^«^*l»-^-*T» 'ATE9. 1 several places, and by considerable exer- ler from sinking I ; her down the falls, "alls until the twenty- ut, I am sorry to say, The fall, in three- channel very rocky, ind in one place there Q three rocks. Here lly that we succeeded before she filled, and upwards of one hun- be a severe loss to the Q getting her safe, I n the enemy's store- four captured boats, amount ; the balance, ■houses, was destroyed, dred thousand dollars, our orders, respected. I behaved with great Swartwout." loseph's, the squadron on the twenty-sixth. rate pecuniary gain, the a training his mind in all bundation of the profes- ply absorbed. several years' teaching, •e, at the most celebrated n the study of medicine, uacteristic of his life, and •ked success. Graduating n Canada West, where he Not many years previous, ts inhabitants and without friends and enjoyed the aiSTORV OF MICHIGAN. 383 During the time that had now elapsed since the first appearance of the fleet off Lighthouse Point, Colonel McDonall, British commander at Mackinaw, had been strengthening his position ; and such aid as the country afforded had been summoned to his assistance. Nor was this aid inconsiderable. Under the unfortunate circumstances attending the attack, more efficient auxiliaries could not have been found than those very savages, who, during that brief period of delay had gathered, in large numbers, upon the island. Batteries had been planted at various places on the heights which best commanded the approaches to the island. One was situated on the height overlooking the old distillery, another upon the high point just west of the fort, and others along the ridge back of the present town, from the fort to Robinson's Folly. Thus that officer, thoigh he had but few men, comparatively, in command, and must "lave surrendered at once had an immediate attack been made upon him, was able, with the advantages he had now gained, to withstand a strong force. Sinclair pushed up as near to the channel between Round and Mackinaw islands as he dared, on account of the batteries of the enemy, and as close to the eastern extremity of Round Island as safety would permit, and anchored. Scarcely, however, had the anchors reached the bottom, when the English opened a brisk fire upon him, and he concluded to move to a more respectful distance. When the fleet had been moved further away toward Bois accomplishments of his recent efforts at college. ' He at once ertered upon a most flattering practice, and in a few yeaia accumulated a large fortune, which, it should be mentioned here, he afterwards lost in an unfortunate speculation. In 1856, he emigrated to Detroit, where he has since remained, enjoying a practice only due to his usefulness and professional abilities. In 1860, he commenced the manufacture of medicines, which he has continued until the present date with remarkable success. Dr. Kermott is rendering himself useful to society in religious as well as medical labors. He is an active member of the Central Methodist Church, and his efforts, with other useful men in that church, have been productive of much good. 1 ' t ' I '':.^M..>^>. j^*j>- i>isii.»<**i^^"**' 384 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. Blanc, out of the reach of the enemy's guns, Croghan dispatched an oflncer, with a number of men, to Kound Island, to reoonnoiter the enemy's position, and, if possible, find some advantageous point at which to erect a battery. They landed, and selected, as the most advantageous position for a battery, a point just above the old lime kiln, which is the crowning point of the island. No sooner, however, had the movement been discovered by the British, than two or three hundred birch bark canoes, with sev- eral bateaux and other boats, were launched, and a large party of Indians started in pursuit. Discovering the movement, the party hastened back. When they reached their boats, the Indians could be seen skulking through the woods after them, and one of their number, a Frenchman, who had been a little behind, was captured. They now sprang into their boats and pushed off, with as much dispatch as possible ; but, at a short distance from the beach, scarcely out of reach of the enemy's fire, the boat struck a rock, which was just beneath the surface of the water, and swung around, as though on a pivot. At this the savages, who were fast emerging from the thickets and approaching the beach, fired upon them. The fire was returned, but without execution on either side. Fearing that the Indians, upon arriving at the point from which they had embarked, would be able to reach them, the officer ordered the soldiers to cease firing and endeavor to clear the boat from the rock. This accomplished, they returned without further mishap to the fleet. Upon learning that one of the party sfint out had been captured by the Indians, Sinclair ordered a small vessel of one gun to pass round to the further side of the island, that, if possible, he might be retaken. A strong wind was blowing from the west, against which the little bark had to make her way through the narrow channel that separates Round and Bois Blanc islands ; hence the task was diffi- cult. She had scarcely laid her course, when the beach was thronged with savages, and, as often as she came in reach, in beating through this channel, these savages poured upon her a shower of musket-balls. This fire was returned witli much spirit, but neither party suffered loss. The Indians now began their return to Mackinaw, with their victim, chanting the death-dirge. iBMoniniri- -jiir'Tiirt'i-in-aMftaihiiriiHnyiiiifftiift-ftrrilwrrti"-'-"-'''"^^-' as. HISTORY OF MIcmoAN. 385 oghan dispatched id, to reoonnoiter me advantageous 1, aud selected, as point just above it of the island, liscovered by the canoes, with sev- iid a large party e movement, the boats, the Indians ;er them, and one little behind, was d pushed off, with distance from the e, the boat struck )f the water, and the savages, who )aching the beach, ivithout execution )n arriving at the be able to reach ing and endeavor ihed, they returned learning that one 3 Indians, Sinclair ind to the further it be retaken. A t which the little row channel that : the task was diffi- en the beach was came in reach, in oured upon her a i with much spirit, now began their ig the death-dirge. A shot was fired at them from the Lawrence, but without effect. Aa thoy neared the island, the Indians that had remained came down to meet them, and the prisoner would have been killed and feasted upon by his inhuman captors, had not the British HON. ZACHARIAH CHANDLER. Zachariah Chandi-er was born in Bedford, New Hampshire, Decem- ber 10, 1813, received an academic education, settled in Detroit, Mich., in 1833, where he became an eminently successful dry goods merchant. In politics a Whig, while that party was in existence, he was elected mayor of Detroit in 1851, but, while leading the Whig ticket largely, was defeated for governor of Michigan in 1853. He was the first Repub- lican senator in Congress from Michigan, succeeding Senator Cass in office, taking his seat in the Thirty-fifth Congress in 1857, and served as 25 «.«l»«i;ii»i!ait«»i«.B» ■- 386 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. commander sent a strong guard of soldiers and rescued him, the moment the canoes touched the shore. During the next day, as the Lawrence was cruising about the island, a thick fog suddenly came down, and enveloped all in obscurity. When, later in the day, this fog lifted, the commander found that he was within a very short distance of the southwest part of the island, with scarcely any wind, and in range of the enemy's guns. A vigorous fire was opened upon him from the battery near the west end of the fort; but with such want of skill that he suffered no damage from it. He fired a single shot in return, but could not elevate his guns sufficiently to batter the walls of the fort. Unfavorable weather prevented operations for several days, when Colonel Croghan, having learned something of the strength of the enemy's fortifications, and of the number and spirit of the savage allies which the English had called to their assistance, despaired of being able to take the place by storm, as he had hoped. He therefore determined to effect a land- ing, and establish himself on some favorable position whence he might annoy the enemy, by gradual and slow approaches, under cover of his artillery, which he knew to be superior to that of the foe. On the fourth of August, the vessels of the fleet were ranged in line at the distance of three hundred yards from the beach, and the small boats made ready to carry the army to the island. Scarcely, however, had the work of embarkation co ^imenced, a member of the committee on the District of Columbia, the ccmmittee on commerce, and the committee on revolutionary claims. At the first session of the Thirty-seventh Congress, in .July, 1861, the Democratic senators from the Southern States having withdrawn from the United States Senate, leaving the Republicans in the majority for the first time, Mr. Chandler was appointed chairman of the committee on commerce, which position he has held during each succeeding Congress to the present time, he having been reelected to the Senate in 1863, for the full term of six years, and again in 1869, for the term ending in 1875. In addition to his important position on the committee on commerce, after the committee on mines and mining was formed, he was a member of that committee, and was also a member of each of the celebrated jomt congressional committees on the conduct of the war, during the Thirty- ''Saifc- 'E8. rescued him, the jruiying about the enveloped all in i(\, the coraraander e of the southwest d in range of the pon him from the with such want of fired a single shot iently to batter the ated operations for learned something ind of the number ;lish had called to take the place by Qcd to effect a land- position whence he ,' approaches, under superior to that of e fleet were ranged •ds from the beach, army to the island. rkation co nmenced, lumbia, the ctmrnittee claims. ress, in .July, 1861, the iviug withdrawn from in the majority for the of the committee on 1 succeeding Congress the Senate in 1863, for le term ending in 1875. nmittee on commerce, med, he was a member I of the celebrated joint ivar, during the Thirty- tttetORY OF MICHIGAN. 887 when the adjacent thickets were observed to be full of savages, plumed and painted for the strife. When all was ready, and the word of command had been spoken, they moved toward the land- ing, with measured dip of the oar, and, meanwhile, a brisk can- nonading cleared the thickets of their lurking foes. Under cover of the guns the landing was easily effected, and the best possible arrangements of the troops made preparatory to the marching. Colonel Croghan quickly formed his line, and advanced to the edge of the clearing, where he received intelligence that the enemy was in waiting for him, and ready to dispute liis progress. In a few seconds after he received this information, a fire was opened upon him from the enemy's battery. He now carefully surveyed the clearing before him, and became convinced that the enemy's position was well selected ; but, by a vigorous movement, he hoped to outflank him and gain his rear. Accordingly, he decided to change his own position, and advance Major Holmes' battalion of regulars on the right of the militia. This move- ment was immediately ordered, and, to encourage his men, Major Holmes led them in person; but, while gallantly pressing on to the charge, a destructive fire was opened by some Indians con- cealed in a thicket, near the American right, and the brave Major fell, mortally wounded. The battalion, having now lost the ser- vices of its commander, fell into confusion, from which the best efforts of its remaining officers were not able to recover it. Finding it impossible to gain the enemy's left, owing to the seventh and Thirty-eighth Congresses, and was a member of the joint committee on Southern outrages since the war. He strongly advocated all practical measures for the discomtiture of the rebels and their allies, and for the suppression of the rebellion. During the war, his relations with President Lincoln were of a most cordial and intimate character, and he was a member of the national committee appointed to accompany the remains of the martyred chief magistrate to Illinois. His faith in the maintenance of the integrity of the Republic against the assaults of its foes never faltered nor wavered during the darkest hours of the great conflict. He was an earnest and powerful advocate of our admirable national banking system, and aided materially in its establishment upon a broad and substantial basis, and his eflforts in behalf of the commercial and 'iU iiM A 1 388 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES. impenetrable thickness of the woods, a charge was ordered to be made by the regulars immediately against the front. This charge, though made in some confusion, served to drive the enemy back into the woods, whence an annoying fire was kept up by the Indians. Lieutenant Morgan waa now ordered up with a light piece, to assist the left, which at this time was particularly galled, and the excellent service of this piece forced the enemy to retire to a greater distance. Croghan had now reached the point at which he had hoped to fortify himself, and thence harass the enemy at pleasure ; but he found it by no means tenable, on account of the thickets and ravines surrounding it. He therefore determined no longer to expose his troops to the fire of an enemy having every advantage which could be obtained from numbers and a knowledge of the position, and ordered an immediate retreat to the place of land- ing. When the troops had regained the shipping, the fleet again moved round towards Bois Blanc, and anchored. While the forces were preparing to disembark, previous to the engagement, Mr. Davenport had urged Major Holmes to exchange his uniform for a common suit, stating that the Indians would otherwise cei tainly make a mark of him ; but Holmes replied that his uniform was made to wear, and he intended to wear it ; adding that, if it was his day to fall, he was willing. The sequel showed how unwise he was in not listening to this advice. The party of Indians posted on the right were Winne- other vital interests of the country have been during his wliole public career assiduous and untiring, accompanied with a large degree of suc- cess. During the presidential campaign of 1872 he was chairman of the Union Republican Congressional Executive Committee, and the skill and energy with which this very successful campaign was conducted was due largely to his efforts. Throughout his long and successful Congressional career he has been particularly noted for his unswerving devotion to the interests of the State he represents, winning, even from his opponents, unqualified approval. Amidst all the temptations which necessarily surround a leader of a great and successful party, he has never stained his hands with corruption, and even his political enemies admit f, u. his official career has been distinguished by the most rigid integrity. *'ll>*a«8 Wa ' JttM.i ii Li ' a « WJiJ.". i i r -AiM!J i i i mKinm>-MUUfa l (VTE8. was ordered to be t the front. This I to drive the enemy was kept up by the ed up with a light particularly galled, the enemy to retire ich he had hoped to at pleasure ; but he jf the thickets and tniued no longer to ing every advantage a knowledge of the the place of land- >piug, the fleet again ed. lark, previous to the Major Holmes to ing that the Indians him ; but Holmes and he intended to tall, he was willing, uot listening to this e right were Winne- iring his whole public i large degree of suc- e was chairman of the ittee, and the skill and ivas conducted was due )nal career he has been to the interests of the )pponent8, unqualified lecessarily surround a lever stained his hands admit r..:i. his official tegrity. HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. bagoes, from Green Bay, the most savage and cruel of all the British allies, and they, indeed, did make a mark of him. Five well-aimed oullets simultaneously entered his breast, and he expired almost instantly. Captain Desha also felt the fury of CHARLES H. BORGMAN. CHAiiLES H. BoRGMAN, the present city clerk of Detroit, and for many years a teacher of the German language in that city, is a native of Prussia. . . He came to the United States at a very early age, and, after receiving a substantial education in Cincinnati, Ohio, removed to Michigan. His first active employment in this State was the execution of several railroad contracts. Subsequently he entered upon the duties of teacher of the German language in Detroit, in which capacity he labored zeal- ously for ten years, achieving much success and winning considerable local popularity as a professor of that difficult language. These duties brought him in connection with the better class of citizens, and seems to 'ii .# ^ 390 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE BTATE8. *1! those savages, but, fortunately, escaped with his life. Captain Vanhoru and Lieutenant Jackson, both brave, intrepid young men. also fell, mortally wounded, at the head of iheir respective commands. Twelve privates were killed ; six sergeants, three cor- porals, one musician, and twenty-eight privates wounded, and two privates missing. The most shocking barbarities were practiced on the bodies of the slain. They were literally cut to pieces by their savage con- querors. Our informant remembers seeing the Indians come to the fort, after the engagement, some with a hand, some with a head, and some with a foot or limb ; and it is officially stated by Sinclair, upon the testimony of two ladies (Mrs. Davenport and Mrs. John Dous- man), who were present and witnessed it, that the hearts and livers of these unfortunate men were taken out, and actually cooked and feasted on— and that, too, in the quarters of the British officers, sanctioned by Colonel McDonall— by the savages. Fragments of these bodies were taken to the Indian graveyard, west of the village, and placed on poles over the graves, where they remained for ten days. The body of Major Holmes, which, by neglect of the soldiers in whose hands it had been placed, had been left on the field, escaped mutilation. During the action, these men concealed the body by covering it with rails and leaves, so that the Indians did not find it. It had, however, been stripped, but the British commander threatened to hang the rob- bers of the dead if the articles taken were not immediately returned. This threat soon brought the clothes, watch, papers, etc., which had been stolen by two Frenchmen, into his posses- sion, and, with the body, they were given up to the Americans. have been the secret force that secured his popular majority at the elec- tion of city officers in 1871. Mr. Bergman's performance of the duties of city clerk was marked with care, ability and faithfulness. In tlie fall of 1873, he was reelected by the largest majority given to any candidate before the people at that election. Mr. Bergman has also made considerable progress as a merchant, hav- ing established, in connection with Mr. Ling, a large book, music and musical instrument store, on Monroe avenue, corner of Randolph street, Detroit, Michigan. " iiiiwii r» i ""n rrnT m r~' .i n' i|-- , ' ij|~'— ^" '■""''■■■^..^mr — ,-... ,,i.».. 4TE8. his life. Captain ive, intrepid young of iheir respective sergeants, three cor- ;s wounded, and two ced on the bodies of by their savage con- 1 Indians come to the )me with a head, and ted by Sinclair, upon ind Mrs. John Dous- ;hat the hearts and I out, and actually the quarters of the mil — by the savages. 3 Indian graveyard, er the graves, where [ajor Holmes, which, lad been placed, had During the action, g it with rails and t had, however, been led to hang the rob- jre not immediately othes, watch, papers, men, into his posses- I to the Americans. If majority at the elec- city clerk was marked f 1873, he was reelected lefore the people at that ress as a merchant, hav- large book, music and ner of Randolph street, niSTOKY OF MICHIGAN. 801 Thus, iu loss and dingrace, ended the effort to wrest Fort Mackiuaw, and the island upon which it ntands, from the English. When the fleet fir«t appeared off Lighthouse Point, there was but a single company of troops in the iort, «";!»>" t lew, .f any Indian auxiliaries upon the island; and, had Colonel Croghan at once demanded a surrender, instead of at first go.ng to bt. Joseph's, the post would doubtless have passed back mto he hands of the Americans without bloo.lshed, and w.th as httle parley as, two years before, it had pa.>.sed into the hands of the English. Or, had a prompt and willing surrender been refused, a vigorous attack n.ust have cpuckly reduced it, as the Ameruan force was greatly superior to the English. But the delay was pregnant with disaster and disgrace. . . ^ o- Having failed in the reduction of Fort Mackinaw, which Sin- clair denominated a perfect Gibraltar, measures were now taken to starve it into submission, by cutting off its supplies. The troops, with the exception of three companies, were dispatched in two vessels, to join General Brown on the Niagara, and the remainder of the squadron, a pilot having been now secured, directed its course to the east side of the lake, to break up any establishments which the enemy might have in that quarter. While the Americans were masters of Lake Erie, there were only two practicable lines of communication between the remote garrison of Fort Mackinaw and the lower country. The hrst of these was with Montreal by way of the Ottawa, Lake Nip- pising and French river; and the second with York, by means of Lake Simcoe and the Nautauwasaga river. Having learned that the first of these communications was impracticable at that season of the year, on account of the marshy state of the port- ages they proceeded to the mouth of the Nautauwasaga, in hopes of finding the enemy's schooner Nancy, which was thought to be in that quarter. , a. ^, ,u On the thirteenth of August, the fleet anchored off the mouth of that river, and the troops were quickly disembarked, for the purpose of fixing a camp on the peninsula formed by the river and the lake. On f econnoitering the position, the schooner was discovered in the river, a few hundred yards above, under cover ^^1 I ii !f :r!,. I 892 UENKRAL U18TOKY OF THE BTATKa. of u block-huU8e, erected on a commanding situation, on the opposite sliore. On tlie following morning, a fire was opened by the shipping upon the l)lo('k-house, but with little effect, owing to a thin wood, which intervened and obscured the view. Biit, about twelve o'clock, two howitzers were landed ; and, being placed within a few hundred yards of the block-house, commenced throw- ing shells. In a few minutes, one of these shells burst in the block-house, and, shortly after, blew up the magazine, allowing the enemy scarcely time to escape. The explosion of the magazine set fire to a train, which had been laid for the destruction of the vessel, and in a few minutes she was enveloped in flames ; and her valuable cargo, consisting of several hundred barrels of provi- sions, intended as a six months supply for the garrison u^ Macki- naw, was entirely consumed. Colonel Croghan did not think it advisable to fortify and gar- rison Nautauwasaga, because the communication with York was so short and convenient, that any force left there might be easily cut off during the winter ; hence, Sinclair left the Tigress and Scorpion to blockade it closely, until the season should become too boisterous for boat transportation, and the remainder of the squad- ron returned to Detroit. But this bloi '/ade, which, had it been properly enforced, must speedily have n.ade a bloodless conquest of Mackinaw, was soon brought to an end by the capture of both these schooners. After the destruction of the Nancy, her cap- tain, with several of his men, at once repaired to Fort Mackinaw, to communicate the news of the loss to Colonel McDonall, and the little garrison under his command. Under the circumstances, it was unwelcome news, indeed. Provisions were already getting low; a single loaf of bread was worth one dollar and a half; the men were subsisting on half rations, and had already been reduced to the necessity of killing several horses, to ward ofl' starvation. And, worse than all, a long and dreary winter was near at hand, portending nothing but death from starvation. Something must be done ; and, accordingly, an expedition was at once fitted out by Colonel McDonall, consisting of a force of a hundred and fifty sailors and soldiers, and two hundred and fifty Indians, in open boats, to break the blockade, if possible. The ■J'.,ll, l ,.l.HHW,"J' i l ' .- ' .. ' J -,a.JJ^J, i uiS!W i AM» '|i ltW'»t»!llt l ,,'o.JJIl | l.'<iJt!,:tfati S.'iWS! ri08. ; aituation, on the Kre was opened by ttlc etfeet, owing to ! view. Biit, about und, being plnecd eonimenced tbrow- ihellx burst in the ;azine, allowing the I of the magazine destrnclion of the in ihmies ; and her barrels of provi- ^urrison u* Macki- to fortify and gur- lon with York was L>re might be easily ft the Tigress and should become too iuder of the squad- which, had it been bloodless conquest he capture of both D Nancy, her cap- to Fort Mackinaw, ael McDonall, and the circumstances, jre already getting lar and a half; the had already been orses, to ward ofl' dreary winter was ni starvation, an expedition was :ing of a force of a hundred and fifty s, if possible. The HIHTOKV OF MHilKlAN. 393 TigresH, which for several days had been separated from the Scorpion, wn. surprised and boarded during the night of Septem- ber third, it being very dark ; and. after a desperate hand-to-lutu.l struggle, in which some were killd and several wounde.1, w.is captured. During the contest, an attempt was made by the Americans to destrov the signal-bo..k, but, unfortunately, wUhout success; and, by the' ai.l of this book, the Tigress, now manned by English otticers an.l men, surprised and captured the Scor- pion, on the morning of the sixth, at the dawn of day. Ih.s was a finishing stroke to the ill-fated enterprise, and Mackinaw was left secure in the hands of the Knglish. until ^ace w.v« declared, which took place in the following winter; and. in the spring of 1815, the British troops evacuated the nost, and a com- pany of American soldiers, under Colonel Chambers, took pos- session of it. i ?-^ CHAPTER XXVIII. I' !,■■ i,! t: it •*'.: TlIK OUDINANrP, OK 1787— EllKCTION OK THE TkUKITOUY ok MiOJIUlAN —1th Hoi'NUAHV — JuUlcrAI, ADMINmTKATION— TltK WoODWAUI) CODK OK LaWH— GOVKUNOK Hll,!,— IIlS TlUAI. IIY CoIIIT-MaU- TIAL. We wim. now turn from scenes of warfare, and notice more particularly the political history of Michigan. Under the French and British dominion, the points occupied, on the eastern bound- ary of what now constitutes the State of Michigan, were con- sidered a part of New France, or Canada. Detroit was known to the French as Fort Pontchartrain. The military commandant, under both governments, exercised a civil jurisdiction over the set- tlements surrounding their posts. When possession was yielded to the United States, in the year 179H, the British garrisons at Detroit and Michiliniackinac were replaced by detachment*), by General Wayne, and Michigan became a part of the Northwest- ern Territory. That Territory was then in the first stage of gov- ernment, prescribed by the ordinance of 1787. Arthur St. Clair was its Governor ; and he wa*i, therefore, the first American chief magistrate under whom Michigan was placed. In the year 1798, the Nortiiwestern Territory assumed what was called the second grade of Territorial government. The county of Wayne, then coextensive with the Territory of Michigan, as afterwards estab- lished, sent one representative to the General Assembly of the Northwestern Territory, held at Chillieothe, whose election gave the first occasion for the exercise of the right of suflrage in this county. In the year 1800, Indiana was established as a separate Terri- tory, embracing all the country lying west of the present State of Ohio, and of an extension of the western line of that State due north to the Territorial limits of the United States. In the year -*-ii Cw.aWWaKWWUMVJIl ' lKJ I t.*kft^<M,f j a«IW!JSJM.U f siAmiii > mm^fy ss3s x siss s i >S KSsa»a,- HIBTORY or MICHIGAN. 395 I. [TOUY OK MlCHUlAN — Tick W(K)I)wauu \i, iiY C'o(;ut-5[au- and notice more Under the French the eastern boiind- ichigan, were con- )etroit was known itary commandant, iction over the set- session was yiehled ritish garrisons at y detachment*, by of the Northwest- ! first stage of gov- Arthur St. Clair rst American chief In the year 1798, I called the second y of Wayne, then 3 afterwards estab- II Assembly of the 'hose election gave of suffrage in this 3 a separate Terri- he present State of of that State due tates. In the year 1802. the ,,eninsula was anuox..! to the Territory of lud.ana by he sa,n.. act of ("onRress which authorised the formatu.n .nto a State of that part ,,f the Northwestern Territory which now con- stitutcs Ohio. '•^"'i/*. HON. A. B. TURNER. AvHON B TuKNERwaa born in 1822, at Plattsburgh, NY whence hi Yaher Isaac Turner, moved his family to Grand Rapids m the sprmg 8 'lie commenced type-setting in the office of i^^^ O.nnU^r %1, the first paper puolished at Grand Rapids, ^^^^^^^f^^ December 25, 1844, he commenced the pubhcatmn of ^l^^^^^ m^U (at first called the Grand Rlcer Eagle), and has ^-^^^'l^^J since a period of twenty-nine consecutive years. He started the ^«e/^ 72 mIv 20th 1850. Since 1865 he has had as a business partner Eli fHarSon 'a brother-in-law. As founder of the Eagl^, contmuous puum owner, still retaining control as principal proprietor. Mr. m ■:| .:^.» SSSi5S^«K^-S*f'" n" :| Bm GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. - I f In the year 1805, Michigan commenced its separate existence. That part of the Territory which lies east of a north and south line drawn through the middle of Lake Michigan, was formed into a distinct government by an act of Congress passed in that year. The provisions of the ordinance of 1787 continued to regu- late the form of government. That ordinance wisely provided for the establishment of those fundamental principles of law which are regarded as the best securities of civil and religious liberty and political equality, and was marked in its provisions and its tone by prudence, discretion and humanity. The prohibi- tion of slavery which it contained may have saved the country northwest of the Ohio from an incalculable evil. Under this constitution, granted to the inhabitants of the country northwest of the Ohio, the executive power was vested in a governor ; the judicial in three judges ; and the legislative in both united. The officers were appointed by the general government; their legis- lative authority was restricted to the adoption of laws from codes of the several States. This was the form of government provided until the Territory should contain five thousand free white males of full age ; and it then became optional with the people to choose a legislative body among themselves; to be supported, however, at their own proper cost. Subsequent legislation of Congress was more liberal, as well in providing a legislature ^ n Turner may be 8tyled " the veteran journalist " of Michigan. A pioneer in the Grand River valley, and struggling with the slow growth and limited means of pioneer life, during what were called the " hard times," he liaa built up an extensive and prospering printing house, koejiing pace with the growtli of Western Michigan, his newspaper ranking with the leading press of the State. From a small beginning, he has acquired a handsome property and profitable business interests. Mr. Turnpr has had considerable experience in public life — as city clerk, as assistant clerk of the House in the Legislature, and as secretary of the Michigan Senate in 1859 and 1861 ; was appointed by President Lincoln collector of internal revenue for the fourth collection district, organizing that service and serving four years; was appointed postmaster of Grand Rapids by President Grant in April, 1869, and reappointed in 1873. He is yet in the full vigor of manhood, and ranks among the successful men of Western Michigan. HjmiM— .xig CTnaafM I ..I. i ni i nlJ l ^l ! n",l ' ." ' lU'J"-i." AaPU»W ' .WUW,^lUtW»W,'AM. ia8.;'^.ai,'ii^ati.i-..rf«^M^ CATES. :s separate existence. ' a north and south [ichignn, was formed igress passed in that 87 continued to regu- mce wisely provided ,1 principles of law i" civil and religious ced in its provisions auity. The prohibi- e saved the country le evil. Under this le country northwest in a governor ; the in both united. The ernment; their legis- n of laws from codes government provided and free white males with the people to s; to be supported, iquent legislation of oviding a legislature Michigan. A pioneer the slow growth and illed the " hard times," ng house, koeiiing pace paper ranliing with the ling, he has acquired a ts. in public life — as city lature, and as secretary appointed by President iirth collection district, 18 appointed postmaster 69, and reappointed in , and ranks among the HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 897 upon better principles, at the expense of the United States, a« in the footing upon which it placed the elective franchise and eligibility to office. Under the ordinance, a freehold qualification was required, both on the part of the elector, and to render an individual eligible to the General Assembly, which was, under certain circumstances, provided for. „ , In 1818 upon the admission of Illinois into the Union, all the territory lying north of that State and of Indiana was annexed to Michigan. From 1805, when the Territory was erected, to 1819 our political condition was, in every respect, that prescribed by the ordinance of 1787. By an act passed in the latter year, the Territory was authorized to elect a delegate to Congress. Under the ordinance, the privilege only accrued to a Territory when it should have entered upon the second grade of govern- ment, and the delegate was then to be chosen by the General Assembly. By the act referred to, the power was given direct to the people, and the right of suffrage was extended to all taxable citizens. In the year 1823, the form of the Territorial govern- ment was essentially changed by an act of Congress, which abro- gated the legislative power of the governor and judges, and granted more enlarged ones to a council, to be composed of nine persons, selected by the President of the United States, from eighteen chosen by the electors of the Territory. By this law, eligibility to office was made coextensive with the right of suffrage as established by the act of 1819. The limitation of the tenure of the judicial office to a term of four years, is another important feature of the act of 1823. In the year 1825, all county officers, with the exception of those of a judicial character, or whose functions connected them with the administration of justice, were made elective ; and the appoint- ments which remained in the hands of the executive were made subject to the approval of the legislative council. In 1827, the electors of the Territory were authorized to choose a number of persons, corresponding with that at which the members of the council was fixed, and their election made absolute. This, indeed, was the last form of the Territorial government of Michigan— certainly a liberal one to be maintained by the parent State. The ^■•ituAfi^t^ja^fi-* i*> '$ 398 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. Hi i4 legislative council was empowered to enact all laws not incon- sistent with the ordinance of 1787; their acts, however, were subject to be annulled by Congress, and to the absolute veto of the Executive of the Territory. General Hull was the first Governor of the Territory of Michi- gan. When he arrived at Detroit to assume his official duties, he found the town in ruins, it having been destroyed by fire. Whether this disaster had been occasioned by accident or design was not known. However this may have been, as the town was very compact, covering only two acres of ground, and the mate- rials were of the most combustible character, it was soon entirely consumed, and the unfortunate inhabitants were obliged to encamp in the open fields, almost destitute of food and shelter. Still, they were not discouraged, and soon commenced rebuilding their houses )n the same site. The general government also took their case into consideration, and an act of Congress was passed, grant- ing to the sufferers the site of the old town of Detroit, and ten thousand acres of land adjoining. As before mentioned, a judiciary system was now established, and the Territorial militia organized. In October of the same year, a report was made to Congress of the condition of the Ter- ritory ; and in May of the following year a code of laws was adopted similar to those of the original States. This code was signed by Governor Hull, Augustus B. Woodward, and Frederick Bates, Judges of the Territory, and was called the "Woodward Code." The bounds of the Territorial government, as then estab- lished, embraced all the country on the American side of the Detroit river, east of a north and south line drawn through the center of Lake Michigan. The Indian land claims had been par- tially extinguished previous to this period. By the treaty of Fort Mcintosh, in 1785, and that of Fort Harmer, in 1787, extensive cessions had either been made or confirmed, and, in the year 1807, the Indian titles to several tracts became entirely extinct. In consequence of the settlements Avhich had been made under the French and English governments, some confusion sprang up in regard to the titles to valuable tracts that were claimed by differ- ent individuals, under the French laws. Congress, accordingly, <-wite!gw imjvjw" ■Ty ^ ■ | ii 4 'W' 3J > WJJIMIIW'^.»tJ. ' l.fei.>a-.t<<HJ»tU«SMr» i VW«M«JMMWi^:^ LTES. all laws not incon- icts, however, were absolute veto of the Territory of Michi- 2 his official duties, destroyed by fire. 'f accident or design en, as the town was und, and the mate- it was soon entirely e obliged to encamp and shelter. Still, ced rebuilding their ment also took their <s was passed, grant- of Detroit, and ten vas now established, Dctober of the same ondition of the Ter- a code of laws was tes. This code was ward, and Frederick ed the " Woodward iment, as then estab- merican side of the ! drawn through the I'laims had been par- Jy the treaty of Fort p, in 1787, extensive ad, in the year 1807, entirely extinct. In ;en made under the fusion sprang up in sre claimed by differ- jngress, accordingly, HISTORY of MICHIGAN. 399 parsed an act establishing a board of commissioners, to examine and settle these conflicting claims; and, in 1807, another act was passed, confirming, to a certain extent, the titles of al such as had been in possession of the lands then occupied by them from PEAR TREES IN THE OLD JESUIT GARDEN. the year 1796, when the Territory was surrendered, up to the date of that act. Other acts were subsequently passed, xtendmg the same conditions to the settlements on the upper lakes. In addition to the settlements along the shores of the Detroit and St. Clair rivers, and the lake of the latter name, where there Mi 400 GEKERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. f >' was a continued line of cottages, with farms adjoining, containing orchards of pear and apple trees, planted at an early date, and the old posts on the island of Mackinaw, at Ste. Mnrie, and at St. Joseph, the French colonists had a line of cahins on the River Raisin, where the city of Monroe now stands. The interior of the country was but little known, except by those who were engaged in the fur trade, and these were interested in representing it in as unfavorable a light as possible. No portion of the public domain had yet been brought into the market. But few American set- tlers had, therefore, ventured into this region, though the adjoin- ing State of Ohio had already acquired a considerable population- Such was the condition of Michigan just before the Tecumseh war, a full account of which is given in a previous chapter. After this contest, Michigan emerged into a new existence. Colonel Cass, who had served with much zeal during the war, was appointed Governor of the Territory ; and under his administra- tion it gradually advanced in prosperity. But we must not enter upon the successful administration of Governor Cass, without following General Hull, the first Governor of the Territory, a little further. In our last mention of him, he was being conveyed to Montreal, a prisoner of war. We next find him before a court-martial, at Albany, New York. The court convened January 3d, 1814, with a full board, and General Dearborn was the President. No objec*^;on was taken to the con- stitution of this court by the accused. The session of the court was protracted, and every facility afllbrded to General Hull to present his defense. The Judge- Advocate, Mr. Van Buren, was remarkably fair and impartial in conducting the examination. The charges were three in number : treason, cowardice, and neglect of duty. The court acquitted the accused of the high crime of treason. As to the other charges, the court, upon mature deliber- ation, found General Hull guilty, and sentenced him to be shot ; but, by reason of his services in the war of the Revolution, and his advanced age, earnestly recommended him to the mercy of the President. The President approved of the finding of the court, but remitted the execution of the sentence, and dismissed him from the service. THUP^i^'rv wi w ^^•■»a8«J« l» MlWft^J,aai»WK>MtMWM ■ TE8. Ijoining, containing an early date, and B. Marie, and at St. ibius on tlie River The interior of the I who were engaged epresenting it in as ' the public domain few American set- , though the adjoin- derable population- fore the Tecumseh lous chapter. ) a new existence, iuring the war, was der his administra- 1 administration of , the first Governor mention of him, he )f war. We next New York. The board, and General IS taken to the con- session of the court ) General Hull to r. Van Buren, was ^ the examination, rardice, and neglect the high crime of >on mature deliber- 3d him to be shot ; le Revolution, and ;o the mercy of the ndiug of the court, dismissed him from ttlStOBY OP MlcaiGAN. 401 The civil administration of Governor Hull presents but few salient points. His military administration, ending, as it did, by the ignominious surrender of Detroit to a British force far inferior to his own, was fraught with irretrievable ruin to himself, as well as temporary disgrace to the American arms. What was the actual moving cause of this disgraceful capitula- tion will probably never be known, till the final day. Time, how- ever, has somewhat softened the harsh judgment which was passed upon him at the time ; and some of the earlier impressions, which attributed his conduct to money, the price of treason, have been removed. But tlic most that charity can do is to attribute it to cowardice and imbecility. Efforts have, from time to time, been made to rescue his name from obloquy ; but such eff()rts have uni- versally proved failures. It is enough for an American to know that he surrendered his command to a force of less than one-third his own strength. General Hull's principal excuse was, that he was short of ammunition and provisions. He does not allege that he was destitute — the contrary was well known to be the case — but that he apprehended that he had not enough to last till the final issue of the campaign. But this, instead of being an excuse for an unconditional surrender, was the stronger reason for promptitude and energy. After ammunition and provisions tail, the worst disaster that can befall an army is that which he forced upon his command before a blow was struck. The situation was briefly this : He had been instructed to pro- tect Detroit. The invasion of Canada was left discretionary with him. He did neither. It is true he crossed the river, but only to make a disgraceful retreat. When followed, and summoned to surrender, he complied with the demand ; only holding out long enough to increase the pomposity of the enemy, and provoke the curses of his command. His flight commenced at the bridge of the Canards, and terminated in the American fortress. His retreat was without a reason, and his surrender without a parallel. Nothing but the memory of other and prouder days, and gal- lant deeds, can rescue the name of Hull from unmitigated con- tempt ; and the kindest judgment which a dispassionate posterity can pronounce upon him is to ascribe his errors to cowardice and imbecility. 26 H^' I" 1 CHAPTER XXIX. % ; Gexeuu, Cass Appointed Governok - Defenseless Conuition of THE TeUIIITOUY-InDIAN DEPUEDATION8 AUOUND DETKOIT-BBAV- EUY AND EnEIU.Y OF GENERAL CA88-HI8 TuEATY WITn TIIE INDIANS -Condition of Micuu.an at the Close of tiu: Wau-Expedition OF General Cass to tue Upper Peninsula-Discoveries-Pros- PERITY OF THE TEKRI'IORY UNDER CaSS' ADMINISTRATION-THE Treaty of Chicago— Execution of Indians. A NEW era now dawned upon the Territory of Michigan. Gen- eral Lewis Cass, who had served, with great credit and distinc- tion, through the war of 1812, was appointed Governor of the Territory. At that time its prosperity and advancement may be said to have commenced. Up to this time, there had been no inducement whatever for the immigiation of people from the Eastern States. The country had just emerged from a bloody and devastating war, and the public lands had not been brought into market. The beautiful and fertile lands of the lower penin- sula, now studded with happy homes and flourishing cities, and traversed in every direction by the locomotive, were traversed only by wild beasts, and wilder men. The streams, now white with the sails of noble ships, and dotted with manufactories, were navigated only by the bark canoe. The feeble settlements along the frontier had been converted into scenes of desolation ; not a road had been constructed through the interior; and there was no means of access to the country except by the rivei-s and lakes, and the military road along the Detroit river. The British garrisons were broken up, it is true, and Tecumseh was no more, but the people were by no means free from the calamities of war. The ill feeling of the Indians continued unsubdued, and their pro- pensities to murder, rob and plunder, were still as great as when Tecumseh led them to battle. The British flag still waved over Mackinaw, and the intermediate country was filled with fur- mmm v-mi<ini)i»i^Kwin!)i^f*i,jvti'-i.tM?j\<imi HISfORY OF MICinOAN. 403 sEiiEBs Condition of )tND DETKOIT— BUAV- ATY WITH TIIE INDIANS llE WAU— EXI'EDITION .— DI8COV EUIE8— PROS- \dministration— The B. ' of Michigan. Gen- t credit and distinc- ;ed Governor of the advancement may be ;, there had been no of people from the erged from a bloody lad not been brought Is of the lower penin- flourishing cities, and otive, were traversed le streams, now white h manufactories, were eble settlements along s of desolation ; not a •ior ; and there wafi no ; rivei-s and lakes, and The British garrisons was no more, but the lamities of war. The ibdued, and their pro- ; still as great as when flag still waved over was filled with fur- tnulers who regarded their interests as antagonistic to the United States. . At this time, it must be remarked, all of the province ol Can- ada which had been held in submission by the British army, wa« ISAAC NEWTON SWAIN, Isaac Newton Swain, one of the earliest pioneer settlers of the inte- rior and western parts of the lower peninsula of Michigan, was born near Sackett's Harbor, in Jeflferson county, New York, November 20th, ;:(' '.")' I l-f: 404 OfilJfiRAL HIBTORY OF THE STATES. now subject to the order of the Governor of Michigan, and upon him rested the responsibility of protecting the rights of the people on the east side of the river, in common with the citizens upon the west side. How long the war would continue, or how it would end, or whether Canada would eventually become a part and par- cel of Michigan, no one could tell. But it was sufficiently obvious to the mind of General Cass that the peninsula of Michi- gan, at least, was to remain under the Stars and Stripes ; and he set himself to work, with great wisdom and industry, to provide for the future welfare of the people intrusted to his charge. In order to do this effectually, it was first necessary to inspire the people with confidence in their personal safety, and to assure them that their property was protected by the sleepless vigilance of the law. His first act was to tender his resignation as brigadier-gen- eral in the army, believing that such extensive civil and military powers should not be vested in the same person. His resignation was accepted, with the proviso that he should, in his capacity as Governor, take charge of the defenses of the Territory. The seat of war at this time having been transferred to the East, Michigan was left with only a company of twenty-seven sol- diers for her defense. With this feeble force, and the local militia, the Governor was required to defend the Territory against the 1807. He yet distinctly remembers hearing tlie reports of the first guns fired in our second war with England in 1812. His home was the scene of some of the most exciting events of tliat tinal contest with Britain, and he thus early imbibed indelible hostility to the " red coats," notwithstanding both sides of his ancestry, being of the Quaker order, came early from the south of England. They were numbered among the first settlers of Rhode Island and Nantucliet. When only nine years old, his parents and their family of five children, of whom he was the youngest, removed and settled on the " Holland Purchase" (so called), in western New York, now Royalton, in Niagara county. This was several years before the existence of the Erie canal, and at a period when the products of the settlers had scarcely any cash value. Money was a great raritj among the people there, in those days, and when an occasional sl'Hling was discovered in the neighborhood, its possessor at once became an object of considerable attention. Such was the condition and customs of the infant settlement in which i^v -%i dftM ' . 1 1-lW ' ii! ! ,i I . ' ■. '. I.Ml^i ' JM.i^ ' ^ : ■■ msf>mj»'jm i &i^rM ■ 5 STATES. of Michipan, and upon he rights of the people ;h the citizens upon the tinue, or how it would become a part and par- lut it was sufficiently he peninsula of Michi- s and Stripes; and he ad industry, to provide ited to his charge. In ecessary to inspire the ety, and to assure them sepless vigilance of the nation as brigadier-gen- nsive civil and military jrson. His resignation juld, in his capacity as he Territory. »een transferred to the iny of twenty-seven sol- :e, and the local militia, 3 Territory against the the reports of the first 1812. nis home was the f that tinal contest with stilily to the " red coats," jing of the Quaker order, y were numbered among It. eir family of five children, settled on the " Holland low Royalton, in Niagara istence of the Erie canal, lera had scarcely any cash 3oplc there, in those days, cl in the neighborhood, its able attention, nfant settlement in which HISTORY OF MICniOAK. 405 bands of hostile Indians who were constantly hovering around Detroit. It was at this time, when Detroit was thus exposed, that a war party of savages issued from the dense forests which skirted the town, and marked their irruption by one of those deeds of blood which have made the early his^tory of Michigan a record of trials, sufferings and hardships without a parallel in the annals of fron- tier life. The strength of the party was not great, as it after- wards appeared, but, as it was unknown, the excitement and alarm of the inhabitants were intense. But Governor Cass was equal to the emergency, and in a short time rallied his undisciplined troops, pursued the savages to their native haunts, and, after a sharp and bloody conflict, returned to Detroit victorious. It is within the memory of men now living, how the people of the town were terrified, upon the return of the victorious baud, by the scalp halloa that was raised by some friendly Indians, to indicate the victory of the party. The horrid sound, which has curdled the blood of the stoutest hearts in many a lonely cabin in the wilderness, and tells the tale of blood before the gory trophies are exhibited, broke the silence of the evening air. The helpless women and children, whose husbands and fathers had gone forth to fight in their defense, had no means of knowing whether the Mr. Swain spent the largest part of his youth. At length however, roads were opened, and when these were connected and made passable, at least, by " bridges built by the frosts of winter," the dense forests were awakened by occasional teams. A few loads of the best "Genesee wheat " were transported from that ' ' far off western country," and carried more than fifty miles over rough and troublesome roads to a small ham- let, then the nearest cash market, and now the prosperous city of Rochester, New York. There this grain was sold at twenty-five to twenty-eight cents per bushel, and added very considerably to the circulating medium of the pioneer settlement. The erection of the first school house in the settlement is an event not easily forgotten by Mr. Swain. It was constructed by a "bee," and occupied but one day for its completion. This is the more surprising since the building was transformed from standing trees to a temple of science in this short space of time. The "neighbors all turned out," and at four o'clock in the morning the sound of their axes, the falling of heavy trees, and the m ,#«>^ f t: '& -^ li 406 ORNKRAI- HI8TORY OF THK BTArFX terrible .<y came from frieiul or foe, and, in their uncertainty many of thorn fle.! to their canocH, and took refuge on the oth. r side of the river. Happily, the return of their friondn removed their fears, and secured their safety; and their return was as joy. ful iw their departure had l)e(n pre(ij)itou». The bravery of Governor Cass as a soldier, fighting the ban.ls of hostile Indians which surrounded the feeble settlements under his charge, was only equaled by his wisdom in dealing with them in times of peace. He was at this time, by virtue of his office of Governor, Superintendent of Indian Affairs, and as such it became his duty to advise with the government at Washington on that subject. He had long been under the impression that the only proper way to deal with the Indians waa,,i3 a means of paci- fication, to purchase their possessory rights to the lands they occu- pied ; to limit their huntin>j grounds to a narrow compass ; to teach them agriculture and mechanics, and provide the means for their instruction and religious training. I'iie policy of the French and English had been to pacify them with presents of whisky and gew-gaws, merely for the purpose of obtaining a temporary foothold, to enable them to carry on the fur trade. This policy, of course, brou ,at permanent settlers into the country, and those who were benefited by the traflSc lived thousands of miles away, loud driving of ox teams, indicated that something unusual had taken possession of these earnest settlers. The heavy logs were "switched" together and hewed. Then strong arms and willing hands placed them one upon another, until the roof was made whole. The floor was next " dubbed " off so as to be agreeable to little feet, for no boards could be had for that purpose, and this exercise completed the first scliool house in that district. The labor of the day being over, the e..ger inhabitants commenced their celebration. Then came genuine ladies, real women- pioneer women -with well prepared refreshments. Rude tables were constructed, and a wholesome collation spread out for the builders. When the appetite had been satisfied, the floor was made clear and danc- ing commenced, which continued with a spirit until an early hour the following morn ng. It was in this "bee" school house that Mr, Swain received his ele- mentary education. This, however, wm attended with its disadvantages. Books were scarce and difficult to obtain. For the winter's use of ITATtW. HtHTORY OF MICHIOAN. 407 in their uncertainty, refuge on the otiur heir f'riendH reniovcfl iir return was as joy- ^r, fi(?hting the bands t)Ie »ettlement*i under in dealing with tlieni >' virtue of his offiee fairs, Rjid as such it nt at Washington on ! impression that the 3, as a means of paci- the lands they oecii- narrow compass ; to irovide tlie means for policy of the French presents of whisky >taining a temporary trade. This policy, e country, and those sands of miles away, ng unusual had taken logs were "switched" ing hands placed them The floor was next for no boards could he the first scliool house , the e..ger inhabitants ladies, real women— s. Rude tables were out for the builders. made clear and danc- ntil an early hour the vain received his ele- dth its disadvantages, r the winter's use of and had no interest in the pernument development of the country. It was clear that this was not the ])olicy of the United States, and the President heartily coincided in the views expressed by General Cass. The result was that CJeneral Ciws and General IIarri.xon were intrustid with the power to treat with the Indians on the Miami and Wabash, and, on the twentieth of July, a treaty was signed with the Wyandots, Senecas, Shawnees, Miamis and Dela- wares, which restored comparative traniiuillity to the frontiers. At one time, during this summer, it became necessary for Gen- eral Ca-^s to send troops down the lake, to the assistance of General Brown, on the Niagara ; and he ordered his whole force to repair to the seat of war, reserving only thirty men for the defense of the fort at Maiden. During this defenseless state, the hostile Indians became bolder. Their war parties roamed the country, and caused much alarm and apprehension ; and the Governor found it necessary to call the whole adult male population to arms. Scouting parties were sent out in all directions, and many skir- mishes occurred. The Governor frequently headed these parties in person, and the hostile tribes were driven from place to place, until, finally, they retreated to Saginaw. In July of this year an attempt was made to recover Mackinaw. A force was deta, 'ed, under the command of Colonel Croghan, for Pike's arithmetic, he dug potatoes two days, and he husked corn four days for a elate. Afte.' graduating in this "bee" institution, Mr. Swain's ambition for further knowledge was largely increased. He often walked forty-three miles in a day, to and from the nearest academy, teaching school in the winter season, to bear his academic expenses in the summer. I'hrough all these obstacles, he displayed that matchless energy characteristic of his life, and obtained au ample education. When the Erie canal was completed, a new era dawned upon western New York. A market and highway for commerce were opened, reveal- ing richer fields in the great West, which he visited, and, early in the year 1830, he settled permanently in Michigan, to share its pioneer hardships, and aid in developing its great resources. In the former he has taken a front rank position, while in the latter he has but few compeers. His first earnings were invested in land situated near the Kalamazoo *7^._,..jiVti-;^ao- ^ ft 408 ORNRRAL HWTORY OP THE RTATEfl. th'its purpoHo, with tho atwistance of a part of the Heet ou Lake Erie. But tho British woiks were too Htrong, and, with the iuisistntu'c of the suvnges, they were enabled to hold posHosHion. The e»tabli«hnu'nt« at St. Joseph's and at Bault Ste. Marie, how- ever, were destroyed. In the winter of 1815, the treaty of peace was ratified between England and the United States. The population of the Territory at that time was not over five or hIx thuu»aiid, and that population was spread over a vast extent, and in a state of great destitution, owing to the calamities of war. Scarcely a family, when it resumed its domestic establishment, found more than the rem- nants of former wealth and comfort. Families had been broken up and dispersed ; parents had been torn from children, and chil- dren from each other ; some had been slain on the battle field, and others had been massacred by the ruthless savages. Laws had become a dead letter, and morals had suffered in the gen- eral wreck. Agriculture had been almost abandoned, and com- merce paralyzed. Food, and all the necessariefc of life were scarce, and luxurie^i were unknown. Money was difficult to get, and the bank paper of Ohio, which was almost the sole circulat- ing raediuii, was twenty-five per cent below par in New York. Consequently commercial transactions were precluded, except at a ruinous figure to the merchant and tho consumer. river, in tlic southwest part of Jacltson county. lie added to tlie orig- inal purcliase, as lie acquired means by farming, surveying, civil engin- eering, merchandising, milling, lumbering, etc. His labors have been eminently successful, not only in accumulating a large fortune, but in developing the resources of the State. This biography might very .lustly be enlivened by a recital of Mr. Swain's many adventures in the pioneer days of Michigan. His conflicts with wild beasts and wild men, are filled with the essence of adventure; the hardships he has endured in "camping out" and travel- ing through the unexplored forests, are replete with heroic exploits, with man and beast, and would constitute of themselves a volume full of interest and instruction. But we shall pass over these, and briefly notice the results of his industry. Having failed to secure the Michigan Central JRailroad through his place of business, at Concord, by a distance of four miles, he pulled Mp s LTRfl. the Hect on Lake ong, uud, with the to hohl po8«08Hion. lit Ste. Murie, how 'as ratifii'd between on of the Territory luul that population )f great destitution, a family, when it lore than the rein- B8 had been broken children, and chil- on the battle field, e»s savages. Laws Littered in the gen- )andoncd, and com- sarieb of life were A'as dittioult to get, }8t the sole circulat- par in New York, ecluded, except at a ler. He added to the orig- urveying, civil engln- His labors have been large fortune, but in oed by a recital of s of Michigan. Hia A with the essence of jping out " and travel- 1 heroic exploits, with ves a volume full of ese, and briefly notice Railroad through his [r miles, he pulled up Jf^ 410 GENERAL HISTOHY OF THE STATi38. •i" In this gloomy and unpromising condition was Michigan when General Cass assumed the office of Governor of the Territory. Civil government was yet to be established, and laws enacted and enforced, before any permanent advancement in prosperity could be hoped for. His task was a delicate and difficult one. He was not only a part of the legislative power, but was the sole execu- tive. The laws which were enacted in the one capacity, he was obliged to execute in the other. How well he performed his task, the condition of the State when he resigned his office, after eighteen years of service, abundantly testifies. In 1817, General Cass made a most important treaty with the Indians, by which their title was extinguished to nearly all the land in Ohio, a part in the State of Indiana, and a portion in the State of Michigan. This was not only the most valuable treaty that had at that time been made with the Indians, but was of the utmost importance to the Territory of Michigan. It attached the isolated population of Michigan to the State of Ohio ; made the Territorial government, in a fuller sense, an integral part of the Federal Union, and removed all apprehension of a hostile con- federacy among the Indian tribes along the lake and river frontier. Up to this time there was not a road within the limits of the Territory, save the military road along the Detroit river. But, -t,' f ! and went still farther into the dense forest, down the Paw Paw valley, to the present site of the village of Watervleit, in Berrien county, thus endeavoring to make a certainty of locating on this road. Tl;e State, which at that time owned the Michigan Central Road, had definitely located its route through this valley, with a view of making the western terminus on Lake Michigan, at St. Joseph. But these plans were over- ruled by various circumstances. The State, with the system of internal improvements in 1847, being nearly bankrupt, and the Michigan Central Railroad being completed with strap rails only as far as the village of Kalamazoo, sold her franchise to the present Michigan Central Railroad Company. This company departed from the original plan, and thereby left Watervleit off twenty miles in the forest. Notwithstanding these obstacles, Mr. Swain prosecuted his business enterprises in that locality with unabated energy. At Watervleit he con- ducted the same business already mentioned, increasing the lumbering branch to a considerable extent. He is still interested in the latter at the 'ES. s Michigan when of the Territory. 1 laws enacted and 1 prosperity could L'ult one. He was as the sole execu- e capacity, he was erformed his task, I his office, after it treaty with the to nearly all the d a portion in the st valuable treaty ns, but was of the . It attached the ' Ohio ; made the ;egral part of the of a hostile con- and river frontier, the limits of the troit river. But, e Paw Paw valley, lerricn county, thus i road. Tl:e State, load, had definitely making tlie western ise plans were over- 1 system of internal e Michigan Central ar as the village of an Central Railroad il plan, and thereby ecuted his business , Watervleit he con- sing the lumbering 1 in the latter at the HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 411 now that the Indian settlements and lands could not be interposed Ta b rrier o the undertaking. General Cass reso ved to bnng raSion . --^-^^x:^^ jrii: '^:Tsr:^^ru.... -Mon . X - enterprising young men, who for many years, continued its publ ^1: ,eat problem ^^^laben oc.pi^the m.^^^ section of Michigan. annervision. the erection of his in 1861, he CO— ed.^nder his - -P^-^ " ^,, ,,,,,,, This „»agniflcent residence at "^^ f '"^ ,^,,. Being one of the sub- building is a fitting monuii^nt ^oj^^^^^^^^^ J^ ^^^.,^„,, „„,,, stantial kind, he embodied ''' ^^'\'°^'l^Z,-^^^^cs. It is, perhaps, the that indicates f /^^rdTTa: theT^ — ^^^ ^^^^ «^ "^^ most elegantly flmshed, and by far ^f 7 .^„ ;^ themselves, kind in the Northwest. Its ^-^^ ^^'^^^H^: "of th former to the wonderful accomplishments, and from the floor 01 leck :f the tower is a distance of one ^-^^^^^^^ ^ ^„,, „,,„ifl. At the top of this --;i;rs ^IrTi'orrrgrandest views of cent winding stairway, the observer nas ^^ ^^^ 412 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. in regard to the character of the soil of Michigan, and its adapta- bility to the purposes of agriculture. It was popularly supposed to be the very home of disease and death, uninhabited and unin- habitable ; a horrible place abounding in swamps, marshes and lagoons, impenetrable save by means of canoes. Nor were thv-se reports without high official authority to back them, as will be seen by the following facts : On the sixth of May, 1812, Congress passed an act, requiring that 2,000,000 acres of land should be surveyed in the then Terri- tory of Louisiana, and a like quantity in the Territory of Illinois, north of the Illinois river, and the same quantity in the Territory" of Michigan, in all 6,000,000 acres, to be set apart for the soldiers in the war with Great Britain. Each soldier was to have 160 acres of land, fit for cultivation. The lands were surveyed and appropriated under this law in Louisiana and Illinois, but the sur- veyors reported that there were no lands in Michigan fit for culti- vation. The following is that portion of the Surveyor-General's report which relates to the lands of Michigan : " DESCRIPTION OP THE MILITARY LANDS IN MICHIGAN. " The country on the Indian boundary line, from the mouth of the great Auglaize river, and running thence for about fifty miles, picturesque surroundings of city and country. His grounds surrounding the residence are not only extensive, but rich .n all the beauties of garden landscape. Mr. Swain, although a man of large experience and no small Ijterary attainments, is extremely simple in his manners, making himself alike agreeable with men in business circles, or In entertaining friends at his well appointed mansion. To a question as to whether or not he had ever figured in politics, Mr. Swain stated that he had never sought office but once in his life. He admits of once having had an ambition to become 'overseer of high- ways," brought on by the deplorable condition of certain roads in which he was interested, and wl<ich he desired to improve. On this occasion he was not elected for want of votes, and although more than a 4hird of a century has passed since this defeat, he has not since been troubled with an appetite for oflice. It is not improbable, however, that he may have intended this answer as indicating his disapproval of the tricks of modern politics. HISTORY OP MICHIGAN. 413 I its adapta- •ly supposed d and unin- larshes and ' were these , as will be !t, requiring s then Terri- of Illinois, le Territory" the soldiers have 160 rveyed and but the sur- fit for culti- ^r-General'a HIGAN. e mouth of fifty miles, surrounding ies of garden mall Ijterary limself alike riends at his politics, Mr. Ills life. He eer of high- ids in which his occasion m a 4hird of sen troubled that he may he tricks of is (with some few exceptions) low, wet land, with a very thick growth of underbrush, intermixed with very bad marshes, but generally very heavily timbered with beech, cottonwood, oak, etc. ; thence continuing north, and extending from the Indian boundary AARON DIKEMAN. Aaron Dikeman, one of the representative pioneers of northwestern Michigan, was born in Norwalk, Fairfield county, Connecticut, January 3, 179(5. He lived in his native town until reaching his majority, when he emi- grated to New York City, and embarked in the jewelry business. He carried on this business in that city for twenty years, with uninterrupted SUCC€SS« Closing u^. his affairs in New York, he emigrated to Michignn, and settled in what is now Grand Rapids, arriving there in May, 1837. Here 414 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. eastward, th« number and extent of the swanii^ increases, with the addition of numbers of lakes, from twenty chains to two and three miles across. Many of the lakes have extensive mnrshes adjoining their margins, sometimes thickly covered with a species of pine called ' tamarack,' and other places covered with a coarse, high grass, and uniformly covered from six inches to three feet (and more at times) with water. The margins of these lakes are not the only places where swamps are found, for they are inter- spersed throughout the whole country, and filled with water, as above stated, and varying in extent. The intermediate space between these swamps and lakes, which is probably near one- half of the country, is with a very few exceptions, a poor, barren, sandy land, on which scarcely any vegetation grows, except very small scrubby oaks. In many places, that part which may be called dry land is composed of little, short sand-hills, forming a kind of tieep basins, the bottoms of many of which are composed of a marsh similar to the above described. The streams are gen- erally narrow, and very deep, compared with their width, the shores and bottoms of which are (with a very few exceptions) he again engaged in the jewelry business, opening the first establishment of that kind in the State north of the Michigan Central Railroad. Mr. Dikenian continued in this occupation in Grand Rapids until 1867, and dur- ing this long period was seldom absent a day from his bench. During this time he built up a large trade, established a high reputation for an honest business man, and, after fifty years of unremitting toil, he retired in May, 1867, with a fair fortune and hosts of friends as his reward. At the time of his retiring he was the oldest jeweler working at the trade in the United States, being seventy-one years of age. In 1855, Mr. Dikeman became largely interested in the steamboat navi- gation of Grand river. In that year, he built the steamer Empire, and run her on the lower river line between Grand Rapids and Grand Haven. Mr. Dikeman was elected county treasurer of Kent county, in Novem- ber, 1838, and the abilities with which he performed the duties of that office can be best adduced from the fact that he held it for three succes- sive terms. In 1849, he was elected supervisor of the township of Grand Rapids, which then included the village of Kent, now the city of Grand Rapids. He was chosen alderman of the third ward of that city in in 1852, and his public life closed with the expiration of his term of office as alderman. HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 415 increases, with ns to two and nsive mnrslies witli a species with a coarse, to three feet ;hese lakes are hey are inter- vith water, as mediate space bly near one- poor, barren, 8, except very rhich may be ills, forming a are composed earns are gen- ir width, the V exceptions) t establishment Railroad. Mr. 1 1867, and dur- li. During this a for an honest he retired in is reward. At at the trade in teamboat navi- r Empire, and Grand Haven, ity, in Novem- duties of that r three sueces- iship of Grand city of Grand if that city in term of office swampy beyond description; and it is with the utmost difficulty that a place can be found over which horses can be couveyod in safety. , ., . , . «' A circumstance peculiar to that country is exhibited in many of the marshes by their being thinly covered with a sward of grass, by walking on which evinced the existence of water, or a very thin mud immediately under their covering, which smks from six to eighteen inches from the pressure of tl e foot at every step, and at the same time rising before and behind the person passing over. The margins of many of the lakes and streams are in a similar situation, and in many places are literally afloat. On approaching the eastern part of the military lands, toward the private claims on the xtraights and lake, the country does not con- tain so many swamps and lakes, but the extreme sterility and barrenness of the soil continues the same. Taking the country altogether, so far as has been explored, and to all appearances, together with the information received concerning the balance, is so bad there would not be more than one acre out of a hundred, if there would be one out of a thousand that would m any ca^e admit of cultivation." ^ Mr Dikeman ii^^^^i^'member of Ph.cnix Lodge, No. 4, Free and Accepted Masons of New York city, in 1823, and he was one of the first officers and charter members of Grand River lodge, in Grand Rapids, Michigan. He has been indentifled with this order for over fifty years, and enjoys the full esteem of his brother Masons. Being one of the pioneers of northwestern Michigan, he had unbounded faith in the future growth and prosperity of the Grand River valley, and he has ever worked with both his mind and means for its development^ In its infancy, he prophesied a glorious future for it, and time has proved how correct his foresight was, as he now finds himself surrounded by ^ beautiful and prosperous a country as our truly great State can boa.t of^ On the Wth of February, 1832, Mr. Dikeman married Miss Susanna Butler, of Norwalk, Connecticut, and, on the 14th of the -m^ -onth 1872, they celebrated their golden wedding, at their residence on Fulton street, Grand Rapids. . Now, at the advanced age of seventy-nine, Mr. Dikeman, in a happy home, with a fair fortune and surrounded by his children grandchi dren and hosts of friends, ,s enjoying the closing years of an active and prosperous life. <l» _.^ffe'' 410 afeXERAL HIBTORY OF" THE 8TATE6. Accordingly, on the twenty-ninth of April, 1816, Congress passed an act repealing so much of the law of the sixth of May, 1812, as related to Michigan, and provided for taking 1,500,000 acres in Illinois, north of the Illinois river, and 50'>,000 acres in the Territory of Missouri, in lieu of the 2,000,000 acres which could not be found in Michigan. It is difficult, at this late day, to imagine how such a report could have been honestly made. It is probable, however, that no examination worthy the name was made. Again, the fur-traders were interested in preventing the settlement of the country, and the Surveyor-General may have chosen to rely upon their state- ments, instead of making a thorough examination for himself. Be that as it may, the country, through the energy of General Cass, was soon, to a certain extent, undeceived ; although it was many years before the bad impression was eradicated from the minds of the people of the East. During that year and the fol- lowing, the country was more fully explored, and numerous tracts of the most fertile land, with a rolling surface, were discovered. Prosperity began to abound, and population to increase by immi- giation and settlement. When General Cass became thoroughly convinced of the falsity of the reports concerning the quality of the soil of the interior, and saw a hardy and enterprising popula- tion gathering around him, he called for the views of the inhabit- ants, in March, 1818, upon the question of changing the civil authority by entering upon the second grade of Territorial govern- ment. A vote was accordingly taken, and a majority were against it. But, for the purpose of facilitating emigration and settlement, General Cass recommended to the Secretary of the Treasury that the lands in the district of Detroit be at once sur- veyed and brought into market. The department at once acted upon this suggestion, and in the following September and October sales were made. This movement gave a new impetus to agricul- ture, and added greatly to the permanent prosperity of the country. A great change took place in public opinion concerning the value of these lands, and subsequent surveys more fully con- firmtd the inaccuracy of former impressions. In the following year, General Cass met the Chippewas in coun- HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 417 1, 1816, Congress the sixth of May, • taking 1,500,000 1 SO'J.OOO acres in 0,000 acres which low such a report , however, that no lin, the fur-traders r the country, and upon their state- ation for himself, energy of General ; although it was adicated from the year and the fol- d numerous tracts 1, were discovered. increase by immi- ecame thoroughly ling the quality of iterprising popula- 3WS of the inhabit- hanging the civil Territorial govern- a majority were ig emigration and Secretary of the oit be at once sur- ent at once acted imber and October impetus to agricul- prosperity of the )pinion concerning T9 more fully con- iJhippewas in coun- cil at Saginaw, and concluded a treaty by which large relinquish- ments to lands in Michigan were obtained, embracing about six millions of acres. During the year 1819, two events occurred in the history of MAJOR LOWELL HALL. Lowell Hall, the subject of this sketch, was born In Middlesex county, Massachusetts, June 24, 1802. At the age of two years, with his parents, he emigrated to the State of Vermont, and, two years later, he went from there to the Black river country, in northern New York. Here, with such limited means as the country aflorded, he learned the elementary branches-studying evenings by the cheerful blaze of a fire-place, in a log house. Removing from here, in 1815, he took up his residence in Genesee county. New York. 27 i 418 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. Mirhigan, which may be said to have iimiigurated a new era in her progress. The first wafi when the first steamboat, tlie Wallt- in-the-Water, mude her appearaucc on l^ake Erie, crossing tiiat lake, and passing up to Mackinaw. The second was the granting to the peoi 'e of Michigan the privilege of electing delegate to Congress. These events were great advances in tuo lio|)e8 and prosperity of Michigan. By the first, a new and valuable means of commercial intercourse was introduced ; and, by the latter, a new channel of communication was opened, through which the people could communicate to Congress and the national govern- ment their wants and situation. Again, what was, perhajw, of as great importance as either of the above events, further sales of public lands were ordered and made. This would cause settle- ments to be made further into the interior of the peninsula, and land, now studded, at long intervals, on the banks of her lakes and rivers, by the Frenchman's hut, or the solitary j)ost of the fur trader, would soon become the sites of towns and villages, teeming with commerce and civilization. By the census taken about this time, the population of the Ter- ritory was ascertained to be eight thousand eight hundred and After a short course at the Middlebury academy, now in Wyoming county, he commenced teaching in tlie district schools. He followed this occupation for two successive winters, receiving as a salary twelve dollars per month, payable in wheat, at three shillings per bushel, and he was also required to " board around." Not satisfied with this mode of life, in 1823 he engaged as clerk in a village store, owned by Hon. Henry Hawkins, of Alexander, Genesee county, New York, with whom he remained as clerk and partner respect- ively for eleven years. During these years, he had acquired considerable wealth and married Miss Collins, of Orleans county. In 1838, his fortune was almost entirely swept away, through his becoming bondsman for men who failed. With an untiring energy, nothing daunted, he succeeded in organizing the Attica and Buffalo Railroad (a charter having been secured in 183(5), which was the last link in the chain of railway from Albany to Buflalo. He was a director and secretary of this road, which was finished in seventeen months, and which was the best and clieapest road in the State at that time. Subsequently he procured the charter. and organized the Attica and i^u rated a new era in teamboat, the Walk- e Erie, cros-niiig that ond waH the granting electing delegate to 568 in tuo ho{)e8 and ' and valuable means and, by the latter, a d, through which the the national govern- at way, perhajw, of as vents, further sales of is would cause settle- of the peninsula, and banks of her lakes and litary post of the fur s and villages, teeming population of the Ter- id eight hundred and lemy, now in Wyoming !t schools. He followed leiving as a salary twelve illings per bushel, and he he engaged as clerk in a I, of Alexander, Genesee 3lerk and partner respect- lad acquired considerable nty. In 1838, his fortune becoming bondsman for e succeeded in organizing ng been secured in 1836), r from Albany to Bufl'alo. i, which was finished in cheapest road in the State organized the Attica and HISTORY OF MIcniOAN. 419 ninety-six. Detroit contained two hundred an.l fifty houses, and fourteen hundred and fifty inhabitants, not in.luding the garrison. Th.> island of Mackinaw, which continued to bv the central mart of the fur trade, had a Htati..nary population of four l.un.lred and fittv which occasi..nally increased to not less than two thou-and, by "the Indians and fur traders who resorted there from the upper lakes The settlement at the Sault Ste. Marie contained fifteen or twenty houses, occupied by French and English famd.es. The ordinance of 1787 provided that lot number sixteen in every township should be set a,.art for the support of common schools but as vet no measures ha.l been taken to establish any system of public 'instruction in Mi.higan. The act drawn up by Judge Woodward, however, and passed by the governor and judges, m 1817, must be excepted. But this was of no practical value at that time, although it deserves mention as a curiosity, if nothing more The act referred to was for the establishment of what was Btyled in it the Caiholepestemiad, or University of Michigan. The University was to have thirteen didaxia, or professorships, each of which was to be endowed in the most liberal manner. It was designed, undoubtedly, to lay the foundation for a thorough education, both broad and deep ; but^^tMthat_early_date^ :^;;^;-i;^^i^^^:;^^^;^^^^^ Erie, and over which fifty trains are now passing 'laily. . .^ • . ♦ ^» fi,o In 18r,5 he came to Grand Rapids, Michigan, in the interest of the Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad, and continued with it until Us com- "^XZng the rebellion. Mr. Hall was actively engaged in raising troops, and in the winter preceding its close, at the advanced age o s.xty-three, he accepted an unsolicited commission and entered the service, where he remained until peace was declared, when he was mustered out, having been breveted major for meritorious services. , „ „ omnd Returning home, he organized and was elected P^"-"^- f ^'^^^ ^^^ Rapids and Lake Shore Railroad, which is now consolidated .vith he ChLgo and Michigan Lake Shore. Following the completion o the above road, he organized the Grand Rapids and Saginaw Railroad, of one hundred miles in length, and nearl, an air line. Mr. Hall is the pres. dent of this organization, and now. at the age of «--ty-°-;^ ^ actively and energetically engaged in its construction as he was in those with which he was connected thirty years ago. J M jfgmsim^fiM^'iii^^" 420 (lENERAL HIHTORY OP THE BTATES. ridiculously impracticable. Judge Woodward, it« author, would Heeiu to have been endowed by nature with fair abiliticH and to poHHBHH pxtensive aoiuirenientH ; but, at the wame time, to have a fatal tendency t twarda impracti -able schemes, and to lay out his work on such a magnificent scale, as to preclude the possibility of its completion. It is to him that Detroit is indebted for the early plan of the city, laid out in the form of a cobweb. His classical mind was pleased with the idea of a Campus Mnrtim, and a Grand Circus, with avenues radiating in every direction from a grand center, with cross streets connecting them, and grand pub- lic squares and parks interspersed. The result was, a plan so vast in extent, and so complex in design, that centuries would be required to fill it. His plan for a University was on an equally magnificent scale ; and the act was clothed in language more suited to the learned professors of the law of five centuries ago, than to the practical backwoodsman of 1817. Michigan was now rapidly increasing in population. Roads were being built, and the sound of the woodman's axe was heard in every direction. Settlers were extending themselves along the Rivers St. Clair, Raisin, and Huron ; and settlements were made where now stand the cities of Ann Arbor, Ypsilanti, Jackson, Tecumaeh and Pontiac. But they were not yet free from the annoyance of the Indians. The Foxes and Sacs annually made their appearance to receive thousands of dollars of presents from the British agents at Maiden. It was no unfrequent occurrence for them, as they passed along, to commit depredations upon the property of the whites. This annual tribute also had a tendency to create and strengthen an attachment and sympathy between the Indians and the British government. It became obvious, then, that some measures were necessary to put a stop to this custom, and to remove the Indians as far as possible from British influ- ence, so annoying to the settlers even in time of peace, and in time of war so dangerous. Besides, the country situated upon the borders of the upper lakes was then but little known, and it waa desirable that a more intimate knowledge of its characteristics and resources should be in possession of the general government. Accordingly, in the fall of 1819, General Cass directed the atten' E8. HTBTORY OF MICHtnAK. 421 its author, would lir libilitit'M and to no time, to have a and to lay out hiu e thi' possibility of ehted lor the early rah. His elasHical 18 MnrHun, and a y direction from a rn, and grand pub- ult was, a plan so centuries would be vas on an equally in language more five centuries ago, )opulation. Roads an 'a axe was heard lemselves along the ilements were made ifpsilanti, Jackson, yet free from the acs annually made rs of presents from requent occurrence redations upon the ilso had a tendency aapathy between the ;ame obvious, then, top to this custom, from British Influ- le of peace, and in •y situated upon the I known, and it waa r its characteristics general government. I directed the atten" tion of the government at Wtt.Mhington to the matter, and Hit forth the reasons why an oxploration Hhould be nmdc. Among the imporUmt objectH were: To obtain a mor." tliorough knowl- edge of the resources of the country ; a mm' intimate ac-iuaint- JAMES SCRIBNER. Associated with the early history of Grand Rapids, stands prominent the name of James Scribner, who was born in ihe i y "f New York, in the year 1801. Going to sea at an early age, he was taken prisoner in his fourteenth year, by the British frigate Endymion, and carrind to Halifax, Nova Scotia, where he was retained three months, fieturning to the United States, two years later, he enlisted among h Sea Fencibles, and waa stationed at the Narrows, near New York. With the close of the war, he was apprenticed to a boot and shoe maker, but at the age of sca jnteen, he changed his occupation and M :mt'i 422 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES. ance with the Indians; a knowledge of their moral condition, their numerical strength, and of their feelings towards the United States, and to obtain a cession of the lands in the vicinity of the Straits of St. Mary's, Prairie du Chien, Green Bay, and open the communication between the latter places. Another important object was to ascertain the extent of the mineral deposits in the vicinity of Lake Superior. It was also desirable to explain to the Indians the views of the government respecting their annual visits to Maiden, and to announce to them that these visits must be dis- continued ; to ascertain the state of the British fur trade within our jurisdiction ; and, above all, to " carry the flag of the United States into those remote regions where it had never been borne by any person in a public station." These were the principal reasons urged by General Cass for desiring the expedition to be set on foot. But the government decided that it would be inexpedient to obtain any further extin- guishment of the Indian title, except ten miles square at the Sault Ste. Marie, for military purposes, and of some islands, near Mackinaw, where beds of plaster had been found to exist. It will readily be perceived by the intelligent reader that differ- ent motives relative to the matter actuated the government and General Cass. The former only looked to the necessity for mili- tary defense, whilst the latter was filled with a desire to benefit the people of his Territory, and to secure its permanent advance- shipped on a vessel bound for the Shetland Islands. Leaving the vessel on the coast of Brazil, he traversed the southern and western coasts of South America, and the western coast of Central America, making him- self familiar with the Spanish and Portugese languages and visiting all important points between Valparaiso and San Francisco. In 1820, he crossed the Pacific to China, and returned by the way of the Cape of Good Hope to Itio Janeiro, from whence he sailed across the Atlantic to Cadiz, Spain. Leaving his ship here, he traveled across Spain by land and reshipped at Gibraltar, from whence he sailed to Bordeaux, France. Here he was detained a year by sickness, and upon his recovery he visited Italy, Turkey and the northern coast of Africa. Having now circumnavigated the globe, visited the four quarters of the earth, and made himself familiar with the French, Spanish, Portu- gese and Italian languages, so as to speak them fluently, he returned to PES. p moral condition, iowards the United the vicinity of the Bay, and open the Another important ral deposits in the le to explain to the f their annual visits visits must be dis- h fur trade within flag of the United I never been borne J General Cass for lut the government I any further extin- oiles square at the ■ some islands, near nd to exist, it reader that differ- be government and e necessity for mili- a desire to benefit permanent advance- 1. Leaving the vessel and western coasts of America, making him- [uages and visiting all icisco. turned by the way of ce he sailed across the i traveled across Spain le sailed to Bordeaux, and upon his recovery Africa. 1 tlie four quarters of rench, Spanish, Portu- uently, he returned to HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 423 ment and prosperity. The government, however, sanctioned the fitting out of the expedition for the purposes named, and ordered a topographical engineer, a mineralogist, and a physician, to jom it. It also provided it with an escort of soldiers, all to be under the guidance and direction of General Cass. ' The expedition was viewed at the time as the must important ever undertaken under the auspices of the government. It was to travel in birch canoes, which, combiniug lightness with strength, could be readily carried over portages, and bear considerable bur- dens when afloat. •, r^ a The names of the party were as follows: General Cass, and Robert A. Forsyth, his private secretary ; Henry R. Schoolcraft, mineralogist; Captain D. B. Douglass, topographer and astron- omer ; Dr. Alex. Wolcot, physician ; James D. Doty, official sec- retary, and Charles C. Trowbridge, assistant topographer. Lieut. Evans Mackey was commander of the escort, which consisted of ten United States soldiers. Besides these, there were ten Canadian voyageuTs, to manage the canoes, and ten Indians, to act as hunters. The latter were under the direction of James Riley and Joseph Parks, who were also to act as interpreters. On the twenty-fourth day of May the party left Detroit. The banks of the river were lined with people, who cheered the depart- ing expedition with the greatest enthusiasm. They passed up nine miles to Grosse Point, and landed, in consequence of a storm, New York city, at the age of twenty-three, und went into the boot and shoe business. , -r. . •* i,;„ Mr Scribner emigrated to Michigan in 1836, and made Detroit his home for some months, while he was visiting different parts of the State to decide upon a place for a permanent location. His choice fell upon Grand Rapids, and he removed there in the winter of 1836-7 and pre- emted a tract of land on the west side of the river. There being conflicting claims to the property, he spent several years in securing a perfect title. Succeeding in this, he platted it and placed it m the market. By almost giving away lots, he drew settlers to the west side of the river, and this tract of land is now an imp-rtant part of the city of Grand Rapids, and one of the principal aveuues bears Mr. Spencei 8 "^connection with Mr. E. Turner, he built the first bridge at Grand I ^^ammm summi^rii si*«f''*«if*-?' 424 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. and did not proceed further till mid-day of the twenty-sixth. On the sixth of June, they reached Michilimackinac, having coasted along the shore the whole distance, and been detained several days, in consequence of storms and rainy weather. When they reached this place, they were saluted from the fort by the firing of guns, and the inhabitants turned out en masse to bid them wel- come. They spent eight days on this island, recuperating, and when they took their departure, twenty-two soldiers, under the command of Lieutenant John S. Pierce, were added to the party. The expedition now numbered sixty-four persons. They left the island on the fourteenth of June, and reached the Sault Ste. Marie on the evening of the sixteenth, and encamped for the night on the bank of the river. This place was the seat of government of the Chippewas, and had been occupied as a military and trading post from an early period of the settlement of Canada. Under the treaty of Green- ville, made in 1795, a reservation was made, covering any gifts or grants of land in the Northwest Territory, which the Indians had formerly made to the French or English, and this reservation had been renewed and confirmed by subsequent treaties. The United States now claimed these concessions which had formerly been made to the French, and General Cass proposed to hold a council for settling the boundaries of the grant, and by that Rapida, at Bridge street (the piers of which are still standing and in use), on contract with the State for six thousand acres of land. In 1848, we find him associated with Mr. A. B. Turner, in the publication of the Grand River Eagle. His public spirit and personal enterprise identified him with many projects, some of which were eminently successful, and others were doomed to end in disappointment. One of the prominent enterprises in which he was a leading and oving spirit— the Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad— he did not live to see completed. Weary ith the mental labors of forwarding extensive projects, he spent the last few years of his life Id ordinary business. Mr. Scribner was a man of commanding presence, jolly, frank and social in his manner, and was known as a warm friend, but an uncom- promising epemy when he felt himself or friends injured. His death occurred on the 2d of October, 1863. ES. ;wenty-8ixth. On ac, having coasted I detained several ther. When they fort by the firing e to bid them wel- recuperating, and loldiers, under the ,dded to the party, ns. They left the id the Sault Ste. mped for the night le Chippewas, and )ost from an early le treaty of Green- covering any gifts svhich the Indians nd this reservation lent treaties. The hich had formerly proposed to hold 'rant, and by that standing and in use), f land. In 1848, we e publication of the Bed him with many ul, and others were minent enterprises in Grand Rapids and Ktensive projects, he less. ice, jolly, frank and •lend, but an uncom- ) injured. His death 4.2 *> H18TORY OP MICHIGAN. obtain an acknowl^ugn^ mt, and a renewal of the conces- Accordingly, the next day, the council assembled at the mar- quee of the Governor. The chiefs were arrayed in their grandest means sion HON. R. M'CLELLAND. ROBERT McClelland was born on the first day of August, 1807 at •GrerSstTe! Franklin county, Pennsylvania. Among his ancestors ^ereseveral ;fflcers of rank in the war of the revolution, and some of Z family connections also distinguished themselves m the war of 1813, and in that with Mexico. j-„j i,5a His father was an eminent physician and surgeon, who stud ed h profession under Dr. Benjamin Rush, of Philadelphia, and practiced it ^ith grea^ success until six months before his death, when he was eighty- four years of age. ,sfiigumis^sssmk- ijtAimmummmvUim-i- 426 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES. habiliments, and, b?»'des the usual profusion of feathers, they made a conspicuous display of the medals which they had from time to time received from the British government. They entered the marquee, seated themselves with all their native dignity, and opened the council with the ceremony of smoking the pipe of peace. This ceremony over, the object of the council was explained to them. They paid the strictest attention to the inter- preter's speech, but it was evident at once that it was not well received. Many of them replied, and expressed strong opposi- tion to the proposed reoccupancy. They at first pretended igno- rance of the former grants to the English and French ; but were soon pressed from that position by a recurrence to facts of which they could not pretend to be uninfr)rmed. The talk soon became desultory, and it was evident that they disagreed among them- selves. Some were willing to adjust the boundaries, providing no military garrison was to be established there. They suggested a fear that if it was so occupied, their young men might prove unruly, and kill the hogs and cattle that might stray from the gar- rison. This was construed by General Cass into a threat, and he Although the family of Mr. McClelland had been in good circum- stances, yet, at the age of seventeen, he was thrown upon his own resources, and had thereafter to rely upon them. After passing through the usual course of preliminary study, and teaching school to obtain the means, he entered Dickinson College, Car- lisle, Penusylvania, from which he graduated, among the first in his class, in the year 1829. He then recommenced his school teaching, and went through the usual course of law study and was admitted to the bar, at Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, in the year 1831. Soon afterwards, he removed to the city of Pittsburgh, where he vigorously prosecuted his profession for almost a year. His early success at the bar was such as is usual with young practitioners of fair promise. In the year 1833, Mr. McClelland removed to Monroe, in the Territory of Michigan, where, after passing through a very severe examination, such as a committee with Hon. A. D. Fraser, then in full practice, at its head, would be likely to give, he became a member of the bar of Michi- gan, and entered upon the practice here. The early years in the law profession furnish a " hard road to travel," but Mr. McClelland found it as easy, with prospects as bright, as the fortunate aspirants in the pro- fession usually find it. HISTORY OF MICHIGAK. 42T of feathers, they ch they had from ut. They entered ative dignity, and king the pipe of the council was ntion to the inter- t it was not well led strong opposi- t pretended igno- French ; but were to facts of which talk soon became reed among them- iries, providing no They suggested a men might prove itray from the gar- o a threat, and he en in good circum- own upon his own iminary study, and kinson College, Car- long the first in his school teaching, and was admitted to the 1. Soon afterwards, igorously prosecuted at the bar was such iroe, in the Territory severe examination, n full practice, at its of the bar of Michi- irly years in the law McClelland found it Eispirants in the pro- at once informed them, in a dignified tone and "-""^^'/^^j ^^; establishment of a garrison at that place was --ocably setUed and that, as sure as the sun set in the west, the Umted States would send a garrison to that place, whether the gran was renewed or not. This decisive language had its desired eifect, and It once brought matters to a crisis. High words now pas«ed between the Indians themselves. Shingabowassin the headch^ef of the band, a tall and stately chieftain, counseled moderation^ Shingwauk, ;ho had been on the war path in 1814, advocated L reme mLasures. The last who spoke was Sa.aba a tall mar- ial looking chief, wearing a British uniform, and said to hold the rank of brigadier-general in the British army. At the close of his spe ch he assumed a look of savage wildness, struck his war rnceTriously into the ground, -d, retaking it left the mar.^^^^^^ spurning the presents which had been laid before him. This brought the council to a summary close, and the Indians retired to their encampment, and the Americans to their tents. Is soon as the Indians reached their encampment, they raised the British flag, and. confident of th«r^nvinc^lity^i«g_to 'l^Tsa^c^ii^^.^ii^ir;^^ ^ constitution for the pro^ „,ost of the important litigations in that part of the country ^ He was appointed the first bank commissioner of the ^^''t^' ^^^ ^^/^^ norMlson, andwas offered the attorney-generalship, but declined both committees, speaker pro U>npore, and as a very active iCe of MiSgan L carried by the Whig party, under the popular !; o?'' Woodbridge and reform," against the Democratic party. 14 428 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATKI. I fi their superiority in numbers, they indulged in acts of the grossest insolence. Matters were now brought to a crisis, and a conflict seemed inevitable. Only one act could avert it and that act it required the sublimest courage to perform. But General Cass was equal to the emergency. He instantly ordered the expedition under arms, and, calling to his interpreter, he p.uceeded, unarmed and alone, to Sassaba's lodge. On reaching it, he indignantly tore down the British flag, trampled it under his feet, and, turning to Sassaba, told him that the hoisting of that insulting flag was an indignity which would never be tolerated on American soil. He then proceeded to say that the United States were the natural guardians and friends of the red man, and desired to act justly by them, and to promote their comfort and happiness ; that the flag was the emblem of national power, and that two national flags could not fly in friendship over the same territory ; and that the red man must not raise any but the American, and that, if they again did it, the United States government would set a strong foot upon their necks, and crush them to the earth. He then returned to his own quarters, taking the offending flag with him. At this time, Mr. McClelland stood among the acknowledged leaders of the latter party, was elected a member of the State House of Repre- sentatives, and, with others, adopted a plan to regain a lost authority and prestige. This party soon came again into power in the State, and Mr. McClelland being again returned to the State Legislature, his leader- ship was acknowledged by his election as speaker of the House of Repre- sentatives, in the year 1843. Down to this time, Michigan had constituted one congressional district. The late Hon. Jacob M. Howard had been elected to Congress against the Hon. Alpheus Felch, by a strong majority, but, in 1843, so thoroughly had the Democratic party recovered from its defeat of 1840, that Mr. McClelland, as candidate for Congress, carried Detroit district by about 2,500 majority. Mr. McClelland soon took a respectable stand in Congress among the oldest veterans of that body. During his first term, he was placed on the committee on commerce and originated what were known as the harbor bills, and carried them through. The continued confidence of his constituency was manifested in the fact, that he was reelected to the Twenty-ninth Congress by a strong majority. At the opening of this Congress, he had acquired a national I, acts of the grossest risis, and a conflict ; it and that act it lit General Cass was ered the expedition p.uceeded, unarmed ; it, he indignantly lis feet, and, turning it insulting flag was on American soil. ites were the natural sired to act justly by jiness ; that the flag t two national flags ritory ; and that the in, and that, if they »uld set a strong foot . He then returned with him. acknowledged leaders State House of Kepre- egain a lost authority lower in the State, and Legislature, his leader- of the House of Repre- I congressional district, to Congress against the in 1843, so thoroughly feat of 1840, that Mr. troit district by about in Congress among the jrui, he was placed on at were known as the was manifested in the Congress by a strong lad acquired a national BISTORT OF MICHIGAN. 439 This act of bravery had its desired eflect, and the Indians were completely overawed. They respect courage, in friend or foe. Expecting so decisive an act to be followed by an instant attack, the Indians at once cleared their camp of women and children, and prepared for battle. The expedition also looked for a con- flict and held themselves in readiness, expecting every moment to hear the wild war-whoop. But moderate counsels prevailed among the Indians; and, before the day passed, a better feeling existed among them, and Shingabowassin renewed negotiations Before nightfall a treaty was signed, ceding four miles square, and reserving the perpetual right to fish at the rapids of the river. This treaty was signed by all the chiefs save Sassaba, the warlike chieftain whose violent conduct so nearly brought on a conflict. The next day, the seventeenth of June, the expedition resumed its iourney,and launched their canoes upon the waters of Lake Superior. On the twenty-first they reached the Pictured Rocks, which consist of a series of lofty bluffs, extending along the south- ern shore of the lake for several miles, and presenting some of the most curious, sublime, and commanding views in nature. On the Ws name ;as mentioned for speaker of the House of Representatives. H d'Tned, however, in favor of Hon. John .W. Davis, of Indiana, who was elected In this term, he was placed at the head of the commiUee rcommerce, in which position his reports and advocacy of important mel'es at onee attracted public attention. The members of tins com^ ZZ as an evidence of the esteem in which they held his services, and "personal regard for him. presented him with a beautiful cane, which he now retains as a s^.nir of the donors and of his labors in Congress So strong was the favor in which he was held by his constituency, that at the election of 1847, he was reelected for a third term to Congress not- withstanding the two term principle had then become one of the standing ^Jes of party discipline. At the opening of the Tl-teenth Congress, he was placed on the committee on foreign relations by the Hon. Mn Winthrop, Whig speaker of the House of Representatives. He continued to iustify the confidence which was thus reposed in him, while he remained a member of Congress. As a member of the committee on foreign relations, what was known as the French spoliation bill came under his special charge, and his management of the same was such as to command universal approbation. H 430 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. evening of this day they came across a band of Chippewas, and were welcomed to their lodges. The Indians proved *o be friendly and hospitable, and entertained the expedition with songs and dancing. On the twenty-fifth of June they left Lake Superior, ascended Portage river, and returned home by way of Lake Mich- igan, after having traveled over four thousand miles. The resulta of this expedition were, a more thorough knowledge of a vast region hitherto almost unknown in itrf important charac- teristics ; a fund of valuable knowledge respecting the numbers and disposition of various tribes of Indians ; several important Indian treaties, by which valuable lands were ceded to the United States ; a more accurate topography of the vast region watered by the great lakes ; a knowledge of the operations of the North- west Fur Company, and the selection of sites for a line of military posts. In the meantime, as before mentioned, public lands had been brought into market, and sold, in most instances, to actual settlers. The sales of this and the subsequent year gave a new impetus to the rising destinies of the Territory. As yet, however, the While in Congress, Mr. McClelland was an advocate of tlie right of petition, as maintained by the distinguished John Q. Adams, when the peti- tion was couched in decorous language, and presented in a proper manner. This, he regarded as a constitutional right of the citizen, which should not be impaired by any doctrines of temporary expe- diency. He also voted for the reception of Mr. Giddings' bill for the abolition of slavery in the district of Columbia. Mr. McClelland was one of the few Democratic associates, about eighteen in number, of David Wilmot, of Pennsylvania, in bringing for- ward for adoption by Congress and the country the celebrated " Wilmot Proviso," with a view to prevent the further extension of slavery in new territory, which might be acquired by the United States. He and Mr. Wilmot messed together at the time in Washington, and were on intimate and confidential terms. He was in several national conventions, and in the Baltimore conven- tion which nominated General Cass for the presidency in 1848, and did valiant service in that year in favor of the election of that distinguished statesman to the high position for which he had been selected. On leaving Congress, in 1849, Mr. McClelland returned to his practice in Monroe. In 1850, a convention of the State of Michigan was called ***» 4- ■v*i*!irVl*tl«#««.<**«»« »* 3TATES. nd of Chippewas, and i proved to be friendly iition with songs and ly left Lake Superior, 9y way of Lake Mich- ad miles. e thorough knowledge I its important charac- ispecting the numbers ns; several important re ceded to the United e vast region watered lerations of the North- 3 for a line of military public lands had been nces, to actual settlers. : gave a new impetus As yet, however, the idvocate of tlie right of Q. Adams, when the peti- I presented in a proper al right of the citizen, ines of temporary expe- Ir. Giddings' bill for the )cratic associates, about sylvania, in bringing for- the celebrated " Wilmot tension of slavery in new ited States. He and Mr. ton, and were on intimate in the Baltimore conven- esidency in 1848, and did tion of that distinguished I been selected. I returned to his practice e of Michigan was called HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 481 great want of the people was roads, and but few had been con- structed What few there were in existence were in a miserable condition, and almost impassable for the traveler. Congress was appealed to, and responded in a liberal manner. Bills were passed and appropriations made for opening the road between Detroit and the Miami river, for the construction of a road from Detroit to Chicago, a road from Detroit to Fort Gratiot, and for the improvement of I^a Ploisance bay. The system of surveys of the public domain was carried mto the Territory. Two straight lines were drawn through the center of the Territory-east and west, north and south. The north and south line was called the principal meridian, and the line east and west was called the base line. The Territory was then divided into townships, six miles square, and the townships were subdi- vided into sections, a mile square. These townships were then numbered, increasing from the meridian and base lines. By this means mathematical accuracy was obtained in the surveys, and the system of marking divisions and subdivisions furnished unmis- takable evidence of the true boundaries of each tract surveyed. to revise the State Constitution. He was elected a member, and was regarded therein as among the ablest and most experienced leaders. His clear judgment and wise moderation were conspicuous, both in the com- mittee room and on the floor in debate. Mr. McC Hand was an advocate of the great compromise measures of Mr Clay, and, while a member of the constitutional convention, in 1850, attended a large meeting of the friends of those measures at the State capitol, where he was active in giving form to a series of resolutions, which were adopted in favor of the so called compromise measures. In the fall of 1850, he was a member and president of a Democratic State convention, which, with his cordial approval, also adopted resolu- tions in support of tfu compromise mewnires. But the anti-slavery agita- tion was too strong to be arrested by any such means. It finally took four years of civil war and desolation, to settle the slavery question in the United States. He was in the Democratic national convention of 1852. In that year, he in company with General Cass and Gover-or Felch, made a thorough canvass of the State. The pending political issues were thoroughly discussed, and he continued a strong advocate of the Clay compromise measures. He took an active part generally in the canvass which •k 432 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. r I Ir. 1321 there was still a tract lying south of Grand Riyer that had not heen added to the United States, and it became r.ecessary once more for Governor Cass to negotiate with the Indians. Accordingly, in the summer of that year, he embarked in a birch canoe for another long journey over stream and portage. The route selected, it is needless to say, was different from the one that is usually traveled to-day. The place he desired to reach was Chicago, and the route was as follows: Leaving Detroit, he descended to the mouth of the Maumee river. He ascended that river and crossed the intervening country to the Wabash, and, descending that stream to the Ohio, proceeded down the Ohio to the Mississippi river; ascended that river to the Illinois, and thence by that river to Chicago. It was a long, lonely and cir- cuitous voyage, and is mentioned for tbc purpose of reminding the reader of the difficulties and hardships encountered by our early pioneers, and to show what charges a half a century has wrought. The American commissioners were General Cass and Judge Sibley, of Detroit. Here an incident occurred which illustrates in a striking manner one of the peculiar phases of Indian charac- resulted in the election of General Pierce to the presidency over General Bcott. In 1851, the new State convention took effect, and it was necessary that a governor should be elected for the short term of one year, in order to prevent an intcrregmnii, and to bring the State government under the new constitution into operation in harmony with the old one. Mr. McClelland was elected as (iovernor, and then, in the fall of 1852, he was reelected for the term of two years from the first of January, 1853. His administration as Governor was regarded as wise, prudent and concilia- tory, and it was as popular as could be expected at a time when party spirit ran high. There was really no opposition to it, and when he resigned, in March, 1853, the State treasury was full to overflowing, and the State was otherwise prosperous. So thoroughly and favorably had Mr. McClelland become known as a national statesman, that on the organization of the Cabinet by President Pierce, in March, 1853, he was invited to take the position of Secretary of the Interior, a place which he filled during four years of the Pierce administration most creditably. He carried into the Cabinet his genial temperament and his conciliatory ES. Grand Rirer that became r.ecessary /ith the Indians, ibarked in a birch nd portage. The from the one that ired to reach was ,ving Detroit, he He ascended that the Wabash, and, lown the Ohio to the Illinois, and ag, lonely and cir- 30se of reminding icountered by our alf a century has Cass and Judge 1 which illustrates of Indian charac- lidency over General nd it was necessary of one year, in order )vernment under the the old one. Mr. e fall of 1852, he was January, 1853. His rudent and concilia- t a time when party to it, and when he I to overflowing, and I become known as a Cabinet by President position of Secretary • years of the Pierce it and his conciliatory HISTORY OF MIOHIQAK. ter As a preliminary step to the negotiations, the commissioners ordered that no spirits should be given to the Indians, and informed them that "the bungs were driven into the barrels ThU was a serious matter in the eyes of these thirsty sons of the forest, and forthwith a deputation of chiefs waiuu upon the com- missioners to remonstrate. At the head of the deputation was an aged chieftain, on whose head the frost, of nearly a hundred win- ters had .ested, but who was still, as will be seen, in the full pos- session of his mental faculties, and physically well i.reserved. The commissioners urged every argument to convince him ot the propriety of the course they had adopted, but all to no purpose. "Father," said the hoary-headed chief, when he was urged to remain sober and make a good bargain for his people, " Father, we do not care for the land, nor the money, nor the goods. AVhat we want is whisky. Give us whisky." But the commissioners were inexorable, and the Indians were forced to content them- selves A treaty was finally entered into by which nearly all the country within the bounds of Michigan, south of Grand river, and not before ceded, was granted to the United States. Soon after the return of the commis sioners to Detroit, Gover- '^l "He'uioroughly reorganized his department, reduced the expen- ditures, adopted a course with the Indians which relieved thorn from the impositions and annoyances of the traders, produced harmony and extended civilization among them, aad during his administration there were no complaints by, and no outbreaks in the different tribes; there was no corruption among agents, and none in any of the bureaus. No parti- Ban distinctions were made among the clerks, and merit alone was regarded in making promotions. No censure or complaint was made from partisan or other sources. His intercourse with all was courteous and indulgent, and when he left the department it had been brought into perfect order and system. He had otherwise performed its duties to the entire satisfaction of the President and hi. fellow-members of the Cabinet, as well as to the public at large. In 1867, Michigan again called a convention to revise the State Consti- tution Mr. McClelland was a member, and here again his long and tried experience made him conspicuous as a prudent adviser, and as a sagacious parliamentary leader. As a lawyer, he was terse and pointed in the argument of law ques- tions, and clear, candid and forcible in his addresses to juries. His great 28 41 i-'i ( .i.^^h»-?il(-;.e»t-.T' 434 OENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATKH nor CasB was called upon to exorcise the pardoning power in two cases of murder. The novelty of the cases impels a mention of them in this volume. Two Indians, named respectively Ketawka and Kewal)i8kim, had been tried by the Supreme Court of the Territory, and found guilty— one for the murder of Dr. Madison, of the United States Army, and the other of the mur- der of a trader at Green Bay. An application was made to the Governor to pardon them. The attitude of our relations with the Indians at the time rendered the decision of the question some- what embarrassing. Besides, it was well known to the Governor that the British, who were seeking every opportunity to foment quarrels between the Indians and our people, would take advan- tage of the execution of the murderers, and endeavor to excite the savages to fresh atrocities against the peaceful settlers of the Territory. Another consideration which had some weight in the mind of the Governor was that higher or more certain evidence of malice aforethought should be reciuired in the case of a savage. Some time elapsed before the decision was made, but finally the conclusion was arrived at that the evidence was too clear to allow of executive interference, and the law was allowed to take its course. sincerity and earnestness, with v'aich lie occasionally intermixed a pleas- ant humor and a light playfulness, showing his complete mastery of his subject, were sure to carry most doubtful coses in his favor. In his political addresses before the people, he was especially forcible and happy. The arrangement of his argument was natural, and, going directly to the strong points in his favor, and to the weak points of his adversary, he could carry his audience with him on most occasions. In private party consultations, he was always regarded as a prudent and safe adviser, urging'an avoidance of all extremes, and the pursuit of the golden mean, as the surest way to success. In tlie year 1870, being in private life, he made the tour of Europe, which, through his extensive learning, and his personal acquaintance with many of the Europeu^ diplomats, he was well calculated to relish and enjoy as few tourists are enabled to do. Mr. McClelland is a genial companion, a good neigbboi an earnest friend, and his great experience and extended knowledge ot men and public officers enables him to observe with deep interest the great pano- rama of public events, and enjoy all the attractions of private life. .oning power in two )» impels a mention namod respectively J the Hupreme Court r the inunler of Dr. le other of the niur- ion was made to the VAX relations with the if the question soine- lown to the Governor pportunity to foment le, would take advan- d endeavor to excite laceful settlers of the i some weight in the iiore certain evidence I the case of a savage. made, hut finally the was too clear to allow 3 allowed to take its nally intermixed a pleas- complete mastery of his n liis favor, e was especially forcible was natural, and, going ) tlie weak points of his on most occasions. s regarded as a prudent ernes, and the pursuit of ade the tour of Europe, is personal acquaintance well calculated to relish )od neigbboi an earnest I Itnowledge ot men and ) interest tlie great pano- ons of private life. HISTORY OF MICHIOAW. 435 Decemher twenty-fifth, 1821, wa.s the day fixed for the execution of the prisoners. They met their fate with the stoi.al in.lilKTen.e which it is the pride of the Indian to exhil)it when his tal»- is seale.1. and resi..t.ince out of the .lue.tion. After their own cus- toms, they prepared to meet their fate. They lai.l aside, an an offering to the Great Spirit, all the tohaeco, pipes, and such other articles as they were possessed of. They drew a piece of leather over their drinking vessel, thus forming a kind of drum, around whi.'h, after painting their faces hlack, they danccsd their death dance and sang their death song. They drew up.,n the prison wrtlls, in red paint, rude figures of men, beasts and reptiles. Gn their blankets they painted a representation of the execution of an Indian by hanging. Tlie gallows was erecte.l in plain view ot their prison window, and they were informed that it was for their execution. But the sight excited no expression of dread or lear of death. They had resolved to die, as their fathers had died, heroically, and with no exhibition of emotion or weakness. When the day of execution arrived they were as stoical as ever, and ascended the platform with the utmost firmness and composure. When the fatal moment arrived, they shook hands with their counsel and others who stood near, and asked pardon of the peo- ple for the crime they had committed. Then, shaking hands with each other, the black caps were drawn over their faces, and, hand- in-hand, they passed over to the hap; y hunting grounds. The following year it became necessary, so rapid was the settle- ment of the country going forward, to create six new counties. These extended from the head of Lake Erie, parallel with the Detroit river and Lake St. Clair, towards Saginaw Bay. The counties thus laid out were Lapeer, Sanilac, Saginaw, Shiawassee, Washtenaw and Lenawee. Public travel also began to increase, and for the first time in the Territory a stage line was established. This line of stages ran from Detroit to the county seat of Macomb county, connecting with the steamer Walk-in-the-Water. In 1823, Congress passed an act changing the form of the Terri- torial government. This act abrogated the legislative power of the Governor and Judges, and established a Legislative Council, to consist of nine members. These members were to be appointed t^MgrnttmsiMmai'^' 436 GENERAL HISTOBY OF THE STATES. ^^ by the President of the United States, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, out of eighteen candidates elected by the people of the Territory. This council and the Governor of the Territory were invested with the same powers which had been before granted by the ordinance of 1787 to the Governor, Legis- lative Council and House of Representatives of the Northwestern Territory. By this law the term of a judicial office was limited to four years, and eligibility to office required the same qualifications as the right of suffrage. This act met the cordial approbation of the people of the Ter- ritory. They were now invested with a more compact and ener- getic government. An interest was awakened in the minds of the people in the affairs of their government, and they began to experience that sensation of citizenship which underlies the growth and prosperity of all civilized communities. The first Legislative Council convened under this act met for the first time at the council house at Detroit, on the seventh day of June, 1824. Governor Cass then delivered his message, briefly reviewing the progress of the Territory since his administration commenced, and marking out what he considered the proper line of policy in its existing condition. Amongst other matters to which the Governor called the attention of the council was that of schools and education— a subject not so much discussed or gener- ally appreciated as since. In the course of this year Governor Cass called the attention of the general government to the mineral resources of the Lake Superior country, and askgd that steps might be taken to procure from the Indians the privilege of explormg and mining in that country. In compliance with this recommendation, the Senate passed a bill conferring authority on the President to appoint a commissioner to treat with the Indians for this purpose. The House, however, refused to concur ; but at the next session of Congress the bill passed both Houses. This was the first legisla- tion which led to the commencement of mining operations on Lake Superior. In November, 1826, the council again convened. During that session they were called upon to consider a question which, sev- B»«Wj^e»«M*l«KlW«?W*W*«»*****'=!«'^^ i^'.-i*^^**'.* i„M&>.=«»fcMj:.---- 'E8. ith the advice and tes electP.l by the e Governor of the i which had been i Governor, Legis- ' the Northwestern ffice was limited to same qualifications people of the Ter- compact and ener- in the minds of the md they began to uderlies the growth this act met for the the seventh day of his message, briefly 1 his administration red the proper line st othor matters to i council was that of discussed or gener- lled the attention of )urces of the Lake be taken to procure and mining in that ndation, the Senate •esident to appoint a this purpose. The the next session of was, the first legisla- lining operations on vened. During that question which, sev- HI8T0RY OF MICHIGAN. 437 eral years after, threatened to embroil the Territory in an armed conflict with the State of Ohio. This was in reference to the dividing line between Michigan and the contiguous States of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. A discussion of this question, Is, however, more properly reserved for a future chapter. M. V. BORGMAN. Martin V. Borgman, who has efficiently discharged the duties of superintendent of the metropolitan police department of Detroit since 1860, was born in Minster, Ohio, in 1838. At the age of twenty he visited Michigan, and in 1861 he was among the first citizens of Detroit who volunteered to serve the State n the Union army to suppress the rebellion. He entered as a pnva»e, and three years later returned with the honors of first lieutenant. Soo.i after his return he was appointed by the board of police commissioners to the position of captain of the Detroit police force, an appropriate recognition .X' t 438 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES. ■.A Mi; In the meantime, a change had been made in the manner of selecting the minor officers of the Territory. All the county officers, save those of a judicial character, were made elective by the people, and all executive appointments were required to be approved by the Legislative Council. An act was also passed empowering the Governor and council to divide the Itr'-itory into townships, to incorporate the same, and to define their rights and privileges. The country was now rapidly increasing in wealth and popula- tion. A new impetus had been given to the growth of the whole Northwest, by the opening, in 1825, of the Erie canal from the Hudson river to Buffalo. The eflfect of the completion of this mag- nificent enterprise was to cheapen transportation, and give to the West the foreign merchandise of which it stood in need, at a greatly reduced price. At the same time it had the effect of enhancing the price of the agricultural products of the West in a still greater proportion. Consequently, lands increased in value, and new facilities and new motives were offered for settlement. The Walk-in-the- Water was now found too slow and of insuffi- cient capacity to accommodate the travelers and their goods over the rough waters of the lakes. To accommodate this increase, the Henry Clay, and other steam vessels, were built. To meet the increasing demand for land, new surveys were made, and large tracts of land thrown up^u the market. Capital began to flow in and seek investment in the fertile acres which were thrown open for settlement. Improvements, local and gener*-.!, were made; the small settlements began ^o swell into villages ; public edifices and private mansions were projected and built ; the echo of the of his services in the war. Subsequently, Superintenrlent Drake tendered his resignation, which was accepted by the board, and thus devolved upon Captain Bergman the functions of that official station, in addition to the duties of his own office. His deportment under these trying cir- cumstances was highlj' commendable, and secured liis promotion to the high station of superintendent soon after Mr. Drake's resignation, In 1806. Since that time Mr. Borgman has continued in the same responsible office, and enjoys to-day the entire support of the police board, with the confidence and esteem of the whole public. i*fa n I m"sL "jf i wn t immKI»m !f i .\' vMi» iw/iwaat,v'^^«.6<ws6;aiw?iwrtfi'i.i.-.ja^^w/4R»^^^>a.i;jc^y)sraty^L.Trt»-j-t'-'' HISTORY OP JIICHIGAN. 489 1 the manner of All the county nade elective by ! required to be was also passed he Itr'-itory into their rights and ilth and popula- vth of the whole canal from the jtion of this mag- and give to the od in need, at a lad the effect of of the West in a ireased in value, i for settlement. V and of insuffi- their goods over this increase, the t. To meet the made, and large began to flow in vere thrown open er<'.!, were made; s ; public edifices ; the echo of the ent Drake tendered [vnd thus devolved station, in addition ;r these trying cir- s promotion to the esignation, in 1806. e same responsible ce board, with the woods was supplanted by the busy hum of commerce; and rich fieWs of golden grain, and other products of agricultural mdustry were to be seen on every hand, and were harvested and s^iipped to the sea-board. Michigan now began to be considered che asy- lum and the retreat for all who would better their fortunes by industry. It ^os. indeed, a country where honest -d-try was sure to be rewarded by a competence, and eventual wealth. The hardy pioneers scattered all over the country ; the stroke of the woodman's axe made the ancient woods resound, and the smoke of their cabins everywhere ascended from the depths of the fore^ The lakes and rivers presented a no 1- ^-y/^^^^" ^^ ^^^^ wings of commerce were spread upon their waters and the black lofe of mighty steamers, like a portentous cloud, stretch d along the horizon. The reign of nature in these mighty forests had ended— the reign of man had begun. Inte meantime,'in order to meet the claims of the increasing population of .he Territory, new privileges of a political charac^ ter had been granted them. The Legislative Council was increased to thirteen members, to be chosen by the President from twenty- sL selected as candidates by the people. This change was mad n 1825. In 1827 an act was passed authorizing the electors to choose their representatives directly, without the further sanction of ^Ir the President or Congress. The power of enacting laws was given to the council, subject, however, to the approval of TngL, and the veto of the Governor of the Temto^^^ J^^^ this footing the government of the Territory remained until the organization of the State government. The prosperity of the Territory continued to mcrease from this time forward ; and it is but simple justice to say that to the wise and beneficent administration of Governor Cass tWs unexampled growth is to be, in a great measure, attributed. It would be un i however, to omit the just praise to w ich ^- J--^^ are entitled. William Woodbridge, particularly, who was the Secretary of the Territory during the administration of Governor Crand acting governor during the absence of the chief execu- uTe'irentit J^ gre.t credit for the ability and un.nngz^a^ with which he perfom..a the arduous duties of his office. He wa. 440 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES). also the Territorial delegate to Congress during a portion of the time, and ably represented his constituency in that body. He was a man of great culture and refinement, and strictly honorable and conscientious in his official and private life. He retired from the office of Secretary of the Territory in 1828, when he was suc- ceeded by James Witherell, who held the office two years, and was succeeded by the appointment of General John T. Mason of Kentucky. In 1831, Governor Cass was appointed Secretary of War in the Cabinet of President Jackson, and he thereupon retired from the office of Governor of Michigan, having served in that capacity for the period of eighteen years. He had been appointed six times, running through the presidency of Madison, Monroe, and John Quincy Adams — without a single representation against him from the people in all that time, or a single vote against him in the Senate. He had, in the meantime, faithfully dis- charged his duties as Indian Commissioner, and had concluded nineteen treaties with the Indians, and acquired large cessions in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin and Michigan. The people of the Territory fully appreciated his worth at the time, as was more than once manifested in after years. »<SK..LJliaulill!«IK!M19IUSIMUMaa><U»m»«W«»S=«>l«^ rEE(: g a portion of the n that body. He I strictly honorable He retired from 1, when he waa suc- ce two years, and I John T. Mason ;ary of War in the Q retired from the i in that capacity )een appointed six iison, Monroe, and 'esentation against ingle vote against nae, faithfully dis- M had concluded d large cessions in igan. The people b the time, as was CHAPTER XXX. The Administration of GovEimon Pobter-Thk Black Hawk War -Construction of Roads-Tiie First Railroad Company Organ- izED-B^NKS Chartered-Common Schools Organized-Change IN THE Method of Disposing of Public Lands-Death of Gov- ERNOu Porter. Upon the elevation of General Cass to a seat in the cabinet of President Jackson, and his consequent resignation of the office ot Governor of the Territory of Michigan, General George B. Por- ter, of Pennsylvania, was appointed governor. This occurred m July A D. 1831, and Governor Porter entered upon the dis- charge of the duties of his office on the twenty-second of the fol- lowing September. The population of the Territory at that time amounted to about thirty-five thousand. The administration of Governor Porter presents but few points that possess attractions for the pen of the historian. It wa^ a time of almost profound peace. The terrible wars which had devastated the country in former years were over. The Territory was on the high road to prosperity and atfluence. The arts ot peace alone were cultivated. It is at s ich times that States grow to greatness, such as wealth and popuiatiou can give; but i is the tale o^. Hardships, struggles, bloodshed and rapine that fills the pages of a nation's history. Fortunately lor Michigan the long struggle for the mastery of her soil wa« now practically ended, ai^d the attention of her people and her rulers was directed to the promotion of her material advancement and the development of her resources. The only war cloud that appea,-ed abi. ;. the hori- zon during the administration of Governor Porter wa« what is known as the Black Hawk war; but this was confined, in its effects on Michigan, more to tha'. part of the Territory now con- stituting the State of Wisconsin, than to the peninsula. Gover- :\^ ill s ifci>>ica*j<i ^ w> fj t. M t. '!*i^^ rl- >*<.'*»"■»*->' iiiwit0-i*,ife> .;,^j^tjaj«»(fliris"*ae«*«ip»-' =r 442 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES. k % nor Porter, however, cooperated with the executives of the States of Missouri, Illinois and Indiana, and furnished militia from the western part of the Territory to aid in punishing the savages. The campaign was short and decisive, and ended in the unquali- fied submission of the hostile party, and in the adoption of meas- ures for the permanent security of the frontier. Treaties of cession were formed with the Winnebagoes, and the Sacs and Foxes, by which the Indian title was extinguished to all the coun- try south of the Ouisconsin and east of the Mississippi, and to an extensive region west of thj»t river. During Governor Portei's administration, Wisconsin, which had before been annexed to Michigan, was erected into a separate Territory. In the meantime the commerce on Lake Erie was rapidly increasing. Many new townships were organized, and roads were constructed into the interior. In looking over the records of that time, it is found that in the year 1832 alone there were roads constructed, or authorized by the Territorial council as follows : From Point f^u Chene to the Fort Gratiot turnpike, from Battle Creek to the mouth of the Kalamazoo river, from a point on the Chicago road to the county seat of Calhoun county, from Pontiac to Ann Arbor, from Southfield to Detroit, from Koch'ester to Lapeer, from Pontiac to Adrian, from Vistula to Indiana, from Branch county to the mouth of the St. Joseph's river, from Ten Eyoks to the principal meridian, from Ecorse to the Chicago road, from Jacksonburgh to the mouth of the St. Jose))); s river, and from Monguagon to St. Joseph's. In conse- queuce of these improvements, t.io country became better known, a spirit of speculation became awaken jd, and, in addition to the actual settlers, there were hundreds of speculators traversing the woods in search of eligible lands, which they purchased and held for an increase in value. The same year the Legislative Council passed an act lO .jroviiie for the establishment and regulation of common schools. An act was ,.^"o passed incorporating "The Lake Michigan Steamboat Company," with a capital of forty thousand dollars. The names of the corporators were, James Abbott, Oliver Newberry, Benjamin F. Larned, B. Kercheval, John Palmer, and Reynold Gillett. The Legislative Council of I u Avmuav^^ ^!gggEgtiHftWBgiiftf^ctJ-^a N^l»^WSW3a^M^€V<iKP»«;^^s«;al99»»«^-..^.v-.4(n HIBTORY OP MICHIGAN. 448 i of the States ilitia from the g the savaged, n the uuquali- ption of meas- r. Treaties of the Sacs and to all the coun- ippi, aud to an 8consiu, which into a separate jake Erie was organized, and king over the 32 alone there ritorial council atiot turnpike, ) river, from a alhoun county, I Detroit, from rom Vistula to le St. Joseph's Tom Ecorse to ith of the St. h's. In conse- better known, iddition to the traversing the lased and held ;slative Council 1 regulation of aorating " The ipital of forty rs were, James B. Kercheval, tive Council of that year is also entitled to the credit of having passed the first act of incorporation under which a railroad company was organ- ized in Michigan. This was the act incorporating the Detroit and St Joseph Railroad Company. The names of the commissioners jfewtansaieigJa^^'-. -i^-^- JOHN P.ALLISON. ' John P. Allison, a prominent business man of East Saginaw, wa« born ill the town of Haverstraw, Rockland county, in the State of JNew Yorlj, April 15, 1817. At an early age, he removed to New York city, and from there emi- grated to Michigan, in June, 1854, taking up his residence in East Saginaw, then but a small village. Tn his journey from New York, Mr. Allison traveled by railroad and boat to Detroit, and found the accom- modations for travelers in those days far different from what they are at 444 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES. »■■ were John Biddle, John R. Williams, Charles Lamed, E. P. Hastings, Oliver Newberry, De Garmo James, James Abbott, John Gilbert, Abel Millington, Job Gorton, John A.llen, Anson Brown, Samuel W. Dexter, W. E. Perrine, William A. Thomp- son, Isaac Crary, O. W. Golden, Caleb Eldred, Cyrus Lovell, Cal- vin Brittain, and Talman Wheeler. The State reserved the right to purchase the road at its original cost and fourteen per cent interest. The act also contained the following provision : " Said corporation, hereby created, shall have power to con- struct a single or double railroad, from the city of Detroit to the mouth of the St. Joseph river, commencing at Detroit, and pass- ing through, or as near as practicable to the village of Ypsilanti and the county seats of Washtenaw, Jackson, Calhoun, and Kala- mazoo, with power to transport, take and carry property and per- sons upon the same, by the power and force of steam, of animals, or of any mechanical, or other power, or of any combination of them." It also provided that the road should be completed within thirty yeai-s. As this road was the one now known as the Michigan Central Railroad, it is needless to add that the latter condition was complied with. The same council also passed an act incor- porating the "Bank of the River Raisin," with a branch at Pon- present. From Detroit lie went to Pontiac by rail, and from there he traversed the remainder of his journey to East Saginaw by the old fashioned stage-coach. Arriving at East Saginaw, he soon afterwards became engaged in the manufacture of lumber (an occupation that pretty much everybody in that region was interested in at that time), and has since built up a vast and lucrative trade in that commodity. Mr. Allison was also an early adventurer in the saline experiments of the Saginavvs, and was the second person to produce a good article of mercliant salt. He likewise enjoys the reputation of being one of the pioneer farmers of the Saginaw valley, having, at an early day, cleared up and placed under good cultivation a large farm near the city of East Saginaw, upon which he now resides. Mr. Allison's character is such as to command the respect and esteem of his fellow-citizens, and his industry, enterprise and integrity are well worthy of emulation by the young men of the country, who by their own exertions expect to attain positions of honor and trust. 8 Lamed, E. P. ), James Abbott, hn A.llen, Anson lliam A. Thomp- iyrus Lovell, Cal- eserved the right )urteen per cent •ovision : e power to con- of Detroit to the Detroit, and pass- lage of Ypsilanti Ihoun, and Kala- property and per- :eani, of animals, y combination of 3ted within thirty as the Michigan latter condition ed an act incor- i branch at Pon- and from there he ginaw by the old no engaged in the luch everybody in ice built up a vast ine experiments of a good article of : being one of the early day, cleared IT the city of East •espect and esteem integrity are well itry, who by their :rust. HISTORY OF MIOHIOAN. 445 tiac This was the third bank establbhed in the Territory. Pre- vious to this the Bank of Michigan (1817), with a branch at Bron- son, had been incorporated, and also, in 1829. the Farmers and Mechanics' Bank of Michigan, with a branch at St. Josephs. COUNTRY RESIDENCE OF W. W. BACKUS. The above engraving represents the country residence of Mr. W. Wood- bridge Backus, grandson of the late William Woodbridge. It is situated at Grosse Point, about eight miles above Detroit, and commands an exten- sive view of the beautiful Lake St. Clair, the great highway of the nation's commerce. Grosse Point is rapidly becoming the favorite locality for the summer residences of the wealthy citizens of the metrop- olis In salubrity of climate, beauty of scciieiy, proximity to the city of Detroit, and all that goes to make a desirable country-seat, it already stands without a rival. . u- i The earliest settlers were French, many of whom were men of high social and political standing in la belle France, but who emigrated to this country to seek a home free from the terrible political strifes which con- ^4; ,j,^U. 446 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. i'4 i h t i^: k The same council authorized a vote of the inhabitants to bo taken on the question of organizing a State govervirnent, and ask- ing admission into the Union. A vote was acconliv^'iy taken on the first Tuesday of October of that year, which resulted in a pmall majority in favor of the measure. But the vote was exceed- ingly light, and u (juestion arose as to whether it really represented the sentiments of the majority of the people, or not. Governor Porter, in his message, recommended that, in view (if the facts, another vote should be taken ; but he was overruled by the coun- cil, and a memorial was sent to Congress, setting forth the facts, and praying for action by that body. It does not appear, however, that the petition was considered, as it was not till two years after- wards that serious measures were taken to secure a State organiza- tion. vulsed their native land. Tliey readily appreciated aud seized upon this lovely spot, and made it their homo. The descendants of one or two families retain to this day the original letters patent granted by the unfortunate liOuis XV. Grosse Point is rich in historical incident. It was the place most resorted to by the numerous tribes of Indians as their place of meeting to make. their treaties with each other and smoke the pipe of peace. It was there that the fierce and warlike tribes, the Sacs and the Foxes, fought their last and most sanguinary battle, a battle which resulted in the extermination of the first mentioned tiibe. The little ere. k on whose banks this battle was fought took its name from the victors, a name which it still retains. Near this place is Presque Isle, where tlie lighthouse now stands. That locality was held by the Indians in sacred veneration, from the fact of its being the burial place for the numerous tribes inhabiting this portion of the lower peninsula. It was also the rallying point for Pontiac and his confederated tribes during the terrible war which he waged against Detroit. Around Mr. Backus' residence are many of the oldest landmarks, mak- ing the place truly historical. In the front garden, as will be seen by the engraving, are numerous apple and pear trees, ranging from one hundred and fifty to two hundred 3'cars old. With the hammock stretched beneath the branches of tl'.ese venerable old trees, and the breeze from Lake St. Clair gently fanning the whole neighborliood, there is no more healthy or delightful spot in Michigan. Mr. Backus resides in this beau- tiful home during the summer months, and when the chilly winds of autumn render the place too cold for comfort he retreats to his city resi- dence, on Fort street west. "ES. nhabitante to bo eraincnt, and ask- oriliv'^'ly taken on ich resulted in a e vote was exceed- really represented >r not. Governor iriew (if the facts, uled by the coun- ng forth the facts, t appear, however, ill two years after- ! a State organiza- ud seized upon this ivnts of one or two 3nt granted by the orical incident. It ) of Indians as tlieir llier and smolce the lilce tribes, the Sacs ary battle, a battle ntioned tribe. The k its name from the ace is Presque Isle, held by the Indians burial place for the peninsula. It was 2d tribes during the ist landmarks, mak- i will be seen by the 5 from one hundred lammock stretched id the breeze from d, there is no more resides in this beau- the chilly winds of •eats to his city resi- HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 447 About this time a change was made in the manner of disposing of the public lauds, which was of great beuetit to the settlers ui the West. Previous to the year 1820, the price of government land wa« two dollars an acre. One-fourth of this was to be paid down at the time of purchase, :M the remainder in three annual installments. The land was subject to forfeiture if these payment, were not promptly met. A discount was allowed, however, of eight per cent, if the whole amount was paid in u.lvance. Ib's system was found to be productive of serious evils. The hope ot gain induced many to make large purchases. Some, it is true, realized large fortunes, while others, whose judgm • • was not so good, were left without the means of paying wh. payments became due, and their lauds were consequently m... yd to forfeit- ure. This led to a total change of the system. The price waa reduced to one dollar and a quarter an acre, and the whole was required to be paid at the time of purchase. This was attended with the desired effects. It prevented much loss to the govern- ment saved a great deal of trouble, discouraged reckless specula- tion, and enabled the honest and industvious settler, with moderate means, to acquire a clear and unincumbered title to his lands. On the sixth day of July, 1834, the office of Governor became vacant, by the death of Govern - Porter. By the provision of law for the government of the Territory in case of the death, removal, resignation, or necessary absence of the Governor, the Secretary of the Ter-itory was required to execute the powers and perform all the duties of Governor during the vacancy. The functions of the office, consequently, devolved upon the Secretary, Stevens T. Mason. pt-' CHAPTER yXXI. The Organization of a Statu Ooveunment— Tub Boundary Ques- tion— the Toledo War— LiciOENTs and Accidents- 8etti,kment OF TUE Question- Admihbion ok Miciiioan into the Union. The ordinance of 1787 provided that the Northwest Territory should be divided into not less than three States, nor more than five, as Congress should determine. Three States had already been formed from that Territory, viz Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. By that ordinance, and subsequent aois of Congress, conferring upon Michigan the benefits contained in its provisions, Michigan wi ■ entitled to admission into the Union as a State so soon as her free white population numbered sixty thousand. In 1834, Michi- gan took the preliminary steps to secure for herself the rights to which sh' claimed to be Dtitled. On the sixth of September of that year, the Tjef;! litiv^ '''uuncil passed an act directing a census to be taken. T., - ; jsuU showed that there were 87,273 free white ii aabitants i'. i .: Territory. At the next session of the Council, in January, ]■■•>."», jn act was passed authorizing a convention to be h 'd at Detroit, on the second Monday of M'ay following. This convention was composed of eighty-nine delegates. It met upon the day specified, and continued in session till the twenty- fourth of June, A Constitution was formed and submitted to the people in the October following, and by them adopted. At the same election, a full set of State officers and a legislature were elected to act under the Constitution. In November following, the legislature met, and the whole machinery of a State govern- ment was set in motion. Stevens T. Mason, the Secretary of the Territory, and acting governor after the decease of Governor Por- ter, was the Governor of the new State. In the meantime, the difficulty in- reference to the southern boundary of the Territory was rapidly approaching a crisis. To i sai(M »i w^* ti»aii«ig<i8a»a^«iii»63a^^ BOUNDAKY QUES- BNT8— HKTTIiKllKNT a TiiK Union. rthwest Territory !8, nor more than :ates had already iana, and Illinois. Qgrcss, couferi'ing )vi8ionH, Michigan ate 80 soon as her In 1834, Michi- rself the rights to li of September of directing a census ; 87,273 free white n of the Council, 5 a convention to )f M!ay following, delegates. It met »n till the twenty- i submitted to the adopted. At the a legislature were vember following, f a State govern- e Secretary of the I of Governor Por- e to the southern ching a crisis. To ■ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) /> 1.0 fc£|21 12.5 ui Hi :^ 1^ III 2.0 lUUu 1.1 Hill 1 fi 1.25 1.4 II 1.6 6" Photographic Sciences Corporation \ ^\ •'^ <^ [V '^'^l^ '^v^ o^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716)872-4503 '^ V- CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHIVI/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques mbimsh^J-i HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 449 give a full and complete history of this difficulty, and relate all the incidents, ludicrous and otherwise, that occurred during the progress of the contest, would require a volume. The most that can be done in the space allotted is to give the leading facts con- nected with it. HON. GEORGE VAN NES,S LOTHROP. The name which heads this brief article 'is a familiar one in every town of this State, and widely known throu,< ,'hout the entire Northwest. Except for the sudden political revolution vvhich swept the West during the last dozen years, and which still holds tl ie great majority of the people beneath the sway of its opinions, the nanAe ant' abilities of Mr Lothrop would doubtless ere this have had a nation^al renown. But having in early life identified himself with the Democr/atic party, and this organization having commenced decay shortly after Jflr. Lothrop entered that period of 29 j 450 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. The origin of this dispute was not dissimilar to the causes which produced the several State and colonial contentions for boundary among the original States of the confederacy, all of which arose either from ignorance of local geography, tbj unap- preciated importance of the incipient colony, or an unpardonable disregard of the sacredness of vested rights. In consequence of these loose notions, or inadvertence to rights once granted, char- tered rights were frequently conferred by the Crown of England to one company, and at a succeeding day the same territory was included in the charter of another. Michigan claimed for her southern boundary a line running east across the peninsula from the extreme southern point of Lake Michigan, extending through Lake Erie, to the Pennsylvania line. This she claimed as a vested right— a right accruing to her by compact. This compact was the ordinance of 1787, the parties to which were the original thirteen States, and the Terri- tory northwest of the Ohio ; and, by the succession of parties under statutory amendm nts to the ordinance and laws of Con- gress—the United States on the one part, and each Territory northwest of the Ohio, as far as affected by their provisions, on the other. Michigan, therefore, claimed under the prior grant, or assignation of boundary. Ohio, on the other hand, claimed that the ordinance had been his life when his talents began to make him conspicuous among his fel- lows, the opportunity for his political distinction narrowed with every year. His friends, however, with a passionate devotion rivaling that which inspired the enthusiastic followers of Henry Clay, clung hopefully to him, and repeatedly and persistently thrust him forward as their chosen leader for congressional honors. Believing him without a peer in point of professional ability as well as in native talent, they bade him lead the forlorn hope of their party through several successive and desperate campaigns immediately preceding the outbreak of the war. With a gallantry and an untiring zeal peculiar to men of his tempera- ment, he flung himself into the strife and did brave battle for the standard under which he fought. But as those familiar with the rising political tide of that period in the country's history well remember, such a combat was like unto a man battling against the billows of the ocean. Not he only, but his entire party passed into the minority, and have FEB. lilar to the causes ial contentious for confederacy, all of )gruphy, tb3 unap- r an unpardonable In consequence of jnce granted, char- Crown of England same territory was try a line running ;hern point of Lake I the Pennsylvania right accruing to nance of 1787, the ates, and the Terri- iccession of parties B and laws of Con- and each Territory iir provisions, on the he prior grant, or ordinance had been }icuou8 among his fel- nanowed with every evotion rivaling that Clay, clung liopefully him forward as their ig him without a peer talent, they bade him several successive and outbreak of the war. men of his tempera- brave battle for the amiliar with the rising y well remember, such billows of the ocean, le minority, and have HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 451 superseded by the Constitution of the United States, and that Con- gress had the right to regulate the boundary. It was also claimed thiit.i^e Constitution of the State of Ohio having described a different line, and Congress having admitted the State under that Constitution, without mentioning the subject of the line in dispute. Congress had thereby given its con-^ent to the line as laid down by the Constitution of Ohio. This claim was urged by Ohio at some periods of the controversy, but at others she appeared to regard the question as unsettled, by the fact that she insisted upon Con- gress taking action in regard to the boundary. Accordingly, we find that, in 1812, Congress authorized the Surveyor-Ge leral to survey a line, agreeably to the act, to enable the people of Ohio to form a Constitution and State government. Owing tc Indian hostilities, however, the line was not run till 1818. In 1,820, the question in dispute underwent a rigid examination by the com- mittee on public lands. The claim of Ohio was strenuo-isly urged by her delegation, and as ably opposed by Mr. Woodbridge, the then delegate from Michigan. The result was that tho committee decided unanimously in favor of the claim of Michigan ; but, in the hurry of business, no action was then taken by Congress, and the question remained open till Michigan organized her State gov- ernment, f In order to show more clearly the grounds upon which Michi- remained outside of active political life ever fince. Many of Mr. Lothrop's friends, however, well knowing his great abilities, his varied culture, his unspotted integrity, his public spirit and his extraordinary gifts as a public debater and orator, although opposed to him in their political faith, nevertheless sincerely desired to s^e him in the councils of the nation. Even though in opposition to the dominant party, they would have been glad if his superior gifts could even thus have been given to the nation at large. But so strong were his political preferences (or perhaps we should rather say connection!,), that while^ scores of men were leaving the ranks of the Democratic party and attaching their fortunes to the new organization then rising rapidly into popular favor, he preferred to "fling away ambition," and give himself loyally, faith- fully, absolutely to the profession of his choice. "The law," some old black-letter writer says, ."is a hard mistress," and, we doubt not, Mr. Lothrop, as he looks back over his severe and constant labors at the bar m 452 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. gan based her claims, the following recited acts will be of interest : The ordinance of 1787 "for the government of the territory of the United States northwest of the River Ohio," declares the acta therein contained " articles of compact between the original States and the people and States in said territory, and forever to remain unalterable, unless by common consent." This ordinance defines the territory to include all that region lying north and northwest of the Ohio and east of the Mississippi rivers. In the fifth article it is provided that there shall be formed not less than three nor more than five States within its confines. The boundiiries of the three States are defined so as to include the whole territory ; conditioned, however, that if it should be found expedi(tnt by Congress to form the one or two more States men- tioned, Congress is authorized to alter the boundaries of the three States " so as to form one or two States in that part of the said territory which lies north of an east and west line drawn through the southerly bend, or extreme of Lake Michigan." The first act touching this point, is an act of Congress passed in 1802, enabling the people of Ohio to form a Constitution. The boundary of that State is declared to be, " on the north by an east and west .'ine drawn through the southerly extreme of Lake Michigan, running east, after intersecting the due north line afore- said from the mouth of the Great Miami, until it shall intersect for the last thirty years (the record of which will be found in the twenty- eight volumes of our Michigan Reports from the first to the last), will be inclined right heartily to indorse the sentiment. With a mind of rare native strength, clear In Its perceptions, naturally inclined towards metaohysical studies (often wandering into stealthy indulgences of this sort), yet never allowing his pursuit of them to bear him away from a sure anchor-hold on the ground of common sense; gifted with a beauty and fluency of speech that permits us with- out exaggeration to cliarac tcrize his eloquence as certainly Ciceronian if not Attic ; with a memory stored with more than ample gleanings, gathered not only in the neld of his profession, but also in those of philosophy and letters, as weil as the various branches of natural science, he seems to be not only well but lavishly furnished with all the various endowments calculated to build up and make a man of power; and this he is. This, too, we believe all his friends and contemporaries readily con- STATES. icts will be of interest : ment of the territory rer Ohio," declares the 3t between the original erritory, and forever to sent." This ordinance 'egion lying north and Mississippi rivers. In hall be formed not less hin its confines. The d so as to include the ,t if it should be found two more States men- joundaries of the three I that part of the said ?e3t line drawn through ichigan." it of Congress passed in I a Constitution. The , " on the north by an therly extreme of Lake he due north line afore- until it shall intersect II be found in the twenty- le first to the last), will be its perceptions, naturally wandering into stealthy his pursuit of them to the ground of common ech that permits us with- as certainly Ciceronian if re than ample gleanings, lion, but also in those of ranches of natural science, ished with all the various man of power; and this he mtemporaries readily con- HI8TOBY OF MICHIGAN. 408 Lake Erie, or the Territorial lipe, and thence, with the same, through Lake Erie, to the Pennsylvania line." The Constitution of Ohio adopted the same line, with this condition : " Provided, always, and it is hereby fully understood and declared by this con- vention, that if the southerly bend or extreme of Lake Michigan should extend so far south, that a line drawn due east from it should not intersect Lake Erie, or, if it should intersect Lake Erie east of the mouth of the Miami river, then, in that case, with the assent of the Congress of the United States, the northern bound- ary of this State shall be established by, and extend to, a direct line running from the southern extremity of Lake Michigan to the most northerly cape of the Miami bay, after intersecting the due north line from the mouth of the Great Miami, as aforesaid, thence northeast to the Territorial line, and by said Territorial line to the Pennsylvania line." At the next session of Congress the Constitution of Ohio was submitted to that body, and referred to a committee of the House, which reported that, " as the suggested alteration was not submit- ted in the shape of a distinct proposition, by any competent authority, for approval or disapproval, it was not necessary or expedient for Congress to act on it at all." And it was not acted upon until another disposition was made of it, as we shall see, in 1805. The proposition was considered by all parti es concerned, to cede him to be-nay, more, the writer of this article does not hesitate to assert that his professional brethren throughout the State, without detract- ing from the merits of others, would and do already unite to crown him primm inter pam-the leading lawyer of this State. As such, he is justly entitled to a page in this volume, and being still in his prime, it is the hope of his friends that even yet in the upturnings and overturnings of modern politics, the State, if not the nation at large, may be awarded in some judicial or other administrative position, some of the advantages of his great learning and thorough culture. A sketch of his life would give his birth at Easton, Bristol county, Massachusetts, on the 8th day of August, 1817. His early years were spent upon his father's farm. After an academical course, he entered Brown University, and graduated under its distinguished president, Dr. Francis Wayland, in the year 1838. In the fall of the same year, he entered the law school of Harvard University, then in c'.arge of Judge i -atti'itfttiiiiiiliw \mmmmvsiimmmmiim^i<*>m»i«^ 454 GKNERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. be of a distinct character, requiring the special consent of Con- gress to make it a valid part of the Constitution of Ohio ; and that it had ever been so regarded by Ohio, her repeated applica- tion to Congress for the right of extending her boundary to the proposed line would seem to domonstrate. Again, the third section of the act of 1802 provides that all that part of the territory lying north of this east and west line, shall be " attached to,.aud make a part of, the Indiana territory." Again, the act of 1805, entitled " an act to divide the Indiana territory into separate governments," erects Michigan into a sep- arate Territory, and defines her southern boundary to be " a line drawn east from the southerly bend or extreme of Lake Michigan, until it intersects Lake Erie." In a legal point of view, this would seem to have settled the question, even if, as Ohio claimed, the ordinance had no binding efl'ect, having been superseded by the Constitution. The " con- sent of Congress" had not been given to the line conditionally proposed by the Constitution of Ohio. On the contrary, the dis- sent of Congress would seem to have been clearly expressed by this act. The territory in dispute is about five miles in width at the west end, and about eight miles in width at the east end, and extends Btory and Professor Greenleaf. In the summer of 1839, being somewhat out of health, he abandoned for a time tlie study of the law, and in the fall of that year came out to Prairie Ronde, in Kalamazoo county, Mich- igan, where his brother, the Hon. Edwin H. Lothrop (then and since a man of note in our State politics and government), owned and cultivated a very extensive and beautiful farm. Here, for the next two or three years, he spent most of his time engaged in practical farming, and in building up his health. In the spring of 1843, he came to the city of Detroit, and resumed the study of the law in the office of Joy & Porter, then prominent members of the Detroit bar. The first case he ever argued in a court of record, was the celebrated one of the Michigan State Bank vs. Hastings and others. Ist Doug. (Mich.) Rep., 235. This argument was made before the supreme court, and prior to Mr. Lothrop's admission to that court; the court, on motion of Mr. Joy, having granted special leave for Mr. Lothrop to open the case. So ably was the case pre- sented by the youthful student, that the members of the court did not rEa. al conHcnt of Con- ition of Ohio ; and r repeated applica- ir boundary to the 1 provides that all ;ast and west line, Indiana territory." livide the Indiana ichigan into a sep- idnry to be " a line of Lake Michigan, ;o have settled the ice had no binding tution. The "con- 3 line conditionally le contrary, the dis- learly expressed by n width at the west ist end, and extends 1839, being somewhati )f the law, and in the amazoo county, Mich- rop (tlien and since a owned and cultivated the next two or three ctical farming, and in le came to the city of )fflce of Joy & Porter, Phe first case he ever one of the Michigan Lich.) Rep., 225. This prior to Mr. Lothrop's r. Joy, having granted I ably was the case pre- of the court did not HIHTOKY OF MICHKJAN. 455 along the wh..le northern line of Ohio, west of Lake Erie The t limed by Michigan wa. known as ^J^^ " ^u - .l'- ^^^ that claimed by Ohio was known as the " Ha- "e f - « namas of the surveyors. The territory wa« valuable for . mh agricultural lands; but its chief value consisted .n the laa tha the harbor on the Maumco river, where now s ands the flour h^ ing city of Toledo, was included within it« limits The to>vn orUa^iybore the name of Hwan Creek, afterwards Port Law- I'e. then Vistula, and then Toledo, What gave the possess on of this harbor more importance at this time was the f"ct that t was the proposed terminus of the Wabash and Erie canal. Tbe early settled acknowledged their allegiance to Michigan ; but when the canal became a possibility, and its termination at Toledo being dependent upon the question whether or not it was w.thm the State of Ohio, many of the inhabitants became suddenly c^. vinced that they had all along been residing in tbe wong State Others, it is said, became convinced that Ohio was a much m r health; State than Michigan, and, consequent y. they covet d the change which would remove them from the former State to he more' salubrious regions of the latter. The feeling among th inhabitants, however, was far from unanimous and. during he struggle, partisans of each State were found in Toledo who would communicate the plans and movements of the other. for him a successful and brilliant future. This prediction, it s hardly necessary to say. has been more than fulfilled in the student's subsequent 'tt:Z^7oi\sU, he commenced n.-ictice in the city of Detroit having fl^ed a co-pa'rtnership with . - 3othune Duffleld, Esq.. which continued until the close of the year 1850. In the month of April, 1848, he was appointed attorney-generul o the State (in place of Hon. Edmund Mundy, then raised to he bench of te Tpreme court), and continued to hold the office until January, 185 ^ Jout this time, in connection with the controversy o-r the Pub^^^ schools which suddenly broke forth in the city of ^etroi^ ^^^°f ^^ took a prominent part in the organization of an |«^«P«°"^;\^^^^ obiect of which was to rally the popular vote in support of our free Ltol systlm. so earnestly did he enlist in this good work, that he was 14 ta/evtsmsss^i'^ss^M 456 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. As we have before remarked, the approaching organization of the vState goverment invested the disputed (juostion with pressing importance ; and iiostilitics on the disputed territory soon became active. In February, 1835, the Legislature of Ohio passed an act extending the jurisdiction of the State over the territory in question ; erected townships, and directed those townships to hold elections and elect officers in April following. It also directed Governor Lucas to appoint three commissioners to survey and re-mark the Harris line ; and named the first of April as the day to commence the survey. Acting Governor Mason, however, anticipated this action on the part of the Ohio Legislature, sent a special message to the Legislative Council, apprising it of the contents of Governor Lucas' message, and advised immediate action by that body to anticipate and counteract the proceedings of Ohio. Accordingly, on the twelfth of February, the council passed an act making it a criminal offense, punishable by a heavy fine, or imprisonment, for any one to attempt to exercise any offi- cial functions, or accept any office within the jurisdiction of Michigan, under or by virtue of any authority not derived from the Territory, or the United States. On the ninth of March, Governor Mason wrote to General Brown, then in command of the Michigan militia, directing him to hold himself in readiness to meet the enemy in the field in case an attempt was made on the placed upon the ticket as recorder and most triumphantly elected to that dfflce. The citizens of Detroit, in this particular struggle and triumph, owe Mr. Lothrop a debt of gratitude which ought never to be forgotten so long as a free school building stands within the city limits. Nor is this the only occasion, when in times involving the security of the public welfare, Mr. Lothrop has come resolutely forward in support and defense of the people's wishes. Perhaps no man ever lived among us, who in such times was clothed with such large power to lead and influence the masses in the right direction as Mr. Lothrop. As already intimated in this article, he was twice the Democratic candi- date for Congress in the first district, once in the year 1856 and again in 1860, and on both occasions defeated. Twice he received the votes of the Democratic members of the State legislature for the United States Senate, but that party not being then in the ascendency, the votes were of no eflect. 1:^. iTEB. ling organization of cation with pressing rritory soon became of Ohio passed an irer the territory in e townships to liold J. It also directed iners to survey and of April as the day •r ^lason, however, nio Legislature, sent , apprising it of the advised immediate act the proceedings jbruary, the council nishable by a heavy to exercise any offi- the jurisdiction of ty not derived from he ninth of March, 1 in command of the iself in readiness to pt was made on the |)hantly elected to that struggle and triumph, t never to be forgotten le city limits. Nor is e security of the public in support and defense ived among us, who in lead and influence the ! the Democratic candi- year 1856 and again in B received the votes of 1 for the United States ndency, the votes were HISTORY OP MTCHTOAN. 457 part of Ohio to carry out the provisions of the act of the Legis- lature On the thirty-first of March Governor Lucas, with his commissioners, arrived at Perrysburgh, on their way to oonmu'uco resurveying the Harris line. He was accompanied by General Bell and stati; of the Ohio militia, who proceeded to muster a volunteer force of about six hundred men. This was soon accora- plishe.1, and the force fully armed and e-iuipped. The force then went into camp at Fort Miami, to await the Governor's onlers. In the meantime. Governor Mason, with General Brown and staff, had raised a force eight hundred to twelve hundred strong, and wer; in possession of Toledo. General Brown's staft con- sisted of Captain Henry Smith, of Monroe, Inspector ; Major J. J. Ullman, of Constantine, Quartermaster; William E. Broadman, of Detroit, and Alpheus Felch, of Monroe, Aids-de-camp. When Governor Lucas observed the determined bearing of the Michigan braves, and took note of their numbers, he found it convenient to content himself for a time with "watching over the border Several days were passed in this exhilarating employment, and iust as Governor Lucas had made up his mind to do something rash, two commissioners arrived from Washington on a mission of neace They remonstrated with Governor Lucas, and reminded him of the consequences to himself and his State if he pe^isted m his attempt to gain poss ession of the dis puted territory by force. He was a member of the constitutional convention of 1807, and the records of its debates afford abundant evidence of the learning and pro- fessional ability he brought before that body. 71873, he was appointed by the Republican Governor, John J. Bagley a member of the constitutional commission assembled under h.s administration, but the appointment was respectfully declined For upward of twenty years past, Mr Lothrop has been he genera attorney of the Michigan Central Railroad Company, and st.l continues Tbe their adviser. He is also the trusted adviser of many other corpor- aioLo he State, and enjoys the universal confidence of the people o Sgan, not as a lawyer alone, but as a public man, and as a private " tthe limits prescribed to the writer of this article, no oPPortuni^^« given for even an allusion to the more private virtues and social qualities o he subject of this notice-and perhaps it is well that it is so. No I 458 OKNKRAI, HISTORY OF THK BTATEB. AftiT Hoveml conforonoes with botli govoriion*, th.- <>ointniwi<)ner» suhinitt.Ml th.' followiiiK propo/itioiin tor tl»<'ir cotiHidiTiition : " l8t. That tlif lliirris line Hhouhi he run uml r.-niarkcd, pur- suant to tlio act of the hint sesHion of the Legishvturc of Oliio. witliout interruption. "2d. 1 he civil eleetions under the lawH of Ohio having' taken place throufrhout the disputed territory, that the people residinj? „n it should be left to their own government, obeying the one jurisdiction or the other, as they may prefer, without molestation from the authorities of Ohio or Michigan, until the close of the next session of Congress." Governer Lucas at once accepted the propositions, and dis- banded his forces, affecting to regard the arrangement as having been made with the President, and regarding Governor Mason as a subaltern, subject to the control of the President, through the commissioners. Governor Mason, on the other hand, refused to accede to the arrangement, and declined to compromise the rights of his people by a surrender of possession and jurisdiction. When Governor Lucas disbanded his forces, however. Governor Mason partially followed suit, but still held iiimself in readiness to meet any emer- gency that might arise. Governor Lucas now supposed that his way was clear, and that man, while he lives, especially one such as has here been sketched, can tolenuc a piihlic presentation of his more private wallcs and ways. Nor is it necessary. All know what attractiveness there is in him for his fellow-citizens; and how they love to listen and linger about him in his bril- liant moments, whether as the presiding officer of some public banquet, in the forum of the courts while standing in defense of some poor, trembling prisoner, on the rostrum in the midst of a turbulent sea of excited citizens, or in the quiet circle, where lawyers, judges, politicians, editors and men of scholarly ease and culture incline to gather about him and share his unpremeditated and eloquent discourse. We close our article as we opened it, characterizing Mr. Lothrop as a man of power, and expressing the hope that he ma; ' ng remain in the Northwest, an ornament to his profession, an aid to ..is fellow citizens, and a source of strength to his country at large. t. ATBB. «, the rommlnHionern c'orii^itleratiou : anil n'-nmrked, pur- Lcgiwlature of Ohio, [ Ohio liaviiif? taken , the people residinK ent, obeying the one , without molestation in til the close of the iropositions, and diw- rangeraent as having g Governor Mason as •resident, through the ised to accede to the le rights of his people on. When Governor srnor Mason partially uess to n>eet any emer- iiy was clear, and that here been sketched, can rivatc walks and ways. 2S8 there is in him for his iger about him in his bril- of some public banquet, defense of some poor, ist of a turbulent sea of vyers, judges, politicians, 3 incline to gather about discourse. iterizing Mr. Lothrop as a c ma; ' rjg remain in the lid to -.18 fellow citizens. niHTORY OK MICni(»AN 4M he could re-nuirk the Harris line without being n.olested, and ordered the ((.nunissionerH to proceed with their work. PresLlent Jackson, meantinu-, had applied to Attorney-General Butler for his opinion concerning the pow(.r of the President over t.*'^'^- HON. R. A. HAIRE. HoBEKT A. Haiuk was born in the township of Bon.bay, Franklin county New York, July 20, 1836. He r;moved with his parents to western New York, in 1841 and settled near the city of Rochester, from whence he emigrated to Michigan, with his father's family, in 1844, settling near Marshall. They remained m this locality only two years, and then took up their residence m the vicinity of Grand Kapids. , • „ Mr. Haire received a thorough common school education, and is a graduate of the Grand Rapids commercial college. (1. n *' 460 OENEUAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. the contending parties. In reply, Mr. Butler gave it as his unqualified opinion that the act of the Legislature of Ohio, extending the jurisdiction over a part of the Territory of Michigan, was "repugnant to the act of Congress of the 11th of January, 1805, creating that Territory, and to the acts subsequently passed for its government, and its actual and complete enforcement would, therefor-^, involve a most serious violation of the laws of the United States." He also gave it as his opinion that the act of the Michi- gan Legislative Council was a valid law, and could properly be enforced. Notwithstanding this. Governor Lucas ordered his men to pro- ceed to run the line, commencing at the northwest corner of the disputed tract. In the meantime, Governor Mason kept a watch- tul eye upon the proceedings. General Brown sent scouts through the woods to watch their movements, and report when operations were commenced. When the surveying party got within the county of Lenawee, the under-sheriff of that county, armed with a warrant, and accompanied by a posse, suddenly made his appear- In 1852 he removed to the eastern part of Ottawa county, near Grand- ville, and engaged in the lumbering trade. In August, 18(53, he enlisted as supernumary second lieutenant in the Fifth Michigan Cavalry, then being organized at Detroit, and started for the front in December, 18tt3. Mr. Haite participated in the battle of Gettysburg and nearly all the subsequent battles in wliich the army of the Potomac was engaged, and was one of the live hundred men chosen by General Kilpntrick, and placed under Colonel Dahlgren, in March, 1864 for the purpose of capturing Richmond and liberating the Union prisoners; and, for gallantry in this battle, he was promoted to first lieu- tenant He was also wilh General Sheridan during " aenandoah cam- paign, and for meritorious service was raised to the rar:k of captain in December, 1804. During a portion of the winter of 1864-5, he had command of his regiment, and, at the close of the war, was immediately mustered out. , . Returning home, he settled in Spring Lake, Ottawa county, and at once engaged in the manufacture of lumber, being now a member of the firm of Haire, Savidge & Cutler. . , , In the fall of 1872, he was chosen to represent his district in the lower house of the State legislature, and served with considerable distinction in that body during the session of 1872-3. A.TES. tier gave it as his iCgislature of Ohio, erritory of Michigan, le 11th of January, subsequently passed e enforcement would, le laws of the United the act of the Michi- id could properly be ered his men to pro- •thwest corner of the Mason kept a watch- rn sent scouts through iport when operations )arty got within the ,t county, armed with enly made his appear- wa county, near Grand- iecond lieutenant in the at Detroit, and started articipated in the battle les in wliich the army of tive hundred men chosen lel Dahlgren, in March, ind liberating the Union as promoted to flrat lieu- ing ■ iienandoah cam- tlie rat:k of captain, in inter of 1864^5, he had he war, was immediately Ottawa county, and at ing now a member of the t his district in the lower 1 considerable distinction HISTOKY OF MICHIGAN. 401 ance and succeeded in arresting a portion of the party The it 'including the commissioners, took to their heels, and w.-e boo; beyond the disputed territory. They reached P-y^burgh the following day in a highly demoralized condittoa, and reported E. H. TURNER. E.n.n..KT H.SKX.S T™« was born on tlje ^^\<^^^'^^^;^^^ in the village of Plattsburgh, in the State of New ^ork. H.s father colonel Ezra Turner, served in the war of 1812, and was a man of note Trv^ndlr^fler L^non-c—sioned officer, and was engaged 462 GKNERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES. that they had been attacked by an overwhelming force of Michi- gan militia, under command of General Brown. They also reported that they had been fired upon, and after performing won- derful deeds of valor, had been borne down by overwhelming numbers and forced to retreat, whilst their less fortunate comrades were all either killed or taken prisoners. They formally reported these assertions to the Governor, who, in turn, reported them to the President. The President thereupon sent a copy of the report to Governor Mason, and asked for a statement of the facts " by the oflScers engaged in the transactions complained of." Accordingly, the under-sherift' was appealed to, who made a very amusing report, setting forth the real facts, which showed that it was a civil force that made the arrests; that there was no bloodshed connected with the affair ; that nine persons in all were arrested on a civil warrant, issued by a justice of the peace ; and closing with the information that " the commissioners made very good time on foot through the cottouwood swamp, and arrived safe at Perrysburgh the next morning, with nothing more serious than the loss of hats. in the battle near Plattsburgh, in 1812. In tlie year following, he was married to Miss Eliza M. Havens, who bore him ten children. Mr. Turner, for a number of years, engaged as a ptutner with his father in the manufacture of lumber— afterwards in the iron business, but only with partial success. In 1832, he came to Michigan, where he resided until his death. After remaining in Detroit a few weeks, he removed to Ypsilanti, and there resided for more than a year. While at Ypsilanti, he obtained consider- able notoriety, in arresting the young Governor Mason, who in his haste attempted to disregard the quarantine regulations, established to prevent the spread of the cholera in that village. In 1833, he came to Grand Rapids, then just starting into existence, and here he made his home until his death, which took i)lace on the 8th of October, 1870. His life, for thirty-seven years, has been identified with the history of Grand Rapids. He was the builder of the county jail, and, in company with James Scribner, his partner, biiilt the Bridge street bridge. Under Lucius Lyon, he made the first successful attempt to drill an artesian well, in hopes of finding brine sufficiently strong to warrant the manu- facture of salt at Grand Rapids. Mr. Turner has been alderman of the ATE8. ling force of Michi- Brown. They also fter performing won- n by overwhelming 8 fortunate comrades ey formally reported rn, reported them to 5 report to Governor acts " by the oflScers ' Accordingly, the ^rery amusing report, it it was a civil force bloodshed connected ire arrested on a civil and closing with the sry good time on foot safe at Perrysburgh than the loss of hats, year following, he was .on children, piirtner with his father iron business, but only I until his death. After to Ypsilanti, and there ;i, he obtained consider- Mason, who in his haste s, established to prevent 1833, he came to Grand lere he made his home Qctober, 1870. His life, li the history of Grand , and, iu company with street bridge. Under nipt to drill an artesian ig to warrant the manu- ,8 been alderman of the HISTORY OP MICHIGAN. 468 and their clothing like Governor Marcy's breeches without the ^'^This summary breaking up of the surveying party produced the most tremendous excitement throughout Ohio Governor Lucas called an extra session of the Legislature. That body me on the 8th of June, and at once proceeded to iulm-ate _an ac " to prevent the forcible abduction of the citi/ens of Ohio. Ihe wording of the title bears silent testimony to the excitement which prevailed in the legislative mind of the State of 0^-.-"^ it would seem that they were fearful that the under-sheriff of Lena- wee county was liable at any moment to make a ^vhoksale job ol it and "abduct the citizens of Ohio" en .nasse. The act made such an otfense punishable by imprisonment in the penitentiary not less than three nor more than seven years An act was a so passed to create the new county of Lucas, making Toledo the seat of justice, and directing the court to be held on the firs Monday of the next September, at any convenient house m Toledo, fhey then solemnly passed an act accepting the propositions of the President's commissioners. Another act was passed making an appropriation of 8600,000 to carry t^se^w^mto^flec^o>^e ^^heTd o"the7offl^e7o7trust."ms last public work was the grad- inff and eraveling of West Bridge street. In 85 , he bufied his wife, with whom ho had lived about fony years^ His second wife was Mrs. Lydia H. Rosa, who bore him a daughter, and ^ r cllr::;:^l^Uetch with an extract from the funer^ dUc^i^ of The Rev. H. H. Northrop, pastor of the Presbyterian church, of which Mr Turner was an accepted member; "".: H has lived long among you, and written his own eP^';^';^^^; „,ind of this community. 1 think I say what you all know to be tiu^ Ten I affir.. .bat he was an honest man. He was not a rich man in the modern acceptation of the term, though he had a competence; he was Tt a 1 rrned man, or a gr.., man, or a faultless man, but may I not say I with emphasis, he was a good man. He loved his neighbors; he loved hrcUy TGrand Rapids-it was his home, it was his pride; he oved all I ■v. I •II s; n timitlmi ItiuinmfWn a^-i'^ti*'*: 1 464 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES. disputed territory. A resolution was adopted inviting the Presi- dent to send a commissioner to go with the Ohio commissioners to re-mark the Harris line. It was evident that Ohio was aroused. Her State pride had been wounded. The idea that the young Territory of Michigan, with her stripling Governor, should successfully defy the great State of Ohio, with a million of inhabitants, and her aged Gover- nor, was one that the authorities could not endure with any degree of patience or equanimity. A call was then made to ascertain the number of men who were willing to go forth to battle for the humiliation of Governor Mason and the protection of the com- missioners. Ten thousand men were reported as ready to " do or die." These proceedings, however, did not have the desired effect on the authorities or people of Michigan. On the contrary, it only served to rouse them to renewed zeal in the cause, and they hurled defiance in the teeth of Governor Lucas, and dared him to enter the disputed territory. In the meantime, the authorities of Michigan were active in sustaining their supremacy on the disputed ground. Prosecutions their habitations and determined that this should be tlieir home. The ground upon wliich we tread was not open for settlement. The pioneers came, guided by blazed trees, oi the north star, from Kalamazoo to these falls of the Grand river, through an unbroken wilderness. Mr. Turner was a man of very decided character ; he had his own views, upon which he formed his own opinions, and, when his mind was once made up, nothing but truth and duty could change it. The pliable and time- serving might call it stubbornness, and men wont to control others might deem him obstinate, but it was the true workings of an earnest mind that carried out its own convictions into all the affairs of practical life. In early life, Mr. Turner became a member of the Methodist Episcopal church, but, during his later years, he became a member of the Presby- terian church, and he gave largely of his means for its support. The large and beautiful church edifice where we worship would never have been built but for his beneficence. It is his monument. He was also an honored and acceptable member of the Masonic fraternity." His name is perpetuated in one of the principal streets of the city, which is called after him, and in a marble slate in the Presbyterian church edifice, of which he was one of the founders. ^B^l.^^>iliS*O^^H-**i^*.*•™^>^'*=^ ■ 'ATE8. I inviting the Presi- >hio commissioners to Her State pride had 3rritory of Michigan, fully defy the great and her aged Gover- idure with any degree m made to ascertain brth to battle for the rotection of the com- ed as ready to " do or the desired effect on the contrary, it only ;ause, and they hurled d dared him to enter jhigan were active in srround. Prosecutions lid be their home. The Bttlement. The pioneers from Kalamazoo to these wilderness. Mr. Turner ,d his own views, upon liis mind was once made . The pliable and time- it to control others might tings of an earnest mind e affairs of practical life, the Methodist Episcopal a member of the Presby- ms for its support. The rorship would never have inument. He was also an c fraternity." icipal streets of the city, slate In the Presbyterian inders. HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 465 for holding office under Ohio were conducted with the greatest vigor. For a long time the people of Monroe county were kept busy assisting the sheriff in executing his processes, and making arrests in Toledo. The partisans of Ohio were continually har- HON. N. B. ELDREDGE. N. BcEL Eldbedge was born in Aurelius, now Auburn, Cayuga county. New York, in 1813. He commenced the study of medicine in his native town, and graduated in that profession at Fairfield Medical College, New York. Mr. Eldredge (migrated to Michigan in 1837, and settled in Cou nerce, Oakland county, where he remained for six years, in the practice of his profession. In ,843, he removed to Lapeer county and took up his resi- dence in the village of Lapeer. Here he resumed the practice of medi- cine and continued it until 1852. 30 ;.>. -'/-..Vr ,:::-, V ih ^AM'tSf'^'tSf'-''- * 466 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. assed. Suit after suit was commenced against them, and each suit was the breeder of a score of others. The officer, of Oh.o made a feeble attempt to retaliate, but were generally unsuccessful. Every inhabitant of the disputed ground was kept busy in watch- ing ^d reporting the movements of either the bad.ffs of Wood or of Monroe counties. Many of the Ohio partisans were arrested and conveyed to the jail of Monroe county. Sometimes th^e arrests were attended with some danger-always with great diffi- culty. An instance is related of Major Stickney's arrest, which created some amusement at the time. He and his whole family fought valiantly, but were at length overcome by numbers. After the major was secured, he wa« rciuested to mount a horse bu flatly refused. He was then put on by force, but he would no Bit on the horse. Finally, two men were detailed to walk beside him and hold his legs, while a third led the horse. In this way they succeeded in getting him about half way to Monroe when the men became tired of that means of securing him, and then proceeded to tie his legs under the horse. In that manner he wa« at last got to jail. An attempt wa. made to arrest a son of he major called Two Stickney. A severe scuffle ensued, m which the ' officer wa« stabbed with a knife. The blood flowed pretty fre^, but the wound did not prove dang^rous^^U^belie>^^ that this ~:^^;^Z^^^^Z^Z^me, he commenced the study of the law and in tWB year he was elected judge of probate for Lapeer county and was adSed to the bar in 1854. During the residence of Mr. Eldredge in Lapeer he held the office of justice of the peace three terms and was a ■ Servis': four successive years, being chairman of "- hoard each yea. In 1845 during Governor Barry's administration, he was elected clerk ofl^^higan State Senate, and was a representative in the State Legis- 'Tttraking out of the late civil war. Mr. Eldredge was the first „,an to enlist from his county. Immediately f«»°-°g '^ ^"'"^ "!°'^^^^^ raised and organized Company "A" of the Seventh Michigan Infantry . and was commissioned as its captain and ordered to the schoo of instruc- «on at Fort Wayne. In the same year, 1801, the major of »;- -g-J was promoted to colonel, and Mr. Eldredge was promoted to fill he vacant office of major. His command having been ^feiTe^ to Jhe army of the Potomac, he participated in a sharp skirmish at Edward s HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 467 ITfiS. Qst them, and each rhe officer* of Ohio oerally unsuccessful, kept busy in watch- 3 bailiffs of Wood or tisans were arrested J. Sometimes these rays with great diffi- ikney's arrest, which ,nd his whole family ! by numbers. After mount a horse, but •e, but he would not tailed to walk beside 3 horse. In this way vay to Monroe, when curing him, and then Q that manner he was to arrest a son of the e ensued, in which the . flowed pretty freely, t is believed that this le study of tl>e law, and Lapeer county, and was lence of Mr. Eldredge in e three terms, and was a 1 of the board each year, ion, he was elected clerk itative in the State Legis- rtr. Eldredge was the first llowing his enlistment, he fenth Michigan Infantry, d to the school of instruc- le major of his regiment was promoted to fill the 5 been transferred to the arp skirmish at Edward's was the only blood shed during the " war." The officer let go his hold, and Stickney fled to Ohio. He was indicted by the grand jury of Monroe county, and a requisition was made on the Gover- nor of Ohio for his rendition, but the Governor refused to give him up. On one occasion an officer attempted to arrest a man in the night. The man had but a moment's >varning, and sought safety by flight. He succeeded in reaching the Maumee river, and throwing himself across a saw-log, paddled himself, with his hands and feet, safely to a "foreign shore." A very pious man was elected justice of the peace, and fled to the woods, where he lived many days in an old sugar shanty. It was currently reported, and generally believed among the Ohio partisans, that a miracle had been wrought in his behalf— that " robin red-breasts" brought him his daily food and drink. The belief in this "miracle" strengthened the cause of Ohio in many quarters very materially. A report of the stabbing of the Monroe county officer by Two Stickney was forwarded to the President, together with the state- ment that Governor Lucas was protecting him ; and an urgent appeal was made for assistance. This made a great impression on the mind of the President, and convinced him that something should be done to prevent serious trouble from ensuing. Governor Lucas soon after sent commissioners to Washington Ferry the day following the battle of Ball's Bluff About this time, Mr. Eldredge wrote a letter home, censuring General Stone's manner of transporting troops across the Potomac. This letter was published, and he was placed under arrest by General Stone, and, after waiting six weeks for a trial without obtaining one, he resigned and came home. This was in the winter of 1862. General Stone was afterwards arrested and confined one year, for the same charges made by Colonel Eldredge's letter. The legislature of Michigan was in session on his return, and Governor Blair immediately requested him to come to Lansing. He did so, and was appointed a member of the State Military Board. He served in this capacity during that winter and in the following spring was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the Eleventh Michigan Infantry. He immediately joined his regiment, which was then at Columbia, Ten- nessee, and servn.l with them until 1863, being in the battle of Stonf River, where he had his horse shot under him. Returning home, in 1863, he remained in Lapeer until January, 1864, »«ii,.l<ftaii iiiiimmniimitim i 468 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. to confer with the President, and a correspondence was entered into between these commissioners and the Secretary of g^te. The Secretary, in reply to an earnest appeal for interference on the part of the general government, said that the President would immediately cause an earnest recommendation to be made to Governor Mason, that no obstruction shall be interponed to the re-marking of the "Harris line; that all prosecutions under the . Territorial act of February be discontinued ; and no further prose- cutions shall be commenced until the next session of Congress. This " recommendation," however, had no effect on the action of Governor Mason. He was determined to protect his Territory and her jurisdiction at all hazards. The " recommendation " of the President was made on the third day of July, and the deputy sheriff of Monroe was wounded by Two Stickney on the fifteenth of that month. Prosecutions went on the same as before. When the President became aware of this, he superseded Acting- Governor Mason as Secretary of Michigan, and appointed Charles Shaler, of Pennsylvania, as his successor. He also advised Gov- ernor Lucas to refrain from any act of jurisdiction over the disputed territory pending the action of Congress. It now became apparent to Governor Lucas that any attempt to take forcible possession of the territory would be stopped by the mili- tary forces of the United States. This was a matter of great when he removed to Adrian, at which place he still resides. Resuming the practice of the law, he continued it until 1873 as a memher of the firm of Eldredge & Walker, and enjoyed the largest practice of any member of the profession in Lenawee county. He has now retired from the practice of law and engaged in farming. In 1870 Mr. Eldredge was elected mayor of the city of Adrian by a large majority, and served in this capacity for one term. He was nomi- nated for Congress, from the first district, in the fall of the same year, by the Democratic party, and was only defeated by 901 votes, when the dis- trict had previously been strongly Republican, and eleven hundred negro votes had just been added. This illustrates his grefit personal popularity and the high esteem in which he is held by his fellow-citizens. Mr Eldredge is a man of imposing presence, strong determmation, genial in his intercourse with his fellow man, and popular in all classes of society. HISTORY OF MICHIOXy. 4B9 e waa entered tary of ^Mte. aterference on resident would » be made to erpoKed to the ions under the ) further prose- f Congress. on the action 3t his Territory mendation " of July, and the 5tickney on the same as before, erseded Acting- pointed Charles 30 advised Gov- liction over the gress. It now attempt to take ped by the mili- matter of great aides. Resuming i a member of the t practice of any I now retired from ty of Adrian by a m. He was nomi- ' the same year, by otes, when the dis- vea hundred negro )crsonal popularity citizens. mg determination, pular in all classes humiliation to the Governor of Ohio. The eyes of the country were upon him, and he felt it incumbent upon him to perform some act of jurisdiction in order to save himself from the impu- tation of having backed down. A happy thought struck him at CAPT. J. F. MARSAC. Joseph F. Marsac was born in Hamtramck, Wayne county, in the year 1792. He was reared in that vicinity, spending most of his minor- ity there, with the exception of the time he spent in St. Clair county, between the years 1807 and 1812. His parents were French, and emigrated from France about the time of the revolutionary war, and settled in Hamtramck. His father was appointed, by General Wayne, captain of the first company of the militia that was raised in Wayne county, and served in that capacity. While in St. Clair, young Marsac spent so much time with the.lndiMM 470 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. an opportune moment. The Legislature of Ohio had organized a county, and ordered court to be held at Toledo on the seventh of September. To actually hold this court in the lace and eyes of the military force of Governor Mason, and the "recommenda- tion" of the President, would be a grand achievement-an act of jurisdiction greater even than re-marking the Harris line. But how to do even that was the question. Calling to his assistance the Adjutant-General of the State, they devised a plan. The result was that the matter was placed in the hands of the Adju- tant-General to manage. He ordered out a regiment to act a« an escort for the judges and to protect them in the performance of their duty. The judges met on Sunday afternoon, the sixth of September, at Maumee, a few miles from Toledo. They were to proceed to Toledo, under the escort that had been provided for them, the next morning, and hold court. Some time dunng he evening, a scout, which had been sent out by the colonel of the regiment, returned from Toledo and reported that twelve hundred men. under command of General Brown, were m Toledo, ready to demolish court, soldiers and all. in case of an attempt to open court. This report turned out to be false ; but it immediately sub- dued all the valor of the judges, as well a. that of the regiment which was to escort them. But it would not do to back out at this that he became familiar with their language. On this account he was n^ged to accompany an Indian delegation to Wash ngton in he yea 183^ while General Jackson was President of the United States. He padhTs espLstothe President and was received very kindly by him Helled in making the treaty of 1836 with the Chlppewas. General XI -rrr ^amZ Ok in the f^ of 1838. and removed to '7h:cl;Cwhrrero^nI:took passage with his family upon the Jt steamer tl at ever came Into the Saginaw river, the Governor Marcy. To u e hU language, "she was as slow as a scow." She reached the Iglnaw ver on the 23d of November, 1838, and became fast in the Splice about half a mile from the light house, and had to remain *'S:lt;::dthehouse in Portsmouth that hadbeenbulltbyMr.^^^^^^ and subsequenty occupied by Judge MiUer. In the spring of 1845. he HISTORY OF MICHIOAH. 471 lad organized u the sevfnth face aud eyes ' recommenda- snicnt — an act rris line. But } his assistance a plan. The i of the Adju- mt to act as an performance of in, the sixth of They were to in provided for ime during the i colonel of the twelve hundred 1 Toledo, ready attempt to open mmediately sub- )f the regiment back out at this i account, he was igton, in the year Inlted States. He sry kindly by him. ippewas. General 8, and removed to B family upon the e Governor Marcy. " She reached the lecame fast in the ind had to remain n built by Mr. Rice, ! spring of 1845, he stage of the proceedings. The honor and dignity of the State of Ohio muHt he maintained. Besides, they would be laughed at if they did not hold court. But the judges hesitated at undertak- ing HO daring an exploit. The colonel of the regiment finally came to their assistance. He upbraided the judges for the.r cow- ardice and hesitation, and proposed to take the honor of the State into his own keeping. Stopping in front of his soldiers, he called for volunteers for a " hazardous undertaking." A few brave men answered the call. The trembling judges placed themselves under the charge of this forlorn hope; and, at three o'clock on Monday morning, the seventh day of September, A. D. 1835, they sneaked into Toledo, hunted up a school-house, held court about two minutes, and then ran for dear life back to Maumce. Thus did the State of Ohio triumph over her enemies. Thus did her patriotic sons sustain her dignity. Thus did her brav3 soldiers throw themselves in the " imminent and deadly breach." It is needless to say that Governor Mason and General Brown rae surprised and chagrined. They had an ample force withm reach to prevent the holding of a court, as courts are generally held But they were unacquainted with Ohio legal practice, and did not look for midnight tribunals, held in dark school-rooms or outhouses. ^;;;;^and at the upper end of Portsmouth, and has lived there ever fiincc In the year 1848, Captain Marsac was appointed, by the Indian Depart- ment under President Polk, Indian fanner for the Chippewa Indians of the Saginaw valley. His duty, under this appointment, was to teach the Indians agriculture and buy implements for them. When General Taylor became President, lie was removed, and James Fraser was appointed in his stead. , Captain Marsac is still living, with a good degree of health for one of his extreme age. His sound constitution, good health, and long life, speak well for the good effects of the climate of central Michigan. There is no one in northern Michigan who has a wider circle of per- sonal acquaintance among those who have had anything to do with the Saginaw valley. In forn.er years, no one came to this region wUhout making the acquaintance, if not the friendship, of Captam Marsac. H s jovial disposition and his genial humor made every one at home in his presence. \ I MWfim^kW^*' 472 OENKUAL III8T0RY OF THE HTATE8. f ^ i I It appearH tlmt ClmrlcH Shalcr did not accept tho appointment of Governor of Michigan, aH Mr. Ma«on wa« still a<-ting dovcrnor on the occasion just referred to. John S. Horner, of Virginia, was soon after appointed Secretary an<l Acting Governor ; but did not commence the duties of his office till the twenty-first of Sep- tcmber. He was not popular with the people of Mi«-higan, and, during his stay in the Territory, appears to have possessed merely the shadow of the authority of his office, as will hereafter appear. He represented the conservative feeling, in reierence to the ques- tion at issue, entertained by the Washington authorities, and as such representative did not i)08se8s the confidence of the people. It is said that, in some instances, he was treated with personal discourtesy. His authority was certainly ignored to a very great extent; and in May, 1836, he left the Territory, having received the appointment of Secretary of Wisconsin, that iwrtion of Mich- igan having then been erected into a separate Territory. During his term of office, however, he carried on a lengthy correspond- ence with Governor Lucas, of Ohio, which resulted in the discon- tinuance of the prosecutions commenced by Michigan, under the act of February I'ith, 1835. The case of Two Stickney, however, was made an exception, and Governor Horner claimed him as a fugitive from justice; but, notwithstanding the action of the Presi- dent, Governor Lucas refused to give him up. No serious diffi- culty appears to have grown out of it. But little remains to be said in reference to the " war." The question continued for some time to agitate the minds of the opposing parties; and the action of Congress was impatiently awaited. A volume might be written, relating the incidents of that bloodless struggle, and the story of the privations endured by the citizen soldiers-privations which were occasionally relieved, however by a raid on a neighboring hen-coop, melon patch, or potato field-the ludicrous incidents, " the hair-breadth 'scapes by field and flood," would constitute the most entertaining literature imaginable; but the limits of this volume forbid more than the passing glance we have bestowed upon it. The election to ratify the Constitution of the State, and to elect State officers, had been held on the first Monday in October. The TE8. )t the ai>pointment ill tt<'ting Governor orncr, of Virginia, Governor ; but did twenty-first ol" Sep- of Mifliigun, and, vc potwessed merely 11 hereafter appear, itirence to the ques- authorities, and as mce of the people, sated with personal nred to a very great )ry, having received lat iwrtion of Mich- ■ Territory. During lengthy correspond- iilted in the discon- Vlichigan, under the Stickney, however, er claimed him as a 1 action of the Presi- ip. No serious diffi- to the " war." The te the minds of the ess was impatiently ing the incidents of e privations endured occasionally relieved, oop, melon patch, or lir-breadth 'scapes by ntertaining literature )rbid more than the he State, and to elect lay in October. The UIHTOKY OF MICniOAN. 473 rem.lt was the ,atifi.-ati..n J the (^..mtitution l.y « large majonty, and the election ot a full set of State otH.-ers. SteveuH f. Mam,n was elerted ( Jovernor, Edwi.rd Mun.ly Lieutenant Governor, and Isaac E. Crary representative in G.ngress. The first sessmn of HON. GEORGE W. SWIFT. GEORGE Washington Swift was born in Palniyra. Wayne county. New York, May 21. 1817. He is a grandson of General John Bw.ft a fo Mi Jo be revolution, and son of Rev. Marcus Swift who enngrated "Michigan in 1825. His maternal grandfather was Weaver Osband, oion n vpteran of tlie revolution. Mr Sw ft e„.ained with his father upon the farm, in Nankm, Wayne onnntv where they first settled, until his twentieth year, performmg X Ind endurlng^^^^^^ and privations, known only to the pioneer. '!*& '% Mi *<■ 474 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 8TATE8. the Legislaturs under the Constitution was commenced at the capi- tol, in the city of Detroit, on the fii-st Monday of November, and John Norvell and Lucius Lyon were elected United States Sena- tors. A regular election was also held under the Territorial laws for delegate to Corje" is, and George W. Jones, of Wisconsin, received the necessary certificate of electiou, although it is said that William Woodbridge received the highest number of votes. The machinery of the State government was now in full opera- tion, with the exception of the judiciary, which was not organized until the fourth of July, 1836. The people submitted to, and were governed by the State authorities from this time forward, although a Territorial Governor was also here in the person of John S. Horner. This anomalous state of things continued till the organization of Wisconsin as a separate Territory, and the appointment of Mr. Horner as its Secretary. It does not appear however, that any serious difficulty arose between the two Gov- ernors. Meantime, application had been made for admission into the Union under the Constitution. But it was not until the fif- teenth of June, 1836, that Congress took action on the question. It then passed an act accepting the Constitution and State gov- stiuggling with seemicg impossibilities in a new country, widely separated from civilization by the waters of the lake. From his eighth to hia fourteenth year, there were no schools in the country; and, until his twentieth year, opportunities for education were meagre. At twenty years of age, he returned to his native State and enjoyed educational advantages until 1841. At this time, he again became a resident of Michi- gan, having married Miss Sarah Pudney, of Saratoga county, New York. For some years, his principal business was farming, devoting, however, some attention to the study of the law. Having never regularly entered the practice of law, he was, notwithstanding, much resorted to for legal counsel, and, possessing good forensic ability, his services were generally sought in matters of public interest. He early displayed rare talents for debate, and entered actively into public defense of the reforms of the day and soon became a champion in the anti-slavery and temperance movements. Many signal victories were achieved by his eloquence and polemic power. Many of his eflorts were pronounced to be of the highest order, and competent judges have declared that his addresses to the people in defense of the war to sup- press the rebellion of 1861 are among the best put forth at that exciting '■!^»i^lWH'?'--'J*^i"»**»---*»'**''«'-«s»^'* nmenced at the capi- ly of November, and United States Sena- p the Territorial laws Jones, of Wisconsin, , although it is said 38t number of votes. i now in full opera- ch was not organized le submitted to, and n this time forward, bere in the person of things continued till ;e Territory, and the It does not appear jtween the two Gov- ide for admission into was not until the fif- tion on the question, ition and State gov- untry, widely separated i'rom his eigbtli to his :ountry; and, until his e meagre. At twenty id enjoyed educational ime a resident of Michi- oga county, New York, ng, devoting, however, never regularly entered ich resorted to for legal services were generally d entered actively into )on became a champion Many signal victories er. Many of his eflorts competent judges have ense of the war to sup- ut forth at that exciting HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 476 erument Of Michigan, and providing for her admission mto the Union as a State, on condition that she, by a convention of delegates elected for that purpose, should consent to accept he boundary as claimed by Ohio.and receive a. compensation for the loss of the territory in dispute what is now known as the Upper P ninsula. This act could be viewed by the people of Michigan • no other than an odious light. The valueof the Upper Jen- .ula was then unappreciated. Copper was ^^--/^ 7\f ;^;; it is true- but in what quantities no one could tell. It was o^erup'on as a barrenUe, too mountainous for cultivation nd of problematical value for any purpose. Besides, the work f excilon by Congress, it was thought, had proceeded far lugh By the act of 1802. Congress had given the eastern ract belonging originally to Michigan, of more than a thousand rua;e mile' to OhL By ^he act of 1816, it had given to Ind. anaat-t of between eleven and twelve hundred square mi ^ originally belonging to Michigan. And now Congress required her to purchase her admission into the Union by agreemg o a stiU urther'excision of most valuable territory. This w^ the v^ taken by the_people_attt^^ T. TnlmlZ been engaged, was a debate with a distinguished "tf'lprmuch persuasion from the leading members of the churches, Mr. SwrorerdTolet that gentleman indebate^nthef.^^^^^^ tion. Mr. Bwift taking the -^^"-'J^ J^ '^^e 1 1^^^^^^^^ ^e mortal, dies, and becomes non-existenf, but ^'J "^^ ^^^^^, .ill be restored -^^^^S';* ^^J^^^^b^^ eternal life, and the wicked shall ce^e to ^^j"'^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^,^,,^^ '■s::i'^ . ii liifiiiriiriiirrin'-- ^^^ -^-^ An QENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. issued a call for a special session of the Legislature, to meet in Detroit, on the eleventh of July, 1836. On the twentieth, an act was approved providing for the election of delegates to a conven- tion, to accept or reject the proposition of Congress. It provided that fifty delegates should be elected, and that the convention should be held at Ann Arbor, on the twenty-sixth of September. This convention was composed of a full representation of both political parties. It met on the day appointed, and, after being in session four days, it decided to reject the proposition of Con- gress so far as it related to the boundary question. The vote stood twenty-one for acceptance, and twenty-eight for rejection. It then appointed three delegates, to repair to Washington at the next session of Congress, to cooperate with our representative* in securing measures for the promotion of the general interests of the State. The dissent of the convention was very unsatisfactory to a large portion of the people of the State. Two formidable parties had grown out of the discussion of the question. Although a decided unanimity prevailed with regard to the justness of the claim of Michigan to the territory in dispute ; yet, under the cir- very poor people settled on them in a short time, and, in consequence, years of fearful destitution ensued. For two successive years, they were relieved by private contributions, but at the expiration of that time, the agents left their field of labor, greatly excited, being charged with having shown partiality in the distribution of the relief. A striking incident, illustrating Mr. Swift's power of discrimination and executive ability, may be mentioned in this connection. In the winter of 1859, the State legislature made an appropriation of money, to be expended by the Governor in purchasing provisions, to be a loan to these people. The Governor called on Mr. Swift and gave the entire distribution into his hands. The task was at once entered upon and executed with vigor. More than one hundred and twenty tons of provisions were transported by teams into the wilderness and distributed among the people, to secure the payment of which over two thousand notes were taken. This duty was delicate and arduous, requiring the exercise of great wisdom and discre- tion. After the supplies were transported into the woods, depositories being made many miles apart, notice was given of the time when they would be distributed. At each place of sale, Mr. Swift was present, neces- sitating many miles of travel, by night, through the dark pine forests, MMM i rj ltl l f -nt il •-*' ' ■""" "^-»- STATES. Legislature, to meet in n the twentieth, an act ' delegates to a conven- Congress. It provided )d that the convention nty-sixth of September, representation of both ointed, and, after being the proposition of Con- iry question. The vote snty-eight for rejection, ir to Washington at the 1 our representative* in ! general interests of the ery unsatisfactory to a Two formidable parties question. Although a d to the justness of the jute ; yet, under the cir- time, and, in consequence, successive years, they were xpiration of that time, the being charged with having elief. A striking incident, ion and executive ability, le winter of 1859, the State y, to be expended by the loan to these people. The entire distribution into his I and executed with vigor, ivisions were transported by ing the people, to secure the fere taken. This duty was if great wisdom and discre- ito the woods, depositories iven of the time when they Ir. Swift was present, neces- )ugh the dark pine forests, HISTORY OP MICHIGAN. 477 cumstances, the expediency of retaining or -^-^^^^^^f .^^^^f J^ had become a matter of serious contention. A year hadj-ady elapsed since the formation of a State Const.tutton, and ha f ha^ period had been spent by her delegation to Congress m f u^tle. Llicitation for admission. Many began to despond. One^arty seemed to consider the participation in the benefits of the Union paramount to all other considerations. This idea ad grea Light at the time from the fact that a large amount of su p^us evenue was about to be distributed among the several bta ^^ This it was supposed would be lost to the State by a too long 11; L securing admission. Therefore, there was much to lose by delay, and nothing to gain. With the other party these rea- ls had little or no weight. Rather than submit to the mjusUce of having so important a portion of her domain wrested from he State, they were inclined to submit to tb«J°-7— j' ' might result from delay, till a more favorable action of Congress^ They placed full reliance in the ultimate action of Co"gre «. and hopid that a sense of justice would eventually compel tha body to admit the State unconditionally. They also argued that the State, having a present right to admission^would_have^n^ :^;;;:^^^^;^^^^^;;^:^^^ labor m about ^^^^^'^ rendered his accounts, delivered the sureties and received h.s d scha ge with the full approval of the State authorities. Not a voice was 1 fted Totrdemn anract of his, but universal ^^^^^^^^Z^. the srateful people, many of whom wept as they gave him a last farewell In the eaSL part of Mr. Swift's career, his radical opinions and unswerving adherence to his convictions of right, without regard to pe - ronTconsequences, provoked much enmity and oPPOsitUni in cons, quence of which his friends hesitated somewhat in bnnging him b f ore r people as a candidate for office. But, after the organization of he EepubUcan party, to which he lent an actively helping 1-"^ ^^ o wh^ch he became an able champion, he received the — f"" ^^ Jf ^.^^";; legislature and in the election outstripped every candidate on the ticket^ S of hi« Ufe-long opponents voted for him on the personal ground of fbX and ntegrity He served the State four years, occupying a pro- m^ent pos^^^^^^^ House. On his remection, he led, by many vo,.s Tn his district the great general who was elected to the presidency. Mr. Sv^ reSed his seat in the legislature in 1869, having accepted the office otIfnTted States Consul, at Windsor, Canada, which he still holds. ••:'M f f.l" 1 I 478 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES. able right to her proportion of the surplus revenue, which Congress could not refuse to grant whenever she was admitte.1. Thus stood parties when the convention decided to reject the proposition of Congress. The dissatisfied party thereupon resolved that another convention should be held, without waiting for another call by the Legislature. During the autumn, two respect- able primary assemblies of that portion of the people assenting to the conditions were held, one in Wayne county, and the other in the county of Washtenaw, two of the most populous counties in the State. A second convention of the people was proposed for the trial of the question, and the Governor was requested to call the same by proclamation. Although the convention was approved of; yet, as it waa wholly unauthorized by law, the Gov- ernor declined to take such a step. A convention, however, had been decided upon ; and, on the fourteenth of November, a circu- lar from the proper officers of the assenting party was issued, which recommended the qualified voters in the several counties to meet on the fifth and sixth of December, and elect delegates to attend a convention ; that the number of delegates be twice the number elected to the popular branch of the Legislature ; and Here, as elsewhere in public service, be displays eminent ability and integrity. Through unwise measures, an unhappy state of feeling for- merly existed between the two countries. In place of mutual respect, distrust and suspicion prevailed, and commerce between the two nations at that point bad fallen to a low ebb, but, under Mr. Swift's supervision, order and confidence have been restored, commerce revived, and a happy and prosperous state of affairs inaugurated. Mr. Swift is yet in the prime of life, actively engaged in the battle of reform, and right against wrong His life and labors thus far have been devoted largely to benevolent efforts in behalf of the poor, the oppressed, the victims of wrong and unholy greed, and in the interests of free schools — the diffusion of intelligence, morality and religion. To his influence and efforts, while in the legislature, is largely due the law establishing free schools — the more ample endowment of the University, and the liberal provision which has been made for the various beneficiary institutions, in which our State may indulge a commendable pride. Mr. Swift has held many places of trust and honor (in all of which he has commanded and received public approval), among which was that of State librarian. tE STATES, 8 revenue, which Congress as admitte-l. on decided to reject the party thereupon resolved 3ld, without waiting for ; the autumn, two respect- of the people assenting ne county, and the other B most populous counties the people was proposed rovernor was requested to ugh the convention was thorized by law, the Gov- convention, however, had th of November, a circu- lenting party was issued, in the several counties to T, and elect delegates to f delegates be twice the of the Legislature ; and splays eminent ability and ihappy state of feeling for- D place of mutual respect, ce between the two nations ler Mr. Swift's supervision, merce revived, and a happy ively engaged in the battle life and labors thus far :s in behalf of the poor, the greed, and in the interests , moiaiity and religion. To iture, is largely due the law dowment of the University, B for the various beneficiary a commendable pride, i honor (in all of which he ), among which was that of HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 479 that the election be conducted at the proper places, by the same that tne eiec formalities governing other :: lid byll io di.«oted from .he pr„p»i.io„ of bo-- „1 Lridered the election void from i« illegally. The dXi: me rll Arbor. o„ the fourteenth day of December J^ Cht be exp«.ted from a bod, thu, eo„.ti.uted a decided ,„^„ZAf might have been expected, the valtd.ty of the L^ aCion wa, Lo».y called in ,»e,Uo„ A lengthy and sririt^ debate en.ned, in which the rtole qacstion wa. d„eu,Bed r^-med, however, to he a disposition among .1 p.».e. J admit the Slate, notwithstanding the irregularity of the conven «„r How mu h the electoral vote of Ohio had to do m h he !^on Tt Congress in reference to the various matter, m depute, i, . question not proper for consideration in *- pag«^ The final decision was made by an ^l approved January *tb 1837°which, after asserting, by preamble, that the people f he Sttte h«i riven their consent to the proposed boundanc. m the ItveZn of the Bfteenth of December, 1836, declared Mrch.gan rr«lof the United States, and admitted into the Umon » an cual footing with the original States, in .11 r«pecu wh«. ever." CHAPTER XXXII. I;; ii Michigan as a State — Resources and Population — Administration OK Governor Mxson — Woodbridge— Gordon— Barry— Felch— Greenly— Ransom— Barry— McClelland— Bingham— WisNER. Michigan was now mistress of her own destinies. The diffi- culties \vhich had retarded her progress had been removed. The questions which had diverted the minds of her people from the labor of developing her resources had been settled. She was on an equal footing with the others in the great sisterhood of States, and it needed bat the proper development of her great natural resources to place her in the front rank of greatness and power. How well she has succeeded, the following pages will demonstrate. The ronumtic story of the birth, childhood and early youth of Michigan is ended. We have seen her as she was betore the white man had penetrated the solitudes of her giant forests — before aught beside the bark canoes of the savage had vexed the waters of her lakes and rivers. "We have seen her under the blighting influence of the feudal institutions of France, whose highest aim was to preserve her forests as a shelter for fur-bearing animals. We have witnessed the change from French dominion to that of Great Britain, whose policy had no higher aims, and was pro- ductive of no nobler results than that of France. And, finally, we have seen the red cross of England supplanted by the stars and stripes of our great Republic, and witnessed the happy results of the enactment of just laws and the establishment of free insti- tutions. It now becomes our duty to consider her as she is found at the present day ; to patiently, though briefly, trace her steps from youth to maturity, and to exhibit her in the greatness and prosperity she has attained through the development of her unbounded resources. From the nature of thing' llie following pages must consist ION— ADMmiBTKATION ON— Barry — Felch — JrNGHAM — WiSNEK. lestinies. The diffi- jeen removed. The her people from the ettled. She was on sisterhood of States, f her great natural neatness and power. es will demonstrate, and early youth of vas betore '±e white iant forests — before id vexed the waters mder the blighting , whose highest aim ur-bearing animals. 1 dominion to that aims, and was pro- mce. And, finally, anted by the stars ed the happy results hmeut of free insti- hcr as she is found ifly, trace her steps the greatness and jvelopment of her pages must consist HIBTORT OF MICHIQAK. 481 of a mere compilation of information from official documents. The history of the State during the period of its peaceful settle- ment, and progress in arts and sciences, must necessarily be devoid of the attractions which interest many readers ; but, though devoid SANFORD HOWARD. Sanford Howard, late secretary of the State board of agriculture, was bom in Easton, Bristol county, Massachusetts, August 7, 1805. He was the sixth descendant from John Howard, who came from England m 1651, and subsequently settled in West Bridgewater. 81 !' 482 OEKERAIi HISTORY OF THE STATES. of tales of bloodshed, hardship and suffering, it is the record of the events which have made her great and powerful, and trans- formed her solitudes into marts of commerce, cleared away her mighty forests, and dotted her landscape with happy homes and flourishing cities. The first Governor of Michigan under her State organization was, as we have already seen, Stevens T. Mason, a native of Vir- ginia. He was elected Governor of the prospective State in 1836, and held the office till January, 1840. When Michigan was, admitted into the Union as a State, her population was about two hundred thousand. It possessed an area of about forty thousand square miles, which was divided into thirty-six counties. Almost the firbt act that was passed by the State Legislature, after the admission into the Union, was one for the organization and sup port of common schools. Congress had already set apart one section of land in each township for this purpose, and the new State was not slow to avail itself of the advantages of the dona- tion. In March of the same year another act was passed estab- lishing the University of Michigan. As a separate chapter will Living in a country neighborhood, hia advantages for education were limited to three or four months in a year at a district school, but being of a studious turn, and quick to learn, he supplemented his studies with such reading as assisted him in laying the foundation for future useful- ness. When quite a boy he evinced a decided love for natural history, espe- cially that relating to domestic animals. In early lite he became acquainted with Col. Samuel Jaques and the Hon. John Welles, two of the most noted breeders of their times. To this acquaintance, and the Intimate friendship that followed, the world is indebted in a measure for much of the information disseminated through Mr. Howard's pen during the last thirty years of his life. When about seventeen years of age, he was placed in a dry goods and grocery store, where he remained about two years, when finding him dis- inclined to any pursuit but farming, liis father consented to his return home. From this time he remained with liis fatlier in his favorite occu- pation till 13;10, when he married Miss Matilda Williams, and removed to Halowell, Maine, where lie took charge of the celebrated Vaughn farm. Here lie organized the Kennebec county agricultural society, which was the pioneer society of the Slate. KTBB. , it is the record of powerful, and trans- 36, cleared away her h happy homes and • State organization ion, a native of Vir- ectivo State in 1836, /'hen Michigan was, ation was about two bout forty thousand X counties. Almost iGgislature, after the *ganization and sup- ready set apart one Lirpose, and the new intages of the dona- ,ct was passed estab- leparate chapter will ges for education were ■ict school, but being of lented his studies with ition for future useful- r natural history, espe- early lit'o he became m. John Welles, two of 3 acquaintance, and the lebted in a measure for r. Howard's pen during iced in a dry goods and 5, when finding him dis- consented to his return ler in his favorite occu- illiams, and removed to elebrated Vaughn farm, ural society, which was RIBTORY OP MIC3HIGAH. 483 be devoted to this institution, we will not stop to consider it here. The Legislature also paid particular attention to the mineral resources of the State. It appropriated $29,000 for a geological survey, and appointed Dr. Douglass Houghton State geologist. Internal improvements also received a large share of attention. A board of seven commissioners was established, of which the Gover nor was made president. This board authorized a number of sur- veys for railroads. Three routes were surveyed through the State, , and eventually became known as the Michigan Central, the Michigan Southern, and Detroit and Milwaukee. The latter road, however, was originally intended to have Port Huron for its east- ern terminus. Acts were at the same time passed incorporating the roads between Gibraltar and Clinton, and Detroit and Shia- wassee. Thus was the energy and public spirit of the citizens of the new State manifested, and thus was the first start made in the grand system of railroads which now traverse the State in every direction. The next year appropriations were made for the sur- vey of the St. Joseph, Kalamazoo and Grand rivers, with the view of improving their navigation. In 1839 the, militia of the State In 1837, Mr. Howard removed with his family to Zanesville, Ohio, where he became engaged in farming, and also for some years conducted an agricultural department in the Zanesville Gazette. Here, too, he was chiefly instrumental in establishing the Muskingum county agricultural society. In 1844, he was offered and accepted a position as associate editor o£ the Albany Cultivator. January 4, 1852, Mr. Howard removed to Boston, Massachusetts, to take charge of the agricultural department of the Bo»ton Cultivator, which position he maintained with benefit to its readers and satisfaction to its proprietor during twelve years. In 1857. the Massachusetts society for the promotion of agriculture decided to make an importation of stock for the improvement of their domestic animals, and Mr. Howard was selected for that purpose to visit England, Scotland, Ireland and France. He performed his mission in a highly satisfactory manner, and made another trip to Europe for a simi- lar purpose, and while there received marked attention from many of the first people of the countries in which he traveled. Returning, he contin- ued to edit the Boston Cultivator until he removed to Michigan. In February, 1864, Mr. Howard was elected secretary of the Michigan m 484 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. %v i was organized, and eight divisions, with two brigades of two regi- ments each, were provided for. Another event of this year was the completion of the Jackson penitentiary. With this year also terminated the administration of Governor Mason, who had been twice elected to the chief magistracy of the State. The official report in reference to the educational interests of the State shows that nearly thirty thousand pupils attended the common schools that year, and that the amount of money expended was over eighteen thousand dollars. The agricultural statistics published in 1838 gives the following figures for that year: Rye, 21,944 bushels; oats, 1,116,910; buckwheat, 6,422; flax, 43,826 pounds; hemp, 524 ; neat cattle, 89,610 , horses, 14,069 ; sheep, 22,684 ; swine, 109,096. The second Governor of Michigan was William Woodbridge. He served in that capacity from January, 1840, to February, 1841, when he resigned to accept a seat in the United States Senate. J. Wright Gordon was Lieutenant-Governor, and became acting Governor upon the resignation of Governor Woodbridge. The principal events which occurred during the joint administration Stale board of ngi UniUure, and, in the May following, lie removed from Boston to Lansing, Michigan, and entered upon the duties of his office. His removal from Boston was the occasion of a dinner and presenta- tion, at which time he received from the Massachusetts agricultural club a massive silver pitcher. Mr. Howard's labors in Michigan were more in the interests of the agricuUure of the State at large than with the State agricultural college. He was, however, a member of the faculty, and took his turn in the general lectures delivered before the college, and his addresses were always highly welcome by his audience. He did very much to improve the agriculture of the State, and in these labors became widely acquainted with the agriculturists, fruit growers and stock raisers of Michigan. In the spring of l«71, Mr. Howard was stricken with partial paralysis, affecting his right side. He went from his office, where the fatal disease had found him at his %ork, to his home, where, after an eight days' illness, he died on the 9th of March. The newspapers througliout the entire country paid their tribute of respect to the memory of the deceased, and resolutions of regret and sympathy on his death were passed by both branches of the State legis- lature and by the State board of agriculture. LTE8. ■igades of two regi- int of this year was With this year also iason, who had been State. The official of the State shows he common schools expended was over statistics published year: Rye, 21,944 (lax, 43,826 pounds; 169; sheep, 22,684; '^illiam Woodbridge. ), to February, 1841, iiited States Senate, and became acting ■ Woodbridge. The joint administration king, lie renioveil from he duties of Ills oince. a dinner and prcsenta- iisetts agricullural club in the interests of the te agricullural college. I took his turn in the nd his addresses were very much to Improve :ame widely acquainted iMcrs of Michigan. 1 with partial paralysis, where the fatal disease e, after an eight days' 'y paid their tribute of itolutions of regret and iches of the State Icgis- HISTOBY OF MICHIGAN. 486 were as follows: The railroad from Detroit to Ann Arbor, a dis- tance of forty miles, was completed; branches of the University were established at Detroit. Pontine, Monroe, Niles. Kalamazoo, Grand Rapids, Jackson. White Pigeon, and Tecu mseb. The WtSMUl* HON. D. HORTON. DEXTKU HouTON, a prominent citizen of Fenton, M'<=f «K»°. 7" ^°" in the town of Groveland, Oakland county, Michigan, in 1837, on the farm where his father, H. W. Horton, now resides. ^ . .„ His education was mostly acquired in the school district where he was born. At the age of fourteen, he was sent to Albion college, but was so given to practical joking that his stay there was of short duration^ While there he was acknowledged to be a good student, being ma ked perfect in nearly all his studies; was well liked by his teachers and felU)W atudents, but was so constantly into mischief, that they were obliged to expel him. When he left college he was president of tUe Eclectic and 486 UENERAL HISTORY OF THK STATES. population of the State exceeded two hundred and twelve thou- sand, and the leading cities claimed the following numbers: Detroit, nine thousand one hundred ; Ypilanti, two thousand four hundred ; Pontiac, nineteen hundred ; Marshall, seventeen hun- dred and sixty-three, and Monroe seventeen hundred and three. To denote the growth of the material wealth of the State, we present the following statistics, gathered in 1841 : The average price of wheat was seventy cents a bushel, and the crop amounted to $2,100,000 ; corn was sold for thirty cents, and that crop amounted to $810,000 ; oats, twenty cents, and the amount $800,- 000 ; hay, five dollars per ton, and the amount $750,000 ; pork was sold for ten cents per pound, and amounted to $900,000 ; the fur trade amounted to $425,000 ; the potato crop to 2,051 ,000 bushels ; whisky and wines, $400,000 ; maple sugar, $83,151 ; the fish trade, $192,000 ; wool, $70,000 ; dairies, $300,000, and home- made goods, $100,000. The exports for that year amounted to over four millions of dollars ; and, as the result of the distribution act of Congress, the State became possessed of five hundred thou- sand acres of public lands, many portions of which were selected with great care, and were to become the foundation of an import- ant revenue. Associated with the adminbtration of Governor Atheniades societies. After his departure from college his time was occupied in teaching school winters, and farming summers, until he arrived at his majority, when he took up his residence at Fenton, Genesee county, where he now resides. At this time, his whole capital consisted of two colts and fifteen bags of corn. But being an energetic business man, he soon acquired a com- petency, and has ever used his means to increase the prosperity of his town. He is an extensive dealer in flour, grain and wool, and, within the last three years, has built up one of the largest retail trades, in farm- ing implements, that there is in the State. His great energy was shown in a large procession of farmers and farming machines which paraded the streets of Fenton, on the 14th of June, 1873. This procession was very highly spoken of at the time in the local papers, for its numbers, beautiful display of all kinds of farming implements, decorated with banners, and for the business ingenuity of Mr. Horton in organizing it, and surprising the people of Fenton by its unexpected entrance into their Tillage. iTES. id and twelve thou- following numbers: i, two thousand four lall, seventeen hun- indred and three. ,1th of the State, we 1841 : The average I the crop amounted ents, and that crop i the amount $800,- unt 8750,000; pork ;ed to $900,000 ; the crop to 2,051,000 sugar, $83,161 ; the 1300,000, and home- it year amounted to It of the distribution if five hundred thou- which were selected dation of an iraport- bration of Governor college his time waa Qg summers, until he ince at Fenton, Genesee ) colts and fifteen bags e soon acquired a com- 1 the prosperity of his and wool, and, within It retail trades, in farm- ;reat energy was shown ichines which paraded This procession was )aper8, for its numbers, iments, decorated with [orton in organizing it, szpected entrance into HIBTORT OF MICHIOAK. 4flT Gordon was the rei.rganization of the Grand Lodge of Free MasoUH with the constitutional number ot lodgen. f„„„ 1841 la 1845. Duri„glhc lir,t y.«r .1 I... t"™ ■ «' ? ""' „„»™l pr,.grc», «» cvc.ry.l,.T.. h, „m.t .cUvuy. In 1842, .!« Tulnbcr nf pupil. rc,.or,e,l n. ..u.-li... ii.o ''"";"T^^^. nearly Bfty-eiBl.t ll.onsan.l. In 18411, « Sl.te land office ..» i.lab S J at Ul,.ll, .1,101, .... lnvo..o.l .iU, .1,0 ol,ar« • an »- pcWon of all the land, (.olonglng to 1,0 " ^'^ " » ,■•• ^'^'^ Lable properly of ll,e Su,le «i,» found lo 1,0 «2«,.»4,282, the lal Wng 1 11,0 ra« of Iwo mill, on ll,e dollar. Tl,e oxpon.c. of b Sr^ Ire only «ven.yll,ou.a„d dollar., »l,ilo the income Iron, State wert oui^ B j *onn nnn The Uu versity had the two railroads was nearly $300,000. ih*^ vl^^^ y already become so prosperous that its income was ample to pay betted on the University debt ; and the amount ot money Ibich the State was able to loan to the -^ P-^^^^^^^^ roads was one hundred and twenty thousand dolla,.. ^ffo were made to increase the efficiency c)nh^^mon8cho^^ He first acted with the Whigs, but upon the organ.zut on of the I pub -='!"?SrSiCi::c:r^:::rtr SrXgln a *'.:. lo thai place for Ibc p»,po» of .«U«lnK^^»; Stauon, \l,rg,ma, , , j ,,„, ,„ could have an appolnlmenl b.forcdo,ng ■"'•''" "'''^',„ .„a e„,„„l...,y of .ub.l.«,nce In lb. 1„ nf iJ, oo.lllon, rcporlrf to General Tboma. lo. dnty, and ■^'^ /Jn LCtaof .beTenne.»e and Georgia until lUey^ar. ZZt:ltLTZ army, be w„ promoted to tbe ran. 0, m.,.r. \rrrtrr:::::;=zra..ento.,bn. 488 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES. results. In 1845, the population of the State was more than three hundred thousand. Governor Barry was succeeded by Alpheus Felch, who served the State in the capacity of Governor from 1845 till 1847. The important events under his administration may be summed up aa follows : The two railroads belonging to the State were sold to private corporations — the Central for two millions of dollars, and the Southern for five hundred thousand dollars. In 1846, the University library was enriched with a choice collection of five thousand volumes, purchased in Europe. These books were much needed by the University, and added largely to its usefulness. The exports of the State for 1846 amounted to $4,647 608 ; the aggregate capacity of vessels enrolled in the collection district of Detroit was 26,928 tons ; the steam vessels numbering 8,400, and the sailing vessels 18,527— the whole giving employment to eighteen thousand seamen. In 1847, the counties in the State numbered thirty-nine, and the townships four hundred and thirty- five, of which two hundred and seventy were supplied with good libraries, containing in the aggregate thirty-seven thousand vol- umes. The pupils in the common schools numbered ninety-eight thousand, and in the 2,869 districts were employed twelve hun- dred male teachers, and nearly two thousand female teachers. On the third of March, 1847, Governor Felch resigned his posi- tion as Governor to accept a seat in the United States Senate, whereupon Lieutenant-Governor W. L. Greenly assumed the was removed by President .lohnson, for political reasons. He was a delegate to the soldiers' convention, at Chicago, that nominated General Orant for the presidency. In 1867, Mr. Horton was appointed assistant sergeant-at-arms of the State senate, and, in November, 1809, he was elected a representative to the State legislature. In 1871, he was nominated, but having voted at the former session of that body for the adoption of the fourteenth amendment to the United States constitution, and advocating the election of a candidate to the United States senate, who was unpopular in his district, he was defeated by thirty one votes. Mr. Horton is a man of great personal popularity, unswerving honesty, fine social qualities and winning manners. He has great business tact and energy, and is of inestimable value to his town. ■ ; ' .|ft i -igHMI» . . 1 ,i t M»^«MUiJf ' UMmiitim3ime,!i-a^i'Wtit:Si!ie!&/ il ^ 'i FATES. ivas more than three i Felch, who served 845 till 1847. The y be summed up aa e State were sold to lions of dollars, and liars. In 1846, the !e collection of five ise books were much y to its usefulness, to $4,647 608; the le collection district ils numbering 8,400, ving employment to junties in the State hundred and thirty- supplied with good seven thousand vol- irabered ninety -eight nployed twelve hun- nd female teachers. :h resigned his posi- nited States Senate, rreenly assumed the il reasons. Ue was a lat nominated General lergeant-at-arms of the }ted a representative to J, but having voted at ion of the fourteenth advocating the election I was unpopular in his y, unswerving honesty, las great business tact rn. HIBTORY OF MICHiaAW. 489 a„«e, of *e e.ecut>ve. Durio, .be l.^'" fj^r:' ^I HON. GEO. E. HUBBARD. e XT- ^^nn■^n Hubbard, was bom in 1833, at Hamilton, in the State Of JNew lo. Detroit, Michigan, where ^^^/^^^Z, fj X'cieveland.'in the removed to the Western Res veO,^-.^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^.^ ,, same State, where he g-^-^'^*^ ^y^ ^^ ^ g, ..^n learned the tinner's the mercantile college of E- «• f °''°°- ^ ^ Marvin. At the ter- trade serving three years in the shop of Mr. W. l.. mar Sniuon of L apprenticeship he becan.^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^ 490 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. one independent company, at a coat of about ten thousand five hundred dollars. Governor Greenly was succeeded by Epaphroditus Ransom, who served the State from 1847 till November, 1849. We sum up the events and affairs of the State under his administration as follows : The Asylum for the Insane was established, as also the Asylum for the Deaf, Dumb and Blind. Both of these institutes were liberally endowed with lands, and each of them placed in charge of a board of five trustees. The appropriation in 1869 for the deaf and dumb and blind amounted to $81,500. On the first of March, 1848, the first telegraph line was completed from New York to Detroit, and the first dispatch transmitted on that day. The following figures show the progress in agriculture: The land reported as under cultivation in 1848 was 1,437,460 acres ; of wheat there were produced 4,739,300 bushels ; other grains, 8,197,767 bushels; wool, 1,645,756 pounds ; maple sugar, 1,774,369 pounds ; horses, 52,305 ; cattle, 210,268 ; swine, 152,541 ; sheep, 610,534 ; while the flour mills numbered two hundred and twenty-eight, and the lumber mills amounted to seven hundred and thirty. In 1847, an act was passed removing the Legislature from Detroit to Lansing, and temporary buildings for the use of the Legislature were immediately erected, at a cost of $12,450. Governor Ransom was succeeded by John 8. Barry, who was again, and for a third terra, elected Governor of the State of same year, 1,. was married to Christiana, daughter of Mr. John Landreth, of Cleveland. In September, 1856, he removed to Grand Haven, where he started a small hardware store, with a stock worth less than one thousand dollars. In 1858, Mr. Hubbard purchased the interest in the business hitherto held by Mr. C. Metz, the stock then amounting to over five thousand dollars. lie continued the business until 1866, when Mr. George E. Miller joined him in a partnership which continued two years. He also formed a partnership with Mr. A. J. Emlaw, who carried on a hardware business in Muskegon. At the end of two years, Mr. Emlaw was succeeded in the Muskegon business by Mr. John H. Landreth, brother of Mrs. George E. Hubbard. He continued it three years. At the time Mr. Miller joined the firm, the stock was valued at sixteen thousand dollars. Mr. Landreth took an interest in the Grand Haven business in 1872, and continued in it one year, since which time the con- FES. ten thousand five hroditus Ransom, r, 1849. We sum \ administration as blished, as also the of these institutes jf them placed in •opriation in 1869 681,500. On the IS completed from ansmitted on that IS in agriculture: 148 was 1,437,460 00 bushels; other mds ; maple sugar, 8 ; swine, 152,541 ; 1 two hundred and seven hundred and e Legislature from or the use of the of $12,450. 8. Barry, who was r of the State of Mr. John Landreth, ind Haven, where he IS than one thousand rest in the business )unting to over five til 1866, when Mr. continued two years, iw, who carried on a years, Mr. Emlaw John H. Landreth, t three years. 'as valued at sixteen 1 the Grand Haven which time the con- HISTORT OF MICHIGAN. 491 Michigan. He continued in office till November, 1851. During this administration a Normal School was established at Ypsi- lanti, which was endowed with lands and placed in charge of a board of education, consisting of six persons ; a new Constitution for the government of the State was adopted, and the "Great Rail- road Conspiracy Case " was tried. This grew out of a series of lawless acts which had been committed upon the property of the Michigan Central Railroad Company, along the line of their road, and, finally, the burning of their depot, at Detroit, in 1850. In 1851, thirty-seven men were brought to trial, and of them twelve were convicted. The conspirators were c'i>fended by William H. Seward, of New York, and the prosecution was conducted by Alex. D. Fraser, of Detroit. Judge Warner Wing presided. Robert McClelland .followed Barry into the executive chair, and served as Governor from 1851 until March, 1853, when he resigned to accept a position in the Cabinet of President Pierce, as Secretary of the Interior. On his retirement, the Lieutenant Governor, Andrew Parsons, became the acting governor, and continued in that capacity until November, 1854. Kingsley S. Bingham was the next Governor of Michigan. He served from November, 1854, to November, 1858. With regard to this administration we copy from the " Red Book " as follows: The most notable event of Governor Bingham's first term was the completion of the ship cajal, at the Falls of St. Mary. In 1852, cern has been carried on by Mr. Hubbard, the capital invested being about thirty thousand dollars. In 1870, Mr. Hubbard erected the first brick three-story building in the city, and the completion of the building was celebrated in February, 1871, by the largest party ever gathered together in Grand Haven, con- sisting of friends from all parts of Michigan and some from Illinois, Ohio and Wisconsin. In 1872, Mr. Hubbard was elected mayor, on the Republican ticket, when it was conceded there was a Democratic majority of one hundred in the city. In the spring of 1873, he was reelected mayor, a position he still continues to fill with honor to himself and the general satisfaction of his fellow-citizens. As a business man, Mr. Hubbard ranks high, and is among the most successful. He is persevering, ent:getic and enterprising. He has ii i r. 4t ■iajaa^s^tii waas aBB tw ^^rtttwaa*'^- 492 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES. August twenty-sixth, an act of Congress was approved, granting to the State of Michigan seven hundred and fifty thousand acres of land, for the purpose of constructing a ship canal between Lakes Huron and Superior. In 1853, the Legislature accepted the grant, and provided for the appointment of commissioners to select the donated lands, and to arrange for building the caual. A com- pany of enterprising men was formed, and a contract was entered into, by which it was agreed that the canal should be finished in two years ; and the work proceeded. Every article of con- sumption, machinery, working implements and materials, timber for the gates, stones for the locks, as well as men and supplies, had to be transported to the site of the canal from Detroit, Cleveland, Chicago, and other lake ports. The rapids which had to be surmounted have a fall of seventeen feet, and are about a mile long. The length of the canal is less than one mile, its width one hundred feet, depth twelve feet, and it has two locks of solid masonry. In May, 185/3, the work was completed, accepted by the commissioners, and formally delivered to the State authori- ties. The disbursements on account of constructing the canal and selecting the lands amounted to $999,802; while the lands which were assigned to the company, and selected through the agency at the Sault, as well as certain lands in the upper and lower peninsulas, filled to an acre the government grant. The opening of this canal was a most important event in the history of the improvements of this State. It was a vuluable link in acquired a large social, and consequently politicnl influence, mainly by his stniiglitforward. Iionorable dealing and accommodating spirit. He is a valuable citizen, having aided, to the utmost of his ability, both public and private enterprises calculated to advance the Interests of the city. As a presiding officer, he has never been equaled in the common coun- cil, having a good knowledge of parliamentary practice and a nice sense of justice and impartiality. As a member of the ancient order of Knight Templars, he enjoys the unbounded confidence of the fraternity. As a citizen and neighbor, he is known to be a friend, especially to the laboring portion of the community, among whom he is exceedingly popular, while his standing in commercial circles needs no encomium. ES. pproved, granting ly thousand acres ip canal between fit u re accepted the lissioners to select ie caual. A com- itract was entered liould be finished ry article of con- materials, timber len and supplies, al from Detroit, rapids which had and are about a Jian one mile, its t has two locks of mpleted, accepted the State authori- ructing the canal ; while the lands icted through the in the upper and meut grant. The mt in the history vuluable link in ifluence, mainly by odating spirit. He jf Lis ability, both ice the interests of I the common coun- ice and a nice sense plars, he enjoys the id, especially to the he is exceedingly ds no encomium. HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 4m the chain of lake commerce, and particularly important to the interests of the upper peninsula of Michigan. Moses Wisner was the next Governor of Michigan. He served from 1858 to November, 1860. He was succeeded by Austin Blair, whose connection with the State during the progress of the civil war, properly brings any notice of his administration withm the scope of the records of that bloody event. Turning from the routine of political and legislative records, we will pass on to her struggles and triumphs during the great rebellion. P — ■^T^Sfei8«WaS8tS*&i«aSSS^ftftaKie>3fei#«a».j CHAPTER XXXIII. Administration of Governor Blair— The War of the Rebellion —Patriotic Action op Michigan — The Troops Sent to the Field— The Draft— Governor Chapo's Administration— Close OF thejWar— The Troops Return Home— Financial Condition of the State. AusTi" Blair was the thirteenth Governor of Michigan under the State organization. The principal events occurring under his administration were those connected with the war of the rebellion. To give a complete history of the events of that trying period, to enumerate the heroic deeds of the brave sons of Michigan, recount their struggles and triumphs, and place their record on the pages of history as it deserves, would require many volumes. But that record would form some of the brightest pages in the annals of this nation. Michigan soldiers were among the most prompt to offer their services when the first gun was fired on Fort Sumter, and were among the last to leave the field after the last rebel had laid down his arms. They were among those who first crossed the Long Bridge'and captured Alexandria. They were under command of the gallant and lamented Richardson, who first opened fire at Blackburn's Ford, near Bull Run. They were with McClellau, in West Virginia, in 1861. In 1862 they were in South Caro- lina and Georgia, in the Army of the Potomac, on the Peninsula, and in Maryland ; with Banks in the Shenandoah Valley, with Burnside in Virginia, with Butler in Louisiana, and with Pope in Missouri. In 1863 they bore a gallant part in the campaign in Virginia under Hooker, and Meade, in Pennsylvania. They assisted in the defense of Knoxville, under Burnside ; in the cap- ture of Vicksburg, by Grant ; and in the raid on Richmond, by Kilpatrick. They were with Rosecrans, in his campaign against HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 495 OF TiiK Rebellion 30P8 Sent to the [NisTRATioN— Close NANCiAL Condition )f Michigan under Bcurring under his ir of the rebellion. t trying period, to Michigan, recount cord on the pages )luraes. But that ) in the annals of )nipt to offer their Sumter, and were bel had laid down crossed the Long inder command of pst opened fire at ! with McClellau, •e in South Caro- on the Peninsula, doah Valley, with and with Pope in the campaign in nsylvania. They nside ; in the cap- on Richmond, by campaign against Chattanooga, and did gallant service, under other generals, in Louisiana, Mississippi, Tennessee and Kentucky. In the closing years of the war they were with Grant, in his march against Richmond ; with Sherman, in his march to the sea, and with Sher- idan, in his campaign in the Shenandoah Valley. They assisted in the defense of Nashville, under Thomas ; and were with Wil- son and Stoneraan, in their raids in Georgia and North Carolina. They were at the capture of Mobile ; and, after the surrender of Lee, served in Texas and against the Indians in the West. Mich- igan soldiers saw the surrender of Lee and of Johnson, and it was a Michigan regiment that captured the President of the Southern Confederacy. Her heroic dead sleep in every national cemetery, and her best blood has been poured out on every battle field. In every encounter they were conspicuous for their bravery and devo- tion. In every position they were true and faithful. It would be a pleasant task to follow the soldiera of Michigan through every campaign, and tell the tale of their heroism and recount their deeds of valor; but the limits of this volume forbid, and we must rest content with the briefest outline of the part which was taken by the State in that mer orable contest. Besides, the task has already been performed in an able manner by one of the soldiers of Michigan. Reference is had to General Rob- ertson's History of Michigan during the Rebellion, in Lanman's Red Book of Michigan. And we here take occasion to acknowl- edge our indebtedness to that volume for many of the facts which are here set forth. When Governor Blair assumed the gubernatcJal chair, in January, 1861, the mutterings of the coming storm were already heard in the distance. The retiring Governor, the lamented Moses Wisner, delivered a stirring and patriotic valedictory mes- sage to the Legislature, which served as the key-note to the action of the State in the subsequent contest. Governor Blair's inau- gural, delivered at the same time, was an equally patriotic message, in which he discussed, in a most able and philosophical manner, the true nature of our complex system of government, and of the real significance of the impending issues, and closed by recom- mending that the State proffer her whole military resources to the m I' ! „..a 496 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES. President to aid in upholding the laws, and maintaining the supremacy of the Constitution. The Legislature was prompt in its response to this recommendation, and passed a series of resolu- tions, declaring the loyalty of the State to the Union rnd the Constitution, and its readiness to aid the government with all its material resources and military power. Michigan was in reality, at that time, ill prepared for war. The long years that had elapsed since there had been any enemies to fight had caused her to forget that war was possible. Its militia had dwindled to next to nothing. There were only twenty- eight companies in the State, with an effective force of a little over one thousand men. The population of the State was about 800,000. The number of able-bodied men, capable of bearing arms, was estimated at 110,000. The State debt was $2,228,842, besides $100,000 in canal bonds, guaranteed by the State. The taxable value of the State was about $275,000,000. The financial embarrassments were neither few nor unimportant, and the annual tax of $226,250, was considered a grievous burthen upon the peo- ple. Notwithstanding these embarrassments, the people were willing to sacrifice everything to maintain the integrity of the Union, and the utterances of the two Governors, and the resolu- tions of the Legislature, struck a responsive chord in every patri- otic heart. On the 12th day of April, 1861, the telegraph flashed the news to Detroit that Fort Sumter had been fired upon — that civil war had been inaugurated. This news produced the most intense excitement. The first body to move in the matter was the Detroit bar. A meeting was held on the 13tli, and patriotic resolutions passed. On the 15th the news was received that Fort Sumter had surrendered. At the same time, the President's call for 75,000 troops was received. Public meetings were at once held in every part of the State, and pledges made to assist the nation in this its hour of peril. Volunteering commenced. On the 16th, Governor Blair arrived in Detroit, and immediately held a con- sultation with the leading citizens. The State had been called upon for one regiment, fully armed and equipped. One hundred thousand dollars was required for this purpose, and the treasury U^ E8. maintaining the re was prompt in a series of resolu- e Union rnd the iment with all its )repared for war. been any enemies vos possible. Its were only twenty- 'ce of a little over State was about pable of bearing t was $2,228,842, y the State. The 10. The financial it, and the annual ben upon the peo- the people were 5 integrity of the s, and the resolu- rd in every patri- flashed the news in — that civil war the most intense er was the Detroit triotic resolutions ;hat Fort Sumter esident's call for re at once held in 3ist the nation in ;d. On the 16th, lately held a con- had been called id. One hundred and the treasury HISTORY OP MiCHIOAN. 497 was empty. To meet this expenditure, the meeting at once pledged Detroit to loan the State $50,000. A further sum of $'25,000 was also pledged by those present, and a committee appointed to solicit further subscriptions. The same day the ■*ff^r REV. MARCUS SWIFT. Marcch Swift was born in Piilrayra, Wayne county, New York, June 23, 1703. His fatlier, General Jolin Swift, a prominent citizen of that section, secured to his son as good educational advantages as the country afforded in tliat early time, and at the age of eighteen, Mr Swift married Miss Anna Osbund, and entered on the active pursuits of life. At the age of twenty, he became a zealous member of the Methodist Episcopal church, and was licensed, soon after, to preach the Gospel. In this field be was eminently successful. Philosophical and logical as a thinker, 82 'i: : ■ f i ;^ii 5S ^jife^feas «&'at»ia^»g g Eayia^i^;^^r»^«^^a-£A :■■ 408 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES. Governor issued a proclamation calling for ton companies of voliiutecrs. The State promptly responded to thi» call, and the tenders of troops soon far exceeded the reciuisition. On the 24th the Governor called an extra session of the Legislature to meet on the seventh of May. Orders were issiied for organizing the First Regiment. This was promptly done, and the Coldwater Battery was also organized and equipped, with money loaned the State by the citizens of Coldwater. The Second Regiment was also hurriedly recruited, and went into camp at Detroit. The Third and Fourtl) immediately followed, and were conditionally accepted, it being apprehended that they would not be needed. On the seventh of May the Legislature met, and legalized what had been done, clothed the Governor with ample power for the future, and authorized the raising of ten regiments and a war loan of $:,000,000. It also passed the " Soldiers' Relief Law," by which counties wer required to afford certain relief to the families of soldiers. forcible and fluent as a speaker, si'nple and easy in address, the young licentiate drew around him a circle o fnends appreciative of his rapidly developing powers and rich in ki.jdness and sjTnpathy. Pecuniary embarrassments overtook him in consequence of the sudden death of an elder brother by drowning, and caused him to remove with his family to the wilds of Michigan in 1825. He purchased land, eighteen miles west of Detroit, Wayne county, in the township of Bucklin (afterwards divided into the townships of Redford, Dearborn, Livonia and Nankin, in the latter of which was his location), and making that a permanent home, became identified with the growth and development of that part of the State. In 1827, he was elected supervisor. Under the territorial regime, this office was one of primary importance, involving the entire interests of the rapidly developing country. This office he filled for nine successive terms, the remote settlers (from necessity) spending two days in going to vote, taking their provisions with them and " camping out " in the woods during the journey. He was also appointed justice of the peace by Presi- dent Jackson, which office he continued to hold until the Territory was admitted as a State. The last four terms Mr. Swift served as supervisor, he was elected without an opposing vote. The public business involved in the division of the township, devolved on him and was disposed of with judgment ATBB. HISTORY OF MICHIOAN. 499 ' ton companies of ;o thw call, «nd the ition. On the 24th Legislature to meot i for organizing the and the Coldwater th money loaned the cond Regiment was ip at Detroit. The [ wero conditionally Id not be needed. t, and legalized what imple power for the aents and a war loan rs' Relief Law," by relief to the families J in address, the young reciativo of his rapidly ijTnpathy. Pecuniary the sudden death of an lovo with his family to ad, eiglitecn miles west f Bucklin (afterwards , Livonia and Nankin, iking that a permanent ivelopment of that part territorial regime, this r the entire interests of lied for nine successive ag two days in going to ping out " in the woods e of the peace hy Presi- until the Territory was jrvisor, he was elected involved in the division losed of with judgment On the tliirtccnth day of May, the First Regiment, under the commund of Colonel O. B. Wilcox, leil for the seat of war, fully armed and c(iui|)ped. The Second soon followed, commanded by Colonel Inrael B. Ricliardson. Many other companies were organ- ized; but, not being able to find places in the regiments in this State, sought and found service in other States. The Third and Fourth, however, were recruited, under the authority of the Gov- ernor ; and, while this was in process, a letter was received from the Secretary of War, limiting the number of regiments that would be accepted from thin State to four, and enjoining the Gov- ernor from raising any more than that number. Governor Blair, however, decided to disregard these instruc- tions, and immediately establialied a camp of instruction for the officers of the Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh regiments. Companies were soon assigned to these regiments ; and the course of instruc- tion proceeded till the first of August, when the camp was broken up, and the force sent to various localities to recruit and organize and dispatch. His increasing acquaintance, and the duties connected with the ministry, which profession he faithfully and laboriously exer- cised among the scattered and almost shepherdless flocks of Christ, caused his gradual willulrawal from public business, that he might devote himseii wholly to the chief purpose of his life. The Methodist Episcopal church having organized a conference in 1833, he took charge of Oakland circuit, which embraced within its limits 125 miles. This circuit he mode once in four weeks, preaching thirty-one times each month, and receiving J120 per year for the two years he occupied it, in anything but money. The next year he had charge of Plymouth circuit, after which he withdrew from conference and performed voluntary labor, until the organization of the Weslcyan church, preaching every Sabbath and frequently during the week, for which he received occasional contributions from the indigent people. He always responded with cheerful alacrity to calls for pastoral service, and it was no unfrequent occurrence for one of the horses to be taken from the plow in the middle of the furrow (for he combined farming with his other avocations), in order that its master might repair to some distant neighborhood and preach one of the pathetic funeral sermons for which he was famous. The principal occasion of Mr. Swift's separation from the conference, was the complicity of the church with slavery. As early as 1885, he began '4 rtOO nRNKKAL. HtHTORY OF TIIK 8TATI'». the rcKinipnU. This wus promptly done, and before the twelfth of Septt'iiiber, ull liud left for tlio field, the President having, iu the meantime, culled for .OOO.OOO volunteers. The (juota of Mich- igan under thi.s call wua put at '21,3li7. In addition to this force, two compuniert of aharpshootcrM were organized and nuiHtcred in. A1.SO, two companicH of cavalry, for a Missouri rejjiment ; seven of infantry for Illinois regiments, and two for New York regi- ments. In obedience to this call, recruiting was pushed with the utmost rapidity until December, 18G1, at which time the State had sent the following regiments to the front : The First Regiment Infantry, three months, from Detroit, May 15th, 780 strong — Colonel O. B. Wilcox commanding. The First Regiment, from Ann Arbor, September 16th, 761 strong — Colonel John C. Robinson commanding, The Second Regiment Infantry, from Detroit, June 5th, 1,020 strong — Colonel J. B. Richardson commanding. to agitate tho subject, and made liimscif heard with telling cflect. In the coKicrenee, he hail not a man to hold up his Imnila ns he invited attention to on investigation of the sin and its dire efl'ects on the cluircli and nation. IIo insisted tliat the church ought to take such action as would show to the world that it regarded Ood rutlicr than man, and refuse to bind itself with tho fetters of expediency by tolerating apologists of slavery and slove-holding ministers and laymen. lie exercised charity towards those who honestly entertained the opinion expressed by Bishop Iledding, viz: " Slaves could be held in obedience to the golden rule," and was willing to believe that what seemed to him a monstrous and unnatural invasion of tho rights of his sable brethren might assume to some the aspect of missionary work. But "his heart burned in him like a lire," nnd the wrongs and sufferings of the slaves stung every fibre of .as sympathetic nature with pain. His open denunciation of tho church polity, regard- ing slavery and episcopacy, brought upon him the censure of the official boards of the conference, and they, together with tiie bishop, refused to ordain him an elder, notwithstanding he had fulfilled all the disciplinary requirements, and passed a complete examination. The condition exacted was, that he cease the agitation of the slavery question. For such pledge on his part, ordination was offered him, and the most inviting station in the conference tendered. His talent as a preacher made him eminent — a pillar of strength to the church as an advocate and defender of its doctrines. Learned in the formulas of the churches, familiar with XTVM. HiBTORY or MinirOAN. f)01 before the twelfth President having, iu The (jiiota of Mich- (Iditioii to thifl force, id and niiiHtcred in. iri regiment ; seven for New Yorit regi- WHH puHhed with the lioh time the State s, from Detroit, May landing. lepteniber 16th, 761 ng. roit, June 5th, 1,020 ig- 1 telling cflect. In the ns he invited uttcntion the cliurch and nation. ;ion ns would show to nd refuse to bind itself logists of slavery and I charity towards those ' Uishop Iledding, viz: rule," and was willing nd unnatural invasion ! to some the aspect of n like a Are," and the jrc of .lis sympathetic church polity, regard- censure of the oflScial the bishop, refused to led all the disciplinary The condition exacted ;tion. For such pledge nost inviting station in r made him eminent — ;e and defender of its Lurches, familiar with The Third Regiment Infantry, from Grand Rapids, June l.'Uh, 1,04'i strong — Colonel D. McC'onnell commiinditig. The ^^»nrth Regiment Infantry, from Adrian, June '2')th, 1,024 Htrong — Colonel D. A. Woodbury eomnuiiiding. The Fifth Regiment Infantry, from Detroit, September 11th, 900 strong — Colonel H. D. Terry comiiumding. The Sixth Regiment Infantry, from Kalamazoo, Augunt .'JOth, 1,020 strong— Colonel F. W. Ciirtenius eommandiii);. The Seventh Regiment Infatitry, from Monroe, September 5th, 1,020 strong — Colonel Ira R. Groavenor commanding. The P^ighth Regiment Infantry, from Detroit, September 27th, 900 strong — Colonel W. M. Fenton commanding. The Ninth Regiment Infantry, from Detroit, October 25th, 943 strong — Colonel W. W. Duffield commanding. The Sixteenth Regiment Infantry, from Detroit, September 16th, 960 strong — Colonel T. B. W. Stockton commanding. ecclesiastical history and literature, he presented an impregnable front to the assaults of intklelily. The soundness of his judgment and his remarkable familiarity with the Scriptures, caused his counsel and advice to be sou^xht and held in high esteem by his ministerial brethren. But all these gifts were light as an airy bubble when weighed in the balance with his denunciations of the "peculiar institution." The unswerving fidelity to moral and religious convictions which character- ized him, demanded the renunciation of worldly position and gain, and he renounced tlum. The imposition of priestly hands was "nothing worth " if purchased by the stifling of the voice of conscience. All the manhood in him rose in rebellion at the infamous bargain, and he proclaimed persistently, trumpet-tongued, and in discussions with his opponents proved that stains of guilt and crime darkened the slave-hold- ing churches. He contended that the complicity and even neutrality of the non-slave-holding portion of the church v as criminal, a sui against God and humanity. In din ct violation of the discipline and opposed to the spirit and teachings of the founders of the Methodist Episcopal church. The storm of persecution w hich had been gathering since 1884, fell upon him more fiercely with each evidence that he was fearfully in earnest in the work of reform. The destruction of his properly, mob violence, nor tlireats of malignant enemies could intimidate' him, and to cries of "peace," his response was, "first pure, then peaceable." At ;(ti 502 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. The Eleventh Regiment Infantry, from White Pigeon, Decem- ber 9th, 1,000 strong— Colonel W. J. May commanding. The First Regiment Mechanics and Engineers, from Marshall, December Uth, 1,000 strong — Colonel W. P. Innes commanding. The First Regiment Cavalry, from Detroit, September 29th, 1,150 strong — Colonel T. F. Broadhead commanding. The Second Regiment Cavalry, from Grand Rapids, November 14th, 1,170 strong — Lieutenant-Colonel W. C. Davis commanding. The Third Regiment Cavalry, from Grand Rapids, November 28th, 1,180 strong — Lieutenant-Colonel R. H. G. Miuty command- ing. The First Battery, from Detroit, June 1st, 128 strong — Captain C. O. Loomis commanding. The Second Battery, from Grand Rapids, December 17th, 110 strong — Captain W. S. Bliss commanding. The Third Battery, from Grand Rapids, December 17th, 80 strong — Captain A. W. Dees commanding. length, hopeless of reform in the church and feeling it no longer con- sistent wilh his principles to maintain connection Avith it, in 1841, he formally withdrew. Politically, he acted in the same decided manner. Always loyal to laws he believed to be in accord with the constitution, he never advocated more radical political action than that upon which the present Republi- can party based its existence. He acted with the American Anti-Slavery Society, but was not a Garrisonian abolitionist, believing rather that the franchise should be exercised in correcting national evils. In 1840, his vote was one of two cast in the township for the "Liberty party" candidate for the presidency, James G. Birney. This party received his support until merged in the Free Soil party, in 1848, and the Republican party in 1856, and ever after during his life. In Michigan, soon after Mr. Swift's secession from the church, a large number followed his example, and, in the same year (1841), an organiza- tion was eflected under the name of the " Wesley an Methodist Church." A book of " doctrines and discipline" was adopted, chiefly compiled by his hand. The withdrawals continued to increase in number, and, in May, 1843, a large convention of Weslcyan Methodists assembled at Utica, New York, to which Mr. Swift was a delegate. Nine States were repre- sented, and the " Wesleyan Methodist Connection of America" organized with abcut 170 preachers and 8,000 members. Into this connection was I ?ATES. hite Pigeon, Decem- mniaiuling. leers, from Marshall, . lunes commanding. •oit, September 29th, nanding. id Rapids, November , Davis commandiKg. d Rapids, November . G. Miuty command- 123 strong — Captain December 17th, 110 1, December 17th, 80 ^ling it no longer con- m with it, in 1841, lie iner. Always loyal to ion, he never advocated li the present Republi- American Anti-Slavery elieving rather that the al evils, nship for the "Liberty r. Birney. This party party, in 1848, and the is life. rom tlie church, a large car (1841), an organiza- an Methodist Church." id, chiefly compiled by use in number, and, in lists assembled at Utica, '^ine States were repre- of America" organized Qto this connection was HISTORY OP MICHIGAN. 503 The Fourth Battery, from White Pigeon, December 9th, 126 strong— Captain A. F. Bidwell commanding. The Fifth Battery, from Marshall, December 17th, 76 strong- Captain J. H. Dennis commanding. Ten of these regiments were clothed and subsisted by the State, under the direction of the Quartermaster-General. The commencement of the year 1862 found the recruiting going on with unabated vigor. Five regiments of infantry and three batteries of artillery, in various portions of the State, were being rapidly recruited, and they left for the field as follows : Thirteenth Infantry from Kalamazoo, February 12th, 925 strong — Colonel M. Shoemaker commanding. Twelfth Infantry, from Niles, March 18th, 1,000 strong— Colo- nel Francis Quinn commanding. Fifteenth Infantry, from Monroe, March 27th, 869 strong— Col- onel J. M. Oliver commanding. Fourteenth Infantry, from Ypsilanti, April 17th, 925 strong- Colonel R. P. Sinclair commanding. merged the church organized in Michigan two years before. In the itinerancy of this church and connection, Mr. Swift labored actively, and in t'.ie ministry to the close of liis life. He expired, February 19, 1865, after a brief illness, at the residence of his son, Dr. J. M. Swift, of Northville, lamented by all who knew him. His last words were, " ' Now lettest thou thy servant depart in peace, according to thy word, for mine eyes have seen thy salvation.' The great principles for which 1 labored and fought amid reverses and persecution are now the ruling sentiments of the people. I have lived in a glorious age, and my eyes have seen the powers of darkness give way before the coming of the glorious reign of liberty and equality." And so he entt. '1 into rest. The influence of Mr. Swift, in moulding the moral sentiment of the community in which he lived, can hardly be over-estimated. His famili- arity with all the interests pertaining to a newly settled country, to rural life, to the administration of the laws and to the spiritual concerns of his fellows, gave him the position of adviser, advocate and judge. His repu- tation for candor and probity frequently enabled him to reconcile con- flicting interests hy mediation, and his voice w« ever for peace and good fellowship. He was hospitable and cliaritable, giving vastly more for benevolent objects than he ever received for public services, and his ear was ever open, and his sympathetic heart quick to respond, to the " ^««^asp^-v-3f;^5isS^s§s?i»'5^-'*" 504 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES. m Tenth Infantry, from Flint, April 22d, 997 strong— Colonel C. M. Lum commanding. Seventh Buttery, from Kalamazoo, February 12th, 145 strong — Captain C. H. Lamphere commanding. Sixth Buttery, from Coldwater, March 3d, 158 strong — Captain J. S. Andrews commanding. Eighth Battery, from Monroe, March 13th, 156 strong — Cap- tain Samuel De Golyer commanding. ' In addition to these there were three more companies of sharp- shooters raised and sent forward, and one company to serve as a guard for three prominent Southern men, who had been arrested by Andrew Johnson for treason and imprisoned at Mackinaw. A lancer regiment and a battalion of cavalry had also been raised, but disbanded by the government. The reports made in July gave an additional number of 2,028 recruits to the organizations before mentioned, showing a total of 24,281 enrolled since the commencement of the war, not including the lancer regiment, the cavalry battalion which had not been accepted, or the companies enlisted in regimenls in other States. Including these, there cry of the friendless and oppressed. His vigoious intellect and strr ii«r. enthusiastic cliaracter left its imprint on the civil, political and edu^ tional polity of his time. As a speaker, he was logical, forcible aru inspiring. His searching and pallietic appeals to the hearts and con- sciences of his hearers were responded to, in multitudes of instances by purified lives, and thousands called him their spiritual father. In his latter years, he was universally greeted with the loving title of " Father Swift." The Wesleyan Methodist church was an organized protest against the immorality of slavery, before which other churches trembled, shorn of power. It put forth in the form of a religious idea, what was soon to become a political necessity, and from its despised position among the small things of the earth, it sent forth roots into the heart of society, which nourished the mighty tree whose brunches are now, truly, "for the sheltering of all nations." It drew within its pale such hosts of free, aspiring and self-sacrificing spirits, that its wonderful work was speedily accomplished. A generation of men sufficed to do this work, chief among whom was Rev. Marcus Swift, who cast into its treasury worldly ambition, power and gain, counting all these things but dross for the grandeur of the interests it represented. , '' u..__ LTES. strong — Colonel C. r 12th, 145 strong— 58 strong — Captain I, 156 strong — Cap- ;ompanies of sharp- ipany to serve as a had been arrested d at Mackinaw. A ad also been raised, jorts made in July the organizations enrolled since the ancer regiment, the id, or the companies luding these, there 1 intellect and strr'nrr, 1, political and eduv^ logical, forcible aru > the hearts and con- it udes of instances by iritiml father. In his (viug title of "Father cd protest against the es trembled, shorn of lea, what was soon to d position among the ) the heart of society, I are now, truly, "for ale such hosts of free, ful work was speedily do this work, chief lo its treasury worldly Dgs but dross for the HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. fl06 would be an aggregate of about 27,000 men. Adding only those who went into the regiments of other States would give a grand total of 25,734 men who went to the front from Michigan up to July 1st, 1862— over 6,000 more than had been called for. DR. G. L. CORNELL. George L. ConNEi-L was born at Crown Point, Essex county, New York. December 3d, 1829. His parents were both natives of this country. His father was a physician of considerable eminence and extensive practice. In 1834, the family removed to Michigan, and settled at Spring Arbor, in the county of .Jackson. Here he pns.sed through the ordinary course taught in a common school, and prepared himself for college. He studied medicine under the instruction of his father and Dr. M. Gunn, who was at that time surgeon of the University of Micliigan, and graduated l\ ..jJ-i f: 606 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES. ^ In the meantime, the Union armies had met with some disas- trous reverses in the fiehl, wliich, for the time being, cast a feeling of gloom and despondency over the people of the whole North. But Michigan soon rallied from that state of feeling; and, when the President, on the second of July, issued a call for "three hun- dred thousand more," she was as prompt as ever in iier response. The quota for Michigan under that call was 11,686. Six regi- ments were immediately ordered — one for each Congressional dis- trict. In addition to these, the people of Detroit and Wayne county organized one regiment from their own citizens. Other regiments followed in rapid succession, and, by the thirteenth of December following, fourteen additional regiments were organized and sent forward, as follows : The Seventeenth Regiment Infantry, from Detroit, August 27th, 982 strong — Colonel W. H. Withington commanding. The Twenty-fourth Regiment Infantry, from Detroit, August 29th, 1,027 strong — Colonel H. A. Morrow commanding. The Twentieth Regiment Infantry, from Jackson, September 1st, 1,012 strong — Colonel A. W. Williams commanding. The Eighteenth Regiment Infantry, from Hillsdale, September 4th, 1,002 strong — Colonel C. E. Doolittle commanding. The Twenty-second Regiment Infantry, from Pontiac, Septem- ber 4th, 997 strong — Colonel M. Wisner commanding. The Twenty-first Regiment Infantry, from Ionia, September 12th, 1,007 strong — Colonel A. E. Stevens commanding. Tlie Nineteenth Regiment Infantry, from Dowagiac, September 14th, 995 strong — Colonel H. C. Gilbert commanding. from that institution in the class of 1852. The next year after finishing his collegiate course, he removed to the city of 8t. Clair and entered upon the practice of his profession. Since that time, he has devoted himself, with rare skill and ability, to the practice; and has won for himself a position in the front rank of the [irofcssion in Michigan. During the administration of .James Buchanan, he was appointed collector of cus- toms at St. Clair, which office he held until the election of Lincoln, in 1860. During the war of the rebellion, he went to the front in the capacity of surgeon in the army, where his rare skill as v surgeon was exercised to the greatest advantage on many a bloody batlle-lield. After the close of the war, he returned to St. Clair and resumed practice. mc_.. :e8. HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 507 !t with some disas- ;ing, cast a feeling the whole North, eeling ; and, when ill for "three hun- r in lier response. 11,686. Six regi- Congressional dis- jtroit and Wayne a citizens. Other f the thirteenth of Qts were organized ;roit, August 27th, ading. I Detroit, August nanding. .ckson, September manding. ilsdale, September aanding. I Pontiac, Septem- nding. Ionia, September nanding. vagiac, September nding. j'car after finishing lir and entered upon ms devoted liiniself, I won for liiniself a ;higan. During the ed collector of cus- ction of Lincoln, in ;o the front in the II as V surgeon was batllelield. After imed practice. The Twenty-third Regiment Infantry, from East Saginaw, Sep- tember 18th, 883 strong— Colonel M. W. Chapiu commanding. The Fourth Regiment Cavalry, from Detroit, September 26th, 1,223 strong— Colonel R. H. G. Minty commanding. The Twenty-fifth Regiment Infantry, from Kalamazoo, Septem- ber 29th, 896 strong— Colonel O. H. Moore commanding. The Ninth Battery, from Detroit, December 4th, 168 strong- Captain J. J. Daniels commanding. The Fifth Regiment Cavalry, from Detroit, December 4th, 1,305 strong— Colonel J. T. Copelaud commanding. The Sixth Regiment Cavalry, from Grand Rapids, December 10th, 1,220 strong— Colonel George Gray commanding. The Twenty-sixth Regiment Infantry, from Jackson, December 13th, 903 strong— Colonel J. S. Farrar commanding. In the meantime, an order had been made by the President (August 4) for a draft of 300,000 militia, for nine mouths' service. The quota assigned for Michigan was the same as under the call of July second, viz: 11,689. In accordance with this demand the Governor issued a proclamation, directing a census to be taken of the citizens in the State capable of bearing arms. This was accordingly done, and the result showed that the number of men in the State subject to draft was 91,071. Many difficulties pre- sented themselves in the way of making a draft, and the Presi- dent, therefore, left the time for drafting to the discretion of the governors, hoping that each would be able to raise the number required by volunteer enlistments. Governor Blair accordingly. He has been repeatedly elected mayor of the city of St. Clair, and alderman of his ward, and his services art nearly always sought as a member of the board of supervisors of the county. Although his politi- cal influence is second to none in his county, he has persistently refused, with rare exceptions, to allow his name to be used in connection with any office, the performance of the duties of which would call him away from his chosen field of labor— the practice of his profession. He has acquired a handsome fortune by his own unaided exertions, and occupies a prominent and leading position, not only in his profession, but in social and political life. He is remarkable for his benevolence and public spirit, and is especially active in the promotion of the educational inter- ests of the city and county in which he resides. ■ I .ii fs^4-J'^Miff^i&^^& ^?^Sfe... 1*1 .a If; Si 508 OEMFUAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. on the ninth of November, issued a stirring appeal to the citizens of Miciiigan to come forward and save the State from the impend- ing draft. Less than four thousand were now needed to fill the quota. In the meantime, enlistments had gone forward rapidly. The Twenty-seventh Infantry, under Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas S. Sprague ; the Seventh Cavalry, under Colonel F. W. Kellogg ; the Eighth Cavalry, under Colonel John Stockton ; the Ninth Cavalry, under Captain James J. David; the Twenty - eighth Infantry, under Colonel Edward Doyle, and another regiment of sharpshooters, under Captain C. V. DeLand, had been organized, and vigorous efforts were being made to fill up the ranks. The aggregate number of troops enlisted and mustered up to December 23d, 1862, as reported by the Adjutant-General, was as follows : " Total, including recruits, sent to the field before July 1st, 1862, 24,281; 'Lancers' and 'Hughes' Horse Guards,' regularly mus- tered into the service, but disbanded without leaving the State, 987 ; three regiments of cavalry, ten of infantry, and one battery, sent since July 1st, 13,739; recruits (including six for nine months) received from July 1st to December 23d, 2,162 ; estimated strength of three regiments of cavalry," two of infantry, one of sharpshoot- ers, and two batteries, organizing in the State, 4,400. Total, 45,- 5G9." Tiiis does not include volunteers from this State who had gone into the regiments of other States, to a number known to exceed 1,400, nor those who had enlisted in the regular army — probably three or four hundred. In January, 1863, the Legislature met and passed an act offer- ing $50 bounties for enlistments, and legalized the local bounties that had been offered throughout the State. It also appropriated $20,000 for the relief of the sick and wounded soldiers in the field. This amount was increased, subsequently, by an additional $25,000. At the commencement of this year, three regiments of cavalry, two of infantry, one of sharpshooters, and two batteries, were in process of recruitment within the State. During January, the " Provost Guard," a company raised by Captain E. D. Robinson, '{% E8. >eal to the citizens from the impend- needed to fill the I forward rapidly. t-Colonel Thomas I F. W. Kellogg ; kton ; the Ninth ! Twenty - eighth lother regiment of 1 been organized, lie ranks. 1 mustered up to it-General, was as ire July 1st, 1862, i,' regularly mus- javing the State, and one battery, : for nine months) stimated strength ne of sharpshoot- ,400. Total, 45,- ite who had gone known to exceed army — probably »sed an act offer- le local bounties ilso appropriated ] soldiers in the by an additional nents of cavalry, jatteries, were in ing January, tho E. D. Robinson, HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 509 for duty at the Detroit Barracks, was mustered into service ; also, Company L, " Merrill Horse," recruited by Almon E. Preston. On the twentieth of February, eight completed companies of the Seventh Cavalry, under command of Colonel W. D. Mann, were COLIN CAMPBELL. Colin Campbell was born in Glasgow, Scotland, in June of tho year 1811. At an early age hia father died, leaving him the special care of a devoted mother, who early taught him the religious principles which are the foundation to his present success. At the age of fourteen, Mr. Campbell entered into the stationery and paper business in his native country. At the age of nineteen, he engaged as book-keeper in a bottling or brewing house, and two years afterwaids JiM4»»161i»ti<»S!so>^SiS**PM«»***i*t»l^^^^^ tl dlO QKNERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES. It ordered to Wiisliington. The remaining battalion was left to recruit, and joineil tiie regiment in May following. The Eighth Cavalry, 1,117 strong, under Colonel Stockton, left for Kentucky on the twelfth of May. Tlie Ninth Cavalry, under Colone' David, left on the eighteenth, twentieth, and twenty-fifth of May, leaving two incomplete companies to be filled. The.se joined the regiment soon after, increasing the number in this regiment to 1,073. The Twenty-seventh and Twenty-eighth Infantry were consolidated as the Twenty - seventh Infantry, and left for Cincinnati on the twelfth of April, 865 strong, under command of Colonel D. M. Fox. The First Regiment of Michigan Sharpshooters, under Colonel DeLand, was ordered, on the eighth of July, to Indian- apolis. When this regiment was completed, it showed a strength of 963. The Tenth Battery, 104 strong, under Captain J. C. Shultz, left with the Seventh Cavalry. The Eleventh Battery, 108 strong, under Captain C. J. Thompson, left with the Ninth Cavalry. The Twelfth Battery, under Captain E. G. Hillier, left for Indianapo- lis in July. When completed this battery was 219 strong. In the meantime a draft was made, in February, in the counties ]» «• he nguui established himself in business. This4(as m the outskirts of Glasgow, where he conducted a general provision and grocery store for a considerable time. A few years later, he disposed of his effects in Scotland and sailed for the United States, arriving in Detroit in 1842. Here he formed a copart- nership with Messrs. .1. li. Thompson and James Jack, two friends who hud preceded him to this country, and they entered into the dry goods business under the firm name of Campbell & Jack. As their business increased from time to time the firm was changed, and they removed from one store to another until they finally settled in their present build- ing on the corner of Woodward avenue and Congress street, under the firm name of Colin Campbell & Sons. Mr. Campbell has achieved substantial though perhaps not extravagant success in mercantile pursuits. His life has not been altogether given up to business matters; on the contrary, he has devoted much to the study of the Bible, and has made it, to a great extent, the guide of his life. Looking beyond the narrow limits of pecuniary gain, he has concerned himself with questions of politics and religion, and, although shunning public proferment, he has won the highest esteem of the people in his adopted State. " * • .. FES. tnlion waa left to ving. Tlie Eighth left for Kentucky derColone' David, h of May, leaving oiued the regiment •nt to 1,073. The ere consolidated as Cincinnati on the of Colonel D. M. arpshooters, under if July, to Indian- lowed a strength of iptain J. C. Sliultz, Jattery, 108 strong, nth Cavalry. The left for ludianapo- 219 strong, iry, in the counties i \n the outskirts of ind grocery store for otiand and sailed for lie formed a copart- ick, two friends who I into tlie dry goods As tlieir business i, and tliey removed 1 tlieir present build- ess street, under the haps not extravagant 1 altogether given up d much to the study ;uide of his life, in, he has concerned , although shunning Df the people in his HISTORY OF MICniOAN. 511 then in arrear for the small deficiency then existing. The number drafted was 1,278. Of these, 710 were delivered at Detroit, 545 of whom were sent to various regiments in the field, the rest being discharged for various causes. Of these 430 enlisted for three years, only 115 going into the field for nine months. On the twenty-third of June the War Department authorized Colonel F. W. Kellogg to raise two additional regimeuts of cavalry and two more batteries of artillery. These were to be completed within forty days. It was found impossible to do this in so short a time ; but the recruiting commenced at once with the utmost vigor, and, on the first of December, the Tenth Cavalry, under Colonel Thad- deus Foote, left for Kentucky, 912 strong, and was followed, on the seventeenth, by the Eleventh Cavalry, under command of Colonel S. B. Brown, 921 strong. The two batteries were left in camp, in the process of organization. In July Colonel Henry Barns commenced the arduous task of raising a colored regiment. The organization was completed in February following, and mustered into the service, 895 strong. It was afterwards designated as the One Hundred and Second United States colored troops. In March of this year Congress passed an act " for enrolling and calling out the national forces." The execution of this act was under the exclusive control of the Federal authorities, and it pro- vided elaborate details for attaining the object in view. The national force was declared to consist, with certain specified excep- tions, of " all able-bodied mt'e citizens of the United States, and persons of foreign birth who shall have declared on oath their intention to become citizens under and in pursuance of the laws thereof, between the ages of twenty and forty-five years ;" and this force was divided into two classes, the first to comprise " all persons subject to do military duty between the ages of twenty and thirty-five years, and all unmarried persons subject to do military^ duty above the age of thirty-five and under the age of forty-five,' the second to comprise " all other persons subject to do military duty ;" and it was provided that the latter class " shall not, in any district, be called into the service of the United States until those of the first class shall have been called." Each Congres- eioual district was formed into an enrollment district, a provost 513 OENERAL HISTORY OP THE 8TATE8. ii i I i a marshal and board of enrollmont provided for oacli, and these districts were again divided iuto sub-districts, cousisting of wards and towuMhinH. Lieutenant-Colonel B. H. Hill was appointed Acting Assistant Provost Marshal General of the State. Provost marshals were appointed for cacii (/'ongressionai ("strict, and through these agen- cies tlie enrollment was conipleteil .aring the sununcr. The total numbers enrolled were: of the first class, 80,088 ; second class, 40,226. On the completion of the enrollment iu the several States a draft was ordered of one-fifth of the fir.«t class, subject to adjust- ments of the surplus or deficiency existing iu the accounts of each State under previous calls. On the twenty-seventh of October a draft began in all the dis- tricts except the First, which was delayed till tlie fifth of Novem- ber. The number drafted was 6,383. Of these, 261 were delivered at the general rendezvous ; 643 furnished substitutes (43 of whom deserted) ; 1,626 paid each 8300 commutation money ; 2,130 were exempted; and 1,069 failed to report. The total amount paid as commutation money was $487,800. " ' In October, the governnieut offered recruiting agents 815 for each recruit furnished, and increased the bounties to 8302 for those enlisting for tlie first time, and $402 for veterans recinlisting. Liberal local bounties were offered in most of the counties. On the seventeenth of October the President issued a call for 300,000 more men, and ordered a draft to commence the fifth of January ensuing, to fill any deficiency then existing. The quota for Michigan under this call was 11,298. The Governor immedi- ately issued a stirring proclamation, calling upon the people to " fill up the ranks once more," and promising that " the next blast of the bugle for an advance will sound the knell of revolution and herald in the return of peace." The appeal was responded to by the people with the same cordiality that had characterized their action on every previous call. The returns and muster rolls showed that, down to December 31st, 1863, an aggregate of 53,749 men had been mustered into the service of the United States since the commencement of the war, not including the troops dis- banded. Hi TE8. or each, and thcso .'ousisting of wards d Acting Assistant 08t niar^tlmlH were lirougli these agen- iiumer. The total 088 ; second class, I the several States >, subject to adjust- le accounts of each ^nn in all the dis- iie fifth of Novcra- 2G1 were delivered itutes (43 of whom nouey ; 2,130 were al amount paid as ing agents 815 for intics to 8302 for eterans reiin listing, lie counties. t issued a call for mence the fifth of isting. The quota Governor immedi- pon the people to at " the next blast of revolution and IS responded to by characterized their and muster rolls ^gregate of 53,749 he United States ing the troops dis- HIHTORV OF MH'HKIAN. 513 The important event which occurred in the early part of 18(54 wan the return of the " veterans," who had reeniisted, and were home on furlough and reorganizing. Five thousand five hundred and forty-five of these reentered the service, entitling the following HON. WM. A. BURT. William Austin Bunr, who was very prominently identified with the early days of the State, was born in Worcester, Mnssachusctts, June 13, 1792. At this place, Alvin Burt and Miss Weallliy Austin, parents of Williuni Austin Burt, were born. They resided there until 1708, when they removed with their son William, then six years of age, to Mont- gomery county. New York. At that time, there were no schools, and young Burt, whose eager thirst for knowledge had begun to develop at that early age, encountered many difHculties in acquiring an education. Fortunately for him, a gentleman resided in the neighborhood who had 83 M '^1 514 UKNKKAI' HIATORY OP THK HTATfX. >;. organizationH to which thoy belonged to the title of "veteran : " Firnt, Socond and Third Cavalry; Sctond, Third, Fourth, Fifth, Hcventh, Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, Twelllh, Thirteenth, Fourteenth, Fifteenth, and Sixteenth Infantry ; the Sixth Heavy Artillery, and Batteriert H, C, and E, Fimt Light Artillery, and 148 of the Engineers* and MechanicH. On the finut of February a dratl was ordered by the President for 500,000 men, to serve for three years, or during the war. This order wan interpreted to mean an exten- sion of the then pending call for 300,000, and was so acted upon. On the fourteenth of March the President made an additional order for 'J0(»,000 men, giving till the fifteenth cf April for enlist- ments before the draft should take place. An act was also passed by Congress abolishing the commutation system. The distinction of classes had already been abolished. On the eighteenth of July the President issued a proclamation calling for 500,000 men, and directing that volunteers be accepted for one, two, or three years, as they might elect ; and that on the fitlh of September, a drafl should be made for any deficiency that might be found to exist. Upon the reception of this call, Governor Blair issued a stirring proclamation, calling upon the people for prompt efforts to meet been u teacher in the old country, and who took an interest in his studies and gave hint every assistance and encouragement. Here he began tlie study of surveying and national astronomy, and at the age of fourteen, he hud mastered these difflcult studies. His parents were poor and could give him but little aid, and after the toil of the day was ended, the young man pursued his studies by the light of a pine knot, the luxury of a " tallow dip" being at that time not easily obtained. Thus employed, the time went by until he was seventeen years of age, when the family emigrated to Eric county. New York, the then "far west," and began the slow and tedious labor of making for themselves a home in the wilderness. At the age of twenty-one, he married Phoebe Cole, a daughter of John Cole, Esq., a prominent citizen of that country. This occurred in 1813, and the United States being engaged in a war with Great Britain, young Burt joined the American forces, and after participating in an unsuccess- ful attack on Fort Burlington, Canada, the order was given for the soldiers to save themselves as best they could. Burt and a companion secured a canoe, made their way to Buffalo, and finally reached their home. The following year Burt enlisted in the service for another term ^^a *mr i> ' ^'t'j ixm. HIHTOKY OF MICHIUAM. 516 title of "veteran:" bird, Fourth, Fifth, teentli, Fourteenth, h Ht'avy Artillery, lory, luul 148 of the ■hruary u drutl was erve for three years, 1 to nieau au exten- was so acted upon, made an additional I cf April for enlist- 1 act wari alHO passed im. The distinction 2 eighteenth of July ar 500,000 men, and two, or three years, September, a drafl ; be found to exist, lair isBuod a stirring 3mpt efforts to meet 1 interest in liis studies It. Here lie began the at the ago of fourteen, ts were poor and could r was ended, the young knot, the luxury of a ned. Thus employed, age, when the family ' far west," and began iselves a home in the lie, a daughter of John This occurred in 1813, \i Great Britain, young pating in an unsuccess- ler was given for the Burt and a companion 1 finally reached their ervice for another term the demand of the President. The quota assigned to the State was 18,'J8'2, of which a little over 12,000 remained to ho recruited at the time of ii^suing the proclamation. The Adjutant-Goneral at once issued orders authorizing the organization of six regi- ments, one in each Congressional district. Accordingly, on the twenty-sixth of July, Colonel J. W. Hall was authorized to reiir- ganizti the old Fourth Infantry, whose term of service had expired. On the twenty-ninth of the same mouth, Colonel M. B. Hough- ton was authorized to reorganize the Third Infantry, whose term had nlso expired. On the same day, Hon. J. F. Driggs was appointed to take charge of the organization of a new regiment, to he called the Thirty-first Infan. 'y. On the ninth of August, Hon. S. S. Lacey was authorized !• orga lize the Tw>)nty-ninth Infantry. On the fifteenth of the same mouth, Hon. W. B. Wil- liams was intrusted with the organization 'f th^ Twenty-eighth Infantry. On the twenty-fourth of August, P^ijor John \tkiL' son, of the Twenty-second Infantry, was authorized to r.ise and organize the Thirtieth Infantry. Recruiting now proceeded with renewed vicror; but the quota was so great that it was impossible to fill i Oct <re the impend- of sixty days, and served at BulTulo in the capacity of fife major. At the close of the war, ho engaged in mercantile pursuits, was elected magistrulo for his district, and did occasional Jobs of surveying for his neighbors. Mr. Burt's mercantile career was not, strictly speaking, a success. This failure in business, no doubt, induced him to make a journey to the far west, which he did in tho autunm of 1817. His journal of this expedition is very interesting, and we regret that our limited space prevents us from giving it to our renders. He left the outlet of Chautauqua Lake, on the 13th of August, 1817, and after reach- ing the Allechany he passed down that river to the Ohio, and down the Ohio to tho Falls at .Icffersonville From here, he went overland to Vin- cennes and further on to St. L .•.'*!, ;• here he arrived on the 10th of September. Returning, he left tho iatter place on the 25th of the same month, and after passing through Vincennes and Fort Harrison, he reached Detroit on the 28th cf October, remained until tho 30th, when he took passage on the schoi incr Washington, for Buffalo, which place he reached on the 5th of > jvember. Early in the spring of 1822, he came to Michigan in hopes of getting .1* 616 QENGRAL HISTORY OP THE STATES. '4 ing draft took place. On the tenth of June a draft was made, but even that did not fill the qi:ota, and another draft was ordered to take place in subdistricts ; and again, on the twentieth of September, still another. The result of these efforts during the first ten months of 1864 was as follows : Volunteers, 20,041 ; drafted men, 1,956; veterans reenlisted, 5,545; enlisted in the navy, 430 ; total credits in numbers, 27,972. Of these, 356 paid commutation money previous to the act abolishing commutation, deducting which would leave the total number of men actually raised during ten months, 27,616. The total credit to the State up to this time from the beginning of the war was 83,347. On the third of September, authority was given to Colonel W. L. Stoughton to reorganize the Eleventh Infantry. In November a regiment was raised for the defense of the eastern border of Michigan. The term of enlistment was twelve months. This regi- ment was called the Thirtieth Infantry, and was commanded by Colonel G. S. Wormer. It was now hoped that no more calls would be made ; but, on the nineteenth of December, the President issued a call for " three hundred thousand more," to supply a deficiency in the call of July employment in the public land surveys, or in lieu thereof, to engage in mill building. After his arrival, he worked for a while at his trade, and built a saw mill at Auburn, Oakland county. Then, taking an Indian trail to the Indian trading post at Flint, Mr. Burt went in search of the government land surveyor, Mr. Fletcher, who was in that vicinity, sub- dividing the towns into sections Returning from thence, he made a selection of government land in the present township of Washington, Macomb county, upon which he moved his family in the season of 1824. From this date until 1833, he was mainly occupied in mill building and in local surveying. He was elected a member of the territorial council in 1836, and served in 1836-27. He was elected county surveyor of Macomb county in 1831, and served three years. In the meantime he had been appointed district surveyor by Governor George B. Porter in 1833. At this time he was appointed postmaster at Mt. Vernon, an office which he held for twenty-four years. April 83, 1833, he was appointed an associate judge for the Macomb circuit. In the autumn of 1833, he received his appointment as United States deputy surveyor from the sur- .veyor general's office at Cincinnati, Tor the district northwest of the Ohio, i; ill. .---Afe«u*.a ^y iai tj «iafer-'-;.^gcgjp-^^.ga3Bestaj>i^ v,^ife^j^^^Bi#trii^>i«a^»^^fte»»,^t«tft^">a(igBgiy*^ife^^ TES. 1 draft was made, ■ draft was ordered D the twentieth of efforts during the /"olunteers, 20,041 ; 5 ; enlisted in the Of these, 356 paid hing commutation, er of men actually credit to the State ivas 83,347. ven to Colonel W. try. In November ! eastern border of months. This regi- ms commanded by be made ; but, on 3d a call for " three r in the call of July thereof, to engage in rhile at his trade, and len, taking an Indian rent in search of the in that vicinity, sub- (1 thence, he made a iship of Washington, in the season of 1824. in mill building and the territorial council county surveyor of In the meantime he r George B. Porter in Mt. Vernon, an office 333, he was appointed 3 autumn of 1833, he urveyor from the sur- lorthwest of the Ohio, 9i«i^«i«b3b«M.»MrM»^ fl 518 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES, eighteenth, and designated the fifteenth of February as the day for another draft, in ease the quota should not be full. Accord- ingly, the enrollment was at once corrected, and the quotas assigned to each subdistrict. This done, it was found that in the State there were on the enrollment 77,999 men subject to draft. The quota for the State under the call was 10,010. But the end was now approaching. The close of the year found Sherman in possession of Savannah, Thomas triumphant in Ten- nessee, and Grant in the trenches before Petersburgh. Michigan had nobly done her duty, under the statesmanlike guidance of her " Great War Governor "—a title nobly earned by Austin Blair during the four eventful years of his administration. His term of office was now drawing to a close. On the fifth of January, 1865, the Legislature met, and Governor Blair prepared to vacate the chair he had filled with such distinguished ability. Nobly had he performed his duty to the State, the government, and to the soldiers of Michigan. The soldiers in the field he never suf- fered himself to forget, and on retiring from office, his last official utterances were addressed to them and in their behalf. The fol- lowing beautiful tribute paid to them in his valedictory message and immediately left for the field, his district of survey lying northward of Fort Gratiot, on the borders of Lake Huron. During all these years of unsuccessful endeavor to obtain employment in the public land surveys, his inventive genius had not been idle; and Boon after his removal to Michigan he had constructed a simple but prac- tical printing apparatus, whereby business men could conduct their cor- respondence by printed letter. The invention, however, failed to come into general use, and for want of adequate means to make the enterprise a success, the project was abandoned. As early as 1833, he had conceived the idea and discovered the prin- ciples that resulted in the invention of the solar compass— that crowning achievement of his life. He began soon after the construction of a model, which he exhibited in 1835 to a committee of the Franklin Insti- tute of Philadelphia, of which scientific body he was a member. The instituti; inaniinously awarded him a Scott's legacy medal. This result was highly gratifying and gave him much encouragement, emanating as it did from the first scientific body in the land. In the meantime he was engaged in the public land surveys in Iowa and west of the Missis- - ■«KJ*i;-jti'T;=-'„iw-i.se^,3*i ■•'■ :ates. ebruary as the day t be full. Accord- d, aud the quotas ; found th.it in the en subject to draft. 010. 86 of the year found triumphant in Ten- rsburgh. Michigan ike guidance of her id by Austin Blair istration. His term he fifth of January, r prepared to vacate lied ability. Nobly government, and to B field he never suf- ifBce, his last oflBcial iir behalf The fol- valedictory message irvey lying northward to obtain employment id not been idle; and 2ted a simple but prac- luld conduct their cor- iwever, failed to come to make the enterprise 1 discovered the prin- impass — that crowning the construction of a 1 of the Franklin Insti- was a member. The !y medal. This result uragement, emanating In the meantime he nd west of the Missis- HI8TOBV OF MICHIGAN. 6W on that occasion is not only characteristic of the man who uttered it, but finds a response in the heart of every patriot : 'Tc'TLEMEN— Again, and for the last time, I commend the MicJiirrau troops to your continued care and support. They have never failed in their duty to the country or to the State. Upon every great battle-field of the war their shouts have been heard and their sturdy blows have been delivered for the Union and victory. Their hard-earned fame is the treasure of every house- hold in the State, and the red blood of their veins has been poured out in large measure to redeem the rebellious South from its great sin and curse. At this hour they stand under the flag of their country, far away from home, in every quarter where the enemy is to be met — along the banks of the father of waters, in the great city at its mouths, on the Arkansas, in the captured forts of the QaW, by the waters of the Cumberland, the Tennessee, and of the Savnnnah, in the chief city of the Empire State of the South, among the conquering columns in the Valley of the Shen- andoah, and in the trenches under the-eye of the Lieutenant- General in the great leaguer of Petersburg and Richmond. Alas, that they are also perishing of cold and hunger, and disease, in sippi, also in Wisconsin, making the subdivisions near where the city of Milwaukee now stands. This was in the winter of 1834-35. In 1838, he was elected one of the commissioners of public improvements for the State of Michigan, which had but recently been admitted into the Union. Michigan was then entering upon a career of vast internal improvements by way of canals and railways, and the people of the State may feel well assured that through the sound sense and practical knowledge of William A. Burt, some millions of dollars were saved to the taxpayers of the State. , Mr. Burt had not, in the meantime, suffered his inventive genius to remain idle. His solar compass had occupied largely his thoughts, and many alterations aud improvements had been made as practical use seemed to suggest. On the 14th of December, 1840, he exhibited to the Franklin Institute, a perfect solar compass, for which he received, by order of the committee through William Hamilton Actuary, the highest commendation and a most gratifying and able support on the value of his invention. From 1840 to 1847, he was mostly occupied in the public land surveys of northera Michigan, near Chocolate River, Lake Superior, but he pub- 520 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. the filthy rebel prisons and pestilential camps of the South. In every situation their bravery has won the approval of their com- manders, and their heroic endurance of hardships has added lustre to their name. It is my sole regret at quitting office that I part with them. My earnest efforts for their good shall follow them while I live, and now from this place I bid them hail, and farewell!" The Legislature responded by passing resolutions highly com- plimentary to Governor Blair, and tendering the grateful thanks of the people of Michigan for the able and satisfactory manner in which he had conducted the affairs of the State during the four years of his administration. On the retirement of Governor Blair, Henry H. Crapo was inaugurated Governor of Michigan. He was a man possessing sterling qualities of mind and heart, great executive ability, scru- pulous honesty of purpose, and strong and inherent patriotism. He came to the executive chair at a time when all these qualities were required, in an eminent degree, in the chief magistrate of the State. The nation was engaged in the last desperate struggle with the great rebellion. Tlie resources of the whole people were lished a small manual for the adjustment and use of the solar compass, which was of very great benefit to tliose using the instrument. In that year, he was associated with the lamented Dr Douglass Hough- ton, in the prosecution of the linear and geological surveys. In the autumn of 1845, on the 13lh of October, Dr. Houghton lost his life by the upsetting of a boat during a storm on Lake Superior. Owing to his death. Judge Burt had the geological reports to make out, which he did with marked ability and entire satisfaction to the department. The labor of those years was enormous. Great numbers of specimens were collected and properly labeled. The immense body of iron ore south of Teal Lake was discovered by him on September 19, 1844; and during that season and the year 1840, more than twenty beds of iron ore were dis- covered by him and reported to the world, thus giving some idea of the vast hidden wealth of northern Michigan. No other living man had done so much or placed his information in such tangible shape for the general good, and public attention was at once turned in that direction. In the summer of 1851, Mr. Burt visited Europe, for the purpose of exhibiting his instrument at the world's fair, in London. He took the occasion while there to visit the eminent geologist, Hugh Miller, at Edln- ■ '•^''i'''S>immi>*''BaKrfe«wniimmt^tmm^mtt»tasmisi^f»MesMt iiwariiwiiwunnBiiwiwnww 9. the South. In ai of their cora- hips has added ttiiig office that I ;ood shall follow l1 them hail, and ions highly com- ! grateful thanks isfactory manner State during the y H. Crapo was I man possessing tive ability, scru- erent patriotism, fill these qualities ief magistrate of lesperate struggle ^hole people were the solar compass, trunient. r Douglass Hough- 1 surveys. In the Ion lost his life by :ior. Owing to his out, which he did department. The of specimens were if iron ore south of i4; and during that iron ore were dis- ig some idea of the er living man had gible shape for the in that direction, for the purpose of idon. He took the igh Miller, at Edin- II' 622 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE BTATE8. 4 being taxed to the utmost to meet the demands of the hour. The bone and sinew of the State, the flower of its population, were in the trenches before Petersburg, with Thomas in his struggle in the Southwest, with Sherman on his grand "march to the sea," or sleep- ing beneath the bloody sod of a thousand battle-fields, or languish- ing in the dark, dismal, and pestilential prisons of the Southern Confederacy. Thousands of widows and orphans were at home, demanding the care which a grateful people could not withhold. The sick and wounded soldiers were in every hospital, the heroic dead in every cemetery. The treasury. State and national, was being rapidly depleted. Every city, village, ward, and township had taxed itself to the utmost to meet the demands of patriotism. The war was not yet ended, and the nation demanded of Michigan ten thousand more of her sons. Truly it required a strong heart and a steady hand to enable the new executive to meet the demands of the hour, and preserve to the State the brilliant and unsullied record she had made during the administration of her great War Governor. How well Governor Crapo performed the task, every citizen of Michigan can testify. Happily, however, but little of the war record of Michigan burg, Scotland, whose writings had given him so much pleasure and profit. He also visited Paris, and returning to London, he received a prize medal from the jurors on astronomical instruments, and the fol- lowing certificate from Prince Albert. " I hereby certify that her majesty's commissioners, upon the award of the jurors, have presented a prize medal to Wm. A. Burt, for a Solar Compass and surveying instrument shown the exhibition. ALBERT, „ ^ „ . President of the Boyal Commiislon. Hyde Park, London, October 15, 1881." Returning home in the fall of 1852, he was elected a member of the legislature, and among the duties discharged by him was that of chairman of the committee on St. Mary's Falls ship canal, of the session of 1852-3. To him, it is confidently believed, may be attributed the success of favor- able legislation and for the speedy construction of that work, so impor- tant to the State and country. During the summer of 1855, Mr. Burt compiled a manual, which he published, and which he entitled "A Key to the Solar Compass and Sur- veyor's Companion." ES. if the hour. The pulation, were in lis struggle in the the sea," or sleep- lelds, or languish- of the Southern ns were at home, lid not withhold, nspital, the heroic and national, was ird, and township nds of patriotism, ided of Michigan red a strong heart five to meet the the brilliant and linistration of her ,po performed the ord of Michigan nuch pleasure and idoD, he received a nents, and the fol- , upon the award of .. Burt, for a Solar ion. LBERT, ! Royal Commiislon. I a member of the 'OS that of chairman e session of 1852-3. he success of favor- bat work, so impor- manual, which he r Compass and Sur- HI8TORY OP MICH lO AN. remains to be told. The beginning of the year 1865, as has been seen, found the State with a draft impending for more than ten thousand men. On the first of January the Eleventh Regiment of Infantry wjis being recruited. The organization of the Thirti- eth, designed for duty on the Detroit and St. Clair rivers, was completed on the ninth, and at once assigned to duty. On the fourth of March four companies of the Eleventh left for Nash- ville, and on the eighteenth, the remaining six companies followed, under command of Colonel P. H. Kecgan. The whole forco con- sisted of 898 officers and men. On the fourth of February the Legislature offered $150, State bounty, and authorized townships to pay $100. These bounties continued to be paid until the four- teenth of April, when recruiting ceased within the State. The war had now drawn to a close. On the ninth of April General Lee surrendered his army to General Grant. The surren- der of Johnston to Sherman soon followed. Previous to this, and subsequent to November 1st, 1864, there had been raised in the State 9,382 recruits. Of these, 7,547 vol- untarily enlisted in the army, 53 in the navy, and 1,782 were drafted. The Adjutant-General's report shows that the total In 1856, he obtained letters patent in the United States, England, France and Belgium, for the Equatorial Sextant. This instrument had cost him more brain labor than the solar compass, and is of ingenious construction and of much promise to the navy and mercantile marine, its powers being ascertained by Lieutenant Maury, as follows: "The Equatorial Sextant being maripulated properly, it will show without computation, but by a simple reading oflF, the latitude, hour, angle, and azimuth, and this at any time of day, thus giving the position of a ship at sea at once, with the use of a chronometer." Unfortunately for the interest of commerce and the commercial world, the inventor was not permitted to perfect the instrument. He died of heart disease, August 18, 1858, at his home in Detroit. Surrounded by his family, he passed peaceably away, and was buried at the family grounds at Mt. Vernon, near his first home in Michigan. Mr. Burt was a Christian man, and led a Christian life. The religion he professed he practiced. There was nothing spasmodic about it. It was of practical moment to him and influenced his life all through. He was one of the early ^'V.nders of the Baptist church at Mt. Vernon, and always a liberal contributor to its various objects, and throughout life a : - -ii<ss'5*^-fjm»n»i>-iBs«i*vc'> 3 .ji ^i 524 OENERAL HI8TOKY OF THE BTATE8. number of men furnished by Micbii^an, from the beginning of the war to its cliHO, was ninety thousand seven hundred and forty- seven. The sum paid into tiie Treasury of the United States by <]rafted eitizens of Miehigan as eommututiou money was five hun- dred and ninety-four tiiousand six luindred dollars. The task of the soldiers of Mii'higan was now ended. How nobly they had performed their duty, every one knows; and the pages of history will tell the story of their patriotism and heroic deeds to thousands of generations yet unborn. On the fourth day of June, ISCa, the Twentieth Regiment returned home. Others iiillowed in sueeession, but it was not till the tenth of June, IHiW, that the last regiment arrived in the Btate. The Third and Fourth Infantry were the last toieave the field. On the fourteenth of June, 1805, Governor Crapo issued a pro- clamation of thanks to the Michigan troops. After speaking of the untold toils an<i hardships they had endured, of their bravery and patriotism, thjir honorable scars, and their heroic dead, be closed as follows ■ " In the name of the people of Michigan, I thank you for the consistent member. His life wus one of constant activity. He possessed a strong, compact frame, capable of enduring great fatigue, which many times was put to the utmost test in his great labors in the wilderness. Uis perceptions were quick and elastic, and Jiis judgment was seldom if ever at fault. Without the education of the schools, lie possessed that practi- cal education which was the result of a lifetime of earnest thought and labor, and he was recognized among scholars as a teacher in all that per- tained to science. It was only by labor — persistent and determined labor — that he had accomplished so much. Working his way up by toil and through privation, striving for a livelihood by day and laboring in the interests of science by night, he has given to the world a valuable inven- tion, and to himself an immortal name. A pioneer in the State of Mich- igan, he had lived to see it one of the first in the nation, a result to which he had largely contributed, and the people of the Peninsular State will ever have a warm place in their hearts for the memory of William A. Burt. Mr. Burt had five sons, viz: John, Alvin, Ausiin, Wells and William, all but one of whom (Alvin) are now living, and were for many years his associates in the surveys of the public lands. $ ''*'^''>>''''3i>>i^:«»?<>«i><<«i£^Ms>W»K»jUM>»£«^^ E8. beginning of tlie iindrt'd und I'orty- Uiiited States by ucy was five huu- ,rs. o\v ended. How ! knows; and tbe iotism and heroic nitleth Regiment )Ut it was not till It arrived in tbe ! last toieave the •apo issued a pro- \.fter speaking of , of their bravery r heroic dead, he hank you for the vily. lie possessed itigiic, which many lie wilderness. His was seldom if ever isst'ssed that practi- jariicst thought and clicr in nil that per- id determined labor way up by toil and ind laboring in the Id a valuable inven- 1 the State of Mich- n, a result to which iuinsular State will lory of William A. Wells and William, src for many years HISTORY OP MICntOAN. 525 honor you have done us by your valor, your soldierly bearing, your invincible courage everywhere displayed, whether upcm the field of battle, in the perilous assault, or in the deadly breach ; for your patience under the fatigues and privations and suHerings m^^^mtmii9^mxkiim9>' HORACE R. GARDNER. IIoha<:k R. Gardneii was born at Auburn, New York, March 25, 1827. Ten years later he removed from Onondaga county, with his father, John G. Gardner, to Hillsdale county, Michigan, and was engaged with him in the manufacture of lumber and flour, and in farming, until the year 1857, when he became interested in the JonesviUe Woolen Mills, in ISr.O, he became associated with Ransom Gardner, under the firm name of II. R. Gardner & Co., and greatly increased the capacity of the factory, soon making it one of the most extensive of its kind in the West. The factory was destroyed by fire on the 3d of January, 800, but was rebuilt and greatly enlarged the same year, and manufacturing resumed within nine months after the fire. i 526 ORNRRAI. HI>- OP THE BTATKd. S^ m 1., incident to war, and for yout .« iplino and ready obedience to the orders of your superiore. Wo are |. )ud in believing that when tlio history of tliis rebellion Hhall have l)een written, where all have done well, none will stand higher on the roll of fame than the officers and soldiers sent to the field from the loyal and patri- otic State of Michigan." The total number of troops furnished by Michigan, as we have before seen, was 90,747. Of these, 07,468 were natives of the United States ; of British America, inclusive of Canada, 8,886 ; of Europe, 14,;i!).'5. In regard to color, they were divided as fol- lows : White, 88,941 ; colored, 1,661 ; Indians, 145. When it is remembered that the total population in the State, in 1864, wa« but 805,379, Michigan may well be proud of her war record. The number of enlisted men who died in action or of wounds was 3,926. The number who died of disease was 9,133. The number of commissioned officers who died of wounds or in action was 249. The number who died of disease was 97. The total of all classes was 13,405. The State Legislature, from time to time, during the war, passed laws for the payment of bounties to soldiers enlisting. These bounties ranged from 850 to 0150. The Quartermaster-General paid out in all nearly 02,000,000 for this purpose alone. He also -a In 1873, Mr. Gardner became interested in the orgaulzation and con- Rtruction of the Joncsville Cotton Factory. Tliia is tlie first cotton factory in Michigan, and was erected by a joint stoclt company, witli a cajiital of $100,000, of wliicb Mr. Gardner was elected president. Tlu'ough liis indomitable energy, and bis extensive acquaintance, formed during Iiis connection with the woolen mills, subscriptions were rapidly received for the entire amount of stock, and the factory is now in successful operation. The best grade of cloth made at the factory is branded "Gardner A." Mr. Gardner lias been vice president of the Northwestern Manufac- turers' Association since its organization, and a director of the National Manufacturers' Association, the headquarters of which are at Boston. Through his correct business deportment, his long residence in the village, and the interest he has tal<cn in every enterprise tending to increase its prosperity, Mr. Gardner is deservedly one of the most popu- lar citizens of Jonesville. ifc»»WitJfeM^il» a »< S;^a i»jlfc5i!jaiiwJ#jrt K^B ! By'- g^ rfa. BISTORT OF MIcniOAM. 527 •eady obedionco to in bflicving that eon written, where roll of fame than 10 luyal and patri- ■higan, aH we have ire natives of the of Canada, 8,886 ; ere divided as fol- 145. When it is ■5tate, in 18()4, wa« r war record, jtion or of wounds ! was 9,133. The ounds or in action 1 97. The total of ng the war, passed enlisting. These pterniaster-General se alone. He also gauization and con- is the first cotton »clt company, witli a elected president, isive acquaintance, i, subscriptions were \ tlie factory is now ladc at tlie factory is tliwestern Manufac- itor of tlie National cli are at Boston, ng residence in the iterprise tending to 3 of the most popu- paid $60,000 as premiuins for procuring recruits. Aside from these amounts, he paid out 1815,000 for other purposes connected with tiie war. Besides these expenditures by the State, the aggregate amount exjK'nded by the several counties of the State for war purposes is something enormous. The amount paid for bounties by the coun- ties prior to December 19th, 1863, and liabilities; also liabilities under tiie act of 1865, amounted in the aggregate to $2,015,588. The aggregate expenditures and liabilities of the various town- ships, cities and wards of the counties in the State for war pur- poses was $8,157,748.70. The amount expended by the counties of the State from 1861 to 1867, for the relief of soldiers' families, was $3,591,248.12. Aside from the expenditures of the State government and of the municipalities, large sums were contributed by various benevolent societies, organized for the purpose of aflTording relief to sick and wounded soldiers. The Michigan Soldiers' Relief Association is said to have been the first of the kind put into the field, and the last to leave it. It was organized in 1861, and continued in operation till 1866. It was a source of great benefit to the sol- diers of Michigan, giving them many comforts and necessaries of which they would otherwise have been deprived. Its field of operations was in and around Washington, and was composed of citizens of Michigan who resided there, including the Congres- sional delegation. Its funds were at first raised by assessments on its individual members, but were afterwards largely augmented by contributions from all parts of the State. The cash contributed amounted to nearly twenty-five thousand dollars. This was exclu- sive of specific contributions of clothing and hospital stores, which were always furnished, with great liberality, by the various aid societies in the State. The services of the members of the associ- ation were in all cases rendered gratuitously. In addition to the Washington association, the people of the State organized, in 1862, the Michigan Soldiers' Relief Associa- tion. It continued in successful operation during the war, collect- ing and sending to the front such articles as were most needed by the sick and wounded soldiers. It also received $3,600 in cash, ^g^h^^y^^^'^' tfwW ggN^^^"^"^^'^^'" .9^ ^: ^as»i*i*Hl^S'«-^Wf.^W^::'5*»^ Lrii(-'.3*liL>lllli.i»' kJks :$) 528 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. which was expended in furnishing relief to sick and dest' ate sol- diers ; in paying rent for the Soldiers' Home, in Detroit, and in providing refreshments for returned veterans. Tlic Michigan Soldiers' Aid Society was another most useful association. This was a branch of the United States Sanitary Commission. It was organized in November, 1861 and kept its office open till 1866, and after that continued to supply destitute soldiers and soldiers' families. It forwarded to the front and dis- tributed at home 6,317 packages of articles which had been con- tributed in kind. From the date of its organization to 1868, it had expended in cash the sura of S28,129. These societies were largely aided, in 1864, by the Ladies Aid Society of Kalamazoo, under whose auspices a " Sanitary Fair " was held, which netted the handsome sura of $9,618.78. In addition to the aid furnished by these societies there were large amounts of both money and supplies sent by private parties. In fact, the history of the world does not furnish a parallel to the liberality with wliich the Union armies were sustained, and the soldiers relieved, by contributions from the people. Volumes would have to be written to give an adequate idea of the immense labor performed by these societies, and to enumerate their deeds of Christian charity. In February, 1864, the State Legislature appropriated $3,500 for the purpose of paying the proportion of the State of the expenses of establishing a National Cemetery at Gettysburg. Hon. T. W. Ferry was appointed a commissioner to carry out the design. A further sum of $2,500 was appropriated for this pur- pose in 1 865. This cemetery contains 3,559 bodies of Michigan soldiers. Numerically, Michigan stands third in the number slain on that battle-field. In proportion to her population, she stands first. Mr. Ferry closes his final report, made to the Governor in 1864, as Ibllows : " It will, however, matter little, who were imraediately instru- mental in devising and developing the sacred memorial which is to hand down to future generations the lustrous records of patriots who prized country above life. " They will be forgotten, while shaft, and speech and song shall «»<s*«E*.v^iei««sii«a,iiSa^ij«g«(iia»«tas»sa«»ia3»#A«H^f4:*a^ * Ws«fi'**5ss»um«iai*i»B» ES. and dest' ate sol- in Detroit, and in (ther most useful I States Sanitary 861 and kept its supply destitute the front and dis- ch had been con- ization to 1868, it ly the Ladies Aid " Sanitary Fair " ,618.78. eieties there were )y private parties. Ii a parallel to the ustained, and the people. Volumes la of the immense lerate their deeds propriated $3,500 the State of the y at Gettysburg. • to carry out the iated for this pur- dies of Michigan the Lumber slain ilation, she stands the Governor in imediately instru- leraorial which is •ecords of patriots ich and song shall HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 629 tell of battle and heroism to ages yet unborn. The decisive con- test — the tu-iiing strife of the war, from which victory, leaping from field to field, eventuated in peace, national liberty and reunion — tim, this alone will be the enduring, emblazoning chap- HON. THOMAS W. FERRY. Thomas W. Fekuy, United States Senator from Michigan, was born at Mackinaw, Micliigan, June 1, 1827. A little more than lialf a century ago, the father of Senator Ferry emigrried from Massachusetts, and founded a mission school upon the Island of Mackinac. Here, for twelve years, in a somewhat social isola- tion, he maintained his school successfully, and only left his post when the government removed the Indians farther west. Leaving Mack- inac in a canoe with a couple of Ind;ans as guides and oarsmen, lie coasted along down the eastern and southern shores of Lake Michigan until he reached a military post where Chicago now stands. Returning part way, he chose the site where the city of Grand Haven now is as his future residence. 34 i^<4^i^^if%i^^^>^«!;«««^ MK J f** - *!*-*" f Bwah^ffi^ 530 GEHERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. I VI' let which time shall weave for the gallant heroes who sleep beneath the shadow of the nation's mausoleum at Gettysburg." An appropriation of $;{,344.48 was also made by the l^cgisla- ture to pay the proportion of the State for the purchase, prepara- tion and care of the National Cemetery at Sharpsburg, Maryland. In this cemetery rest 137 of Michigan's soldiers. Andersonville, Georgia, which acquired such an unenviable notoriety during the war as a rebel prison pen, in which the most inhuman bar- barities were practiced, conti ins one of the most noted of the national cemeteries. It contui-s about 13,000 graves of Union soldiers, six hundred and twenty-three of whom were from Mich- igan. Michigan was not entirely free from war's alarms, notwithstand- ing her remoteness from the scene of conflict. Being on the Canadian border, she was much exposed to raids by rebel refugees who had taken up their residence in Canada. The following, condensed from Adjutant-General Robertson's report for 1864, is an account of the principal occurrence of the kind which affected the State of Michiga n : At that time there was not a white inhabitant in llie entire county, and only three miserable log huts broke tl»e monotony of its dense pine forests. Here, through all the hardships and adversities of a pioneer life, the family dsvelt, but after a time emigration set in, and better limes dawned upon the little settlement. Mr. Ferry, the subject of this sketch, was but six years of age when he left the Island of Mackinac, and going at that early day to where Grand Haven new stands, his educational advantages were very meagre, being only those offered by a pioneer s'ittlement. Still, under home tutorship, he acquired a fair education and a good practical training. His tirst public occupation was supplying the settlement with mails jointly with his brother, William M. Ferry, by paddling a canoe to and from Grand Rapids during the season of navigation. Naturally active, he served on his father's farm and in hi? saw mill, and at a later date was clerk in a store in Illinois for two years. Returning, he reentered the employ of his father and remained with him until a partnersiiip was formed between them, which continued until his father's death, in 1807, since which time an extensive business, with his brother, E. P. Ferry, has been under the general control of Senator Ferry. In this position, he has exhibited a wide executive capacVy, great industry, and an enter- 1 ..sstf w.^»S£<ttJS««iMNSMMt;M^^l!i!!9HnKJf0<<^«@Q£C^^ lTES. HISTORY OP MICHIOAN. 531 t heroes who sleep at Gettysburg." ide by the Jjcgisla- 3 purchase, prepara- irpsburg, Maryland. Brs. Andersouville, )le notoriety during most inhuman bar- most noted of the JO graves of Union )m were from Mich- i larras, notwithstand- lict. Being on the ids by rebel refugees General Robertson's al occurrence of the the entire county, and )f its dense pine forests. of a pioneer life, the id better times dawned ix years of age when he I'ly day to wlicre Grand ere very meagre, being under home tutorship, training. settlement with mails laddling a canoe to and tion. Naturally active, , and at a later date was rning, he reentered the ntil a partnersinp was 1 father's death, in 1807, is brothei, E. P. Ferry, crry. In this position, industry, and an enter- "In November, 1863, the War Department was officially notified by the British Minister, Lord Lyons, that, from a telegraphic dispatch received by him from the Governor-General of Canuda, there was reason to believe that a plot was on foot by persons hostile to the United States, who had found an asylum in Canada, to invade the States on that frontier ; that they proposed to take possession of some of the steamer^ on Lake Erie, to surprise Johnson's Island, near Sandusky, and set free the rebel prisoners of war confined there, and proceed with them to attack Buffalo. This information was communicated by the War Department to the Governors of the States bordering on Canada, and to the mili- tary and civil authorities thereof, and urging them to employ all the means in their power to suppress any attempt to carry the plot into effect. That there was such a scheme on foot, and that it was concocted and put in operation in Canada by the rebel gov- ernment, there can be no doubt, as circumstances have transpired and documentary evidence been received during the past year fully confirming it, and that its execution was only prevented at prise that has made his management eminently prosperous. In a readi- ness to engage in active pursuits, was laid the foundation for the energy and versatility which characterizes his public life. Mr. Ferry's early education was such as to cause him to unite with tlic old Whig party, with whicli he acted until the organization of the Repub- lican party, Avhcn, imbibing the zeal of his father, he at once became a strong advocate of the principles put forward by that organization. His more tlian ordinary abilities soon brought him to the front, and we find him holding tlie offlcs of county clerk of Ottawa county before he attained his majority. In 1850, he was elected a representative to the State legislature and served two years. He also served two years as State senator from 1857, and was a member of the Republican State central committee for eight years. He was a delegate to the convention at Chicago which nominated Abraham Lincoln for the presidency, and served as vice-president from Mi.Miigan in that body. In 1864, he was appointed to represent Michi- gan on the board of managers of the Gettysburg Soldiers' National Cemetery, which position he still retains. In 1864, he was elected representative to the Thirty-ninth Congress from the fourth district, and served on the conimittees on posP-offlces and post-roads, militia and the war debts of the loyal States, and was selected as ■iketsmmaismmMf' si 1 f *< 532 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. that time by the prompt measures taken by the military authori- ties in the States referred to; and, although their plans were frus- trated, their determination was still to carry them into effect, and their execution was only deferred until a more favorable oppor- tunity. During the present year the United States military offi- cers, and also the civil and military authorities of the State, have been almost daily in the receipt of rumors and reports from various sources of contemplated raids to be made on American frontier cities, and on the shipping of the lakes, to burn and destroy, many of whiclr could not be traced to any reliable origin, yet they served to keep up a continual state of excitement and alarm in the cities and villages on the border of the State, and to require the vigilant attention of the authorities ; and all the preparations within their power to successfully meet any attempted invasion of the State were made, which were considered at the time ample to repel any force that might be expected of that description. Yet, notwithstanding, there was a distrust and a nervous forebod- ing of coming mischief amongst the people of the frontier cities the representative from Michigan to accompany the fu'.ieral cortege wliich bore tlie remains of President Lincoln from Washington to his home in Illinois. He was ree'ected to the Fortieth, Forty-first and Forty second Congresses by increased majorities, and served in the sessions of the Fortieth and Forty-first on some of the most important committees of the House. Being subsequently elected to the United States Senate, after a heated contest, to succeed the Hon. Jacob M. Howard, he did not take his seat in the House of the Forty second Congress. He took his seat i.. the Senate, March 4, 1871; was appointed a mem- ber of the committees on fiaance, post-offlices and post-roads, and on the District of 3l' .nbia, and is row also chairman of the committee on the revision of tue rules. Mr. Ferry ^. coarse in Congress, both in the House and in the Senate, has been such as commends him to the people of his State, and the United States. He has labored zealously to fc. ^ard the interests of Michigan and to promote the welfare of the whole country. He has done much to perfect our postal system, his work on this committee eliciting the highest praise from the press throughout the Union. To his efforts, Michigan is greatly indebted for the generous harbor and river appropria- tions she has received, which aid so materially in developing her vast resources, and in the preservation of the lives and property of her ^TM6S53sai:^SlS»K^«aK*Satei'<-«?:rs»«-..It',.offi-^ HISTORY OP MICHIGAN. 533 STATES. y the military authori- 1 their plans were frus- y them into effect, and more favorable oppor- ted States military ofB- ities of the State, have nd reports from various ) on American frontier 3urn and destroy, many iliable origin, yet they citement and alarm in le State, and to require nd all the preparations ny attempted invasion lered at the time ample d of that description, and a nervous forebod- le of the frontier cities the fu'.ieral cortege which ashington to his home in rty-flrst and Forty second ed in tlie sessions of the )st important committees the United States Senate, ob M. Howard, he did not Congress. 71; was appointed a mem- ind post-roads, and on the n of the committee on the House and in the Senate, iple of his State, and the fc. ^ard the interests of ole country. He lias done in this committee eliciting he Union. To his efforts, larbor and river appropria- ly in developing her vast ives and property of her and villages. This distrust also prevailed among the railroad agencies, and those engaged in the shipping on the lakes, which led to the arming of the community generally as individuals, and of railroad trains and lake and river steamers, and to the estab- lishing of safeguards about private dwellings, public places of business, and railroad depots. This condition of affairs continued ; no overt act having been coramittr i, and no visible combmation of force having been traced to any locality until the nineteenth day of September, 1864, when they concluded to make the attempt by seizing the steamer Philo Parsons, belonging to Detroit, and running as a passenger boat from that point to Sandusky, in the State of Ohio. On the morning of the day above referred to, four of the raiders, including Bennett G. Burley, one of their apparent leaders, took passage on the said boat at Detroit. On her way down the Detroit river, on her passage to Sandusky, she landed at the Canadian ports of Sandwich and Amherstburg, where the balance of the raiders got on board, the whole numbering about thirty. . , u " Those who went aboard at the latter place, brought with them a large trunk, which, as was afterwards ascerUined, contained arms sailors He has labored earnestly for the protection of Michigan's lum- ber interests, and in the cause of her soldiers and sailors who went bravely to the front in defense of the Union. Eis effort to convert the beautiful Island of Mackinac into a national park is but one illustration of the intense interest he takes in the advancement of his State, from which he is the first senator to the manor born. Mr Ferry received a very complimentary vote for president pro tern- pare of tlie Senate, and only for Senator Carpenter's seniority would undoubtedly have been elected to that important position. As an orator, Mr. Feny's powers lie mainly in extempore debate. He speaks from brief notes with great fluency, his style possessing directness, vigor and business brevity. He is a man of good pt'soHal presence, and, being free from all pre- sumption, his manner invites acquaintance. He is modest and genial, and although eminently successful in business and politics, he makes no attempt at display. In conversation, he is ready and animated and enters into all discussions with an earnestness that carries gre»t force with it. He is generous, and gave freely to the :'mUies of the soldiers who were absent doing duty for their country. 1^ '3 h' f •" 534 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES. and ammunition. After the boat had left Kelly's Island, three men came up to the clerk, drew their revolvers, and ordered him into the ladies' cabin. They then proceeded to arm themselves from the trunk, and took possession of the boat. At Middle Bass Island they captured the Island Queen, another stenmer, together with some twenty-five United States soldiers, who were on board. They then started directly for Sandusky, with the Island Queen alongside. They cast the latter adrift, however, in about an hour. " In the meantime, the government had been apprised of the intended movement, and the officers of the steamer Michigan, which was guarding Johnson's Island, were on the alert, and those who were in the plot at Sandusky were arrested. The con- seqi'ence was that when the Parsons reached within about two mile& of the Michigan, not seeing die signals that had been agreed upon, they turned around and steamed back to Detroit river, landed at Sandwich, on the Canada side, and abandoned the expe- dition. Thus ingloriously terminated the only raid that disturbed the peace of the inhabitants of Michigan during the war. It created intense excitement at the time, more from the uncertainty regarding the strength of the rebel force than from any damage thpt was actually done." At the time Governor Crapo entered upon the performance of the duties (.f liis office, in 1865, he found the State burthened with a bonded lot of $3,541,149.80, with a balance in the treasury of $440,047.27. There had been expended by the State for war pur- poses, the ye.ir before, the sum of $823,216.75. The war soon closed, but the obligations of the State were still existing, and the expenditures were, consequently, enormous. A season of great commercial prosperity followed ; but, at the close of his first administration, the bonded debt of the State had increased to $3,977,921.25. There had been paid out of the war fund during that time $1,099,355.20. At the close of his second term the debt had been reduced to $3,614,078.49, with a balance in the treasury of $1,130,229.67. The events of this and the subsequent a '^ministrations are so fresh in tl.v recollection of all, that only the leading features are noticed, leaving to subsequent chapters the summing up of results '■^>%«t%9.-<i«<i«&<ur««a^»^;^i£«H««2^&,^»»^tfaS»1a^C^t^o^^ ,4«£ii»-A«-'tjk»4MS«i^i<iKUwr«»;»' VTE8. v^elly'a Island, three rs, and ordered hira to arm themselves :. At Middle Bass er steamer, together vho were on board. I the Island Queen r, in about an hour, en apprised of the steamer Michigan, on the alert, and arrested. The con- within about two at had been agreed i to Detroit river, bandoned the expe- raid that disturbed uring the war. It om the uncertainty from any damage he performance of ;ate burthened with in the treasury of State for war pur- 5. The war soon II existing, and the A season of great close of hi?, first had increased to e war fund during cond term the debt ice in the treasury linistrations are so iading features are miug up of results HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 535 and the present condition of the State. By this method a clearer view of the whole may be obtained, as each interest will be dis- cussed under its proper head. For a long period after Michigan was erected mto a State, the marked advantages which it possessed were but liule known and appreciated. The report that its soil was with difficulty brought under cultivation sent many emigrants to the more western States; but. during the last few years, the superiority of its loca- tion, " the great value of its forests of timber, its immense and rich mineral resources, its healthful climate, its productive soil, beautiful lakes and rivers, the high character and Bounshing con- dition of its educational and charitable institutions, the prosperous state of its finances, the light burden imposed upon the people by way of taxation, and the general prudence and economy of its government, have come to be fully understood, and have all com- bined to give the State the prominence and high character to which it is justly entitled." „ , u The vacant lands of the State are being rapidly taken up by an industrious and prudent class of settlers. Railroads traverse the State in almost every direction, and are being rapidly carried forward to the utmost extremities of both peninsulas. This great prosperity of th.e present, to which the State has attained, grandly foreshadows its future importance. •*'^KaYSi»*fe«'*wdlM* CHAPTER XXXIV. ^' .& Governor Henry P. Baldwin's Administhation — Steady Growth OK THE State — CoNSTiTUTtoNAL Amendment— Governor Bald- win's Reelection — The State Capitol — The Great and De- structive Fires in Michigan — The Soldiers' and Bailors' Monument — Administration of Governor Bagley. Henry P. Baldwin, on beiug called to the high office of Gov- ernor of Michigan, iu 1868, found the affairs of the State in a much more prosperous and satisfactory condition than they were when his predecessor took his seat. He found the nation at peace. The integrity of the Union had been secured, and freedom fully guaranteed to all in the land. There was, indeed, cause for heart- felt gratitude for the blessings of peace, for the abundance of the harvests, for the rewards of labor, and for the moral, intellectual, and material advancement of the people. Perhaps no period in the history of the State has been marked by a more steady and healthful growth in population, and in the wealth of the people of Michigan, than that of Mr, Baldwin's administration. > It was estimated that, in 1869, the taxable valu- ation of real and personal property in the State amounted to 6400,000,000, while, in 1871, it exceeded $630,000,000. There was nothing remarkable in the course of legislation dur- ing the year 1869, but in the year following a question of consider- able importance grew out of a Supreme Court decision, which caused the Governor, in July, to summon the Legislature, in extra session. A series of laws, enacted at five successive sessions of the , Legislature, and approved by three successive Governors, had, by the decision mentioned, been pronounced unconstitutional and void. These laws were intended to enable the people of either counties, townships, cities, or incorporated villages, in their cor- porate capacity, to aid in the construction of railroads. Under itmrnn^im^^A'' Steady Growth lovEUNOR Bald- GKEAT and DB- S' AND Bailors' LEY. b oflSce of Gov- the State in a than they were nation at peace, i freedom fully cause for heart- lundance of the ral, intellectual, js been marked ion, and in the Mr, Baldwin's e taxable valu- i amounted to )00. legislation dur- ion of consider- decision, which lature, in extra sessions of the ernors, had, by ititutional and iople of either , in their cor- roads. Under HISTORY OP MICHIGAN. 637 the authority contained in these laws, securities or bonds for a very considerable amount had been delivered, and were then held by partie^ who had purchased them in good faith. As this emergency could only be provided for by an amend- ment of the fundamental law of the State, the Governor earnestly recommended that an amendment to the Constitution be submit- ,*^' eoot' MYRON BUTMAN. Myron Butman was born in Milan, Erie county, Ohio, October 5, 1826. In 1855, he removed to Michigan and settled at Saginaw City, where he has been largely engaged in the lumber trade to the prf .-M time. He has through his constant exertions secured for himself quite a fortune and built up a business of considerable magnitude. Mr. Butman is one of the prominent citizens of Saginaw City, and is much respected by a wide circle of friends and acquaintances. 688 OENERAL niBTORY OF THE STATES. U ;?i ,4 ted to the pcoj)!© at the general election to be held in November, 1870, such an wonld enable the several muniripalities to ratify all sucTi railroad ai<l bonds as had been isHued and delivered to the people. This reeoinniendation vas dvdy carried out by the Legi.s- lature, and the necessary amcndaicut submitted to the people, but was by them d> i'eated. At the expiration of Mr. Baldwin's first term, he took his scat for a second term of I wo years, having been reelected in November, 1870. On the meeting of the Legislature in January, 1871, he found the affairs of the State in a condition of great prosperity in all departments. This was in no small degree due to the wise policy suggested by him, and executed by the Legislature tluring the previous session. The population of the State had increased from 749,113 to 1,184,()5<) in the decade preceding, and tlie assessed valuation of the real and personal property of the State had increased from $172,055,808 in 1861, to $6.30,000,000 in 1871. By an act of Congress jjreviously passed, it was made the duty of the Legislature to cause a new apportionment of the State into Congressional districts. From 1863 to 1870, Michigan had been entitled to six reuresentatives in the lower branch of the national legislature ; but, according to this last apportionment, which waS based upon the ninth census, the nundicr was increased to nine. During the last two yeafs of Mr. Baldwin's administration the question of building of the new State Capitol engrossed much of his attention. The Legislature received the full benefit of his wise counsel concerning this i'uportaut project in his second regu- lar message to it, which wa: convened in extra session in March, 1872. Most of his plans were acceded to by the Legislature, and all thus adopted have resulted in the better advancement of that object. During 1870, the one-eighth mill tax for the purpose of consti- tuting a sinking fund, was abolished, ample provision for the pay- ment of the funded debt of the State having been made by setting apart some of the trust fund receipts, and such portion of the specific taxes as were not required for the payment of interest on the public debt. This caused a reduction -in the Slate tax of $78,750. '^«*«iy-<^^rt!^j!«,i>Sut«i*"iii*2fe*>(<4*.»*'' •' ■a ^:iB» < *aa i l » a ^ft-'- ^?t'«icm.M^iaK«<e««3@e!BkSiie»jiiiial!«^ I in November, ies to rntiiy all L'livercd to the t by the Legis- the people, but le took IHs scat 1 in November, mary, 1871, he nt prosperity io lue to the wine ^!*latuf6<luring ' had inereased ind tlie assessed the State had 00 in 1871. made the duty f the State into ligan bad been of the national (lent, which waS ased to nine, ninistration the rosstd much of benefit of his his second regu- ssion in March, Legislature, and icement of that irpose of consti- iion for the pay- made by setting portion of the nt of interest on le Slate tax of IIIBTOKY OK MIfHIOAN. 539 The year 1871 must ever be remembered, on account of its great fires in several <^*' the northwestern States. While the goo.l peo- ple of Michigan were engaged in the noble work of furnishing relief to the suH'orers by the great Chicago fire, the same devour- HON. THOMAS H. BOTTOMLEY. Among the representative men of St. Clair county, is tlie Hon. Thomas H. Bottomley. He was born in tlie town of Soutliouram, Yorlishirc, Eng- land, on the 5th day of October, 1837, where his early life was spent. Mr. Bottomley was educated at the Saltrauble Academy, Yorkshire, England, receiving a liberal education. He came to the United States in the year 1854, and took up his residence in the city of Buffalo, New York. Here he resided until 1856, when he emigrated to New Baltimore, Macomb county, where, by his great energy and business tact, he placed himself in comfortable circumstances, and gained the respect of his s&MHi^iiisi^S^' fe' 640 OKNKKAL I1I8TOKY OF THE BTAT£S. ^0 e* 'i l5t ing clonicnt wuh niiikinjj wul havoc in our own State. Thriving towns, tiiriii and .srhool-iouscH, churches, livestock, crops, and thou- sainis of acri'H of valual)k! timber were consumed. Nearly three thousand tliniilics, or about eighteen tliousand persons, were ren- dered houseless, and deprived of the necessaries of life. Relief committees were, organized at Detroit and Grand Ilapids, and in a short time tlicre was suli'f ribed by individuals and corporations within the State, and paid over to these committees, the sum of $462,106, besides two hundred and fifty thousand dollars' worth of dotiiing. So prompt and bountiful were the donations, that, believing the peopli! of Miciiigan would b(! unwilling to tax a generous public any longer than was necessary, the Governor issued a proclama- tion, thanking the })ublic for their noble charity, and annouucin;^^ that further contributions were unnecessary. < >nc of the most • oUiblo events that happened during the administration of Governor Baldwin Avas the dedication of the Soldiers and Sailors' Monument at Detroit, which event ocoMrred on tho ninth day of April, 1872. This monument was designed by Randolph Rogers, a native of Michigan, and one of the most omin'Tt of American sculptors now living. The money required to « rect this beautiful tribute to the heroes of the war was raised bv :<: iiicri(.t;on, the people from all parts of the State contribut- jp': ujost liberally to the object. The association under whose ni' pices the subscriptions were raised and the work done, was fcUow-citi/.cns. From there lie removed to Romeo, where an extensive b\isinoss was perfected in lioop-sliirts, etc., in 1805, and remained until tlie spring of 1873, from wliicli place he removed to tlie village of Capac, St. Clair itounty, where his good ijualiiies were soon ascertained by tho people, and were rewarded by his nomination and election as represen- tative of tho third district of that county, in the State legislature, in November, 1873. lie served in that body during its session of 1873-3. Mr. Bottomley has held several offices of trust in the diflfercnt places where he has resided, wliicli invariably were administered with credit to himself and fellow-citizens. At present he is one of the largest mer- chants in the village where he resides, and is doing a profitable business, not only m the mercantile line, but also as the contractor of the Lynn and Maple valley State ditch. '-'^«»aii«H6iaa<«^^%SstEWi^^ k I. Thriving M, and tliou- "Jearly three 8, were ren- life. Relief idn, and in a corporations the sum of lUars' worth jelieving the 3rou8 public a proclama- annouucin;^ during the ition of the ent oiourred vas designed of the most aey required r was raised ;e contribut- luder whose k done, waa 3 an extenaivo .'inaincd until age of Ciipac, tuined by the 1 as ri'presen- legislature, in 1 of 1873-3. ifferent places with credit to 3 largest mer- ablc business, ■ of the Lynn .V •ifffKttil^.f t ^t^.-ii'M ' J II.' . 'f '- ■ ' - ' '.■» ' ■ ' ' ' - ' -'■'' - ■ V^ffj^t i"ii.i^-^, ' ^'-[ ' ..^i-^^ ry jW^-W. ' ?Sfe a;SW - J. ' . yr-y?'"^' J t»'- ' -^ .Li- ^'"'^t ' '' -^y.^' !- ^ r- " ' ■ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) V // 'A^^4^s & y. E 2a 1.0 !f ■- IM I.I u lit S 140 12.2 20 118 L25 114 111.6 L HiotDgraphic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ■ CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHIVI/ICIVIH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical IVIicroreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques MU'UIUAN SOI.DIEUS' AND SAll.OliS' MOMMKNT. 542 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. incorporated iu 1868, and it is due to the indefatigable exertions of its officers and members that the work has been successfully accomplished. The monument is about forty-six feet in height, and is surmounted by a colossal statue of Michigan in bronze, ten feet in height. She is represented as a semi-civilized Indian Queen, with a sword in her right hand and a shield in her left. Beneath the plinth on which she stands are stars and wreaths. On the next section, in front, is the dedication : " Erected by the People of Michigan, in honor of the Martyrs who fell and the Heroes who fought in defense of Liberty and Union." On the right are the arms of the United States, and on the left are the arms of the State of Michigan. On the next section below are four projecting hutments, on which will be seated, when the monu- ment is finished, four allegorical figures in bronze, representing Victory, Union, Emancipation and History. These figures are all that now remain to be placed in position. This will be done as soon as sufiicient funds are raised. Tb'- next section below con- tains four projecting hutments, upon which are standing the defenders of Liberty and Union, the representations of the army and navy. These consist of four bronze statues, seven feet high, soldiers of infantry, artillery and cavalry, and a sailor of the navy. On the panels are various bnssi relievi and inscriptions. On the outer pedestals are four bronze eagles. It was originally intended to place the monument in the Grand Circus, and it was there that the ceremony of laying the corner- stone was performed, on the Fourth of July, 1867. But, at the earnest solicitation of the sculptor^ Mr. Rogers, it was placed on the Campus Martins. An immense concourse of people were present upon the occasion of unveiling the monument. Every part of the State, and almost every society in the State, was rep- resented. Not less than one hundred thousand people were pres- ent. The address was delivered by ex-Governor Austin Blair. The four years in which Governor Baldwin administered the afiiiirs of Michigan were four years of prosperity. The functions of the various oflSces of the State government were discharged with integrity and ability, and on the first of January, 1873, Mr. Baldwin passed the management of the executive afiaii-s into the hands of Hon. John J. Bagley, his successor. ible exertions I successfully et in height, in bronze, ten ilized Indian id in her left, and wreaths. Irected by the fell and the on." On the e left are the ion below are len the raonu- :, representing figures are all II be done as on below con- standing the 3 of the army ven feet high, sailor of the i inscriptions. , in the Grand g the corner- , But, at the was placed on r people were ment. Every 3tate, was rep- )ple were pres- istin Blair, ministered the The functions ere discharged ary, 1873, Mr. afiaii's into the HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 543 '"■:f In referenoe to the administration of Governor Bngley, which began in January, 1873, but little can be said, for, at this writing, less than half of his term of office has expired. In his inaugural message to the Legislature, in January, 1873, he truly said that, " the growth of the State in every direction, through the develop- ment of our great natural resources, was a surprise even to our- selw.^." With this brilliant condition of affairs, Mr. Bagley's adminis- tration was inaugurated. The session of the Legislature begin- ning ill January was in all points successful. Every interest of the State received due and proper encouragement, while a spirit of enlightened economy seemed to pervade all its deliberations. The Governor's recommeudatious were received with a due regard for the wise policy which they contained, and, in the absence of any radical measures, the session may be regarded as mainly characterized by diligent labor for the common welfare of the State. The most important act was that making it the duty of the Governor to appoint a Constitutional Commission, whose duty it should be to revise the Constitution of the State, and pre- sent the result of their labors to the next regular or extra session of the Legislature. This Commission was duly appointed by the Governor, and it has already finished its work. Of the result of its labors it is here manifestly improper to speak, as its work is now under consideration by the people. Having come to the end of the list of Governors, and noticed the principal events in their several administrations, we will close our work with a short notice of the present condition, prosperity and advancement of the State. 'I' 1 ;i: i' l-ii. I ' ill! i CHAPTER XXXV. Phesent Condition of Michigan Railkoads. In the preceding chapters wo have given, with some minute- ness, the history of the early settlement of the Territory up to the time of its admission into the Union as a State ; and then briefly traced the leading events of its history after it became a State, down to the present time. It is now proposed to take up the lead- ing institutions of the State separately, and record their history and development. The mention of them thus far has been pur- posely avoided, in order to save repetition. The mention of the resources and productions of the State has also been avoided, for the same reason. The intelligent reader will not fail to recognize the propriety of this plan, inasmuch as, while it seems at first glance to necessitate much repetition, it in reality avoids it. The State of Michigan, although possessing a population of nearly, if not quite, a million and a half, and an amount of accu- mulated wealth that will far surpass that of many of the older States, is, nevertheless in her infancy. Whilst her growth has been marvelous, and the development of her resources enormous, she has, nevertheless, been retarded in her growth, to r great extent, by several untoward circumstances. Prominent among these is the ignorance which prevails, outside her borders, regard- ing her great natural advantages. This ignorance has been caused, first, by the fact,' which has been recorded in a preceding chapter, that the surveyor employed by Congress to survey lands set apart for soldiers' bounties, made a report to that body which contained a statement that the soil of Michigan was almost com- pletely barren, and that, on that account, together with another alleged fact, that it was extremely unhealthy, the Territory was utterly unfit for a human habitation. It took many years to dis- pel the prejudice thus engendered, if, indeed, it has ever been HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 645 .ROADS. nth some minute- 'erritory up to the ; and then briefly it became a State, > take up the lead- icord their history far has been pur- he mention of the I been avoided, for Dt fail to recognize 3 it seems at first ty avoids it. ig a population of ,n amount of accu- many of the older st her growth has esources enormous, ;ro\vth, to R great Prominent among ler borders, regard- norance has been [led in a preceding ess to survey lands to that body which an WBS almost com- ether with another the Territory was many years to dis- , it has ever been thoroughly eradicated from the public mind. Again, the State authorities have persistently neglected to adopt such means to increase immigration as have u.sually been resorted to by other western States. Many of the northwestern States have been built HON. JOHN BALL. John BalIj, of Grand Rai)id3, Michigan, was born In the White Moun- tain region of New Hamphslre, in the year 1794. His early years were passed upon a farm, and it was mainly through his own exertions that he prepared himself for and obtained a collegiate education. He graduated from Dartmouth College in the class of 1820, and among his classmates were George P. Marsh and Rufus Choate. After leaving college, he engaged in teaching school at Lauslnburgh, Rensselaer county, New York, and there he also commenced the study of the law. Shortly afterwards, he shipped from New York, and on his first voy- age was shipwrecked ofl the coast of Georgia, where he barely escaped with his life. 35 If 540 OENEKAL HISTORY OP THE STATES. up, in a great measure, by the circulation of booicB and pamphlets showing the advantages they possess as a home for the tens of thousands who annually laud upon our shores. /, Michigan has never had the advanUige of a proper representation abroad regard- ing her resources and characteristics. So long as this state of affairs continues, Michigan is liable to be grossly misrepresented abroad, as, indeed, she has been, by those interested in diverting the tide of immigration to other States. It is to be hoped that this will be remedied in the future. The area of the territory of the State of Michigan is over 56,000 square miles; being more than 10,000 square miles larger than either the State of New York or Pennsylvania ; more than 16,000 square miles larger than Ohio, and nearly equal in size to the whole of New England. When as thickly populated as Massa- \ I Passing the winter at Darien, Georgia, he again devoted his time to teacliing, and while there, he for the first time saw the practical work- ings of the institution of human slavery, and noted its pernicious eflFects upon both master and slave. Returning to New York, he engaged in the practice of the law with fair prospects of success, but was soon called away to the superintend- ency of a manufacturing business. On New Year's Day, 1833, Mr. Ball left Lansingburgh for Oregon, taking a very different route there than travelers do at the present day. He went from home to Baltimore, Maryland, by sleigh. Starting west- ward from liere, lie traveled by horse-power over the Baltimore and Clio Railroad, a distance of sixty miles, which was at that time the longest line of railway on the continent. Crossing the AUeghanies, he reached Pittsburg, from whence he went by steamboat to St. Louis, Missouri, which was then but a small village, mostly on one street. Joining a party of fur traders liore, headed by William Lublette, he went up the Missouri to Le.\ington, from whence, on the 12th of May, 1833, the company, consisting of about eighty men, with three hundred horses and mules, started for the interior. In their journey, they crossed the Rocky Mountains, through the cele- brated South Pass, which was discovered ten years later by Colonel Fremont. Crossing the head waters of the Colorado river, they reached the Columbia, and from this point, Lublette and his party returned to St. Louis, while Mr. Ball, with eleven others, traveled on to Walla- Walla, then a post of the Hudson Bay Company, where, leaving their horses, they descended the Columbia to the Pacific. ES. HISTOKY OF MICniUAN. 547 ks and pamphlets le for the tens of 8. /, Michigan has ion abroad regard- g as this state of ily misrepresented ested in diverting to be hoped that igan is over 56,000 miles larger than more than 16,000 ual in size to the pulated as Massa- devotcd his time to r the practical work- its pernicious effects tice of tlie law with y to the superintend- igburgh for Oregon, lo at the present day. eigh. Starting west- le Baltimore and Clio that time the longest leghanies, he reached I St. Louis, Missouri, itreet. William Lublette, he , on the 12th of May, , with three hundred lins, through the cele- ears later by Colonel do river, they reached s party returned to St. d on to Walla- Walla, , leaving their horses, chusetts now is, she will possess more than nine millions of inhab- itants. Surrounded on almost all sides by nol)ie inland si'a.«, lier shores are washed by fourteen hundred miles of navigable waters. The productions of her soil are more varied than that of any other State in the Union. Most other States arc practioally lim- ited to some one or two staple productions. Miciiijran can pro- duce, in the greatest abundance, every variety of fruit, grain and vegetable belonging to her latitude. Her immeuHe forests of choicest timber are of incalculable value, giving employment to thousands of men in converting it into lumber, and to railroads and ships in conveying it to market, thereby creating a home demand for much of her surplus agricultural products. Her hard-wood forests are of immense value and extent, and the soil that underlies them is unsurpassed in fertility. Her fisheries are Mr. Biill spent tiio winter at Port Vancouver, where he taugiit tiie first public scliool opened in Oregon. The succeeding spring lie entriigcd in farming, and after luirveating his crops, toolc passage for tlie Sandwich Islands in an English vessel, wliicli in its voyage lay for some days at San Francisco, whicli was then only a Jesuit mission station, and was a mingled scene of forest, sand-liills and wild cattle. From the Sandwich Islands lie sailed in a whaler around Cajic Horn to Hio .lanciro. From this city, as clerk to Lieutenant (since Commodore) FanngiU, he shipped on tlie United States seliooner Boxer, for Norfolk, Virginia, and from tlience to Baltimore, the point of liis departure. Mr. Ball's memoranda of liis overland journey, published in SuUiean's Journul, and afterwards translated into German, were the lirst scientific accounts of the geology and climate of Oregon that were publislied. After his return, he engaged for a year or two in the practice of his profession in Troy, New York, and in September, 1830, ho emigrated to Micliigan. From Detroit he traveled on horseback to luilamazoo, and from there north to the Grand River. At that time he • .r d Mr. Marsac at the mouth of the Flat River, Mr. Rix Robinson at thv mouth of the Thorn Apple, a few hundred settlers at Grand Rapids, a small settlement at Grandville and another at Grand Haven, all subsisting on game, and on provisions brought from Butl'alo and Cleveland. In 1837, Mr. Ball was elected to the lower hou.se of the State legislature, his district being composed of the four counties of Ottawa, Kent, Ionia and Clinton. In 1843, he was appointed to locate, for the State, the half million acres of land granted by the general government for internal iraprove- i.il;, Mr' It • 1) ' ■Ckf I' f 54H GENERAL HISTORY OP THK STATES. of greiit value, and even now there are not more than four States in tlio Union whose fisheries produce larger returns. A great portion of her territory is underlaid by vast beds of mineral deposits. No State in the Union possesses such a great extent and variety of mineral resources as Michigan. Her copper is of great purity, and immense, incalculable value. Her iron ore is the richest and best in the Union, and the extent of the deposits of this metal is probably unsurpassed. Extensive fields of coal also underlie the State— enough to feed the furnaces of the world. Vast hods of gypsum are to be found in various parts of the State, and in close proximity to railroads and navigable waters. Nun>er- ous saline wells abound in the Saginaw Valley, and other parts of the State, of unsurpassed strength and inexhaustible yield. These are some of the great natural resources of Michigan, and which, when properly developed, are destined to make her one of the most jirosperous and populous, as well as one of the most wealthy States in the Union. ^ Again, as a manufacturing State her facilities are unsurpassed. mcnts, which task he faithfully performed, personally inspecting all the lands located by him. From that time he has resided in Grand Hapids, and has been engaged in his profession and in real estate operations, lie is well known throughout the western portion of the State, and has been instrumental in turning the tide of emigration in tliat direction. He also takes a deep interest in public education, and the present prosperous condition of the schools in the city of his residence is largrjly due to his unwearied efforts in their behalf. In politics, from the first, he has been a firm and consistent Democrat, and has ever been distinguished for his advocacy of the rights of man, and for his loyalty to the Union ; and those sentiments were fitly expressed upon the memorable occasion when he presided as chairman over the meeting of citizens called to express their indignation at the firing upon Fort Sumter. Mr. Ball remained single until 1850, when he married Miss Mary T. Webster, of New Hampsliire. He has a family of five children. He has spent the last two years and six months in Europe, traveling with his family, and has just returned to his home in Michigan, satisfied from his observations of foreign governments, customs and climates, that there is no better country and no more fortunate people than his own. 58. more than four rger returnH. A t beds of niinoral groat t'xt iui and L'opper is of great r iron ore is the )f the deposits of fields of coal also ses of the world, lartri of the State, I waters. Numer- ', and other parts iiistible yield, of Michigan, and ) make her one of one of the most !s are unsurpassed. ly inspecting all tlie id lins l)een engaged lie is well Icnown 18 been instrumental He also takes a deep ous condition of the liis unwearied efforts ionsistent Democrat, if the rights of man, sntinients were fitly resided as chairman ir indignation at the arried Miss Mary T. Qve children, in Europe, traveling in Michigan, satisfied ms and climates, that aple than his own. . HISTORY or MICBIOAM. 549 She possesses not only the raw material for many of the leading staple manufacturing products of the country, but also, in the greatest abundance, the necessary supplies for the sustenance of those employed in manufacturing establishments. She not only HON. JAY A. HUBBELL. Jay a. Hubbell, of Houghton, Houghton county, Michigan, member of Congress from the ninth district, was born at Avon, Oakland county, Michigan, September 15, 1829. His father, Samuel Hubbell, a native of tlie State of New York, came to that town about 1820, being one of the earliest settlers of that portion of the State, wliere he cultivated a farm until his death in 1870. The subject of this sketch, until the age of eighteen years, bore his part in the usual farm labors, and there laid the foundation of the robust health and strength he has since enjoyed. After two years of preparatory study at Romeo and Hocliestcr, made more than usually arduous by a painful disease of the eyes, which had often interrupted and at times had for long periods suspended application 050 OBNKRAIi HtBTORY OK TtlK BTATM. posHesnof, to a prcat extent, a lionio market tor theae products, but ciui reiuli a vawt wcsteru iimrket at less cxpeiiHe tluia can those portions of our country now supplying sudi niurket. How the people ol' Michigan are availing themselves of theae advantiipes, the following pages will attempt to show. The first railroad enterprise in the State was inaugurated, as we have already seen, by the granting of the charter of the Detroit and St. Joseph Railroad, by the Legislative Council of the Territory, in \S:V2. By the terms of the law, the State reserved the right to purchase the road at a price not exceeding its cost and interest at fourteen per cent. Within two years from this time, work was commenced between Detroit and Ypsihuiti, and, up to the time of the admission of the State into the Union, in 1837, about Z'M),Om had been expended. When this event occurred, almost the first thing the State Legislature did was to pass "an act to provi<le for the construction of certain works of public improvement, and for otiier purposes." This act provided, among other tilings, for the purchase of the Detroit and St. Joseph Rail- to hooka, ho entered the University at Ann Arbor, In the sophomore class, and gruilimtcd in tlie year 18r);j. After reading Inw for two years at Pontiac and Detroit, he was, in 185:1, uilmilted to tlie bar by tlic suprcnie court, at its aession at Adrian. Immediately after admission, Jlr Hubbell went to Ontonagon, in the Upper Peninsula, where he formed a law co-partnership with Hon. A. H. Ilniiseom. In IH,J8, lie was elected prosecuting attorney of Ontonagon county and district attorney of the Upper Peninsula. From this time until 18(10, in which year he removed to Houghton county and opened an ofllie, .Mr. Hubbell was in active practice and look a prominent and growing part in the public allairsof tlic county in which he then resided, and laid the foundation of an extensive acquaintance with the citizens and l)usiness interests of tlie Ujiper Peninsula, into all parts of which he was reciuired to go in the discharge of his duties as district attorney. In 18(50, he commenced practice in Houghton county, the mining inter- ests of which were just beginning to develop. From that time luitil 1871, at which date he gave up active practice, he was an industrious and successful lawyer, being elected district attorney for another term and prosecuting attorney of Houghton county for »' -e term8.j . . ■ i ' '"■"■ VJB. mSTORY OP MIcniOAN. 5fil heao producta, but tc timn cau those ket. leniselves of thego ihow. 18 inaugurated, aa le c'liarter of the Ave Council of the the Ktate reserved eeding its cost and •a froiu this time, )sihinti, and, up to e Union, in 1837, is event occurred, I was to pass " an 1 works of public :t provided, among id St. Joseph Rail- tlie sophomore class, Detroit, he was, In its session at Adrian. ) Ontonagon, in the ersliip with Hon. A. ! Ontonagon county rom tliis lime until unty and opened an Dk a prominent and hicli lie tlien resided, ice with the citizens o all parts of which 3 as district attorney, nty, the mining intcr- Lip active practice, he cted district attorney litoD county for »' —e road, and, under its provisions, that road pasned into the hands of the State, and its name was changed to the Michigan Central. Laws were passe<l authorizing a loan by the State of $5,000,000 for internal improvements. Between $2,000,000 and $;{,000,000 were subsequently realized from this loan, but the monetary crash of 1837 caused the corporators who had taken the loan to become insolvent. This left the State, for tiie time being, utterly powerless to proceed with the great plans it had marked out. These plans, as we have before seen, were to construct three through routes across the State ; one terminating at Port Huron, another at Detroit, and a third at Monroe. A canal was also projected from Clinton river to Kalamazoo. A large sum was expended on this enterprise, but it was finally abandoned. The northern road was graded some distance west from Port Huron, and also abandoned. The State proceeded with the construction of the Central road until it reached Kalamazoo. In the mean- time, it became apparent that the State was far from being a shrewd railroad manager. There were no funds in the treasury to A strong Republican, he took an energetic part in politics, making political addresses in several counties during the Presidential campaign of 1868. In the same year, he was sent to Washington by the people of the copper mining district to aid in securing a higher tariff upon copper, being successful and returning in the summer of that year. At the Con- gressional convention of the sixth district (in which Houghton county was then embraced), Mr. Hubbell was a prominent candidate. On the formation of the ninth district, comprising the whole Upper Peninsula, embracing nine counties, anr. eighteen tounties in the Lower Peninsula, Mr. Hubbell was nominated for Congress by the Republican convention, held £ t Ludington, in the summer of 1873. In the excited campaign which followed, he addressed political meetings in neari_> every county in this large district, and was elected by a majority of 6,405 votes over Mr. Samuel P. Ely, of Marquette, the total number of votes cast being 17,511. Mr. Hubbell is a fluent, and has shown himself both at the bar and on the stump an unusually forcible and convincing speaker. Through a profitable legal practice, and by judicious investment of money in many of the leading and most prosperous enterprises of his section, Mr. Hub- bell has acquired a property so considerable as to make further applica- tion to business unnecessary. It is fair to presume that the energy and A'V: '% ■S5illS^^53SS^5>^^^^^sa' & 552 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES. meet the Internal Improvement warrants, and they depreciated in value to an enormous extent. The road as far as built was rap- idly wearing out, the old strap rail having been used, and the State had neither money nor credit to repair it. The consequence was that the Legislature of 1846 concluded to sell the road. This was soon effected, and it passed into the bauds of eastern capital- ists, $2,000,000 being the amount paid for the road and its fran- chises. The company were required to re-lay tlie road with T rail, and complete the road to Lake Michigan with the same rail. They were also allowed to change the terminus to any point in the State on Lake Michigan. Subsequently, they were allowed to change the western terminus to Chicago. The road was then pushed through with great rapidity, and is now one of the most magnificent at;d best equipped roads in the Union. The Southern road was also sold about the same time. That road had then been completed from Monroe to Palmyra, at a cost ■ of over $1,000,000. The eastern terminus was afterwards fixed at Toledo. A per'petual lease of the Erie and Kalamazoo road was effected, and its indebtedness to the State assumed. The price paid to the State was $500,000, for the road and its appur- tenances. The Tecumseh branch, running from Adrian to Man- chester, and the Palmyra and Jacksonburg road, subsequently known as the Jackson division of the Southern, were also included in the sale. The former road had then been completed as far as Tecumseh. Immediate preparations were then made to complete the road westward. The work progressed slowly for some time, however, owing to the want of- means ; but, subsequently, a con- trolling interest in the stock passed into the hands of a *'"- enthusiasm which have always maiked his professional and political career, and his very extensive acciuaintancc with the men and interests of his widely extended district, will render him as effective and useful in the more extended career now opened before him as in his past lire. He is the first member of Congress ever sent from the Upper "Peninsula, and will carry with him to Washington the best wishes of a large constitu- ency, who have confidently intrusted to his keeping the interests of a district comprising all the copper and iron mines and a laige portion of the lumbering of the State. ■ * 8. ;y depreciated in IS built was rap- in uscil, and the The consequence il the road. This f eastern capital- oad and its fran- tiie road with T ith the same rail. I to any point in f were allowed to e road was then one of the most a. same time. That *'almyra, at a cost afterwards fixed Kalamazoo road ,6 assumed. The •ad and its appur- I Adrian to Man- 3ad, subsequently vere also included )mpleted as far as made to complete 'ly for some time, isequently, a con- hands of a ^ — ■ iional and poliiical : men and interests ective and useful in in liis past liic. He pper feniusula, and of a large constitu- g tlie interests of a id a loi'ge portion of HISTORY OP MICHIGAN. 553 wealthy men, and it was then pushed rapidly on to Chicago, arriv- ing there in advance of the Central. In 1855 it was consolidated with the Northern Indiana road. The next year, the Detroit, Monroe and Toledo road was chartered. This road was at once GEN. J. G. PARKHURST. " ' John G. Paukhurst was born at Oneida Castle, New York, in 1824. His father, Stephen Parkhurst, was a native of New Hampshire, who removed from tliat State and settled in Oneida county. New York. The subject of this sketch received an academical education prepara- tory to entering college, and then entered upon the study of the law. In 1847, he was admitted to practice, after having devoted three years to classical studies and four in a law oflSce; seven years study then being required before an admission to the bar. Following his admission, he practiced liis profession in his native town for two years. In 1849, he removed to Michigan and settled in Coldwater, where he formed a co-partnership with the late Gorge A. Coe, who was then \V ) i !; f h' < Pi;. !!!»MSaB5S^^^«®^'*!5S'4tt^W«ffl*fe-?4**^s>^«*-**? 554 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES. built, and a perpetual lease granted to the Southern. The sub- sequent consolidations with other roads and the building of other branches have made the Southern one of the finest and most exten- sive roads in the Union. The old Detroit and Pontiac Railroad was chartered in 1834, by the Legislative Council, with a capital stock of $100,000. A great deal of difficulty was experienced in the financial manage- ment of this enterprise, and many amusing stories are related illus- trating the troubles encountered. It was not till 1839 that the road was finally completed as far as Birmingham. The cars of this road were for some time propelled by horse power. It was finally sold under an execution, in 1840. It was completed to Pontiac in 1843, and subsequently leased to Detroit parties for ten years. Previous to the expiration of this lease, a company, headed by the Hon. H. N. Walker, purchased the road, and raised enough money on its bonds to re-lay the track. In April, 1848, a charter was granted to the Oakland and Ottawa Railroad Company. Work was not commenced on this road till 1352. The following year, Hon. H. N. Walker went to lieutenant-governor of the State. The business of this firm soon assumed large pronortions and became quite lucrative. It continued until 1856, when Mr. Firkhurst succeeded to the whole aud continued his practice until 1861, being part of the time prosecuting attorney for Branch county. In 1860, he was a delegate to the famous Charleston convention, and was secretary of that body. After the final adjournment at Baltimore, he published the proceedings of the convention. Upon the receipt of the news of the firing upon Fort Sumter, he addressed an impromptu meeting of citizens at the court house in Cold- water, and urged the immediate organization of troops for the defense of the flag and the preservation of the Union. The citizens of Branch county responded to liis appeal to their patriotism by raising a company for the First Michigan Infantry, and also the celebrated Coldwater (Looniis') Battery. In consequence of the severe illness of his wife, who died in July, he did not enter the army until September. On the 10th of September, 1861, he was mustered into the service as lieutenant-colonel of the Ninth Mich- igan Infantry, went with his regiment to Kentucky and reported to General Sherman for duty. Colonel Parkhurst served in Kentucky until HISTORY OP MICHIGAN. 555 hern. The fiub- uilding of other and most exten- artered in 1834, )f $100,000. A lancial manage- are related illus- 11 1839 that the m. The cars of power. It was ■as completed to lit parties for ten company, headed ad raised enough le Oakland and nmenced on this , Walker went to firm soon assumed ntinued until 1856, tinued his practice orney for Branch in convention, and mcnt at Baltimore, 1 Fort Sumter, he urt house in Cold- s for the defense of citizens of Branch raising a company ebrated Coldwater ho died In .[uly, he of September, 1861, of the Ninth Mioh- ly and reported to 1 in Kentucky until Europe in the interests of this road, and purchased enough iron to lay the track as far as Fentonville. In 1855, the above two roads were consolidated, under the name of the Detroit and Milwaukee Railway. The bonds of the com- pany were then negotiated in Europe, by Mr. Walker, to the amount of $1,250,000. A subsequent arrangement was made with the Great Western Railway Company, by which the financial embarrassments of the company were finally relieved. In 1860 the mortgage was closed, and the name of the road changed to the Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad. In the meantime, the road had been completed to Grand Haven, on the eastern shore of Lake Michigan, thus completing the three great through routes across the State which was originally contemplated by the State government. The monetary crisis of 1857 put a stop for several years to railroad enterprises in Michigan, and it was not till within the last eight years that operations were resumed. Within that time a large number of enterprises have been projected, and many of them carried successfully through. Railroad building in Michi- the spring of 1802, when his regiment was ordered into Tennessee and joined to the army of the Cumberland. At the battle of Murfreesboro, in July, 18(52, he was taken prisoner, and was afterwards confined in the rebel prisons at Knoxville, Atlanta, Madisonville, Columbia, and at Llbby prison in Richmond. Upon his exchange In December of that year, he returned to his home in Cold- water, and was given a public reception by its citizens. In response to the address of the mayor on this occasion, he gave the people a vivid account of his life in the prisons of the South, and there ventured the prediction that it would require a million of men and two years time to put down the rebellion and restore the Union. He urged upon the people to i. '-0 up their speculations and to devote themselves and their means to the salvation of their country. Returning to the army jiL'ain, he reported for duty to General Rose- crans, at Nashville, Tennessee, took command of his regiment and par- ticipated in the six days battle at Stone River, which terminated in a victory for the Union troops. Colonel Parkluir't was promoted for gal- lant conduct during this battle, received a distinguished compliment in the official report of General George H. Thomas, and immcrliately after the battle was assigned to duty as provost-marshal on the staft of Gen- eral Thomas. In l!i r* in -m " 5 656 QEMERAL HISTORY or THE STATES. I gan has been stimulated, to a certain extent, by the land grants made by Congress from time to time, and some projects have been carried successfully through that did not seem to be warranted by the present busmess or population along the line. But rcost of them are the outgrowth of commercial necessity, and consequently are not only likely to be paying investments of themselves, but exhibit the wonderful growth and material prosperity of the com- monwealth. Many of the roads which have been built within the last eight or nine years owe their existence to the enterprise of the men controlling the two great corporations known as the Michigan Central and the Michigan Southern Railroads. Of the former, the Hon. James F. Joy has been the leading and controlling spirit for a number of years. Under his management the Michigan Central has not only risen to the position of being one of the most magnificent roads in existence, but has aided, directly or indi- rectly, in building a large number of tributary roads in the State of Michigan. The first road aided by the Michigan Central was the Jackson, After the battle of Chickamauga, he was made provost-niarshal-gen- eral of the army of the Cumberland, and for gallant services was recommended to the President by General Thomas for a brigadier-general- ship in the army. Following the battle of Nashville, he was made provost-marshal- gcneral of the military division of the Tennessee, which comprised the States of Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama and Georgia, and he retained this position until he left the service in November, 1865. General Parkhurst was upon the staff of General Thomas for three years of the war, and was in all the battles fought by that great military hero, having his entire confidence and continuing an intimate acquaint- ance'until his lamented death in 1870, when he was selected by General Sherman as one of the escort to accompany the distinguished hero's remains to Troy, New York, for burial. Having married a lady in Tennessee, for his second wife. General Parkhurst contemplated settling in Nasliville, and after leaving the army he opened a law office there, but finding the feeling towards Northern men not yet sufficiently mollified to make a residence there agreeable for an ex-provost-marshal-general of the Union army, he returned to his old residence in Coldwater, Michigan, in 1866, and was that year a candidate the land grants jjects have been »e warranted by i. But rcost of nd consequently themselves, but rity of the com- in the last eight rise of the men 8 the Michigan Of the former, jontrolling spirit it the Michigan one of the most directly or indi- )ads in the State 'as the Jackson, nvost-niarshal-gen- lant services was I brigadier-general- 3 provost-marshal- lich comprised the and Georgia, and )veniber, 1865. Thomas for three that great military intimate acqualnt- electcd by General istinguished hero's end wife, General sr leaving the army ; towards Northern there agreeable for returned to his old at year a candidnte HISTORY OF MICmOAN. 557 Lansing and Saginaw. Lansing was as far north as it was at first intended to go with this road ; but jpon its completion to that place it was concluded to carry it to Saginaw. The Amboy, Lan- sing and Traverse Bay Railroad was then in operation between Lansing and Owosso, and the Jackson, Lansing and Saginaw pur- chased its franchises, made it a part of their line, and carried it forward to Saginaw. This road is now in process of construction north to the Straits of Mackinaw, and the cars are running to Gaylord, two hundred and thirty-six miles north of Jackson. When completed, it will eventually form an important link in the Northern Pacific, and, in connection with the Detroit and Bay City road, will form practically an air line road from the Straits of Mackinaw to Detroit. It may be also mentioned, in this connec- tion, that the road from Marquette to Mackinaw, being now ren- dered certain to be built, will form a connection with this road which will bring Detroit three hundred and forty miles nearer Marquette than by any road now in existence, and will enable the former city to control the entire trade from the Upper Peninsula during the season when navigation is closed. The Grand River Valley road is another which has been mate- upon the people's ticket for lieutenant-governor of the State, and received the full vote of the ticket. In October, 1866, he was appointed United States marshal for the east- ern district of Michigan, but the Republicans in the United States Senate could not forgive his representing his district in the Philadelphia conven- tion held in the interest of President Johnson's policy, and when his appointment came up in 1867, they did not confirm it. Afterwards, he was made a special agent of the treasury department, which position be held until 1869. Since that year, he has devoted a good part of his time to the interests of his adopted city, and to him in a great measure is due the credit of securing for Coldwater the Mansfield, Coldwater and Lake Michigan Bailroad, and also the State public school. In the fall of 1872, he was the candidate of the Democratic Liberal party for representative in Congress from the Third Congressional Dis- trict, and received the largest vote of any candidate on his ticket in the district. He is still residing in Coldwater, and is devoting his attention to agri- culture and to his other private business. M 558 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. rially aided by the Michigan Central. This road is ninety-four miles long, running north from Jackson to Grand Rapids. It there intersects the Detroit and Milwaukee road, and by means of that road connects with the Chicago and Michigan Lake Shore road running north to Montague. The Jackson and Fort Wayne road is one hundred miles in length, its name indicating the termini. The Detroit, Eel River and Illinois road connects with this, as does also the Jackson, Lan- sing and Saginaw, thus giving the State two most important connec- tions with Indiana. Its connection with the latter road furnishes a route over which much of the lumber of northern Michigan passes on its way to the southern cities. The Michigan Air Line was originally intended as a short line from Chicago to Buffalo, crossing the St. Clair river at St. Clair, and connecting with the St. Clair branch of the Canada Southern. The Michigan Central aided in building it between Niles and Jackson, and finally absorbed and made it a part of its own sys- tem. It passes through a rich agricultural region, and shortens the distance of travel between Detroit and Chicago about fifteen miles. The Detroit, Hillsdale and Indiana road was also built through the aid of the Michigan Central. It runs ou the track of the Central between Detroit and Ypsilanti, The distance from the latter place to Hillsdale is sixty-five miles. This company took the franchises of the Eel River road from Butler to Logansport, Indiana, and has finished the road to the latter place. This road furnishes a direct route from Detroit to Indianapolis, via the Indianapolis, Peru and Chicago road. The Kalamazoo and South Haven road is forty miles in length ; is owned chiefly by the Michigan Central, and connects with the Chicago and Michigan Lake Shore road. The Chicago and Michigan I^ake Shore road runs at present from New Buffalo, Berrien county, to Pentwater. Its ultimate destina- tion is Manistee, a distance of about two hundred miles. A branch twenty-four miles long has been built from Holland to Grand Rapids. This road was consolidated, in 1872, with the Muskegon and Big Rapids road, the latter being now completed. i is ninety-four nd Rapids. It nd by means of ;an Lake Shore indrod miles in troit, Eel River e Jackson, Lan- iportant connec- ■ road furnishes them Michigan as a short line ver at St. Clair, anada Southern, ween Niles and t of its own sys- on, and shortens go about fifteen so built through the track of the istance from the is company took sr to Logansport, •lace. This road anapolis, via the r miles in length ; connects with the is at present from ultimate destina- indred miles. A from Holland to a 1872, with the g now completed. UI8TOBY OP MICHIGAN. 559 The main line of the Chicago and Michigan Lake Shore road, north of Grand Haven, is operated by the Michigan Central, and, with the Grand River Valley road, constitutes a direct line from SMITH R. WOOLLEY. Smith R. Woolley was bora in 1840, in Bridgewaler, New York. He moved to Michigan, with his parents, in 1847, and was left an orphan in 1851. Being left at the tender age of eleven years, without any means of support, he engaged with a farmer, with whom he remained until 1853, when he visited Detroit and obtained a situation in the banking house of W. H. King & Co. He remained in this house until 1854, when he accepted a position in^ the^ibankingj.housei of C. &j^A. Ives, where he I 'I l! i in I 1:1 !' J;l |; 560 QENKRAL HISTORY OP THE STATR8. Detroit to the western part of the State. These roads afford an outlet for an immense uniomit of pine lumber. The Detroit, Lansing and Lake Micliigan is the result of a con- solidation of the Detroit and Howell, the Howell and Landing, and the Ionia and Lansing roads. The latter road was the first one built, the Hon. James F. Joy, of the Central, furnishing the capi- tal. He afterwards took up the Detroit and Howell project with a view of making a connection from Detroit to Lake Micliigan. The road has been completed as far as Howard City, where it connects with the Grand Rapids and Indiana road. This road now forms one of the great arteries for the commerce of the State. The Detroit and Bay City is another of the roads aided by the Michigan Central, and has lately been completed. It is over one hundred miles in length, and passes through a rich agricultural region, forming practically an air line from Detroit to Bay City. As before remarked, the Michigan Southern, now known as the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern, has also done much in the way of aiding roads which are tributary to the main line. The first in order is the road now known as the Lansing Division of the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern, but formerly known as the Northern Central Michigan. This division is fifty-nine miles long, extend- ing at present from Jonesville to Lansing. It will eventually be extended to St. Johns, and thence northward. The Kalamazoo Division was originally started without any clearly defined idea as to what place would eventually constitute its northern terminus. It was commenced about seven years ago. A strap road was already in existence from White Pigeon to Three Rivers. A road was then built north as far as Schoolcraft, remained for about ten years. He then engaged In the manufacture of vinegar and tlie distillation of alcohol on a small scale. He haa con- tinued in the same business to the present time with remarkable success. Although a young man, he has always possessed the confidence of the people. He is an active member of the board of trade, and one of its vicepiesidents. In 1871, he was elected a member of the common council of Detroit, and has proved to be one of its most active members. Mr. Woolley was recently elected a member of the Detroit stock exchange. 'R8. e roads afford an le result of a con- i and LuD'^ing, and was the first one irnishing the capi- owell project with I Lake Micliigan. ird City, where it i. This road now ! of the State, oads aided by the i. It is over one I rich agricultural itroit to Bay City, low known as the e much in the way line. The first in ision of the Lake n as the Northern liles long, extcnd- vill eventually be rted without any 'utually constitute i seven years ago. White Pigeon to ar as Schoolcraft, the manufacture of sonic. He has con- eniarkable success. ! confidence of the rade, and one of its council of Detroit, the Detroit stock HISTORY OF MICHIOAN. 661 and the two united in one interest. After this another corpora- tion was formed to build a roud from Schoolcraft to Kalamazoo, and it wa.s eventually extended to Grand Rapids, when it passed into the hands of the Michigan Southern. A branch of this road HON. A. N. HART. Alvin N. Hakt was born in Cornwall, Litchfield county, Connecticut, on the 11th of February, 1804. He resided with his parents and labored on the farm until he was fifteen years of age. He received his education partially at the academy in Sharon, Connecticut, and partially at the academy and college in Amherst, Massachusetts, finishing it in the latter institution. Mr. Hart married Miss Charlotte F. Ball, daughter of Dr. Benjamin Ball, of Wendell, Franklin county, Massachusetts, July 8, 1828. At the time of his marriage he resided in Utica, New York, where he remained for three years, at the end of which time he removed to the 36 b&J. UKMEBAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. if was uIho built from Allegan to Holland. This was again extended north to Muskegon, and is known as the Miohigun Lake iShore lioad. It is now under the control of the Continental Improvement Company, which has also built a road fr )m Alle- gan to Martin's Corners, on the Grand Rapids and Indiana line. The Detroit, Monroe and Toledo Division was built by subscrip- tions at Detroit and other points along the line. It is of consider- able importance to the former city, as it afibrds a channel of com- munication to the southern cities. - / The Jackson Division was constructed about thirteen years ago, under a special charter. It affords a direct communication from Jackson to Toledo, and has the effect of diveiling a part of the Michigan Central traffic to the latter city. The Adrian and Monroe Division was originally a part of the main line, the latter place being the eastern terminus of the road, as originally chartered. The line from Adrian to Toledo, as we have before seen, was acquired by a perpetual lease from the old Erie and Kalamazoo Railroad Company. This concludes the lines owned or controlled by the two great corporations. Of the following roads many arc important, and all, as far as completed, are well constructed and equipped. The Grand Rapids and Indiana road is of great importance, traversing, as it does, a region possessing unbounded natural Territory of Michigan. It was a long, tedious journey in tliose days, and Mr. Hart liad to cut his way, for fourteen miles, tlirough the forests, where there was no road yet built before he reached his destination. He commenced his pioneer life where tlie city of Lapeer now stands, being the first inhabitant of that settlement, and camping under a majes- tic elm, which is still standing a venerable landmark, protected from the lightning, which has struck it several times, by a rod placed on it by his son, R. 6. Hart, of Lapeer. Having built the first log cabin in that vicinity, he moved into it with his family, consisting of his wife and one child, on the 11th of Novem- ber, 1831. In the spring of 1832, Mr. Hart was commissioned a justice of the peace for Oakland county, to which was attached, for judicial f 'irposes, all the country north of that county. In the winter of 1835, Mr. Hart wasrappointed sheriflf of Lapeer count/, -£8. This was again le Miehigun Lake [' the Cuutinental a road fnm Alle- ud Indiana line, built by 8ub»cri|)- It is of cousider- a channel of uom- I ;hirtepn years ago, mnuinication from ting a part of the ally a part of the uinus of the road, u to Toledo, as we leaae from the old I by the two great re important, and i equipped, great importance, nbounded natural iy in those days, and through the forests, his destination. Lapeer now stands, iping under a majes- :, protected from the i placed on it by his B moved into it with the 11th of Novem- led a justice of the )r judicial f irposes, iff of Lapeer count/, UIBTOKY or MICUIQAN. 663 resources. Its ultimate termini are the Straits of Mackinaw on the north, and Fort Wayne, Iiuliann, on the south. The track is already laid from Grand Rapids north to Petoskey, sixty miles from Mackinaw, and the cars are running to Traverse City. This road has been greatly assisted by land grants, amounting in the aggregate to 1,1G0,382 acres. The Flint and Pere Marquette road is another very important road, traversing a region rich in agricultural resources, lumber and salt. The first division was built, from Flint to East Sagi- naw, about seven years ago. In 1866, the second division was built, extending from East Saginaw to six miles beyond Midland. In 1868, a lease was effected of the Flint and Holly road, which had been in operation about four years ; also, of the Saginaw and Bay City road. The work on the main line has since steadily progressed, and, at the present writing, is completed as far as Reed City, 141 miles from Holly. A contract has been concluded for the unfinished portion, Ludington, on Lake Michigan, being its western terminus. A branch has also been built from Flint to Otter Lake, fifteen miles in length. Another branch has been projected from East Saginaw to the St. Clair river, terminating either at Port Huron, or St. Clair. The Holly, Wayne and Monroe road, which has recently been built, is now consolidated with the Flint and Pere Marquette. and at the election in the fall of 1885, in which the constitution of the new State was submitted and adopted, he was elected a representative to the State legislature. In 1842 he was elected supervisor of Lnpeer town- ship, and held the office for the succeeding seven years. In 1843, Mr. Hart was elected State senator from the Sixth Senatorial District, which then comprised the counties of Lapeer, Oakland, Genesee, Shiawassee, Tuscola, Saginaw and the Upper Peninsula. In 184G, he was elected the first judge of the Lapeer county court, for a term of four years, and in 1847, he was again elected to the State senate to fill the vacancy occa- sioned by the death of Senator Witherbee, and reelected in 1848 for the regular term. In 1856, he was almost unanimously again elected a justice of the peace. In 1800, he removed to the city of Lansing and was elected alderman of the first ward of that city in 1863, which office he still holds. In 1870, he was elected a representative from Ingham county to the State legisla- 664 OENRRAL HIBTORY OF THR BTATEfl. V! This road ia 63 tnilos long, and jfiveH the Saginaw Valley a dire<'t conuuction with Toledo. The Chicago and Lako Huron road in the roHult of a consoli- dation of the Port Huron and Lako Michigan and the Peninsular roadn. This in tlestined to he one of the most important lines in the State. The Peninsular has a Chicago conujiction on the wcHt, and from the Indiana State line, running northooHt.it jms«c« through a very rich agricultural region. It w finiHhed as far an Lansing, where it will eventually he connected with the Port Huron and Lake Michigan, the two roads, as hofore remarked, having consolidated their'iuterests under the name of the Chicago and Lake Huron Railroad. The Port Huron and Lake Michi- gan road was finished from Port Huron west as far as Flint pre- vious to the consolidation. It was projected as long ago as 1836, and constituted one of the three groat through lines then laid out by the State. The financial embarrassments of 1837, however, • stopped the work after a few miles had been graded. In 1841, another company was formed, but nothing was done further than to locate the line and obtain the right of way. Again, in 1856, another company, called the Port Huron and Milwaukee Railroad Company, was formed, a line was laid out, and some work done. But financial embarrassments again, put a stop to work, the prop- erty was sold under an execution, and the company dissolved. ture and materially aided in securing the magnificent appropriation which was made for the erection of the new State Capitol now iu process of coustruction. Mr. Hart was one of the projectors of that portion of the Amboy, F^ansing and Traverse Bay Railroad, running from Lansing to Owosso, and is a director in the Detroit and Bay City Kailroad. Mr. Hart has ever been a consistent member of the Presbyterian denomination, being one of the founders of the flourishing church of that sect la Lapeer, and also of the one In North Lansing. He Is eminently a social man, and one that has always given freely for the advancement of Christianity and social improvement, and, wherever he Is known, is universally loved and respected. His business has been mostly mercantile and real estate, and he has ever showed himself a good financier, both in public and private enter- prises. ., ■■„ '' . f. '^' ' I !«»mia{!J.j.«j4-'.a.^-»^V.4'.«W>l'^.' -■..■*- „^)iMJmu. i M"Jli ' .' Ed. iW Valley a direct vM\\t of a (ionsoli- lul the I'uiiinMular )t important linuH ;onii«M'tion on tlio iiorthoaHt, it paH«e8 HiiiHlicd aa far an ed with the Port hofore remarked, rue of the Chicago and Lake Miohi- s far jifl Flint pre- I long ago as 1836, lines then lai<l out of 1837, however, graded. In 1841, done further than , Again, in 1856, [ilwaukeo Railroad 1 some work done. to work, the prop- company dissolved. ficcnt appropriation ipltol now iu process •tlon of the Amboy, 1 Lansing to Owosso, id. of the Presbyterian ■ishing church of that r. He is eminently a r the advancement of ver he is known, is ;al estate, and he has ilic and private enter- HUTOKY or MICUIUAM. 665 In 186r), the franchVses and property of the road pansed into the hands of the Port Huron luxl f ukc Michigan Railroad ('onipuiiy. Of this company the ll.^n William L. Biincroit was the leading spirit; and it is itue to his i nrr^y and aliility that it was com- DR. L. YOUNGHUSBAND. Lancelot Yocnohusband, M. D., LL. D., of Detroit, was born in Uiclimond, in the North of England, January 11, 1838. His father, John Younghusband, brought his family to this country in 1841. He is yet living in St. Clair county of this State. At an early age, Lancelot was sent to Victoria College, Cobourg, and was a student under the celebrated Rev. Dr. Ormiston, now of New York. He graduated in arts at Acadia College, Dominion of Canada. For several years he was engaged as principal in high schools. While thus employed, he prepared quite a number of young men for college, who It.' Ti- I 566 OfiKERAt, atStORY OF THE STATES. pleted as far as Flint, the present terminus. It runs through a fine agricultural country, and furnishes an outlet for an immense amount of oak and pine timber, staves, etc. Now that it has been consolidated vpith the Peninsular, it will join th^.t road at Lansing, thus forming one of the great thoroughfares between Chicago and the seaboard. It connects at Port Huron with the Grand Trunk and Great Western Railways, of Canada. At the present writing Mr. Bancroft is in Europe, negotiating the bonds of the new company, the proceeds of which will enable the com- pany to complete the link between Flint and Lansing, and push the western division of the road forward to Chicago. The line of this road crosses the track of nearly twenty different railroads between Port Huron and Chicago. The Ohio aud Michigan is the corporate name of the road which is best known as the Mansfield, Cold water and Lake Mich- igan road. It is being constructed by the Continental Improve- ment Company, a corporation nearly identical in interest with the Pennsylvania Central Railroad Company. The line extends from Mansfield, Ohio, to Allegan, Michigan, where it joins the road from that place to Muskegon, which,. as we have before seen, is controlled by the same company. The Michigan Division of the Grand Trunk extends from Port completed their course at Antioch College, Ohio, at the time when that institution wns under tlie charge of the distinguished Horace Mann; and so higlily pleased was he with the proficiency exhibited by Professor Younghusband's pupils, that he inquired out their preceptor and con- ferred upon him the honorary degree of master of arts. At the age of twenty-four, he began the study of medicine in the office of two eminent physicians, at Port Hope, Ontario. Some years afterwards, he adopted the homoeopathic system of medi- cine, and received the degree of M. D. from the oldest homoeopathic medical college in America, at Philadelphia, Pa. For many years he was engaged in a large and successful practice at Mt. Clemens, Mich. In the year 1868, his alma mater conferred its highest honors upon him— the degree of doctor of laws. In the fall of 1871, he was elected president and professor of theory and practice in the Detroit Homoeopathic College, an institution, the success of which is already assured. ,,Vi*t-Jt;..J jjaMmi'iiwn TES. It runs through a tlet for an immense Now that it has 1 join thf.t road at poughfares between )rt Huron with the f Canada. At the gotiating the bonds ill enable the com- Lansing, and push Chicago. The line J different railroads name of the road ,ter and Lake Mich- jntinental Improve- in interest with the le line extends from re it joins the road have before seen, is k extends from Port It the time when that led Horace Mann; and 3xhibitcd by Professor lir preceptor and con- of arts. At the age of E office of two eminent lathic system of medi- e oldest homoeopathic I succcspful practice at ia mater conferred its if laws. In the fall of theory and practice in , the success of which HtSTORY OP MICHIGAN. 567 Huron to Detroit, 59 miles, and was built in 1859, by the Grand Trunk Railway of Canada. The road is a great benefit to ship- pers, affording a competing line from Detroit to the seaboard. It extends to Portland, Maine, 861 miles from Detroit. The Saginaw Valley and St. Louis road extends from East Saginaw to St, Louis, 34 miles. The Grand Rapids and Newaygo road, 36 miles long, is com- pleted between the points named. It is proposed to extend the line northward to Fremont, the junction of the Muskegon and Big Rapids, and the Detroit, Lansing and Lake Michigan roads. The Marshall and Coldwater road has been graded from Elm Hall, Gratiot county, to Muir, on the Detroit and Milwaukee road ; also twenty miles in Eaton county, and work is being done in Ionia county. No track has yet been laid. The Canada Southern roat has recently been completed in Canada. The main line reach es Michigan at Trenton. There is also a branch running from St. Thomas, Ontario, to St. Clair, Michigan. At Trenton the main line will have three branches : one to Chicago, passing through Flat Rock, Blissfield and Morenci. This branch is now completed as far as Fayette, Another branch, now completed, extends to Toledo. The other extends to Detroit, and has recently been opened for traffic. For moral, conservative and generally wholesome influence over stu- dents, no educational institution in the land has in its president one who excels him. On removing to Detroit, he formed a partnership with Dr. E. R. Ellis, a prominent physician of that city, and professor of surgery in the col- lege. Here Dr. Younghusband and his partner have built up an exten- sive practice. Scarcely a day passes that patients 'rom distant parts of this State, and even Canada, do not call upon them. Besides general practice, they give special attention to surgery, and the treatment of chronic and difficult cases of disease, particularly of the lungs and heart. In the management of and as a teacher in the college. Professor Young- husband has more than fulfilled the expectations of his friends, and his conceded abilities, both natural and acquired, well entitle him to the position which he has gained as one of the foremost physicians of this State, if not of the West. Jtm m i ^ tii m s mKm mi^memm^mimimt em i i t m sr im^^i^ie m^ I1 1 ! si' 668 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES. At St. Clair, the Canada Southern connects with the Michigan, Midland and Canada road, which extends from St. Clair to Ridge- way, on the Grand Trunk road, a distance of 15 miles. The Michigan Air Line extends from the latter place tc Romeo. The franchises of the Michigan Air Line road have been disposed of to parties in Pontiac, who propose to extend it as far as the lat- ter place. A road has been projected from Rockford to Greenville by the Continental Improvement Company. Some grading has already been done. The Paw Paw and Lawton road extends from Paw Paw, Van Buren county, to Lawton, on the Michigan Central, a distance of four miles. The Toledo, Ann Arbor and Northern road has been graded between Toledo and Ann Arbor. The Owosso and Northern road has for its proposed northern terminus, Frankfort, on Lake Michigan. Forty miles of grading have already been done. An air line from Detroit to Adrian is in contemplation, and the grading done between the latter place and Tecumseh. Several other meritorious projects are agitating the Lower Pen- insula, among which may be mentioned a road from Wenona to Big Rapids; one from Elkhart, Indiana, to Benton Harbor, Michigan ; one from Lapeer to Port Austin ; one from Utica to Almont ; one from the main line of the Jackson, Lansing and Saginaw road to Alpena ; and one from East Saginaw to Port Huron or St. Clair. The grading on the latter road has been done from East Saginaw to Vassar. In the Upper Peninsula, the Marquette, Houghton and Onto- nagon road stands first in interest and importance. This com- pany was formed by the consolidation of the Marquette and Ontonagon and the Houghton and Ontonagon railroads. The road is in operation from Marquette to L'Anse, and passes through the richest mineral region on earth. It has magnificent harbor facilities at each terminus, and in proportion to the invest- ment it is doing a larger business than any other railroad in the world. At least a million and a half tons of iron alone passed i; VJitttii i a4 ! J«iai!_Ma.j|(M | MIMMIM rith the Michigan, St. Clair to Ridge- f 15 miles. The place to Romeo, bave been disposed it as far ae the lat- I Greenville by the ading has already »m Paw Paw, Van atral, a distance of I has been graded proposed northern y miles of grading contemplation, and Tecuraseh. ng the Lower Pen- d from Wenona to ) Benton Harbor, one from Utica to ikson, Lansing and 3t Saginaw to Port iter road has been jughton and Onto- rtance. This com- ;he Marquette and on railroads. The 'Anse, and passes It has magnificent irtion to the invest- her railroad in the r iron alone passed HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. '668 6ver this road during the past year. The road will be eventually extended westward as far as the Montreal river, where it is expected to connect with the Northern Pacific, thus forming an important link between Duluth and the Lower Peninsula. HON. E. S. EGGLESTON. EBKNEZEn S. Egoi,E8Ton was born in the village of Batavia, Genesee county, New York, May 12, 1825. He emigrated to Michigan in 1837, settling in the town of Litchfield, Hillsdale county. . Mr. Eggleston received a thorough common school education, ana afterwards studied law with Lieutenant-Governor Gordon. He was admitted to the bar in 1852. In 1851 he removed to Grand Rapids, where, after being admitted, he commenced the practice of his profession, and soon won a high reputa- tion for his legal ability. He still continues the pracUce of the law at '\ •a 570 OENKRAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. The gap between Escanaba and the Wisconsin State line, on the Chicago and Northwestern road, lias recently been built, thus forming a direct connection between Marquette and Chicago. The Marquette, Mackinaw and Sault Ste. Marie rjad has recently been chartered. This road is to extend from Marquette to Sault Ste. Marie, with a branch to Mackinaw. The branch will give a direct railroad connection between the two peninsulas, which will be of the utmost importance to the people of both, and bring the winter trade from lY.e Upper Peninsula through Mackinaw to the Lower Peninsula, and shorten the distance to be traveled from Detroit to Marquette 340 miles. The aggregate length of the railroads of Michigan, as stated by Governor Bagley in Lis message to the Legislature in January, 1873, is about 3,200 miles. The question of bridging the river at Detroit is being vigorously discussed at the present writing, and it is probable that at no distant day this great desideratum of western shippers, agricultur- ists and railroad men will be accomplished. The scheme is, how- ever, violently opposed by vessel owners and others, interested in the commerce of the lakes. A board of engineers has been appointed to report as to its propriety and feasibility. No better idea of the immense interests at stake, of the com* merce of the lakes and of the business of Michigan railroads, can be obtained than by a mere statement of the leading argument used on each side of this question. The vessel owners show that at least 650,000,000 are invested in vessels which pass through the Detroit river; and that the passage of thes^ vessels average one every six minutes during navigation. On the other hand, those in that city, and ranks among the leading lawyers of the western portion of the State. He was appointed Consul to Cadiz, Spain, by President Lincoln, in 1861, and served in that capacity for four years. Mr. Eggleston was chosen representative to the State legislature from the first district of Grand Rapids, in the fall of 1872, and served in the house during the session of 1872-73. He was an active member of the judiciary committee and chairman of the committee on private corpora- tions of that body. m • v% •ES. isin State line, on ently been built, lette and Chicago. Marie r-jad has 1 from Marquette aw. The branch e two peninsulas, le people of both. Peninsula through the distance to be ligan, as stated by lature in January, 8 being vigorously }bable that at no iippers, agricultur- le scheme is, how- bers, interested in gineers has been (ility. stake, of the com* gan railroads, can leading argument owners show that 1 pass through the ?s.se!s average one ;her hand, those in the western portion resident Lincoln, in ite legislature from 2, and served in the live member of the on private corpora- HI8TORY or MICHIGAN. 671 favor of a bridge show that at least $150,000,000 of railway property are interested in crossing the Detroit river, to say noth- ing of the immense mercantile and agricultural interests of the State, and, indeed, of the whole northwest, that are interested in securing quick and cheap transportation to and from the sea- board. Vessel owners assert that their interests would be materially affected, and navigation obstructed during the summer months, by a bridge across the river. Railroad men, merchants and agriculturists assert that the blockade of freight occasioned by ice during the winter months, occasions the loss of many mil- lions of dollars annually. How the question will be settled time only can determine. It is mentioned here merely to give a faint idea of the immense interests involved— the untold wealth and possibilities of the commerce which annually passes through and along the shores of the State of Michigan. nymtiniromMBK CHAPTER XXXVI. &.5 MlNERAI, AND FoilEST WEALTH OF MICHIGAN— IrON — CoPPEK — SAI.T — Gypsum— Coal—Otiiek Minekals— Lumber. ■t IRON. The existence of iron in the Upper Peninsula has long been known. The Indians, at an early day, gave information to the white traders which led to investigations; but it was not until a comparatively recent period that operations on an extended scale commenced. The first company organized for the purpose was called the Jnckson Iron Company. This company was organized in 1845. It is still in existence, and its mine has yielded the largest amount of iron of any in the district, save one — the Lake Superior mine only producing a larger amount. Upon the organization of the Jackson Iron Company, one of the corporators visited the Lake Superior country, and, guided by the Indians, discovered and located what are now known as the Jackson and Cleveland mines. On his return home he brought a specimen of the ore, a portion of which he sent to Pittsburg, and another portion to Cold water, in this State, for the purpose of having its quality tested. At the former place it was pronounced utterly worthless, but at the latter a more favorable report was made. In 1846 the first opening was made in the Jackson mine. The year following a forge was put in operation, in which the first ore taken out of the Jackson mine was manufactured into blooms. Hon. E. B. Ward purchased the first blooms manufactured by this company, and used the iron in constructing the walking-beam of the steamer Ocean. Other forges followed soon after, and in 1853 three or four tons of iron were shipped to the World's Fair, at New York. Owing to the diflSculties of shipping, there was little done until 1856, when regular shipments commenced. The Cleveland mine was opened about the same time. The Ht)i l P,iaMJ,.MIIHWI -Copper— Sam ila hiui long been iformation to the it was not until a an extended scale the purpose was ny was organized has yielded the e one — the Lake Company, one of T, and, guided by low known as the sme he brought a to Pittsburg, and p the purpose of t was pronounced arable report was le Jackson mine, in which the first ured into blooms, uanufaetured by ;he walking-beam soon after, and d to the World's tf shipping, there ents commenced, same time. The HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 573 Marquette mine was next opened, and made its first shipment in 1868. Other mines were opened from time to time, as the atten- tion of capitalists were attracted to the region. Notwithstanding the unfavorable report made by the Pitts- PROF. DAVID PARSONS. David Parsons was bom in the town of New Haven, Oswego county, New York, in the year 1820. When not quite fifteen years of age, he, without a cent in liis pocket and but poorly clad, started for the Territory of Michigan, where three of his brothers had preceded him. After traveling on foot and by water several hundred miles, he found two of his brothers at Ann Arbor. They being unable to assist him, he started for Spring Arbor, where his other brother was located. He found him in no better circumstances at i tMMtitiar»r'ir ' 'i i rr"''''~r''^'ff'nifi:M i iTT^^ III 674 GENERAL HISTORY OF I'HE BTATEB. f- i burg parties who tested the ore first shipped to thera, Lake Superior irou is now acknowledged to be the best in the world. Its strength per square inch, in pounds, has been found to be no less than 89,582. The nearest approach to this is in the best Russia iron, the strength of which is 76,069 pounds ; whilst the best Swedish iron shows a strength of only 58,184. The common English and American iron bears a test of about 30,000 pounds. Lake Superior iron has been practically tested in every possible use to which iron can be put, and the universal testimony is that it is the best in existence, both as regards strength uud ease of manipulation. The mines thus far developed are mainly in the county of Marquette. They are generally found in hills which are from 400 to 600 feet in height. These hills are in a range of about six miles wide, and one hundred miles in length. They extend from Lake Fairbanks to Keweenaw Bay. In Menominee county there is another range of hills, equally rich in this ore, but they are at present undeveloped. This range crops out at Bayfield, and at several other points large deposits of magnetic ores are found, which prove to be almost pure native iron. Five different varieties of ores have been found. The most valuable is the tban the others, and after traveling about the counti-y some thirty miles, he Anally succeerlcd in getting employment on a farm. Returning to Ann Arbor in the winter, he taught the school in Lower Ann Arbor that season. After his school closed, he again engaged in fanning, about two miles south of where the city of Marshall now stands, and while thus employed, passed through many exciting and dangerous scenes with wolves and other wild animals, and endured all the severe hardships consequent upon a pioneer's life in a wild country. Disliking farming, and having early resolved to obtain an education and become a professional teaclier, Mr. Parsons devoted all his spare moments with his books, even carrying them to the field with him that he might utilize every possible minute in which he was not otherwise employed, in acquiring information from them. By his own unwearied exertions at teaching school winters and work- ing on a farm summers, and through the aid of his brother John, he succeeded in receiving an academic education and preparing himself for his profession. At the age of twenty, he was called to take charge of W ~'S^ ed to thera, Lake best in the world, een found to be no his is in the best >ound8 ; whilit the 84. The coninion lut 30,000 pounds. i in every possible 1 testimony is that iDgth uud ease of ' in the county of Is which are from 1 a range of about ;tb. They extend Menominee county this ore, but they I out at Bayfield, magnetic ores are in. Five different Bt valuable is the ■y some thirty miles, u. the school in Lower ing, about two miles irbile thus employed, les with wolves and ardships consequent obtain an education evoted all his spare i field with him that e was not otherwise )1 winters and work- liis brother John, he ireparing himself for ed to take charge of UlSTOUY of MICHIUAV. 675 specular hematite, which yields about 60 to 75 per cent of metal- lic iron. The second iu importance is the soft hematit vhich yields about 50 per cent in the furnace, and has the advauv .ge of being more easily reduced than any other ore of the district. The rangiietic ore is found west of the other ores of the district. The Michigan, Washington, Edwards and Champion mines pro- duce this ore almost exclusively. The flag ore is slaty or shistose silicious hematite, containing a less per centage of metallic iron than the ores above named, and is rather more difficult to reduce. It is often magnetic and sometimes banded with dull red or white quartz. The iron is cold short, which is said to be one of the best qualities of this ore. The other ores of the district are red short. This ore is believed to be the most abundant in the dis- trict. At several points in the district, and accompanying the flag ore, is found a silicious iron ore, which contains a variable amount of oxide of manganese. This ia of great value as a mixture. There are forty mines now in the district, which have produced since their opening, up to and including the year 1872, an aver- age of over 139,184 tons. The aggregate yield, in tons, from 1866 to 1872 inclusive, is 5,567,373. The value of this yield has one of the public schools at Balina, New York. This school was one of the most unruly in existence, and when Mr. Parsons informed the trus- tees that he was going to teach it without the use of a rod, they were loth to give him the situation, but finally concluded to allow him a week's trial. At the expiration of that time, he had the pupils entirely under his control, and so complete was his success that he remained in charge of the school for three years. Mr. Parsons was one of the early advocates of moral suasion in the public schools, his motto being "a school well taught is a school well governed." In 1844, tlie first State teachers' convention held in the State was called to meet in Syracuse, New York, and a State association organized. At that convention, Mr. Parsons had gained such a prominence among the teachers of the State as to be elected the secretary. Shortly afterwards, he made a tour of New York Slate, conducting teachers' institutes, and doing much toward driving corporal punishment from the public schools. When but twenty-one years of age, Mr, Parsons published a work on 576 OENERAI. HISTORY OP THE STATES. If I h If* been $44,37!i,ft3.'{. There are fifteen furniiceH in the (I'lBtrict, which have produc^ed sineo their OHtttbiishniciit, an average of over 23,858 tons. Their aggregate production since 1858, when the first was started, up to and inchidiug 1872, is 357,880 tons. Michigan ranks as the second State in the union in the produc- tion of iron, Pennsylvania only leading her. The magnitude of her iron interest is seen in the fact that in 1872 she furnished about one-thirteenth of the entire product of the world. But, great as it is, it is yet in its infancy. Mountains of solid ore, covering many S'juare miles, exist within her limits ; and, thous- ands of years hence, when this continent shall contain a popula- tion greater than now exists in the world, the iron mines of Michigan will still continue to pour out their rich treasures in inexhaustible abundance. COPPER. The principal copper mines in Michigan, are in the counties of Keweenaw, Houghton and Ontonagon, i'he existence of copper in the Upper Peninsula was known to the Indians long before the white man had penetrated the depths of our forests ; and the early white settlers were informed of its existence many years " Analysis of Words," which be had written when he was but eighteen. Shortly afterwards, he published a chart, entitled "Parsons' Philosophi- cal and Practical Orthograrii-." This chart, after passing through several editions, was placed upon a more practical basis by being accom- panied by a book on "Orthography, the Elements of Elocution and Analysis, and the introduction of the 'Union System' of Teaching, Reading," etc., by the same author. Mr. Parsons has publislied several other educational works. In 1855, in connection with Professor Alfred Ilolbrook, he started the project which has resulted in the present magnificent and eflBcient national normal school, at Lebanon, Ohio, with Professor Holbrook at its head. Mr. Parsons is widely known as an organizer. He organized the Wellsville union school, the Jefferson academy, the Belle Fontaine union schools, and Tafton collegiate seminary. For a number of years past, Mr. Parsons has been engaged in the life insurance business, and is acknowledged to be one of the most success- ful men in that occupation in the State. ^*r rKH. » in the district, lit, un avernge of 1 since IH/jH, when is 357,880 tons, lion in the produc- Thc iniignitude of 1872 she furnished the world. But, tains of solid ore, limits ; and, thous- contain a popula- the iron mines of r rich treasures in J in the counties of xistence of copper ,ns long before the r forests; and the (tence many years he wns but eighteen. Pni'sons' Philosophi- tcr passing through nsis l)y being accom- (8 of Elocution and ■stem' of Teaching, as published several )rook, he started the iflcent and efficient ofessor Holbrook at He organized the Belle Fontaine union n engaged in the life of the moat success- HISTORY OF MIcnUlAN. 577 ago. But no active measures were taken to ascertain the extent of the deposits, or to reap any benefit from their rich stores, until the year 1845. At that time the fever of copper speculation broke out, and had a most disastrous run for several years. GEN. A. T. M'REYNOLDS. Andrew T. McRevnolds was born in Dungannon, Tyrone county, Ireland, on Christmas day, 1808. He emigrated to America in August, 1830, in his twenty-second year, and was a resident of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, for some time before coming to Michigan. While there, ho was one of the original members and first ensign of the Duquesne Grays of that city, organized in 1831, and which was the first independent volunteer company formed west of the Alleghanies. 37 'i I "I ) 1 4 ' 578 OKNKKAI, lirBTOUY OK TIIK 8TATJ2^. Numeroug companicH were organized, and M|to(iilatit)nH in cop- per stockH were indulged in to an enormous extent. Tlie Cliff mine was the first one developed. Three yeiirH wore upent in developing it, with very discouraging rcHults; but at the end of that time, and just at the moment of Huccess, the mine changed hands. In the hands of the new owners it proved to be exceed- ingly rich in both copper and silver. This mine is situated in Keweenaw county, just back of Eagle Harbor. In 1848 the Minnesota mine was discovered. Several years were spent in this mine with very little show of success. In 1855 the Pcwabic mine wa« opened. The first four years the sum of 8230,813 was expended, and $153,168 worth of copper was produced. Other mines were worked with similar results, some even more disas- trously. Several causes conspired to produce these results. The St. Mary's canal was not yet built, and all supplies had to be packed around the falls. They were then carried in boats along the shores for hundreds of miles. When the mining region was reached everything had to be packed on the backs of beasts or of men to the mines. Again, the want of practical experience in those who worked the mines led to much loss, great embarrass- Whllo in Pittsburg, he volunteered to aid under General Scott, in put- ting down nullification in South Carolina. Coming to Detroit in 1883, he has been a resident of Michigan for forty years. Id 1834, he was appointed major on the staff of Major-Gcneral Williams, wht> was In command of all the mllitie In the Territory of Michigan. In the winter of 1834-35, he was one of four that organized the Brady Guards of Detroit, the other three being Major Isaac Rowland, Marshal Bacon and John Chester. The Brady Guards was the first independent military organization west of Lake Erie subsequent to the war of 1812. He commenced the practice of the law in Detroit In 1840, and soon rose to a prominence in the profession. He organized the Montgomery Guards of Detroit, and was their first captain; and he also served eleven years as lieutenant-colonel and colonel of the first regiment of Michigan militia. Having, In 1847, received a captain's commission In the dragoon service of the United States army, he resigned the seat he was then occupying In the Michigan State Senate, and served under General Scott during the IMI 1 1 I I ,.■ UllJ, ...,,■ JL.wlij^i«aJJ.M ' l>' ' * ' W..y»! V aJ it LUi._HtW ! 'VJ TE8. (I'ciilntions in cop- fxtcnt. T\w Cliff ciirH were upoiit in but at the end of the iiiiue changed roved to be exceed- nine \h situated in l)<)r. In 1848 the 8 were spent in this 5 the Powabic mine 1 of 8230,813 was 9 produced. Other le even more disas- th&'^e results. The Huppliea had to be •ied in boats along ) mining region was acks of beasts or of ;tical experience in 98, great embarrass- Ueneral Scott, in put- Ident of Michigan for ijor-Gcneral Williams, ■itory of Michigan. ,t organized the Brady aac Rowland, Marshal the first independent nt to the war of 1812. troit in 1840, and soon it, and was their first intcolonel and colonel in the dragoon service was then occupying in neral Scott during the HISTORY OF MICHIOAN. 679 ment«, and final abandonment of entcrprlRei* that with practical skill and good judgment might have been 8Ucc«<Ht\illy <-arried out. Thtt want of scieutifio exploration and examination of these regiouH was also a serious drawback. With the com[>leti()U of iho cHnnl all this was changed, and copper mining received i\ new imp tus. Goods could be transported more cheaply, and the pro- duct of the mines could be readily transported to market. Bcien- tific explorations followed, and capital and skilled labor were brought into requisition. The finances were managed with more care, and the mines were worked with greater judgment. The result has been a rich reward for the enterprise and capital invested, and the production ot copper has come to be one of the great industries of the Northwest. The ore mined is of the richest quality, yiehling about 80 per cent of ingot copper. Many times vast masses of pure native copper, weighing many tons, have been taken out. Smelting works have been established at Detroit, Cleveland, Pittsburg and Portage Lake. Twenty-five mines are now in successful opera- tion, giving employment to over seven thousand men. The num- ber of tons produced from 1845 to 1872, inclusive, is 176,756. war with Mexico. Ho was attached to the headquarters; his trooi m, in conjunction with those under General Philip Kearney, acting as the body guard of the commanding general during the campaign that terminated in planting the American banner in triumph on the halls of the Monte- zumas, The following extract, which gives a vivid description of General McReynolds' bravery, appears in the "Life of General Philip Kearney," which was written by J. Watts De Peystcr: " The charge of dragoons refered to was made by two troops — one led by Captain Kearney, the other by Captain McReynolds. The name of Kearney sounds rather Irish, but of the birth or descent of that gallont soldier we are unable to speak. We are happy, however, to be able to claim Captain McReynolds as Irish born, and no one will believe him to be a whit the less a true American on that account. Captain McReynolds is a native of Dungannon, in the county of Tyrone. The Detroit Free Pre»», in quoting from the New Orleans Picayune the passage which we subjoin, speaks thus: ' It was in this charge that Captain McReynolds, of thi.3 city, received his serious wound, his troop— all Michigan boys— ■»mai««»<n!iwCT;r>>ia««wwoi<iai»«.aaat«'tWiiinBiig^.<«^ t [i 580 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. The value of the copper produced in that time is estimated at $76,560,720. The richness of the copper mines of the Upper Peninsula is not surpassed in the world. It is already one of most important industries in the Northwest, and further scientific research will undoubtedly lead to still more important results, and materially increase the wealth and commerce of the State. SALT. The first attempt to develop the saline resources of the State was made by the late Dr. Douglas Houghton, then State Geologist, under the authority of the Legislature. An appropriation of $3,000 was made for this purpose, and operations were commenced in June, 1838. A spot was selected on the Tittabawassee river, ten miles above the site of the present village of Midland. Two thousand dollars of this appropriation were expended before the depth of 100 feet was reached, and those engaged in the prosecu- tion of the worlc began to look upon the enterprise as hopeless. Work was continued, however, until a depth of 140 feet was reached, when it was abandoned. Dr. Houghton never lost faith in the ultimate success of the enterprise, having the fullest confi- together with J'-jarney's, participating. It was undoubtedly one of tlie boldest and most desperate charges on record.' The commanding gen- eral of the division thus speaks of the charge and Captain McKeynolds and his bold dragoons: ' Capain McReynolds' Third Dragoons nobly sus- tained the daring movements of their squadron commander.' Both of these line companies sustained severe losses in their rank and file. We are informed that the enemy numbered, by their own report, two thou- sand infantry and one thousand cavalry, while our dragoons did not exceed one hundred. This small force drove the Mexicans upwards of two miles, and ceased not until they were witliin the battery that covered the gate of the city. In this charge, the dragoons cut down more than their entire number of the enemy. When we consider the extraordinary disparity in point of numbers, and the raking position of the enemy's battery, into the very mouth of which our brave dragoons fearlessly threw themselves, we think we may safely say it has no parallel in modern warfare." — Dublin FreemarCs Journal. When the war with Mexico closed, he returned to Detroit and resumed the practice of his profession. ^-m^ jM,IU4r .11.11 KL-.j4,jfaii4MWM^W» ' ^ ! '"'i> « fefe« Ame is estimated at Upper Peninsula is e of most important entific research will ultc, and materially jsources of the State then State Geologist, Ln appropriation of jns were commenced Tittabawassee river, e of Midland. Two expended before the iged in the prosecu- terprise as hopeless, th of 140 feet was iton never lost faith ring the fullest confi- idoubtedly one of the The commanding gen- i Captain Mc Reynolds •d Dragoons nobly sus- commander.' Both of leir rank and file. We own report, two thou- our dragoons did not 3 Mexicans upwards of lie battery that covered 18 cut down more than sider the extraordinary osition of the enemy's ve dragoons fearlessly ' it has no parallel in to Detroit and resumed HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 581 dence in the existence of rich and extensive saline deposits under- lying a large area of the surface of Michigan. After this failure the matter rested for a time. Occasionally wells were sunk in various parts of the State, but with poor success, until 1860, when the first paying well was sunk in the Saginaw valley. Before the close of that year 4,000 barrels were shipped. Since that time numerous payiiifr wells have been sunk, the manufacturing pro- cess has been improved so as to materially reduce the cost of production, and to-day salt is one of the staple productions of the State. The principal salt region, as far as developed, is in the Saginaw valley. The wells are usually sunk in the vicinity of the saw mills, in order to be able to utilize the exhaust steam or the refuse of the mills, in the manufacture of the salt. This reduces the expense of manufacture to a minimum, and produces large returns in proportion to the capital invested and the labor involved. A little over twelve years have elapsed since the first shipments were made from this State ; but in that time over six millions of barrels have been manufactured. At the close of the year 1872 there were sixty salt manufactur- Upon the breaking out of the rebellion, he tendered his services to the government, and having received the appointment of colonel from Presi- dent Lincoln, he organized and brought into the field the "Lincoln Cavalry," which was the first regiment of cavalry organized for the Union army. General McReynolds commanded his regiment during the first year of the war. Subsequently, he was in command of a brigade for nearly two years and of a division for some six months, when, his term of service having expired, he received an honorable discharge, returned to his home at Grand Rapids, and again resumed the practice of his profession. General McReynolds has held many important civil positions, and has lived a very eventful life. Shortly after coming to Detroit he became connected with the Michigan Bank, and remained in it four years. He was an alderman of the city of Detroit in 1838-39, and in the latter year was elected a representative to the State legislature, serving in that body during the session of 1839-40. He was a delegate from Michigan to the Harrisburg convention of December, 1839, which nominated Gen- eral Harrison as the Whig candidate for the Presidency. Under Presi- !;■- 1- 682 GfiNEftAL HISTORY OP THE STATES. fc- If. I '.I 'l'* i ' ing firms in the State, with a capital of $3,500,000 invested. These firms give employment to about 1,000 men, in the manu- facture of salt and the business incident thereto. Their manufac- turing capacity is about 1,158,000 barrels per annum. The following shows the districts, and the character and capacity of the works, as arranged by the State salt inspector : District No. 1, East Saginaw, has 4 salt companies, with 10 kettles, 1 steam and 2 pan blocks. Capacity 140,000 barrels. District No. 2, South Saginaw, 10 firms, with 10 kettles and 3 steam blocks. Capacity 135,000 barrels. District No. 3, Saginaw City, 8 firms, with 5 kettles, 7 steam and 1 pan block. Capacity 150,000 barrels. District No. 4, Carrolton, 6 firms, with 12 kettles, 2 steam and 1 pan block. Capacity 175,000 barrels. District No. 5, Zilwaukee, 6 firms, with 3 kettles, 4 steam and 3 pan blocks, and 2,776 solar salt covers. Capacity 150,000 barrels. District No. 6, Portsmouth, Bay City and Salzburg, 9 firms, with 6 kettles and 8 steam blocks. Capacity 175,000 barrels. District No. 7, Bay, Banks and Kawkawlin, 13 firms, with 4 kettles, 7 steam and 5 pan blocks, and 521 solar salt covers. Capacity 175,000 barrels. dent Tyler, he was Indian agent for some three years. He was elected State senator from Detroit, in 1846, and served until he entered the army during the Mexican war. He was prosecuting attorney of Wayne county in 1851-52, and was a member of the board of education of Detroit, and its first president under its charter. General McReynolds was United States district attorney for the western district of Michigan, at Grand Rapids, under President Johnson, and was the Democratic and Liberal Republican nominee for Congress in the fifth Michigan district in the fall of 1872, but was defeated by his Republican opponent, the late Hon. Wilder D. Foster. General McReynolds is held in high esteem by the citizens of Michi- gan, and in fact of the whole Union, for his gallant arid long service in defense of the flag of his adopted country, and his name will long be honored and cherished by them, not only for his brave military deeds, but also for the prominent and noble acts of his civic life. He is at present residing in Grand Rapids, where he moved in 1859, and is actively engaged in the practice of his profession. ■ . ' t.i..' jaawMwuM. -umwmMMn-^.iiJk'i.tritBWa. - res. 1,500,000 invested, nen, in the manu- I. Their manufac- IDDUm. be character and ! salt inspector : )mpanies, with 10 10,000 barrels. 10 kettles and 3 5 kettles, 7 steam ettles, 2 steam and jttles, 4 steam and Capacity 150,000 Salzburg, 9 firms, 75,000 barrels, n, 13 firms, with 4 L solar salt covers. »rs. He was elected I he entered the army ney of Wayne county ation of Detroit, and leynolds was United ' Michigan, at Grand nocratic and Liberal chigan district in the ponent, the late Hon. the citizens of Michi- t and long service in lis name will long be brave military deeds, ic life. e he moved in 1859, ision. HISTORY OP MlCHIOAM. P83 District No. 8, Huron county, 3 firms, oue at Port Austin, one at ,Cascvi11e, aud one at White Rock. They have 2 kettles, 1 steam and 2 pan blocks, and 50 solar salt covers. Capacity 50,000 barrels. D. M. FERRY. D. M. Fekrt was bom in Lowville, Lewis county, New York, in 1833. His father died when he was but three years of age, and shortly after his mother removed with her two children to Penfleld, Monroe county, in the western part of the same State. At the age of sixteen. Master Ferry started in life on his own account, by engaging to work for a neighboring farmer during the summer of 1849, for ten dollars per month. He remained in the farmer's employment two summers, attending a country school in the neighborhood during the winter season. Being forcibly impressed with a desire to obtain a liberal education, such as could not be acquired at a country school, he secured a situation with a gentleman Pi Ml .M^Mi m GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. I; District No. 9, Mount Clemens, 1 firm, with 1 steam block. Capacity 8,000 barrels. At St. Clair a well was sunk several years since. Good brine was obtained, and a salt block erected, from which a prims quality of salt was manufactured ; but the manufacture was soon aban- doned, owing, it is said to the high price of fuel. The manufacture of salt has also commenced in East Tawas, and a new inspection district is about to be erected. The quality of Michigan salt is unsurpassed, and is rapidly taking the place of all others in the markets of the West. The following chemical analysis will show its character : Chloride of sodium, 97.288 ; chloride of calcium, 0.229 ; chloride of magne- sium, 0.340 ; sulphate of lime, 0.697 ; moisture, 1.300 ; insoluble matter, 0.046. Totel, 100.000. The refuse from the manufactories is now being utilized. It produces aniline, one of the best known bases of color, and bromo- chloralum, an excellent disinfectant. of wealth, near Rochester, New York, in order to avail himself, during the winter months, of the benefits of more advanced city schools. After remaining in the last mentioned gentleman's employment for a consider- able time, and making substantial advancement in his studies, his employer, being favorably moved by his industry and apt perseverance, kindly assisted him in procuring a situation in a wholesale and retail book store in Detroit, where he arrived in November, 1852. As we have already seen, while only a boy Mr. Ferry was thrown upon his own resources and left quite alone in his struggles with the world. But simultaneously with th'o early commencement to do for himself, he seems to have been endowed with energy and ability equal to the task. There are but few men in the whole Northwest who have in so short a time made such progress in business, and became so favorably and gener- ally known to the people of the central, southern and western States, as Mr. D. M. Ferry, senior member of the firm of Messrs. D. M. Ferry «& Co., of Detroit. He commenced in the seed business in Detroit in 1856, when only twenty-three years of age. This beginning was exceedingly small, but, through almost matchless energy and enterprise, in the short space of seventeen years, Mr. Ferry has established an immense and profitable business, and accumulated for himself an ample fortune. Such men are indeed a credit to the metropolis of Michigan, as they are rapidly placing her among the first commercial States in the Union. '«Bi»iwiw wiiywj!iiWjXj<aa4ft^^^ TES. th 1 steam block. jince. Good brine ch a prima quality re was soon aban- I. ;d in East Tawas, ted. ed, and is rapidly if the West. The icter : Chloride of ihloride of magne- e, 1.300 ; insoluble being utilized. It ' color, and bromo- vail himself, during city schools. After 'luent for a consider- in his studies, his id apt perseverance, wholesale and retail r, 1853. ly was thrown upon tgles with the world. ;o do for himself, he ' equal to the task. Iio have in so short a favorably and gener- id western States, as s. D.M. Ferry & Co., Detroit in 1856, when a exceedingly small, ;c, in the short space mense and prolitable tune. >f Michigan, as they tales in the Union. HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 585 GYPSUM. The discovery of gypsum in Michigan dates as far back as the time when General Cass was Governor of the Territory. Nothing waa done in the way of developing the beds until 1840, when the HON. IRA MAYHEW. Ira Mayhbw, late superintendent of public instruction of the State of Michigan, was born in Ellisburg, Jefferson county. New York, in 1814. He received a common school education, and entered the Union Aca- demy in Belleville at the age of fourteen. He commenced teaching school in 1832, and followed this profession with eminent success until 1836, when finding his health considerably impaired, he made a voyage to the banks of Newfoundland. In 1837, he was appointed principal of the Adams Seminary, in which capacity he labored until the fall of 1841, It r, I" I' GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES. first plaster mill was erected at Grand Rapids. Two years before this Dr. Douglass Hougliton visited the Grand Rapids beds, and made a report which led to their development. The stratum of gypsum at this place is from eighteen to twenty feet in thickness, and covers an area of about 1,000 acres. The manufactory of plaster at Grand Rapids aggregates about 40,000 tons of land plaster, and about 60,000 barrels of stucco per annum. About $500,000 is invested in the business, giving employment to about three hundred men. It is an excellent fertilizer, and finds a ready market among tho farmers of this State and of Indiana. j Plaster is also found at Alabaster, Iosco county, and in the Upper Peninsula. The mines at Alabaster were only opened about six or seven years ago. They are located close to the water's edge, on an excellent harbor, and the facilities for mining and shipping are excellent. The plaster is taken from the mines to the dock over a tramway, where it is dumped from the cars into the vessel. A chemical analysis of the gypsum, found in Michigan presents the following result : Sulphuric acid, 48 ; lime, 32 ; water, 20. Total, 100. This business is destined to assume great magnitude, as the country settles up and the agricultural resources are developed. Its value as a fertilizer is rapidly becoming known and appreci- ated, and the demand increases from year to year. when lie was elected county superintendent of common schools in his native county. At the expiration of his first term as county superintendent, in 1843, Mr. iMayhew removed to Michigan, where his most valuable labors for the promotion of educational interests have been performed. The people of the Peninsular State were neither slow to observe his qualifications, nor backward in securing the services of his talents. He was first appointed principal of the Monroe branch of the State University, and, in the winter of 1845, he was nominated by the Governor and elected by the legislature to the office of superintendent of public instruction, a position to which he was reelected in 1847. The Middletown University, Connecticut, conferred upon him the degree of master of arts in 1848. In the early part of 1849, he delivered, by invitation, a series of lectures d: 'i..-.-..inj>rj i fu^iwmjfjjumui^ res. Two years before Rapids beds, and ;. The stratum of y feet in thickness, le manufactory of ,000 tons of land ;r annum. About ployment to about market among the iounty, and in the were only opened close to the water's es for mining and from the mines to Tom the cars into Michigan presents me, 32 ; water, 20. magnitude, as the Bes are developed, aown and appreci- ir. imon schools in his srintendent, in 1843, valuable labors for Formed. The people e his qualifications, ints. He was first ate University, and, ernor and elected by lublic instruction, a Idlctown University, er of arts in 1848. a, a series of lectures HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. COAL. 087 Geologists have long since demonstrated the fact that an immense coal basin underlies the whole central portion of the State. Prof. J. W. Foster estimates the coal field of Michigan to be about one hundred feet in thickness, and to cover an area of five thousand square miles. Mines have thu« far been opened at Jackson, at Corunna, Shiawassee county, and at WilHamston, m the county of Ingham. The first operations in this line com- menced in 1858, at Jackson, and this mine has been regularly worked since that time. The coal is bituminous, and is strongly impregnated with sulphur, which renders it unpopular for don.estic use In many branches of manufacture, however, it is well adapted and largely employed. The coal improves in quality as the shaft descends through the stratum. At Corunna, mining operations have^been carried on for about ten years. The quality of the coal is similar to that at Jackson. A vein containing a very superior quality of coal has recently been opened, which bids fair to prove of great importance A railroad track has been laid directly to the mins thus affordmg the best facilities for shipment. The coal found at WilHamston is much superior in quality to that of either of the above mines, and resembles, more nearly than any other in the State, the celebrated block coal of Indiana. Very little has heretofore been done at this mine, owing to a lack of on education in the State Capitol, after which he was requested hy the legislature to edit and publish a volume containing the views set forth in his lectures, and at the end of his second term of office, he retired from public life a short time for the purpose of complying with that request. This volume was entitled " Means and Ends of Universal Edu- cation " and wp-, received by the public and press, as well as by dis- tinguished men of literature, with much praise and merited acceptation. In 1851 he published his work on " Practical Book-keeping, which up to the present date has passed through more than ninety editions. In 1853, Mr. Mayhew was elected President of Albion Seminary and College. After occupying this position one year, he was recalled to the office of sapcTiiitendent of public instruction, and, m 1856, he was elected for the fourth time to this office, by the largest majority given to 588 QENERAI. HISTORY OF THE 8TATEH. railroad facilities. But this difficulty has recently been overcome, and mining is carried on vigorously. Coal raining in Michigan ia yet in its infancy; but there is enough within the limits of the State to supply the furnacpa of the world for thousands of years to come. OTHEH MINERALS. There are many other minerals in the State besides those enum- erated above, some of which are destined to be developed and add greatly to the wealth of Michigan. Silver and gold are known to exist in the Upper Peninsula. The former, in no inconsiderable quantities, has been found in the copper mines. Lead and plum- bago are also known to exist in that region. The Indians supplied themselves with bullets from mines at Lake Superior, but could never be induced to reveal the locality from which they obtained it. Mines have already been opened, but never worked to any great axtent. It is safe to predict, however, that at no distant day profitable mines will be opened, and thus another branch of mining industry will be added to the other resources of the State. The business of manufacturing grindstones has assumed con- siderable magnitude of late, the Huron gritstones being unri- valed in the market. Marble, of great variety and superior quality, is also found in the Marquette iron region. any candidate on the State ticket up to tliat time, which was an unmis- takable evidence of tlie popular appreciation of the valuable services he had rendered in this important part of the State government. He retired from public life for a time in 185}), having served the State in the same high office for eight years. The next year, Mr. Mayhew thoronghly revised and republished his work on "Practical Book-keeping." The same year, he established the Albion Commercial College, which was afterwards removed to Detroit, and is noticed in another part of this work, in the chapter devoted to the educational interests of Michigan. In 1862, he was appointed to and accepted the ofBce of collector of internal revenue for the third district of Michigan, which position he held until 1865, since when, his whole time has been occupied in con- ducting his Business College in Detroit. •• V} < Ji\V i^ i li^:^mi>i^s^,iik»im^iism!issmmfmi mf^ ia. y been overcome, icy; but there is le furnace^ of the lides those enutn- iveloped and add old are known to 10 inconsiderable Lead and plum- Indians supplied aerior, but could 3h they obtained " worked to any at at no distant aether branch of rces of the State, as assumed con- )nes being unri- is also found in ch was an unmis- ilunble services he [iment. He retired State in the same d republished his ial College, which Dother part of this Its of Michigan. Ice of collector of vhich position he occupied in con- HI8TORY OF MICHIGAN. 0W Yellow and red ochre and manganese beds are found in the St. Mary's Peninsula, where coloring material can be mined iu unlim- ited quantities. Building stone of a very superior quality is found in various JAMES NALL, JR. •lAMEs Nai-l, Jk., was bora in Huddersfleld, England, in April, 1828, and came to America with his parents when only four years old. His father. Rev. James Nail, a Congregational minister of consider- able reputation in Canada, being favorably impressed with the practical side of life, resolved to settle his sons on farms, and in furtherance of this purpose, purchased in the fall of 1844, a tract of land located in the heart of a forest about twelve miles northwest of Port Sarnia, Ontario. In the fall of that year the subject of this sketch, when only sixteen years of age, in company with his brother, set out from his home in 690 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATER. m ^'M- t§ localities, equal in beauty and durability to the free stone of New England. Material for quick^ limes and hydraulic limes is also found in unlimited quantities. Clays of every variety for brick making are found in the greatest abundance. White and lemon colored bricks, so popular for building fronts, are made in many locali- ties. Vast quantities of peat are found in many places, which, in future years, will prove of immense value. LUMBER. ' It is safe to say that no region on this continent of the same area possesses so much of valuable timber as Michigan. Not less than 20,000,000 acres, or one-half the area of the State, was originally covered with pine. What are here mentioned as pine lands must not be understood as being covered exclusively with that timber. Aiiong the margins of the streams the pine forests are very dense ; but away fr' in the streams it is generally liber- ally interspersed with variouij hard woods. The superior quality of the pine thus interspersed with the hard timber amply compen- sates for the lack of quantity. Burford, Ontario, to clear up a farm in the midst of a dense forest. Tliey spent the winter at this worlc and in the following spring had eleven acres cleared, but the amount of labor it had taken to accomplish this task caused Mr. Nail to seek some other less laborious employment. Accordingly he visited Port Sarnia and secured a position in the general store of the Hon Malcolm Cameron, with whom he remained two years and a half, and until that gentleman had retired from business Upon ' closing out his business Mr. Cameron offered to procure Mr. Nail a situation either in Toronto or Montreal. He declined this offer, however, having already closely watched and admired the march of commercial prosperity ii. the United States, he procured a letter of recommendation from his former employer to the Hon. Zachariah Chandler, of Detroit, and visit- ing that city in 1848, was engaged by that gentleman, with whom he remained until 1853, when he went into the employ of Mr. William A. J7aymond, a prominent dry goods merchant in Detroit at that time. After serving with this gentleman for two years he succeeded to a one-third interest in the establishment, and at the expiration of the three succeed- ing years ho became an equal partner with Mr. Raymond. About one year from this time the senior partner died, and the entire business 1:^ J SB. Tee stone of New ia also found in or brick making lid lemon colored I in many locali- places, which, in lent of the same chigan. Not less )f the State, was leutioned as pine exclusively with IS the pine forests is generally liber- i superior quality it amply compen- iense forest. They spring had eleven to accomplish this employment, sition in the general remained two years m business Upon " I Mr. Nail a situation r, however, having nmercial prosperity iiendation from his f Detroit, and visit- an, with whom he ' of Mr. William A. at that time. After eded to a one-third the three succeed- rmond. About one the entire business HISTORY OP MIOHIOAN. 591 The principal lumber region, thus far deveIoi)cd, is the valley of the Saginaw river, and along its tributary streams, extending to the upper Muskegon, and thence to Lake Michigan. The region around Thunder Bay also contains a large area of pine RESIDENCE OF JAMES NALL, JR. passed into the hands of Mr Nail, who is still conducting it, but on a much larger scale, and with the same characteristic success. In the early part of 1872 Mr. Nail began the erection of a residence on Jefferson avenue, opposite Christ's church, Detroit, of which the above engraving is a representation. It is now completed and is recognized as one of the handsomest, in point of exterior adornments, in the city. It is located on large and pleasant grounds which have an extended frontage on Jefferson avenue and Lamed street. The interior of the residence has Veen arranged with great care, and the whole constitutes a very fashion- able and cotnmodious dwelling. t^sir 592 ORNKRAI. ntHTORY OK THE 8TATE8. l^ \M timber, and the Au Sable and the Mani9tt>e rivers penetrate an inununse pine region. On all thoHC Htreanis lumbering? operations are extensively carried on, but the principal sources of supply are at present the Saginaw valley ou the eaat, and un the Muskegon river on the west. Before railroads penetrated the pine forests of the interior, lum- bering operations were confined almost exclusively to the immedi- ate vicinity of streams. The logs were cut in the winter, and hauled ou the snow to the streams, and floated to the mills on the current formed by the spring freshets. With the advent of rail- roads, immense tracts of valuable pine, heretofore inaccessible, have been brought into the market. Mills spring up along the tracks of the railroads as they are laid through the forests, flour- ishing villages appear as if by magic, the forests are cleared and brought under cultivation, thus giving employment to thousands of men, homes and productive farms to the hardy pioneers, and abundant and remunerative employment to the railroads in trans- porting lumber atid supplies. The principal roads that have thus penetrated t'le pine forests of the interior are the Jackson, Lan- sing and Saginaw, the Flint and Pere Manjuette, and Grand Rap- ids and Indiana Railroads. It is estimated that there are about 7,000,000 acres of pine lands in the Lower Peninsula that are yet untouched. It is true that »ome of this is interspersed with hard wood timber ; but that is compensated for by the fact that the pine is of better quality and the lands better adapted to the purposes of agricultvre than those covered exclusively with \n\\e. In the Upper Peninsula it is estimated that there are at least 10,000,000 acres of pine &r yet untouched, which will produce, probably, 7,000,000,000 feet of lumber. It may be well in this connection to correct a mistake that pre- vails to a great extent in reference to the adaptation of pine lands to the purposes of agriculture. No better farming lands exist than those which have produced a mixed growth of pine and hard wood timber ; and even the land that has been covered exclusively with pine is very rich and productive under proper care and management. SJ^-M vers penetrate an ibering operatiouH PCC8 of supply are un the Muakegun the interior, lum- Ay to the immeili- the winter, and the mills on the he advent of rail- ofore inaccessible, iug up along the 1 the forests, flour- fl are cleared and lent to thousands rdy pioneers, and railroads in trans- ids that have thus the Jackson, Lan- !, and Grand Kap- 000 acres of pine uched. It is true 1 timber ; but that of better quality f agriculture than pper Peninsula it Bres of pine ar yet 30,000,000 feet of , mistake that pre- ,tion of pine lands rming lands exist )wth of pine and has been covered tive under proper HI8TOKY or MIcniOAN. 593 The quality of Michigan pine is unsurpnMHcd for the purposes of lumber. It is principally white pine, of which there lire sev- eral varieties. Norway pine grows abundiintly in some loeiililics, but the proportion is small compared with the more vaiualile JAMES W. FRISBIE. James W. FiusniE was born in New York State, in I8'2t In 1857 he visited Detroit, and iniinediiitely cominenied tlie dry poods business, locating at No. 1(57 JefTerson avenue, one door from tlie corner of Wood ward avenue. His business increased rapidly, and in a few years his establishment included No. 53 Woodward avenue, connecting in the rear with his original store on Jefferson avenue. Following these strides of success came a still further extension, which included the store No. 55 on the former thoroughfare. It should be stated that at that date Detroit had little more than "38 '■^h^/MMm'i3rJslMf3S^S.1A*.-iS^S!^»^imS^t^''^^XO^ 594 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES. iti white pines. On the best pine lands the quantity of hard wood often exceeds that of pine. In many parts of the State walnut and cherry grow in abundance, and are largely used by the furni- ture makers of the State and of the East. Oak grows abundantly in many localities, and the trade-in that timber for ship-building purposes is of late years assuming magnificent proportions. Aside from that used in the ship-yards along our own shores, vast quan- tities are annually shipped to Montreal, Quebec, Buffalo and Cleveland. In the interior, where the heavy ship-timber cannot be transported to the streams, the oak is manufactured into staves, which are shipped mainly to Europe and the West Indies. It may be proper in this connection to correct an erroneous impression that has gone abroad, backed by apparently high authority, in reference to the variety of oak timber that is shipped from this State for purposes of ship-building. Reference is had to the popular belief that the variety known as " live oak " grows abundantly in the forests of Michigan. The fact is live oak does not grow in this State at all. That variety is only found in the Southern States, and is known to botanists as Quercus virens. The variety which forms the bulk of the shipments from Michigan is awakened from what journalism denominates " ancestral lethargy." The highways of cpmmerce had just opened their gateways of trade, and the great City of the Straits of the present day was commercially an infant. In the liglit of these facts, it is a difficult matter to properly estimate the value of such efiort and innovation as were put forth by Mr. Frisbie dur- ing the first six years of his business life in Detroit. In remodeling and modernizing the stores occupied by him at the corner of Woodward and JeflFerson avenues, he introduced the first plate glass windows in this city, which at that time, reaching from the pavement to the ceiling, created wonder and admiration. These early improvements had a most salutary influence in producing in rapid succession the many splendid features of modern Detroit. When the collection of stores occupied by Mr. Frisbie on Jefierson and Woodward avenues became too narrow for his continually expanding business, he removed to the extensive Weber block, further up Wood- ward avenue, which he still occupies. In this new and elegant building he opened to the public one of the finest retail dry goods houses in the Northwest. .. ' . lam^ammarmis^ f^-msm- lTES. HISTORY OF MICHIOAN. 696 ntity of hard wood »f the State walnut y used by the fumi- k grows abundantly )er for ship-building proportions. Aside n shores, vast quan- luebec, Buffalo and ship-timber cannot factured into staves, West Indies, lorrect an erroneous by apparently high mber that is shipped ;. Reference is bad IS " live oak " grows fact is live oak does is only found in the Quercus virens. The ats from Michigan is cestral lethargy." The ways of trade, and the ommercially an infant. 3 properly estimate the irth by Mr. Frisbie dur- it. In remodeling and rner of Woodward and ss windows in this city, t to the ceiling, created ats had a most salutary ny splendid features of Frisbie on Jefferson and continually expanding ock, further up Wood- w and elegant building ry goods liouses in the Quereus alba, popularly known as white oak. It is highly esteemed for ahip-building, and is only exceeded in value for that purpose by the live oak of the South. The following will serve to give some idea of the magnitude of the lumber and timber trade of Michigan : In the year 1872 the aggregate of pine lumber cut by the mills of the State was 2,253,011,000 feet. Of this amount, the mills of the Saginaw valley cut 837,798,484 feet. The Muskegon Lake mills cut 316,031,400 feet; the Huron shore mills 175,500,000; Manistee mills, 161,900,000 ; Grand Haven mills, 150,000,000 ; Menominee mills, 136,113,360; Flint and Pere Marquette Rail- way mills, 114,234,554; White Lake mills, 85,302,347 ; Detroit and St. Clair River mills, 80,000,000 ; Jackson, Lansing and Sag- inaw Railway mills, 68,216,009; Saugatuck mills, 50,000,000; Ludington mills, 47,912,846 ; other mills, 30,000,000. Of shingles it is estimated that not less than 400,000,000 were produced the same year. Of lath about 300,000,000. The shipments of staves for the same year were as follows : Saginaw river, 8,663,200 ; Detroit, 2,102,000 ; Port Huron, 1,536,- 900 ; Lexington, 204,000 ; New Baltimore, 184,000. About $20,000,000 are invested in the production of pine lum- ber, giving employment to nearly twenty thousand persons. This estimate does not include the enormous amount of money invested in pine lands, nor the men employed in the transportation of the lumber to market, or those employed in the lumber camps in the woods. In addition to the pine timber of the hi,ate, as before intimated, the hard wood forests are immense and valuable. These, espe- cially in the northern portion of the Lower Peninsula, have scarcely been touched. The quality of that kind of timber in the forests of Michigan is unrivaled ; and it is safe to predict that but a few years will elapse before the product from illiis source will equal in value the present traffic in pine. i.\vi*'.iV^iS*>l ta?ie^t.-H^vP(fe»^*Bvr.w»*<'^-5:-! riap" CHAPTER XXXVII. 14 |'# Education in MicuuiAN — The Common Soaooi, SvfsTKM — Tub Uni- VEUBITY— Aguicultuuai. Cou,eok — 8tate Nokmat- School — AhHioN Co M-EOK— Adrian Collehe— Kalamazoo College— Hillb- DALE Colleoe— Olivet College— State Reform School— State PiTHLic ScMooi,- Asylum for the Deaf, Dumji and Blind— MicinoAN Female Seminary — Detroit Medical College- Detroit Homeopathic College— Goldsmith's Bryant & Strat- TON Business University— Mayhew Blsiness College. The ordinauoe passed by Cougress for the governiuent of the Northwestern Territory, known as the Ordinance of 1787, pro- vided that " Schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged." In 1804 Congress passed an act providing for the sale of lands in the Indian Territory, of which Michigan was a part, and in that act there was an express reservation from sale of Section 16 in every township, "for the support of schools." The year following the Territory of Michigan was organized, and all the rights and privileges which were conferred by the above named acts were confirmed to the Territory of Michigan. Subsequently a provision wa.'< incorporated in the State constitution <leclaring that the proceeds of these lands shall "remain a perpetual fund for that object." The ordinance admitting Michigan into the Union declared that section 16 of each township should be granted to the State for the use of schools. The wisdom of this provision can be readily under- stood when it is known that much difficulty arose in other States from the inequality of the grant in diflferent townships. This inequality was owing to the fact that in some townships the sec- tion would be found to be utterly worthless. This led to serious difficulties, and Congress or the Legislature was constantly besieged by these townships to come to their relief. Learning wisdom from the experience of otber^States, Michigan submitted ■rtn^nimf.mm kHTEM — The Uni- iOKMAT< Scnooii — } CoLl,EOE — HlLLS- n\ School — State jMJi AND Blind — t)ICAL COLLEOE — Bryant & Strat- OOI-LEOE, overninent of the ice of 1787, pro- iou shall forever act providing for which Michigan tprewrt reservation )r the support of of Michigan was ich were conferred the Territory of ■orporated in the ' these lands shall The ordinance that section 16 of ite for the use of be readily under- ose in other States ; townships. This townships the sec- rhis led to serious re was constantly r relief. Learning [ichigan submitted HISTORY OP mCHlGAK. 697 I" an ordinance granting the lands to the State at large; thus equalizing the grant among the several townships, and obviating the difficulty experienced by other States who hail attempted to carry out the original design of Congress by giving each township J. H. GOLDSMITH. .1. H. Goldsmith, President of Goldamiih's Bryant and Strstton Busi- ness College, Detroit, was born in the town of Newburg, Oranjre coimty, New York, in 1818. At the age of twenty-four, he went to Ohio, taking up his residence in Deavertown, which was at that time a young but flourisliing town. Mr. Gohlsinitli first secured a position as book-keeper witli a merchant in that place; but without taxing the reader with the details of his industry, or by following him step by step in the hours of liis hope and .struggle, it is sufficient to state that in six years after his arrival in Deaveitnwn 1k> was ,-l'«f; 598 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES. separate control of the section granted. Under the arrangement adopted in the case of Michigan, the loss occasioned by worthless sections fell upon the State at large, and the benefits accrued to all alike, each sharing, in common with the rest, the benefits of the common school fund. The first law passed by the Territorial Legislature in reference to schools was in 1827. This law provided that the citizens of any township having fifty householders should provide themselves with a school teacher, of good moral character, to teach the children to read and write. Any township having two hundred householdei-8 was required to provide themselves with a teacher who was capable of teaching Latin, French and English. A penalty of $50 to $100 was provided for neglect to comply with the provisions of the law. In 1833 another law was passed creating the office of superintendent of common schools. It also provided for three commissioners and ten inspectors, who were to have charge of the school lands. Upon the admission of the State into the Union, in 1837, the first State Legislature passed a primary school law, similar, in almost every respect, to the law of the State of New York. It provided for the division of the State into school districts, having a sufficient number of inhabitants to support a teacher. All grades of pupils were admitted to these schools. When the pop- elcctcd to the office of Mayor of that place. Having served the people in a most satisfactory manner during the first term, he was designated by the popular voice to fill the same position a second term. He remained in Deavertown until 1849, and during his residence in that place occupied many offices of public trust in the municipal government, besides mak- ing considerable advancement in mercantile pursuits. In 1849, he accepted the position of teacher in the business college of Mr. John Gundry, at Cincinnati, and since that date his life has been unmterruptedly devoted to the interesting theme of actual business prac- tice, and with what results will be seen anon. After several years in this college at Cincinnati, which gave him no small reputation as a professor of commercial ethics and business disci- pline, Mr. Goldsmith went to Sandusky, Ohio, and opened the Commer- cial Institute in connection with the School of Dasign in that place. Subsequently he was induced by Messrs. Bryant & Stratton to accept a the arrangement aed by worthless Buefits accrued to st, the benefits of iture in reference t the citizens of povide themselves er, to teach the ing two hundred ^es with a teacher and English. A t to comply with law was passed schools. It also ctors, who were to nion, in 1837, the )1 law, similar, in )f New York. It 1 districts, having , a teacher. All When the pop- g served the people 10 was designated by term. He remained I that place occupied nnicnt, besides mak- ic business college of »te bis life has been ictual business prac- which gave him no :s and business disci- opened the Commer- fasign in that place. Stratton to accept a HISTORY OP MICHIGAN. 699 ulation increased so that the school houses were too much crowded the district was subdivided. The same process was adopted in the villages, the result of which was that there would sometimes be five or six school houses within a stone's throw of each other. Very little attention was paid to school architecture, and some of the school houses were bad and some were worse. The character and duration of the several schools were also exceedingly vari- able ; some being good and some poor, and some continued for nine months and some for three. This state of afiairs continued for a number of years; but upon the discontinuing of the branches of the University, a new system was devised. By the new plan the various schools in the villages were united into one. These were called union schools. They were divided into several departments, called primary, intermediate, grammar and high school. Each department was divided into grades or classes, for purposes of different degrees of advancement. These schools are now designated as graded schools. The curriculum of the high school department is the same as that of the best academies, and pupils graduating from the high schools are entitled to enter the University without further examination. As has been intimated, the character of the school architecture of the State was of a very low order for many years. The estab- lishment of graded schools, however, created a necessity for a position as teacher in the graduating department of the Bufialo Bryant & Stratton Business College, and after filling the last mentioned post with honor to himself and credit to the institution for several years, he was admitted as a partner, and commissioned to found a tJryant & Stratton Business College in Detroit. Accordingly, in 1857, he visited the Queen City of the Straits, and purchased Mr. William D. Cochrane's Commer- cial Institute. It then took the name of Bryant, Stratton & Goldsmith's Business College, which it bore until 1869, when the last named gentle- man purchased the interests of his partners, thereby becoming the sole proprietor of one of the best commercial institutions la the Northwest. It should be stated that at the death of Mr. Stratton, which occurred about this time, a change in the proprietorship of all the Bryant & Stratton Business Colleges took place, the resident principal or partner at each point purchasing Bryant «& Stratton's interest in the same. This necessitated a new and more permanent organization, based upon the ., T«F r.oo OKNERAL HISTORY OP THE HTATES. liotter class of buildings. The State had, in the meantime, grown wcalti\y, the people were prosperous and intelligent, and fully api)rei!iuted the demands of the age. The result is that Michigan possesses, perliaps, the finest school buildings of any State in the Union, in proportion to its wealth and population. Each town vied with the others in erecting the finest school edifice, and it is not uncommon to find, in a town of two or three thousand inhabi- tants, a school house costing $20,000 or $30,000. In the cities and larger towns they sometimes cost over $100,000. There are about 5,500 school houses in the State, the aggregate value of which is estimated to be not far from $7,500,000. |: In addition to the land granted by act of Congress before referred to, one-half the amount of the cash sales of the swamp lands of the State goes to augment the primary school fund. Of the former there were originally about 1,000,000 acres. A little over one-half of these lands have been sold, from which the sum of $2,001,319 has been realized. From the sale of swamp lands there has been received the sum of $218,462, making a total of $2,819,781 as the present school fund of the State. It is esti- mated that when the remaining school and swamp lauds are sold, the school fund of Michigan will amount to at least $5,000,000. There are about 250 graded schools in the State, and 5,500 district schools. These give employment to 3,035 male teachers, rficiprocily plan, in order to perpetuate the benefits of the cliain scholar- ship, iinil to secuiu such other iidvantiige.s as would be likely to flow from orf^anizLcl cflbrt, uniformity of textbooks, slmiliuity of practice, etc. In answer to this demand came the International Bushiess College Association, extending throughout the United States and Canada, com- prising the best colleges formerly belonging to the Bryant t& Stratton chain, and including some other first class commercial institutions that did not belong to it. As already observed, in 1869, the Bryant, Stratton & Goldsmith Detroit Business College came under the proprietorship of Mr. J. H. Goldsmith, and is noticed in another part of this work, under the head of the educa- tional interests of Michigan. Since the above date, Mr. Goldsmith has devoted his whole time to the advancement and interests of his college, and undoubtedly has brought it to nearly a state of perfection. meantime, grown ligent, and fully is that Michigan any State in the ion. Each town 1 edifice, and it is thousand inhabi- 00. In the cities >,000. There are ;gregate value of Congress before ties of the swamp school fund. Of )0 acres. A little )m which the sum e of swamp lands making a total of State. It is esti- ip lands are sold, ; least $5,000,000. I State, and 5,500 35 male teachers, if the cliain scholar- 3 likely to flow from of practice, etc. \l Business College 3S and Canada, com- ! Bryant & Stratton nal institutions that & Goldsmith Detroit ilr. J. H. Goldsmith, e head of the educa- is whole time to the atedly has brought it HISTORY OP MICHIGAN. 601 and 8,624 female teachers. The number of children reported in 1872, between the ages of five and twenty years, is 404,235. The purpose of the founders of the school system of Michigan, was to adopt that of Prussia, so far as it was found adapted to the HON. C. C. COMSTOCK. CnABLES C. CoMSTOcK was born March 5, 1818, in Sullivan, Cheshire county, N. H. He is the youngest of the family of a respectable farmer of moderate means. At an early age he manifested much business tact and enterprise, was quite successful, and by industry and economy (so com- mon among New England people) at thirty-five years of age, had accu- mulated a property of about «10,()00, and was considered one of the most thrifty farmers of that region. He had also built and operated two saw mills there. With his family, he removed to Grand Rapids, in 185;}, and was soon one of the foremost in the lumbering and wood manuf acturin i 602 QENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. V-' genius of our institutions, and the character and condition of the inhabitants of the State. It is safe to say that no better system prevails in America. THE UNIVERSITY. The act which we have before mentioned, passed in 1804, for the disposal of the public lands in the Indian Territory, reserved three townships " for the use of seminaries of learning." The year following the Territory of Michigan was organized, and one of these townships was set apart for her use. In 1817 Congress granted three sections of land to the College of Detroit. The moneys arising from the sale of these two grants of lands, together with another township subsequently granted, constitute the University fund. The lands granted by the act of 1804 were not selected until many years after. After the lapse of twenty years the authorities of the Territory decided to make the selection ; but it was then discovered that so much land had been taken up by settlers that it was difficult to secure a good township of which none of the lands had been sold. An appeal was thereupon made to Congress, and, through the exjertions of Hon. Austin E. Wing, then territo- rial delegate to Congress, that body passed an act adding another township to the grant, and giving permission to select the land in detached sections. Aside from the permanent fund arising from enterprises in that then young but vigorous city. The financial crasli of 1857-60 temporarily cliecked his business; but with redoubled energy, strong will, and resolution which knew no failure, he rallied, and in a short time was at the head of one of the most flourishing manufactories of cabinet wares in the West; had increased his lumbering operations and several branches of lumber manufacture many fold, and also invested largely in real estate, which was rapidly increasing in value. He built up and still owns and operates one of the largest pail and wooden- ware factories in the West; and in many other private and public enter- prises has taken an active and leading part. His strong hold is to " push things." With unflagging energy, tireless industry, indefatigable perse- verance, great power of endurance, thorough business integrity, prompt- ness and punctuality, strong judgment, managing, even in detail, heavy and various interests, he has built up a handsome property, and is reputed one of the wealthy citizens of the State. A worker himself, he has given E». 1 condition of the no better system isaed in 1804, for erritory, reserved learning." The rganized, and one [n 1817 Congress of Detroit. The grants of lands, ;ranted, constitute not selected until sirs the authorities ; but it was then ) by settlers that hich none of the made to Congress, ring, then territo- ct adding another select the land in iind arising from le financial crash of 1 redoubled energy, lie rallied, and in a ihing manufactories mbering operations Id, and also invested ing in value. He St pail and wooden- te and public enter- ng bold is to "push indefatigable perse- » integrity, prompt- ren in detail, heavy jerty, and is reputed imself, he has given 6M OKlfERAL RISTORY OF THE STATES. tho Hale of thcHO lamls, the Hucceflsive LegiHlatur(>« have |mado liberal aitpropriatiotw from time to time for itj< support and the Bcivunoeinent of it« iiitertwts. 'V\w framers of the constitution under which the State was organized tooit good care to provide in the organic law that all Jands granted for educational purpoHCH should be invariably appropriated, and annually applied to the specific objects of the original grant. A sinular provision was incorporated into the pre-ient constitution. The University fund was thus made inalien- able, and can never be diverted from ita proper uses without a gross violation of the organic law of the State. Notwithstanding these safeguards thus thrown around the University fund, it required the most jealous watchfulness on the part of tho friends of that institution, during the monetary pressure which pre- vailed in the early history of the State, to prevent a diversion of tho fund to other purposes. The first Legislature which convened after the admission of the State into the Union, jmssed u law establishing the University. It was not, however, until 1841 that buildings were completed, so that its work could be entered upon. The act al.so provided that in addition to the University proper, which was located in Ann Arbor, several branches siiould be established in various parts of the State, to serve as preparatory schools. This experiment proved to be a failure, there not being sufficient funds arising employment to thousands, and thus and by the interest ho has taken in municipal affairs has contributed greatly to the progress and material growth of his city and county. Though absorbed in business he is liberal in feeling, responding freely to calls for religious, benevolent and public purposes. Mr Comstock has served ably in oftlcial jwsitions; was mayor of Grand Rapids for two terms, in ll;ifi;{-4; was the Democratic candidate for governor of the State in 1870, receiving the full vote of his party, and in his own county running ahead of the rest of his party ticket. In the fall of 1878, he received the nomination as the people's candidate for representative in Oongress from his district to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Hon. W. D. Foster, and at the specio! election held for that purpose, he made an unprecedented run, reducing the majority of the dominant party from 8,006 to 114. He may be regarded ojs a prominent representative of the successful business men of the West. ren. iitur(>« have |madt! U Hupport and the ich the State was janic law that all Id bo invariably 3ific objects of the rporated into the thus made inalien- )cr uses without a Notwithstanding niversity fund, it )art of the friendrf 'ssure which pre- i^ent a diversion of c admission of the ig the University, ivere completed, so ilso provided that w located in Ann in various parts of This experiment ent funds arising est ho has tnken in ogress and material busiucBs he is liberal nevolent and public lositions; was mayor umucriitic candidate 1 vote of his party, his party ticket. In iople's candidate for B vacancy caused by lection held for that the majority of the rded as a prominent West. HIHTOKY or MI(!HI<»AN. A05 from the grant to moot the expenses of the University itself. It was therefore aban.loned, after a few years' trial, aixl the union or graded schools have now taken the place of the branches. The University buildings were erected with borrowed capital, HON. JONATHAN SHEARER. The subject of the following sketch, Jonathan Shearer, was born in Colerain, Hampshire (now Franklin) county, Massachusetts, August 23, 1790. His grandfather, James Shearsr, « a native of Scotland, and emigrated to this country at an early di..- ', . illiam Shearer, father of Jonathan Shearer, entered the revolutionary arrcy at an early age, and served in several of the principal battles of the war for independence. The subject of this sketch spent tV.^' early part of his life upon a farm, working on the same during the summer season and usually attending Bchool in winter. He volun.ceied his services to the State government -v^^ 606 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. the State borrowing $100,000 and re-loaning it to the University, with the understanding that principal and interest should be returned at some future time, from money arising from the sale of University lands. In 1842 the University was opened, having a preparatory school connected with it. Two professors were appointed, each having a salary of $500 per annum. They were also entitled to whatever money was paid for tuition in the pre- paratory school. A multitude of hindrances presented themselves in the way of the advancement of the University, but, notwith- standing all the difficulties it had to encounter, it soon rose to a commanding position among the educational institutions of the country. The governing body of the institution consists of a Board of Regents. They are elected for a term of eight years by popular vote. The president of the University is ex officio president of the board. The University is organized in three departments ; the department of literature, science, and the arts ; the depart- ment of medicioe and surgery; and the department of law. Each department has its faculty of instruction, who are charged with the special management of it. The University Senate is composed of all the faculties, and considers questions of common interest and importance to all the departments. The department of literature, science and the arts has six rega- in the war of 1813, but not being of the proper age, was rejected. He then determined to ship as a sailor on a privateer, but parental influence caused him to change his mind. In 1814, he attended a select school in New York, and at the age of nineteen, he commenced teaching school in and about the districts where he was born, and also gave some attention to the study of medicine and the statute laws of Massachusetts. Mr. Shearer subsequently removed to the State of New York, and settled in the town of Phelps, Ontario county, in which place he married. Mr. Shearer served as assessor in this place for four years. After a residence of thirteen years in New York, he sold his farm, removed to Michigan with his family and settled at Plymouth, Wayne county. Soon after his settlement in the above place, he was elected supervisor, and subsequently county commissioner. Mr. Shearer served the county .i Wayne in this official position without losing a single day while he held to the University, aterest should be g from the sale of I opened, having a ) professors were num. They were uition in the pre- isented themselves sity, but, notwith- r, it soon rose to a institutions of the ists of a Board of years by popular officio president of iree departments ; arts; the depart- lartment of law. who are charged iversity Senate is jstions of common arts has six regu- , was rejected. He t parental influence k, and at the age of t the districts where cly of medicine and it New York, and \\ place he married, four years. After a is farm, removed to ayne county. Soon ;ted supervisor, and rved the county .i e day while he held HISTORY OF MICHIGAN . 607 lar and full courses of four years each, and two shorter courses. The regular courses are the classical, the scientific, the Latin and scientific, the Greek and scientific, the course in civil engineering, and the course in mining engineering. The special courses are the course in analytical chemistry, and the course in pharmacy. Past graduate courses are provided for the graduates of this Uni- versity, or for the graduates of any college or university, who may desire to pursue advanced study, whether for a second degree or not. Students who do not wish to pursue any one of the above courses may, if they are prepared to enter the University, pursue selected studies, for such time— not less than one semester— as they may choose. The department of medicine and surgery, fur- nishes instruction chiefly by lectures. The lecture course extends over a period of six months. The department of law, also, con- tinues its lectures for six months, from the beginning of October to the end of March. Students in any department may enter the classes in any other upon obtaining permission from the faculties of the respective departments. The Univereity library contains about 22,000 volumes. In 1871 it was enlarged by the addition of the library of the late Prof. Rau, professor of political economy in the University of Heidelberg, Germany. This library was purchased and presented to the University by the Hon. Philo Parsons, of Detroit. About office Soon after this, he was elected to the State senate, and at the expiration of his first term, was reelected. While a member of the senate. Mr. Shearer was chairman of the committee on agriculture, and used his influence to organize a Stote agricultural society, and the normal school at Ypsilanti. In 1851, he was elected to serve in the State house of representatives, and in 1867 was elected to serve as a member of the convention to revise the constitution of the State. He contributed not a little towards influencing the legislature to select Lansing as the site of the new State Capitol. Mr. Shearer, at the advanced age of seventy-seven, is still active in body and mind. As an early pioneer, and as a high-minded, honorable citizen, he has long held the respect and high esteem of all those with whom he has been brought in contact, either aa a private or a public citizen. » w 608 GENKRAL HISTORY OP THE STATES. two thousand dollars is annually appropriated for the enlarge- ment of the University library. The medical library contains about fifteen hundred volumes. The law library contains about three thousand volumes. The libraries accessible to the "tudents amount, in the aggregate, to about 30,000 volumes. In connection with the University there is an astronomical observatory. This was a donation from the citizens of Detroit. The building consists of a main part, with a movable dome, and two wings, one of which contains the rooms for the observer, while in the other is mounted a splendid meridian-circle. This was pre- sented to the University by the Hon. H. N. Walker, of Detroit. This instrument is one of the largest and best of its kind in exist- ence. The same room contains a sidereal clock, and two collima- tors for the determination of the error of coUimation. The west wing contains a chronograph, with Bond's new isodynamic escape- ment, for recording observations by the electro-magnetic method. In the dome is mounted a large refracting telescope, with an object gla^ss thirteen inches in diameter. The collections in the University museum are illustrative of natural science, ethnology, art, history, agriculture, astronomy and materia medica, and are constantly increasing. The geological, zoological and botanical cabinets together are estimated to con- tain about 29,000 separate entries, and 100,000 specimens. Besides these there are the departments of the fine arts and history, anatomy and materia medica, and of archaeology and relics, each of which contains numerous specimens. In this University no charge is made for tuition. The only charges made are, to residents in Michigan, an admission fee of ten dollars ; to those who come from other States, or countries, an admission fee of twenty-five dollars ; and to every student an annual payment of ten dollars. Females are admitted to this University on the same condition as males. The Universit is now in a flourishing condition, and is acknowl- edged as standing at the head of the educational institutions of America. It has come up through great tribulation, but the glorious results amply compensate for the labor and money expended in bringing it to its present state of perfection. - ffy tf ^M-S ^iiiy'^^v:- ■ s. for the enlarge- library contains ' contains about } to the "tudents IS. an astronomical izens of Detroit, rable dome, and e observer, while . This was pre- Iker, of Detroit, its kind in exist- ind two collima- ition. The west dynamic escape- lagnetic method, escope, with an e illustrative of '., astronomy and The geological, itimated to con- 000 specimens. le line arts and archaeology and ition. The only admission fee of or countries, an rery student an dmitted to this , and is acknowl- il institutions of ilation, but the 3or and money fection. HISTORY OP MICHIGAN. cm The whole number of students in the University, ns reported in the calendar r-y ''872-3, is 1,163. Of these 470 are in the department oi Ji'dature, science and the arts, 357 in the depart- ment of medicine and surgery, and 331 in the department of law. OKEMOS. The al)ovf engraving is a portrait of the noted Indian chief Okemos, who 'lelonged to the Chippewa tribe. He was horn about tlie year 1788, and tlie first distinguished act recorded of him is Ids participation in the attacli on Fort Sandusky, in the war of 1813. The commandant of tlie fort had been ordered to sur- render, which, coming to the knowledge of the Indians, made them much bolder than usual, and they made a charge upon the fort, but were driven back. Cheered on by the chief Tecumseh and his subordinates, they made a second charge and were again driven back. In this charge, while urging on his braves, Okemos was severely wounded in the shoulder, the bullet pa-ssing through his body. He fell to the ground, and as the Indians retreated, the occupants of the Fort made a charge upon theiu with their cavalry, and as n\any of the soldiers rode past the wounded chief, they gave him, as they supposed, the flni.shing- blow. 39 .T!«r 610 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES. li THE STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. The Michigan State Agricultural College was located under act of ti.e Legislature, by the State Board of Education, about the middle of the year 1855, ou a piece of land, purchased for the purpose, situated three and a half miles directly east from Lan- sing. This farm of 676 acres was entirely covered by forest at the time of purchase, but has since developed an excellent diversity of soil for farming and experimental purposes, and sufficient vari- ety of contour to render it a beautiful and attractive place. Under the direction of the Board of Education, there were erected a college hall, boarding hall, three cottages for officers, and a small barn. These were all of brick. The college was opened for students May 13th, 1857, with Joseph R. Williams as presi- dent. The institution continued under the control of the State Board With that endurance known only to his race, he received these wounds without sliowing the least sign of life, not even uttering a groan. After the return of the soldiersi, he crawled to a swampy piece of woods near by, where he buried himself in the soft soil and leaves, and there remained until the darkness of night afforded him a shelter for escape. Weak from the loss of blood and exhausted by the strife of the day, he mounted a pony which was grazing near by, and made his way to his camp on the Mauniee river, where he remained until his wounds were hea'ed. Subsequently he participated in many of the Indian depredations on the frontiers, and took part in three different treaties made with General Cass Under the influence of the Indian agent, Colonel G. Godfrey, he was Induced to forsake the British standard and espouse the cause of the Americans, to whom he remained a true friend until his death. After the close of hostilities, with his band, he settled on the Looking Glass river, near Lansing, Michigan, where now stands the beautiful vil- lage which bears his name. Durinjr his later days, though o beggar and a constant imbiber of "fire- water," he was very proud of his name, and related the brave deeds of his more youthful days with great animation and pride. He died at his wigwam, on the Looking Glass river, in 18C3, leaving three sons, one of whom has since followed him to "the happy hunting grounds far beyond the setting sun." 'ES. LEGE. located under act ucation, about the puiclia?t;d for the ly east from Lan- !d by forest at the excellent diversity md sufficient vari- ctive place, cation, there were ges for officers, and college was opened Williams as presi- of the State Board ceived these wounds iring a groan. After piece of woods near 9, and there remained escape. Weak from le day, he mounted a ly to his camp on the were hea'ed. dinn depredations on ;s made with General 1 G. Godfrey, he was use the cause of the 1 liis death, jttled on the Looking nds the beautiful vil- tant imbiber of "flre- d the brave deeds of ide. river, in 18C3, leaving ) "the happy hunting (!l'2 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE 8TATE3. of Education until 18(51, when a law was pasxed by the Loginla- ture reorj^anizin;; the college, and cHtablishing a State Board of Agriculture for the management of the institution. In 18(>2, CongresH nuule a grant of land to the several State**, for the benefit of schools of agriculture and the mechanic arta, at the rate of thirty thousand acres for each Senator and Kepre.-enta- tive. The proceeds of this grant was given by act of the Legis- lature to the Agricultural College. It is under the control of a Land Grant IJoard, composed of State officers. All moneys aris- ing from the sale of lands are paid into the State trea.sury, and the college simply draws seven per cent interest on the same. No portion of the proceeds of this grant can be used for the erection or repair of buildings, hence all such improvements must be made by direct appropriation of the Legislature. In organizing the college, the Legislature appropriated the pro- ceeds of .«alt spring lands to the amount of about S")(),00(), which was all used up, before the institution was opened, in the purchase of the farm and the erection of buildings. The Legislature also appropriated about six thousand acres of swamp lands lying in townships near the college. A large portion of these have been sold, and the proceeds expended in building and other permanent improvements. Since the opening of the college, about four hundred acres of the farm have been cleared, and the most of this entirely freed from stumps, so that now many of the fields will compare favor- ably with the best in the State. The work has been mostly per- formed by students. Nearly a hundred acres are devoted to lawns, and are being tastefully laid out with drives and walks ; many evergreens and deciduous trees have been planted, and have already attained a fine growth. Many of the original forest trees w"re purposely left when the laud was cleared, and these add not a little to the beauty of the grounds. It is the intention to make as fine u specimen of landscape gardening as means will permit, and it is hoped that the students may have the benefit of as great perlectiou in this art as can be found elsewhere in the State. Under the direction of the Board of Agriculture, there have by the Lfginlii- Rtate Boiiril of a, le soverii! StateH, [Tjeclianic arte, at ami liepre:*onta- ct of the Logis- the coutrol of a All moneys aris- treasury, and the le same. be used for the provements nuii*t ire. opriated the pro- it S.IIJ.OOO, which I, in the purchase housand acres of A large portion nded in building hundred acres of his entirt'ly freed 11 compare favor- been mostly per- is, and are being ly evergreens iind idy attained a fine "re purposely left ittle to the beauty s fine u specimen id it is hoped that periiictiou in this ilture, there have iriHTORY OF MICHIGAN. <Ji:] been erected a three-story brick boarding-hall, fitted with the modern improvements for heating, cooking, etc., a chemical labor- atory, also of brick, which, for convenience of internal arrange- ment, is not excelled by any in the country, large and comnKxlious •'»■"*. EDGAR CONKLING. Kdoak Conki.ino, for many years au extensive and successful iiiimu- facturer of Cincinnati, Oliio, came to Micliigan in 1853, and |)urclin.sc(l tlien and at n later period 35,000 acres of land in the center of Mackinaw — the extreme northern point of the southern peninsula. He hud, for several years previous, been prominently identitied with extensive rail- road projects, such as the Cincinnati and Great Northern Railroad, and had thus become acquainted with the commercial advantages and future prospects of the country bounding on the straits of Mackinaw. His great foresight readily discerned that the march of Michigan's prosjjcrity must, at no very distant day, result in building up a large and prosperous city at Mackinaw. Seizing upon the opportunity, he purchased almost i:, wi»!Miiuwii]«iMiwi*ajgi^a»awi « KW4: ' wg' ' J^ ' 014 GENERAL IIISTORY OF THE BTATES. cattle, horse and sheep barns and piggery, besides smaller tempo- rary buildings for experiments, implements, etc., a large brick farm-house and a green-house. The State Legislature, in 18G9, appropriated 880,000 for the erection of the boarding hall, and, in 1871,810,000 for the chemi- cal laboratory. The Legislature has also appropriated at different times about $12,000 fur the finishing of some of the buildings. All other expenditures for buildings and other improvements and repairs have been met by sales of swamp lands. The total value of property at the college, as shown by inven- tory, December 1, 1872, is as follows : Farm of 070 iicres |47,320 uO Buildings 1UI.500 00 Stock 0,387 00 Farm Implements 3,253 00 the whole of the hinds of Mackinaw, and at once proceeded to lay out a city on a modern scale. This gigantic speculrtion, wliich must result in great advantages to Michigan, brings Mr. Coukling prominently before the people of the State; and when it is considered to what extent Itis theory of establish- ing a commercial mart at Mackinaw— as we shall proceed to do in this sketch— is sound and practicable, we are left to wonder at his unparal- leled foresight and the philosophy of his project. Of Mr. Conkling's personal history we can say but little, since the space given to this sketch must be occupied by an examination into the merits of his great " Mackinaw City " scheme. He was the originator of the Grand Kapids and Indiana Riiilroad, and was the first to urge the con- struction of the Jackson, Lansing and Saginaw Railroad to the Straits of Mackinaw. It is only necessary to observe the growth of these enter- prises to be able to comprehend the value of Mr. Conkling's prescience to the prosperity of Michigan. In looking at the "Mackinaw City" project (in which the reader is aided by tlie accompanying map), ono is at once struck with its feasi- bility. With tlie Northern Pacific Railroad terminating at the extreme southern point of the northern peninsula, and directly across the straits from Mackinaw City, it is evident that, by the aid of some system of ferriage, the great volume of commerce transported eastward by that road must connect with railroads in the southern peninsula of Michigan at Mackinaw City. This will, of itself, do much to induce population to that place, and to furnish a basis of an extensive commercial metropolis. TES. iilos smaller tempo- etc, a large brick jd 830,000 for the 1,000 for the chemi- )priate(l at different 3 of the buildings, improvements and aa shown by inven- $47,320 oO IUI.500 00 0,387 00 3,253 00 )roceeded to lay out a 1 great advantages to re llic people of the is theory of establish- proceed to do in this onder at his unparal- but little, since the examination into the t was the originator of e first to urge the con- ilroad to the Straits of jrowth of these enter- Conkling's prescience n which the reader is ! struck with its I'easi- inuting at the extreme icily across the straits d of some system of rted eastward by that peninsula of Michigan ) induce population to smmercial metropolis. HI8T0KY OF MICniOAN. 616 Library, Museum and Apparatus |10,000 OO Orecuhoiise Plants 2, 127 00 Apiary 110 00 Furuituro 8. 280 00 The institution aims to give its students a good practical educa- tion that shall make vien of them, and enable them to undertake any occupation they may find suited to their tastes. To this end the course pursued does not differ much from that of other colleges, except that the natural sciences are studied more thoroughly, and classics not at all ; and all branches bearing upon agriculture, those which are of nu)St use to farmers, are very thoroughly investigated. Chemistry and botany arc given nearly two years each. Physiology, zoology, geology and entomology are all pursued as fiir as possible; and, during the course, the stu- But this is only one of the many avenues of wealth that mui<t in the future empty their treasures at Mackinaw City. The immense conmierce of the hikes, Ihe growth of which has l)<'<'n unparallfled in ihc history of the world, and the vast mineral, limber and agricultural resources of their shores, which are even now only beginning to attract attention, may well awaken a desire on the part of enterprise to get possession of the key position which is to command and unlock the future wealth of this vast empire. Already six important cities, with an aggregate popu- lation of over 000,000 inlialiitants, have sprung up on these inland waters, and are the most flourishing of any away from Ihe Atlantic coist. Others are rising into notoriety on the borders of Lake Superior, and must, at no very distant period, become important and active places of business. But, the place of all others, where a city must ultimately spring up and grow into importance, is undeveloped. The Toledo Blade, speaking of the probable future of Mackinaw City, as projected by Mr. Conkling, says : " The point whiqh projects north- ii ill ■■■'q Maaae s WMagBg.m f ^ r aMtw^^ r.lH UENKRAL HISTORY O/ V'.l! HTATI*. ili'iits receive a year of lecturort on piiiaiful apricnltun", the like of which probably cuiniot be obtuiued elnewlier. in the United States. A |H'culiiir feature of the institution is it« labor Hysteni. Stu- dents are reiiuired to work three hours a dny; ;i:i,l, although they are paid a small sum per hour, the 'abor is considered a valuable part of the course of instruction Not that it is expected that students will attain proficiency ii all the practices of the farm, or even in any of them ; but the general influence toward the enno- bling of labor, the forming and keeping up of habits of industry, and the good ettect upon the health and strength of the students, all tend to make it valuable. Very few students leave the college because of ill health. The pursuits followed by the graduates show better than any thing else the general influence of their studies. ward into the lake from tlio Michigun peninsulii to form lh<! strait, is adiuiraltly located for a grr-at city. In health and conuncrcial position, it can have no rival in tliese northern waters. This point has been selected by Mr. C'onkling, ou which to plant the couimercial city of the north. Il will hold the key (jointly with her sister on the opposite side of the strait) of all the northern lakes; and should Its growth be marked liy energy and euteri)ri8e, will command the trade of the greatest mining region In the world; be the chief depot of the northern flsheries, the outlet of an immense lumber trade, and the foena of a great network of railways, commuiilcauug with tropics on the south, and stretching out Its Iron arms, at no distant day, to the Atlantic on the east, and the Pacific ou the west. The proposed city will have the advantage of the most salubrious climate to be found in the temperate zone, and will be the resort of those seeking health as well as those seeking wealth." We have no space to speak of its commercial position at length. It must be seen at a glance that all the produce which flows through Chicago, Milwaukee and the great west, must sweep by on Its way to the east, and all the goods and merchandise of the east must be borne by Its wharves on their way to the west, and that It cannot fall to be a point which must spring at once into Importance. This grand project of Mr. Conk- ling's is growing rapidly In favor. A good dock has been constructed, the site of the city and Its streets surveyed, and such steps taken as will insure its early settlement and near prosperity. Mr. Conkllng has appro- priated a large tract of his land for the benefit of a university, which he expects will be established at Mackinaw City at an early day. ». iculturo, the like > ill the United )()!• wyMteiii. Stu- i.l, although they idcri'd a viihiable is expocti'd that e« of the furin, or toward the enno- ubit8 of iiidimtry, h of the students, ( leave the college I better than any } form lh<! strait, is (>inincr(;ial position, 'his point has been iimerc'iHl city of the on the opposite sido s growth he marked the greatest mining rthern tislieries, the a great net- work of , and stretching out 1 the east, and the le advantage of the lie zone, and will be jking wealth." sition at length. It vhich flows through by on its way to the must be borne by its il to be a point which projfect of Mr. Conk- is been constructed, h steps taken as will Conkling has appro- university, which he arly day. HIHTOUY OK MICHKIAN. (117 In spite of all assertions of o|)pon.«nts to the college that its graduates do not engage in agric-nltural pursuits, the aetual faets in the ease are found to \w as follows : The occupation of the members of the last graduating class HON. JOHN S. BARRY. John S. Barry, who was governor of Michigan for three terms, was born in the State of Vermont, in 1802. While he resided in that State he acquired a thorough common school education. From Vermont, at an early age, he emigrated to Georgia, and settled in the city of Atlanta, where he remained for a number of years, when he removed to the Territory of Michigan, and took up his residence in the town of Constantine, at which place he resided until his death. Mr. Barry was educated for a lawyer, but disliking the profession, he I i n.m ' j > AftiUi. ' i!MBMga W.,^'j,VVa '! t^V!MJtfJMiiUg. ' lliJ»A'''^^W-J«^' ' - 618 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES. (1872) is not known. Of the sixty-eight graduates of the years 18()1 to 1871 inclusive, the occupations are shown in the following list: Died in tlie army before engaging in business 2 Farmers and Horticulturists 30 Teachers in Colleges and having charge of Farms or Horticultural Departments 5 Teachers in Colleges but having no charge of Farms 3 Students in Chemistry 1 Engineers and Surveyors 3 Manufacturers 1 In Medicine or Drug Stores 6 Lawyers 8 Merchants, Agents, etc 4 Clergymen 1 Teachers not in Colleges 4 Total 68 Fifty-eight of these graduates spent four years at least at the college ; all the others spent three. The average age at gradua- tion is twenty-two and one-fifth years. Itlore than one-half the number depended in a larfc degree, some of them entirely, on their earnings, for the means of gaining an education. Graduates of the college form part of the faculties of instruc- tion in Cornell University, Wisconsin University, Minnesota Uni- k: early turned his attention to mercantile pursuits, in which he was emi- nently successful. His first public office was that of a member of the first constitutional convention which assembled tind framed th<3 constitution upon which Michigan was admitted into the Union. He took a prominent part in the proceedings of this body, and showed himself to be a man of far more than ordinary ability. He was chosen one of the first State senators under the new State gov- erument, and so favorably were his associates impressed with his abilities at the first session of the legislature, that he received the nomination and was elected governor of the State in 1841, and reelected in lf42. He was governor of the State during her greatest financial difficulties, and it is to his wisdom and sound judgment that Michigan's finances were placed upon a firm basis. . * , .: HISTORY OP MICHTOAN. 619 tes of the years ia the following 2 30 Horticultural 5 3 1 3 1 6 8 4 1 4 68 I at least at the e age at gradua- a larfc degree, aeans of gaiuing ulties of instruc- , Minnesota Uni- vbich he was eml- Srst constitdtional ution upon which prominent part in 3 be a man of far the new State gov- d with his abilities he noininaticn and icted in li«43. He I difficulties, and it in's finances were 1 versity, Iowa Agricultural College, and Michigan Agricultural College. One was selected by Colonel Capron to go with him to Japan, in the agricultural service of its Emperor. One gained the first AValker Prize, for an essay on a topic assigned by the Boston Society of Natural History, and -as assistant director in an exploring expedition sent to the Valley of the Amazon. Another was made botanist of an expedition sent from a neighbor- ing State into Western Kansas and Colorado. Another is the entomologist, and still another is the meteorologist of the State Pomological Society, and still another is Secretary to the State Bee Keepers' Association; two of them have charge of divisions as assistant engineers on railroads; three of them have had places on the editorial staff of agricultural papers ; two more farmers have of their own accord given up good places in the faculties of agricultural colleges, and the clergyman has been for several years the president of a farmers' club, whose average weekly attendance is over three hundred persons, and most of the lawyers are not infrequent writers on the subject of agricultural education. THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL. "When the branches of the Un'versity were abolished, their loss was severely felt throughout the State, as they gave a great deal of attentio;i to the training of teachers. Numerous petitions were sent to the Legislature, by parents and teachers, urgently request- ing the establishment of a school especially devoted to that object. In 1840, he became deeply interested in the cultivation of the sugar beet, and visited Europe in this connection, obtaining much desirable information in rofrard to it. In 1849, Mr. Barry was, for the third time, called to the execvitive chair of the State, and therefore has the reputation of being the only person that ever held that elevated position for three terms. He was twice a presidential elector, and his last public service was that of a delegate to the Democratic national convention heid in Chicago in 1804. Mr. Barry was a man who, throughout life, maintained a high charac- ter for integrity and fidelity to the trusts bestowed upon him, whether of a public or a private nature, and he is acknowledged by all to have been one of the most efficient and popular governors our State has ever had. He died at Constantine, on the 15th of January, 1870. 'li i J 020 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES. Accordingly, in 1849, the Legislature passed an act creating a normal school. It was located at Ypsilanti, and opened in 1852. It is under the control of the State Board of Education, consisting of thr(!e members chosen by the people. The superinter.Jent of public instruction is ex officio secretury of the board. This school has been eminently .successful, and its value to the State can hardly be ever estimated. The demand for its gradu- ate.s to serve as teachers, in diflerent oarts of the State, is more than can be supplied. Professor Estabrook, ihe principal, reports for the year 1872, an attendance of about four hundred pupils. Eleven teachers are employed to do the work. ALBION COLLEGE. Albion College is located at Albion, a thriving village in the central portion of the State. In 1843 the Wesleyan Seminary was opened at Albion. A few years later its charter was so amended that it enjoyed the powers and immunities of e. female college. In 1861 its charter was again amended, and Albion Col- lege wa.s founded, with full collegiate powers, admitting both Indies and gentlemen to equal privileges, duties and honors. The institution is under the patronage of the Michigan and Detroit annual conferences of the Methodist Episcopal Church. It is in a flourishing condition, having, in 1872, two hundred and sixteen .studenLs. ADRIAN COLLEGE. Adrian College is located at Adrian, a beautiful and flourish- ing town in the southeastern part of the State. The college was incorporated in 18.59, and its first term of instruction commenced the same year. It was formerly un Jer the patronage of the Wes- leyan Methodist denomination, but, in 1867, was transferred to the Methodist Church. It is, however, b^sed upon a liberal policy, and its board of trustees and faculty are chosen solely with reference to their fitness for their respective positions, and without reference to whether they belong to that particular religious denomination. Its departments of instruction are open to both sexes, and include thorough classical and scientific courses. Commercial studies, teaching, painting and music are t,: act creating a pened in 1852. itiou, consisting iperinter.dent of 1. its value to the I for its gradu- e State, is more rincipal, reports lundred pupils. 5 village in the ieyan Seminary charter was so ties of e female ind Albion Col- admitting both id honors, i Michigan and iscopal Church. vo hundred and ul and flourish- The college was ion commenced age of the Wes- i transferred to upon a liberal re chosen solely e positions, and that particular uction are open [ and scientific and music are HISTORY OP MICHIGAN. r)2i also included in the course of instruction. Its buildings arc handsome and spacious, and are all that could be desired for a first-class institution. HON. MOSES WISNER. MoBES WisNEii, governor of the State of Miehigiiu in 185!) and 18(i0, was born in Springport, Cayuga county, New York, .Tune iJ, 1815. His early education was only such as could be obtained at a conuuon school, and embraced sucli branches ns are tau,<,'ht to the sons of farmers and others in moderate circumstances. In 1837 he emigrated to Mithigan and purchased a farm in I^apeer county, upon which he labored for two years, when lie gave up tlic idea of living a farmer's life, removed to Pontiac, Oakland county, and com- menced the study of law in the office of his brother, George W. Wisner, m t wa ww iwMi ifjg W P CTuaiJ g WiWWaJIMttiJ t BgB * ; i-Hn i^'M TO B ^jj4VJmr*Wi*i%i^ili^-s^^^ 622 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES. KALAMAZOO COLLEGE. Kalamazoo College embraces several departments, each, to a considerable ext'^nt, distinct from the others. It embraces a college proper, designed to furnish instruction to young xaen in a course of study similar to that adopted in the best institu- tions of other States. It also embraces a female department, with a four years course, including all the higher branches usu- ally taught in colleges of this class. There is also a prepara- tory department, open to the youth of both sexes. There is also a commercial department, designed to fit students for any ^ ituation in commercial life. There is also a normal depart- ment for the training of those who desire to teach. This college was chartered in 1833, and the first building erected was burned in 1844. The present buildings are fine and costly edifices, and beautifully situated. The village of Kalamazoo is one of the most beautiful and healthful towns in America. It contains about ten thousand inhabitants, and is known as the " big village " of Michigan. In 1872 there were, in all the departments, 207 students. HILLSDALE COLLEGE. Hillsdale College is located at the flourishing town whose name it bears. It is under the jurisdiction of the Free-will and Kufus Hosmer. In 1H41 he was admitted to the bar and established hiussclf in his new vocation at the village of Lapeer. While here he was' appointed by Governor Woe oridge prosecuting attorney for that county. He did not remain here long, however, but shortly returned to Ponfiac, where he be. aii a '■.ember of tho firm with his brother. He was in politics a Wh.g of the Henry Clay stamp, but with a decided anti-slavery leaning. Hii practice, however, becoming large, he took httle part in politics until after the election of Franklin Pierce to the presidency hi 1853. In the great struggle respecting the frcedo. of the territory acquired by the ilexican war, he took a decided stand against the introduction of slavery into it. On the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska act of 1854, repealing the Mis- souri Compromise, he was among the foremost in Michigan to denounce it, and actively participated in organizing and consolidating the elements opposed to it, and was a member of the popular gathering at Jackeon in July, 1854, which was the first formal Republican gathering held in the HI8T0RT OF MICHIGAN. 623 Qts, each, to a It embraces a young men in lie best institu- ile department, • branches usu- also a prepara- xes. There is tudents for any normal depart- ch. ! first building Idings are fine The village of ilthful towns in ibitauts, and is 872 there were, ing town whose f the Free-will iir and established While here he attorney for that hortly returned to is brother, but with a decided ng large, he took klin Pierce to the he frcedo. of the ided stand against repealing the Mis- higan to denounce lating the elements ring at Jacicson in liering held in the Baptist Church. Its buildings are spacious and handsome, and the institution bears a brilliant reputation. Both sexes are admitted on equal terms. In addition to the college proper there are preparatory departments for both ladies and gentlemen; a theological department, a commercial department, a department of music, and a department of art In 1872 there were 606 stu- dents in attendance in all the departments. OLIVET COLLEGE. Olivet College is situated in the flourishing town of Olivet, and is one of the leading denominational institutions of the State. It is under the patronage of the Congregational Church. Stu- dents are admitted to this college without regard to sex. Besides the college proper there is a preparatory department, to which a normal course has been added within the last two years, and a professorship of the theory and practice of teaching established. The college library nurabfers over four thousand volumes, and about $400 per annum is expended in the increase of the library, and in the support of the reading room, in which are found the leading magazines and newspapers of the day. The number of students in attendance, during the year 1872, was 307. Of these 124 were ladies and 183 were gentlemen. United States. At this convention Mr. Wisner was urged to accept the nomination of attorney-general, bu» declined. He, however, took an active part in the campaign, and had the gratification to see the whole Kepulican ticket elected by a innjority of nearly ten thousand. In the presidential canvass of 1856 he supported the Fremont or Repub- lican ticket, and at the se sion of the legislature of 1857 he was a candi- date for the United Slates senate, and as such received a very handsome support. In 1858 he was nominated for govern(!r of the State by the Republican convention, and at the subsequent elcctiou in November was chosen by a large majority. He served in this capacity for one term, and his adminis- tration was marked by a liigh statesmanship and by a large number of internal improvements which greatly aided in the development of the resources of the State. With the close o ' his term in .January, 1861, he returned to his home in Pontiac and to the praitic . of his profession. Upon the breaking out of the rebellion he arranged his private business, ^ Muute iii w i ji ! ! ; ;;ff»?^ ;gn?gT?^ ■^— - ■ . ' ■ nii p -i * w. i 624 GENF'UL HtSTORY OF THE STATES. In addition to tlie foregoing there are several colleges in dif- ferent parts of the State, of raore or less importance, prominent among which are the Hope College of Holland, and the Michi- gan Female College at Lansing. Another institution of great importance to the State, is THE STATE REFORM SCHOOL. This School was established at Lansing, in 1856, and is designed to afford homeless boys an opportunity to escape from a career of crime which would otherwise await them, and to afford such instruction as will enable them, upon leaving the school, to obtain an honest livelihood. It occupies a beautiful building, which overli.oks the Grand river, at Lansing, The pupils are chiefly employed in farming jud gardening; but a portion of them work at various trad>i9. All the branches of a common school education arc taught. A chapel is attached to the school, and everything is done to elevate aild reform its inmates. STATE PUBIilC SCHOOL. In 1871 the State Legislature passed an act to establish a State public school for dependent and neglected children. The act provided for the appointment, by the Governor, of three com- anil in tl\c spring and summer of 1802 raised the Twenty-second Regi- ment of Michigan Infantry and was commissioned its Colonel on the 8th of Seiuember of that year. His regiment was s»nt to Kentucky and quartered at Camp Wallace. Remaining here some time he became inipntient at the delay, and this and tiie hardships of camp life soon made their inHnoucc felt upon his health, and he was seized with the typhoid fever and emoved to Lexington in that Stale. Here he received all the i(id kind friends and the nu'dical fraternity could bestow upon him, but the malady buttled all skill, and on the Sth of .Tannary, ISfi.S, lie breathed l»is last. As a lawyer Governor Wisncr was a man of great ability, with an intrepidity and richness of illustration and a power of avgiuuent that .•(•nderoa him a most formidable opponent His eloquence was at once -racefid and powi <ul, :uid his logic was irresistible. lie was kind; lie v\as generous and l)rave; and, like thousands of others, he sleeps the martyr's sleep which his love of country cost him. i HTBTORY OP MICHIGAN. 625 colleges in dif- nee, prominent md the Michi- ;iition of great and is designed from a career to afTord such the school, to itiful building, The pupils are Lit a portion of I of a common d to the school, s inmates. ; to establish a children. The r, of three com- !nty-second liegi- 'olonel on the 8th to Kentucky and time he became f cnmp life soon s seized with the Here he received >uUl bestow upon .Tannnry, ISfi.S, lie , ability, with an Df argument that lence was at once ike thousands of luntry cost him. missioners for the purpose of selecting a suitable site, and erecting buildings thereon, for this school. The Governor appointed a commis.sion in pursuance of this law, and the beautiful and flour- ishing city of Coldwater was selected as the site for the school. HON. E. RANSOM. Epaphkoditus Ransom, the seventh governor of the State of Michi- gan, was a native of Massachusetts. In that State he received a colle- giate education, studied law, and was admitted to the bar. Removing to Michigan about the time of its admission to the Union, he took up his residence at Kalamazoo. Mr. Ransom served with marked ability for a number of years in the State legislature, and in 1837 he was appointed associate justice of the supreme court. In 1843 he was promoted to chief justice, which office he retained until 184.5, when he resigned. 40 - Jiiffi6«s?¥r?-'^3fc*~*^^ ■■■--:; r^i tf^^^-^-^ .st;i-ii:^ViiJi;iia«RS)^*^*-^r^"^' 626 OfiKERAL HtatORV Of TttE STAtEfi. The act provides that there nhall be received as pupils in this school, those children that are over four and under sixteen years of age, that are in suitable condition in bo<ly and mind to receive instruction, ^ho are neglected and dependent, especm ly those who are now maintained in the county poor hous.,s, those who have been abandoned by their parents, or are orphans, or whose parents have been convicted of crime. The children m the school L to be maintained, and educated in the branches usually taught in common schools, and are to have proper physical and moral training. It is declared to be the object of t us act to provide for such children only temporary homes, until horaes can le procured for them in families. Preference is given to depend- ent and indigent orphans, or half orphans, of deceased soldiers and sailors of this State. . MICHIGAN ASYLUM FOR THE DEAF. DUMB AND BLIND. A review of the educational institutions of Michigan would not be complete without the mention of the above named benevo- lent institution. It is located at Flint, one of the most enter- prising and flourishing cities in the State. Operations .vere begun Tn thk institution in 1854. It has a large number of inmates, who are taught to manufacture wagons, paper boxes, and to weave carpets, mats, etc. They are also taught to read and write, and are enabled to acquire a liberal education. The asy- "shortly afterwards he became deeply interested in the building of plank roads in the western portion of the State, and in this business los the greater portion of the property which he had accumulated by years of toil and industry. . „. , . ■ ,u„ f„ii „f Mr. Ransom became governor of the State of Michigan m the fall of 1847, and served during one term, performing the duties of the office in a truly statesmanlike manner. He subsequently became president of the Michigan agricultural society, in which position he displayed tlie same ability that shone forth so prominently in his acts as governor. He held the office of regent of the Michigan University several times, and ever advocated a liberal policy in its management. Subsequently he was appointed receiver of the land office in one of the districts in Kansas, by President Buchanan, to which State he had removed, and where he died before the expiration of his term of office. ttlBTOKY OP MICHIGAN. fi27 as pupils in this iler sixteen years I mind to receive especially those ou8(.3, those who rplinns, or whose Iren in the school branches usually iper physical and ct of tliis act to , until homes can 1 given to depend- deceased soldiers B AND BLIND. Michigan would ve named benevo- f the most enter- rations were begun umber of inmates, ler boxes, and to ught to read and ucation. The asy- in the building of I in tliis business lost ccuuiulated by years Michigan in the fall of iulies of llic offlce in iamc president of the J displayed the same ,3 governor. He held veral times, and ever nd office in one of the which State he had )f his term of office. lura is free to all the deaf and dumb and blind in Michigan, between the a^*^ of ten and thirty years. All are entitled to an education without charge for board or tuition. MICHIGAN FEMALE SEMINARY. The " Michigan Female Seminary," located at Kalamazoo, waa organized by the adoption of its " articles of association," consti- tuting it a corporation, on the fifteenth day of December, A. D. 1856. The powers of the association were vested in twenty-one trustees. An executive committee of five act for the board in the interim between its meetings, with powers to carry out the instruc- tions and resolutions of the board. MICHIGAN FEMALE SEMINARY. The Board of Trustees have power to fill vacancies in their own body, subject to the ratification of the Synod of Michigan. To guard against any strictly sectarian influence in the manage- ment and teachings of the seminary, its charter provides that, " religiously considered, the board of trustees shall secure the inculcation of a pure Christianity, without any preference what- ever to any particular church, form or practice." During the year 1836, the exterior walls of the center - ..rt of the seminary were erected and inclosed, but the building remained unfinished until the fall of 1866. It was then finished and fur- nished, and now has accommodations far seventy-five pupiL, and the proper number of teachers. ■■<iiiiiiii i?! i a i*IWM*t>#»Wli liw» ' IW' MMMay««jw*-<;-B.>.-iWWWiyjJ* i tJii« i .i 'i » ' -ta«' i ' ' '*- '' ' '' ' '""'' I I I, ii I 628 GENERAL HIBTORY OF THE STATES. As expressed ia the charter, the intent was " to establish, endow and control a seminary of learning, for the education of young ladies in the higher branches of a thorough education, having reference to th.^ entire per,on, physically, intellectually, morally and religiously considered, iiu*i to be essentially modeled after the Mt. Hoiyoke Seminary, in Massachusetts, founded by Mary Lyon, and the Western Female Seminary, at Oxford." THE DETROIT MEDICAL COLLEGE. ' The Detroit Medical College is one of the most important insti- tutions of the kind in the country. It has been established about five years only, but during that time it has secured for itself an enviable reputation. lu estimating the work of this institution, it must be regarded not only in its character as an institution of learning, but also in that of a public charity. Since its establishment, in 1868, one hundred and nineteen stu- dents have received the degree of M. D. No one is permitted to graduate from this institution who has not fulfilled all the follow- ing requirements : Evidences are required of having studied medicine during a period of three years, and attended at least two courses of lectures, of which the last must have been in this institution. He must also have attended clinical instruction for one term, have dissected every part of the cadaver, and have taken a course of analytical chemistry in the laboratory. These are not required on graduation, but every candidate for a degree must write two essays on subjects assigned to him. These essays will have to be defended publicly. Finally, he will be required to pass a satisfac- tory written and oral examination in all the fundamental branches in medicine and surgery, Eipecial attention is given in this institution to the method of cliuieal teaching which prevails in the medical colleges of Germany, and which has hith*?rto been almost completely neglected by those of the United States. The hospitals connected with the college supply a large number of cases for this mode of instruc- tion; and it is in this that the institution is to be regarded in the " to establish, he education of )ugh education, y, intellectually, entiially modeled etts, founded by at Oxford." E. . ! . important insti- been established secured for itaelf nust be regarded rning, but also in and nineteen stu- e is permitted to ed all the foUow- medicine during st two courses of this institution, br one term, have aken a course of are not required ■6 must write two s will have to be to pass a satisfac- lamental branches on to the method edical colleges of mpletely neglected jonuected with the mode of instruc- be regarded in the HISTORY OF MtCHIOAN, 629 light of a public charity. It has been a source of relief to thou- sands of the city and counliy poor. There have been niaintained at the expense of the college two disponsarics, at which the poor can obtain, daily (except Hundays), medical and surgical relief HON. WM. WOODBRIDGE. William Woodbiudoe, the second governor of Michigan, and a man thoroughly identified with its history for thirty-flve years, was born in Norwich, Connecticut, August 20, 1780. He received his early education in his native State, studied law in Litchfield, in that State, and with his father emigrated to the Northwest territory in 1791, settling in Marietta, Ohio. In 1806, he was admitted to the bar, in Ohio, and in the following year was elected to the assembly of that State. From 1808 until 1814 he ,^ 630 OENERAI. HISTORY OF THE 8TATE8. free of charge. During the year 1872 there were 1,335 patients treated at these dispensaries ; 3,280 prescriptions were prepared and dispensed gratuitously ; and over two thousand persons were vac- cinated. A large number of surgical operations are performed every year, before the class, on hospital and dispensary patients. THE DETHOTT HOMEOPATHIC; COLLEGE. This institution was orguiiized in the fall of 1871, and opened for the first course of lectures early in March following. At the end of the ter'u nineteen were graduated. The whole number of students in attendance was thirty-two. The second session began November 6th, 1872, and ended the last of February, 1873. The attendance of students numbered fifty-one, and there were twenty graduates, three of whom were ladies. It is a feature of this institution to give to women all its privileges. was prosocuting attorney of his county and also a member of the Ohio State senate. During the latter year, without solicitation, he i< ..eived the appointment of secretary of the Territory of Michigan, from Presi- dent Miidison, and removed to Detroit and entered upon tlie performance of the duties of his new office. He wos elected tlie first delegate to Con- greps irom .'liohigan, in 1810, and forwarded the interests of his con- B'.lf^e I's ill t manner to elicit the warmest approbation. He was a^;-!:. I'od iit^iye of tlic supreme court of the Territory in 1828, and p ;!-;x>rmed the duties of that oflSce four years. He was one of the mem- 1m s :i of the convention which framed the State constitution in 1835, and •,/as elected a State senator under it in 1837. He was chosen to succeed Stevens T. Mason as governor of the State in 1839, and served during one term. At the expiration of his term of ofBce as governor, he was elected a United States senator, and served in that capacity from 1841 until 1847. While in the senate, he took a leading part in much of the important legislation of that body, both as a member of a number of the principle committees and also as a debater on the floor of the senate. His last days were spent in retirement in Detroit, where he died, October 20, 18G1. Governor Woodbridge was an eminent jurist and constitutional lawyer, and at the time of his death, was the oldest and most distinguished mem- ber of the Detroit bar. He was a man of true principle and honor, who had served the public for many years with fidelity and integrity, and who died leaving to his children an unblemished name. t W**/ 8. re 1,335 patients ere prepared and lersons were vac- s are performed iisary patients. .EOE. 871, and opened [lowing. At the e whole number I, and ended the ulents numbered ) of whom were to women all itu lembcr of the Ohio ation, he r^ ceived liigan, from Presi- )n the performance •St delegate to Con- turests of hi» con- 3bation. He was itory in 1828, and 18 one of the mem- tution in IBS.'), and 1 cliosen to succeed and served during 3 governor, he was capacity from 1841 lart in much of the of a number of the r of the senate. )it, where he died, astitutional lawyer, distinguished mem- ple and honor, who and integrity, and le. J IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) V «>, 1.0 I.I 1^ ilM 1^ 1^ |3.2 - 6" 2.5 1.8 11.25 IIIIII.4 IIIIII.6 S" 7 L Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. U580 (716) 872-4503 CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de nnicroreproductions historiques I 1 HISTOKY OF MICHIGAN. 681 The third session began October 15th, 1873, with fifty students, and more daily coming in. The term is expected to clo.se about March 1st, 1874. The faculty, or corps of instructors, is complete iu all depart- ments, and the college is claimed to rank with any similar insti- tution iu this country. The president of the college, particularly, is a gentleman of large experience as a practical physician and as an instructor. •ow«c THE DETROIT HOMEOPATHI ; COLLEGE. The Detroit Homeopathic College was organized with the appro- val of the Board of Regents of the Univereity of Michigan, for its becoming a branch of the Univei-sity, and it is hoped that this result will be brought about, and thus the difficulty which has attended the attempt to introduce homeopathic professors into the allopathic department at Ann Arbor be amicably resoK^d. This is the wish of the greater portion of the profession in the State, and seems to meet the wishes of those who have the University in charge. So far, it must be confessed, the enterprise is attended M: 1 632 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. with complete success, and its founders are united in pushing it to the front rank of medical colleges. The fees are the same as are charged students in the University. Thus, to those who are residents of the State, $20 ; to those from other States $35. The college building is situated in Detroit, at the comer of Woodward avenue and the Campus Martins, and adjoining the Opera House. It is very convenient of access, being in the very center of the city. The following are the officers and faculty of the college : Presi- dent, Lancelot Younghusband, M. D., LL. D. ; Treasurer, Thomas W. Talmer, Esq. ; Secretary, Erastus R. Ellis, M. D. Family— L. Younghusband, M. D., LL. D., Emeritus Professor of Theory and Practice ; Benjamin F. Bailey, Jr., M. D., Professor of Theory and Practice of Medicine ; Charles H. B. Kellogg, M. D., Pro- fessor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children ; James H. P. Frost, A. M., M. D., Special Lecturer on Psychological Med- icine; Erastus It. Ellis, M. D., Professor of Principles and Prac- tice of Surgery ; Isaiah Dever, M. D., Professor of Materia Medica ; Francis X. Spranger, M. D., Professor of Pathology, Diagnosis and Clinical Practice ; Oscar R. Long, M. D., Professor of Anatomy ; John D. Kergan, A. B., M. D., Professor of Physiology ; William C. Clemo, M. D., Professor of Chemistry and Botany; William B. Silber, A. M., M. D., Ph. D., Lecturer on Medical Jurisprudence. The history of the educational institutions of Michigan would not be complete without a more than passing notice of the busi- ness colleges. These have within a few years grown into consid- erable importance, and filling, as they do, a peculiar vacancy in the chain of educational agencies in the State, should be regarded as constituting a very valuable means of promoting the success and prosperity of mankind. The importance of sound- business colleges is seen and recognized the world over. The theme of actual business practice engages the attention of the best mathe- matical minds in the country. It is true that this cla3s of educa- tional institutions are yet in their infancy, but it is also true that even now their utility is so far recognized by the business com- munity that the graduates of these institutions are placed in the highest places as accountants in the commercial arena of America. s. HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 633 !d in pushing it are the same as to those who are states $35. at the comer of id adjoining the )eing in the very B college : Presi- •easurer, Thomas I. D. Faculty — fessor of Theory ofessor of Theory ogg, M. D., Pro- Dhildren ; James j^chological Med- ciples and Prac- Materia Medica ; ;y, Diagnosis and 5or of Anatomy ; iology ; William my; William B. i\ Jurisprudence. Michigan would stice of the busi- •own into consid- !uliar vacancy in Duld be regarded (ting the success f sound- business The theme of the best mathe- is cla^s of educa- is also true that le business corn- are placed in the rena of America. Upon this department of education, more than all others, falls the labor of teaching the language and import of business and commerce, through whose channels all nations and tongues find intercourse. HON. O. D. CONGER. Omar D. Congeii was born in Cooperstown, New York, In 1818. His father was a clergyman, with wliom, in 1824, he removed to Huron county, Ohio. He pursued his preparatory studies at Huron Institute, Milan, Ohio, and graduated at Western Reserve College in 1842. From 1845 to 1847 he was employed in the geological survey and mineral explorations of the Lake Superior copper and iron regions. Having studied law, Mr. Conger, in 1848, engaged in the practice of his profes- sion at Port Huron, Michigan, where he has since resided. In 1850, he was elected a judge of the St. Clair county court. He was a senator in the Michigan legislature for the biennial terms of 1855, 1857 and 1859, "it I: ii-iS!3iaK«t»fc-- 634 QENKUAL HtSTOUV OF THE STATES. GOLDSMITH'S BRYANT & STRATTON UNIVERSITY. This iastitutiou is located at Detroit, near the post-office, and is presided over by Mr. J. H. Goldsmith, a gentleman who has had a life-long experience in this department of education. It was established in 1857, by the present proprietor, as one of the Bry- ant and Stratton chain of colleges, and bore the name of Bryant, Stratton and Gold.sniith's Business College. It bore this name until 1869, when the last named gentleman purchased the interest of his partners, and became sole proprietor. It may be proper here to remark that upon the death of Mr. Stratton, which occurred about this time, a change in the proprietorship of all the Bryant and Stratton colleges took place, the resident partner in each purchasing the interest of Bryant and Stratton. In order to perpetuate the benefits of the chain scholarship, uniformity of text- books, etc., the International Business College Association was organized, which includes a majority of the Bryant and Stratton institutions, as well as a number of other commercial institutions in the United States and Canada. Of this association the college and in the last texm was elected president pro tempore of the senate. In 1807, he was a member of the constitutional convention of Michigan. In 1808, he was elected a representative from Michigan to the Forty-first Congress as a Republican, receiving 16,347 votes, against 14,023 for Hon. Byron G. Stout, the Democratic nominee. In 1870, he was reelected to the Forty-second Congress over the same competitor, and in 1872, he was elected to the Forty-third Congress by a majority of between four and five thousand. On taking his seat in the Forty-first Congress, Mr. Conger was appointed a member of the committee on commerce, and took an active part in legislation. He frequently addressed the house, chiefly on subjects referred to or reported from the committee on commerce. The propriety of his appointment to this committee is evident from the important com- mercial interest of his own district, in which it is surpassed by no other portion of the Union not on the sea-board, lying as it does immediately on the route of the great inland lake trade. The following is an extract from a' speech delivered by Mr. Conger in the house of representatives, June 13, 1870, on the bill for river and har- bor appropriations, which aptly illustrates the deep interest he takes in the welfare of his district: "In closing these remarks, Mr. Speaker, I invoke the attention of this ES. NIVER8ITY. post-office, and is nan who has had lucation. It was s one of the Bry- name of Bryant, bore this name based the interest t may be proper Stratton, which itorsbip of all the isident partner in ;ton. In order to iniformity of text- Association was 'ant and Stratton ercial institutions nation the college ? of the senate. In Dtion of Michigan, m to tlie Forty-first nst 14,023 for Hon. he was reelected to and in 1872, he was f between four and inger was appointed i an active part in chiefly on subjects rce. The propriety the important com- •passed by no other t docs immediately d by Mr. Conger in 11 for river and har- iuterest he takes in he attention of this (.(.I.IOMITII'S lUiVANT & STIIATTDN liL >1N l» < Ol.l.lM.i: fi36 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. under consideration became a member ; and it has since pursued a career of continual progroHS, keeping! pace with the most advanced principles and theories of business. It has a board of trade, college, bank, and mercantile houses of all kinds. In each of these all of the formulities of actual business transactions are regularly gone through with by the students. The regular weekly law lectures are another important feature of this institution. MAYIIEW BUSINESS COLLEGE. This institution, situated on the corner of Congress and Ran- dolph streets, Detroit, was established in Albion, in 18fiO, and removed to Detroit in 1869. Its founder, the Hon. Ira Mayhew, had had large experience as a teacher, had written valuable works on education, had been two years county superintendent of schools in New York, and eight years superintendent of public instruc- tion in Michigan, and was, therefore, well prepared for the suc- cessful management of such an institution. Professor Mayhew has devoted his time and energies to the house and the country to the great historical fact that appears in all the traditions of the human race, shines through every jHige of history, through every period of human greatness, through tlie rise and fall of empires, through all the long successions of national growth and decay, that whatever people controlled the commerce of the world controlled the world itself ; and this, too, whether their municipal power extended over vast realms of sea and land, or was confined to a single city or cir- cumscrihcd island. "To our legislation, in part, is committed the duty of realizing the lessons of history, and asserting the supremacy of our national com- merce. "Athough the task is diflScult, the consummation will le glorious. Over what a world of waters do our laws extend! For what vast high- ways of commerce within our own borders must we legislate! " From the Eennebunk to the Rio Grande, along the thousand miles of coast line we front the Atlantic and woo the traffic of the East. From San Diego to Behring's Straits we welcome across the calm Pacific ' the treasures of Cathay and farthest Inde!' " Between the two oceans what magnificent inland seas! What vast interlacing rivers! on which ten thousand vessels are wafted by the winds of heaven, or driven by the energy of steam, as they bear onward the as since pursued with the most ; has a board of kinds. In each transactions are le reguhir weekly ) institution. ngress and Ran- n, in 1860, and on. Ira Mayhew, n valuable works endent of schools f public instruc- ired for the sue- I energies to the I appears in all tlic ' i)iigc of history, he rise and fall of growth and decay, le world controlled )al power extended ft single city or cir- ty of realizing the our national com- i will le glorious. ror what vast high- 9gislate! i thousand miles of if the East. From e calm Pacific ' the I seas! What vast ifafted by the winds y bear onward the BI8T0RY OF MICHIOAM. m eetablishment of a superior business college, worthy of his reputa- tion as a teacher, uu author, and a school officer, Jkrly in the late war his partner entered the array, and remained until its close. Prof Mayhew, during this time, conducted his l)UsineHH college, and for three years officiated as collector of internal reve- nue for the third district of Michigan, in which he at that time resided. With several years of experience in conducting a busi- ness college, in which his practical book-keeping, first published in 1851, was used as a text-book, he found it desirable to employ a fuller and more complete treatise. This led to the preparation of Mayhew's University Book-keeping, which was published in 1868, and which is regarded as a very superior work. A rao.st valuable business practice, employing money and business papers in the great number and variety required for reducing to actual practice the sets of Mayhew's University Book-keeping, was soon prepared, which added greatly to its efficiency as a text-book for business colleges. Institutions using it became strongly attached to it, and urged upon its author the formation of an association to be known as the Mayhew Business College Association. accumulated wealth and vast commerce of modem civilization; where these are wanting, through the great forests, across the prairies, and over the mountain ranges, the iron track and the tireless engine must supply the necessities of travel and compensate the lack of navigation, and furnish to all these vast regions of our country the modern highways which human genius has devised to supplement the deficiencies of nature and equalize the conditions of locality." In the Forty-second Congress, Mr. Conger was again assigned a posi- tion on the committee on commerce of the house, and frequently addressed that body on the important questions brought before it for legislation. In the Forty-third Congress, Mr. Conger is third on the committee on commerce, and chairman of the committee on patents, and is acknowl- edged to be one of the ablest representatives from his State. On the 4th of July, 1871, Mr. Conger delivered an oration in Port Huron, from which we give a few extracts, both as illustrating his popu- lar style of eloquence, and as giving an interesting view of the commercial importance of his district; " What thronging memories of the past crowd upon us to-day. The scenery around us is all eloquent of our national growth. On the very spot where we now stand was planted the first settlement of white men w '11 i: -.i«l>«aes«M»(l^»i«ib.<v B38 OEVERAL HIOTORY OF THE HTATCT. This wan nrconlinKly dono, and the inHtitution, and its patronn, now enjoy wluitever of adviinfajfo tluTo is to l>« dfrived from the coopiTution of firBt-clotts institutions, situated in different porU of the country. Studi'iitfl in this institution receive a thorough course of instruc- tion, beginning with the rudimentary principles of business and of keeping occounts, after wliich tliey are instructed in the differ- ent forms of accounts, l)U8iness correspondence, commercial papers, commercial culculations, the philosophy and njorals of business, and in relation to the organization and management of the differ- ent kinds of banks. After this preliminary training has been gone through with, instruction is given in double-entry book- keeping, and in the manner of opening and closing of books. A number of carefully grailed sets of examples for practice are worked by the student, each set embracing a large number and variety of transactions. The elements of commercial law receive proper attention throughout the course. on the lower peninsula of Midilgun. Hoforc the Griffin flontod on these waters— before Detroit wns discovered or settled— the gallant Du Lhut, with his cmiirurt des lioin, had traversed tlie eastern sliore of Lake Huron from the Ottawa route, and crossing from the low point tliat guards the loot of Lake Huron, wliich was then an island, he erected on this mound Fort Bt. .loseph, and for more than two years held encampment near where we stand, witli tlic beautiful St. C'lair before him, tlic Uiver Dulude (named after him, as you find it in the older maps) in his rear, and Lake Huron sleeping in solitary grandeur within the range of his vision. " To the adventurous Frenchman and liis band of military hunters, and to his companion, the learned and devoted priest, wlio shared his perils and recorded his discoveries, all around was the grandeur of solitude, the mysterious voices of the unexplored wilderness, and the flood of waters rushing to an unknown bourne. Then they were the only Chris- tain inhabitants of Michigan. To day we number a million and a quarter of souls. Then his few frail boats were all that dotted the face of the lake or river. To-day the rushing of steam, the splashing wheels, the white-winged vessels, the ear-laden barge, the graceful yacht, all the living, moving panorama of water life, spreads before you, awakening the delightful consciousness of the prosperity and glory of our belovei land, and gratifying your taste with glimpses of scenery unsurpassed 1 its quiet beauty and loveliness in any land under the sun." , an<l its patronn, lorived from the lifforeiit partH of coiimo of inHtruc- 1 of businesa aud crted in the differ- imniercial papers, irals of busiuesH, nent of the differ- ^raining has been ouhle-eutry book- closing of books. 8 for practice are arge number and leroial law receive Iffln floated on these he gallant Du Lhiit, lore of Lake Huron Qjnt that guards the ectcd on this mound d encampment near m, the Uiver Dulude n his rear, and Lake e of his vision, military hunters, and A-ho shared his perils jrandeur of solitude, ss, and the flood of were the only Chris- million and a quarter lotted the face of the splashing wheels, the aceful yacht, all the ;fore you, awakening glory of our beloved cnery unsurpassed 1 le sun." niHTORV OF MinttdAN. This closes our review of the educational institutions of Michi- gan. The public schools of the State are free to all pupils within the limits of the district, so that poverty is no bar to the aciuirc- ment of a good common school educatiim. Within the last few years a system of compulsory education has been ad..i»tcd, making it obligatory upon every one having the control or cu,-to(ly of children, between the ages of eight and fourteen years, to send them to school for a period of at least twelve weeks in each school year, six weeks of which, at least, shall be conseciUive. Thus we have seen that Michigan, within a period of a little over thirty-five years, has established a system of education unex- celled in any of the States, old or new. No people have ever been more prompt to take advantage of the educational facilities offered them than have the people of Michigan. The utmost liberality has been manifested by them in everything that pertains lo their educational interests; and the good results are every- where manifest in the superior intelligence and virtue of the rising generation. M if CHAPTER XXXVIII. i" Agiuculture — Manufactcueb — Commerce. In regard to the agricultural productions of Michigan, it has already been remarked that no State in the Union produces a greater variety of crops, and few, if any, produce a greater aver- age yield per acre of the more important cereals. Of the other western States orch one is remarkable for the production of some one or two crops, whilst its soil is unadapted to the growth of any other in profitable quantities. But Michigan produces in great abundance all crops belonging to its latitude. The quality of nearly all agricultural productions of this State will compare favorably with those of any other State in the Union. Its wheat is sought after in all the markets of the east, and the highest price is paid for it. The average yield per acre is greater than in a majority of the States, and in some years outranks, in this respect, every western State east of the Rocky mountains. For the purpose of comparison, the four States immediately surround- ing Michigan will be taken, viz: Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Wisconsin. In 1870 the average yield per acre of the principal crops, in the five States named, was as follows : Wheat, bushels — Ohio, 13.8 : Indiana, 11.0 ; Illinois, 12.0; Wisconsin, 13.4; Michigan, 14.v». Rye — Ohio, 13.8 : Indiana, 13.7 ; Illinois, 16.4 ; Wisconsin, 13.6 ; Michigan, 18.2. Oats— Ohio, 31.1 ; Indiana, 28.1 ; Illinois, 26.0; Wisconsin, 27.9 ; Michigan, 35.3. Barley — Ohio, 2.35 ; Indiana, 24.1 ; Illinois, 20.0 ; Wisconsin, 26.5 ; Michigan, 25.0. Buck- wheat— Ohio, 16.3 ; Indiana, 19.2 ; Illinois, 18.8; Wisconsin, 20.1; Michigan, 17.3. Potatoes — Ohio, 72 ; Indiana, 45 ; Illinois, 81 ; Wisconsin, 57; Michigan, 95. Tobacco, pounds — Ohio, 916; Indiana, 850 ; Illinois, 840.; Wisconsin, 900 ; Michigan, 950. Hay, tons — Ohio, 1.31 ; Indiana, 1.27 ; Illinois, 1.18; Wisconsin, i :i. VIEIICE. ' Michigan, it has Union produces a ce a greater aver- ils. Of the other roduction of some the growth of any produces in great The quality of ate will compare Union. Its wheat , and the highest !re is greater than outranks, in this mountains. For ediately surround- iana, Illinois and icipal crops, in the shels— Ohio, 13.8 : ; Michigan, 14.v». Wisconsin, 13.6 ; i.l; Illinois, 26.0; io, 2M5; Indiana, ran, 25.0. Buck- i; Wisconsin, 20.1; I, 45 ; Illinois, 81 ; mds — Ohio, 916; ; Michigan, 950. , 1.18 ; Wisconsin, HT8TORY OF MICHIGAN. 641 1.34; Michigan, 1.36. Indian corn, bushels — Ohio, 39.0; Indiana, 39.5 ; Illinois, 35.2 ; Wisconsin, 38.0 ; Michigan, 37.0. Thus it will be seen that of the five States named, none of them outrank Michi- gan in the average production of any crops, save those of Indian HON. ISRAEL V. HARRIS. The subject of this sketch is a descendant of one of tlie oldest and best known families in Dutchess county, New York. He was born at Pine Plains, in that county, April 2d, 1816; received an academic education, and, until his removal to Michigan in 1836, was engaged in farming. His early associates conceded him a prominence, as was evinced by their election of him as first lieutenant in the militia company in which he was enrolled in his eighteenth year; in the suc- ceeding year electing him captain, and as such he was commissioned by Governor Marcy, and the title has ever since been attached to him. In December, 1836, he came to Michigan, and remained in Detroit some three months, from whence he made his way on foot to Grand Rapids, 41 y \ i ; aMaUMz»ucwAoMwb«««vi f T^ ■t--afiif>fT»r^*'"-'*°^ 642 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES. corn, buckwheat and barley. Of the other six crops, viz : wheat, rye, oats, potatoes, tobacco and hay, Michigan stands ahead. It will be seen that we have taken for the purpose of comparison with Michigan, four of the best agricultural States in the Union. The above figures, and those which follow, are taken from the census reports for 1870. _ ,- ai x In 1850 the total number of acres of land in farms in this btate was 1929,110. Twenty years later the number was swelled to 10 019 U2. More than fifty per cent of this land is under culti- vation' The total valuation of the farm lands in the State is $398 240 578 ; of farming implements and machinery 81.i,71l,yry. The 'value of all farm productions, including betterments and additions to stock, for the same year was $81,508,623. Animals slaughtered, and sold for slaughter, $11,711,624. Home manu- factures, $338,008. Forest products, $2,559,682. ^Market-garden products, $352,658. Orchard products. $3,447,985 Wages p-d during the year, including the value of board. $8,421,161. There were raised during the year, of spring wheat. 268.810 bushels; winter wheac. 15.996,963 ; rj^l 44^08^ corn^U«238j^ i7r;;;;:;;:,;~^7:;^^ about eight miles -ff «-";-;?, sand creek, at a place now named in b nor of him ."V'ctor M.U. He was mainly instrumental in having the town organized and named "Tallmudge" The same year he was joined by his brother Silas G and thev began as merchants in Grand Rapids, and were immediately recoo-nized as among the leading men of the city. Thly were both ardent Democrats, and there are thousands who will remenfber the terse, logic, the absolute command of ^^"'^f^' ^"^ ^"^^ graceful oratory of Silas G. Harris. He was elected speaker of the House of Representatives in this State, in 1850, and was recognized by all as an imimrtial, prompt and efficient officer. n 1843 Captain Harris and Silas were joined by their brother Myron and the succeeding year they built a mill on Sand Creek and commenced lumbering, which, in connection with large operations in real estate, has since been their business. For six years in succession Captain Harris was supervisor of the town of Tallmudge, and in 1853 he wa.s elected to the Slate Senate in the dis- trict, comprising some twenty-three counties, embracing 0"awa and thos; lying north to Mackinac. His opponent in the senatorial contest was Senator Thomas W. Ferry. In a subsequent contest Senator Ferry 58. HISTORY OP MICHIGAN. 643 ;rops, viz : wheat, itands ahead. It )8e of comparison tes iu the Union. J taken from the 'arms in this State ;r was swelled to ind is under culti- Is in the State is inery $13,711,979. ; betterments and 508,623. Animals 24. Home manu- l. ^Market-garden ,985. Wages paid ^8,421,161. There ;, 268,810 bushels; , 14,086,238 ; oats, j8 west from there on lira "Victor's Mills." •ganized, and named his brother Silas G., ,nd were immediately ■e thousands who will of language, and the speaker of the House ;cognized by all as an their brother Myron, Urcek and commenced ions in real estate, has ipervisor of the town Slate Senate in the dis- nbraciug Ottawa and a the senatorial contest contest Senator Ferry 8,954,466; barley, 834,558; buckwheat, 436,755. Of horses there were 253,670, of [which number 228,302 were on farms. Of fibrous productions there were raised, of flax, 240,110 pounds; of wool, 8,726,145 pounds. The other farm productions for the same year were as follows : Hay, 1,290,923 tons ; hops, 828,269 pounds; tobacco, 5,385 pounds; sugar, 1,781,855 pounds ; sorghum molasses, 94,686 gallons ; maple molasses, 23,627 gallons ; Irish potatoes, 10,318,799 bushels ; sweet potatoes, 3,651 bushels ; peas and beans, 349,365 bushels; beeswax, 14,571 pounds; honey, 280,325 pounds; domestic wine, 21,832 gallons; clover seed, 49,918 bushels ; flax seed, 5,528 bushels ; grass seed, 2,590 bush- els. The value of all live stock in the State, at that time, was given as follows: Total value, $49,809,869; horses, $228,302; mules and asses, $2,353 ; milch cows, $250,859 ; working oxen, $36,499 ; other cattle, $260,171 ; sheep, $1,985,906 ; swine, $417,- 811. Dairy products— butter, 24,400,185 pounds ; cheese, 670,804 pounds; milk. sold, 2,277,122 gallons. MANUFACTURES. The census reports for 1870 give the following summary of the principal manufacturing interests of Michigan : defeated him. The captain has ever since held a prominent position as a leader in the Democratic party of the State. He has been one of the State central committee, but has declined to be a candidate for office. He is a modest and unobtrusive gentleman, watchful of events, and whose intelligence and social qualities make him not only a genial, but an Instructive companion. In planning railroad enterprises and hnprovements for the benefit of Grand Haven, where he is largely interested, his sound judgment and practical business tact have placed him in the front rank of the business men oi imt city. . ■ -,. ■ Coming to Michigan at a time when — "Tlio rudiments of empire here ^ '■ Were plastic yet, and warm," his intellect, his integrity, and knowledge of the wants of the country, have been widely felt in perfecting those organizations for the conduct of public affairs which make a wilderneas secure and preserve order in society. He now lives at Grand Haven, environed by the respect and cordial regard of those among whom his daj's have been passed almost from boyhood to the vigor of his prime. ■^•i iillfilli ill JifMrtl'l 644 GENERAL HISTORY OP TBE STATES. 11 For the manufacture of agricultural implements there were 164 establishments, employing 969 hands, »1,254,759 of capital, pay- ing $362,844 for wages, consuming 8714,933 worth of material, and producing the value of 01,569.596. BooU and sho^s-estab- lishraents 81. hands 830, wages $372,844, material $587,104, capi- tal 578,172, product $1,249,130. Bread, and other bakery pro- ducts-establishments 82, hands 306, wages $95,251, material $459 7 16, capital $291 ,672, products $684,458. Brick-establish- ments 136, hands 1,584, wages $275,331, material $128,665. capi- tal $438,800, products $681,480. Carriages and wagons-estab- lishments 531. hands 2.239. wages $761,764, material $862,903. capital $1,649,860, products $2,393,328. Cars, freight and passen- ger-establishments 3, hands 823, wages $496,058. material $687,282, capital $615,223, products $1,488,742. Clothing- establishments 288, hands 2,593, wages $606,881, material $1,444.- 826. capital $1,085,650. products $2,577,154. Confectionery - establishments 14, hands 89. wages $30,794. material $179,769, capital $57,400. products $261,179. Cooperage-establishments 291. hands 1.139. wages $325,096. material $530,706. capital $438,165. products $1,176,768. Copper, milled and smelted- establishments 19. hands 636, wages $350,909, material $8,499.- 496 capital $1,591,000, products $9,260,976. Flouring mill pro- ducts-establishments 305. hands 1.389. capital $5,369,700. wages $519,848, material, $14,882,834, products $17,633,158. Furniture -establishments 246. hands 2,365, capital $2,067,620. wages $660,179, material $679,612, products $1,954,688. Iron, forged and rolled-establishments 3. hands 465, capital $725,000, wages $239 164, material $446,000. products $780,750. Iron, pigs-estab- lishments 17, hands 1,625, capital $2,528,000. wages $844,259. material $1,651,102, products, $2,911,515. Iron, castings, not specified -establishments 196, hands 1,101, capital $1,571,447, wages $519,433, material $1,077,021, products $2,082,532. Lea- ther tanned -establishments 99, hands 479, capital $S97.047, wages $192,150, material $1,167,876. products $1,606,311. Leather curried— establishments 73, hands 249, capital $395,493, wages $87,799, material $833,380, products $1,064,297. Liquors, malt-establishments 128, hands 481, capital $1,327,441, wages TE8. ents there were 164 59 of capital, pay- worth of material, 8 and shoes — estab- rial $587,104, capi- other bakery pro- $95,251, material Brick — establish- rial $128,665, capi- md wagons — estab- material $862,903, i, freight and passen- $496,058, material 8,742. Clothing — 81, material $1,444,- 4. Confectionery— , material $179,769, ■age — establishments il $530,706, capital lied and smelted — i9, material $8,499,- Flouring mill pro- tal $5,369,700, wages ,633,158. Furniture 1 $2,067,620, wages )4,688. Iron, forged pital $725,000, wages lO. Iron, pigs — estab- )00, wages $844,259, Iron, castings, not [, capital $1,571,447, its $2,082,532. Lea- 79, capital $S97,047, products $1,606,311. 249, capital $395,493, $1,064,297. Liquors, ital $1,327,441, wages HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 645 $162,768, material $598,828, products $1,216,286. Looking- glasses and picture frames— establishments 9, hands 330, capital $97,125, wages $90,989, material $111,085, products $281,050. Lumber, planed— establishments 58, hands 488, capital $659,650, HON. DAVID H. JEROME. DAVID Howell J. uome was b<,rn November 17th, 1829, at Detroit. His father dying soon after his birth his mother removed to and lived in Central New York until 1834. when she settled in St. Clair county. David H continued to reside here until 1854. The last year, however, of this period he spent in California, and while there located the claim for the "Live Yankee Tunnel and Mine" at Forest City, which has since proved to be worth millions of dollars. He projected the tunnel and constructed it for 600 feet into the mountain towards the mine. In 1854 he settled in Saginaw City, and in the following year engaged in trade as a merchant, commencing in general merchandise, and after- wards changing to hardware. He is still in this business as the senior 646 OENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. wages 8192,157, material $710,105, products $1,085,860. Lum- ber, sawed — establishments 1,180, hands 18,817, capital $26,086,- 445, wages $6,274,874, material $14,045,223, products $31,078,167. Machinery, not specified — establishments 63, hands 685, capital $808,666, wages $371,965, material $687,740, products $1,355,371. Machinery, steam engines and boilers — establishments 31, hands 412, capital $476,743, wages $211,076, material $369,913, pro- ducts $723,704. Meat, packed, pork — establishments 4, hands 33, capital $170,000, wages $12,050, material $493,033, products $533,750. Millinery — establishments 114, hands 409, capital $132,700, wages $49,555, material $197,542, products $332,371. Monuments and tomb-stones — establishments 50, hands 242, capi- tal $176,175, wages $82,966, material $112,603, products $291,782. Paper, printing — establishments 4, hands 170, capital $215,000, wages $50,900, material $257,580, products $384,679. Plaster, ground — establishments 22, hands 240, capital $687,100, wages partner in the flrni of D. II. Jcrume & Co., who have one of the largest hardware establishments in the Haginaw Valley. lie has conducted his business on sound principles, and has amassed a handsome fortune. In 1863 he was authorized by Governor Blair to raise the regiment apportioned to the Sixth Congressional District, and was commissioned Commandant of Camp with the rank of Colonel, to prepare the regiment for the field. This regiment — the Twenty-third— was placed in camp on the east side of Saginaw river for such preparation. It afterwards made a splendid record in the service. During 1865-6 Colonel Jerome was military aid to Governor Crapo, and in 1865 he was also appointed a member of the State Military Board, of which he continued a member, and president, until the present year. In 1862 he was elected to the State senate ; he was reelected in 1864, and again in 1856, serving six consecutive years in that branch of the legislature. In that body he was prominent in the debate in opposition to the legislation authorizing municipal aid to railroads, and after the batch of such measures had gone through both houses, he freely sup- ported Governor Crapo's veto and the policy it recommended. During his entire senatorial services he was chairman of the committee on State affairs as well as a member of other important committees. As such chairman he had much to do in shaping the policy of all the important legislation made necessary by the war. Among other prom- inent and humane measures Mr. Jerome brought forward and was iustru- iTES. U,085,860. Lum- 7, capital 826,086,- .ducts 831,078,167. bands 685, capital roducts 81,355,371. shmeuts 31, hands rial 8369,913, pro- imeuts 4, bauds 33, K93,033, products lands 409, capital products 8332,371. 0, hands 242, capi- products 8291,782. , capital 8215,000, $384,679. Plaster, il 8687,100, wages ve one of the largest [e has conducted his idsomc fortune. ,0 raise the regiment id was commissioned prepare the regiment aa placed in camp on It afterwards made to Governor Crapo, State Military Board, itil tlie present year, ras reelected in 1864, n that branch of the I debate in opposition 1 roads, and after the louses, he freely sup- mmended. man of the committee tant committees. As the policy of all the Among other prom- rward and was iustru- HI8T0BY OP MICHIOAN. 647 89S7,702, material 8160,391, products 8333,600. Printini,' and publisliing— cstablisliments 65, hands 726, capital 8697,777, wages 8393,999, material 8:i02,104, products 81,071,523. Saddlery and harness— establishments 288, hands 824, cajjital 8460,-136, wages 8194,497, material 8413,6.}7, products 8851,388. Salt— establish- ments 65, bands 858, capital 81,717,500, wages 8331,239, material 8410,.")61, products 81,176,811. Sash, doors and blinds— estab- lishments 150, bauds 1,305, capital 81,279,200, wages 850^,959, material 8835,852, products, 81,868,596. Ship-building, repairing and materials— establishments 26, hands 637, capital 8547,000, wages, 8233,031, material 8271,064, products 8709,384. Tin, cop- per and sheet-iron ware — establishments 260, hands 835, capital 8487,515, wages 8256,595, material 8437,998, products 8967,972. Tobacco aud cigars— establishments 6, hands 205, capital, 8228,500, wages 867,105, material 8445,660, products 8717,640. a Tobacco, chewing, smoking and snuff— establishments 9, hands 470, capital mental in procuring the passage of the bill creating the Soldiers' Home at Harper Hospital in Detroit. Il was largely due to his influence that the proceeds of the swamp lands have been so largely saved to assist local improvements in the new counties. His whole legislative career was characterized by a faitliful devotion to the interests of the State and of his constituents, as well as by intelligent industry, practical wisdom, and unquestioned integrity. He never traded votes with his associates for the purpose of getting aid on his local bills, but treated all bills alike and left his own to be considered on their merits. The expediency of this manly course was emphatically illustrated in his experience. At the same session in which the bills for municipal aid to railroads and other like enterprises were vetoed by the Governor, a bill came before the senate for such aid for a plank road leading to Senator Jerome's place of residence. His action on that bill was looked for with curious interest. After it had been vetoed and reconsidered, he arose in the senate and frankly stated his interest in the road and his conviction that that particular bill was right. He expressed himself with such felicity, and defined his position with such consum- mate address, that the bill was curried over the veto by twenty-two of the twenty-eight senators present voting for it. His splendid qualifications as a legislator so usefully and honorably exercised in the senate doubtless led lo his appointment as one of the couunissioners, in 1873, to prepare a new State constitution. In this 648 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. $847,500, wages $160,250, material $697,904, products $1,131,743. Tobacco, cigars— establishments 99, hands 581, capital $225,202, wages $214,575, material $304,741, products $723,140. Wooden ^are — establishments 17, hands 227, capital $324,200, wages $69,774, material $87,795, products $257,710. Wood, turned and carved— establishments 43, hands 282, capital $206,825, wages $85,262, material $92,703, products $309,590. Woollen goods- establishments 38, hands 585, capital $858,200, wages $174,872, material $530,064, products $996,203. This must not be understood to include all the manufacturing industries of the State. Only the principal ones are included, and of the industries here specified those establishments produc- ing less than the value of $500 per year are left out. If all were included it would swell the amount enormously. In another table the grand totals for Michigan are given as follows : Manufacturing establishments 9,455 ; steam engines employed, body, which has just concluded its labors, he was chairman of the com- mittee on finance. He took a leading part in the debates and consult- ations on all the important questions that the comniission had to deal with, and a prevailing influence in moulding many of the new provisions. While he opposed unfettered monopoly, he steadily fought against the insertion in the organic law of restrictions that were dictated by mere hostility to railroad and other corporations. He intelligently insisted that they were indispensable in the conduct of the business of the country, and they should not be crippled in the exercise of their proper func- tions; that it is safer and wiser to leave it to the legislature to correct abuses as they arise. Mr. Jerome is a man of great force of character, careful and deliberate in the formation of his opinion, but steadfast in them when formed, and persevering in carrying them out in practice. He is kind and genial in his social nature, and well calculated to exercise a powerful and general influence over the popular mind. He is every day the same bland and cultivated gentlemen. He is ever keenly alive to every scheme aiming at the moral, intellectual and material advancement of his fellows, and ever ready with labor and money to cooperate. He deserves and enjoys the distinction of being a pleasant, social gentleman, a model business man, a public spirited and exemplary citizen, and a statesman of fair stature, who displays in his public capacity all the virtues that adorn and beautify his d^ly life. J- tJ- 8. K ITATES. .products $1,131,743. 581, capital $225,202, 3 $723,140. Wooden )ital $324,200, wages [). Wood, turned and pital $206,825, wages JO. Woollen goods — ,200, wages $174,872, all the manufacturing )al ones are included, establishments produc- I left out. If all were >rmously. In another in as follows : :am engines employed, ras chairman of the com- the debates and consult- commission had to deal ,ny of the new provisions. !adily fought against the it were dictated by mere He intelligently insisted e business of the country, se of their proper func- the legislature to correct er, careful and deliberate 1 them when formed, and 3e is kind and genial in e a powerful and general day the same bland and o every scheme aiming at It of Ills fellows, and crer deserves and enjoys the a, a model business man, statesman of fair stature, :s that adorn and beautify J. G. 8. HISTORY OP MICHIGAN. 649 2,215, having a total horse -power of 70,956; water-wheels employed 1,500, having a total horse-power of 34,895; hands 63,694, of whom 58,347 are malea above 16 years of age, 2,941 are females above the age of 15, and 2,406 youth ; aggregate capi- GEORGE WILLARD. Qborqb Willaud was born in Bolton, Vermont, March 20, 1824, and emigrated with his parents to Michigan in 1836, and settled in Battle Creek, where he now resides. In 1856 he was elected a member of the State board of education, and occupied the position for six years. He has also been for the last ten years a regent of the University, and dur- ing that time has held the chairmanship of the committee in the classical department. Upon the board of regents, he strenuously advocated the admission of women into the University, and introduced the resolution for that measure, which was finally adopted. Mr. Willard was a member of the Michigan house of representatives in 1867, and also of the constitutional convention In the same year, serv- \ 1 1 I I G50 GENKUAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. tal employed 871,712,283; wages, $21,205,355; nmterlals, 868,- 142,515; producte, 8118,3U4,()7G. COMMEIU'E. There can be uo question of the iinmeuse superiority of the eommeroial ad vantages possessed by Michigau over those of auy other State in the Union. Her natural harbors are numerous, and so favorably located as to reijuire but little expense or labor to make them available for all classes of shipping. Her coast line is longer than tiiat of any other State, it being not less than one thousand lour hundred miles in length, and her shores are washed by the waters of navigable lakes whose combined area is eighty-four thousand stjuare miles. With these great inland seas almost surrounding her, with her numberless water-courses flow- ing through her gigantic forests of pine, and emptying at con- venient distances into the great highways of commerce, with her long lines of railroad traversing the State in every direction, she enjoys advantages which many an empire might envy, and which few nations of the world possess. On the twentieth day of May, 1819, a little over fifty years ago, the steamer Walk-in-the-Water landed at Detroit. This was the first steamboat that made its appearance on the lakes. She was commanded by Captain Jedediah Rogers, and occupied a whole week in making the trip to Black Rock. Two years later, this celebrated pioneer steamer was wrecked near Buffalo. Other steamers and numerous sailing vessels soon followed, each year increasing the number and im{)roving the quality of each kind, until 1855, which was about the culminating period of passenger traffic on the lakes. At that time there were from eight to ten departuras of passenger steamers daily from Detroit to the ports on Lake Erie alone. Since that time the railroads have absorbed most of the passenger traffic ; but the number of freight vessels ing in both bodies as chairman of the committee on education, and in 1872, was elected to Congress from the Third Congressional District. He is editor and publisher of the Battle Creek Journal, a daily and weekly newspaper, and was a delegate at large from this State to the last Republi- can national convention. ij„-u,„i^iMi.ii^*im'— lUi-^J"" ' ^*"""'" ATE8. 155 ; iimterials, 8C8,- e BUi'eriority of the lu over those of any rbors ure numerous, tie expeuse or labor ihippiiig. Her eoant t being not less than and her shores an; )8e combined area is ese great inland seas is water-courses flow- id emptying at con- commerce, with her every direction, she jht envy, and which ! over fifty years ago, stroit. This was the the lakes. She was id occupied a whole Two years later, this ear Buffalo. Other followed, each year juality of each kind, I period of passenger re from eight to ten Detroit to the ports ilroads have absorbed ber of freight vessels ee on education, and in gressional District. He lal, a daily and weekly State to the last Republl- w i i:' 652 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE BTATEB. of all kinds has increased with wonderful rapidity. It is esti- mated that the tonnage on the lakes is, and has been for a number of years, increasing at the rate of twenty per cent each year. And yet it no more than keeps pace with the growth of the State and the great Northwest. Each year produces an increase in the size and an improvement in the character of the vessels built. lu this connection it is proper to mention the fact that within the last few years a change haa been gradually taking place in the character of the freight vessels, and the mode of freight transportation on the lakes. Up to 1864 or 1865, the only method of transporting freight by water was by the common, well known steamers, propellers, and sailing vessels. At that time what may justly be called a new era waa inaugurated by the building of steam barges. These for a time were run independently, and used for the transportation of lumber. In process of time the steam barges began to be utilized for towing other barges laden with lum- ber. This at once lessened the cost of building freight trans- ports, decreased the amount of help necessary to man them, and increased the carrying capacity of the bottoms by dispensing with masts and machinery. This method, as intimated, was first used in the lumber trade, but gradually extended to other freights, and present indications seem to point to a total revolution in the carrying trade of the lakes. The accompanying engraving repre- sents one of the finest of the steam barges here spoken of. A glance will show how admirably this model U adapted to the end in view. In addition to the great amount of freight capacity, both in the hold and on deck, this class of vessels is provided with machinery capable of towing from four to ten common barges, whose aggregate carrying capacity amounts to millions of feet of lumber. ^^ Common usage has given these vessels the name of " barges — a name which, applied to this class of vessels, would convey an erroneous impression to the general reader, inasmuch as it is com- monly used to designate an inferior order of freight transports. A glance at the engraving will show that in point of beauty of model, they are not inferior to the finest • specimens of marine architecture. They are as substantially built as the best propel- ' ■ uj w jtg- 'V "" itf '. ■ ■ .-" T .nu wBur^-iTttvry.*.-' ATE8. rapidity. It is esti- as been for a number :eut each year. And wth of the State and n increase in the size vessels built. the fact that within ually taking place in he mode of freight 865, the only method common, well known ; that time what may 1 by the building of iependently, and used ss of time the steam arges laden with lum- uilding freight trans- ry to man them, and ms by dispensing with ;imated, was first used . to other freights, and tal revolution in the ying engraving repre- 8 here spoken of. A . it adapted to the end of freight capacity, essels is provided with ) ten common barges, 3 to millions of feet of e name of "barges"— tsels, would convey an inasniuch as it is com- of freight transports, t in point of beauty of "specimens of marine uilt as the best propel- fllSTORY OP MICHIGAN. 653 lers, and their machinery is inferior to none. Properly speaking, the name of propeller should be applied to them. These facts are mentioned, and this engraving is presented, for the reason that the class of vessels which is thus represented is destined to revolu- tionize the carrying trade of the great lakes. HON. O. M. BARNES. Orlando M. Baknks, of Mason, Michigan, was born m Ira, Cayuga county, New York, November 21, 1824. Mr Barnes is a descendant from tlie Puritans of New England, his ancestors having been among the early settlers of Plymouth colony, MassachusettB. In 1837, his father and family emigrated to Michigan, and settled m Aurelius, Ingham county. The settlement of this county had just com- menced at that time, and this family were among the pioneer settlers of Aurelius township. Mr. Barnes received a thorough education, graduating from the Michi- ii s It I" 654 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES. In 1859 the total number of vessels navigating the waters oi the great lakes, all of which paid tribute to Michigan, was over sixteen hundred, with an aggregate carrying capacity of about 14,000 tons. In 1873 the carrying capacity of the vessels belonging to Detroit alone amounted in the aggregate to 129,180 tons. Reduced to tabular form, the carrying capacity of Michigan vessels stands thus : Number of steam craft in Detroit 100 Number of sail craft, including barges, in Detroit 18!) Total in Detroit 345 Number of steam craft owned in other towns in Mieliigan 69 Number of sail craft owned in other towns in Mieliigan, includ- ing barges 151 Total in Michigan outside of Detroit 310 Aggregate number in Michigan 455 Carrying capacity of steam craft in Detroit, in tons. . (m,88» Carrying capacity of sail craft in Detroit, including barges 05,294 Total in Detroit 129,180 Carrying capacity of steam craft in State outside of Detroit 15,388 Carrying capacity of sail craft in the State outside of Detroit, including barges 44,003 Total in State outside of Detroit 59,451 Aggregate carrying capacity of Michigan vessels 188,631 gan University with the class of 18.50, and receiving the degree of master of arts from that institution four years later. Having selected the law for his profession, he began its study, and after devoting himself diligently to it through a regular course of instruc- tion, he was admitted to the Ijar in 1851. In the following year, he married Miss Amanda W. Fleming, of Albion, Michigan. The first years of Mr. Barnes' professional practice were attended with more than ordinary success He was made prosecuting attorney of his county, and held the position during the first five years he was a mem- ber of the bar. Retiring from this oflJce, his abilities were given a wider field of opera- LTE8. ating the waters oi Michigan, was over capacity of about essels belonging to 9,180 tons. •acity of Michigan 100 im) 24S eliigiin 69 can, incluil- 151 310 455 . . «3,88» .. 05,294 129,180 of .. 15,388 of .. 44,003 59,451 188,631 ; the degree of master began its study, and liar course of instruc- ". Fleming, of Albion, :e were attended with uting attorney of his years he was a mem- i wider field of opera- ' HISTORY OP MICHIGAN. 655 Total capacity of steam vessels of the State including Detroit 79,275 Total capacity of sail vessels of the State including Detroit 1*>».35(} Aggcgate, as above stated 188,031 Value of steam vessels in State outside of Detroit, 81,003,020 Value of sail vessels in the State outside of Detroit 1,248,240 Total in the State outside of Detroit $2,311 ,200 Value of steam vessels in Detroit $3,818,500 Value of sail vessels in Detroit 3 ,539,000 Total in Detroit 0,358,100 Aggregate value of vessel property in Michigan $8,009,300 It is proper to state that the number of vessels here represented is taken from the register of the board of underwriters, and rep- resents only those that are insurable under the strict rules of that board. There are hundreds of others that ply the waters of our lakes and rivers, that are not included in this estimate, whose aggregate tonnage would swell these figures largely, and whose trade forms no insignificant item in the commerce of the State. tions, and they with his untiring energy and devotion to business soon gained him a position among the first lawyers in the interior of the State. In the fall of 1803, he was elected a member of the State legislature, and took a prominent part in the proceedings of that body during its sessions in 1803-4. Shortly after his service in the State legislature, he, in a great measure, withdrew from his legal practice, devoting himself more particularly to his railroad enterprises. Mr. Barnes has been connected with the Jackson, Lansing and Saginaw Railroad since its organization, and to his ability, energy and perseverance, the success of this important measure is to a great degree attributable. He has been the secretary and attorney of this company since its commencement, and is now also its land commis- sioner. Mr. Barnes has proven himself an able railroad man, showing a keen foresight and clear .judgment upon all questions connected with the building and running of a first class railroad in these days of close com- petition. In his business and social relations, he has made many warm friends throughout the State and country, and it can safely be said that but few men are held in such universal esteem at their homes as he is in Mason, the place of his residence. ' f-' \ ( V U I . * ft 1 1 ii.. A. ^1 656 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES. In this connection it may not be uninteresting to note the amount of commerce that passed through the Detroit river in 1872. The following figures are made from information derived from the custom houses and boards of trade at Chicago, Milwau- kee, Detroit, Toledo, Sandusky, Cleveland, Erie, Buffalo, Tona- wanda, and Welland Canal, and for which we acknowledge our indebtednet^s to the courtesy of George W. Bissell, Esq., of the Detroit Board of Trade : Tonnage of FnBionT through Detroit River in 1872. TONB. Lumber, 071,977,340 feet, which reduced to tons amounts to. . 1,043,054 Coal 1,100,106 Grain, 75,140,5«7 busliels, cf.uals 2,038,867 Flour, 800,034 barrels, equals 80,403 Iron ore, scrap, pig and railroad iron 083,621 Bait, (U 0,000 barrels, equals 93,400 Staves 108,693 Received at Detroit from small vessels 378,468 General merchandise 876,789 Entered and Cleared at Detroit, not before included. Vessels of 150 tons, and under 328,717 Vessels over 150 tons 1 , 182,472 Total tons , 1 16 ,570 Carrying Capacity of the Lake Marine. mumbeb. tons. Sail vessels 1,543 423,655 Bteamvessels 530 171,079 New ve.s8els, steam and sail 134 167,500 ' Totals 2,205 762,234 Whole estimated value J50,000,000 It will be seen by comparing the above figures with those we have given for the State, that over seventeen per cent, in value, of the lake shipping is owned in Michigan; and that the car- rying capacity of the vessels of Michigan amounts to over twenty- five per cent, or more than one-fourth, of the whole tonnage of the lakes. The apparent discrepancy between the two per cent- ages is accounted fur by the fact that the lumber barges heretofore 11!^ E8. HISTORY OF MICIIKIAN. 657 sting to note the Detroit river in formation derived Chicago, Milwau- ie, Buffalo, Tona- acknowledge our sseli, Esq., of the VKR IN 1872. TONS. tuntstc. 1,043,054 1,100,106 2,038,867 80,403 083,621 93,400 108,693 378,468 876,789 ORE INCLUDED. 338,717 1,182,472 9,116,570 AniNB. limBEB. TONS. 1,542 423,655 539 171,079 134 167,500 . 2,305 7tt8,334 J50,000,000 ;ures with those we 1 per cent, in value, and that the car- ints to over twenty- whole tonnage of 1 the two per cent- er bargee heretofore alluded to, possess a much greater carrying capacity, in proportion to their co.«it, tlinu other vessels. As most of these barges are owned in Rlichigau the apparent discrepancy will be readily understood. It will be seen by the foregoing that the commerce of the lakes increases enormously from year to year, notwithstanding the num- ber of railroads that span the continent and traverse the State in all directions. This wonderful growth of the lake nuvrine, how- ever, no more than keeps pace with the demands of trade in the great Northwest. Nor is there any prospect in the near future of any diminution in the rate of iucrea«e. The time is not far dis- tant when tlie loading of ships at our wharves with merchandise for Liverpool will be the rule instead of the exception. Quite a large direct trade with Europe has already been establislied ; but with the building of canals now in contemplation, or the enlarge- ment of those now in existence, that trade will swell to enormous proportions. 42 CHAPTER XXXIX. i i:. Si- I: Ik: n ■M 5 ^Iv MiNrnAi, Sprinos of MicnioAN-Ti.Ein DiacovEnY-ANAi.YBES of the Wateus-Ti.e Location of Each -The St Lons Si-uing- A i.PFN v - MiDi-AND - Eaton Ravius - SruiNo Lake - Lansino - FKUITrOKT-BulTEUWOKTU'S-OWOSSO - HUUBAUDSTON - LESLIE- MouNT Clemens. AVithin the last four or five years Michigan has acquired a national reputation as a watering place and a resort for invalids. This is owing to the discovery that the water flowing from arte- sian wells in various parts of the State is highly charged with various minerals that are recognized by physicians as valuable in the treatment of disease. _ The first discovery of this kind was made at St. Louis, Gratiot county, in the summer of 1869. In that year a company began boring for salt water. At the depth of 200 feet a vein of w:.;-^r was struck which spouted up to the neight of twenty-four feet above the surface. The tube was three and a half inches in diameter, and it delivered 300 gallons of water per minute. The water was beautifully clear and cold, and to the taste was barely perceptibly alkaline. It was not saline, and was therefore aban- doned for manufacturing purposes. An accident finally revealed the fact that pieces of iron or steel held in the water a few min- utes became charged with magnetism. This led to further experi- ments, resulting in the discovery that the water possessed medical properties invaluable in the treatment of various forms of disease. An analysis of the waters was made by Prof Duffield, which con- firmed the opinion as to their value, and the wells soon became a resort for hundreds of the afflicted. This led to further searches in difi-erent parts of the State, and the result is that nearly a hun- dred wells of water have been found to possess (as their friends claim) magnetic properties. Upwards of twenty of these have I' r-tH^wjesvyi iFfciJHu;-T'^5w*v lY— Anat.ypes of the St Lons Simung— a Lake— Lansiko — BAUD9TON — I^KSLIE — ran has acquired a , resort for invalids. p flowing from arte- liiglily charged with iciaus as valuable in at St. Louis, Gratiot ar a company began feet a vein of w:.;-^r ; of twenty-four feet nd a half inches in ter per minute. The the taste was barely i was therefore aban- ident finally revealed the water a few min- led to further experi- iter possessed medical rious forms of disease. P. Duffield, which con- > wells soon became a ed to further searches t is that nearly a hun- jssess (as their friends twenty of these have HISTORY OP MICHIGAN. 659 been advertised as containing mineral qualities, and those that have been analyzed show the statement to be correct. It is proper to state in this connection that the question in regard to the magnetic properties claimed for these springs is still an open one. .«.«-«)i.*'L ..i^-.-ir-'^ HON. A. C. BALDWIN. Augustus C. Baldwin was born at Salina, in the State of New York, December 24, 1817. When but five years of age, he lost hls^ father by death, and was thrown upon his own resources for support. By unremitting industry, he gained a comfortable livelihood, and acquired a thorough English education. In 1837, he settled in Oakland county, Michigan, where he studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1842. He began the practice of his profession at Milford, but soon removed to Pontiac, Oakland county, where he has since resided, and where he is still in regular practice. ! *i i *r 660 GENERAL msTORY OP TllK STATES. Scientific men diflbr on this point ; but as to their minernl proper- ties tiiere is no room for doubt. In the following pages the analyses of the more prominent wells will be given, the order of tlieir arrangomeni having no reference to the date of their discovery or their vaiue in the treat- ment of disease. In regard to the latter point, the analysis will be the best guide; some being adapted to the treatment of one class of diseases and others to another. It is not in the province of the historian to discriminate. Many of them are extensively patronized, and thousands of remarkable cures have been reported. ST. LOUIS MAGNETIC SPRINGS. St. Louis is a quiet and pleasant little town of about 1,500 inhabitants, situated about 34 miles west of Saginaw, and is reached by the Saginaw Valley and St. Louis Railroad. It has four hotels, capable of accommodating three or four hundred guests. A commodious bath house has been erected at the well, and is under the supervision of Dr. Silas Kennedy, resident physi- cian. The following analysis of this water was matle by Dr. Samuel P. Duffield, of Detroit Medical College. It is calculated on the imperial or wine gallon, S. G. 1011. Mr. Baldwin was a member of the legislature of Michigan in 1844 and 1846; prosecuting attorney for Oakland county in 185;J and ier,4, and representative for the (tlien) fifth congressional district of Michigan, in the Thirty-eighth Congress of the United States, serving upon the com- mittee on agriculture and the committee on expenditures in the Depart- ment of the Interior. His political atfiliation has always been with the Democratic party. He was a delegate to the national Democratic conventions at Charleston and Baltimore in 1800, and at Chicago in 1804. He has devoted a considerable portion of his fortune to the acquisition of an extensive library in the deparlments of law and literature. In 1871, he was in possessiim of one of only three complete sets of Ameri- can Reports in the United States, for some single volumes of which he paid as high a price as JT5. This valual)le and rare collection was sold to tlie Bar Association of Kansas city. Missouri. His private library consists of about 7,000 volumes, and his collection of paintings is one of the finest in Michigan. M- ' .lilHJlUI'm i 'B 't ''" ' * " '"" '" -'' ""' " " ' ATM. heir niincral propcr- thc more prominent mgomoni having no ■ir vimic in the trcnt- int, tlic analysis will he treatment of one is not in the province them are extensively s have been reported. ING9. town of about l.-'iOO of Haginaw, and is wis Railroad. It has rce or four hundred 11 erected at the well, jniiedy, resident physi- ,er was made by Dr. liege. It is calculated of Micliigiin in 1844 and ,- in 185a tind 18r)4, and district of Michigan, in 3, serving upon the com- penditurc'8 in the Dcpart- h the Dcmocvntic party, onventions at Charleston fortune to the acquisition I law and literature. In e complete sets of Ameri- nglc volumes of wliich he d rare collection was sold )uri. His private library liou of painiings is one of HISTORY OF MirniOAN. 661 Sulphate lime, 60 50; silicate lime, 6.72; chloride, a trace; bicarliunato soda, l()(i.40; bicarbonate lime, 61).40; bicarb* e magne.-ia, 17..')0; bicarbonate iron, 1.'20; silica, free, 2.88; organic matter and loss, 2.00; total constituents, 272.60. Bicar- • m •< ML .I ' Vi ' g ll l l l JJ i l W IUl''! ^ WW " WJ ' *^» -' ^-^ »^ HON. CHARLES RYND, M. D. The subject of the present sketch is emplmtically a self made man. Unaided by any circumstances of birlh or fortune, he has by sheer force of intellect, by industry and by indomitable persistence of purpose, attnined a position of honor among men, socially, polillcally and iis an eiuiuL-nt practitioner of medicine. He was born December 28, 1830, in the county of Donegal, Ireland, and belongs to that race of Protestnnt Irishmen which has given to the world so many persons eminent in the various walks of life. In Slay, 1851, not yet fllleen years of age, but having received, for a boy of his age, the ground-work of a first-class education, he came to this country alone, Innded in New York city in June, and from thence went directly to Canada. His experience in G()2 OENEHAL HIMTOKY OF THE BTATJ*. "ft. bonates, 194.50; free carbonic acid in gallon, G.21 ; sulphureted bydrogen, traceu. Total mineral matter in gallon, '27G.81. ALPENA MAGNETIC WELL. This well is siaiatcd in tbe town of Alpena, op Thunder bay, about 100 miles south of Mackinaw. It is a very pleasant, thriving town, and posesses many advantages as a .«unimer resort, having good hotel accommodations, bathing facilities, churches and billiard tables. The place is reached by steamer from Detroit and Saginaw. The chemical analysis shows the following constit- uent elements of the water : Bicarbonate of soda, 15,730 grains; bicarbonate of lime, 55,136 ; bicarbonate of magnesia, 62,920 ; bicarbonate of iron, 1,840; sulphate of lime, 30,056; ^silica and aluminum, 3,088; chloride of sodium (salt), 68,256 ; organic i latter and loss, 928 ; total, 237,960. Total mineral constituents l'i;^7,032 grains; sulphu- reted hydrogen gas, 3.91 cubic inches ; car))onic acid gas, a trace. MIDLAND MAGNETIC SPRING. This well is situated in the town from which its name is derived, a thriving village on the Tittabawassee river. It is about 20 miles northwest of Saginaw, and is reached by the Flint and Pere Marquette Railway. It hv? good hotel accommodations, and a Canada was that of every boy, either lierc or there, who is thrown entirly on his own resources. What he secured, either in money or knowledge, was honestly earned. He worked on a farm, clerked in the store of Hon. T. B. Guest, of St. Mary's, since a member of parliament, and afterwards ns.sumed charge of a large school, which he managed with marltcd ability and success for five consecutive years. During these years he made good use of his spnre time. Under the private tuition of a Presbyterian clergyman he became a good classic scholar. He wrote largely for the Toronto journals, and studied medicine under the instruction of Dr. Daniel Wilson, a dis- tinguished and scholarly practitioner of St. Mary's. Anxious to enlarge his acquisitions in this direction, he left the Dominion and eutcred the University of Michigan, at Ann Arbor, where he took a thorough course of instruction, not only in medicine, but also in the chemical laboratory. While in the university, he was the private pupil and assistant of Profes- n a* ATra. HISTORY OP MICniOAN. 663 1, G.21 ; Bulphurcted lion, 276.81. L. la, or Thunder hay, is a very plousant, as a sujnracr riwort, fat'ilitiorf, churches teamer from Detroit he following coustit- !arl)onate of lime, licarbonate of iron, I aluminum, 3,088 ; atter and loss, 928 ; ,032 grains; sulphu- nic acid gas, a trace. NG. I its name is derived, er. It is about 20 r the Flint and Pere ommodations, and a here, who is thrown 1, cither in money or a farm, clerked in the ncnibcr of parliament, )1, wliicli he maniigcd e years. During these Tgynian he became a Toronto journals, and 3aniel Wilson, a dis- ;. Anxious to enlarge linion and cutcred the oolt a lliorough course e cliemical laboratory, nd assistant of Profes- good bath house has been opened in connection with the well. An analysis of its waters shows it to contain, in one imperial gallon: Sulphate of lime, 4.4r)01 grains; sulphate of potassa, 82.1030 ; sulphate of soda, 22.(>(ii)l) ; phosphate of alumina, 1.7287, chlor- ide of calcium, »).2rJ4; chloride of magnesium, 2.1!t48; chloride of soilium, 32.702r) ; silica, 2.'J631 ; organic matter, 2,461)2 ; loss, 3.2120; total salUs, 160.2108. EATON RAPIDS MAGNETIC SPRINGS. These wells are in the town of Eaton Rapids, twenty-five miles northwest from Jack.son, on Grand river, and are reached by the Grand River Valley Railroad. It is a beautiful, enteri)ri.sing and healthl'ul town, and has become within a few years an exceed- ingly popular summer resort. Seven wells are found here, each one being connected with a hotel, and possessing ample bathing facilities. The Frost well is the oldest, and bears the following analysis, by Professor Duffield : Sulphate of lime, 4.64 grains ; carbonate of lime, 46.24 ; car- bonate of magnesia, 9.11; carbonate of iron, 2.38; chloride of sodium, 9.21; silica, 15.74; organic matter and loss, .90. Total mineral contents of one imperial gallon, 88.22 ; total carbonic acid, 22.22 cubic inches. 8or M. Gunn. now of Rusli Medical College, Chicago. In the spring of 185i). he graduated with honor, and devoted the following summer to hospital praclicc, settling in Adrian in November of the same year, where he has ever since resided, lie has, since his residence in Adrian, served four years in the common council, where he inaugurated several important measures of civic reform, which have since been copied by nearly all the leading cities of the Slate. He has also swerved as president of the board of education with credit to himself, and advnntoge to the city. In the spring of 1H71, he was, after a somewhat warm contest, nominated by the State Republican convention as a candidate for regent of the university, and was elected by a very large majority, liis vote at home showing the appreciation in which he was held. In the city of Adrian, he ran nhrad of his colleagues, on the Slate ticket, nearly 900 voles, and he also ran largely ahead in all parts of tlie coiinty. Dr. Rynd has always been an indefatigable worker. His will secures 664 (IF.NKRAI, IIIHTOKY OP THE HTATKa. The SIiiuv H|)riii>.', iinivlyz<Ml l)y Piof Kod/.io, of tho Stnte Apricnltiiral CoIIcki', In-iin* tlio following luiulyi!* : (.'iihic iiiclic'fi j)or pillion of caiboiiic acitl pii«, 15.97; solid roHi- duo Ifft oil cvaporatiiip '>t'" gallon, :•(). !•') grains. An analysis of (ho ri'sidn.' sliows tlu" followinp : Sulpliate of linio, IM.l.'J prains; carbonate of linu', 20.74; carbonate of nuipncsia, :J.H4 ; carbonate of iron, 2:2:) ; carbonate of soda, ll.f)7 ; carbonate of potaa^-n, 1.27 ; chloride of .sodium, .90 ; silica acid, 1.40 ; organic matter and loss, .90. Professor Kedzio also analyzed the Mosher spring, with the following result : Sulphate of lime, 4.').10 grains; carbonate of lime, 10.43; car- bonate of nnignesia, 4.52 ; carbonate of iron, 1.00; carbonate of potas.sa, 1.1."); carbonate of soda, 5.:i8 ; chh)ride of sodium, 90; silicic acid, 2.54 ; organic nuUtcr and loss, .85. Total solid con- tents in grains, 79.2:5; cubic inches carbonic acid gas, 15..18. Dr. C. T. Jackson, State Assaycr of Massachusetts, made the following analysis of the Sterling spring: Sulphate of lime, 55.20 grains; sulphate of soda, 12.59; sul- phate of magnesia, 9.40; carbonate of soda and chloride of sodium, 5.21 ; carbonate of iron, 2.80. Total solid contents, 85.20. Professor Kedzio also made the analysis of the Bordiiie si)ring with the following result ; ^txe.^in every work lie undertakes. Poskcssc.1 of a vifiorous constitu- tion and l)eiaR extremely simple and temperate in all his liul.ils. lie has secured a larse and remunerative practice, has secured also a comfortable competence, and has invested largely in industrial interests in the city of his reside icr. His action on the hoard of regents has heen characterized by an intelligent liheralily, a keen insight into the necessities of the university, and an intense liutred of .shams and dishonesty. In the sum- mer of IH-:!, he was tendered a professorship in the medical department of the university, which he declined. He is ft very ready writer, a tluent and vigorous public speaker, a hard worker, keeps a keen and intelli.gent watch of public aflairs, is a warm friend to tliose he esteems, liberal to a fault, thoroughly independent-is, in short, a good citizen, public spirited and enterprising, ever on the side of right and justiee-a good illustration of what may lie accomplished by energy, industry and integrity under adverse and untoward circum- stances. Izio, of the Htatc hU: i, If).!)? ; solid rofll- \!i. All nimlysiH of liiiio, -IH.IIJ uraiiis; liii, 3.84 ; cnrliDimto nte of i)()tus."^n, 1.27 ; nic iinUtor and I088, jr spring, with the [)f lime, 10.43; car- 1.00; carltonato of ilk' of sdiliiini, flO ; f). Total solid con- oid gaf, 15.38. iehusett.s, made the 3f soda, 12.59; ful- I chloride of .sodium, iitentsi, 8r).20. ■ the Bordiue s))ring )f a vifioroiis constlfu- 1 all Ills liul)il9, lie has irccl also 11 comfortable intfiL'sts in tlic city of 1ms l)ccn cliaructciized the UL'CL'ssilies of the ihonesty. In the sum- le medical department public speaker, a hard ,iblic attairs, is a warm uglily independent— Is, rising, ever on the side lay be accomplished by ind untoward circum- rtlHTOIlY OF MKinnAN. 665 Rulphato of lime, 57.50 ^irmm; bicarbonate of hmo. 40.47; bicarbonate of ma^nc.ia, 8. K) ; bicarb..nate ..f ,.ot«H.u, 3.00; hlrarhnnate of Ho.ia. 5.05 ; bicarbonate of iron. '2.25 ; cldori.ie ot Hodiu.o, 1.50; silicia, 2.00. Total grains in a gallon, 120.17; cubic inches carbonic aciil, 17.35. HON. HENRY H. CRAPO. Henky H. Chapo, the fourteenth governor of Michigan, was born in Dartmouth. Massachusetts, Moy 24th, 1804. He received his education in that State, and took up his residence in New Bedford, where he remained for many year?. Mr Crapo removed to Michigan in 1857, and settling in the village of Flint, soon became extensively interested in the manufacture and sale of £-r>feag^.^^^,:';Si^^-^^-^^fi»-^^^4*^^'^^^ iii^?ifc'5«*tfe-^!«%^"i.^';^^-a«^ii''^ ;, 'J.V«7¥fe?U-'^ tft*^' 666 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES. SPRING LA.KE MAGNETIC SPRING. This well is iu the town whose name it bears, which is situated on the Grand river at its junction with the body of water known as Spring lake. It is two miles from Grand Haven, and is con- nected with that town by a line of stages. A good bath house has been erected at the well, and the hotel accommodations are excellent. Prof. Wheeler, of Chicago, has analyzed the waters with the following result; Chloride of potassium, 4.2880 grains; chloride of sodium, 405.5330; chloride of calcium, 113.4200; chloride of magnesium, 36.2000 ; bicarbonate of soda, 0.0547 ; bicarbonate of lime, 0.1 308 ; bicarbonate of ferri, 1.0090 ; bicarbonate of magnesium, 0.0040 ; bicarbonate of manganese, 0.0534; bromide, 2.1700; sulphate of soda, 46.7000 ; silicia, 0.5030 ; alumina, traces ; ammonia, 0.0158 ; organic matter, 18.2902 ; lithia, traces. LANSING MAGNETIC SPRING. This spring is situated at Lansing, the capital of the State, a beautiful and flourishing city of about 6,500 inhabitants. The town is easily reached by railroad from any direction. The hotel accommodations are ample and excellent. The spring is located at the confluence of Grand and Cedar rivers, about a mile up the Grand river. A commodious bath house is in operation, and a large first-class hotel has been built in connection with the spring. The well is about 1,400 feet in depth, and discharges 1,500 gallons per day. An analysis made by Dr. Jennings, of Detroit, presents the following result : Chloride of sodium, 320.224; bicarbonate of lime, 107.590; lumber, and did much to promote tlie growth of his adopted city by encouraging its uianufacturing interests. He served the city of Flint as mayor for some time, and was called to the executive chair of the State in January, 1864, and served in that capacity two terms, or until the close of 1867. He was governor of the State during the last years of the rebellion, and performed invaluable services for the North in its final struggle, which resulted in the complete overthrow of the Southern Confederacy. Governor Crapo died at his home, in Flint, on the 23d of July, 1869. kTES. RING. rs, which is situated )cly of water known Haven, and is con- A good bath house accommodations are Eiualyzed the waters ihloride of sodium, oride of magnesium, uate of lime, 0.1 308; magnesium, 0.0040 ; 2.1700; sulphate of 3 ; ammonia, 0.0158 ; NG. pital of the State, a )0 inhabitants. The lirectiou. The hotel he spring is located about a mile up the 1 in operation, and a itiou with the spring, jharges 1,500 gallons I, of Detroit, presents ,e of lime, 107.590; it his adopted city by ime, and was called to >G4, and served in that ;e was governor of the 1 performed invaluable •esulted in the complete he 23d of July, 1869. HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 667 bicarbonate of soda, 112.081 ; bicarbonate of magnesia, 23.027 ; bicarbonate of iron, 1.882: sulphate of potassa, 14.940; sulphate of soda, 30.065; silica, 3.966. Solid contents of one imperial gallon, 613.775. Total carbonic acid, 235.550 cubic inches. FUUITPORT SULPHUR AND MAGNETIC WELL. This well is located in Fruitport, a new and flourishing town situated at the head of Spring lake. It occupies a prominent position in the fruit region of the western part of the State, on the shore of Lake Michigan. It possesses ample hotel accommo- dations, a commodious bath house, and is a popular resort for pleasure and health seekers. Prof Wheeler, of Chicago, pre- sents the following analysis of its waters : Bicarb, soda, 6.5156; bicarb, lime, 5.1100; bicarb, iron, 7.5000; bicarb, magnesia, 4.1511; bicarb, manganese, 0.1050; chloride sodium, 464.0319; chloride lime, 111.1110; chloride potassium, 0.4312 ; chloride magnesium, 46.8072 ; bromide, 0.7666 ; sulphate soda, 45.9960 ; silica and silicates, 10.6050 ; alumina, traces. Total fixed residue, 679.7489. Total free gas, 7 cubic inches. BUTTEllWORTH'8 MAGNETIC SPRING. This spring is located at Grand Kapids, one of the most flour- ishing cities in Michigan, situated on the Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad. The hotel accommodations are first class in every respect, and ample bathing facilities are ofiered at the spring. The waters of this spring are said to resemble that of Bath, England. Prof Duffield's analysis presents the following result : Sulphate of lime, 90.190; chloride of potassium, 11.790; chlo- ride of sodium, 15.'280; chloride of calcium, 7.330; chloride of magnesium, 50.240 ; bicarb, soda, 6.003 ; bicarb, lime, 10.012 ; bicarb, magnesia, 7.020; bicarb, iron, 1.170; silica, .617; alum- ina, .494 ; organic matter and losss, .801. Total mineral matter, 200.947. OWOSSO CHALYBEATE SPRING. Owosso is a flourishing town, situated on the Detroit and Mil- waukee Railroad, at the crossing of the Jackson, Lansing and Saginaw Railroad. The spring is situated about a mile south of »'f SfeiBi!^«»»-~**-^iitS***««4»K**«i*»<«<**S****^*"^ 668 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. the town. A bath-house has been erected, and the place is des- tined to become a popular resort. The following is the analysis of the water : Bicarb, lime, 25.6()7 ; bicarb, magnesia, 1 9.094 ; bicarb, iron, 15.9-20 ; chlorides sodium and potassium, 2.102 ; silica and alum- ina, .G17. Total mineral in one gallon, 63.400, HUBBARDSTON MAGNETIC SPRING. Tiiis spring is located in the town whose name it bears, and is reached by the Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad to Pewamo, thence by stage si.K miles to the well. A bath house has been erected, and liotel accommodations are convenient. Prof. Doug- lass, of tlie IMicliigau University, has analyzed ihe waters, with the following result : Bicarb, of lime, 23.812; bicarb, magnesia, 10.712; protoxide of iron, .154 ; silica, .139. Total mineral matter in one gallon, 34.817. LESLIE MAGNETIC SPRING. This spring is situated at Leslie, a smart village on the Jackson, Lansing and Saginaw Railroad, between Jackson and Lansing. A good bath house is in operation, and hotel accommodations are convenient. Prof. Kedzie's analysis of the waters present the fol- lowing result : Bicarb, lime, 30.u2; sulphate of lime, 7.04; bicarb, magnesia, 10.53; bicarb, iron, 2.27; bicarb soda, 5.27; bicarb potassa, 4.55; silica, 2.08; organic matter, .65. Grains solid matter in imperial gallon, 63.01. Free carbonic acid gas in gallon 13i cubic inches. MOUNT CLEMENS MAGNETIC MINERAL SPRING. This spring is situated on the banks of the Clinton river, at Mount Clemens, twenty miles from Detroit, and is reached by the Grand Trunk Railway and by boat from Detroit. The town is beautifully situated, ample hotel accommodations are convenient to the springs, and a commodious bath house is in operation. A well known physician, Dr. H. Taylor, acts as consulting physician at the establishment. A committee appointed by the Northeast- rES. \ the place is des- ng is the analysis 094 ; bicarb, iron, 1 ; silica and alum- «NG. me it bears, and is Iroud to Pewamo, Lh house has been lent. Prof. Doug- d ihe waters, with 10.712 ; protoxide tter in one gallon, ige on the Jackson, kson and Lansing, iccommodations are ters present the fol- ; bicarb, magnesia, 17 ; bicarb potassa, ns solid matter in gas in gallon 13 J AL SPRING. lie Clinton river, at id is reached by the troit. The town is ions are convenient : is in operation. A consulting physician d by the Northeast- mstORY Of MtcniGAN. 669 em Medical and Scientific Society reported these waters as bemg unsurpassed by any in this State, or the State of New York fiie following is the analysis of the water made by Prof. Dufheld : Specific gravity at 60' Fahrenheit, 1129.00. Total amount of mineral matter per pint. 1417.6200. Total amount of chloride of sodium per pint 1350.8498 = 66.7702. Compo.nt!on-QM\l>hnte soda per pint, 12.0700-per gnllon, 96.5600; sulphate lime per pint, 5.4992- per gallon, 43.9J3C> ; chloride sodium per pint, 1350.8498-per gallon, 10806.<y84; chloride calcium per pint. 26.9399-pergallon.215.5120;cl.londe magnesium per pint, 20.2400-per gallon. 161.9200; carbonate SAUGATUCK UNION SCHOOL. The above engraving is a very correct representntion of the Lnion School at 8augati.ek, Allegan county, Mich., > .ul is a fair sample of the beautiful school buildings found in the different villages of about one thousand inhabitants throughout the State. a'tejefggtet»'iii^it^aa"ri!aacag^:?>?g^s^!aafitt»cfcgia»tt»s«i^^^^^^ 670 GENERAL BISTORT OP THE STATES. lime per pint, .6210— per gallon, 4.9680 ; carbonate magnesia, a trace ; silica and alumina per pint, 1,4010 ; organic matter, trace ; grains, per pint, 1417.6200— per gallon, 11340.9600. Amount of sulphureted hydrogen per gallon, 3.41 cubic inches; carbonic acid, trace. The foregoing are the principal mineral springs in the State. They have all won a high reputation for their curative properties, and thousands in this and other States attest tlieir value. There are many others, probably of equal importance, and when better known will take their places in the front rank of curative agen- cies. At present Michigan seems destined to become the great popular resort for pleasure-seekers and for those whose physical constitutions require the reconstructive agencies of medicinal waters. \TE8. rbonate magnesia, a ganic matter, trace ; .9600. 11,3.41 cultic inches; prings in the State, curative properties, tlieir value. There ice, and when better ik of curative agen- to become the great hose whose physical reucies of medicinal GOVERNORS OF MICHIGAN. DUniNO FUENCH Rm.B. Sieur de Mescy, appointed 1003 ; Sieur do Courcclle, 1005 ; Sicur de Frontenac, 1072; Sieur de Barre, 10^2; Sieur Marquis de Nouvillc, 1085; Sieur do Frontenuc, 10S9; Sieur Clievalier dc Callieres, 10W»; Marquis de Vaudreuil, 1703; Marquis de Beauharnais. 1720; Sieur Compt de la Gal- lisoniere. 1749; Sieur de la .lonquiere, 1741); Marquis du Quesne dc Men- neville, 1753; Sieur de Vaudreuil de Cavagnal, 1755. DUKINO BUITISn RULE. James Murray, appointed 1705 ; Paulus Emelius Irving, 1700 ; Guy Carleton, 1700; Hector T. Cramahe, 1770; Guy Carlcton, 1774; Frodericlc Haldeman, 1774; Henry Hamilton, 1774; Henry Hope. 1775; Lord Dor- chester, 1770; Alured Clarke, 1791; Lord Dorchester, 1798. GOVKRNOnS OF MICHIGAN TEHHITORY. William Hull, appointed in 1805; Lewis Cass. 1814; George B. Porter, 1829; Stevens T. Mason {ex officio), 1834; John T. Horner {ex officio), 1835. MICHIGAN STATE GOVERNOnS. Stevens T. Mason, 1835; William Woodbridge, 1840; J. Wright Gordon (acting), 1841; John S. Barry, 1842; Alpheus Felch, 1840; William L. Greenly (acting), 1847 ; Epaphroditus Ransom, 1848; John S. Barry, 1850; Robert McClelland, 1852; Andrew Parsons (acting), 1853; Kinsley 8. Bingham, 1855; Moses Wisner, 1859; Austin Blair, 1801; Henry H. Crapo, 1865; Henry P. Baldwin, 1869; John J. Bagley, 1873. LIEUTENANT-GOVERNORS OF MICHIGAN. Edward Mundy, 1835; J. Wright Gordon, 1840; Origen D. Richardson, 1842; William L. Greenly, 1847; William M. Fenton, 1848; William L. Greenly, 1849; William M. Fenton, 18.50; Andrew Parsons, 1853; George A Coe, 1855; Edmund B. Fairfield, 1859; James Biruey, 1801; Joseph R. Williams (acting), 1861; Henry T. Backus (acting), 1862; Charles S May, 1868; Ebenezer O Grosvenor, 1865; Dwight May, 1867; Morgan Bates, 1869; Henry H. Holt, 1873. »:-*(«i«oe3j«=at«S3SS>«i""-''^'*-'>»«' «•, a»e<te^j.w*-«SJFr;--e--ssa?KiSs- 672 OENRKAL niSTOK-y OP TBE STATES. BPEAKEHS OF THE HOUSE OF nEPUKSENTATIVEa. Ezra Convis, 18:55; Clmrlos W. Whipple. IHW ; Kinsley »• Binghnm, 18W- Henry Acker, 1840; I'liilo C. Fuller. 1841; Kinsley S. Bingl.am. 1843; Robert McClellund, 184:1; Edwin II. Loli.rop. 1841; Alfred H llanseom. 1845; Isaae E. Crary. 1840; George W. Peck, 1817; Alexander V. 1 uel, 1818; Lennder Chapman, 1840; Sila.s (1. Harris, 1850; Jefferson G. Fhur- ber 1851; Daniel O. C^uackenl.oss, 185:i; Cyrus L<.vcll, 1855; Byron G. Stout, 1857; Henry A. Shaw. 1859; Dexler Mussey, 1801; Sullivan M. Cutcheon, 18(W; Gilbert E Read, 18(i5; R Dean Warner, 1807; Jonathan J. Woodman, 1809; Charles M. t'roswell, 18711. bkchetatueh of st.^te. Keut7in- Pritchettc. 18:15; Randolph Manning. 1838; Thomas Rowland 1840; Robert P. EK..idgc, 1843; Gideon O. Whitlcmore, 1840; ^<^orse^V. Peck 1848; George Redfield, 18.50; Charles H. Taylor, 1850 ; Will.am Graves, 185:5; John McKinuey, 1855; Nelson G. Isbell, 1859; James B Porter. 1861 ; Oliver L. Spaulding, 1807; Daniel Striker.1871, reelected and now in office. STATE TREASURF.nS. Henry Howard. 1830; Peter Desnoyer; 1839; Robert Stuart. 1840; GeorEe W. Germain, 18 H; John J. Adam, 1843; George Redfield 1845; George B Cooper, 1840; Banard Whittemore, 1850; Silas M. Holmes, 1855; John McKinney. 18,59; John Owen, 1800; Ebene/.er O. Grosvenor, 1807; Victory P. Collier, 1871, reflected and now in office. ATTOIlNEYS-OENEn.U-. Daniel Lc Roy, 1830; Peter Morcy, 1837; Zcphaniah Piatt, 1841; Elon Farnsworth. 1843; Henry N. Walker, 1845; Edward Muudy, 1847; George V N Lothrop, 1848; William Hall, 1851; Jacob M. Howard. 1855; Charles rpson, 1801; Albert Williams. 1803; William L. Sloughton, 1807; Dwight May, 1809; Byron D. Ball, 1873. AUD1T0U90ENERAL. Robert Abbott, 1836; Henry Howard. 18;i9; Eurotas P. Hastings, 1840; Alpheus Felch, 1843., Henry L. Whipple. 1843; Charles G Hammond, 1842; John J. Adam, 1845; Digby V. Bell, 1840; John J. Adam, 1848; John Swegles,3r., 1850; John Swegle^, 1853; Whitney Jones, 185>^; D;;°»<=1 L. Case, 1859; Langford G. Berry. 1801; Emil Anneke, 1803; Wdham Humphrey, 1807, reflected and now in office. SUPERINTENDENTS OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. John D Pierce, 1838; Franklin Sawyer, jr., 1841; Oliver C. Comstock, M. D., 1843 ; Ira May hew, M. A., 1845; Francis W. Shearman, M. A., SM A.TE8. HlSTOnV OP MICHIGAN. 673 NTATIVK9. Kinsley S. Binghnm, isley S. IJinglmm, 1843; ; Alfred II llanscom, ; Alcxnmler W. Bucl, ■)(); Jeftcrson G. Thur- ,()vcll, IH")."); Byron G. ey, 18(U; Sullivan M. burner, 1807; Jonathan 83fl; Thomas Rowland, more, 1840; George W. Taylor, 1850 ; William Isbcll, 1859; James B. iker,1871, reelected and ; Robert Stuart, 1840; George Redtield, 1845; 1850; Silas M. Holmes, Ebenczer O. Grosvenor, in office. laninh Piatt, 1841; Elon ird Muudy, 1847; George I. Howard, 1855; Charles Sloughton, 1867; Dwight urotas P. Hastings, 1840; ; Cliarles G. Hammond, 0; John J. Adam, 1848; itney Jones, 1855; Daniel Anneke, 1863; William STllUCTION. 841 ; Oliver C. Comstock, eis W. Shearman, M. A., 184 ; Ira Mayhew, M. A., 1855; John M. Gregory, M. A., 1858 ; Oraniel Hosford, 1865; Daniel B. Briggs, 1873. PRESIDENTS OK THE UNIVKU8ITY, Rev. Henry Philip Tappan, D. D. LL. D., 1862; Rev. Erastus Otis Haven, D. D., LL. D., 1863; James Burrill Angell, D. D.. LL. D., 1871. Jin)OES OF THE TRUUITOllIAh BUPIIBMB COUHT. Augustus B. Woodward, 1805-24; Frederick Bates, 180P-8; John Griffin, 1800-34; James Witherell, 1808-'.'8 ; Solomon Sibley, 1824-30; Henry Chipman, 1837-33; Willian> Woodbridge, 18:^8-32; George Morell, 1832-36; Ross Wilkina, 1833-36. CHANCELLOnS OF THE STATE. Elon Farnsworth, 1837-42-40; Randolph Manning, 1842-40. JUDGES OF THE 8DPUEME COURT UNDER THE CONSTITUTION OP 1835. William A. Fletcher, 1830-42; Epaphroditus Ransom, 1836-47; George Morell, 1836-42 ; Charles W. Whipple, 1837-48 and 1852-55; Alpheus Felch, 1842-45; David Goodwin, 1843-40; Edward Mundy, 1848-51; War- ner Wing, 1845-52 and 1854-57; George Miles, 1840-50; Sanf -rd M. Green, 1848-54 and 1850-58 ; George Martin, 1851-58 ; Joseph T. Copeland, 1852-57; Samuel T. Douglas 1852-57; David Johnson, 1852-57; Abner Pratt, 1851-57; Nathaniel Bacon, 1855-58 ; E. H C.Wilson, 1856-58; Benjamin F. H. Witherell, Benjamin F. Graves, Josiah Turner, Edwiu Lawrence, to fill vacancies in the latter part of 1857. JUDGES OF SUPREME COURT UNDER PRESENT ORGANIZATION. George Martin, 1858-68; Randolph Manning, 1858-64; Isaac P. Chris- tiancy, 1858, twice reelected, and term expires with 1881; James V. Campbell, 1858, twice reelected, and term expires with 1879; Thomas M. Cooley, 1865, reelected, and term expires with 1877; Benjamin F. Graves, 1868, term expires with IS^S. UNITED STATES SENATORS. John Norvell, 1836-41; Lucius Lyon, 1836-40; Augustus 8. Porter, 1840-45; William Woodbridge, 1841-47; Lewis Cass, 1845-48, and 1850-57; Thomas H. Fitzgerald, session of 1848-49; Alpheus Felch, 1847-53; Charles E. Stuart, 1853-59; Zachariah Chandler, 1857-75, Kins- ley 8. Bingham, 1859-61; Jacob M. Howard, 1861-71; Thomas W. Ferry, 1871-77. 43 -i^a^ssawrO^'l^ :«-,5S5SS6«*«'«i«t5= oSlMtSSWSSiSiMi^SS^'H'^*-****"''*^*'^'™'^''"*'*''''' 674 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE 8TATE8. RKrilESKNTATIVKS IN CONOUK89. Isaac E. Crary, 1830-41; .lacol) M. Howard, 1841-43; Lucius Lyon, 1843-45; Robert McClelland, 184;{-40; James B. Hunt, 184:!-47; John 8. Chirman, 1845-47; Charles E. Stuart, 1847~4',», and 1851-5:!, Kinsley 8. Bingham 184l)-51; Alexander W. Huel, 1H4!)-1851; William Sprague, 1841)-51; James L. Conger, 1851-53; Ebene/er J. Penniman, lH..l-..;i; Samuel Clark, 1853-55; David A. Nohl.., 1853-55; Hester L- Stevens, 1853-55; David 8tuart, 1853-55; George W. I'eck, 1S55-5T; W dham A. Howard. 1855-fil; Henry Waldron, 1855-(il, and 1871-75; David S. W al- bridge 1855-5!»; D. C. Leach, 1857-(U; Francis W. Kellogg, 1850-«5; B F 'cran.-er, 18(il-03; F. C. Boaman, 1801-71; IJowland E. Trow- bridge 180r-03. and 1805-00; Cliarles Upson, 1803-0!); John W. Long- year 1803-07; Augustus C. Baldwin, 1803-(i5; John F. Driggs, 1803-0'J; Thomas W. Ferry, 1805-71; Austin Blair, 1807-73; William L. Slough- ton 1860-73. Omar D. Conger, 1860-75; Bandolph Strickland, 1809-71; Jabez G.Sutherland, 1871-73; Moses W. Field, 1873-75; George Willard, 1873-75- Julius C. Burrows, 1873-75; Wilder I). Foster, 1«73; Josuvh W. BegoIe,'l873-75; Nathan B. Bradley, 1873-75; Jay A. Hubbell, 1873-75; W. B. Williams, 1873-75. POPULATION OF MICHIGAN. In 1830, 8,890; in 1830, 31.039; hi 1840, 213,207; in 1850, 307,059; in 1860, 749,113; in 1870, 1,184,059. ATE8. 1841-43; LudiuH Lyon, lunt, 184:!-47; John S. 11(1 1851-5:!, Kinsley S. )5l; William Hiinigue, I. ronninmn, 1851-51!; ■|5; Hester L. Stevens, ,, 1855-5T; WilHuin A. 1871-75; Daviil S. Wal- W. Kellofig, 1850-05; ri; Kowliind E. Tiow- «0:i-0!); -loliii W. Long- )hn F. DriggH, 18C.;!-(i!»; -;i; William li. Slougli- ph Strieltlana, 1809-71; ■t7;!-75; George Willard, Foster, 1H7;1; Josiali W. ay A. nubl)ell, 1873-75; IAN. iC7; in 1850, 307,059; in HON. JOSEPH CAMPAU. MAiiQTna Jacqces Campajt, father of the late Hon. Joseph Campau, wlio was so intimately identified willi iIk; earlier days of t lie city of Detroit, was l)()rn in that eity about tlieyear 1730. Tliis is a date in the hisiory of Detroit surrounded witii tlie greatest amliigiiity. No records, eillier in the KngiishortheFreneli languages, atlbrd any information touching this period, or for several years Imlli preceding and siieceeding this dale. However, an examination of the papers and documents preserved by the descendants of Mr. Jact|ues C'ani|iau discloses many items of history that would have otherwise been lost to all generations. A digest of tliis collec- tion of papers constitutes the following interesting piece of biography and history: The fatlier of Mr. Jaecpies Ciimpau must have accompanied M. hi ]Motte ("adillac to Detroit ill 1701, lieing one of tliat original company who left their homes and united their liopes with the sanguine la Motte, to establish an outpost on the Detroit. At thin time he was proliably not more than fifteen or twenty years of age. lie sustained some relations to the court of the commandant, or " Governor of the Post," as he was then called, being originally apjiointed as Cadillac's private secri'lary. .Mr. Jaccpica Campau, the father of the Hon. Joseph Cainpnu, distinguished him.self in the battle of Abraham's Plains, and attained many honors witli General Montcalm at (Quebec in 1750. 3Ir. Jacques Campau was among the first settlers of the little fort who pushed out beyond its narrow limits to establish an independent home, and the engraving of his hou.se and the little church which lie afterwards erected, Avhich is jiresented here, aflords a view of his success. The dwelling represented in the scene was erected on the lot now known as the James Campau farm, being the orignal claim. No. 01. It was built about the year 1757, and was the birtli-place of the late Hon. Joseph Campau. It was in this building where Captain Rogers and his patriotic soldiers took refuge while endeavoring to make a retreat after the battle of Bloody Run. He entered it witli some of his own men, while many panic-stricken regulars broke in after him in their (eagerness to gain a temporary shelter. The house was strong, being the mo.st substantial dwelling in that neighborhood, and the women of the place had crowded into tlie cellar for refuge. While some of the soldiers looked in great terror for a place of concealment, others seized upon .some wine in one of the rooms, and drank it down with eager thirst; while others, again, iamam>ieire<)»-i!meiK:rtim-'rmm£isf<iS!^^ 676 GENERAL HlflTORY OP THE BTATE8. 5 } k piled packs of fun, furniture, and all else within tlulr reach, against the windows, to serre as a barricade. " Panting and breathless, their faces moist with sweat and blackened with gunpowder," says I'arltmiin, " they thrust their muskets through the openings and fired out upon the whoop- ing assailants. At Intervals a bullet flew sharply whizzing through a crevice, striking down a man, perchance, or rapping harmlessly agamst the partitions. The venerable and dauntless old Jacques Cunipau, the owner of the house, stood guarding a trap door, to prevent the frightened Boldiers Knd Indians from seeking shelter among the women In the cellar. A ball grazed his gray head and buried itself in the wall, where, even to the day the building was demolished, it might still have been seen. The screams of the half-stifled women below, the quavering war whoops without the shouts and curses of the soldiers, mingled in a scene of clamorous confusion, and It was long before the authority of Rogers could restore order." Such was one of the scenes enacted In the old dwelling of Mr. Jacques Campau. It has rendered the house interesting in history, hence we preserve its appea-ance. Mr. Jacques Cami-au erected li.e little church, which is represented in the engraving on page 077 as standing near his own house on the Klver Road, about the year 1778. It was temporarily used for public worship, and stood for many years after as a mark of his benevolence. Mr Jacques Campau commanded at Detroit previous to its surrender by Captain Bellestre, or in 1758, and held a military office at the fort on the date of the surrender. His wife, and mother of Major Joseph Cam- pau (Catharine Manard), was born in Montreal. She was married to Mr. Jacques Campau, and removed to Detroit about seven years before the surrender of the post to the English. Jean Bte. Campau, uncle of the late Joseph Campau, was grand judge of Detroit in 1767. Major Joseph Campau was born in Detroit on the 20th of February, 1769. His parents, M. Jacques Campau and Catherine Manard, were at this time residing in the fort, on the old Campau homestead, which dates 'us origin among the first plots of land ever granted by M. la Motte, through the consent of the Governor-General of Canada, and sanction of the King of France. The British garrison, consisting partly of regulars and partly of provincial rangers, was then quartered in a well built range ,of barracks within the town or fort. The latter contained about one hundred and twenty small houses. Its form was nearly square, and the palisade which surrounded it was about twenty-five feet high. At each corner was a wooden bastion, and a block-house was erected over each gateway. The houses were small, chiefly built of wood, and roofed with bark or thatch of straw. The streets were extremely narrow, though |. ▲TG8. heir reach, against the bretttliless, tlifir faces snyn I'arltmiin, " tliey d out upon tlio whoop- y whizzing through a ling harmlessly against Jacques Canipau, the prevent the frightened le women in the cellar, lie wall, where, even to 1 haTC been seen. The quavering war whoops mingled in a scene of le authority of Rogers [welling of Mr. Jacques r in history, hence we which is represented in wn house on the Kiver sed for public worship, enevolence. previous to its surrender ary office at the fort on r of Major Joseph Cam- She was married to Mr. seven years before the impau, was grand judge n the 20th of February, ttherine Manard, were at I homestead, which dates granted by M. la Motte, Canada, and sanction of sisting partly of regulars ered in a well built range tter contained about one was nearly square, and ventyflve feet high. At li-house was erected over milt of wood, and roofed jxtremely narrow, though J 678 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. a wide passage way, known as the chemin du ronde, surrounded the town, between the houses and the palisade. Beside tlie barracks, the only public buiUlings were a council-house and a rude little church. Joseph Canipau received Ins primary education from his devoted mother, to whose great care and anxiety for tlie proper Christian train- ing and early education of lier son, we are indebted for those traits of benevolence and great leniency of which Mr. Campau'a life was after- wards characteristic. At the age of ten he was sent to school at Montreal, where he remained five years. lie received a good French education, and returned to Detroit in 1786, one of the most accomplished Frenchmen of the old aristocratic town. Nor did he lack any of those qualities which make Frenchmen attractive in society. His name was an acknowl- edged title to French nobility, and his polished manners and finished education invested him with much interest. On Ills return from Montreal, his father having died durinf; his absence, he entered into the emi'loyment of Jlr. McGregor, a storekeeper at Sand- wich, Canada, as a clerk. He remained in this capacity for some time, or until the commencement of his Jlalden enterprise. Having accumu- lated some funds, he entered into a contract with the British government to erect a fort at,:Malden. He proceeded to execute this work, collecting a vast <iuantity of timber for the buildings of the fort, when a freshet came and swept it all away, leaving him quite penniless. He then returned to the employment of Mr. McGregor, and shortly afterwards entered into the mercantile business on his own account. From this period dated his success. He generally procured his goods in Montreal, but was the first merchant of Detroit who purchased goods in Boston and transported them to the western settlements. Joseph Canipau was indeed the great pioneer merchant of Michigan. He was not only the leading spirit in mercantile purs\uts in his day, but through almost unparalleled success— the result of his own great energy and exemplary integrity— he accumulated a large fortune, and was, at an early day, the most extensive dealer in Detroit. As early as 1786 he commenced buying and selling real estate. In this business Mr. Joseph Campau rendered his country an invaluable service. It was his rule to purchase uncultivated lands, erect comfortable dwell- ings upon them, and dispose of the lots after they had been prepared for the reception of civilization. On almost all these lots he placed buildings costing from 0i],OOO to |4,000, and paid, on the average, $50 an acre for clearing the land. He displayed almost matchless ent'Tprise in this.work, providing attractive homes for hundreds of the early settlers of Detroit and Michigan. It was his custom to either sell or rent these places, after clearing a large portion of the land and placing comfortable dwellings upon it. His customers were, for the most part, poor people, who, with HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 679 'ATE8. , surrounded the town, he barracks, the only ittlc church, ion from his devoted proper Christian train- )ted for those traits of unpau'a life was after- t to school at Montreal, ood French education, compllshed Frenchmen any of those qualities i name w'as an acknowl- l manners and finished lied durin;^ his absence, ', a storekeeper at Sand- capacity for some time, irise. Having accumu- the British government ite this work, collecting lie fort, when a freshet e penniless. He then and shortly afterwards n account. From this his goods in Montreal, :hased goods in Boston 3. Joseph Campau was . He was not only the ly, but through almost t energy and exemplary was, at an early day, the lling real estate. In this ry an invaluable service. erect comfortable dwell- y had been prepared for ! lots he placed buildings average, $50 an acre for iS ent'Tprise in this.work, i early settlers of Detroit )r rent these i)laces, after g comfortable dwellings , poor people, who, with but a few dollars, had come to develop a home among the pioneers of the northwest. Mr. Campau's books show that many were the tenants who depended upon his charity for a home. When times were hard and money was scarce, and rents or mortgages came due, it was Mr. Campau's prido to visit his debtors and encourage them with words of good cheer, assuring them that the kind Providence who had intrusted so much HON. JOSEPH OAMPAU. property to his care and disposal had taught him to " do tnto others as he would that others should do unto him." In this way many an aching mother's heart was made glad, and hundreds of little children were per- mitted to enjoy the fruits of a father's industry, that, with a less' benevo- lent master than Mr. Campau, they would have suflered for. Hundreds still live, and thousands have gone to their graves, who have borne testi- I ss^y: a^SKiC?*'**'" I: 1', 680 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. niony to the great philanthropy and willing charity of this good old pioneer and patriarchial citizen. His books show that there was duo him at one time two and a half millions of dollars, of which he never collected one cent. Besides this, he left an estate worth over three millions. He had seventy-four farms or plantations, the bulk of which was in the vicinity of Detroit. Mr. Canipau also entered very largely into stock raising, and stocked all his farms with horses, cattle and sheep, renting them with everything necessary for agricultural pursuits. Some of his tenants remained on his farms for two or three generations, and many without consideration therefor. He was the largest "Norman horse" owner in the northwest. These animals, originally from Arabia, were imported from Normandy, in France, and, thriving greatly in this country, produced the present popular breed of horses for which Canada and the northwest have become renowned. At one time Mr. Campau owned over live hundred horses. He was a member of the Board of Trade Britannic as early as 1798, and, in many respects, was the leading merchant of the northwest for many years subsequent to that period. In 1812 he was connected with the Northwestern Fur Company, with John Jacob Astor, James Abbott and J. G. Schwarz. Mr. Schwarz afterwards became United States Min- ister to Vienna, ind more recently, one of the secretaries of Pope Pius IX. In his connection with the Northwestern Fur Company, Mr. Campau was remarkably successful, both for himself and for the company. In 1802 Mr. Campau was elected one of the trustees of the city of Detroit, and, although he was adverse to holding public offices, in the course of his useful life he was always exerting a valuable influence for the public good. We find him identified with every public improvement of his day, and in many things he assumed a leading position, freely expending his own means to further the common welfare. In 1806 he erected, at his own expense, the first school-house that ever appeared in Detroit. Mr. Campan was not only active and liberal in his work to promote the educational interests of his native city, but assumed much responsibility for the cause of the church. In 1806 he contracted for the building of St Ann's church. In 1808 he was married to Adelaide Dequindre, sister of the late Major Antoine Dequindre, and daughter of Antoine Pontchartrain Dequindre and Catherine Desriviere Lomoinodicre. His brother-in-law. Major Antoine Dequindre, referred to here, is the same who distinguished him- self at the battle of the Monguagon, in 1812, and who received the fol- lowing complimentary joint resolution from the State Legislature for gallant services rendered on that occasion: i» iw> rp»H ai «i>.» ii infi»wftrw J PATGS. irity of this good old that there was duo hira hich he never collected 'er three millions. He : of which was in the !k raising, and stocked ; them with everything 8 tenants remained on without consideration wner in the northwest. Drted from Normandy, produced the present northwest have become live hundred horses, annic as early as 1798, t of the northwest for he was connected with )b Astor, James Abbott me United States Min- icretaries of Pope Pius Company, Mr. Campau or the company, trustees of the city of ^ public offices, in the , valuable influence for ry public improvement eading position, freely )n welfare. In 1806 he ! that ever appeared in lis work to promote the led much responsibility ted for the building of sister of the late Major )ntchartrain Dequindre brother-in-law. Major ivho distinguished hira- id who received the fol- s State Legislature for HISTORY OP MICHIGAN. 681 Besolved, By the Senate and House of Representatives of the State of Michigan, That the gallantry and good conduct of Major Antolne Doquindre, and the company of volunteers under his command, and also of the other Michigan volunteers, at the battle of Monguagon, in August, eighteen hundred and twelve, are held in high estimation by this Legistature, and should ever be cherished In the remembrance of the people of the State of Michigan. Resolved, That the Governor bo requested to transmit a copy of these resolutions to Major Dequindre. JOHN BIODIjE, Speaker of ttie House of Representatives. THOMAS J. DRAKES, President of the Senate pro tern. Approved April 12, 1841. J. WRIGHT GORDON. (A T3UB COPY.) THOMAS ROWXAND, Secretary of State. In 1809, Mr. Campau, being held in the highest esteem by all who knew him, was appointed Major over the militia by Governor William Hull. The original document, of which the following is a true copy, is preserved to this day: " William Hull, Governor op thb Territory of MiCHiOAir. " To all to whom these presents may come : " Be it known that, reposing special trust in the patriotism, valor, fidelity and abilities of Joseph Campau, I have appointed him Major of the First Regiment of Militia in the Territory of Michigan, to take rank as such. He is, therefore, care- fully and diligently to discharge the duty of Major, by doing and perlorming all manner of things thereunto belonging; and I do strictly charge and require all offi- cers and soldiers under his command to be obedient to his orders as major, and he is to observe and follow such orders and directions from time to time as he shall receive from the President of the United States of America, or the Governor of the Territory of Michigan for the time being, or the general or other superior officers set over him according to law, and military rule and discipline. This commission to continue in force during the pleasure of the Governor of the Territory of Michigan for the time being. In testimony whereof I have caused these letters to be made patent, and the seal of the Territory of Michigan to be thereunto affixed. " Given under my hand at Detroit, in the Territory of Michigan, the Twenty- fourth day of February, one thousand eight hundred and nine, and of the Indepen- dence of the United States of America the thirty-third. [Signed] WILLIAM HULL. [SEAL.] " By the Governor, " Reuben Atwater, " Secretary Michigan Territory.'" There were no blank forms used by Governor Hull in those days, and the above is said to be in the handwriting of the general. It was written just about four years after Hull's appointment to the government, and at a time when a bitter war with the various Indian tribes in the vicinity of Detroit seemed inevitable. Two years previous to the date of this commission. General Hull appointed Mr. Campau captain in the regiment over which he was after- 4 .4 682 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. wards called to net as major. Following is a tnie copy of the commis- sion, which is also from the pen of Governor Hull: "TKnitrroiiy of Michigan, to wit: " WiLMAM Hum., Govkunou of the Tbruitouy of Micuioan. " To all to whom thcuf presents sfmll come : " Bo it known that, rcposiiiK spyciiil trnot and conftdenco in the patriotism, valor, nilclilynnil nMlity of JoKcph Uampan, I have appointed him captain in the First R(^t,'iincnt of Militia in the Territory of Michigan, to take rank IVom the 18th day of Septeml)i-r, 1S05. lie is, therefore, carefully and diligently to discharge the duty of that onice. by doing and porformins all manner of things thereunto belonging; and t do strictly charge and reiiuire all ofllccrs and soldiers under his command to bo obedient to his onlers as captain ; and he is to observe and follow such orflers and dirci'lions as ho shall from time to time receive from the President of the United States of America, or the (iovernor of Michigan for the time being, or general or other superior officers set over him according to law and military discipline. This commission to continue in force during the jileasure of the Governor of Slichigan lor the time being. In teslimony whereof I have caused these letters to be made patent, and th(! seal of the Territory of Michigan to 1)C hereto affixed. " Given under my hand at the city of Detroit, this twelfth day of August, eighteen hundred and seven, and of the Independence of the United States of America the ""■•'y-"''^'- (Signedl WILLIAM HULL. [SEAL.] " By the Governor, "STANLKV GKISWOLI), " Secretary Terrilory of Michigan.'''' Thus it will be seen that the Hon. .Joseph Campau was identified with the militia of the Territory of Michigan, from its earliest organization, througli most of its struggles and triumphs. In .Tuly, 1812, when the military forces of Pstroit were astir, preparing for the march to the River llaisiii, the following order was addressed to Major .loseph Cam- pau: " Major Joseph Campau : " Sm- 1 am directed by the acting commander-in-chief to require you to order the whole of the militia of the First Regiment, residing in the upi)er settlement, to march immediately to this place, and to re-organize on the common, armed and equipped according to law. [Signed] "JAMES WATSON, " Lieutenant-Colonel and Aide-de-Camp. "Headqiiartf.us AT Dktkoit, I "July 2, 1812." t \ speedy termination of difHculties at the River Raisin made it unneces- sary for the militia to proceed to battle. Therefore, Major Campau dis- missed liis little army until further orders calling them into action should be necessary. Although Mr. Campau rendered his State considerable service in mili- tary aflairs, his greatest and most beneficial work was principally that of establishing and promoting tlie commerce of Detroit. In 1809 he i ii Wm i iWw WtlWWIlWl lLJ I J I U. ' ^MI I w i r ill V ll iJi^"i»H~"' ' "' *■ i."^--«..W.»^.ik»iaM ATE8. ! copy of the commia- r)F MiCUIOAN. ;e In the patriotism, valor, him cnptain in tho First ! rank IVom tho IStli day of ,• to discharge the duty of thereunto l)elonKing; and inder his command to bo nd follow such or<lcrs and ic President of the United time being, or general or 1 military discipline. This the Governor of Blichigan these letters to be made roto alUxcd. th day of August, eighteen ted States of America the WII.MAM HULL. lau was identified with ts earliest organization, 1 July, 1813, when the for the march to the 1 to Major Josepli Cam- to require you to order the the upper settlement, to a the common, armed and IBS WATSON, lonel and Aide-de-Camp. llaisin made it unneces- )re, Major Campau dis- them into action should liderahle service in mili- was principally that of ' Detroit. In 1809 he HISTORY OP MICHIGAN. 683 erected, and for many years after operated a large distillery. This enter- prise gave profital)le employment to many needy colonists, ari'l assisted to inaugurate activity in manufacturing pursuits in the infant city. Shortly after this period his business ailiiirs hecanic eminently prosiier- ous. In the same year he conducted ten branch stores in the Territory of Michigan. He also assisted in establishing the banking business in this State, being one of the original stockliolders in the Territorial Bank, of which his nephew. General John H. Williams, was president. General Williams, who was the first mayor of Detroit, was also successful in business. As early as 1818 lie operated a cabinet sliop, silversmitli shop, blacksmith shop, bakery, a butcher stall in the old marUrt, a grist mill propelled by wind, a saw mill and a bricl: yard. At an early day Mr. Williams became associated witli Jlr. Campau in many projects, all of which promoted tlie public good not less than their own individual inter- ests. In 18:J1 they purchased the Oakland Ghronkk, and called it the Democratic Free Presn, thus firmly establisliing the present Detroit Free P/r,w, one of the leading daily journals of the northwest. In 1835 Mr. Campau was an extensive stockholder in the Detroit and St. Joseph Kail- road, now the Michigan Central. He also aided materially in the erection and establishment of Detroit College, which was built in the year 1817. Mr. Campau's great business energy was equaled only by his benevo- lence. He gave his brothers and sisters, and nephews and nieces, a good education; many of them he sent to Montreal for that purpose, where superior educational advantages were attainable. Nor was he satisfied until he had secured to his brothers a profitable business education and established them successfully in business. In 1807 Mr. Campau sent Robert McNiff and John K. Williams as cadets to West Point, thus pre- paring these young men for the success that afterwards distinguished fliem as useful citizens of Detroit. It was his rule, on visiting Montreal or Boston, to hold out such inducements to mechanics and tradesmen as would secire their company on his return. He always furnished them with employment on their arrival, and in this and other ways greatly increased the population and business of the settlement. But it must not be supposed that in Mr. Campau's day it was " all work and no play." The little colony had its society enjoyments. These, too, were conducted in a real aristocratic style. They had their balls, their theatres, dances, and indulged in all Uie fashionable recreations for which their country is popularly known. The following is a fac-simile of a card of invitation, written in French, sent to Mr. Campau in 1798: 'ft I ffi. i mBitfiB'w Miyf >ni< \m t mm i Ti n i n t ir' ^ '-*-*^-'^^'-'^ 684 OKNERAL ntSTORY OF THE STATES. i' \/?^ ^Oc^ lcc<ntt 't^/y^ Military, aa well as civic entertainments were encouraged. Many were the wine suppers and balls given by the ofBcers of the line and staff in 1798. These were always conducted in the Council House, which stood within the stockade, being the same building which Pontiac afterwards entered with his band of conspirators, on the memorable morning when his gigantic conspiracy was overthrown. The following card is an engraving from the original invitation received by Mr. Joseph Campau in 1798, asking the honor of his attendance at one of these military balls: ^^^^^'"^^^^ ^-'^ ^c^«-c^ -:€r^ 90^^^ try ■rUjtj ,,y, - , erf^ ^^ x^-*i-«- ay^ UrtiMlililitll ATG8. ^a cc<n£t «C/y%^ couraged. Many were of the line and stafi in iil House, which stood ch Pontiac afterwards morable morning when following card is an Mr. Joseph Campau in these military balls; :iA> HISTORY OP MICHIGAN. 685 The little town had its private theatre as early as 1819. At this date we find its managers bestowing their compliments upon Mr. Campau in the following card: In 1821 the little theatre was still flourishing. Mr. Stockton had retired from its management, and Messrs. Mackay, Davis and Brooks had taken his place. These gentlemen rc-fltted the theatre building, and con- ducted it on a more popular basis. On the occasion of their grand open- ing in 1821, Mr. Campau was tendered the following card: ^7-<^ (p-^.^^a^, ^^^^.^ ^d^ efa^^//^/ ^aoto^eyiy Among his old papers still preserved are many others. The f oUowing is a copy of one: ':i^ 686 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. // ' • \o4J ^^*#t aP if'^/coA'y ^<^. Mr. Josopli Cnmpan was a man of very liberal views. lie made no (lislinction in creed or nationality, wiw generous and cliaritable to all Willi whom bu.sineas brouglit him in contact He was a man of few word.x, nnas.snming in nianncrs, and a gentleman of the old .school. But with all, he was very enterprising, and evinced great perseverance in the pro.seculion of the various jirojecls which lie undertook. An instance showing his force of energy is related, as follows: His esteemed friend, Mr. Solomon Sibley, was at one time a candidate for Circuit Judge, and on the day of election the opposition took po-ssesslon of the polls, and surrounded it with bullies, for the purpose of intimidating the friends of Mr. Sibley. Early in the day it wius ascertained that this action was working with great effect against him. Mr. Campau, on learning the state of matters, ordereil four strong men to procure a large basket, and curry l^Ir. Sibley from his residence to the polling booth. The men obcj^ed his order, proceeded to Mr. Sibley's house, where he had remained all day, through delicacy, put him into the basket, nolens rolens, and carried him on their shoulders to the scene of conflict. Mr. Sibley was triumphantly elected, and the happy result was largely due to the radical plans of Mr. Campau. He was careful to encourage all worthy enterprises. The first debating society in Detroit, of which he was a prominent member, held their meetings in his oflice. His old friends, General Cass, Major Biddle, Major Rowland, Judge John McDonnell, Major Kearsley, Judge Chip- man, and others, were also members of the same society, and night after night mingled together in the heat of debate in the little oflBce of Joseph Campau. He ransomed many white men who had fallen into the hands of the cruel and treacherous Indians. On May 14, 1813, they captured an ATK8. ^t^ (fZt^ ><^/^/ HI8TOUY OP MICHIOAN. 687 7^ uz.-<^^ . ^%^. 1 views. He mnde no * and clmritnble to nil lie was a man of few f tlH! old school. But ?nt perseverance in the dertook. An instance His esteemed friend, for Circuit Judge, and ission of the polls, and uidating the friends of d tliat tills action was mpau, on learning the ire a large basket, and ling bootli. The men louse, where he had lie ba.skct, nolaw volenn, if conflict. Mr, Sibley vas largely due to the les. The first debating nt member, held their 1 Cass, Major Biddle, Kearsley, Judge Chip- ociety, and night after e little oflSce of Joseph n into the hands of the 113, they captured an American by the name of James llardan. with the view of getting a fftn- 8on. and, failing in that, to kill hini. Mr. Ca.r-^au, having learned the ;;"; from the Indians who were pa.sslng through Detroit, .m their way toMaekinae, and, taking eon.passion on the captive, <^V^n^^'^^ tions with bis persecutors, an.l purchased his fn-edom in.m Mnksonen h, an Indian fro.n Saginaw, for a .onsiderable sum. The man gave Mr Campau his note for the amount, which was never paul. 1 his .s one case out of many that might be rc'lated slu.wing to what extent Mr. ( am- pau exerted hin..elt for the wellare of those an.und him Ihe store operated by M'. Campau was located on the homestead lot, u. Detio.t, THE JOSEPH CAMPAU BESIDENOE. and was used by him for mercantile purposes and also a residence, from mZL timi of hi. death. In 1805 the house was '^-troy-l ^^^^^^^^^^^ and the building still standing on the old fo-dat.on, at No. 140 J son avenue was immediately erected, at a cost of «<,000. He suose renryb^iiontheriverintherearofthehomeste^^^^^ dock for the accommodation of his batteaux, of which he had several fn the Montreal trade. The residence, which in its early days was one f Z finrings on St. Ann street (now Jefferson avenue), . repre- spnted here as one of the oldest buildings now standing in Detroit. ttr Jorph Campau's homestead is on the lot where the headquarters of M. deja Motte Cadillac were originally situated. •I -^Mm 688 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE HTATM. Among otiior tilings Tliich indicate the advanced ideas of Mr. Joseph Campau, was the leading position wliich he took in eBtul)lisliing Free Masonry in the nortliwest. The following card of diuiit shows his connection with old Zion Lodge, No, 10 ; To whom U may concern: ThcBu are to certify that lirother Joseph Oampau han been reffntarly made, passed a*<(l raised to the sublime degree of a Master Mason, in i form, in late Zion Lodge, No. 10, of Free and Accepted Masons, and has behat ~<, during his stay with us, Zion Lodge, No. l,as becomes a true and faithful Mason, and as such we recommend him to all regular Lodges and Brethren throughout the world, after due trial and examination. Olven under our hands and seals. In our Lodge Room, at Detroit, the first day [■KALl of May, 1808, and of Masonry 6808. W. H. SCOTT, IKoriWp/uJ Matter. GEO, McDOUUALL, Senior Warden, James Abbott, Secretary. J. EASTMAN, Junior Warden. After a sojourn of nearly a century in the city of Detroit, the great and good pioneer passed on to join his compeers and receive the rewardt of his Christian life. He died on the 23d of July, 1883, in the ninety- fifth year of his age, On the 27tb of the same month he was buried, with Masonic honors, in Elmwood Cemetery. His funeral is said to have been the largest ever witnessed in Detroit. It was attended by the entire Masonic fraternity, the municipal officers, members of the Detroit bar, the Lafayette Association, and an immense concourse of citizens. Col. Levi Cook, Col. Dibble, Hon. Jacob M. Howard, Hon, Robert McClelland, Peter Desnoyers, Esq., Thomas Lewis, Esq., Hon. A. D. Eraser, Judge H. L. Chipmun, Judge Shubael Conant, John Palmer, Esq., E. B. Ward, Esq., Hon. N. B. Carpenter, John Roberts, Esq., and Dr, J. L. Whiting, acted as pall bearers. The Rev. Benjamin H. Pad- dock, of Clirist Church, Detroit, preached the funeral sermon, in which he paid a suitable tribute to the memory of the deceased. mmtakmmmStmm tmmm KTtS. i ideas of Mr. Joseph in e8tul)lisliing Free 1 of (limit bLuws hia n regntarly made, pMied form, in late ZIon Lodge, (luring hU stay with us, 1(1 n« such we rocommcnd rorld, after due trial and I, at Detroit, the first day WoriMpM Mailer. lALL, Senior Warden. Junior Warden. of Detroit, tlie great id receive tlio rewards , 1863, in the ninety- lonth he was buried, lis funeral is said to t was attended by the embers of the Detroit loncourse of citizens, oward, Hon, Robert is, Esq., Hon. A. D. onant, John Palmer, in Roberts, Esq., and V. Benjamin H. Pad- cral sermon, in which eased. GRAND RAPIDS. Grand Rapids is located on (hand river— the largest Inland stre, a in the State— about forty miles from its moutli, and at the head of naviga- tlon. Its site is one of great natural beauty, lying on bolh side.s of tlie river, between tlio high bluffs that stand nearly two miles apart, and from whose summits the eye takes in a beautiful panorama of hill, vale and river, with all the streets of the busy city laid out lilie a map at the feet of the l)eliolder. Grand Rapids contains a population (August, 1873) of 23,000, and it is tlie county seat of Kent county, which county was organized in the year 183G. Tn point of population it is the second city in size next to Detroit, in this State, and is to Western Michigan, in point of location, business and influence, what the City of the Straits is to the eastern part of the State. It was incorporated in 1850, and its growth has been healthy and vigor- ous. The city is located on both sides of Grand river— which is 900 feet wide at this point, running over a fall in one mile of twenty feet of rocky bed— from which rapid current its name is derived. The river at this point riins nearly south, but soon after leaving the city resumes its general westerly direction. On the west side of the river the ground is nearly level back tc the bluffs ; on the east side there were smaller hills between the bank and the bluffs, the leveling of which has cost, and is yet to cost, large sums of money. These bluffs, whicli nearly surround the city, are being rapidly covered with elegant residences and substantial homes, from whicli beautiful views of the city are obtained and at a score of points. Speaking of the locality of Grand Rapids, a writer, as far back as 1837, in one of our city— then village— papers, used the following language : " Though young in its improvements, the site of this village has long been known and esteemed for its natural advantages. It was here that the Indian traders long since made their grand depot. It was at this point that the missionary herald established his institution of learning- taught the forest child the beauties of civilization and inestimable benefits of the Christian religion. This has been the choicest, dearest spot to the unfortunate Indian, and now is the pride of the white man. Like other villages of the west, its transition from the savage to a civilized state has been as sudden as its prospects are now flattering. 44 ..I ■'I 'i matmu»mnr. 690 OKNKKAU niHTOKY OK THE STATES. " Who would have beUevcd, to have vialtod thU place two years nincc, when It was only Inhabited by a few famllieH, most of whom were of Frrn.li origin, a people so einin.nt for exploring the wilds and mcimdrr- Ing rivers, that this place woul.l now contain Its twelve hundred iidiKl.l- tant, ? Who would have Imagined that this rapid would have been the im»Tovement of this romantic place. The rapidity of Its settlement \n bc'ondthomost visionary anticipation; but its h)catlon. Its advantages, and its dime, were HufHclent to satisfy tlie obscrvlnR mind that nothing but th(! frown of Providence could blast its prospe(^ts! "The river upon which this town Is situated is one of the most Important and delightful to be fcmnd In the country— not Important and beautiful alone for Its clear, sllver-llko water winding its way through a romantic valley of some hundred ndlcs, but for Its width and depth, its suscepti- bility for steam navigation, and the immense hydraulic power aflorded at this point. " We feel deeply indebted to our Milwaukee friends for their lucul des- cription of the advantages to bo derived Irom a connection of the waters of this river with those of Detroit, by canal or railroad. A canal is nearly completed around the rapids at this place sufficiently large to admit boats to pass up and down with but little detention. Several steamboats are now preparing to commence regular trips from Lyons, at the mouth of Maple river, to this place, a distance of sixty ndles, and from this to Grand Haven, a distance of thirty-five or forty miles; thence to Milwaukee and Chicago. "Thus the village of Grand Rapids, with a navigable stream— a water power of twenty-five feet fall-an abundance of crude building materials —stone of excellent quality— pine, oak and other timber In immense quantities within its vicinity, can but flourish-can but be the Rochester of Michigan! The basement story of an extensive mill, one hundred and sixty by forty feet, is now completed; a part of the extensive machinery is soon to be put in operation. There are now several dry goods and grocery stores, some three or four public houses, one large church erected and soon to be finished in good style, upon the expense of a single individual, who commenced business a few years ago by a small traffic with the Indians. Such is the encouragement to western pioneers ! The village plat is upon the bold bank of a river, extending back upon an irregular plain, some eighty to a hundred rods, to rising bluffs, from the base and sides of which some of the most pure, crystal-like fountains of water burst out in boiling springs, pouring forth streams that nuirmur over their pebbly bottoms, at once a delight to the eye and an invaluable luxury to the thirsty palate. " New England may surpass this place with her lofty mountains, but not with her greatest boast, purity and clearness of water. The soil is sandy ' ->4fiMfi^4lrLikaM&ni«i[ ■ r--^5*«attS46abitt*-Jfi^S9tt«S^^ TE8. )laco two yciirs sinco, )8t of whom wtTo of • wilds mid inciindcr- elvp hundiTil iidmbl- ivoiUd liuvi! Itcen the y of llH settlement is It ion, itH lulvaiitiiKCH, \f( wind tlnit nothing tH! of tlic most important portnnt and beantlful iy tiirouuli «v romantic d depth, Its susccptl- ulic power iiflorded at ids for their lucid des- inection of the waters railroad. A canal Ih sufflclcutly large to le detention. Several r trips from Ijyons, at ice of sixty miles, and or forty miles; thence gable stream— a water ude building materials cr timber in immense ,n but be the Rochester live mill, one hundred part of the extensive e are now several dry iblic houses, one large le, upon the expense of iw years ago by a small jnt to western pioneers! r, extending back upon 8, to rising bluffs, from e, crystal-like fountains h streams that murmur e cyo and an invaluable lofty mountains, but not rater. The soil is sandy »it6&i«i«!»ia«ii«iapfessa»«»«i®«<s«»e 692 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE BTATK3. and mostly dry. The town is delightful, whether you view it from the plain upon the banks of the river, or from the bluffs that overlook the whole surrounding country. To ascend these bluffs you take a gradual rise to the height of a hundred feet, when the horizon only limits the extent of vision. The scenery to an admirer of beautiful landscape is truly picturesque and romantic. Back east of the town is neon a wide- spread plain of burr oak, at once easy to cultivate and inviting to the agriculturist. Turning westward, especially at the setting of the sun, you behold the most enchanting prospect— the din of the ville below— the broad sheet of water murmuring over the rapids— the sunbeams dancing upon its swift gliding ripples— the glassy river at last losing itself in its distant meanderings, presents a scenery that awakes the most lively emotions. " It is from this point, too, that you can see in the distance the evergreen tops of the lofty pine waving in majesty above the sturdy oak, the beech and maple, presenting to the eye a wild, undulating plain, with its thou- sand charms. Such is the location, the beauties and the advantages of this youthful town. The citizens are of the most intelligent, enterprising and industrious character. Their buildings are large, tasty and hand- somely furnished— the clatter of mallet and chisel— the clink of the hammer— the many newly raised and recently covered frames— and the few skeleton boats upon the wharves of the river, speak loudly for the enterprise of the place! Mechanics of all kind find abundant employ, and reap a rich reward for their labor. Village property advances in value, and the prospect of wealth is alike flattering to all! What the result, of such advantages and prospects will be, time alone must deter- mine. " But a view of this place and vicinity, where we find a rich and fertile soil, watered with the best of ."prings, and enjoying as we do a salubrious climate, a healthful atmosphere, and the choicest gifts of a benign Bene- factor, would satisfy almost any one that this will soon be a bright star in the constellation of western villages. Such, gentle reader, is a faint description of the place from which our paper hails— from which we hope will emanate matter as pleasing and interesting as the town is beautiful and inviting." Thirty-six years have passed away since the foregoing was written, and the visitor now beholds a lively, bustling and active city, full of energy and enterprise u 1 doing an amount of manufacturing and mercantile trading truly surprising. There are three daily newspapers, the Eagla, Democrat and TiTrm, representing the Republican and Democratic parties, and the latter Independent. There are also several weekly papers, one of which is printed exclusively in the Holland language. There are twenty- three organized churches, and some of the edifices are of a superior kind you view it from the iffs that overlooli the Ts you take a gradual lorizon ouly limits the beautiful landscape is 3 town is Hcon a wide- ;e and inviting to the le setting of the sun, n of the ville below— rapids — the sunbeams ly river at last losing that awakes the most distance the evergreen sturdy oak, the beech ig plain, with its thou- and the advantages of ntelligent, enterprising large, tasty and hand- isel — the clink of the ?ered frames — and the •, speak loudly for the find abundant employ, property advances in ing to all! What the ;ime alone must deter- e find a rich and fertile g as we do a salubrious gifts of a benign Bene- 1 soon be a bright star ;entle reader, is a faint hails — from which we resting as the town is sgoing was written, and ive city, full of energy cturing and mercantile newspapers, the Eagle, md Democratic parties, il weekly papers, one of »ge. There are twenty- 3 are of a superior kind HISTORY OF MIcniCJAN. 693 in point of architectural design. The First Congregational is a gothic building, el':/ '.i- 'n finish, costing 86r.,(iOO. St. Marks, Episcopal, one of the old ciiur.Ix edifices in the city, has lately been enlarged and im- proved at a cost of 830,000, and is one of the largest gotlnc edifices west HON. H. M. LOOK. Henry M Look was born at Hadley, Michigan, October 27, 1837. His ancestors were from Scotland, and settled on the island of Marthas Vinevard in 1758. They removed thence to Massachusetts, while it was vet a province of Great Britain, and bore an active part in the war of the revolution, two members of the family losing their lives m that struggle— one while leading a charge at the battle of Bennington, the other while a prisoner of war. „ „ „ , , „, , .„ ,v,„ /♦l,„„^ His parents were both natives of New York, and settled in the (then) Territory of Michigan in 1834. Having received a thorough education, including an extensive course of historical and classical reading, he began the study of law in 1857, and was admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court of Michigan, in November, 1859, and to the Circuit Court of the United States, in 1867. He is still in the active and successful practice of his profession. .,,.,. • ion- „^a laaa. He was a member of the legislature of Michigan in 180) and 1866; prosecuting attorney for Oakland county in 1871 and 1872; city attorney 694 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES. of Detroit, in Michigan, worth «60,000. The First Mctliodist has a fine structure in the Roman style, elaborately finished and furnished, costing $45,00ty. Tlie Baptist Society arc erecting a very costly gothic church which will be a a superb contribution to the many beautifrl houses of worship in the city, its estimated price, when completed, being «80,000. The First Presbyterian have a very fine house, nearly completed, on the west side, which will cost «3O,00O. The Methodists have also, in this locality, a really handsome gothic church, almost ready, containing in its tower the largest bell in the city and a fine clock. Cost, $40,000. The Roman Catholics have a handsome gothic church done and are occupying it, which cost 843,000, and have another, building, for a German congre- gration, at an expense of $60,000. The Episcopalians have in addition to the parent church— St. Mark's— three chapels, wliile t)ie two Holland churches have large and finely appointed edifices completed, one costing $33,000. Tlie Westminster Presbyterian Society has a very nice church edifice on the east side, while the Dutch Reformed congregation is taking steps to buila a $25,000 house. The old Catholic church of St. Andrew has been disposed of, and plans for a $100,000 cathedral are now being perfected. The Universalists have a very pretty and well finished and furnished church. The manufacturing interests of Grand Rapids are large and rapidly increasing. Generally, they may be summed up in three flouring, one woolen, fifteen saw, four plaster and other mills, three furnaces, two boiler factories, four tanneries, six large furniture manufactories, and a dozen smaller ones, three extensive chair factories, ten large cooper shops, six extensive carriage manufactories, ten wagon shops, one chem- ical works, three pail and bucket factories, one clothes pin factory, one gypsum ornament manufactory, several sash, door and blind shops, two saw manufactories, three marble and stone yards, one brush factory, Waters' p;.tent barrel factory, two hub factories, two manufactories of farming implements, one faucet manufactory; in fact, almost every- of the city of Pontiac, and member of its board of education from 1864 to 1868 ; delegate to the national Democratic convention at Baltimore in 187a. . , . „ ... As a speaker and writer, Mr. Look has a wide reputation, borne ot his public addresses have commanded extraordinary approbation, and have been republished in the leading American and foreign journals. He is the author of a work upon "Tiie Law and Practice of Masonic 1 rials, which has become a standard authority in its department throughout the United States. Such of his productions as lie has given to the press have elicited an instant and universal approval, and it is to be hoped that his useful and powerful pen may not lie idle in the future. His merits as a writer consist in clearness ' and boldness of conception, fertility in expression, correctness of taste, and a remarkable grace and purity of style. , .^i0isifmmrsmmimi:mmmm* A.TE8. t Methodist has a fine md furnished, costing costly gothic church ny beautifrl liouses of pleted, being «80,000. irly completed, on the ists have also, in this eady, containing in its Cost, $40,000. The lone and are occupying , for a German congre- Hans have in addition vhile the two Holland completed, one costing las a very nice church irmed congregation is Catholic church of St. 1,000 cathedral are now retty and well finished are large and rapidly in three flouring, one s, three furnaces, two e manufactories, and a iries, ten large cooper agon shops, one chem- ilothes pin factory, one r and blind shops, two is, one brush factory, , two manufactories of in fact, almost every- of education from 1864 snvention at Baltimore sputation. Some of his approbation, and have 'oreign journals. He is ice of Masonic Trials," artment throughout the has given to the press nd it is to be hoped that the future. His merits conception, fertility in )le grace and purity of HlSTOnv OP MICHIGAN. 695 thing that can be made from wood has a manufactory in this city. Fanning mills, milk safes, and such like useful articles are extensively fabricated, and all these varied industries-large numbers of which we have not attempted to enumerate— furnish employment for an army of mechanics, artisans and laborers, who are paid weekly for their skill and eflforts in developing the city's resources. Upon either side of the Grand river is a canal, which furnishes a vast amount of power for propelling the machinery incident to the manufac- turing enterprises of the place, the descent in the river over the rapids producing a head and fall of sixteen feet ; and yet it is safe to say that fully one-half of the whole power used in the various departments of mechanical efiort in the city is made from steam. At this time of wilting six railroads are in operation, nnder the control of some of the most extensive corporations in the country, sending out and receiving daily the passengers upon thirty trains of cars, while the immense freighting business incident to the lumber, plaster and manufac- turing interests are indeed great. A street railway from the Detroit and Milwaukee llailway has long been in operation, running through Leonard, Canal, Monroe and Fulton streets, and when continued to the Fair grounds, will be a source of great convenience. This year (1873) upwards of three hundred buildings of all kinds, including forty stores, are in process of erection, and it is one of the strong points of the resources of Grand Rapids that all the stone for paving or building, and fine yellow brick, as good as those made in Mil- waukee, with lime, plaster of Paris, stucco and sand, are found within the corporation, while the country immediately north abounds with the best of pine, cedar, beech, maple and other merchantable woods out of which lumber is made. With the exception of paint, nails and gas piping, the materials for an entire ordinary dwelling are to be found in the city, the product of the county. The public schools of the city are as good as the best in the State, and comprise one Union or High school and eight ward schools, all under the control 'of a Board of Education consisting of two members from each ward, with the Mayor, who are elected by the people. The build- ings occupied for school purposes are mostly of brick, and of attractive design, with good play grounds. There is a City Library of upwards of 6,000 volumes, supported by fines, the result of violated ordinances; also a " Kent Scientific Institute," which has one of the most valuable collec- tions of specimens, minerals, fossils, etc., to be found in the State, and one which has attracted considerable attention from scientists. The Young Men's Christian Association is in a very flourishing state, and its organization has not only been eflicient but exceedingly useful in the line of its christian duty and quiet charities. " St. Mark's Home" is 696 GENERAL HISTORY OP TUE STATES. ill a liospital under the immediate control of some Indies of St. Mark's cliurcli, and lias proved itself of great benefit to many, as its doors are open to all, without distinction of creed. The charges for board and caro are just sufficient to cover actual cost, for such as can pay, Mid to such as cannot and are worthy, no charge is made. "The Union Benevolent Society" is another charitable hospital, of a more enlarged character, which has been in existence for upwards of fifteen years. It is managed by ladies ar-l gentlemen selected from the various Protestant organizations, and is incorporated. Having an eligible and admirably located lot, steps are now being tak- a towards the erection of a suitable building to accommodate their rapidly increasing wants. This city is the acknowledged metropolis of western and northwestern Michigan. Its location is one of admitted beauty, having a rare variety of hill and dale for landscape, while it is noted for its elegant residences, suburban villas, fine business blocks, and the air of activity and thrift which characterizes so many of our western towns. The United States have decided to erect a suitable public building here for its District Courts, Pension Office, U. S. Marshal's Office, Collector, Post-office, etc., etc., and has ordered a free postal delivery system, in accordance with a law'of Congress passed at its last session. It should be added that during the season of navigation boats ply regularly on the Grand river to Grand Haven, and a large amount of business is transacted along the shores, which are dotted with thriving villages. The traveling public are well cared for in several hotels, which are well kept, though the rapid increase of population and the influx of strangers, attracted by the wide-spread notoriety of the place for business, demand increased facilities in this line, and steps are being taken towards the erection of more hotel room. There are two free bridges and one toll bridge spanning the river-which is 900 feet wide-also two railroad bridges. The wholesale business of Grand Rapids in groceries, boots and shoes, dry goods, hardware and manufactured articles from wood, is large and rapidly increasing. Several of its streets -re paved with stone, while wooden pavements are now coming into general use. Owing to the hilly nature of a large part of the city plat and the necessity of much filling near the river, on the east side, the grading and leveling of streets has been a costly undertaking, but it has been accomplished during the ten years past at an outlay of nearly a hundred thousand dollars per annum. The ground forming the plat on the west side is very level, and calculated for a large city, backed and skirted as it is by very bold and delightful blufis. Situated as Grand Rapids is, in the vicinity of a splendid farming, fruit, wool raising and well wooded country, it must continue to increase in wealth, population and intelligence, and remain in the future, as it is now, the second city of Michigan, and through its ujiaujum::: ATE8. I Indies of St. Mark's many, as its doors are rges for board and caro s can pay, >ind to such haritable hospital, of a stence for upwards of men selected from the ed. Having an eligible -^ J towards the erection y increasing wants, stern and northwestern r, having a rare variety r its elegant residences, r of activity and thrift as. The United States g here for its District Hector, Post-office, etc., n, in accordance with a lid be added that during e Grand river to Grand acted along the shores, il hotels, which are well 1 the influx of strangers, ce for business, demand eing taken towards the ee bridges and one toll ivide— also two railroad 8 in groceries, boots and articles from wood, is !ts ^re paved with stone, neral use. Owing to the i the necessity of much g and leveling of streets iccomplished during the ed thousand dollars per !8t side is very level, and as it is by very bold and is, in the vicinity of a vooded country, it must intelligence, and remain ichigan, and through its HISTORY OP MIOHIGAK. 697 various institutions and enterprises of a business, religious and soc.al nature must do no small share In moulding the thought and giving tone and direction to the population which is rapidly filling up Uie great country north as far Mackinaw, and west to the shore of Lake Miclngan. The view which we gire of a portion of the city is taken from ho Union school hill, looking south and southwest, and covenng in the foreground portions only of the first, second and third wards, on the east side, and the eighth ward across the river in the distance. ADRIAN. Adkian is a beautiful and flourishing city of about 12,000 inhabitants, situated on the south brancli of tlie River Raisin, on high, rolling ground, in the midst of one of the richest farming districts in the State. It is located very nearly in the center of Lenawee county, of which it is the county seat. It is eusy of access by rail — thirty-three miles from Toledo, seventy -four miles from Detroit, two hundred and ten miles from Chicago, and eighty-five miles from Lansing. The site upon which the city is built was located by Addison J. Com- Btock, in 1825, and a plat of forty-nine lots, comprising a part of what is now the business portion of the city, was made by him, and recorded March 31, 1828. Adrian was incorporated in 1853, since which time its boundaries have twice been enlarged. It now covers an area of nearly three miles square, and has grown to be one of the most important manufacturing cities in the State. It is an orderly, well regulated city-jgoverned in the interest of economy and good order. Its present officials are Wm. H. Waldby, Mayor; W. H. Stone, Treasurer; F. B.'Nixon, Recorder; Simeon M. Bab- cock, Marshal; George L. Bachman, City Attorney; Daniel T.Anderson, Collector. Aldermen— First Ward— George W. Larwill, Michael Molloy; Second Ward— Lorenzo Tabor, George 8. Brown; Third Ward— W. T. Lawrence, Edward Swords ; Fourth Ward — C. H. Comstock, James Warner. The buildings of Adrian are of a superior order. It contains many very elegant residences, and numerous very fine public buildings. Its healthfulness, cleanliness, beauty and prosperity evoke universal com- mendation. Its churoh edifices are models of convenience and elegance. Perhaps no city in the country is better provided with churches. The Presbyterians, Methodist Episcopal, Congregationalists, Baptists, Luther- ans and Catholics each have large brick church edifices. Other denomi- nations have convenient but less pretentious churches. The increasing importance of Adrian College is a subject of much interest. Its struggle to maintain itself and its final triumph command the admiration of all lovers of education. From a weak beginning it has grown to be one of the first educational institutions in the State. It is situated on a fine elevation in the western part of the city, overlooking it from the west. It has four fine brick buildings, and an endowment of $100,000. ■sssmmittM ibout 12,000 inhabitants, on high, rolling ground, ricts in the State. It is Dunty, of which it is the tliree miles from Toledo, I ten miles from Chicago, ated by Addison J. Com- )mpri8ing a part of what de by him, and recorded time its boundaries have learly three miles square, , manufacturing cities in -governed in the interest als are Wm. H. Waldby, ecorder; Simeon M. Bab- ley; Daniel T. Anderson, Larwill, Michael Molloy; vn; Third Ward— W. T. C. H. Comstock, James jrder. It contains many le public buildings. Its ty evoke universal com- onvenience and elegance. [Jed with churches. The Dnalists, Baptists, Luther- edifices. Other denorai- liurches. The increasing ich interest. Its struggle Eind the admiration of all it has grown to be one of It is situated on a fine )oking it from the west, entof $100,000. 700 OENEKAL HIHTO'.j "• TflR aVATVS". Tho school Rystem of Adrion 1« un»us i --.led, poHHOsMng as It does the moHt perfect facilities for begtowinj? upon all who imy avail Ihenistelves of the bciiettts of it, an education at once the most lilieral and thorough. The HchoolH arc admirably conducted, the corps of teacherH being Hecond to none in the State. The inHtructions are thorough and upon the broad- CHt and most liberal ba.siB. The grad\uiteH therefrom are admitted to the University without examination. Tlie hcIiooI buildings consist of tho central building, so called, erected In 1800, costing ivl)out $100,000, and four large branch Ituildings, of brick— one In each ward. The city is well provided with hotels, some of them ranking among the best in the West, atFordlng ample accommodations of the first order. The Adrion far Maimfactpring Company, with a capital of }aO(),000, manufactures passenger, and freight cars, and employs three hundred men. There is connected with these works one of the largest and most important foundries in the Htate, outside of Detroit and Wyandotte. The Illinois Manufacturing Company employs a capital of 82O(»,0OO and one hundred and fifty men; has orders from all parts of the country, and is noted for the promptness and dispatch with which it fills them. It manufactures all kinds of car trimmings and brass fittings. The Adrian Paper Mill Company manufactures wrapping and print paper; has a capital of 87r),00O, and employs fifty men. The Adrian Hand Car Company, recently organized, manufactures an improved hand car, and has orders from all parts of the country. There are three first class flouring mills here in successful operation, two of them being run by water and one by steam. Boots and shoes, carriages and furniture are manufactured for the wholesale trade to a considerable extent. There is about to be established a file manufactory, also a factory for the manufacture of all kinds of wooden-ware, which will furnish employ- ment for a considerable number of men. Adrian has four banks— First National, formerly Waldby's Bank of Adrian, long and successfully conducted by Wm. H. Waldby, the present Mayor of the city; W. H. Stone & Co., private bankers; Lenawee County Savings Bank, and the Adrian Savings Bank. The Michigan State Insurance Company, located here. Is one of the best insurance companies in the State. It is doing a large business, and is perfectly reliable. The "first newspaper was published here October 22, 1834, called the Lenawee Republican and Adrian Gazette, afterwards the Watchtmcer, R. W. Inglass, proprietor. In 1805, a portion of the Watchtoteer establishment was purchased by General Wm. Humphrey, now Auditor-General of the State, and he, in conjunction with T. S. Applegate, one of the owners of the Watchtower, 8VATV>". poHHOsslng ns It docs the lio wry avail thfiuHclvos oHt liliunil and th(irou);li. of icticlitTS beliif5 Hccond iimli luid upon the tiroiid- •froni lire adnilUed to the buildings consist of tlio ting ivl)out $100,000, and icli ward. of tlieni ranking among datlons of tlie first order, rllh a capital of e;jO<),000, employs three hundred ) of the largest and most troU ond Wyandotte. lys a capital of 8200,000 n all parts of the country, 1 with which it fills them. , brass fittings. :ure8 wrapping and print ty men. ganized, manufactures an •ts of the country, e in successful operation, ;ani. ire manufactured for the factory, also a factory for ^hich will furnish employ- •merly Waldby's Bank of m. H. Waldby, the present bankers; Lenawee County ocated here, is one of the loing a large business, and ctober 23, 1834, called the irds the Watchtower, R. W. shment was purchased by il of the State, and he, in owners of the Watchtower, itrsTouY ov MICHIGAN. 701 cstabllihed the Adrian Daily Tmf», which took the place of the Walrh- tme&r. Tlie Adrian RjtjxMtor was established in 1H4;», and was conHolldnird with the Tiiim In 186(1. The Timtt and b^iumilor is ably ( ondiutcd by Its present proprietors, Messrs. AppK-gate A; Fee, and iins a large circula- tion daily and weekly. HON. J. W. GORDON. J Wbioht Gordon was lieutenant-governor of Michigan during the administration of Governor Woodbridge, ond upon the resignation of the latter gentleman to accept a seat in the United States Senate, Mr. Gordon became acting governor. He was a gentleman of high character and obility, and was at one time the regular Whig candidate for United States Senator; but was defeated by a combination of Whigs and Demo- crats in the legislature. After leaving the public service, his health became impaired, and he visited South America. He died at Pernam- buco from the eflfects of a fall from a balcony, in December, 1853. I, I "'.: t M»i«S«6«.« siaiamtmitmmmtimi\m)mii:mhMfS«M«KttmB^ma^s^^ li: 702 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES. The Press (daily and weekly), recently established by William A. Whitney, is receiving an extensive patronage, and is also ably conducted. The Journal is issued every Friday morning, and has a circjiation throughout the county. Japheth Cross, proprietor. The Adrian Auzeiger is a German paper of modest pretensions, well managed by Messrs. Lohmann & Son, and well patronized by the German population of the city and county. Adrian has a very efficient and well ordered paid Fire Department — two steam fire engines, one Babcock self-acting fire engine, one hand engine, and one hook and ladder company. The department employs fifty men. The apparatus is of the best class, and comfortable and elegant brick engine houses afford quarters for the men and horses employed, the city owning the teams used. The Mineral Springs, connected with the hotel by that name, located in the western part of the paved district, are pronounced by chemists, and show by analysis, to be possessed of excellent medicinal properties. They are well patronized, with the best results. The bath and hotel accommodations are of the first order. There are a number of other mineral springs in the city— one located between Adrian College and the business portion of the city, on the premises of J. J. Newell, Esq., which has recently been analyzed, and pro- nounced a very superior and healthful beverage. Besides being possessed of excellent curative powers, it is cold and exceedingly palatable. One on the premises of Colonel J. H. Wood, in the southern portion of the city, is also rapidly increasing in favor. It is located in a beautiful spot and is attracting much notice. There are others of more or less merit in different parts of the city. A large number of strangers, from all sections of the country, visit Adrian for the purpose of enjoying the benefits of these springs and the healthful atmosphere of the place. The infiux of these visitors is so large that the hotels and boarding houses of the city, heretofore affording ample accommodations, are filled to their utmost capacity, and the erection of new buildings for the especial purpose of accommodating those who come here to recreate and restore themselves to health and vigor is contemplated. Adrian has several parks, the most important of which is Monument Square, in which is located the Soldiers' Monument. The monument consists of an Italian marble shaft, thirty feet high, surmounting a base, twenty feet high, built of cut stone. The Adriau Gas Light Company was organized in 1850, with a capital of 850,000, since which time the works have been enlarged and the capi- tal stock increased. The Young Men's Christian Association, and the Ladies' Library Asso- ciation, deaerve mention. The former has a free reading-room, supplied JTATES. HISTORY OP MICHIGAN. 703 Wished by William A. 1 is also ably conducted. , and has a circjiation or. nodest pretensions, well itronized by the German paid Fire Department — g fire engine, one hand he department employs . comfortable and elegant ind horses employed, the by that name, located in ounced by chemists, and it medicinal properties. !. The bath and hotel in the city— one located ,ion of the city, on the ' been analyzed, and pro- Besides being possessed lingly palatable. One on ,hern portion of the city, d in a beautiful spot and of more or less merit in rangers, from all sections enjoying the benefits of he place. The influx of rding houses of the city, le filled to their utmost : the especial purpose of e and restore themselves it of which is Monument ument. The monument igh, surmounting a base, id in 185G, with a capital m enlarged and the capi- the Ladies' Library Asso- e reading-room, supplied with the best papers and magazines of the day, and is doing much good in the city. The latter possesses one of the finest miscellareous libraries in the State, consisting of about two thousand volumes of choice works. Much interest is taken in horticulture md in ornamenting the homes of the city with shrubs and flowers. There If a horticultural society maintained here, which does much to create and foster a proper spirit of .".»>>^ HON. WM. L. GREENLY. William L. Greenly was born at Hamilton, Madison county, New York, September 18, 1813; graduated at Union College, Schenectady, in 1831; studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1834. In 1836, he settled in Adrian, Michigan, where he has since resided. The year fol- lowing, he was elected State senator, and served in that capacity until 1839. In 1845, he was elected lieutenant-governor of the State, and became acting governor by the resignation of Governor Felch, who was, in February, 1847, elected to the United States Senate. Governor Greenly is a gentleman of high character and attainments, and during his official career served the State with great acceptability. »!SS?«*«S??*S^ RajS^ss«s**-T*3S«»!*fe*»' -I 704 GENERAL HI8TORY OP THE 8TATBS. emulation. Adrian is one of the best ornamented cities in the State, and is beautifully shaded with maple and elm trees. Oakwood Cemetery, situated in the northeast portion of the city, on the east bank of the River Raisin, is one of nature's most beautiful land- scapes—is laid out in the best style— is ornamented and beautified with that taste and solemn elegance becoming the sacred city of the dead. It is indeed a beautiful and hallowed spot. Here solemnity and beauty associate in harmonious combination. Situated as Adrian is— upon the main line of the Lake Shore ajid Michi- gan Southern Railway, at its junction ,;'th the Jackson and Detroit branches, with fair prospects of the speedy completion of the Adrian and Detroit Railroad with its connections, making a grand trunk line between the East and Southwest, with a good market, for which it has justly been noted since the completion of the Erie and Kalamazoo Rail- road to this point in 1836, with its large and constantly increasing manu- facturing interests, the rich farming country surrounding it, the beauty and healthfulness of its location, its superb schools and the general intel- ligence of its people— it has a grand future before it. The Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway company employs three hundred men in its repair and car building shops here, which shops are located in the immediate vicinity of the works of the Adrian Car Manufacturing Company. City lots, convenient to these shops, have been laid out and platted, affording mechanics an excellent opportunity to provide for themselves comfortable homes. Fine building lots, in other portions of the city, can be purchased on very easy terms at comparatively low prices. No city in the State affords better opportunities or offers better inducements to those desirous of pro- curing houses, whether they wish to engage in business or retire from the active pursuits of life to educate their children, or to enjoy the society of an educated and intelligent people. rATES. cities in the State, and portion of the city, on e's most beautiful land- ted and beautified with ed city of the dead. It solemnity and beauty B Lake Shore apd Michi- e Jackson and Detroit iipletion of the Adrian cing a grand trunk line larket, for which it has rie and Kalamazoo Rail- itantly increasing manu- •rounding it, the heauty )ls and the general intel- e it. ilway company employs shops here, ivhich shops rorks of the Adrian Car at to these shops, have in excellent opportunity ity, can be purchased on city in the State afibrds 1 to those desirous of pro- 1 business or retire from hildren, or to enjoy the 46 iLlilii lllQUMllWiTiimirTi J^nsM DETROIT. In preceding chapters of this work, we have given the incidents con- nected witli the history of Detroit more in detail than space will allow at this place. It is our purpose in this sketch to follow, very briefly, the outline of its history, and then to notice its growth, improvements and future prospects. Established in 1701, by the French, Fort Detroit soon came into rivalry with its older and distant sister, Michilimackinac. Previous to the date mentioned, the latter place had been regarded as the central western out- post of New France, but the establishment of a fort and vrading post on the Detroit river drew largely from that place. Its advantages in climate, government and the liberality of its commandant were all that was needed to divert the tide of settlement from Michilimackinac. Three years after the establishment of Fort Detroit, the English influenced the Indians to set fire to the town, which was, however, but partially destroyed. In 1712, the Fox Indians made a desperate attempt to destroy it, but after a bold and determined siege of nineteen days, they were repulsed with great loss. In 1749, the settlement was extended by emigrants sent out at the expense of the French government, but the policy of the new command- ant was such as to prevent the rfloid growth of the town. In 1763 Fort Detroit, with au Canada, was transferred to the British Crown. This change was not only distasteful to the French settlers at Detroit but to the Indi -^ :n the surrounding country, who had learned to respect and love tiieir "brothers, the French." This savage dissatis- faction, goaded on by tue French, resulted in what is known to history as the Pontiac war, a full account of which has already been given in this worK. ..,,■, In 1796, the American army entered Detroit. The British had pre- viously left the town, and their authority was thus peacefully transferred to the United States. The Territory of Michigan was organized in 1805, at which date Gen- eral William Hull was appoiuted its first Governor. He formed a gov- ernment at Detroit, in July of that year. The town of Detroit had been entirely destroyed by fire a short time previous, and now advantage was ven the incidents con- tlian spnce will allow ollow, very briefly, the th, improvements and soon came into rivalry Previous to the date he central western out- fort and irading post ice. Its advantages in nmandant were all that Vlichilimackinac. Detroit, the English hich was, liowever, but tempt to destroy it, but ays, they were repulsed [grants sent out at the y of the new command- le town. ■ansferred to the British to the French settlers at untry, who had learned " This savage dissatis- iiat is known to history IS already been given in The British had pre- 19 peacefully transferred 1805, at which date Gen- rnor. He formed a gov- own of Detroit had been and now advantage was 8E0UMD PKESBYTEKIAN CUUBOH, DETBOIT. 708 GENERAL HT8T0RY OP THE 8TATEB. taken of this circumstance to widen the streets and lay out the future city on an entirely new and enlarged plan. The Krowth of Detroit, for many years, depended on the fur trade and the disbursement of public moneys. There was yet needed that nnpulse which is only produced by the settlement of the surrounding country. The old town of Detroit was situated a little west of the heart of the present city of Detroit and was built entirely of wood. The streets were narrow, and the place presented a rude, uninviting appearance. Passing on from 1805 to 1815, we find the "new town or city of Detroit considerably improved. It had one commodious clock, called ho " public wharf." It consisted of a pier, formed by a crib of logs, tilled in with stone and gravel. It was about one hundred and fifty feet from the shore, with which it was connected by a bridge, or plank-way Al vessels, whether public or private, were th.n accustomed to load and unload at .his wharf. The rest of tlie water front was in a state of nature. A second wharf was l.ailt in 1826. Tucre were six or seven siares, for general business, in the town at this date, but not a vessel which then navipated the lakes was owned m ^ The niilitary ';rounds were occupied by Fort Shelby and the Infantry cantonment. This fort was erected in 1777, by Major Le Noult, the British cr.mmander, and was thrown down in 1837. The cantonmen was buih: in 1815, occupying nearly the whole square between Fort Wayne Lafayette and Cass' line. It consisted of a group of .og build- ings about one hundred feet long. The court room used in 1834 was, m 1820, used by the court-martial, and as the dancing hall of the can- ^^Thedty of Detroit was incorporated by an act passed by the Governor and judges, on the 4th of October, 1815. By this act the municipal authority was invested in five trustees, a secretary, an assessor, a collec- tor and a city marshal, who were to ,be chosen on the first day of May, annually, by the householders of the city, paying an annual rent of forty dollars. - T^ ^ •» !« General Joha R. Williams was elected the first mayor of Detroit, m 1824 and in 1836, the legislature passed an act extending the limits of the city' This opened the way for that influx of immigration and advance- ment of commercial enterprise which has made Detroit a great city. Until 1827 Detroit was the only municipal corporation in the Territory of Michigan, and at that time it contained a population of about two thousand sou'., which was about one-tenth of the population of the Ter- ritory Even a. Mmt late date, the city was but little else than a military and fur trading post. The inhabitants were principally native French, with a few families from the eastern States. Then only three or four 'ATE8. nnd lay out the future !(1 on the fur trade and et needed that impulse lurroundiiiR country. •St of the heart of the ood. The streets were appearance. ew town " or city of odious dock, called the by a crib of logs, filled Ired and fifty feet from Igf, or plank-way. All ccustomed to load and front was in a state of ness, in the town at this le lakes was owned in Mielby and the Infantry )y Major Le Noult, the 1837. The cantonment e square between Fort of a group of log build- )om used in 1834 was, in ancing hall of the can- t passed by the Governor ' this act the municipal iry, an assessor, a coUec- on the first day of May, ig an annual rent of forty irst mayor of Detroit, in stending the limits of the nmigration and advance- Detroit a great city, rporation in the Territory population of about two lie ponulation of the Ter- little else than a military irincipally native French, Then only three or four HISTORY OP MICHIGAN. 709 steamboats a week arrived in Detroit; now a craft of some nature passes it everj' six minutes on an average, and nearly all the steamers on the upper and lower lakes make it a stopping point. Then there were but four wharves at which vessels could unload; now its docks extend for miles on the river front. Then there were but three turnpike roads lead- ing from Detroit; now there arc plank roads and railroads in almost every CITY HALL, DETROIT, direction. Then the eastern mail arrived once a week ; now we have four mails from that quarter daily, and the telegraph wires extend to all points in America and Europe. The latter means of communication was opened to Detroiters on the first day of March, 1848. Among those institutions whose growth has rendered Detroit famous in the nation, may justly be mentioned the public schools. It is true that the schools of Detroit — where every child in the city can obtain the elements of a good English education free of charge— are the pride and boast of the city. The free public schools were first established in 1842. But little interest had been manifested in the subject of education pre- vious to this date, and the citizens of Detroit are indebted to Dr. Zina ^-=^»ic3«URKuJ^a.- ' 710 ORNF.nAt- tItflTORY OF THR STATES. Pitcher for the first 8tcp towards establishing a general system of educa- tion While mayor, i. 1841. he called the attention of the common council to the great need of public schools in the city; and a report was subsequently made to that body, showing that there wne twenty-seven English schools, one French and one German school. The whole num- ber of pupils reported was about seven hundred, whilo there were over two thousand children of school-age in the city. Measures were then taken for the establishment of common schools, and in a short time, seven new schools were opened. In 1842, the Legis- lature passed an act incorporating the schools of the city into one district under the charge of the Board of Education of the city o Detroit. Since that date, this board has had the management o he school system, which, to the credit of its several members, is one of the most efficient in the United States. The first house for public worship erected in Detroit, was bu.lt by the Roman Catholics, in 1783. This building stood on "'« present site of Jefferson avenue, and directly opposite the Masonic "«"• !»/'*«• "^ course, destroyed by the fire of 1805. The Cathedral of St. Ann wa. commenced in 1817, by the Rev. Gabriel Richard, but was not completed ""ThJ Methodists organized a society in Detroit in 1812, and the Episco- pal society was organized in 1824. The first Presbyterian church was organized in 1825, and the society erected a church <.n tUe corner of Woodward avenue and Lamed street as early as 1826. This building was destroyed by fire in 1854. .■, -n „ The Second Presbyterian church was organized in 1849, with the Itev R R Kellogg as pastor. The membership of this church then consisted of only twentysix members. Public worship was held in the old capitol building until April 7, 1850, when the society took possesion of their new edifice, on the corner of Lafayette and Wayne streets. There they con- tinued until November 18, 1855, when they removed to their present place of worship, with one hundred and sixty-seven members^ , la the month of February of the same year. Rev. Arthur T. Pierson then of Waterford, New York, was called to the vacant pastorate, which he still (1873) occupies. ,„,„„,^ In the sprin- of 1800, it was determined by the trustees to go forward with sundry extensive improvements upon the church edifice, long con- templated, and felt to be essential to the ^^'"Pl^^^"" "f ;•^^""f ""! design. The work was begun in July, 1870, and completed withm the year, the re-opening and re-dedication services being held January Ist, ^^From corner stone to cornice, the whole building was remodeled and refitted, especially as to its interior, furnished with black walnut pews and pulpit and a crescent gallery, and also with carpets and cushions. icral system of educa- tion of the common city; und a report Vrus re were twenty-seven )ol. Tlic wliole num- whilo there were over It of common schools, d. In 1842, the Legls- of the city into one Lication of the city of le management of tlie Members, is one of the Btroit, was built by the on the present site of onic Hall. It was, of hedral of St. Ann was but was not completed n 1813, and the Episco- resbyterian church was lurch on the corner of as 1836. This building i in 1849, with the Rev. is church then consisted 18 held in the old capitol k possesion of their new treets. There they con- imoved to their present ven members. Rev. Arthur T. Pierson, ! vacant pastorate, which lie trustees to go forward church edifice, long con- mpletion of the original ind completed within the being held January Ist, ilding was remodeled and with black walnut pews . carpets and cushions. 712 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATUS. Snace in this lato ntage of our .vork, ^111 not admit of mention of the „.!, , d oftll institutions now existing in the city^ l.c mo«t Cr.ant i. the IIou. of Correction, which ^^^^^^Z^l,,,,, The Detroit City llull-tm engnvvnifr -A vvhith is prtscniea onTof^he IcBt'and most Bul.tanti.vl cdi^oes owned by any municl- ^ISlLr^rrr^ir ^artinciaUnd arch..e.ur. ac^. pirforitsmugniticence. mture inhermunifl^^^^^ Lr beauties with a free hand. This is noticeable In the v.cw ^^ott street, here Presented _ .ommercial point as in all future greatness. TBB. !\\t of mention of the the city. Tliu most onor to IMniit. ig presentpd here— is Afned by any municl- nrchitcctunil accom- lificinie, has bintowed lie in tlic view of Fort lercial point as in all tensive manufactories nerce, wliich is becom- a safe guarantee of its HON. WILLIAM C. DUNCAN. William Chamberlain Duncan was born in Lyons, New York, on the 18th of May, 1820. His father's family removed from Lyons to Roch- ester, New Yorli, when lie was about five years of age. In the latter city his younger years were spent, and he received there the advantage of an ordinary common school education. At the age of twenty one, desiring to engage in some employment for himself which might lead him into active business, he accepted the position of steward on one of the passen- ger steamers then plying on the lakes, and remained in this employ- ment until 1840, when he became engaged in a similar occupation extend- ing up Lake Superior. 714 OKVKRAT- ntBTORY OF THE HTATKH. Any one fnmiUnr with the vant rommorn. which is now «prn upon Uko BupcTior, and tlu- uhnost .•ounllcHH n-ufl .ha. .-ours., its w-U.-rs, ami who Unow M;. Duncan. Mill a youn, n.an. will .in.l it .lilllcu t to rcall.c h ,.c wan rvcHcnt, and engaged In the enterprise ''^'''^'^ ' ''. "^ ,^ I'ahner." the first ^hh-wheel stcmner that ever floated on Lake Superior, aeroHS the porlafje at tl-.e Sault St<.. Marie. . , , „, HMrnit In the year 1H41) Mr. Duncan becanie a permanent resident of Detroit, and en«a«e.l in the hUK'-ness of u brewer and n.als.er. Detroit was then a comparatively sn,.„ .ity, and Mr. Duncan has " ^rown with Us ^'nrl'.rought into business life great personal activity, strict devotion to his chosen pu, ult, pr.ulenre and sagacity, and energy which was never relaxed. These .lualltles secured him success, and enabled him to lay the foundation of what has since become an ample fortune. Mr. Dun.an early attracted to himself the esteem of his fellow-cltiznns, and was pointed out as a suitable candidate for political prefermf.U. He was elected an alderman in the yar 185:J, and served in that posit.o., for five years. He was ihe first president of the Common Conned afte:- th a office was created .v an amendment of the city charter. Mr. Dun- can was always a Democrat, and his personal popularity and his services In the city council led to his nomination In 18<H for the office .^f mayor. To Mils post he was triumphantly elected, and served during ilie year. 180- and 1803. His administration was distinguished for Ins careful attt'ntion to city affiilrs, his rigid honesty and frugality, and his particu.ar effoiw and Influence in favor of the war for the Union. In the fal of 1S6-? ho ^^^^ ' hosen as a State senator from the second district, and flUed ti," )fflc' iuring the years 1808 and 1804. lu 1805 Mr. Duncan retired from active business, his impaired health • -juiring that he should enjoy more recreation and rest. Since that time ne has given his attention to the management of his large estate, is a director In financial corporations, has visited Europe twice, and is enjoy- ing the fruits of a youth and manhood of business energy and enterprise. He manifests a deep Interest in the welfare and prosperity of Detroit, and his fellow citizens have not ceased to honor him by calling into pub- lic employment his intelligence and forecast. In the spring of 18.3, upon the organization of the board of estimates, a body which has a large control of the municipal expenditures, he was chosen a member at large. In the fall of 1873 the unanimous voice of Ills party selected him a second time as its candidate for the mayoralty, but the condition of his health compelled him to decline the nomination. Mr Duncan is a notable example of the sound and practical business qualities which lead to success, and of the personal habits and character which secure and retain public esteem. I ATKH. is now sprn iipnn Tiaki' rH(! Us wntiTN, luul who (Uincult to reulizK that of taking tlic "Julia kttal on Lake Superior, •nt ri'sidcnt of Detroit, , nialHter. Detroit was n has " grown witli its ivity, strict devotion to energy wliicli was never and enabled him to lay le fortune. m of his fellow-eitizfns, or political prefermml. I served in that position Common Council after city charter. Mr. Dun- puhuity and his services I for the office nf mayor. served during ilie yenr^ iguished for his careful igality, and his particular ! Union. In the fall of second district, and tilled ness, his impaired health md rest. Since that time it of his large estate, is a urope twice, and is enjoy- ess energy and enterprise, ind prosperity of Detroit, r him by calling into pub- In the spring of 1873, I, a body which has a large chosen a member at large, arty selected him a second le condition of his health and and practical business sonal habits and character T ^^ - &,im .s m >^^t^^-^M^<-'^ mm vmii ^MX ^^^X ^>. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 4? i^ A ^ 1.0 !fi- IM I.I 1^ 1^ pill 2.2 tu - 6" m 1^ IIIIIM 1.8 1.25 i L4 mil 1.6 *4C^ 7 H^ Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques Kr^'^ HISTORY OP MICHIGAN. 715 His enerpy, peraevcrnnce, integrity, and cordial mannprs, early gave him a high place in the community in which he has lived. By tlicse qualities and habits he has been able to build up his fortune and estab- lish his position in society. His popularity is not exhausted, and, as he is still in the prime of life, it is the hope of all who know him that his liealtu may be spared for the higlier duties in business and political life, to which his fdlow-eiti/cns are sure to summon him. T nrnraiimriiBriifta^iMrfBrnrrthllt^'iiyr'ff-irrm*^— -'--"r 'Jf^^ja^'i;^^^^^ HON. W. W. WHEATON. The subject of our sketch, the Hon. Wm. W. Wheaton, of Detroit, is an example of what can in the United States be accomplislied without extrinsic aid or influence when ability, energy and ambition are united with perseverance and determination to succeed. Mr. Wheaton was born in Nesv Haven, Conn., on the 5th of April, 1833, and is therefore now only in his fortieth year. Yet he has for twenty years been a prominent wholesale merchant, most of the time at the head of a firm ; has been at the head of the city government of Detroit as Mayor for four years, and has been chairman of the Demo- cratic State Central Committee for two years. In the fall of 1866 he ran n, of Detroit, is iplished without lition are united iie 5th of April, Yet he has for lOst of the time { government of in of the Demo- 11 of 186G he ran HISTORY OF JflCHIOAN. 717 for Senator for the Second District of Michigan and was only defeated by twelve votes, and he was twice elected Mayor. It is rarely that mer- cantile, official and jiolitical prominence have hcen secured so early in life without any strong outside inrtuences to aid in attaining them. Mr. Wheaton's parents were only in moderate circimistanccs. When he was but ten years old his father died. He obtained a common school education by working for his board and schooling. He was preparing for college under the late Judge Simeon Baldwin, of New Haven, when he was offered a situation in the mercantile establishment of C. H. Nor- thum & Co., of Hartford. He remained with them four years, laying the foundation of business qualifications that have since secured him his success. He then removed to Detroit and entered into business for himself in the firm of Farrand & Wlieaton, and subsequently at the liead of the firm of Wheaton, Leonard & Burr, and Wm. W. Wlieaton & C"o. He has accumulated a fine property from no capital but business cajiarity and able management. He is at the present time the treasurer and general agent of the Marquette and Pacific Rolling Mill Company of Marquette, which represents $500,000, and is owned mostly in Detroit. He has been successful as an offlcial through incorruptibility and atten- tion to his duties. He has acquired prominence as a politician through his knowledge of men, his frankness, his energy and his independence of individual or selfish influences. I^C^4^'$i^^^ii^»^^4»^.iiSS^I)^"iJvR^ss-''^S*i*Ss^;nisji7!- -"" - FLINT. The city of Flint, the county seat of Geneeee county, ia beautifully located upon the banks of the Flint river, and is about equidistant between Saginaw and Pontiac. Its present population is about 10,000, and it is a town of no inconsiderable business. Located in the center of a ricli agricultural county, numbering about 40,000 inhabitants, the growth of the city has never been rapid and spasmodic, but certain and healthy. Mr. Jacob Smith was the first white settler, having removed here soon after the treaty was concluded with the Indians at Saginaw in 1819. Mr. Smith had but few white neighbors before his death, and it was not until about the years 1828 and 1830 that the place could be called "fairly started." Among the first settlers, may be mentioned the names of Lyman Stow, Rufus \V. Stevens, John Todd, R. F. Stage, D. S. Freeman, I, D. Wright, G. and R. Bishop, L. G. Biskford, C. S. Payne, T. B. W. Stockton, Charles C. Hascall, II. M. and I. Henderson, Wm. Moon. About the year 1834, a land ofBce was established here for the sale of lands in the Saginaw district, and General C. C. Hascall was appointed receiver and Michael Hotlnian register. Political changes taking place, these gentlemen were succeeded by George M. Dewey, as receiver, and E. B. Witherbee, as register, and who in their turn were succeeded by R. Bishop, as receiver, and Wm. M. Fenton, as register, who held their appointments until the ofQce was removed to Saginaw, in the year 1858. PUBLIC BUILDINGS. The Asylum for the Deaf, the Dumb and the Blind was located here by the legislature of 1847. The building is one in which the people of the State may take a just pride. The site was donated to the State by Colonel T. B. W. Stockton. Hon. I. B. Walker was the resident commissioner until his declination in 1872, when W. L. Smith was appointed as his suc- cessor. The institution is at present in a highly flourishing condition under the management of Professor E. L. Bangs. It has a general attend- ance of 150 students. The Court House and City Hall are creditable structures. KAILROADS. The Flint and Pere Marquette Railroad passes through the city, opening a direct line of communication to all points north and south. The Port nty, is beautifully about equidistant n is about 10,000, ed in tlie center of ) inhabitants, tlie ic, but certain and removed licre soon inaw in 1819. Mr. nd it was not until be called "fairly acd ttie names of ;e, D. 8. Freeman, J. Payne, T. B. W. Wm. Moon, ere for tlie sale of call was appointed mges taking place, jy, as receiver, and re succeeded by R. r, who held their , in the year 1858. vas located here by L the people of the he State by Colonel dent commissioner jpointed as his suc- •urishing condition as a general attend- tures. 'h the city, opening d south. The Port »a ii iiw5 iiyj a Mi w . 7i K» ft it-j*ii -w>»a K««--&iaasa»i^aa»>»^^ 720 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. Huron and Lake Michigan Rnilroad having lately been consolidated with the Peninsula Railroad. extendiuR from Lansing to Valparaiso, in Indiana, aecures the early completion of the road from Flint to Lansing-the new organization taking the name of "The Chicago and Lake Huron Railroad Company " This road will, when ilnished, he of great advantage to the people of the Northwest, and will constitute the shortest route from Chicago to the sea-board. SClIOOI,8. Flint has vied with its sister cities of the State in its educational facili- ties A. central " Union school " building is now being erected at a cost of 8100,000, which will be one of the finest school buildings in the State. Professor Tumsdell now stands at the head and supervises the educa- tional interests of the city, and students are admitted to the University upon his certiticate without further examination. LIBRARIES. The only public library in the city is that of the " Ladies' Library Association," organized in 1851, and which is the pioneer or " mother association "of the hundreds of similar ladies' library associations now in the full tide of successful and useful operation, not only in Michigan, but in neighboring States. The plan of this " peculiar institution " origi- nated with Mrs. R. W. Jenny, who wrote its constitution and by-laws, and under which Mrs. Colonel Stockton was chosen its first president. It owns a largo and valuable circulating library. Colonel E. H. Thompson has one of the largest and best private libra- ries in the State. . , „, , T^ The "Flint Scientific Institute," pioneered by Dr. Daniel Clarke, Dr. Manly Miles, Hon. F. H. Rankin, Hon E. H. Thompson, and others, is one o'f the best of its kind. It has a rare and valuable collection for the study of the naturalist and the scientist. BENEVOLENT SOCIETIES. One commaudery Knights Templar; one chapter Royal Arch Masons; two lodges F. & A. M.; two lodges I. O. O. F.; one lodge I. O. G. T. ; St. Michael's Benevolent Society. BANKS. Her banks are the First National, Citizens' National, and the Genesee County Savings Bank. Flint has also a Riding Park Association; an excellent Brass Band, under charge of Professor G. I. H. Gardner; a military company-" The Flint Union Blues." B8. 1 consolidated with paniiso, in liidinnii, I LiiiiHing— tlie new ,ko Huron Uuilroad lit lulvantncc to tho hortest route from s educationnl facili- ng crt'cted at a cost ildings in the State, .pervises tlie cduca- !d to tlie University e " Ladies' Library pioneer or " mother ry associations now ot only in Michigan, iir institution " origi- itution and by-laws, ts first president. It ad best private libra- r. Daniel Clarke, Dr. ipson, and others, is ible collection for the Royal Arch Masons; lodge LO.G.T.; St. nal, and the Genesee ;xcellent Brass Band, tary company—" The ntHTORY OF MICIIIOAN. 721 NEWSPAPKRS. There are three weekly newspapers. The Wolverini' Oithen, published and i\litPd l)y F. H, Hankin; the ninbf, by A. L. Aldrich (both Hepubli- can), and the Qenesee Democrat, by Jenny & Fellows. crirnntEs. Two Methodist, one Presbyterian, one Episcopal, one Baptist, one Con- gregational, one German Evnngelionl, one Catholic. The new Episcopal church is not excelled in architectural design and beauty by any in the State. MANUFACTOniES. The manufacture of luml)er has contributed largely to the prosperity of the city. There are ten sleiim saw mills, of usual capacity, besides planing mills, two woolen mills, three foundries, etc., giving employment to a large force of workmen. Among the recent improvements in the city have been the sinking of two artesian wells, by the city council, and the erection of the Holly Water Works, by A. McFarlau, Esq., on his premises, for the protection of his saw mill and lumber yard from Are. OIIOANIZATION. The city charter was granted by the legislature in 1855. G. Decker was chosen the first mayor. The subsequent mayors were Hons. K. L 8. Page, Porter Hazelton, E. 8. Williams, II. M. Henderson, Wm. Paterson, 8. M. Axford, W. B. McCreery, Wm. M. Fenton, Wm. Hamilton, A. B. Witherbee, Wm. 8. Patrick, H. H. Crapo, L B. Walker, D. S. Fox, and the popular and cfflcient incumbent, Hon. George H. Durand. Many of the early settlers and prominent professional and business men of Flint have died within the past few years, among whom may be mentioned the names of Governor H. H. Crapo, Governor Fenton, Hon. H. M. Henderson, Hon. A. B. Witherbee, Hon. A. P. Davis, Hon. C. P. Avery, Hon. Levi Walker, General C. C. Hascall, B. Pierson, James Hen- derson, Esqrs., and Kev. Daniel E. Bro'v.i. While their bodies repose in the glades of our beautiful Glenwood, ... memory of their worth and virtues will be enshrined in the memorie': jf those permitted to "linger behind." " Give them the meerl they have won in the past^ Give them tho honors their future forecast." 46 • . ^s«fi«>(<i!»iuiiii«:»aa^«95S£Vi3USi^»ii»» K'rjateija;iatifls»ae£iaiai^a#j»<>itetait8^ HON. ALEXANDER H. MORRISON. t„.A»DBH 1I.O„,,TO» Momu»», ot St. Joseph, Mlcblt™, mojec.™ „ce.p„.u..„. »a see,.; -X; ;: :L .t^c wa » Ce,. HI8TOKY OP MKillOAN. 72:5 LORRISON. •ph, Michigan, projector Shore Kailroiul, and its the Province of Quebec, , ho was engaged as clerk io, and with him came that year, when Chicago ). Here he entered the ■actor on the Illinois and jrk for several years. At 3ss on his own account, agaged as a contractor on came to St. Joseph, where he has since resided and been conncTtcil in cxtPtisivp hiislnrss ns a mer- chant and lumberman, until lie engaged in the railroad enteri)rini' which now occupies Ids attention. Tiie Chicago and Miciiigan Lake Sliore Railroad, of winch Mr. Morri- son i.s tlie projector, builder and suceeHsful genera! manager, extends from New Huflalo on tlio Michigan Central to I'entwater, wliieh is ilie main line— a distance of one liundred and seventy miles— with a branch of Iwunty-flvc miles from Holland to (Jrand Uapids, and another branch from Muskegon to liig Hapids of Hfty-flve miles, making In all two hun- dred and fifty miles of road. Considering the dlfflculties encountered in con8e(|uence of ttie decision of tlie supreme court, declaring void all municipal aid voted to lielp con- struct railways, togetiier with the fact that the road was bidit througli a now country, sparsely populated, which would not have been undertaken wltlioul tlie encouragement tlie law of 1809 propo.sed, the success of tlic enterprise, in both its completion and management, entitles to llu^ projertor and builder to an amount of praise for commercial sagacity, foresight and economy in all the details of construction and management, seldom awarded to men of these times, and wliich to him, in his declining years, will ho a great source of consolation and pride. Mr. Morrison, while engaged in extensive business, has at the same time given some attention to politics and been the recipient of political honors, and seen much of public life for a man of his years, now only fifty-two. In 1851, he was chairman of the board of supervisors of Berrien county. In 1852, he was a candidate for presidential elector on tlie Whig ticket. In 1850, he was elected to the Senate of this State. In 1800, he was elected to the house of representatives and was cliairman of the committee on State aflairs for three sessions, and during that time was one of the special joint committee on war matters, of which lions. Jas. F. Joy, H. P. Baldwin and Tliomas D. Gilbert were members. To the members of that committee must be awarded the honor of successfully projecting that policy which at the end of the war found the State unin- cumbered with a war debt. The individual members of that committee were also foremost in sustaining a policy not less important, inaugurated by Mr. Joy at the first session of the legislature of 1801, for the establish- ment of a sinking fund, which, in 1881, will find the State entirely out of debt. In 1802, Mr. Morrison was appointed, by President Lincoln, collector of internal revenue for the second district of Michigan, and, in 1807, assessor of internal revenue for the same district, which office he held until June, 1809, when ho resigned to enter upon the railroad project, of which mention is made above. -.J«fB«ft«!SBSSy«eSB»?»'*^WBa««W««-J'» 7M (IKNEIUI. HI8TOHY OF TMK HTATK8. Mr. Morrl«on l.-lon^^ to one <.f the plonn-r fHn.ili.s of the wo«tP n country who w,.r. In.llan tr:u»..rs In ll... Luk. Su,...rior .■.mnlry n, tlu- ,„tt..r part of th- Usi .•..■..tury an.l th- llrst purt of thin. Hi- fa her was a m..nl.c.rof thoohl Northw..«t,.rn Kur Company, an.l ..».■ of .1... f.w part- ners in that ..nnpany that refus...! to surrrnM-r to, and Murrssfully vM rd HdkirU. in'hiAvar n.a.i- upon it h. th. iufrc., of the l.u sou ay CouMmuy. Itumcdiatdy afccr tho Uto war with (in-at Hr. al... Hin ,uar diau in 1 is hoyhood, and und-r whos- .arc lu, was .ducatcd, was uh end and rela,lve-th.. late VVillia.n Morrl...,-the discoverer of the Bourees of the MisBlssippi river, from whom he ol.tained a knowledge of pioneer life in the l,e«inuin« of thi« .'entury by hearms him relate adventures that to tlu- young have a .ham, tluit is irresist.hle. Mr Morrison asc-ribes his hite success l., Ids husin.'HS eonnec ton with the Hon. .Iam.,.s F. .I..y, the great railroa.l nuignate of the Northwest, to whom he always ,ives the entire praise. He that as it n.ay, the people o Miclugan will always rentemher the subject of this sketch as one of he d^ inguished characters ; and the p....ple of the town ..f St. -Joseph and Berrien county, as its most pr.,nune..t. widely known an.l amlut ou business man, who for nearly twenty-five years has nuunta.ned a s,,otless reputation as a merchant and railroad manager. TFM. lilies of lli« wnstprn trior count ry in lln' ihU. HIh ffttlRT wns I one of t hi' few l>i»rt- l RiutfS!*fiiliy riHlstotl t of the lIudHon Hay it Hriliilii. IIlH ^.'imr- us filiUMiti'd, was hU he (llscovtTCT of the aincd ii knowlc'l)j;«' of y hcariii'^ hliu rdtttc rrc'sistililo. ncss coiiiK'ftion with ! of the Northwest, to i U may, the people of J sketch us one of her )\vii of St. .loscph and known and amhiliouB I maintained a 8i)otlc8i HON. JOHN S. HORNER. .ToHN Scott IIornkk was born at AVarrenton, Fouquier county, Vir- ginia, on the oth day of December, 1802. He was the third son of Dr. Gustaviis Brown Uorner, assistant surgeon, and nephew of Dr. Gustavus Brown, Surgeon-General of the Revolutionary Army. His ancestors were English and resided in Yorkshire, near Hipon. His paterniil grand- father emigrated to the State of Maryland at an early day, and went into -;..<..?..- .^-3fgitesieiMi*a«B»-<«^-si«*w,<;^<^.j>^v^3;fci-*.^,.ri^*^^ 726 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES. businc88 as n wholesale importing merchant. He was a near relative of Sir Francis Horner. The subject of this sketch graduated in 1819 at Washington College, Pennsylvania, and practiced law in Virginia until September, 1835. On the i)th day of that month he was appointed by President Jackson, Secretary and Acting Governor of the Territory of Michigan, inclusive of the Territories of Wisconsin and Iowa. As chief executive of the Territory, Governor llorncr did much to allay the hos- tile feeling then existing between the people of the Territory and of the State of Ohio in reference to the boundary question. Subsequently he was appointed Secretary of the Territory of Wisconsin, and received orders from President Jackson to take up his quarters near the Missis- sippi river, in order to meet the apprehended diflBculty between the Win- nebago Indians and the settlers in the mineral region of Wisconsin. On his arrival he learned that that tribe were besieging Fort AVinnebago. Taking with him a single guide he made a perilous journey of eighty miles to Fort Crawford, called upon General Taylor for a force of one hundred and twenty men, and with them proceeded to the relief of Fort A\ innebago. Arriving there he demaucled a council with the Indians, and received a reply from the chiefs that they were " falling to pieces" from starvation, owing to the non-payment of the annuities due from the United States. Upon learning this Governor Horner promptly took the responsibility of issuing an order to deliver to the starving Indians one- half the pork and flour in the military stores of the fort. This action prevented an Indian war, and was highly approved by General Jackson ; and Congress passed an act granting one thousand dollars to Governor Horner as a recognition of his services. As secretary of the Territory of Wisconsin, his career was distinguished by ability and integrity, and he received many evidences of the confi- dence of the people and of the general government. After his retirement from this oiBce, he was appointed by President Jackson register of the Green Bay land ofBce, and by successive appointments by Presidents Van Buren and Tyler, held the position for thirtc- -ars. He has also served for four years as probate judge for the count'es of Green Lake and Marquette, in the State of Wisconsin. Governor Horner now resides in the beautiful and flourishing city of Ripon, Wisconsin, a city which he founded, and to which he gave its name, in compliment to the home of his ancestuix in England. Early in life. Gov. Horner distinguished himself by lus advocacy of slave emancipation, and the records of the Virginia courts show many evidences of his success as an advocate for slaves suing for their freedom. This sincerity in the cause was proved by his promptitude in freeing the slaves descended to him from his father's estate. This act was performed soon after his coming of age— an act as rare as it was commendable at that early day. ?E8. a near relative of iduatcd in 1819 at K in Virginia until was appointed by ' the Territory of d Iowa. As cliief h to allay tlio hos- erritory and of the Subsequently he asin, and received ers near the Missis- F between the Win- of Wisconsin. On r Fort Winnebago. journey of eighty r for a force of one I the relief of Fort with the Indians, ' falling to pieces" uities due from the promptly took the rving Indians one- ) fort. This action f General Jackson ; dollars to Governor r was distinguished ences of the confi- iiter his retirement son register of the ents by Presidents .ars. He has also t'es of Green Lake flourishing city of which he gave its England. )y his advocacy of courts show many g for their freedom, itude in freeing the i act was performed 08 commendable at HTSTOKY OP MIcniOAK. 727 Gov. Horner is still in the enjoyment of vigorous health, the result of temperance and daily active exercise. Ills life has been an active one, and his official career has been distinguished l)y ability and strict integrity, and in his dignitied retirement he enjoys the results of a well-spent life — health, competence, and troops of friends. HON. ALPHEUS FELCH. Alpheus Felch was born at Limerick, York county, Maine, Septem- ber 28, 1806; graduated at Bowdoin College, and adopted the law as a profession. When quite young he emigrated to Michigan, and was elected in 1836 to the State Legislature, and re elected in 1887. In 1838 he was appointed Bank Commissioner, and resigned that ot&ce in 1839. For a short time in 1842 he was Auditor-General, but relinquished that position for a seat on the Supreme bench of the State. He was elected Governor of Michigan in 1845, and resigned in 1847 to accept a seat in the ?s«ts'.f £«i»*rxa»¥^V-ss«aa5«rtifr^"»i^-3«ffi-!^xae55fc* »5i^isie£ui;c-^^ss^fe»4^'t5¥SSiijX:«^^5r:^^i«eK^»^ ffisKi-/ -;-■■-■- 728 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. United States Senate, in which capacity he served a term of six years. He was appointed by President Pierce one of the commissioners to settle land claims in California, under the Act of Congress, and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, in March, 1853. The business of this Commission was closed by disposing of all the cases before it in March, 1856 In 1864 he was a delegate to the Chicago Convention. Since the close of his official career Governor Felch has lived in retirement at Ann Arbor. His ollicial career has been market! by the strictest integrity, and he has ever enjoyed the eniire confidence of the people whom he has so long and honorably served. E8. a term of six years, imissioners to settle , and the Treaty of )f this Commission arch, 1856 In 1864 ace the close of his lent ;it Ann Arbor, iitegrity, and he has horn he has so long HON. KINSLEY S. BINGHAM. Kinsley Scott Bingham was born in Camillus, Onondaga county, N. v.. noRoniber 16, 1808. He was a fanner's son, and his eai'ly life was spent in thai occupation. He received a good academic education in his native State, and studi' d law in the ofHce of Gen. James R. Lawrence, now of Syracuse, N. Y. In the spring of 1833 he married an estimable lady recently from Scotland, and imnu'diately emigrated to Michigan and purchased a new farm, in company with his brother-in-law, Mr. Robert Warden, in Green Oak, Livingston county. Here, on the border of civilization, he commenced the arduous task of eleariii' and fencing a new farm, putting up the buildings and making it habitable, and bring- -g w ei K a fe »iBi5Ma*afiqiW W IW^'iS iijiWi-' sWB W ii i iJMfci T i i >V'i a i .' iEw»'< ^ w ;V^ »w>jyMj«a^^«efc^giriaV^ 730 GENERAL arSTOftY 6P THE 8TATB8. Ing it to a high state of cultivation. He held the offices of justice of the peace and postmaster under the Territorial Government, and was the first judge of probate in the county. In the year 1830 when Micliigan became a State, he was elected to the first legislature. He was four times re-elected, and was Speaker of the House of Representativee three years. In 1840 he was elected Representative in Congress, and was the only practical farmer in that body. He did many things in the interest of the farmers, and in particular he opposed and prevented the extension of Wood'.s patent cast iron plow. He was re-elected to Congress in 1848. He strongly opposed the extension of slavery in the Territories of the United States, and was committed and voted for the Wilmot Proviso. In 1854, at the first organization of the Republican party, he was nominated and elected Governor of the State. In 1856 he was re-elected Governor, and during his administration the farming interest was not forgotten. Among his best acts he recommended and assisted in establishing the Agricultural College at Lansing. In 1859 he was elected Senator in Con- gres.s. He took an active part in the stormy campaign in the election of Abraham Lincoln, and witnessed the inauguration of the rebellion, (^n the 5th of October, 1861, he was attacked with apoplexy, and died sud- denly at his residence in Green Oak. LTE8. Bees of justice of the nent, and was the first hen Micliigan became He was four times sentativee three years. SS9, and was the only I in the interest of the nted the extension of to Congress in 1848. ;he Territories of the ; Wilniot Proviso. In rty, he was nominated s re-elected Governor, St was not forgotten, •d in establishing the lected Senator in Con- aign in the election of of the rebellion, (^n oplexy, and died sud- HON. STEVENS T. MASON. Stevens Thompson Mason was a son of General John T. Mason, of Kentucky, but was born in Virginia in 1813. At the age of nineteen he was appointed Secretary of Michigan Territory, and served in that capa- city during the administration of Governor George B. Porter. Upon the death of Governor Porter, which occurred on the 6th of July, 1834, Mr. Masou became acting governor. In October, 1835, he was elected gov- ernor under the State organization, and immediately enter 1 upon the performance of the duties of the office, although the State was not yet admitted into the Union. After the State was admitted into the Union, Governor Mason was reelected to the position, and served with credit to himself and to the advantage of the State. He died January 4th, 1843. _ •^..^■^U-^VjeSi>»a^t,^^tx iU>wfc.*^a,tS^,.ia«^5^^*Sj;S*»^«»S^^'^ ?tftrya*(SSW5fTS8lKK.V3Mt-^5^.* • RESIDENCE OF J. W. FRISBIE. Foi,i,o\VTNo are six engravings — views of the magnificent residence of Mr. .lames W. Frisbic, of Detroit. It is located on Cass avenue, one of the most popular and aristocratic tlioroughfares in the city, and occu- pies nearly the entire square bounded by Cass avenue on the east, Bagg street on the north and Ledyard street on the south. A brief description of this elegant residence will, no doubt, be interesting to the reader. FKONT VlliW I'llOM CASs AVKNUK. As the visitor enters tlie broad gates from Cass avenue, a magnificent scene is laid out to view. Its richness, however, varies according to the season. In spring, or early summer, it gives one the impression that nature had collected her rarest beauties and concentrated her most deli- cate fragrance on this spot. The scene is not more ennobling in ics store of nature's rich attire than imposing as a real work of true art. On the right is a triangle of three Norway spruce trees, about twelve feet high. ^,...4.f<u«t4«:»(^UR£?f#rtii!^>^^^'-^<£iCVtAKi^^ RISBIE. magnificent residence 1 on Cuss avenue, one in the city, and occu- nuc on tlie east, Bagg A brief description ing to the reader. URSIIlKNCK OF J. W. KUI8HIE. TMi «UK. avenue, a magnificent varies according to the le the impression that ntrated her most deli- e ennobling in ics store ■k of true art. On the ibout twelve feet high. This is converted into a pyramid by a tall hulsam rising from its base to a height of flftcon feet, overlooking tlie whole from the coiiu'r. On tlic left this view is repeated as perfect as though it were reflected by a mir- ror. The trees are of the same kind, stand exactly in corresponding places, have been allowed to grow to the same height and no liiglier, and are trimmed so as to present precisely tlie same appearance. There is also on either side of the walk a drooping mountain ash. These two aro VIKVV OF FKONT GARDEN. the same in appearance, each exciting the curios-ity of the visitor. Near these on either side of the walk is a weeping willow about si.x feet high, trimmed and developed into a perfect umbrella. These are as near alike as is possible, and complete the similarity of the grounds and trees on one side of the front walk with those on the otlier. As the visitor advances from the front gate toward the residence, the walk divides itself Into three directions, one leading to the front door, 784 RESIDENCE OP J. W. FRISBIE. another around the north side of the residence, a third around the south side, meeting tlie last named in tlie rear and connecting in its course with tlie grand noi tlicrn winding wallc leading through the hedge to the sum- mer house. At the intersection of these walks the visitor has one of the grandest views of garden landscape in America. The scene is perfectly indescrib- able, and the eye of the beholder is lost in wonder and admiration as the handiwork of nature and triumphs of art blend together in harmony in VIEW OF HESIDENCE AND GROUNDS. every feature presented. From the tallest balsam, Norway spruce or pine, to tlse most delicate foliage of the tinted rose is constantly visible marks of artful man; a drooping branch on the one side has its counter- part on the other. The great vase on the right, whose flower-laden vines stream down on either side, covering the massive base with the profusion of nature's delicacy, has its grand rival and perfect duplicate in a corres- ponding place on the left; the fragrance-breathing mound that lies like a bright painting on the canvas of earth, ever greeting the eye with new FTtj** w'^****' -tt-t-ae.^^ ird around the south ing in its course with he hedge to the suni- ) one of tlie grandest is perfectly indescrib- ind admiration as the jetlier in harmony In rxDS. 1, Norway spruce or ! is constantly visible e side has its counter- )se flower-laden vines se with the profusion duplicate in a corres- iiound that lies like a ing the eye with new REHIDENCE OF J. W. FRISHIE. 7.% beauties that magnify among the rich foliugc of a thousand brilliant shades and colors, is repeated again with a skill that has compclltKl nature to duplicate her rarest charms; the Michigan jirairie rose vines that rise from the soft grass ascend to meet and intertwine their rich and heavy flower wreaths in arched magnificence over the front windows of the residence, while the quaint beauty of the Indian maiden hair tree VIEW TnUOUClIl ARBOR AND SUMMER HOUSE TO RESIDENCE. adds wonder to the scene by interweaving its strange branches. But as if to constitute all these wreaths and arcl-es a back-ground to the great picture before the visitor, a magnificent vase of many kinds of flowers has been placed on either side of the entrance, just near enough to the elevation to produce the richest effect. 'f^' ~ .^i^vMl^nat HtM it M» m m*i n ' M»a miim»amiuta't^* ' »»» > imi i i^-*»ti>'**^ V \ N^ ' ^■m^: '^'^••'v^-^ .^<j:«^^^^ > 'rJ'i ■/ ':,' iii. A II'' LANSING HOUSE. This extensive and popular hotel is justly the pride of the capitol city. The building was erected at a cost of 185,000, and is one of the finest structures in Lansing. It is located on Washington avenue, opposite the old State house. The proprietor, Mr. M. Hudson, is one of the most genial and accomplished of hosts. During the sessions of the legislature, this hotel is the center of fashionable society in Lansing. Its large par- lors and ball rooms present an elegant appearance, and the building is in every way arranged_for a first-class hotel. 47 " CENTRAL DRUG STORE, DETROIT. Tins elegiint establishment occupies a large part of the ground floor of the Fisher Block. It forms in its obtuse angle one of the most prominent corners on Campus Martius. The front of this store presents a splendid appearance. A prismatic glass morter, once the property of H. T. Helm- bold, of Broadway, New Yorli, and sixteen largo colored show globes, illuminate the square, making an attractive display. Messrs. Prittie & Buffum, proprietors of the Central Drug Store, are gentlemen of reputed standing. Dr. W. II. Prittie is a graduate of Harvard College, and lias been favorably known in Boston for several years as a reliable and competent apothecary, and also, in Jersey City, as a practicing physician. He removed from the latter place to purchase the Central Drug Store, and to settle in Detroit. Mr. J. J. Butfum, his partner, has been favorably known in this State as a prominent merchant during the last twenty-two years. tn h drn mn i M l lu tm l a i— l v ia««M«a»nJ M < »nwWCT» m mxi n m^-i ^ mn nm it um DETROIT. , of the ground floor of of the most prominent ore presents a splendid iroperty of H. T. Helni- ;o colored show globes, y- Bntrul Drug Store, are ittie is a graduate of in Boston for several also, in Jersey City, as utter place to purchase Mr. J. J. Bulfum, his a prominent merchant s m > W M o H w o H « adHMmW«*MMaM*«M MICHIGAN EXCHANGE. This is one oi the oldest and most celebrated hotels in Detroit. It was erected in 1834-5, but has, at different times, been enlarged. To-day it occupies nearly an entire square, with a frontage of one hundred and forty feet m Jefferson avenue. It is two hundred feet deep, extending from Jefferson avenue to Woodbridgb stret;,, and being six stories high on the latter street and four on the former. This extensive and popular hotel is conducted by Mr. Edward Lyon, who has been connected with tlie Michigan Excliange for several years. He came to this State in 1836. After remaining in Detroit a few months, he removed to the site of the present town of Lyons, whicli was then a wilderness. After founding a settlement there, lie returned to Detroit, in 1840, and has since been prominently connected with the two leading hotels of the city — formerly the Russell House, and at present the Michigan Exchange, of which the foregoing engraving is a good illustration. FERRY & CO.'S SEED STORE The seed establishment of D. M. Ferry & Co. is one of the most exten- sive wholesale establishments in the State, and it is the largest of the kind in the whole Northwest. This enterprising firm furnishes constant employment to several hun- dred persons, and their trade extends over the whole Union, but is mainly confined to the Middle, Southern and Western States. The reputation of the house is an enviable one, and the goods they send out need no recommendation. This immense establishment has risen to its present prominence within tlie last sixteen ye^rs, under the supervision of JWr. Ferry, whose name is at the head of the firm. His wealth, acquired mainly during that period, is variously estimated at from five hundred thousand to a million dollars. It is unquestionably in advance of the former figure. There is something really cheering in these figures; not so mucli, how- ever, because an enterprising individual has thus quickly acquired a fortune, but because they indicate the prosperity of the Peninsular State, and constitute a part of that data which renders it a pleasing and an enviable task to compare the history of Michigan's commerce with that of the surrounding and competing States. mmmu.4,i:nh*Mdi<Litmmiv<immi«ir-'''>iiiii'nTi'Si s in Detroit. It was enlarged. To-day it of one hundred and feet deep, extending iing six stories high xtensive and popular been connected with ime to this State in e removed to the site 1 wilderness. After it, in 1840, and has ing hotels of the city chigan Exchange, of rORE ae of the most exten- iie largest of the kind ment to several hxin- Union, but is mainly s. and the goods they it prominence within Ferry, whose name mainly during that liousand to a million ner figure. i; not so much, how- quickly acquired a ;he Peninsular State, t a pleasing and an commerce with that i i||| .1' t'tm 1 h WWW' THE SIMMONS & CLOUGH ORGANS. Among the great industries of Michigan, the organ factory is a pleasing feature, especially since it indicates the equal growth of all the interests necessary to the development of a grand and prosperous State. " Of the many large manufacturing establishments which are making Detroit known throughout the country as a manufacturing city," says the Detroit Tribune, " the Simmons & Clough Organ Company are doing their share, inasmuch as their justly celebrated instruments are being shipped every week into all parts of the United States, from the Atlantic to the Pacific." On the first of January, 1872, the Simmons & Clough Organ Company was organized, with a capital of |50,000, taking the business of JVlessrs. Simmons & Clough, which firm began the business of making organs some six or seven years ago in Detroit. The new company purchased a lot 120x138 feet, and erected a five-story brick factory, on the corner of Sixth and Congress streets. The original building was completed and occupied on the Ist of June, 1872. The business of the concern increased so rapidly that it was necessary to increase the size of the building, which has recently been done. The factory has now a frontage of 120 feet on Sixth street by 138 feet on Congress street. The new addition on Con- gress street is six stories high. "We present an engraving of the factory, showing the growth of the establishment in the shortjspace of two years. ff O' to H O H O c »-* ■A a o o ' "*«5gsaSBS^Kns- '.|SE0 3-6 ;/ iif.m o a H u a o o a o C>'