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A COMPLETE HISTORY OF THE PENINSULAR STATE FROM ITS i EARLIEST SETTLEMENT TO THE PRESENT TIME. / COMPILED BX \ / CHARLES RICHARD TUTTI.E. ' - COPYRIGHT % DETROIT: ^ -^^hh^^ R. D. S. TYLER & CO., 66 GRISWOLD STREET. PRINTED BY THE DETROIT FREE PRESS COMPANY. 1873. t ■ i Entered according to Act of Congress, In the year 1873, BV CHARLES RICHARD TUTTLE, In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. 0. (^ <\-^ L 73, I, D. 0. TO THE MEN OF MICHIGAN, WHO, FROM HUMBLE BEQINNINQS, BY TIMELY PERSEVERANCE AND WELI^ DIRECTED ENTERPRISE, HAVE WON WEALTH FOR THEMSEIiVES OR FAME FOR THE PENINSULAR STATE, THIB VOLUME W RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED. PREFACE. Some ono, han very properly written that the country is already overloaded with histories of itself; and the same writer as properly adds : " Not one of them pretends to eonstitutc a general history of the United States in volumes, embracing a complete history of each State' separately — a work that would hi; of incalculable value to the archives of every Commonwealtii of the American Repub- lic." It has been offered in reply to this, that " the early history of the United States is so consolidated and intermingled as not to admit of being divided into volumes that would adapt themselves respectively to each State." The last argument holds good only in so tar as the task of compiling such a work is a difficult one, involving much labor that can scarcely hope for just compensa- tion. The work presented in this volume is threefold in its character, embracing a general history of Michigan, from its earliest settlement to the present time (unincumbered by the records of a neighboring Commonwealth), including illustrations and brief descriptive sketches of the mast prominent features of the Peninsular State, with portraits and short biographical sketches of its present leading business and professional men. With regard to the first and most important feature, it is proper to state that the works which the author has consulted freely, and to which the perfection of this book is most indebted, are Lan- man's History of Michigan, Sheldon's Early History of Michigan, Bancroft's History of the United States, Parkman's Conspiracy of Pontiac, Lanman's Red Book of Michigan, Tackabury's New Atlas of the State of Michigan, Way's History of the Boundary Difficulty, and numerous other volumes. The great aim has been to condense from the.se works, and from more recent records, a plain and truthful history of the State from its earliest settlement to the present time. &> .'^Wi^- vtti PRKFACE. In the Hccon.l an.l third fcaturcH. the aim ha« been to depict by dmTi,.tive sketches and enKravings. the more pro.ninent modern features of the Htate. and to present tlie portraits w. h bnef bu>. ,rapl,i-al sketciies of some of its hnulin, citizens. In doing he latter, cure has been taken to select repres<>ntat.ve men in al the ,.,;,„..ts of trade, am. in the learned i'-.^smns, without regard to the accident of p..liti.-al prominence fhe hat r c. n- ii.ation has not. of course, been ignored in mAmg th., se ecUo^j but preference has been given to th..se who have by nmud i.,,ultrv and native force of character, placed themselves m prominent and leading positions in their chosen hel.l of labor The labor of compiling this volume has been immense, and not always pleasant. The object has been to furnish to the citizens of the State a more complete history of the Commonwealth tluui ha« yet been written ; and at the same time to give to the wor d in a eondensed and l>opular form, reliable information m regard to the resources of a State now truly imperial in wealth, population and power. How well this task has been performed we leave to the judgment of an indulgent and discriminating public. It will be observed that the portrait engravings m Uus volume are inserted without reference to chronological order. This became necessary for the reason that printing was commenced before the engravings were finished. The only order observed is that m which the engravings reached the hands of the printer. In conclusion, the publishers desire to express their gratitude to the Detroit Free Press Company and its employes, lor the fa.thtul- ness and painstaking care with which they have corned the mechanical part of the work forward to completion The ntelh- genee and skill displayed in this part of the work is patent to every reader, and is in itself an illustration of the enterprise which is characteristic of the men of Michigan, as well as of the magnitude and excellence of the oldest printing house m the Peninsular State. V - Detroit. December, 1873. ii.caaassas-j.itfiijIss^^SSSS**®' n to depict, by iiiiient modern with brief bio- In doing the men in all the ssions, without ["h(« latter con- ig the Hclection, vc, by unaided themselves in 1(1 of labor, imense, and not ;t) the citizens of wealth than has ) the world, in a in regard to the , population and we leave to the lie. rn in this volume [jr. This became lenced before the erved is that in rinter. their gratitude to i, for the faithful- have carried the Lion. The intelli- Nvork is patent to of the enterprise , as well as of the ting house in the ILLUSTRATIONS. MIHf'ELLANE0U8. New Stntc Copltol (Frontlspli-ciO. The IncUun ('outu^il iit 8t. Mury's FuIIh (1071) ^^^ La HiilUs In the Uriffln ^^"^ Dentil of 1-nHiillc ^^^ Old Fort Mlchilimttckinac '"^ Unvoiling of the ('onHplrncy of Pontlac 240 Fort I'ontrhivrtrnin (Detroit) in 1705 273 The First Cluirciies Huilt in Micliigan '■^'^ Hon. T. J. Cuinpuu's Husidencc '^'^ Pear Trees in the Old .lesuit (Jardcn '"^" Residence of Istnuc Newton 8wain ■*^'" Country HeHidence of W. W. Backus 445 Bun's Soliir Compass Burt's Surveying Company (witli Marquette in the distance) 521 Micliigan Soldiers' und Sailors' Monument 541 Residence of James \all, jr ^^^ University of Michigan ^^^^ Agricultural College, Lansing, Michigan 611 Map of Straits of Mackinaw ^^'^ Michigd/i Female Seminary "~' Detroit Homeopathic College ^^^ Goldsmitii'8 Uiyant & Stratton Business College 635 Steamer W. L. Wetmorc ^^^ Saugatuck Union School 609 Residence of M. Jacques Campau • • • • 677 The Joseph Campau Residence 687 View of the City of Grand Rapids 691 View of the City of Adrian 699 View of the City of Detroit '"** Second Presbyterian Church, Detroit J^''' City Hall, Detroit '^^^ View of Fort Street, Detroit J^^ View of the City of Flint ""^^ gfe-= ?a/ < »g£ r»>a -^B^^i.^^-l^^^ - ,::f5t«»*T*a<^s-»KrAiiwa»t^-VSiV«^ ^ ILLUSTRATIONS. PORTRAITS. Hon. Lewis Cass 21 Lieutenant-Governor Andrew Parsons 41 Governor Jolin J. Bagley 61 Governor H. P. Baldwin 05 Hon. Frederick L. Wells 69 Hon. Eliliu L. Clarlc 73 Henry Fisli 77 Colonel Wm. M. Fen'on 83 Hon. Martin S. Brackett 91 Hon. Timothy Jerome 95 Tliomas P. Sheldon 99 Hon. .Jonathan B. Tuttle 103 General .loscph (). lludnut 113 Hon. J. W. IJegole 117 Hon. James Watson 123 Hon Peter Desnoj'ers 125 Captain John Clarke 139 Hon. John R. Kellogg 135 Hon. Charles W. Grant 141 Professor Duane Doty 145 Hon. J. G. Sutherland 149 Hon. John N. Mellen 153 E. B. AVard 157 Hon. Charles M. Garrison 101 Hon. Lysander Woodward 167 Hon. Peter C. Andre 169 Hon. Charles S. May 178 Hon. B. W. Huston 177 Ray Haddock 183 Hon. George H. Durand 185 F. G. Russell 193 Hon. A. F. R. Braley 197 Dr. Edward W. Jenks 301 Hon. Samuel D. Pace , 205 Hon. John Moore 209 E. T. Judd 213 Dr. J. B. White 217 Hon. Eleazer Jewett 231 R. W. Jenny 225 General Mark Flanigan 231 J. M. Stanley '. 235 James Shearer 241 Lorenzo B Curtis 245 Right Reverend Samuel A. McCoskry 233 Hon. S. M. Green 257 Hon. Moses B. Hess 265 IIXUSTRAT10N9. xl 21 41 61 05 69 73 77 83 91 95 99 103 llli 117 133 125 129 135 141 145 149 153 157 101 167 169 173 177 183 185 193 197 201 205 209 213 217 221 225 231 235 241 245 253 257 265 H'^n. James Birney 269 M. 8. 8mith 277 Hon. James Turrill 283 Ezra Kuat 285 David Preston 289 Hon. Bcla W. Jenks 293 E. O. Haven, D.I)., LL. D 297 Hon. John F. Driggs 305 Rev. J. M. Arnold 309 Hon. R. P. Eldredge 313 Hon. W. L. Webber 321 Chester B. Jones 325 Hon. James F. Joy 33i Hon Albert Miller 337 A. W. Wright 341 Hon. L. B. Parker 345 Hon. G. D. Williams 349 Colonel Wm. L. P. Little 357 Bradford Smith 361 Spencer Barclay 367 Hon. T. J. Campau 369 Hon. Alfred Russell 379 Dr. J. W. Kermott 381 Hon. Zachariah Chandler 385 Charles H. Borgnian 389 Hon. A. B. Turner 395 Isaac Newton Swain 403 Aaron Dikeman 413 Major Lowell Hall 417 James Scribner 421 Hon. R. McClelland 425 M. V. Borgman 437 John P. Allison 448 - Hon. George V. N. Lothrop 449 Hon. R. A. Haire 459 E. H. Turner 461 Hon. N. B. Eldredge 465 Captain J. F. Marsac 469 Hon. George W. Swift 473 Sandford Howard 481 Hon. D. Horton 485 Hon. George E. Hubbard 489 Rev. Marcus Swift 497 Dr. G. L. Cornell 505 Colin Campbell 509 Hon. Wm. A. Burt 518 Horace R. Gardner 626 if its ' xu ILLUSTRATIONS. Hon. Thomas W. Ferry 539 Myron Butmun 587 Hon. Thonuia H. Bottoniley 5^9 Hon. John Hall 545 Hon. Juy A. Hiibbell • • • 549 General J. G Parkhurst 553 Smith R. Woolley 559 Hon A. N. Hart 561 Dr. L. Younghusband 565 Hon. E. 8 Egglcston 569 Professor David Parsons 573 General A. T. McKeynolds 577 D. M. Ferry 583 Hon Ira Mayhew 585 Jamea Nail, jr 589 James W. Frisbie 59:5 J. H. Goldsmith 597 Hon. C. C. Comstock 601 Hon. Jonathan Shearer 605 Okemos 609 Edgar Conkling ■ 613 Hon. John 8. Barry 617 Hon. Moses Wisncr 621 Hon. E Ransom 626 Hon. Wm. Woodbridge 629 Hon. O. D. Conger 633 Hon. Israel V. Harris 641 Hon. David H. Jerome 645 Hon. George Willard 649 Hon O. M Barnes 653 Hon. A. C. Baldwin 659 Hon. Charles Rynd, M. D 661 Hon. Henry H. Crapo 665 Hon. Joseph Campau 679 Hon. H. M. Look 693 Hon. J. W. Gordon 701 Hon. Wm. L. Greenly 703 Hon. Wm. C. Duncan 713 Hon. Wm. W. Wheaton 716 Hon. Alexander H. Morrison 722 Hon. John 8. Horner 725 Hon. Alpheus Pelch 727 Hon. Kinsley S. Bingham 729 Hon. Stevens T. Mason 731 629 537 5a9 545 549 553 559 561 565 569 573 577 583 585 589 593 597 601 605 600 613 617 631 626 629 633 641 645 649 653 659 661 665 679 693 701 703 713 716 723 725 727 729 731 CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. Prance moves to establish a colony in America— Cartierjroceeds to Canntln— His second voyage — Rolicrval's expedition — Other French expeditions— Champlain's flrst expedition to the SI Lawrence— He forms a settlement at Quebec n CHAPTER II. Cbamplain and his infant colony— A pleasant winter in the now fort— Condition of Indian affairs -The natives— Niw France ceded to England in 1629— Gbaniplain returns to France , 29 CHAPTER 111. History of New France ftom the war with the English in 1629 to that of 16S9— The French and the Iro(iuois— Colonial history-The government of Fronte- nac— Defeat of the English .18 CHAPTER IV. History of New France from the administration of Frontenac to its overthrow by the English, at Quebec, in 1769— The battle of Quobec-The fall of Wolfe and Montcalm— Canada ceded to the English 68 CHAPTER V. Progress of the French toward Michigan— The struggles and adventures of the missionaries- Life and death of the great and good Marquette— Pioneer lite, 81 CHAPTER VI. Robert de la Salle--First vessel on Lake Erie— Loss of the Griffin- Unfortunate expedition in search of tlie Mississippi— Mutinous conduct of LaSaile's men— Death of LaSalle— His character— Fate of his companions 102 CHAPTER VII. The Sault Ste. Marie— Fort St. Joseph— Detroit founded— Its early condition- Attacked by the Ottuwas- By the Foxes— Early French travelers through the lake region 112 CHAPTER VIII. Colonial emigrants— Merchants— The peasantry— French soldiers— Legal admin- istration—Policy of the French government— Mode of land distribution 122 CHAPTER IX. War betwi. the French and English colonies-Braddock's march— His defeat— Acadia, Niagara and Crown Point- Uattle of Lake George— Condition of Can da 139 CHAPTER X The English take possession of the western outposts of Canada— March of Major Rogers and the Provincial Rangers- .\i>pearance of Pontiac— Surren- der of Detroit and Michiliraackinac to the l.iiLrlish- End of French rule in Michigan., 166 CHAPTER XI. Hostility between the northern Indians and the English— Experience of the llriit English traders who visited Michiiiniackinac— Their persecutions -The English soldiers take possession of Miuhilimaukinac 172 -^aetriiisaf XIV CONTENTS. CHAPTER XII. HoMililv lictwoon thp InrtlnnB and the English -Its cnnse explained -The in li^ans visiiiK t<. .Irive the Knglish from the o.o""try--Pontl,m-s messaKO- The council and speech in wliirli the conspiracy is maturcd-The war 189 CHAPTER XIII. Michilimackinac Description of the place in 1702 - AssemljlinK of hostile Cli".is "round Mich/iimackina.-X.iveiltnres 9I an Kn^'lish tra.Ur-Tho Indians preparing for the massaero-Thu game ol ball commencea CHAPTER XIV. The massacre at Kort Michilimackinac-Indians drinking the blood of Engllsh- m""f-S,Im'rings of Knglish prisoncrs-Thc Ottawas esponse the cause ol the Knglish and take possession of the fort-The Indian council -"o 200 CHAPTER XV. :\w English persecuted at Mii'hilimackinac after the mttgsacro-Tlu. m\\ of HUnry- Prisoners divided between theChippewas and IhcOttawjis tenant Gorell rescues the i)ri8oners from the Ottawas, and the hngUs adventure Licu- nglish leave the country— Escape of Henry 229 248 CHAPTER XVI. Conspiracy of I'ontiac, continucd-The plot to destroy the garrison of Detroit (iiscovered-Pontiac commences the siege-Captain Cam;-,beirs captivity- Poutiac demands the surrender of the tort CHAPTER XVII. Consniracv of Pontiac, oontinued-A council among the officers of the fort of Detroit-- (ila(lwyn determines to hold out-l)ifflculty between Pontiac and the ?rench-Fatc of Cuyler s expedition-The horrors of Indu.n warlare thickeuiug aronnd Detroit '** CHAPTER XVIII. Conspiracy of Pontiac. continued-Fate of the forest garrison The massacre at Fort St. Joseph--The fate of Sandusky, Miami, Onatanon, Pres CHAPTER XIX. Conspiracy of Pontiac, continued -The siege of Detroit-Adventure of a British schooner on the Detroit river-Mode of Indian warfare-Pontiac inviting the French tojdin his army-Another council-Exchange ot prisoners 282 CHAPTER XX. Conspiracy of Pontiac. continued-The battle of Bloody Run-Captain Dalzell's detachment slaughtered liy the savages-Adventure of the schooner Ulad- wyn— The Indians sue lor peace— Approach of winter 296 1^ Conclusion of Poiitiao's war CHAPTER XXI. -The siege of Detroit raised- -Bradstreel in the west-The English at peace-The Uevolutionarj: War-Instigating savages to take American scalps-Captain Byrd's expedition-Haniilton's expedition -His captiire-DePeysler cimmamls at Detroit-American liberty trium- phant— Peace restored "- CHAPTER XXH. The retention of the western posts by Great Britain after the treaty of 1783- Northwostern Territory organized-Indian troubles agam-Thc great war council at Detroit - Campaign of General Harmer -St. Clair s defeat- Wayno's victories-Michigan surrendered to the United States 324 CHAPTER XXIII. William Hull appointed governor of the Territorj' of Michigan-Tecumseh's waVriors asBi'mbling-An army raised in Ohio-It marches to Detroit under warrioi,8_asBi,mmmb between England and the United States-Hull General Hull advances into Canada . 330 CONTKNT8. XV nlncd -The '8 message — 3 wur 189 CHAPTER XXIV. Midiilimackinnc— Removal ol' Iho fort to Mackinaw JHland ronilition of the foit and scttlcnieiit ill 181-.' -Captain Hoberts' ex|icilition caiiluivs the fort— The garrison sent to Detroit— The Knglish once more in possession ot Sluck- inaw 344 t of hostile tracUr-The ill 200 1 of English- cause of the 215 le adventure awas— Licu- ^nglish leave lU of Detroit 3 captivity— 220 248 if tlie fort of Pontiac and Jian warfare 'J84 I massacre at selroit after the surrender— The massacre at (.'hicago- Commodore Perry on Lake Krie -Harrison's camjiaign -Kecapture of the western posts, "including Detroit, by the United Estates 3G5 CHAPTER XXVII. Mackinaw— Expedition under Commodore Sinclair and Colonel Croghan for its reiluction-i;olonel Turner captures the Perseveranci- at St. Mary's and reduces that post -Capture of the Mink -Destruction ol goods beloiigiiig to the Northwest Company— Landing of the forces at Mackinaw— Fall ot Major Uolmes— Defeat of the Americans - Fidl account of the buttle, etc 377 CHAPTER XXVIII. The ordinance of 1787— Krection of the Territory of Michigan— Its boundary- Judicial administration— The Woodward code of laws— Governor Hull— His trial by court-martial 394 CHAPTER XXIX. General Casa appointed governor -Defenseless condition of the Territory- Indian depredations around Detroit Bravery and energy of General Cass— His treaty with the Indians— Condition of Michigan at the close of the war -Expedition of General Cans to the Upper Peninsula— Discoveries— Pros- perity of the Territory under Cass' administration— The treaty of Chicago- Kxecmliou of Indians 402 CHAPTER XXX. The administration of Governor Porter— The Black Hawk war— Construction otx'oads -The llrst railroad company organized— Banks chartered- Common Schools organizeil -Chang, in the method of disposing of public lands— Deatli of Governor Porter 441 CHAPTER XXXI. The organization of a State government-The boundary question— The Toledo war— Incidents and accidents— Settlement of the question— Admission of Michigan into the Union 448 CHAPTER XXXII. Michigan as a State— Kesources and population— Administration of Governor Mason— Woodbridge — Gordon - Barry— Felch— Greenly -Uinsom-Barry- McClelland -Bingham —Wisiier 480 CHAPTER XXXIII. Administration of Governor Blair— The war of the rebellion— Patriotic action of Michigan— The troops sent to Ihe Held— The draft— Governor Oapo's administration -I lose of the war— The troops return honi> Financial con- dition of the State 494 CHAPTER XXXIV. Governor Henry P. Baldwin's administration— Steady growth of the State— (Constitutional amendment— Governor Baldwin's re-election —The State Cap- itol— The great and destructive (Ires in Michigan— The Soliliers' and Sailors' Monument— Administration of Governor Bagley 530 zvi CONTENTS. CHAPTER XXXV. Presont condition of Michigan railroads CHAPTER XXXVI. 544 M ineral and loroRt wealth of MichiKan-Iron-Copper-Salt-Gypsum-coM- Other minurala-Lumber "" * CHAPTER XXXVn. Education in Michi(fan-Tho common B.dmol ny^t^m-ThP. yn'^eiTlly-AKric"!- tural CollfRc-Stntc Normal Kchool-Allnon CollcRe- Adrian CollP(te-Kii a- ma/oo Collctfo IlillsdaU- rolU'Ki-Olivet ColU-KC-State «•; «7' *? ^,^"ol- Sliilc Pul.lic School-Asvlnm for the Deaf, Dnmb and IJlind-Mt 'hipran Kom'ilf Seminiirv-Detroit Medical CollcKC-Oetroit Iloineomithic CoUcge- fiohiimith'" iryant * Stratton Ui.sinesB Unlverslty-Mayhew's Business ^^ College CHAPTER XXXVHI. Agricultxirc—Mannfacturcs— Commerce «40 CHAPTER XXXIX. Mineral Siirinug of Michigan-Their discovery-Analyses of the watcrs-The loo!!ition of oac.h-The St Louis Spring-Alpena-Midland-Knton Ki pids- SprinK Luke-hansing-Kruitport-Butterworth's-Owosso-IIubbardston - Leslie-Mount Clemens *" Governors and officers of Michigan '" Population of Michigan °'l Sketch of Grand Rapids °°; Sketch of Adrian 2n2 Sketch of netroit 1,2 Sketch of Flint '" ■ 'r^t^^f-; ^'■^- ■ ':'--ri:iirations began DUt witli a view it Herniinia, of rminia, of sixty ivt uiunetl was his was a verj' bout to sail for tlie inhabitants, departure, in ^, the priests of re comfort and ficers and crews the sacrament, tar in the great 1 in sacerdotal jenediction. ears after pub- ry tempestuous, but after many Newfoundland munder. After er latitude than island, and still iwrence day, a they gave the 'reat river that ;hemselves, in a Jew days, oj)i)ositc the riidiiin village of Stadacoiia, then occupy- ing a portion of the ground on wliicli the city of (^lu-bcc now stands. As the vessels came to an anchor, the terrified natives fled to the forest, where they gazed with iningied feelings of awe and wonder on the "winged canoes" which had borne the pale- faced strangers to their shores. The Indians at once resolved on a wary intercourse with the strangers. Their chief, Donacona, ai)])roached the vessels with a fleet of twelve canoes, tilled with arrtied warriors. Ten of these eanoes lu directed to remain a short distance, while h(> proceeded with the other two to luscertain the purport of the visit—whether it was for peace or war. With this object in view, he commenced an oration. Cartier heard the chief patiently, and with the aid of a Gasp<"' Indian interpreter, he was enabled to open a conver- sation, and to (juiet his apprehensions. An amicable understand- ing having thus been established, (^artier moored his vessels safely in the River St. Charles, where, shortly afterwards, he received a .second visit from Donacona, who, this time, came accompanied by five hundred warriors of his tribe. Having thoroughly rested and refreshed himself and his men, Cartier determined to explore the river to Hochelaga, another Indian town, which he learned was situated further uj) it.s course. With the view of impressing the Indians with the superiority of the white man, he caused, prior to his departure, several cannon .shots to be discharged, which produced the desired result. Like their countrymen of the .South on the arrival of Columbus, the red men of the St. Lawrence were alarmed by the firing of artil- lery; and, as its thunders reverberated among the surrounding hills, a feeling of terror took complete possession of their minds. Leaving his other ships safely at anchor, Cartier, on the 19th of September, proceeded up the river with the Hermirillon and two boats. He wa.s compelled, however, owing to the shallowness of the water, to leave the vessel at Lake St. Peter. Bold, and loving adventure for its own sake, and at the same time strongly imbued with religious enthusiasm, Cartier watched the shifting landscape, hour after hour, as he ascended the river, with feelings of the deepest gratification, which were heightened by the reflection that ■-i^ag\ipi!sc^ii3ism'-timsmMsi«mtmiitmiif^'-mmsin^,, 20 GENEUVK HISTORY OF TIIK STATRfl. hi! wivs tha pioneer of civilizatiDn and of ClirUtiiinily i» that unknown ilmi". " Nature" says MacMullen, " presented itnelf in ail il.H primitive t.'randeur to \w viesv. The noble river, on vhose broad bosom he floated onward, day after day, disturbing vaHt floeks of water fowl ; the primitive forests of the North, whieh here and there presented, amid tlie luxuriance of their foliage, the panisitieal vine, loaded with clusters of luscious >;rapes, and from whence the strange notes of the whippowil, and other birds of varied tone and plumage, such as he had never before seen, were heard at intervals; the bright sunshine of a Canadian autumn; the unclouded moonlight of its calm and jdeasant nights, with the other novel accessories of the occasion, nuide a sublime and profound impression upon the mind of the adventurer." Cartier arrived, on the '2d of October, opposite the Huron vil- lage of Ilochelaga, the iidiabitants of which lined the shore on his approach, and made the most friendly signs to him to land. Supplies of fish ami corn were freely tendered by the Indians, in return for which they received knives and beads. Despite this friendly conduct, however, Cartier and his (companions deemed it most prudent to pa.ss the night on board their boats. On the following day, headed by their leader, dressed in the most imposing costume at his command, the exploring party went in procession to the village. At a short distance from its environs they were met by a sachem, who received them with that solemn courtesy peculiar to the aborigines of America. Cartier made him several presents. Among these was a cross, which he hung round his neck and directed him to kiss. Patches of ripe HON. LEWIS CASS. Thk late Hon. Lewis Cass wus born in Exeter, New Ilampslure, Octo- ber 9, 1783. Having received a lln\ited education in liis native place, at the early age of seventeen lie crossed the Alleghany Mountains on foot, to seek a home in the " Great West," then an almost unexplored wilder- ness Settled at Marietta, Ohio; he studied law and was successful. Elected at twenty-five to the Legislature of Ohio, he originated the bill which arrested tlie proceedings of Aaron Burr, which, as stated by Mr. .Jefferson, was the first blow given to what is known as Burr's conspiracy. In 1807 he was appointed by Mr. JefTerson Marshal of the State, and held -T..1-**^W-i-TS.*,ei?*I fi »ii'. •^;:^e«ft^'?f-^.-;^'i^^''^.-*''>^*^e*'« - ^^.■•^Mik:^^'^ mily in that lilted it.wlf in ver, on vhose ■ttiirbinj; vast North, which their tbliiine, IS j^rapos, and id other birds r before seen, (■ a Canadian leasaiit nifj;hts, Hide a sublime nturer." he Huron vil- tlie shore on ) liini to hind. J the Indians, Despite this ons deemed it dressed in the :ploring party tauce from its them with that erica. Cartier ;ross, which he Patches of ripe [ampshlre, Octo- native place, at untains on foot, explored wiUler- was successful. iginatcd the bill as stated by Mr. urr's conspiracy. 8 State, and held HON. LKWIS OA88. <-,w>^*sjj'^^#)«||iaS!*ti(yt^3;«*5'f>^»?t\'ffMS#^ !C-:a^^ic^fc-i^*4***_J»'-.rt*rfte»fci-- HISTOIIY Ot MICHIGAN. 23 corn encircled the village, which consisted of fifty well built huts, secured from attack by three lines of stout palisades. It is recorded that Cartier did all that he could to soothe the minds of the savages, and that he even prayed with these idolaters, and dis- tributed crosses and other symbols of the Catholic faith among them. After the usual ceremonies with the Indians, Cartier ascended the mountain behind the native village. Here he erected a cross and a shield, emblazoned with the Fletir-dc-lii, emblem of church and State, and named the region of his discoveries "New France." Favorably as Cartier had been received, the lateness of the season compelled his return to Stadacona. The adventurers win- tered In the St. Charles river, and continued to be treated with apparent kindne.xs and hospitality by the Indians in that vicinity, who hat. fortimatcly laid up abundant stores of provisions. Unaccustomed, however, to the rigor of a Canadian winter, and scantily supplied with warm dothiug, Cartier and his companions suffered severely from the cold. The long and tedious winter at length drew to a close ; the ice broke up, and, although the voyage had led to no gold dis- coveries or profitable returns in a mercantile point of view, the expedition prepared to return home. They compelled Donacona, and two other chiefs and eight warriors, to bear them company to France, where a greater part of these unfortunate men died soon after their arrival. On reaching home Cartier reported to the French Court that the country he had discovered was destitute of gold and silver, and that its coast was bleak and stormy. tfie office till the latter part of 1811, when he volunteered to repel Indian aggressions on the frontier. He was elected Colonel of the Third Regi- ment of Ohio volunteers, and entered the military service of the United States at the commencement of the war of 1812. Having by a difficult march reached Detroit, he urged the iimnediate invasion of Canada, and was the author of the proclamation of that event. He was the first to land in arms on the enemy's shore, and, with a small detachment of troops, fought and won the first battle, that of the Tarontoe. At the i^ubsequent capitulation of Detroit he was absent on important service, I .^ana^miiif. i^^aaa^*^ ,.. 24 UENKRAL HISTORY OK THE STATES. I I This sad account liad a most disastrous eftect upou the energies already awakened in France, and not until four years after Car- tier's return was there a single movement in the whole empire looking toward a third expedition. Early in the year 1540 Tian- cis I granted patents covering all the territory north of British occupancy to Fraueoix de la Uoque, Seigneur de Koberval. The commission also invested him with supreme power within its bounds. In the summer of the same year a squadron of five vessels was fitted out for New France. Cartier, who had already twice suc- cessfully reached the western hemisphere, was appointed to the command, and accordingly the fleet set sail to convey the French flag once more to America. After a very successful voyage, they reached the lake and river that had received its name from Car- tier four years previously, and, proceeding in a westerly course, they subsequently arrived at Stadacona. He was at first received with eveiy appearance of kindness by the Indians, who expected that he had brought hack their chief Donacona, as well as the other chiefs and warriors who had been taken to France. On learning that some of these were dead, and that none of them would return, they ottered considerable resist- ance to the formation of a settlement in their neighborhood. By these and other difficulties Cartier was induced to move higher up the river to Cape Rouge, where he laid up three of his vessels and sent the other two back to France with letters to the king. His next proceeding was to erect a fort, which he called Charlesbourg. Here, after an unsuccessful attempt to navigate and regretted that his command and himself had been included in that capituliition. Liberated on parole, he repaired to the seat of government to report the causes of the disaster and the failure of the campaign. He was immediately appointed a Colonel in the regular army, and soon after promoted to the rank of Brigadier-General, having in the meantime been elected Major-Goneral of the Ohio volunteers. On being exchanged and released from parole, he again repaired to the frontier, and joined the army for the recovery of Michigan. Being at that time without a com- mand, he served and distinguished himself as a volunteer aide-de-camp to General Harrison at the battle of the Thames. He was appointed by t: ^rs^^ 3jar?^-i^1^M HI8TOKY OK MICHIGAN. 26 1 the energies lars after Car- whole empire ar 1540 rian- rth of British oberval. The ver within ita ive vessels was ady twice sue- pointed to the •ey the French il voyage, they inie from Car- lesterly course, )f kindness by ick their chief who had been were dead, and iderable resist- iborhood. luced to move ip three of his 1 letters to the vhich he called pt to navigate included in that it of government i campaign. He Y, and soon after : meantime been ^ exchanged and , and joined the I without a com- r aide-de-camp to as appointed by the rapids above Hochelaga, he jMissed a most uncomfortable winter. The promised supplies not having arrived, another severe winter completely disheartened Cartier, and he accordingly resolved to return home. Putting into the harbor of St. John, Newfound- land, lie encountered Roberval, who was now on his way to Canada, with a new company of udveuturers, and an abundance of stores and provisions. Cartier refused to return, and, to avoid forcible detention, he weighed anchor in the night. On the following morning the viceroy arose and observed that his wearied servant had departed. Roberval sailed up the river to Charlesbourg, which he strengthened by additional fortifications, and where he passed the ensuing winter. Leaving a garrison of thirty men behind, he returned the following spring to France, where he was detained by his sovereign to assist in the war against Charles V. After the Peacje of Cressy, Roberval, in company with his brother Achille and a numerous train of adventurers, again set out for this country. The fleet was never heard of after it put to sea, and was supposed to have foundered, to the regret of the people of France, who greatly udmired the brothers for the gal- lant manner in which they had borne themselves in the war. This loss completely discouraged Henry II, then (lo43) King of France, and he made no further efforts to effect a settlement in Canada. It was not, therefore, till 1598 that any noticeable movement was made by the French Government in projects of trans-Atlantic colonization. In this year the Marquis de la Roche, a nobleman of Brittany, encouraged by Henry, fitted out President Madison, in October, 1813, Governor of Michigan. His posi- tion combined witli tlie ordinary duties of chief magistrate of a civilized community the immediate management and control, as Superintendent, of the relations with the numerous and powerful Indian tribes in this region of country. He conducted with success the affairs of the Terri- tory under embarrassing circumstances. Under his sway peace was preserved between the whites and the treacherous and disaffected Indians, law and order established, and the Territory rapidly advanced in population, resources and prosperity. He held this position till July, 1831, when he was by President Jackson made Secretary of War. In the f .-^<«aMs<*M«iHit'' 2 w a ww>jr^ Tae ww^ ^?ffqMBWw:^q^isgBnL 28 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. if I bee," and which was wituatetl a short distance from the spot where Cartier liad erected a fort, and jjassi-d a winter sixty-seven years before. Here, on the 3d of July, 1G08, he hiid the foundation of the present city of Quebec. Ru(h' buildinf^s of wood were f i-st erected on the high grounds, to aflbrd a shelter to his men. When these were complettid an embankment was formed above the reach of the tide, where Mountain street now lies, on which the house and battery were built. With the exception of Jamestown, in Virginia, this was the first permanent settlement established in North America. Having followed the French in their repeated journeys across the ocean, and left them in their first successful settlement, we will next trace their footsteps in those western voyages of dis- covery and adventure that .secured the early settlement of the peninsular State. v*so«fc«j;;H..j£;Ai*«. ^ e spot where •-rtovon years )iuidiiti()n of )(1 were fli-st men. When ive the reach :h the house iincstown, in stablished in irneys across !ttknnent, we i'ages of dis- iiient of the CHAPTER II. Champlain and Ills Infant Coi.onv— A Pleasant Winter in thk New Fout— Condition ov Indian Afkaihs— The Natives— New FuANCE Ceded to England in 1089 — Champlain Retuuns to Fhance. Samuel Champlain, as already observed, founded the settle- ment of Quebec in 1608. This was the first permanent foothold of civilization in Canada. The little garrison passed the winter of 1608 without suffering any of those extreme hardships which, during tlie same period of the year, had distinguished the resi- dence of former adventurers in Canada. Their dwellings being better protected from the cold, their persons more warmly clothed, more abundantly supplied with provisions, and with a greater amount of experience than their predecessors possessed, they dis- covered that a winter existence among the snows of the North was not only possible, but even had its ])leasures. Winter gradually merged towards spring without producing any incident of very great importance to the infant colony. Meanwhile everything had been done to preserve a good under- standing with Indians who visited the fort. Champlain wisely perceived that the success of the settlement of the country depended upon their friendship. Nor were the Indians them- selves, who belonged to the Algonquin nation, averse to the culti- vation of a friendly understanding with the French. The spring of 1609 seems to have been an early one with the colony, and no sooner had the weather become sufficiently warm to make traveling agreeable, than Champlain prepared to ascend the river, and explore it above Mount Royal. He spent the sum- mer in the vicinity of the St. Lawrence, and made many valuable discoveries. In the autumn a disarrangement in affairs in France caused his return home. In the spring of 1610 he again visited i 80 (lENTRAI, niSTOKY Or THE S1.'{, and arrived at Quebec on the 7th of May following. He at once commenced the prosecution of discoveries. On the 21.st of May he arrived at Lachine Itapids, and proceeded with his crew up the Ottawa. In the latter undertaking he expe- rienced severe hardships, and encountered numerous difficulties. After traversing large tracts of country, and visiting several Indian villages, Chaniplain, observing the approach of winter, and the need of supplies, returned to France on the 2()th of August, 1H14. In the following May, Champlain arrived at Quebec with a new expedition. On board of this fleet came out four fathers of the order of the Recollects, whose benevolence induced them to desire the conversion of the Indians to Christianity. These were the first i)riests who settled in Canada. After adjusting nuitters in the little colony, Champlain set out for the Indian head((uarters at Lachine Rapids. He spent the summer and the following winter among the natives, aiding them in their wars with the Iroquois, and joining them in the hunt. No sooner had the spring of IHKi set in, however, than he returned to Quebec, and shortly afterward sailed for France. Here he remained over two years, endeavoring to secure another expedition. This was delayed by a difficulty between the Prot- estants and Roman Catholics, and not until July, 1H20, did the father of New France return to his charge. Champlain's judicious management soon led to the arrival of -aajfiMieiiii'v HIHTOIIY <>|- MirriKi.W. 81 lie autumn of otcrmincd to u'c. AfVjr u Uoyiil. His rity to which uoiitly risen, need it in by fi of making meeting with in the begin- ' 7 th of May f (liscoveriea. 11(1 proceeded cing he expe- .s difficulties, iting several h of winter, the 26th of uebec with a )ur fathers of iced them to These were iplain set out He spent the aiding them in the hunt. ver, than he for France, cure another !en the Prot- 1H20, did the he arrival of a(hlitional settlers, ami in ]t;2'- '>e settlement of (Quebec ulone had (ifty inhabitants. Witliout attempting the details in the early history of Canada, we will push fiirward in the channel of events, toward the settle- ment of Michigan. Tlie reader must rememiu-r. liowever, that the early history of this State caiuiot be made authentic and com- plete without including nuu-h from the records of that country to which our earliest settlements owe their existence. On the first settlement of the French in Canada, three great nations .ixpeditiou for several years. During this time attempts were made to degrade Champlain from the high situation in which he had been placed, but by virtuf! (»f commissions, both from Montmorency and the king, he suc-eeded in crushing this oppo- sition; and in May, 1620, set sail with his family and a new expe- dition, and after a verv tedious voyage arrived at Tadoussac. The first child born of French parents at Quebec, was the son of Abraham Martin and Margaret L'Anglois; it was christened "Eustache" on the 24th of May, 1621. The office of Viceroy iiad lieen hitiierto little more than a name, but at this period it came into the hands of a man of energy and activity. The Due de Ventadour having entered into holy orders, took charge as Viceroy of the affiiirs of New France solely with the view of converting the natives. For this purpose he sent three Jesuits and two lay brothei-s, who were, fortunately, men of .imifmmemiUK'ime amMr ' m ' IIIMTOUY III- MICIIIUAN. m jrc the most ivore further Algonquin during the between the ,' the TuBca- lled the Six the interests ?e of Cond6, confinement g the minor- ing amongst arrangement >y, which he iniplain con- thc Due was tion of High bjects of the al cities, and lie departure ime attempts tion in which !, both from ig this oppo- I a new expe- loussac. The s the son of IS christened than a name, f energy and 3 holy orders, e solely with pose he sent latelv, men of cxfinphiry character, to join the f(»iir Kccollccts at t^m . The.-i' nine were Hit ly priests tiicn in Caiuuhi. The mercantile company, which had nf)W i)ccn intrusted with the aHiiirs of the colony for some time, was by no means active, and was in consctiuciicc deprived of its charter, which was given to the Siciirs De Caen, uncle and nephew. On the arrival of the younger De Caen at Ta(h)ussac, Champlaiu set out to meet him, and was received with tiic greati»;l tlie treaty wan Cdiielndeil. 'I'lie (dlMiiy was at tliat time in a very iinsatisiaetury AhU; the «etth'meiitj4 at (Quebec eim.-'isfiii); (Mily i)t' titty-five per"' ii*. Ihfh'ed the wluiie of the avaihilile ixHse.tsion^ in New Franco included (inly the iWrt at t^iiehec, surroniKh'ii hy some ineonsider- al)le houses, a It'W huts on the island of Montreal, as nniny at Tadonssftc. and at other jilaees on the St. Lawrence, aii'»>^*« IirHToilY OK MlrrioAN. 3A r«>rlot)kt>il, aii'.l sfiicliiry >*Ui\i\ t-fivt' pcrMo I!*. New I''i'Hi>c<' nuf iiiciiiisidcr- il, iiH iniiiiy lit (', mill a st'ttlf- Ir(ii|ii(iis liiul :ioii nill»'3v:e5issfta^»SK^ insTORY OF MICHIGAN. 37 and the fos- ss«*»^aM;s; . .^tt»8Ma(a»«!«M».' HISTORY OF MICHKJAN. 39 MSIt IN 1(53», ^ — Colon I A li EAT OK TIIK ! years, but, dily restored lich was oou- food pioneer, his beloved ecessary sup- hich he had ! affairs with 15, when, full iied, after an 3. His obse- colony could ave with real ities, and the OSS of a tried isfortune with •eater part of become the i attain to a nd to civilize 1 zeal for reli- le salvation of empire." the religious i in panada. Tlioiijrl) tliey (lid little for the immediate improvement of the colony, yet they formed the foundation on which arose those morals and habits which still cluvructerize the Frencii Ciinadians, and which in some instances merit admiration. The first mover ill this work of benevolence was the Manjuis de Gamciie, whose fervor had led him to join the order of Jesuits. He conceived the design of forming a college at Quebec, and was enabled by his friends to otter six thousand gold crowns for this purpose. His proposal was readily accepted and carried into eftect. An institution for instructing the Indians was also established at Sillery, a few miles from Quebec. The Hotel Dieu, or House of God, was founded two years afterwards by a party of Ursuliue nuns, who came out under the auspices of the Duchesse d'Aiguil- lon. Madame de Peltrie, also, a youug widow of rank, engaged several sisters of the Ursulines at Tours, in France, whom she brought out, at her own expeuse, to Quebec, where they founded the Convent of St. Ursula. The state of the Indian nations rendered the situation of M. de Montmagny, the governor, who succeeded Cha:nnlain in 1635, peculiarly critical. Owing to the weakness of the French, the Iroquois had advanced by rapid steps to great importance. They had completely humbled the power of the Algonquins, and closely pressed the Hurons, scarcely allowing their canoes to pass up and d(jwn the St. Lawrence. The governor was obliged to carry on a defensive warfare, and erected a fort at the Richelieu, by which river the Iroquois chiefly made their descents. At length these fierce people made proposals for si solid peace, which were received with great cordialty. The governor met their deputies at Three Rivera, where the Iroquois produced seven- teen belts, which they had arranged along a cord fastened between two stakes. Their orator then came along and addressed Mont- magny by the title of Oniuthio, which signifies Oreat Mountain ; and, though it was in reference to his name, they continued ever after to apply this term to the French governors, sometimes add- ing the respectful appellation of Father. The orator declared their wish " to forget their songs of war, and to resume the voice of cheerfulness." He then proceeded to i^ • us 40 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES. •-l . "1^ 4 explain the meauiug of the belt-*. Tliey expressed the calming of the spirit of war, the opening of the paths, the mutual visits to be paid, the feasts to be given, the restitution of the captives, and other friendly proceedings. In conformity to Indian etiijuette, the governor delayed his answer for two days, and then bastowed as many presents as he had received belts, and through an inter- preter expressed the most pacific sentiments. Piscaret, a great chief, then said, " Behold a stone which I place on the sepulchre of those who were killed in the war, that no one may attempt to move their bones, and that every d&sire of avenging their death may be laid aside." Three discharges of cannon were considered as .sealing the treaty. This engagement was for sonie time faith- fully observed, and the Iroquois, the Algoniiuins and the Hurons forgot their deadly feuds, and mingled in the chase as if they had been one nation. M. de Montmagny appears to have commanded the general respect of the natives, but, owing to a change in the policy of the cmirt, he was unexpectedly removed. Montmagny was succeeded by M. d'Aillebout, who brought with him a reinforcement of one hundred men. The benevolent Margaret Bourgeois, too, at this time founded the institution of the Daughters of the Congregation at Montreal, which is at pres- ent one of the first female seminaries in the colony. While the French settlements were thus in Canada, those of England on the eastern shore of America were making an eijually rapid progress. A union among them seemed so desirable to the new governor that he proposed to the New England colonies a close alliance between them and the French ; one object of which LIEUT.-GOV. ANDREW PARSONS. Andrew Parsons was born in the town of Hoosick, county of Rens- selaer and State of New York, on tlie 23d day of July, 1817, and died June 6, 1855, at the early age of thirty-eight years. He was the son of John Parsons, born at Newburyport, Mass., October 2, 17^2, who was the son of Andrew Parsons, a revolutionary soldier, wlio was the son of Phineas Par.sons, the son of Samuel Parsons, a descendant of Walter Parsons, born in Ireland in 1290. The name is still extant, and some one hundred and thirty years ago Bishop Gibson remarked, in his edition of Camden's Britannia, " The honorable family of Parsons have been 1 ■-?Ti3T^>flrawpSS?«;in?T^a^sfSf - ■ -..^g ^a s a w m B ftc -- the calming of lutual visits to ! captives, and lian eti(iuett«, then bestowed )iigh an inter- icaret, a great the sepulchre uiy attempt to ig their death ere considered nie time faith- d the Hnrons as if tliey had ve commanded change in the , who l)rought ^he benevolent e institution of lich is at pres- nada, those of ing an equally lesirable to the ind colonies a bject of which SONS. county of Kcns- , 1817, and died ; was the son of , 17^2, who was was the son of idant of Walter nt, and some one n his edition of sons have been ir MKLT.-UOV. ANDREW I'AKSONS. ft I* i ■- ■* ;^^353S1&E;i : B^EsiSSP^BSSsr rilHTOKY OK MM-IIIOAN. \.\ m\H nil (■iipij.'cmcnt to umnt cacli other, wlicii iH-ctwarv, in Link- ing war with the Five Nations. However desirous the Eiiglixli colonies might have i)een on otiier aeeount-s to torni siieh an alli- ance, the condition with respect to the Indians was not acceittahle to them, and the negotiation wiw broken otf". Of what effects tliis union, if it had taken place, would have been productive, it in impossible now to conjeiture. There is no doubt but that the failure of the i)roposition must have had an important bearing upon the events which followed ; first, in the continued rivalry of the two nations, and afterwards in the wars between them, which did uot end until the whole of Canada was subjected to Great Britain. At this period the missionaries began to combine with their religious efforts political objects, and employed all their influence in furthering the French [)ower. Amongst other movements they induced a number of Iroquois to leave their own country and settle within the boundaries of the colony, but they do not appear to have succeeded in civilizing them. They found the Hurous, however, far more tractable and docile. It is said that nearly three thousand of them were baptized at one time. A consider- able change soon appeared in this wild region, and the christian- ized Indians were united in the villages of Sillery, St. Joseph and St. Mary. During the administration of M. d'Aillebout, the Iroquois renewed the war in all its fury, and these peaceable settlers found that their enemies could advance like foxes and attack like lions. While the missionary was celebrating the most solemn rites of his advanced to the dignity of viscounts, and more lately Earls of Koss." The following are descendants of these families: Sir John I'arsons.'born 1481, was mayor of Hereford. Robert Parsons, born in 154(!, lived near Bridgewater, England. He was educated at Ballial College, Oxford, and wiis a noted writer and defender of the Uouush faith. He established an English (jollege at Rome and another at Valladolid. Francis Parsons, born in 1556, was Vicar of Kothwell, in Nottingham. Bartholomew Parsons, born in 1618, was author of various noted sermons. I* 1^ 44 UKNKKAI- IIISTOUY Ol' TIIK HTATK^. '■i' cluircli ill tlic villajjo of Sillory, the war cry wjih suddenly raised, and an indifcriiiiinatf nuu<.sttcre took place amongst the four hiin- drcMJ faniilieM reMidiiijr there. Soon alter, a hand of the same peoph', amoiintin^i; to a thousand, nuide an attack upon the missiim of St. Innace, and carried uti' or killed all the inluihitants excipt three. St. Louis was next attacked, and nuido a hrave resistance, which enabled immy of the women aiul children to escape. The mission- aries could have saved themselves, hut, attaching; a high import- ance to the administration of the last sacrament to the dying, they sacrificed their lives to the perfornumce of this sacred rite. Deep and universal disnmy now spread over the whole Huron tribe. Their laud, lately so peaceai»le, was become a land of hor- ror and blood, and a sei)ulchre for the dead. At length the Iro- quois l)cgaii to make overtures of peace, to which it was found the missionaries had powerfully contributed. At first these excellent men Ik 1 been regarded with extreme antipathy, but nmny of them, after suttijriiig protracted torture and partial mutilation, had been spared and adopted into the Indian families. Their meek deportment, their solenui ceremonies, and the fervor with which they raised to God " hands without fingers," made v strong •■ ipresaion on the savage breast. Hence deputies appearei; asking for i)euce. In their figurative language they said that " they came to wipe away the blood which reddened the mountains, the lakes and the rivers," and " to bring back the sun, which had hidden its face during the late dreadful seasons of warfare." They also solicited " Black Robes," as they called the mission- aries, to teach them the Christian doctrine, and to keep them in the practice of peace and virtue. In 1034 Thomas Parsons was knighted by Charles I. Joseph and Benjamin, Ujrotliers, were horn in Great Torrington, Eng- land, and accompanied* their father and others to New England about 1630. Samuel Parsons, born at Saulsbury, Mass., 1707; graduated H. V., 1730; ordained at Rye, N. H., November 3, 1736; married Mary Jones, only daughter of Samuel Jones, Esq., of Boston, October 9, 1739; died Janu- ary 4, 1789, at the age of eighty-two, in the fifty-third year of his ministry. The grandfather of Mary Jones was Captain Jonn Adams, of Boston, grandson of Henry >f Braintree, who was among the first settlers of Vi)(\M'rM'. uHfiili?Oi- ;;rjr^^S;^fe^lSJE^^^^«^-i3ftK5:^5^^3S3=SiaE:3^^^ rilHTORY OF MICHKIAN. 45 Idciily riiiHcd, he four hull- siinio jn'oplo, lission of St. cxci j)t three, stance, which Tlie miKHioii- high iin|)()it- () the (lying, sacred rite, ivhole Huron land of hor- igth tlie Iro- vas found tiic icae excellent but nmny of utilation, had Their meek »r with which ide V strong )earei; asking that "they louutains, the n, whieli had of warfare." the mission- keep them iu )rrinj5ton, Eng- England about ted H.C., 1730; ,ry Jones, only JSO; died Janu- )f his ministry, ms, of Boston, irst settlers of The Vi.-ri' in llir islaniU of LaUi' llnrnn. Tiny coninM'inM'd a (lfH|i(nitf war witli the Kric/., a nanif in tln-ir laiinna>.'c si^'nityin^ ruts, anil at'lir a lianl -ting^lc coniidcti'ly hui'ccc(IimI. It \« rcnnirkulilc tluit lliin |M»wcii'ul nation Inis left no nn-inoriul of iti* t'xisttncf i'x»'('|>t tlif irnat lake wlii<'h hcarn itn niiin«'. Ill l(i()8 the colony wax visited l»y a imwt ivnuirkablo siicccHMion of carthiinakci-, wliicii coinincnccd on tin- (5tli of Fchruary and conti'mcfl for half a yrar with littii' intiTinission. They rcturnt'd two or thiir tinii',-* a day, vixitinj: holh land and water, and spreading universal alarm, yet without inHieting any permanent inj'iry or caiisinj,' tlu- loss of a sin>;Ie life. This reinarkal>le event was pieeided hy a great ruslung noise, heard throughout the whole extent of the country, which caused the people to Hy out of their houses as if they had been on fire, Instead of fire they were 8urprisen)ther, Hon. Luke 11. I'ar.soas, also now deceased, until fall, when he went to Shiawassee county, then, with Clinton county, an almost unbro- ken wilderness, and constituting one organized township. In 1837 this territory was organized into a county, and al the age of only nineteen years he (Andrew) was elected County C;ierk. In 1840 he was elected Kegister of Deeds, re-elected in \M'i, and also in 1844. In 1S40 he was elected to the State Senate, was appointed Prosecuting Attorney in 1848, 5 ■■ h y -^ r --■»'j^.^r3s^ 'J^^^^S-.^^A^w^f'W^l^^n^' iittiickcd till' n'sistaiici', lull coiiiiiii'iircil a ijjf si>{iiityiiij{ I'cdcil. It i.x ii'iiiiiriiil of it^ iltlc fHU'('('Si*ion Ft'linuiiy mill 'riicy rcliiriii'il III water, anil my piTtiuiiu'iit nisli'mtj iiitiHc, wliicli fuuscil 1 been on tin', \ reeliiifr Imck- 'lu'il from each i)( lit down, the Animal."* were n were eryinjj horror-stricken nable to move, falling on the lit in prayer. L's of the ocean, raging between ;c Mldii^an, tiiul Creek, in loniu resided witii Isis ,il fidl, wlien lie in almost iinliro- p. In 1837 tills of only nineteen ) lie WHS elected In 1S40 lie was Attorney In 1848, H'SroUY OK MK'IIKIAN. 47 the trees, so tiiiit the liidiiins ileelared in their tigiirative langnage, "that ail the trees were ilrmik." The ice, wiiieli was upward of six feet thick, was rent and thrown up in large pines, and from the openings came thick clouds id" smoke or foiiiilains of dirl and sand. Tile springs were im|>regiiated witii sulphur, many rivers were Idtaiiy lost, .xiniie lieeanie yelhiw, others red, and the St. Law- rence appeared entirely white down as far as the Tadous.-ae. The extent of this earthijuaki- won wo great tliat one iiimdred and eighty tliousand si|uarc milcn were convulsed on the sunie day. There is iiolhing, however, in the whole visitation .so worthy of remark as the cure and kindness which God showed to the people in prcHcrving them, .so that not one wan lowt or hud a hair of \m head injured. Louis XIV resolved at this time to raise Canada to her due importance, and no longer to overlook one of the finest countries in the world, or expo.sc the French power to contempt by allowing it to be trampled ou by a handful of savages. For tliia piirpi.se ho sent out tour hundred troops, accompanied by 1*1. de Miwy as Governor, to examine into and regulate the diflerent branches of administration. Hitherto the Governor had exercised in ^"^rson, and without control, all the functions of government; but Louis resolved immediately to erect Canada into a royal government with a Council and Inteudant, to whom should be intrusted the weighty affiiirs of justice, police, finance and marine. In this determina- tion he was warmly seconded l)y his chief minister, the great Col- bert, who was animated by the example of Great Britain to elected Regent of the University in 1851, and Lieutenant-Governor and became acting Governor in lH.j3, eloclcd again to the J.egislature in 1854, and, overcome hy debilitated l.erdtli, hard labor and the responsibilities of his otllce and cares of his business, retired upon his farm, where he died soon after. He was a fluent and persuasive speaker, and well calculated to make friends of his aciiiuiintances. Ik- was always true to his trusts, and the whole world could not persuade nor drive him to do what he conceived to be wrong. When (Jovernor a most powerful railroad iniluenci! was broiighi to bear upon him to induce him to call an extra session of the 48 (IKNKKAl, Ht^^TORY OF TIIK STATKH. i 1 rx I improve tho navigiition and conunercc of liis (.'oiintry by colonial «'stal)lishnient-i. The i()ni]mny of the " One Hundred Partners " hitherto exer- cised the chief jjower in Canada. They were very attenuve to their own interests in rigidly guarding their monopoly of the fur trade, hut had been all along utterly regardless of the general welfare of the colony. They were now, however, very unwillingly obliged to relincjuish their i)rivileges into the hands of the crown. M. de Mesy was succeeded by the Maripiis de Tracy, who arrived in Canada in Kilio. He brought with him the whole regiment of De Carignan Salieres, consisting of more than one thousand men, the officers of which soon became the chief seigneurs of the colony. Tiie regiment had been employed for some time in Hungary, and had acijuired a high reputation. This, with a considerable number of settlers, including agriculturists and artisans, with horses and cattle, formed a:i accession to the colony which far exceeded its former numbers. The enlightened policy of Colbert, in thus raising Canada into notice and consideration, was followed by the success it deserved. To well regulated civil government was added increa.sed military protection against the Iroquois. Security being thus obtained, the migration of French settlers increased rapidly, and, being pro- moted in every |)ossible way by the government, New France rose rapidly into consideration and importance. Owing to the pres- ence of so nuvny soldiers, a martial spirit was imparted to the population, and they began to ])repare to defend properly the country of their adoption. Lcfrisliiture. Meetings were held in all parts of the State for that pur- pose. In some sections tlie resolutions wore of a laudatory nature, intended to make liini do their bidding by resort to friendly and flattering words; in other i)laees the resolutions were of a demanding nature, while in others they were threatening beyond measure. Fearing tlmt all these inlluenees might fail to induce him to call the extra session, a large sum of money was sent him, and liberal offers tendered if he would gratify the railroad interest of the State ami call liic extra session. But he returned the money, and refused to receive any favors whatever from any party who would attem)>t to corrupt him by laudations, liberal offers, or by .*■ 1 •■'■J*^'Vo4T30j»j'jw;^.i^vS««'^«-'-*f-.V-'*kS»;!^ ry l)y colonial lutherto exer- ,• atteiiuve to )ly of the f'lir f the general y unwillingly of the crown. J Tracy, who im the whole lore than one ac the chief employed for itation. Thi.s, agriculturists session to the ', Canada into s it deserved, (ased military i obtained, the id, being pro- w France rose ', to the pres- parted to the properly the e for that pur- uliitovy nature, y and flattering ig nature, wliilc g tlmt all tlicse in, a large sum luld gratify the }ut he returned from any jiarty al oflbrs, or hy HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 49 Jo Tl ^;^^''"y.^««*"« t™« i° preparing to check the in«o- r. ... 7'"'"' '"^ *" ^'"^"^^ " ^"P''^™'^^^ «ver them he erected three fort« on the river Richelieu, the first at Sorel, the second at Chambly, and the third further up the river. Over- awed by these movements, and by the report of a large force marchtng against them, three of the cantons sent deputies with ample professions of friendship, proposing an exchange of all the prisoners taken on both sides since the last treaty, to which the Viceroy agreed. a l!lf ^?"'l^' '^'"'^ '""^''^"'^ '" ""^^'^"^^ '^^y - year and a half, and on his return to France carried with him the affection of the people. He maintained a state which had never been seen before m Canada. Besides the regiment of Carignan, he was allovved to maintain a body-guard, wearing the same uniform as the Garde Royale of France. He always appeared on state occa- sions with these guards, twenty-four in number, who preceded him. while four pages immediately accompanied him, followed bv five valets. It was thought at that time that this style gave favorable impressions of royal authority. Before thi, officer returned home he placed the country in a state of defense, and established the Company of the West Indies as this new company wa. called from having been united to the' other French possessions in America, which we have not yet men- tioned. This very able Governor left M. de Courcelles to act as Governor-General, with several officers of great ability under his command, j iu> As already stated, M. de Courcellas succeeded M. de Tracv in the government of New France. ., ea^ons, that no sens.hle man could dispute, showing that the circum Th 8 brought down the wrath of various parties upon his head, but they course "" '"^ -'knowledge the wisdom and the Justice of hil One of his greatest enemies said, after long acquaintance: "Though not always comciding with his views, I never doubted his honesty of LT'Ih ,? t '"' """ ^'*"^"' '" P^^''^'" ^'^ ^""- - strict ac ord ance with the dictates of his conscience and the behests of his oath " 4 60 GENERAL IIISTOUY OF THE STATES. :l i ' During liis administration little doubt was entertained as to the permanency of the colony. The inhabitants began to extend their settlcmentH, and to cultivate their lands. The officers and soldiers had liberal grants made to them, and a free trade \va« granted to the country generally. As the nund)er of men greatly exceeded that of the women, several hundreds were sent from France to Canada. As soon as they arrived, an advertisement was published to let the people know " that a sui)ply had been sent over, and that such as had the means of supporting a wife should have their choice." It is said the collection consisted of tall, short, fair, brown, fat and lean. So great was the demand that in about a fortnight the whole cargo was disposed of. In 1670 the church of Quebec was constituted a bishopric; some important measures were also adopted for the better govern- ing of the country, and for maintaining peace with the savages. The trade and agriculture of the country prospered; and the clerical orders became more enthusiastic than ever in their efforts to make proselytes of the Indians. A fatal calamity, however, which had been hith . .known iu the New World, made its appearance among the , ; <.-. north of the St. Lawrence, namely, the small-pox. This scourge, more terrible to the savages than all the fire-arms in Europe, carried off more than half their nundier, and spread a universal panic over the land. Courcelles had reijuested his recall, and iu 1672, on his return from a journey to Cataraqui, where he had fixed upon a spot for His amiable widow is a sister of J. 8. and Dr. D. O. Farrand, of tliis city, and we understand she is now a member of the Doctor's family. The following culogium from a political opponent is just in its concep- tion and creditable to its author: " Governor Parsons was a politician of the Democratic school, a man of pure moral character, fixed and exem- plary habits, and entirely blameless in every public and private relation of life. As a politician he was candid, frank and free from bitterness; as an executive officer, firm, constant and reliable." The highest commendation we can pay the deceased is to give his just meed— that of being an honest man. iiMmmL:-i>Mi:^mr^^^- ^■■>:rmmim&:jtMSA,m m- ^M^ r^ '-^ t^K-^-'t- ss ;;-:^'. liJ^'— ': ' -t^'.^ js*;,^ HISTORY OF MrCHIOAN. 61 uiiicd lis to the ;an to exteiul je officers ami free trade \va« of the women, a. As soon as let the people at such as had choice." It is Q, fat and lean, ight the whole d a bishopric; better goveru- :.h the savages, ered; and the ' iu their efforts ■ .known i:'i L. north of scourge, more I'ope, carried off rsal panic over 2, on his return upon a spot for Fiirrand, of tliis )ctor's family, ust in its concep- as a politician of fixed and cxcm- l private relation u from bitterness; is to give his just building a fort near the prenont site of Kingston, he found his place supplicfi. His successor was Louis Count de Frontonac, who was destined to act an important part in Canada. Frontonac wa.s able, active, enterpri.^ing and ambitious; but proud, overbearing and subject to capriciiais jealousies. Enterin.^ however, cordially into his predecessor's views in regard to tl^e fort at Cataraqui, he caused it to be built immediately, and actively promoted vast projects for exploring tiie interior regions of this continent. The brilliant talents of M. de Frontenac were sometimes obscured by preju.lices, but his plans for the aggrandizement of Canada were splendid and just. He possessed, however, a spirit which would not brook contradiction. For having neglected some ordei-8 given by him, he imprisoned the Intendant-Gem-ral, M. de Chesnau; the Procurator-General he exiled; the Governor of Mcmtreal he put under arrest; and the Abbe de Salignac, Fenelon then superintending the seminary of the St. Sulpicians, at M.>n- treal, he imprisoned under pretence of having i)reached against him. His principal oppcment was the Bishop, who, very properly disapproved of the sale of spirits to the Indians, which was found to produce the most pernicious effects. The Count, however, considered it as at once extremely profitable, and as a means of attaching them to the French interest. In 1682 Frontenac was recalled, and M. de la Barre appointed his successor. Soon after his arrival, the Iroquois as.'^ime.l a tone of defiance, and made formidable preparations for war. These caused great apprehensions of a general war among the Indians, and the state of Canada became alarming in the highest degree,' as the whole population consisted only of nine thousand persons.' The military strength of Canada had been reduced greatly in consequence of many of the troops having become proprietors and cultivators of laud. M. de la Barre, however, determined upon war, and, having obtained a reinforcement of two hundred men, advanced up the St. Lawrence. He was met at Montreal by a deputation from the cantons, who made strong professions of friendship, but he considered them as unworthy of credit. He directed »I1 hk force against the Senecas, because it was through 4 ^ 62 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. 9* their country that the English had penetrated to the fur trade on the lakes. He found, however, that the tribes had determined to make common cause, and had received ample as.mirance of aid from New York, which had been taken possession of by the Eng- lish. Through their various settlements, the English held a kind of dominion over the Iroquois country, and they endeavored, with success, to alienate them from the French, chiefly by dealing with the tribes on more advantageous terms. The Iroquois soon found it to their interest not only to carry all their furs to the English market, but to buy up those of the other tribes in alliance with France. Heavy complaints were constantly made by the French, but the Indians treated them with great indifference. They shrewdly discovered, in the eager competition between these two European nations, the means of rendering their own position more secure and imposing. After meeting the deputies at Montreal, M. de la Barre pro- ceeded to the northern shore of Lake Ontario, where he had another interview with the Indians. He assumed a lofty tone, complained of their inroads into the country of the tribes in alliance with France, and of their having conducted the English to the lakes, and enabled them to supplant the commerce of his countrymen. He concluded by stating that, unless reparation was made for these injuries, with a promise to abstain from them in future, war and devastation of their country must be the imme- diate conse.quence. The deputies very coolly replied "that he appeared to speak like one in a dream, and that if he would open his eyes, he would see himself wholly destitute of the means of executing these formidable threats." With regard to the English they said, "that they had allowed them to pass through their country on the same principle on which they had given permission to his people to pass." They professed themselves anxious "that the hatchet should still remain buried, unless the country granted to them should be attacked." The Onondaga deputies guaranteed reparation for any actual plunder inflicted on French traders, but added that no .more could be conceded, and that the army must be immediately withdrawn. Humiliating as these terms were after such lofty threats and preparations, De la Barre had no choice but to comply, and return to Quebec. aM:^V^^ ^■f'-.-JtM^bi^iMt-y^^h-" be fur trade on determined to ■surance of aid of by the Eng- sh held a kind ideavored, with ly dealing with uly to carry all )se of the other were constantly lem with great wer competition rendering their ; la Barre pro- where he had ed a lofty tone, f the tribes in ;ed the English •oramerce of his uIpss reparation stain from them ist be the imme- eplied "that he ' he would open jf the means of i to the English is through their yiven permission a anxious "that country granted uties guaranteed inch traders, but ,t the army must liese terms were la Barre had no HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 68 Here he found that a fresh reinforcement had been landed. The letters he received from court intimated the expectation that he was carrying on a triura])hant war with the Five Nations, and conveyed from the King an absurd and cruel re(iuest that he would send a number of Iroquois to man the galleys. When tlie real issue of the campaign was reported at court, great dissatisfaction was felt. The Governor was immediately pro- nounced unfit for his situation, and was superseded by the Mar- quis de Denonville, This active and brave officer, immediately on his arrival, pro- ceeded to Cataraqui, now Kingston, with about two thousand troops. After a veiy short time he declared his conviction that the Iroquois could never be conciliated, and that it was necessary either to extirpate them or reduce them to a state of entire dependence. He proposed to erect a strong fort at Niagara, to prevent them from introducing the English fur trade into the Upper Lakes. An instance of treachery stains the character of Denonville. Having, under various pretences, assembled a number of chiefs at Fort Frontenac (Kingston), he iniquitously put them in irons, and sent them oflf to France, to fulfill the king's absurd wishes. He then proceeded towards the Seneca country, where he met with but little opposition, and marched for ten days, burning and destroy- ing all grain and provisions not required by his troops. Although the Governor of New York remonstrated with him, urging that the Iroquois were the subjects of England, yet he persevered, and carried into execution his plan of erecting and garrisoning a fort at Niagara. He then found it necessary to return to the Canadian side of Lake Ontario. Scarcely had he reached home before the Iroquois showed that they were masters of the country. They attacked Fort Niagara, and razed it to the ground. They covered the lake with their canoes, attacked Fort Frontenac, burned all the corn-stacks in the neighborhood, and captured a French bark laken with provisions and stores. The Indian allies of the French attacked the Iroquois of Sorel, and committed many depredations on the English settle- meni«, plundering the property and scalping the inhabitants. 54 (iKNKRAI, IltSTOKY OK 'IIIK STATIC. At k'lifitli Ix.tli imrtifs d tlie restt.ration of the chiefs, unjustly seized, and of all other captives. They alh.wed the (Jovernor oidv four (hiys to consider the offer, threati-ning, if n..t accei)tcd, innnediately to set fire to the huildii.KS and corn fiehls, and to murder the inlud.itants. The deepest consternation prevaih-d at Montreal, and I)en(,nville fouiul himself under the necessity of accepting these humiliating conditions, and of request- ing back from France the chiefs he so basely sent thilher. This deep and deserved mortification wa-s a just recompense for Ins treachery to the Indians. The state of affairs in Caiuvla became desperate. The peace witli tlie Iro(iuois was soon ended in another war. The F(»rt of Niagara had been destroyed. F(U-t Frontenae was blown up and abandoned by the French, and two ships that were built for the purpose of navigating Lake Ontario, were burned to prevent them from falling into the hands of the Iroquois. War, famine and dis- ease seemed lus if combined for the utter destruction of the colony. In this extremity it was judged necessary to place at the head of affairs an officer possessing energy of character and address in dealing with the natives. Tiiese (juulities were found united in the (^ount de Frontenae, who, during his former administration, had made himself both beloved and feared by the Indians. The C.)unt, in lf!89, brought out with him the captive chiefs whom Denonville had so unjustly seized. So fascinating were his manners that he completely gained their favor, Oureonhare, the l)rincipal one, remaining ever most strongly attached to him. All the chiefs, indeed, had so great a regard for him that he enter- tained hopes of conciliating the Irotjuois without much difficulty. With this view he sent a deputy of that nation, with four of his captive countrymen, to announce his return and his wish to resume amicable relations. Oureonhare transmitted a message, recpiesting them to send an end)a.ssy to their " Ancient Father," from whom they would experience much tenderness and esteem. niSTOIlY OK MIf'IIKIAN. 66 ity was Hft "11 profHH^ded to n twelve hun- 1)11. Pr.)iife- .,i:s x i Sif . i^i^ iit i&ssiiii^ . 56 (llONERAI, iriSTOUY OF THE HTATES. EiiKrwli, but that, as soon as tliey had heard of the return of their " Anci(>nt Father," they had broken it off. The Hurons douietl " having entcreU into any treaty which could detach them from their bMoved Oninthio." The attention of Frontenac was called in the autumn of thi« year from the Indians to the English, who had determined to strike a blow which, they hoped, would deprive the French of all their possessions in America. This was a plan of attack on Can- ada, which was carried out by the English colonists at an expense of £15,000, It was twofold : first, by land and inland naviga- tion on' the southern frontier, and, second, by a fleet sent from Boston to attack Quebec. The squadron, under the command of Sir William Phipps, appeared as far up the river .us Tadoussac before the alarm reached Quebec. Froutciac immediately hastened to strengthen the defenses of the place, which consisted of rude embankments of timber and earth, and to put it into as good condition as it was possible for him to do in so short a time. On the I6th of October the squadron, consisting of thirty-four vessels of diflerent descriptions, advanced as far as Beauport. Sir William Phipps immediately sent a flag of truce on shore to summon the town to surrender. This wa^ gallantly rejected by Frontenac. This ofiicer, who was a man of great pride, lived m the castle of St. Louis, amidst all the splendor with which he could possibly surround .himself. Being resolved to astonish the Eng- lish officer who was sent on shore with the flag of truce, he caused him to be met by a French major, who placed a bandage over his eyes, and conducted him by a very circuitous route to the castle. Every delusion was practiced to make him believe thit he was in the midst of a numerous garrison. On arriving at the castle the bandage was removed, and he found himself m the presence of the Governor-General, the Intendant, the Bishop, and a large stafi" of French oflicers in full uniform, who were clustered together in the middle of the hall. With the greatest self-posses- sion the young officer presented to Frontenac a summons to sur- render in the name of William and Mary, King and Queen of England. Frontenac gave a most spirited answer, refusmg to the return of The Hiirons detach them ttunui of this determined to French of all ;tack on Can- at an expense nland naviga- leet sent from illiam Phipps, alarm reached strengthen the ihankments of lition as it was • of thirty-four • as Beauport. ce on shore to itly rejected by ide, lived in the ?hich he could tonish the Eng- Tuce, he caused ?ed a bandage uitous route to ke him believe On arriving at himself in the le Bishop, and a I were clustered atest self-posses- iimmons to sur- ; and Queen of wer, refusing to HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 67 acknowlcil^c any King of England but James II. The P^ngliMli- man wished to have his answer in writing. Frontonac peremp- torily refused, saying, " I am going to answer your nuistor by the cannon's mouth. He shall be taught this is not the nuinner in which a person of my rank ought to be sumnxmed." The ban- dage being replaced, the officer was conducted with the same mys- teries tt) his boat, and was no sooner on board the Admiral's vessel than the batteries began to play upon the fleet. On the 18th fifteen hundred English troops landed near the River St. fJharles, but not without sustaining great loss from the constant fire kept up by the French from amongst the rocks and bushes. Four of the largest vessels were anchored opposite the town, and commenced a bombardment, but the fire from the bat- teries was directed with such effect as to compel them to move up the river beyond Cape Diamond. A sharp skirmish took place on the 19th, and on the 20th an action was fought, in which the French nuide a gallant stand and compelled the English to retreat to Beauport, leaving their cannon and ammuniticm. Two days after they reembarked and returned to Boston. Owing to the bad management of Sir William Phipps, this expedition was attended with great loss of life, seven or eight of his vessels being wrecked in the St. Lawrence. The expedition against Montreal did not take place at the appointed time, owing to a want of cor^cert between the parties, and Frontonac was thus enabled to concentrate all his strength and oppose the plans of the English with vigilance and success. -it ■lis ^mmmmm^mrimmm :i (>tmmi i 3 i imi K h» CHAPTER IV. llll-IOUV OK NKW FUANfK KKOM TIIK Al>MINIWTHATU»N OK FUONTKNAC TO ITH OVKIITIIIIOW IIY TIIK KnoMWII AT tilKllW, IN 1751) — TlIK HaTTKK ok QUKllKC — TiIK FaI.1, ok VV(»1.KK and MoNTtAl.M — Canada Ck.dki) to tiik Knomhii. DuKiNd tlic year U'M the Irociuoin, with the Eiiglmh and native allies, advanced along tiie Hiver Sorel or Uiehelieu to uttat'k Montreal. De Cailliere.^ a very able orticer, then held the c'onnnand of that city. He had asf.end)hi' nearly eight hundred Indians in addition to hin own countrymen, and the nHwiilant^, after a very sharp contest, were obliged to retreat. They burned thirty houses and barns, and carried otl' several pri-sonei-s, whom they put to the most cruel torture. At length, however, De Frontenac, by the unremilting vigor of his measures, secured tlie defense of the colony so far that in l(»t)2 the inhabitants were enabled to cultivate their lands, and the fur trade was renewed and carried on with considerable advantage. In the beginning of 1()!)4, the Inxpiois made overtures of i)eace. Two Onondagos arrived at Montreal, and asked the Governor if certain deputies, who were on their way, would be received. Though they were answered in the affirnuitivc, several months elapsed before they ai)pearcd. They were well received, and brought stweral belts with them, one of which expressed the most friendly disposition, and solicited the restoration of the fort at Cataraqui. On their return home, Ourconhar^ iccompanied them. When he came back, he brought with him several pei-sons of distinction, who had been long held in captivity by the Indians. Though the first belts brought by the deputies were friendly, the others were obscure, and all attempts to obtain an explanation were fruitless. All that was contemplated merely seemed to be " to suspend the hatchet." The Cmnt rejected all the belli! except one, declaring IIIMTOKY i)V MICIIKlAN. M )K FKDS'l'KNAf IN 1751) — TlIK MON'IVAI.M — I Eiiglmh and Uii'hcluni to then lu'ld the eight luiiulrod the nH«aihmt^, They burned •isoners, whom itting vigor of ir that in H)t)2 H, and the fur advantage. •tureH of peace, le Governor if I he received, everal months received, and essed the most of the fort at them. When » of distinction, 8. Though the the othera were I were fruitless, to suspend the t one, dechiring that, unlcHH more friendly sentiments were entertained, he eould not long suspend the threatened blow. Unwilling to come to an open rupture with a people wlio could muster thre(> thotisniid warriiux, he endeavored to gain time. In the meanwhile, he reestablished the fort at ('atarat|iii, and strengthened the outposts, intending i'l the summer to commence more active measures. At length, in Jums IfiUfi, all the fon-es that could be nuistered at ('atarai|ui nnirched into tlie canton of Oimndago. On reaching a lake, they found suspended from a tree two i)undles of rusiies, which intimated that fourteen hundred and thirty-four warrioi-s were waiting to engage them. They sailed across the lake immedi- ately, and formed themselves in regular order of battle, expecting to engage their enemicw. I)e Cailliiires commanded the left wing, the Chevalier de Vaudreuil the right, and De Frontenac, then seventy -six years of age, was carried in the centre in an elbow- chair. The Five Nations, however, did not appear, and their principal tbrtrcss was found reduced to ashe^. It soon, indee? their own furs iind dispose of them lit Montreal. The (Jovernor, however, and the other meinhers of the administration, olijeeted that thin windd liiih^' the Indian allies from the retirement of their forest^t into the immediate nei^'hlioriiood of tlie Five NationH and of the Uritish; and they dreaded tiiat, while the profits of the fur trade would he lost, a j;eiieral eoidederation of the trihoH might be elfected. In the meantime, the Iroquois (;ontinue7, and the Knglish and French Gov- ernors mutually entered into arrangements for maintaining harnumy among the Indians. The anxious ilesire manifested by both nations to secure tlie fiiendshii» of the Iro(|uoi8 flattered that bold and deceitful people, and gave them an exalted opinion of themselves. The object of both the French and English should have been to diminish their ]w\\ev, but this rather tended to increase their conseciuence and conceit. Soon after the conclusion of peace, Louis Count do Frontenae died, in the seventy-eighth year of his age, upwards of twenty of which he iiad spent in ( 'anada. His great personal abilities pre- served this colony to France, and always secured to him the GOVERNOR J.J. BAGLEY. John .1. Baoi.ey, the present Governor of the State of Michigan, was born .Tuly 24th, 1833, in Orleans County, New York. His father settled in 8t. .Tosepli County, in tliis State, 1840, wliere Mr. Bagley received a common scliool education. In 184« lie removed to Shiawa-ssee County, and in 1847 to Detroit. He served liia time at tlie tobacco trade witli Isaac 8. Miller. In 18.')8 he engaged in business for liiinsclf, and is still conducting it. Mr. Bagley has held various positions of public trust in tlie city gov- it' tlii'ir com- In onliT to la their own lor, howcvtT, ted that thin tht'ir JDiTHl** H uud of the ;he fur truth' )e8 niijcht bo r with vigor, ill for peace, u-ni through [>sorv('(l confi- theni. Their ice xigncd at French Oov- inaintaining manifested by [uois flattered malted opinion and EngliHh rather tended de Frontenac i of twenty of abilities pre- d to him the Michigan, was s fatlicr settled ,gley received a waasce Coiinty, acco trade witli self, and is still in the city gov- I l.()Vi;UM)lC JDllN ,1. IIAI.I.EV. 4 i HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. es confidence of the King, the respect of his officers and the esteem of the Indians. He was buried in the Recollect church at Quebec, which formerly stood near the site of the present English cathedral. The only memorial of him now to be found in the city is in the street called from his family name Buade street. Frontenac was succeeded by De Calli^res, who had been for some time Governor of Montreal. He administered the affiiirs of the colony with more steadiness and prudence, and with ecjual vigor and address, and in 1700 effected a general pacification among the Indian tribes. Upon the exchange of prisoners which took place at this period, a most surprising and mortifying fact transpired. The natives early sought their homes; the greater part of the French captives, however, were found to have con- tracted such an attachment to the wild freedom of the woods, that neither the commands of the King nor the entreaties of their friends could induce them to quit their Indian associates. Peace had scarcely been concluded between the savage tribes, when it was broken by their civilized neighbors. The succession of Philip of Anjou to the throne of Spain gave rise to a long and eventful war between France and Spain. It was begun by Louis XIV with every prospect of giving law to all Europe. Instead of this, the exploits of the great Marlborough and Prince Eugene, and the fields of Blenheim and Rarailies, reduced him to the lowest condition, and at one time seemed to place his throne in peril. The French colon:3t8 were thus left to their own resources, while England conceived the bold design of uniting within her territory the whole of North America. The lamented death of De Callifires, its able Governor, placed Canada in a critical state, and endangered the French power in the colony. ernment of Detroit, and in 1873 was Purlt Commissioner, Vice-President of tlie American National Bank, President of the Detroit Safe Company, Director of tlie Wayne County Savings Bank, Novelty Works, Detroit Fire and Marine Insurance Company, and Michigan Mutual Life Insur- ance Company. In the summer of 1872 Mr. Bagley was nominated by the Republican State Convention for Governor, and was elected by a large majority. 64 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES. The Count de Vaudreuil, who succeeded, proved himself worthy of his high office, and for several years managed to prevent the colonists from being molested, and to cherish the trade and culti- vation of the country. In 1708 he carried warlike operations into the British frontier settlements, having previously negotiated for the neutrality of the Iroquois, who were flattereil by being treated as an independent power. Little success, however, attended these operations, and he was soon compelled again to resume a defensive position. The persecutions of the Protestants in France caused at this time a religious animosity to be added to the hatred entertained towards the French. This unfortunately encouraged a spirit of discord amongst the colonists themselves. A people like the New Englauders, who had themselves but just escaped from persecu- tion, could not look with indifference upon their persecuted French Protestant brethren. Some of the persons in power amongst them, however, did not sympathize in this sentiment, and estrange- ment from each other and opposition to authority increased daily. Duriug all the changes which took place in the colonies, it is surprising how the Iroquois contrived to preserve their neutrality, as they had it in their power to gain information on both sides. The court that was paid to them by both powers probably fostered in them habits of dissimulation. When the English called the Five Nations to assist them against the French, they showed the great- est unwillingne.ss. They alleged that " when they concluded a treaty they intended to keep it, but that the Europeans seemed to enter into such engagements solely for the purpose of breaking them ;" and one old chief, with the rude freedom of his country, intimated that " the nations were both drunk." In 1709 a person of the name of Vetch laid before the court of Queen Anne a plan for the conquest of Canada, and was supplied with authority and resources, supposed to be sufficient for its accomplishment. The English forces which had been destined for the St. Lawrence were, however, required in Portugal, and thus the Marquis de Vaudreuil had time to make better prepara- tions for defense. The British in the meantime had occupied Lakes George and HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 65 mself worthy prevent the ie and culti- )eratiou8 into egotiated for being treated ttended these 16 a defensive aused at this d entertained id a spirit of like the New from persecu- scuted French iwer amongst and estrange- creased daily, colonies, it is eir neutrality, >n both sides, bably fostered sailed the Five ved the great- er concluded a ;an8 seemed to e of breaking f his country, re the court of i was supplied fficient for its been destined Portugal, and better prepara- « George and Champlain, and erected forts. But the Iroquois treacherously deceived them, and attempted to poison the water they drank. They immediately abandoned the enterprise and returned to New York, after burning their canoes and reducing their forts to ashes. GOVERNOR H. P. BALDWIN. Among the numerous citi/.eus of Michigan, who, from very small beginnings, by honest perseverance have accumulated wealth and local fame, ex-Qovernor Baldwin stands very prominent. He waa born in Coventry, R. I., February, 1814, and was left an orphan boy at the ten- der age of eleven years, his parents having died previous to 1835. At the age of twelve he secured a position in a mercantile house near his native town, in which situation he remained eight years. In those days salaries were small, consequently, Mr. Baldwin was unable to lay by very much; but to say that he had not, during those eight years, accumulated a capi- 6 66 UKWEBAL HISTORY OP THE STATES. Canada now enjoyed a short interval of repose, though it was understood that the English were making active preparations for a fresh expedition, and were sparing no pains to secure the cooper- ation of the Five Nations. At this time the French were engaged in a desperate struggle with an Indian nation called the Outagamis or Foxes. These people, who dwelt in the upper terri- tory, were at i" . reduced to the necessity of humbly soliciting terms of peace, but the French were persuaded by their savage auxiliaries to push matters to the last extremity, and this unfor- tunate tribe was nearly exterminated. A combined land and sea expedition against Canada took place in 1711. This expedition was shamefully managed, and the Brit- ish fleet, owing to tempestuous weather and ignorance of the coast, met with so many disasters that it was obliged to return to Boston. They lost, at the Seven Islands near the mouth of the St. Lawrence, in one day, eight vessels and eight hundred and eighty-four officers, soldiers and seamen. tal that is more precious than gold, would be cbntradictory with the fol- lowing circumstances. At the age of twenty he left this situation, and, entirely without capital of his own, began business for himself. Thus will be seen Mr. Baldwin had already established himself in the confi- dence and esteem of the people of his own native State. In 1838 Mr. Baldwin's keen penetration had foreseen the near future of lake commerce, as guaranteed by the rapid development of the North- west, and he hastened to the scene of pioneer life. Having removed to Detroit, he immediately resumed mercantile pursuits. Success followed the effort, and has continuously attended all his business operations, which have increased to co.-siderable magnitude. He has taken an active interest in many of the leading enterprises of Michigan, most of which have vigorously advanced the growth, prosperity and honor of the State. Prominent among these is the Second National Bank of Detroit. This institution commenced business in 1863 with a capital of «500,000, which was increased in 1865 to «1,000,000, and has been one of the most suc- cessful enterprises of the West, having already accumulated a surplus fund of $600,000. Mr. Baldwin was its first president, and has continued to hold that responsible position during its whole career to the present time. In relation to his political life, he has rather declined than sought after ofBce or emolument. He was a staunch Whig when that party existed. miiftnilyiiiiifln^'n^^'' bough it was eparations for re the cooper- French were ion called tlie e upper terri- ibly soliciting their savage ,nd this unibr- iJa took place and the Brit- »rance of the d to return to s mouth of the hundred and jry with the fol- B situation, and, himself. Thus elf in the confl- le near future of It of the North- ring removed to Juccess followed iness operations, 18 taken an active ,, most of which nor of the State. )f Detroit. This t500,000, which of the most suc- lulated a surplus nd has continued jer to the present than sought after lat party existed, 'T "^ HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 67 The restoration of peace between France and England, by the treaty of Utrecht, took place in 1713, by which France retained Canada, but ceded Acadia and Newfoundland, and made over to Great Britain all her claims to the sovereignty of the Five Nations. This once more left the colony an interval of rest, which lusted ten years, during which her trade and resource-s were greatly increased. The Marquis de Vaudreuil availed himself of the peace to strengthen the fortifications of Quebec and Montreal ; the training of the military, amounting to 5,000 in a population of 25,000, was carefully attended to, and barracks were con- structed. An assessment was levied on the inhabitants, for the support of the troops and the erection of fortifications. During the remainder of M. de Vaudreuil's administration, which was terminated by his death in 1726, the province prospered under his vigilant, firm and just government. The death of the Marquis de Vaudreuil in 1726, was deserv- edly lamented by the Canadians. He was succeeded, in 1726, by and became as firm a Republican at the orgiinization of that party. He was twice nominated by his party to the mayoralty of Detroit, and in 1800 was elected to the State Senate. His career in the Senate was marked with considerable ability. He was chosen Chairman of the Finance Committee of the Senate, of the Joint Finance Committee of the two Houses, and of the Joint Conuuittee for investigating into the condi- tion of the State Treasury and the defalcation of John McKinney. It will be remembered that when the Legislature met in 1861 the State Treasury was without funds, the Treasurer being charged as a defaulter, and the State finances being in a most embarrassed condition. Senator Baldwin made a most thorough examination of the department, and embodied in his report to the Legislature a complete statement setting forth the irregularities by which the difficulty had been incurred, and suggesting plans whereby the State finances could be advantageously regulated and sustained in good condition. The report and measures recommended by Mr. Baldwin were adopted, and have been the basis of the successful management of the State finances up to the present time. In 1804 Senator Baldwin's name was brought forward spontaneously by the people for the distinguished office of Governor of Michigan. At the State Convention of that year his nomination was defeated by a single .vote. Had he even signified a desire to reach the gubernatorial chair, it is generally believed that he would have been unanimously chosen by the M GENERAL HISTORY OF THE HTATEH. the Marquis do Beauliarnois. His ambitious administration excited greatly the alarm of the English colonists of Now York and New Eu;jland. Beauharnois continued in power twenty years, and diligently employed himself in promoting the interests of the colony. He planuod an enterprise to cross America to the South Sea, which did noc succt^ed. He erected also the important fort at Crown Point, on Lake Champlaiu, with several other forts at ditferent places, for the purpose of keeping the English within the Alle- ghany Mountains, and preventing their approach to the lakes, the St. Lawrence, the Mississippi, and their tributary streams. The war between Great Britain and France led to the reduction of Cape Breton in 1745, by a British naval and military force, assisted by the provincial troops of the New England colonies. The successful battle of Fonteuoy, in Europe, however, roused the martial spirit of the Canadians to attempt the r.^-conquest of Nova Scotia, in 1746 and 1747, in which they failed, and the Convention, hut, having not even siinctioned the voice of the people, his nomination was carelessly though scarcely defeated. In 1800 he was earnestly pressed to allow his name to ho placed hcfore the Republican Convention for the same honorahle office, hut, as it had been customary to reuoiuinate the (lovernor for a second term, he declined absolutely. Notwithstanding this, he received more than sixty votes at that time. In 1808 he received the nomination of his party for the higl office of Oovernor, and was elected by the largest majority which, at that time, had ever been given for a Governor of Michigan. In 1870 he was nomi- nated by acclamation, and reiJlected. In 1872 ho was again strongly pressed to accept the nomination, but positively refused, and, in a letter addressed to the Republican Convention of that year, requested that no votes should be cast for him. Thus I have given, in a very concise manner, the most prominent fea- tures of Governor Baldwin's life. In point of perseverance, purity or accomplishment, its estimation is enhanced by comparison. No stain mars the pages of his short history of success. He came forth from the obscurity of a humble orphan boy, and, through his own honest persever- ance, unaided by naught save that which integrity, energy and affability merits, accumulated much wealth, and won a public name unblemished by coarse associations. . HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 69 dminiiitratiou of New York md diligently colony. He th Sea, which [brt at Crown jj at ditTereut thin the AUe- to the lakes, )■ streanw. I the reduction nailitary force, fjand colonies, ver, roused the iN'-conquest of ailed, and the : the people, his 1)0 pliiced before e, but, as it had iccond term, he more than sixty 16 higl office of ch, at that time, 170 he was nomi- 3 again strongly 1, and, in a letter requested that no it prominent fea- erance, purity or irieon. No stain le forth from the 1 honest persever- rgy and affability ante unblemished treaty of Aix la Chnpolle, in 1748, suspended further hostilities. Commissioners were then appointed to settle a boundary line between the British and French territories in North America. The Canadian government immediately proceeded to survey the HON. FREDERICK L. WELLS. Frederick L. Wells, the present Senator in the State Legislature for the Twenty-second Senatorial District, wa"! born in the town of Stanford, Duchess county. New York, on the 34th of March, 1838, and emigrated to Michigan in October, 1838, taking up his residence in the city of Port Huron, where he now resides. This trip, at that early time of railroads, consume-^ icarly a week, Mr. Wells traveling on the New York Central from Albany to Fonda, which at that time comprised the whole length of that road. From the latter place to Buffalo the passage was made on 70 GENERAI, HISTOltY OF THE STATES. projootcd line of demarcation, with a groat disjjlay of military pomp, calciilatfd to inipn'«H on the mind« of the Indians the idea that Franw would assert her rights to the limits marked. Leaden plates, hearing the arms of France, were sunk at such distances upon this line as the Canadian Governor, in his liberality, pleased to a.ssign to England, and the whole ceremony was conducted with much formality. Such an imprudent step seriously alarmed the Indians, and terminated in their active cooperation with the English, for the utter expulsion of the French from North America. About this time a royal edict directed that no country houses should be built but on farms of one acre and a half in front and forty back. This law had the eifect of confining the population along the banks of the river, and the whole shore, from Quebec to Montreal, was soon settled with cultivated farms. A favorable change took place, too, in the fur trade, and a more liberal and efjuitable system appears to have been adopted. A large annual lair was opened at Montreal, under judicious regulations, and became the general centre of the trade. The Count de Galissoniere, a nobleman of great acquirements, succeeded M. de Beauharnois in 1747. He was superseded by the Sieur de la Jonquiere in 1749, who was superseded temporarily by the Baron de Longueuil, until the arrival of the Marquis du Quesne as Governor-General in 1752. a canal boat, and at ButTalo he embarked on the steamboat "James Madison" for Port Huron, which boat was then considered first-class. Upon his arrival at Port Huron, he found that the Indians were more numerous than the whites ; and in his younger day he has often seen the former participating in the "savage war dance" in the center of the city, where now lie Huron avenue and Military street. He soon formed an admiration for the beautiful forest scenes surrounding his new home, and from early boyhood took a great interest in the welfare of his town. By his rigid honesty, indomitable energy, and rare business qualifications, he soon rose to the front rank among his townsmen. Although Mr. Wells has never sought political honors, still his towns- men have seen fit to acknowledge their appreciation of his abilities by electing him to a large number of important official positions. In 1855 he was elected to the office of Village Recorder, and again, in 1857, he y of military inns the idcii kofi. Leaden inch distancc'H rality, pleased )nducted with y alarmed the ion with the from North ouutry hoi. (S f in front and he population , from Quebec A favorable re liberal and L large annual gulations, and ; acquirements, .erseded by the 2d temporarily ;he Marquis du amboat "James dered first-class, dians were more as often seen the be center of the He soon formed g his new home, 'are of his town. ;ss qualifications, i, still his towns- f his abilities by (sitions. In 1855 igain, in 1857, he HISTORY OF MIOHIOAN. 71 Du Qu(*Hne appean*, more openly than any other governor, to have carried on the .xy.Mtem of encroaching on the Briti.sh Colonies. Ho far did he proceed that the fort at Pittsburg, bearing his name, was erected within the confines of Virginia. The liritish immediately erected another in the immediate vicinity, which they ({uaintly ternied Necessity. To this a garrison was , iiiul the fttftte t witli troojH, (•; III) EiigliHli ) frinatcx, with of Nc'wfoiuul- •ccedod by the iiiathi, ill 1755. ' the defeat of ) defiles of the to Indian war- ()Uti)o»tH, and ; of the French I a gorge where m their ambus- infortunate 8ol- e remainder of Colonel George ;uished himself, ssity. leial fores under lu attack made I battle of four 'oint, with a loss Mfxsonry, having ond degree of the flees in the lodge taster of the Port f Huron Chapter, he past year, and Port Huron Com- stcnsively engaged ler in the banking rformed his duties .ct. of one thouBand raer, and the capture of their lender, who wm severely wounded. This Huccesrt restored the drooping spirits oi the British army, and these battles helped to train the colonists for those ccmtesta HON. ElilHU L. CLARK. Eliuu L. Clark, President of the Lenawee County Savings Bank, was born in Wayne County, New York, on the 18th of July, 1811. Both of his grandfathers served in the Revolutionary War, the one on his father's side being one of Washington's Rangers, and the one on his mother's side being in active service at the battles of Monmouth, Princeton and a num- ber of others. Mr. Clark remained on the farm where he was born until he was nine- teen years of age, when he went to the village of Palmyra, in the same county, and served as clerk in a dry goods store for one year. After- 74 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. which they were to wage with those very men by whose side they now fought hand to hand against the French. Little did Wash- ington then contemplate the destiny that awaited him. France, now fully aware of the importance of Canada, sent out a chosen body of troops, under the command of the gallant and experienced Marquis de Montcalm. He obtained a series of suc- cesses, terminating by the reduction of the important British forts at Oswego, and Fort Edward, near Lake George. This victory was stained by the barbarous murder of near two thousand Eng- lish prisoners, by the Indian allies of the French. This monstrous deed completely roused the indignation of the English, and led to those mighty preparations which Anally destroyed the power of France in America. As some compensation for these losses, the fortified and garri- soned town of Louisburg, in the island of Cape Breton, was taken in the uiost gallant manner by the English army under General Amherst and Brigadier-General Wolfe, the future conqueror of Canada. In 1758 Fort Frontenac, near Kingston, and Fort Du Quesne, near the Ohio river, were captured by the colonists. The campaign of 1759 was opened with a plan of combined operations by sea and land. Canada was to be invaded at three different points by Generals of high talent. The commander-in- chief, General Amherst, undertook the reduction of the forts at Crown Point and Ticonderoga. He was to cross Lake Champlain, and, proceeding along the Richelieu, was to reach the St. Law- rence and join the other army before Quebec. The force destined to proceed by sea to Quebec was under the command of the heroic General Wolfe. General Prideaux, with another army and a wards he was the owner of a mercantile establishment in the same town for two years. In September, 1834, he married Miss Isabella T. Bean, and in June of the following year he emigrated to Michigan, and at once engaged in the mercantile business, in which he remained until 1848. In the autumn of that year he was elected a Representative in the Legisla- ture of Michigan from Lenawee County, being the only Whig in the Legislature from that county of five Representative districts. From that time until 1870 he has been engaged in a private banking and bro- kerage business, accumulating considerable wealth. In 1870, upon the : i iS-Hiafei£,VS^a-&ttf '-t^i^^ '--■ '~ " ^!- '^^■- ■^'**''-^ ' "^^^ HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 76 lose side they tie did Wash- lada, sent cut ! gallant aud aeries of suc- t British forts This victory tiousand Eng- his monstrous sh, and led to the power of ed and garri- :on, was taken nder General conqueror of and Fort Du alonists. of combined ided at three ommander-in- F the forts at :e Ghamplain, the St. Law- brce destined I of the heroic army and a the same town ibella T. Bean, m, and at once until 1848. In in the Legisla- y Whig in the istricts. From iking and bro- 1870, upon the large body of friendly Indians, under Sir William Johnson, was appointed to rc'.uce the fort at Niagara. Wolfe's array, anio';.nting to about eight thousand men, was conveyed to the vicinity of Quebec by a fleet of vessels of war and transpoxt3, and landed in two divisions on the island of Orleans, on the 27th of June. The Marquis de Montcalm made vigorous preparations for defending Quebec. His armed force consisted of about thirteen thousand men, of whom six battalions were regulars and the remainder well disciplined Canadian militia, with some cavalry and Indians. He ranged these forces from the river St. Charles to the Falls of Montmorency, with the view of opposing the landing of the British. Wolfe first attempted the entrenchment of Montmorency, land- ing his troops under cover of the fire from the ships of war, but was gallantly repulsed oy the French. In consequence of this repulse he sent dispatches to England, stating that he had doubts of being able to reduce Quebec during that campaign. His pros- pects, indeed, were not encouraging. The great stronghold kept xip an incessant fire from its almost inaccessible position, bristling with guns, defended by a superior force, and inhabited by a hostile population. Above the city steep banks rendered landing almost impossible ; below the country for eight miles was embarrassed by two rivers, many redoubts and watchful Indians. A part of the fleet lay above the town, and the remainder in the north channel, between the island of Orleans and Montmorency. Soon after this repulse, however, Wolfe roused his brave and vigorous spirit, called a council of war, and proposed, it is gener- ally said at the instigation of his second in command, Greneral organization of the Lenawee County Savings Bank, he was chosen President of tha: corporation, which office he still holds, performing the duties to the entire satisfactiou of the stockholders and depositors in the bank. During the late civil war, Mr. Clark was an active supporter of the Union cause, and did much for the Michigan soldiers. One of his sons sacrificed his life in defense of the nation. Mr. Clark is well known throughout Lenawee and the adjoining counties, and is held in very high esteem. '!•. r. M IPs 76 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. k- Townsend, to gain the Heights of Abraham behind and above the city, commanding the weakest part of the fortress. The council acceded to this daring proposal, and their heroic commandci' com- menced his preparations, in the meanwhile making such active demonstrations against Montcalm's position that the French still believed it to be his main object. On the 11th of September the greater part of the troops landed and marched u^: the south shore opposite Quebec, forded the river Etchemin, and embaiked on board the men-of-war and transi)ort8 which lay above the town. On the 12th the ships of war sailed nine miles up the river to Cap Rouge. This feint deceived Mont- calm, and he detached DeBougainville, who with his army of reserve proceeded still farther up the river, to prevent the English from landing. During the night the English troops dropped silently down the river with the current in boats, and at four o'clock in the morning began to laud. It is surprising bow the troops contrived to hind, as the French had posted sentries along the sliore to challenge boats and give the alarm. The first bout was questioned, when Captain Donald McDonald, one of Frazer's Highlanders, wjjo was perfectly well acquainted with the French language and customs, answered to " Qui vive f " which is tlieir challenge, tlie word, " La France." When the sentinel demanded, "A quel regiment f" the captain replied, " De la Reine," which he knew by accident to be one of those commanded by DeBougainville. The soldier took it for granted that it wa.s an expected ('onvoy, and saying " Passe," the boats proceeded without further question. One of the sentries, more wary than the rest, running down to the watci'f- edge, called out, " Pourquoi, est-ce que vouji ne parlez pas plus haut f " to which the captain answered, in a soft tone of voice, " Tais-toi, noun serous entendm. Thus cautioned, the sentry retired, and the boats pro- ceeded without further altercation, and landed at the spot now celebrated as " Wolfe's Cove." General Wolfe was one of the firtt on shore, and, on seeing the difficulty of ascending LUe precipice, observed familiarly to Captain McDonald, " I do not believe there is any possibility of getting up, but you must do your endeavor." Indeed, the precipice here was :r.,-..s.ii;.i^H~i"" and above the The council nmandei- com- ig such active e French still troops landed irded the river ind transi)ort8 of war sailed eceived Mont- 1 his army of nt the English roops dropped s, and at four lis the French [s and give the iptain Donald perfectly well s, answered to "/a France." " the captain t to be one of er took it for g " Passe" the if the sentries, ■'f- edge, called 'd f " to which 0%, notta seroM the boats pro- the spot now , on seeing the irly to Captain ' of getting up, !ipice here was HISTORY OF MICHIOAW. 77 80 steep that there seemed no possibility of scaling it, but the Highlanders, grasping the bushes that grew on its face, ascended the woody precipice with courage and dexterity. They dislodged a small body of troops that defended a narrow pathway up the HENRY FISH. Henry Fish, one of the present leading citizens of Port Huron, Michi- gan, was born Ave miles above Jklontreal, Canada, in 1824. His parents were of New England birth, but removed to Canada at an early day. In the year 1830 the family came to Michigan, and settled in Macomb county. In the year 1848 Henry Fish moved to Port Huron, and engaged in merchandising and lumbering. For the past eighteen years he, in connection with his brother, has been engaged in the lumbering business exclusively, the firm of A. & H. Fish being favorably and extensively 14 m •iti36 m 78 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. bank ; and, a few more mounting, the General drew up the rest in order as they arrived. With great exertion they reached the sum- mit, and in a short time Wolfe had his whole army drawn up in regular order on the plains above. Montcalm, struck with this unexpected movement, concluded that unless Wolfe could be driven from this position Quebec was lost. Hoping, probably, that only a detachment had as yet reached it, he lost his usual prudence and forbearance, and finding that his opponent had gained so much by hazarding all, he, with an infatuation for which it is difficult to account, resolved to meet the British army. He crossed the St. Charles on the 13th, sallying forth from a strong fortress without fi.3ld artillery, without even waiting the return of Bougainville, who with two thousand men formed a corps of observation. Before he could concentrate his forces, he advanced with haste and precipitation, and commenced a most gallant attack when within about two hundred and fifty yards of the English line. The English moved forward regularly, firing steadily until within thirty or forty yards of the French, when they gave a general volley, which did great execution. The English had only a light cannon, which the sailors had dragged up the heights with ropes. The sabre, therefore, and the oayonet decided the day. The agile Scotch Highlanders, with their stout claymores, served the purpose of cavalry, and the steady fire of known. Mr. Fish is one of tlie most active and influential lay members of the Methodist Episcopal Church in Michigan, being elected President of the State Convontion of that church, held at Albion, in 1871. The r»etn)it Annual Conference, in company with Mr. John Owen, of Detroit, elected him as lay delegate to the General Conference of May, 1^72. He was the candidate of the Prohibition party for Governor >t Michi- gan in 1870 and again in 1872. The National Prohibition party, yet in its infancy, presented its first natiunal ticket to the people in 1872. It had its inception in a meeting of a few friends of tempermce (of whom Mr. Fish was a leading one), held in Detroit, on tlie 8th of January, 18«7. This meeting advised the formation of an independent political party, because, as they stated, legal prohibition of the liquor traflBc is such a radical reform as cannot be accomplished through the agency of a politi- cal party comp Jsed of temperance men and the sellers and drinkers of ^> ;■ ..r,.).*>-r.~TO?sraSK -r««iSSS«!5,^B!^(K"W?3:- ; H^^Sijit4iW gg.-"tf3g3aqs«r-rar^--. ^- -a««w»i5j*MfafJs*y«?^-;t--T««f^-.;--(.^«se«se^-i;(*i?in*-^^ 80 GENERAL HISTORY OP THE STATES. of Wolfe at the early age of thirty-five, when but few men begin even to appear on he theater of great events. There is a suiall monument on the place of his death, with the date and this inscription: "Here Wolfe died victorious." He was too precious to be left even on the field of his glory ; England, jealous of his ashes, had them laid with his father's iu Greenwich, the town in which he was born. The news of these events reached Britain but forty-eight hours later than the fin^t discouraging dis- patch, and spread universal joy for the great victory, and sorrow for its price. Throughout broad England were illuminations and songs of triumph; one country village was, however, silent and still— there Wolfe's widowed mother mourned her only son. The chivalrous Montcalm also died nobly. When his wounds were pronounced mortal, he expressed his thankfulness that he should die before the surrender of Quebec. On being visited by the commander of the garrison, M. de Ramzay, and by the com- mandant, De Rousellon, he entreated him to endeavor to secure the retreat of the army beyond Cap Rouge. Before he died he paid the victorious army this magnanimous compliment : " Since it has been my misfortune to be discomfited and mortally wounded, it is a great satisfaction to me to be van- quished by so brave and generous an enemy." Almost his last act was to write a letter recommending the French prisoners to the generositv of their vi<-tors. He died at five o'clock on the morn- ing of the 14th of Se.)teml)or, and was buried iu an excavation made by the bursting of a shell, near the Uisuline convent. The battle had scarcely closed before Bougainville appeared in sight ; but the fate of Canada was decided, the critical moment was gone. He retired to Pointe aux Trembles en has, where he encamped, and thence he retreated to Three Rivers and Montreal. Had all the French forces been concentrated under Montcalm, it is doubtful if the heroism of the British troops could have secured the victory, so great was the valor displayed. On the 17th a flag of truce came out of the city, and on the 18th a capitulation was effected on terms honorable to the French, who were not made prisoners, but conveyed home to their own country. General Murray then assumed the command. '•,5ft««H«iJ^-^lS|Se$afSiai£^-^i5!*Wi^- ,j,5^it5n*-««^-ii w men begiu a**i^tp*-' ftth, with the orious." He ry; England, u Greenwich, vents reached ouragiug dis- y, and sorrow li nations and cr, silent and ily son. !n his wounds ilness that he ng visited by I by the com- ivor to secure mnguanimous be discomfited nc to be van- lost his last act 'isouers to the ou the nioru- an excavation convent, le appeared in ritical moment I, has, where he and Montreal. >r Montcalm, it Id have secured ;he 17th a flag apitulation was were not made atry. General CHAPTER V. PltOGnESS OF THE FllKNCH TOWAHD MlCHIOAN— THK 8tRUOOI.ES AND AnVENTIUEB OF THE MiSSIONAUIES — LlKE AND DEATII OF THE Great and Good Marquette— Pioneer Like- Having followed the history of New France to the end of the French rule in Canada, we will now return and trace the west- ward movements of civilization to the borders of Michigan. The French settlers who had established themselves upon the banks of the St. Lawrence were never wanting in zeal and enter- prise in extending their explorations westward. It was early the avowed object of the government to carry the cross of the Catho- lic Church to the remotest bounds of the western territory, and thus to secure the advantages of its great resources. The princi- pal directors of the ecclesiastical establishments that were collected at Quebec found it their poliry to become informed of the con- dition of the domain of the great lakes, and as early as 1634 the Jesuits Breboeuf and Daniel joined a party of Hurons, who were returning from that walled city, and, passing through to the Ottawa River, raised the first hut of the Society of Jesus upon the shore of Lake Iroquois, a bay of Lake Huron, where they daily rang a bell to call the savages to prayer, and performed all those kind offices which were calculated to secure the confidence and affection of tlie tribes on the lake shore. In order to confirm the missions a college was founded in Quebec during the following year, and a hospital was established at the same place for the unfortunate of every class. A plan for the establishment of mis- sions, not only among the Algouquins of the north, but also south of Lake Michigan and in Michigan, was formed within six years after the discovery of Canada. Cartier was the pioneer, but Cliamplain was the founder of the French power upon this continent. For twenty years succeeding 6 I. ftiffiyfrlPV^^^^ 83 GENERAL HISTORY OP THK STATM. the commencement of the seventeenth century he was zcahiusly emphiyed in planting and rearing upon the l)auli.^ of the St. Law- rence that infant tdony whicli was destined to extend its branches into Michigan, and finally to contest with its great rival the sover- eignty of North America. We .shall not here attempt to trace the progress of these remote settlements, nor to mark the alternations of prosperity and adver- sity. They are in this work peculiarly interesting to us only as they exhibit the gradual and successive steps by which a knowl- edge of the lake country was acquired, and its first settlements founded. As the tide of French power flows toward Michigan, we become more anxious to trace its principles and progress, and to inquire into the motives and means of the hardy adventurers who were every year ascending still further and further the boundless waters before them. It was early discovered that a profitable traffic in furs could be carried on with the Indians, and the excitement of gain prompted tho-se engaged in it to explore every avenue by which the camp and hunting grounds of the Indians could be approached. A better and nobler feeling, too, brought to this work a body of learned and pious men, who left behind them their own world, with all its pleasures and attach- ments, and sought in the depths of remote and unknown regions objects for the exercise of their zeal and piety. The whole history of human character furnishes no more illustrious examples of self- devotion than are to be found in the records of the establishments of the Roman Catholic missionaries, whose faith and fervor ena- bled them to combat the difficulties around them in life, or to triumph over them in death. By the operation of these causes a knowledge of the great fea- tures of the continent was gradually acquired, and the circle of French power and influence enlarged. As early as 1632, seven years only after the foundations of Quebec were laid, the mission- aries had penetrated to Lake Huron by the route of Grand River, and Father Sagard has left an interesting narrative of their toils and suflerings upon its bleak and sterile shores. The Wyandots had been driven into that region from the banks of the St. Law- rence, by their inveterate enemies, the Iroquois, whose valor, H^„vw^#,«gE5isa»sM&ifefei «s»^MR«*j«*W'«sa«wa*^fi«wa«t" the St. Law- lul its branches rival the sover- )f these remote pity and adver- ; to us only as vhich a knowl- irst settlements vard Michigan, d progress, and rdy adventurers nd further the jcovered that a he Indians, and in it to explore grounds of the bier feeling, too, 8 men, who left ares and attach- nknown regions he whole history examples of self- e establishments and fervor ena- em in life, or to :>f the great fea- i,nd the circle of y as 1632, seven laid, the mission- of Grand River, ive of their toils The Wyandots 3 of the St. Law- ois, whose valor, enterprise and success constitute the romance of Indian history. The good priests accompanied them in this expatriation, and if they could not prevent their sufferings, they shared them. No portion of those wide domains was secure from the conquering COL. WM. M. FENTON. Wm. M. Fenton, one of the greatest of Michigan men, was born on the 19th of December, 1808, in Norwich, Chenango county, New Yorlc. Here his father, Hon. Josepli 8. Fenton, was one of the first citizens in wealth and social position, being a prominent banker, and an elder in the Presbyterian church, of which he wuo one of the main pillars of support. His mother, a member of the same church, was distinguished for devoted piety and an earnest zeal in every good work. William was the eldest of nine children, and in early life, while under the parental roof, was remarkable for his integrity and great love for knowledge, which made him a most indefatigable student, so that when h i' 'M '■' *»-*^sv.4S*at*aa«*j*«.-«SWi«8MW>V*3tvf<'^«S^^ 84 OENKKAI. HIHTORY OK THE HTATK8. Iro.iuoi«, and they pumicl their diHcorafited enemies with relent- lesH fury. Little would he giiiiu-d by an attempt to de«enbe the event* of thi. xterminatinB warfare. "Tlie detail, are as afHict- iuft," says General Cass, "as any recorded in the h>n^ annals of human vengeance an.l human sutterings." Villages were sack.'d; and by night and by day, in winter and in summer, there was nei- ther rest nor safety for the vanquished. The character of the miKsionaries .lid not exempt them from a full participation in the misti.rlunes of their cnverts, an.l many of them were murdered at the fo..t of the altar, with the .-rucitix in their hands and the name of God up.)n their lips. Some were burned at the stake, with all those horrible accompaniments of savage ingenuity which add intensity to the pangs of the victims and duration to their sutteriugs. But nothing could shake the fortitude of these apos- tles. They live.1 the life of saints, and die.l the death of martyrs. It is now difficult to conceive what, however, is now well authen- ticated, that two hundre.1 years ago the great central point of In.liun inrtuence and intelligence was upon the southern shore of but fourtecin years of age lie passed his exainumtion, and cntere.l llamil- tou College. From this institution lie gra.luated .it the liead ot his class in 1827 at the .ige of eigliteen, wlien tlie most of students >ire only p.e- pared to enter. From the college halls he went into tlic banking house of his father. The confinement conse.iucnt upon this business was too close for his feeble health, and after a service of but a few months he entered upon a seafaring life, sliipping from Charleston, 8. C, as a f om- mon sailor. Pour years later he left this occupation, having acquired that physical culture .uid discipline, an.l gained that knov/ledgc of human nature, which proved of great service to him through the remain- der of his life. At the time of .putting Ids marine life he was mate of a merchantman, and was olTered the captaincy of a simihir craft. In April 1H:}4, he married a daughter of Judge James Birdsall, ot Norwich, and in July of the same ycur emignih.d to Michigan, at the age of twentv-six. After ir.siain- lo. iwo y....s ai I'....tmc. being engaged in meivanllle pursuit, he .v..H.vr,l 1.. .ienesee .■ounly, and purchased tlie land when' the vilh.,i.e of F.uiton now siands. In 18:!!) be eu.nnv^n :ed the study of Unv ui FenUmviiie. und in 1841, With Andie^v l»„rsons, afterwards Coventor, w;.^ ad.uiiu.d u. llie bar. Soon after he eiuiaged in politics, a.ui his taienls ,.. a lawyer, and his extensive knowledge of men and things, at once made him a leader in I. Ill til .'ii th 111 Sll 1>' at P' St: wi at cti ai wi th Tl hi th ca di th Li 18 II to bt cu th ot H Pi 8t fa in h< -wws.'ssrisSJJeSSSSfSi^S^feKj^^iWJSfwess^a^f-irj^a*;!^ "1 mien with rolt>nt- t to (li'MiTibe thu i\h are as afHict- 10 I'ing auuttln of ges were sacktul; ler, there waa nei- chiiraeter of the rtii'ipatioii in the 11 were murdered ■ir hands and the ned at the stake, B ingenuity which duration to tlieii ide of these ai)08- death of martyrs, i now well authen- t central point of southern shore of and entered llamil- he head of his class udents are only pre- ( tlic banking house Ills business was too ut a few months he iton, 8. C, us a f oni- on, having acquired that knowledge of through the remain- life lie was mate of a rtilar craft. ! James Birdsall, of to Michigan, at the ■s at I'ontiiW, being iciu'soe county, and stands. iiiiiviiir, and in 1841, ailniiiifd ID llie bar. as a lawyer, and his made him a leader in HISTORY OF MICHKJAN. H5 Luke 8iiperior, and tiir towiinl il-« wcstciii extremity. This was llie se:«t of the Cliippewn pnvcr. and Ip ic wax Ixn ling the eternal tire w lio,sc ( v III liiiii furi'td' !, iC ii did imt i.r ;-'iii n national ciihiniiiy. " .Nil I;:''!," ."ays (i imi'iiI (!iiss, "\* hei m' e- ilili»h('d in the wlioie liiiivv nl' liidi;iii liwuiry. ihiin the devn imi of some, if not Mil llie iiilies. lu ilils (•liiini('t''ristic feainri' ol' the iiiKrient superstiiini 1.1' tin- Maui. A'>'l ''■ ki'mm's iheir «i|iaiiiioii tVomthe primitive >\"rk at an c'lrly ilay. wiini tliis Ih'Iici' \va^ prevalent amon;r the easimi nations. \\\ the eereiiionies altciidiiiji- the preservation of this tire yi-t lived in [ndiaii tradition, uihI it was still biirninji when the French first ap|)eared among them. There were male and feinaie guardians, to whose care it was committed ; and when we ri t the solemn, and ritual, and dreadful impre- cations with win. ilic same pledge of Roman safety was guarded and preserved, it ought not to surprise us that such importance was attached by the Indians, whose duration was to be coeval with their natiomil existence. The augury has proved but too true. The fire is e.Ktinct, and the power ha-s departed from them. We have trampled on the one and overthrown the other." the Democratic party, of which he was a member. In 1844 he was tlie candidate of his party for representative in the State liCgislature, but was defeated. At the next election, however, he was chosen Senator from the district comprising the counties of Oakland, Macomb, Genesee and Living.ston. He was twice elected Lieutenant-(4overnor, serving from 1848 to 1853 inclusive, while Governors Hansom and Barry were in office. He presided with dignity and ability over the Senate, and had the party to which he belonged continued in power, he would undoubtedly have been rai.^ed to the ofHce of Governor. He was twice nominated for Cir- cuit Judge by his party, and had he been elected he would have secured the same praise which he so unanimously received while performing other responsible public duties. In 1850 Mr. Fenton removed to Flint, where he resided until his death. He was appointed Register of the Land Olflce in that city by President Pierce, in 1852, and held the position until the office was removed to Saginaw. During the year 1856 he traveled through Europe with his family, for the purpose of improving his wife's failing health. Return- ing, he was elected Mayor of Flint in 1858. When the first murmurings of the late civil war were indistinctly heard throughout our land, the voice of Mr. Fenton was raised far above SiSmi««?Ssai 86 OENERAI. HISTORY OF THK HTATra. Ab the couFHO of the French trtide firnt took the route of the Ottawa River, tlioir estuljliwhrnent upon the upper hikes preceded their nettlementa on the Detroit River. Soon after the middle of the seventeenth century trading posts were establisl'.cd at Michili- mackinac and the Sault Ste. Marie, at Green Bay, at Chicago and af St. Joseph. It was soon known, from tin reports of the ludians, that a great river flowed through the coii' ' h.-yonii the lakes in a southerly direction. In August, 1665, Father Claude Allouez founded the fir^t per- manent white settlement on Lake Superior, amtmg the kindly and hospitable Indians of the northwe-st. He soon lighted the torch of Catholicism at the council fires of more than twenty nations. He came in peace, the messenger of religion and virtue, and he found warm friends. The Chippewaa givthered round him to receive instruction ; Pottawatomies, Sacs, Fox>-^. and even Illinois, an hospitable race, having no weapon but the J>.)V>" and arrow, diminished in numbers by wars with the Sioi. t ami liie Iroquois, came to rehearse their sorrows in the hearing of this devoted mi.s- the din of party discord for his country, which he loved so well. He had been and was a Democrat, but he was niort- than either Democrat or Republican — he was a true patriot, and, dropping all considerations of a party character, he offered his services to his country in a way that at once attested his devotion to the principles of American union, and proved how much dearer his country was to him than his life. His wealth was also freely given to sustain the cause for which he fought, and, when financial difficulties first faced the government, he telegraphed to Governor Blair that the sum of $.5,000 of his private means was at the disposal of the Stale for the equipment of the State troops. Early in the season of 1861 he was appointed a member of the State Military Board, and shortly afterward he received the appointment of major of the Seventh Infantry. On the 7th of August following, being commissioned by Gov- ernor Blair, colonel of the Eighth Infantry, he, with that regiment, started for the seat of war in Virginia, on the 27th of September, IflOl. This regi- ment he was mainly instrumental in recruiting, and he seemed to diffuse his own courage through the entire command. No regiment has a better record, and, while health permitted, his record »nd that of the Eighth are identical. The rapidity and number of its marches Avere such as to give it the name of the " wandering regiment." From the time that it started for the seat of war until November 1st, 1861, a little more than • M-.j-^i«;-i5i';cSw'.;-w.4f *rais>':-ffis4«»raM'/a«Kr of the State, in ention to the prac- id to the details of It the magnificent r of the Citizens' it the time of his ment of tliat city, that office, he met •m of fire, he ran ig post witli great iulted in his death lout the State, but osition whicli but places of business J their last resting striking and bril- ducted under the 90 OENERAL HISTORY OF THE 8TATBB. cereraoniul. A cross of cedar was erected, and by its side rose a coliimu of similar wood, on which was engraved the lilies of the Bourbons. The authority and faith of France being thui pro- claimed, " the whole company, bowing before the image of man's redemption, chanted to its glory a hynm of the seventh century." On the 10th of June, 1673, Father Marquette, who had long entertained the idea of exploring the Mississippi, the great river of the West, accompanied by Joliet, live Frenchmen, and two Algonquin guides, lusceuded to the head of the Fox River, and, carrying their two bark canoes across the narrow portage which divides the Fox River from the Wisconsin, launched them upon the waters of the latter. The guides now left them, and for seven days they floated down the stream, between alternate prairies and hill sides, beholding neither man nor beast — through the solitudes of a wilderness, the stillness of which overawed their spirits. At length, to their inexpressible joy, their frail canoes struck the mighty waters of the Mississippi, rolling through verdant prairies dotted with herds of buffalo, and its banks overhung with primi- tive forests. Having sailed down this noble stream for about sixty leagues, they discovered, toward the close of June, an Indian trail on its western bank. It was like the human footsteps which Robinson Crusoe saw in the sand, and which had not been effaced by the rising of the tides or tlie rolling of the waters. A little footpath was soon found, and, leaving their companions in the canoes, Mar- quette and Joliet determined to brave alone a meeting with the savages. After following the little path for about six miles, they (iiscovered an Imlian village. First imploring the protection of Divine Providence, they made known their presence to the Indi- ans by uttering a loud cry. " At this cry," says Marquette, " the Indians rushed out of their cabins, and, having probably recog- nized us as French, especially seeing a ' black gown,' or at least having no reason to distrust us, seeing we were but two, and had made known our coming, they deputed four old men to come and speak with us. Two carried tobacco pipes, well adorned and trimmed with many kinds of feathei-s. They marched slowly, lifting their pipes toward the sun, as if offering them to him to t- ( its Bide rose a ;he lilies of the being thu>< pro- image of man's veuth century." , who had long the great river hmen, and two ^'ox River, and, V portage which hed them upon n, and for seven ate prairies and gh the solitudes leir spirit". At loes struck the irerdaut prairies ung with primi- it sixty leagues, lian trail on its which Robinson n effaced by the u little footpath the canoes, Mar- leetiug with the six miles, they le protection of ice to the Indi- tfarquette, "the probably recog- )wn,' or at least it two, and had en to come and ill adorned and aarched slowly, them to him to HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 91 smoke, but yet without uttering a single word. They were a long time coining the little way from the village to us. Having reached us at last, they stopped to consider us attentively. I now took courage, seeing these ceremonies, which are used by them HON. MARTIN S. BR.'.CKETT. Martin H. Brackeit, one of the leading men of the Peninsular Rail- way of this State, was born at Elbritlge, Onondaga County, New York, December lJ)th, 1810. He is the youngest son of Captain Ezra Brackett, who was one of the first settlers of Elbridge. Mr. Brackett's boyhood days were passed with his father, on whose farm and in whose brickyard he worked during the summers, and attended school during the winters. At the age of fifteen he commenced his studies in the academy at Onon- daga Hollow, where he remained three terms. At the expiration of the third term, he returned to his native town, and continued his studies smm waaaaai 92 ORNKKAI. IltHTOIlY OK THK HTATJX iiiilv with tViciuls; I tlicroforo i^ijoko to them fitNt. mid aMki'< we behold it to-day. Here is my son that I give thee, that thou raayest know my heart. I pray thee to take pity on me and all my nation. Thou knowt-st the Great Spirit who has made us all, thou speakest to hira and hearest his word ; ask him to give me life and health, and come and dwell wilh us that we may know hira." " Saying this," says Manptette, " he placed the little slave near us, and made us a second present, an all-mysterious calumet, which they value more than a slave. By this present he showed us his esteem for our governor, after the account we had given of him. By the third he begged us, in behalf of the whole tuition, not to proceed further, on account of the great dangers to which we exposed ourselves. I replied that I did not fear death, and that I esteemed no happiness greater than that of losing my life for the glory of Him who made all." This council was followed by a festival of Indian meal, fish, and the choicest products of the prairies. The town, consisting of about three hundred cabins, was then visited. Its inhabitants, who had never before seen a Frenchman, gazed at them with astonishment, and made them presents. " While we marched entered the law office of the Hon. James R. Lawrence, where he studied the legal profession for over two years. In 1836 the Auburn and Syracuse Railroad was commenced, and Mr. Brackett contracted for and completed the heaviest work on the line. It was also under his supervision that the Erie Canal was enlarged from Syracuse to Geddes. In the spring of 1838 Mr. Brackett removed to Michigan, settling in the village of Rellevue, where he still resides. He officiated as Deputy County Clerk at the first term of the Circuit Court held in his county, in in the autumn of 18:;8. the Hon. Judge Ransom presiding. The same fall he entered the firm of Gibhs & Bradley, attorneys, in Marsliall, and, in the following year, was admitted to tlie practice of his iirofession in all the courts of the Htute. During the autumn of this year he was elected to the office of County Clerk, winch position lie held for three successive feim.s. perfoiiniiiiAllie dm ;.< of the office in a creditable and highly satisla.toty muniicv. Imnir.uuiely upon liie expiration of his third term as County Clerk, tlie cili/eus of liis county cliose hiui as their Prosecuting Attorney, in which official position he remained tliree years, if •i^'i ♦ ^ H WWW^^H'nrJTri g tiiaMi ' aBa . n wg**^ 94 OR!*KRAI, ntSTORV Ol* THE HTAtlHH through tho Htrects," ciiyH ManiuottP, " uii orutor was conMtantly haranguing, to ohiigc all to set' us without hoiug trouhleHonie. We were cvi'rywhcro prcsciitt'd with hi'lts, gartcrn, and other articlcM, nuide of tlu' hair of the hear and wild cattle, dyed red, yellow and gray. These are their rarities, hut, not being of cou- sequence, wo did not burden ourselves with them. Wo slept in the sachem's cabin, and the next day took leave of him, promising to pass back through his town in four moons. He escorted us to our canoes with nearly six hundred persons, who saw us embark, evincing in every possible way the pleasure our visit had given them." The following is a brief abstract from the account given by Father Marquette of the manners and customs of the Illinois Indians at the jjcriod of his visit. Happily, the Jesuits were men of learning and observation, who felt the importance of their position, so that while faithfully discharging the duties of their religious profession, they carefully recorded the progress of events around them : "To say ' Illinois' is, in their language, to say ' the men,' as if other Indians compared to them were beasts. They are divided into several villages, some of which are quite distant from each holding it one year by iip])()intinent. In 1H42 he received tlie nomination of the Wing party for State Senator, liiit, witli Ids party, was defeated at the election. In 1848, finding himself ditVerinj; in nianj- essential points from the Whijrs, he left that party and joined his fortunes witli the Demo- crats, from whom he received the nomination for State Senator in IHSO, and fttr Lieutenant-Governor in 1804. On the 7tli of September, 180.5, the Peninsular liailway C'ompauy was organized in Mr. Brnckett's office, in Bellevue, at which time he was elected a director, and secretary and attorney of the company. He has held these offices ever since, with the exception of the office of .secretary, which was held by the Hon. Charles W. Olisbie from February, 1808, until March, 1800. Mr. Brackett also held the office of Grand Worthy Chief of the Inde pendent Order of Good Templars of the State, for three years. As a man he has at all times contributed much towards t: sformation of the evils by which his fellow man Was surrounded, tad has ever worked for the good of his town and State. p was constantly ng troublesonio. rtorx, and other cuttle, dyed red, )t being of con- 11. We slept in f him, promising c escorted us to saw us embark, visit had given count given by of the Illinois he Jesuits were jortance of their i duties of their rogresH of events ' the men,' as if Hu'v are divided rttuut from each ed the nomination y, wu» defeated at iij' essentiai points It's witli tlic Demo- : Senator in IHW. way C'onipany was liich time he was company. He has offlce of se(!retary, n February, 18«8, Uiief of the Inde B years. ds l: eformation led, uad has ever niSTOHY OF MICHIGAN. 96 other, and which produces a diversity in their language, which in general has a great affinity for the Algoncjuin. They are mild and tractable in disposition, have many wives, of whom they are extremely jealous; they watch them carefully, and cut otl" their HON. TIMOTHY JEROME. TmoTHY .Ieuome, of Saginaw (^ity, was liorn in tiie vicinity of Tru- mansburg, N. Y., in 1830. His parents settled in Detroit in 1828, and, except from 1831 to 1834, he has resided in the Territory and State of Michigan ever since— in St. Clair county until 1853, and from that time in Saginaw county. During the whole period of his residence in the latter county he has lived in tlie city of Saginaw, and there he has flxed his permanent abode. During his boyhood the opportunities for education in Michigan were limited, but he made the most of them. Though his attainments as a scholar were not such as to give any particular direction ^s^' hi -■ ' I I). 1, dd GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STAtES. noses and ears when they do not behave well ; I saw several who bore the marks of their infidelity. They are well formed, nimble and very adroit in using tlie bow and arrow. They use guns, also, which they buy of our Indian allies, who trade with the French ; they use them especially to terrify the rations against whom they go to war. These nations have no knowledge of Euro- peans, are unac(iuainte(l with the use of either iron or copper, and have nothing but stone knives." When the Illinois go to war, a loud cry is made at the door of each hut in the village, the morning and evening before the warriors set out. "The chiefs are distinguished from the soldiers by a scarf, ingeniously made of the hair of bears and wild oxen. The face is painted with red lead, or ochre, which is found in great quantitie^s a ^ew days' journey from the village. They live by game, which is abundant in this country, and on Indian corn. They also sow beans and meloLS. Their squashes they dry in the sun, to eat in the winter and spring. Their cabins are very large, and lined and floored with rush mats. Tliey make all their dishes of wood, and their spoons of the bones of the buffalo. Their only clothes are skins ; their women are always dressed very modestly and decently, while the men do not take any pains to cover themselves. "It now only remains for me to speak of the calumet, than which there is nothing among them more mysterious or more esteemed. Men do not pay to the crowns and sceptres of kings ;o hi.s labors in later life, they were sufficient, with the practical training of experience in his early manhood, to discipline his mind and develop his versatile talent. In business he has displayed a resolute courage <-■■- ,.jat fertility of mental resource. He has succeeded as a lumberman, ir steamboating, and in important and delicate negotiations. As the fruit of his varied operations, he lias aciiuired a goodly property, and is recognized as one of the solid men of the Saginaw Valley. He sei\.d one term in the .Michigan Legislature, as member of the House l(.r Siiiniaw coitniy. in 1S5T-8. Willi tliat exception, and though oceasio-!;\;iy a /.ea'uiis poiiic'.an. he has m.i ln-.i! nor sought office. Sociiiiiy he is genial, aluaciive in manner am; conversation, surrounded with hosts of fi v. h,is and admirers, il" is wnnn in his friendships, and possesses an unusually long and giaieful memory of little kindne.«es. tfis. I saw several who ill formed, nimble . They use guns, lo trade with the le rations against nowledge of Euro- iron or copper, and llinois go to war, a 1 the village, the out. "The chiefs ', ingeniously made is painted with red ntitias a ^ew days' which is abundant Iso sow beans and .0 eat in the winter lined and floored of wood, and their f clothes are skins ; 3tly and decently, ihemselve.-). the calumet, than nysterious or more d sceptres of kings the practical training lis mind and develop " ,.jat fertility of nan, ir steamboating, le fruit of his varied is recognized as one re, ii.-- n'.ember of the 'xct'i)tion, and though )V ^;olldlt offlcx". iver*itioii, surrounded 1 his fricndsliips, and ! of little kindnesses. HISTORY OK MK'HKJAN. 97 the honor they pay to it. It seems to be the god of peace and war, the arbiter of life and death. Carry it about you and show it, and you can march fearlessly amid enemies, who, even in the heat of battle, lay down their arms when it is shown. Hence the Illinois gave me one, to .serve as a safeguard amid all the Indian nations that I had to pass on my voyage." Such is the account left by Marquette of the condition of the Illinois Indians, at the time of his visit, in 167:5. Taking leave of these hospitable savagei^, our adventurous travelers once more launched forth on the broad waters of the Missi.ssii)pi. As they floated down this noble river day after day, they gradually entered on the richer scenery of a southern climate. The sombre pines of the woods of Canada, the forests of oak ami maple, were, by degrees, exchanged for the lofty cottonwood, the fan-like palmetto, and the noble arborescent ferns of the troi>ics. They began to suflfer from the increasing heat, and from legions of mosquitos, »vhich haunt the swampy margin of the stream. At length they arrived at that part of the stream which, upwards of a century before, had been discovered by De St)to and his ill-fated compan- ions, in the country of the war-like Chickasaws. Here they were attacked by a fleet of canoes filled with Indians, armed with bows and arrows, clubs, and axes ; but when the old men got a fair view of the calumet, or peace-pipe, which Marquette continually held up to view, their hearts were touched, and they restrained the In the ordinary routine ami exigencies of business, he is prompt, diligent, and quietly executive— lie works out his plans without display. He has ever been punctilious in tlie performance of his undertakings, and so moderate and just in his dealings, that he lias seldom, it ever, been a party to any litigation. It is apparent, from many interesting episodes in his life, that he sel dom puts fortli more than a minimum of his strength. When occasions arise of such interest or importance as to thoroughly arouse him, he dis- plays powers of argument, ridicule and irony, amounting to genius. None of these outbursts are the result of preparation ; they come from a sudden impulse, like an inspiration ; they arc eloquence in words and action— quick, apropofi and decisive. His antagonist is first astonished, then confounded, tlien overwhelmed ; without the opportunity or power of resistance, he is seized and subdued, as by a coup de main. 7 p \ J. J n 98 (4RNKRAL HISTORY OF THR STATE«. impetuosity of their young warriors by throwing their bows and arrows into the two canoes, as a token of jjcaee and welcome. Having l)een liospitai)ly entertained by these Indians, tliey were escorted the following day by a deputation in a canoe, which pre- ceded them as far as the village of Akamsea (Arkansas). Here they were received most kindly; the natives continually bringing wooden dishes of sagamity — Indian corn — or pieces of dog flesh, which wei-e, of course, respectfully declined. These Indians cooked in earthen pot-", and served their food on earthenware dishes ; wi're very amiable and unceremonious, each man helping himself from the dish, and passing it on to his neighbor. It was here that the travelers wisely terminated their explora- tions. " M. Joliet and I," says Manjuette, " held a council to deliberate on what we should do — whether we should push on, or rest satisfied with the discoveries we had made. After having attentively considered that we were not far from the Gulf of Mexico, the basin of which is 81° 40' north, and we at 33° 40', so that we could not he more than two or three days' journey off; that the Mississippi undoubtedly had its mouth in Florida, or the Gulf of Mexico, and not on the east, in Virginia, whose seacoaat is 34° north. Moreover, we considered that we risked losing the fruit of our voyage if we fell into the hands of the Spaniards, who would undoubtedly make us prisoners ; anil that we were not in condition to resist the Indians who infested the lower parts of the river. All these considerations induced us to return. This we announced to the Indians, and, after a day's rest, prepared for it." On their return, they lefl the Mississippi at the thirty-eighth degree of latitude, and entered the Illinois River, which greatly shortened their voyage. The country through which this river flows was found to be full of fertile and beautiful prairies, abound- ing in wild ducks, swans, parrots, and turkeys. The tribe of Illinois living on its banks entreated Marquette and his compan- ions to come and live with them ; but as Marquette intimated his anxiety to continue his voyage, a chosen party conducted him by way of Chicago to Lake Michigan ; and before the end of Sep- tember all were once more safely landed at Green Bay. Joliet 1^ their bows and •e and welcome, idiiins, tliey were •anoe, wl.ioh pre- irkaiisas). Here tinually brin^'ing eeet* of dojr Hesh, These Indians on earthenware lU'h man hrlping 'ijrlibor. ed their exph)ra- ehl a council to iiould push on, or e. After having •oni the Gulf of ad we at 33° 40', (lays' journey off; in Florida, or the ia, whose seacoaat risked losing the )f the Spaniards, that we were not the lower parts of to return. This rest, prepared for the thirty-eighth er, which greatly which this river 1 prairies, abound- /^s. The tribe of and his compau- ette intimated his onducted him by ; the end of Sep- reen Bay. Joliet HISTORY OF MICmOAN. 99 returned to Quebec to announce the discoveries they hau made, whilst Marquette remained to preach the gospel to the Miamis, near Chicago. Father James Marquette having promised the Illinois Indians THOMAS P. SHELDON, Thomas P. Sheldon, a leading banker of East Saginaw, Michigan, was born in White Pigeon, St. Jo.in4. Soon after leaving the army, Mr. Tuttle located at the city of Alpena, which then was a small hamlet, and entered upon the practice of law. VIIOS. IIISTOKY OF MICHir.AN. 10ft le young cnthufinst, 'inpowcring liim to ig liim an excluHive ! from France with ihUhc for the Indian vod again at Fort of ton tonw burden, River — he ascended I, above them, com- lich, in the summer Erie, amid a salvo To Deum. In this sailed across Lake larates it from that ppropriate name of ns on Lake Huron, on Lake Michigan, tvith the natives for IS loaded and sent d and a remittance :^alle and his com- supplies, ascended . where the mission- hich he now added His whole fortune lier no tidings were lating class of forty- ;land, in t)ie offlce of d the Union army as grades of promotion liarged, by reason of ter leaving the army, was a small hamlet, heard. W«'arie.l witli delay, he resolved to explore the Illinois territory ; and leavinj: ten men to guard his little fort, La Salle, with a chosen body •)f thirty followers, ascended the St. Joseph's River, and transporting his bark canoes across a short portage, entered the Kankakee, a branch of the Illinois River. Descend- ing its narrow stream, the travelers reached, by the end of Decem- ber, an Indian village on the Illinois, tlie natives of which were absent on a hunting expedition. Being in great want of provi- sions. La Salle took advantage of their absence to help himself to a sufficiency of maize, of which his followers found large (pumti- ties hidden in h.)les under their wigwams. The corn having been shipped they again set sail, and on the 4th of January, 1680, entered Lake Peoria. The Illinois Indians on the banks of this lake were friendly, and here La Salle erected another fort. As no tidings had been received of his missing vessel, to proceed farther without supplies was impossible ; his followers became discouraged, and in great despondency he named his new fort " Creveceeur "— broken-hearted— in memory of his trials and misfortunes. La Salle now perceived that he must go back himself to Fron- tenac for supplies ; and to prevent the entire stagnation of dis- covery during his absence, he requested the Jesuit missionary, Father Hennepin, who accompanied the expedition, to go to the Mississippi, and explore that stream to its source, whilst Tonti, a veteran Italian, was chosen to command in his absence, with instructions to endeavor to strengthen and extend his relations among the Indians. He then, in the month of March, 1680, with only three companions, set off on foot to travel a distance of at least 1,200 miles, through marshes and melting snows, through thickets and forests, with no supplies but what the gun afforded, a In 1865 he was married to Miss Ross, a Canadian lady, by whom he has one child— a daughter. He has since held the offices of judge of probate, circuit court commis- sioner, prosecuting attorney, city attorney, and various others, and con- tinues to practice his profession at Alpena, where he still resides, having been identified with the growth and development of thai active and flourishing city. Mr. Tuttle is one of the leading lawyers in the northern part of the State. ^miiSmiif^^ 106 (JKNKKAI, IIISTOUY OK THK STATKs. l)liiiik«'t 1111(1 11 few (»kini*, witli which to iniike im)(ra.xiiiH, or Intiinii .xhoi'H. Ni) roctinl cxiMts of what het'i'll liim on thiit lonjj joiirncv, whicli lu', however, tiiially ac<-oin|)lwhe(l. La SaUe fountl, a.< lie fully exj)ecte(l, that the Griftiii hud heen wrecked ; that his ajrontH had cheated him ; and that his creditors had seized his goods. His courage overcame evi'ry difficidty ; and by midsuiniiier, in 1680, he returned once more to his little garri- son in Illinois, with a liody of new adventurers, large supplies of merchandise, and stores tor rigging a hrigantine. lint disasters had befallen his agents during his absence, and the post in Illinois was deserted. Having succeeded in finding Timti, and collecting his scattered followers, he constructed a capacious barge, and in the early part of .lauuary, 1()82, Lu Salhs and his com[mny descended the Mississiitj)! to the sea. They lauded ou the bank of the most western channel, about tliree leagues from its mouth. On the 7th, La Salle went to recon- noitre the shores of the neighboring sea, while Touti examined the great middle channel. They found there two outlets, beauti- ful, large and deep. Ou the 8th they reascended the river a little above its coiiHuence with the sea, to find a dry place beyond the reacii of inundations. Here they prepared a colnnni and a cross, and to the said column they affixed the arms of France, with this inscription : " Loui8 LK Grand, Koi de France et de Navarre, regne NEl'VIEME AVRIL, 1(582." The Te Deum was then sung, and after a salute of fire-arms, the column wius erected by La Salle, who laid claim to the whole of the Mi.ssi.ssippi valley for the I>euch king, with the usual formali- ties. After erecting another fort, called St. Louis, and giving the title of liouisiana to the newly discovered territory. La Salle, in the autumn of 1683, returned in triumph to France. The account given by him of the extraordinary beauty of the Mississijipi valley created the utmost enthusia.sm among the French petjple. Preparations were immediately commenced by the agents of the king, to provide an extensive outfit, and on the 24th of July, 1684, four vessels, having on board two hundred \ 1118, or tndinii lonjj: joiiriiev, Hii Imd bci'U ; his cruditorH ifficulty ; liinl iH littU' pirri- V supplicH ot' (licaHters had int in Illinois ind collt'ctiiin Imr^re, anil in Win company lianncl, about vent to riicon- nti oxainini'd utlcts, heauti- i river a little e beyond the n and a cross, nee, with this \RHE, KEGNK fire-arms, the ) the whole of usual lormali- ud giving the ', La Salle, in beauty of the among the iiumeuced by t, and on the two hundred lOH (iKNKKAI, HISTORY OK THK STATKS. and eighty persons, eeelesiastics, soldier*, ineclmnies and emigrants, left Roclu'lle full of ardor and expectation, for the far-famed country of Louisiana. Tlie soldiers had for their commander, Joutel, a man of courage and truth, who afterwards became the historian of this disastrous expedition. Misfortunes overtook them from tlie very commencement of their voyage. Difficulties arose between La Salle and the naval commander, which impeded the voyage ; and on the 10th of Jan- uary, 1685, they unfortunately i)assed the mouth of the Missis- sippi. La Salle soon perceived their error, and wished to return ; but this the commander of the fleet refused to do, and they con- tinued their course until they arrived at the Bay of Matagorda, in Texas. Completely tired of disputes with Beaujeau, the naval commander, and conjecturing that the numerous streams which had their outlet in the bay, might be branches of the Mississippi, or might lead to its discovery. La Salle resolved to disembark. 'As the vessels entered the" harbor, the store-ship, on which the infant colony mainly depended, was completely wrecked by the carelessness of the pilot. Calming the terrible energy of his grief, La Salle, by the aid of boats from the other vessels, suc- ceeded in recovering a part of the cargo, but night coming on, and with it a gale of wind, the store-ship was utterly dashed to pieces. To add to their distress, a party of Indians came down to the shore to plunder the wreck, an'l murdered two of the volun- teers. Several of the men who had now landed became discouraged, and returned to the fleet, which immediately set sail, leaving La Salle with a desponding company of two hundred and thirty souls, huddled together in a miserable fort, built with fragments of the wreck. Stimulated to extraordinary eflbrts by the energy and example of La Salle, a beautiful spot was selected, and a more substantial and comfortable fort constructed. La Salle was the architect, and marked the beams, mortise.- and tenons himself. This was the first settlement made in Texas. Desperate and des- titute as was the situation of the settlers, they still exceeded in numbers those who landed in Virginia, or those who embarked on board the Mayflower, and possessed " from the bounty of liouis f-4.ia«5«i»ilar<»,agl»*> -»V i fv- .a>^:.' HIMTOKY OF MICHKiAN. 109 and emigrants, the far-famed iir commander, rds became the iimencement of ', and the naval he 10th of Jan- of the Missis- ished to return ; ), and they con- ' of Matagorda, ijeau, the naval streams which the Mississippi, I to disembark. ), on which the wrecked by the I energy of his her vessels, suc- ght coming on, terly dashed to IS came down to o of the volun- me discouraged, sail, leaving La and thirty souls, fragments of the the energy and ted, and a more ja Salle was the tenons himself, sperate and des- still exceeded in rho embarked on bounty of liouis XIV, more than was contributed by all the English monarchs together, for the twelve united colonies on the Atlantic." The summer of 1686 was spent in the construction of this second fort, which was named Fort St. Louis, and La Salle, having finished its erection, set out with a selected party in canoes, in search of the Mississippi. After an absence of about four months, he returned in rags, having lost twelve or thirteen of his men, and completely failed in his object. His presence, however, as usual, inspired hope; and in April, 1686, another expedition was attempted, which was lurod into the interior by brilliant fictions of exhaustless mines on the borders of Mexico. This expediticm return«ul without effecting any other discovery than that of the great exuberance and fertility of the soil in the immediate neigh- borhood of the fort, l^a Salle hud succeeded in obtaining a sup- ply of maize and beans and five horses from the Indians, but had suffered greatly ; and of the twenty men he had taken with him only eight returned, the remainder having either fallen sick, died, or deserted. Affairs had been equally unprosperous at Fort St. Louis, during his absence. The only remaining ship was a wreck, and the colony had been rapidly thinned by privation, misery and exposure, until there remained nothing but a mere handful of desperate, disappointed men. Amid the ruin of all his prospects, once so proud and flourish- ing. La Salle alone remained undaunted ; and, as a last resource, determined to visit the French settlements in Illinois, or, if neces- sary, his feudal domain in Frontenac, in order to bring aid to his perishing colony. On the 12th of January, 1687, La Salle set out on his last expedition, accompanied by Joutel, across the prairies and forests of Louisiana. In his company were two men, Duhaut and L'Archevfique, who had both embarked capital in this enterprise. Each regarded the other for immediate purposes as his friend ; and both were actuated by a spirit of bitterness and animosity against La Salle, whom they regarded as the author of all the calamities that had befallen them. Moranget, a nephew of La Salle, was also one of the party following the tracks of buffaloes, who chose by instinct the best routes. La Salle marched through groves and plains of astonishing fertility and beauty ; 110 (iENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. now fordiug the rapid torrents, and now building a bridge by throwing some monarch of the foreat across the stream, until he had passed the Colorado, and came to a branch of the Trinity River. On the 17th of March, 1687, the whole party engaged in a buf- falo hunt. Duhaut and L'Archeveque, having been successful, sent their coninumdcr word, who immediately despatched his nephew Morangct to the camp. When Moranget came to the spot wliere Duhaut and the rest were stopping, he found they had reserved for themselves the very best parts of the bufttiloes; and hasty and passionate, not considering where he wa.s, nor with whom he was dealing, ho " took from them their choice pieces, threatened them, and spoke harsh words." This enraged the mutinous .spirits of Duhaut and his companions, who secretly took counsel together how to effect the destruction of Moranget and his associates. Night came on apace, and Moranget and his party having supped, wearied with their day's travel, laid themselves down to sleep on the {)rairie. Liotot, the surgeon, now took an axe, and with a few strokes killed Moranget and his comrades. Having good reason to fear tiio resentment of La Salle, the murderers next resolved to kill him also. Surprised at his nephew's delay, La Salle went forth on the 20th to seek him. Perceiving at a distance birds of prey, hovering as if over carrion, and suspecting himself to be in the immediate neighborhood of his men. La Salle fired a gun, which was heard by the conspirators, who were thus made aware of his approach. Duhaut and his associate hastened secretly to meet their victim — the former skulking in the grass, the latter showing himself " Where," said La Salle to L'Archeveque, " is my nephew." Before an answer could be returned, Duhaut fired and La Salle fell dead on the prairie. The murderers then approached, and, with cruel taunts, stripped the corpse, leaving it naked and unburied, to be devoured by the wild beasts of the wilderness. Thus perished La Salle, and with him that colonial settlement which he had attempted to form. His fortitude and bravery must ever command admiration, while his cruel and undeserved death awakens feelings of pity and indignation. Although he was not HISTORY OF MICHIC4AN. Ill T a bridge by ream, until he )f the Trinity ;aged in a buf- 3en successftil, espatched his t came to the mnd they had bufttiloes ; and lor with whom jes, threatened utinoua spirits unsel together Ilia associates, aving supped, vn to sleep on nd with a few ^ good reason next resolved La Salle went tance birds of triself to be in ! fired a gun, i made aware ed secretly to ass, the latter cheveque, " is Duhaut fired urderers then pse, leaving it beasts of the ial settlement bravery must 3served death h he was not the discoverer, yet he was certainly the first settler of the Mississippi valley, and the father of colonization in the "far West." As such his memory is imperishable, and will ever be honored. The Illinois settlements of Peoria, Kaskaskias, and Cahokia, are the fruit of La Salle's hibors. It is true he did not found these places, yet he gave them their inhabitants, for it wa.s by those whom he led into the West that tlicy were peojiled. Poi-severance anfl courage, combined with a noble ambition to promote the interests of his country, led him into a gallant but unsuccessful career of enter- prise. He did what he could to benefit his country ; and if he had lived he might have achieved mucii more splendid results. ;*,. CHAPTER VII. TnK Saii.t Stk. Maiiik— Fout St. Joseph — Detkoit Founded — Its Eaui-y CoxurrioN — Attacked hy the OrTA\VAH— By the Foxeh— Eakly French Tkavelehs Tiihouoh the Lake Reoion. No 8ETTLEMEN'i' had lit this tiiue been made at Detroit, bet-ause the traders and Jesuit missionaries had a more direct and safer route to the upper lakes, from Montreal to Michilimackinac, by the way of the Ottawa River. But this point had long been regarded an eligible position for a settlement, as it commanded a broad tract of country, and stood, as it were, at the gate of the upper lakes, in a direct route from these lakes to the English col- onies of New York, by the way of Lake Erie. The French and English both desired to obtain possession of this post. But while the English were looking to its accjuisition, they were anticipated by their rivals. Taking counsel from the movements of their opponents, the French called a grand meeting of the Irocpiois, or Five Nations, at Montreal. The chiefs of the different tribes from the St. Lawrence to the Mississippi, attended this meeting ; also the principal men and the Governor-General of Canada. Here the establishment of a post at that place was dis- cussed, and the grounds on whicl the two nations based their claims to it weighed. The Iroquois, however, said that, under- standing the French were about to make a settlement at that point, they were opposed to the measure, as they had already pro- hibited the English from doing the same. The Governor-General of Canada replied that the land belonged neither to the Iroquois nor to to the English, but to the King of France, and that there was already an expedition on the march for the purpose of erect- ing a colonial establishment at that place. In accordance with this plan, Antoine de la Motte Cadillac, lord of Bouaget, Mont Desert, having been granted a tract of fifteen acres square, by r>^-i^e .^uw i Aj^ . ) i » liwii» i /■'^iSi^t.^iuy^t,^ T Poi'NDKD — Its - bv the foxkh— Region. Detroit, bec-ause lirect and safer lilimaekinac, by had long been it commanded a the gate of the the English col- lin possession of its ac'tjuisition, Dunsel from the a grand meeting ?he chiefs of the issippi, attended ernor-General of it place was dLs- ious based their lid that, under- tlement at that lad already pro- overuor-General r to the Iroquois !, and that there jurpose of erect- accordance with ' Bouaget, Mont acres square, by HISTORY or MICHIGAN. 113 Louis XIV, left Montreal, accompanied by a Jesuit missionary and one hundred men, and arrived at the point of the wilderness which is now the site of Detroit, in the month of July, 1701, where they commenced the foundation of the first permanent settlement GEN. JOSEPH O. HUDNUT. Joseph Opdyke Hudnitt, son of Edward and Susan (Opdyke) Hudnut, was born at West Spartn, Livingston county, New York, .June 30, 1824. He prepared for college at Genesee Academy, New York, under Prof. Robinson, author of Robinson's series of mathematicsi. Since gradua- tion he has been engaged mostly in civil engineering, with tlie exception of two years and a half in tlie army during the war of secession. In the fall of 1849 ht) entered on his engineering profession, being engaged on the State canals of New York. He remained on the canals during 1849, 8 JiA*.MmJR***5JM;^'n^rLM»tW««»M6«Xl«i«!^^ 114 OENERAIi HISTOUY OP THE SIATES. in Mk'liifran. Before, it had only been known by the French missionaries aa a trading post, and in 1620 it was occnpied by an Indian viUage, which was called Teuchsa Grondie. Thr Sault Ste. Marie, as we have seen, had at that time Ixicn founded, and a rude i)ost was also erected at Fort Gratiot, which was a resting- point for the fur trade. This chain of fortifications was all the defense which was con- structed upon the lake shores for nearly a century and a half, and it comprised a part of that line of forts that was projected by La rtalle, extending from the St. Lawrence down the Mississippi to New Orleans. Their object was to furnish outposts by which the territory of Canada on the borders of the lakes could be held, the English settlements hemmed in, the Jesuit missionaries and set- tlers protected against the numerous and capricious tribes of sav- ages in tiiis quarter, and by which the fur trade might circulate, with full success, along the lakes and streams of the Northwest. The forts of Detroit, Michiliraackinac, St. Joseph and Green Bay, were of rude construction, and the chapels erected by their sides were used for the religious assemblies of the French settlers, who were from that time collected around the posts, and also for the Indians who were under the special guardianship of iLc Jesuit missionaries. These structuras, minute points on the borders of the forest, were either roofed with bark or thatched with straw, and on their top was generally erected the cross. Tribes of friendly Indians that could be induced to settle near them, had 1850 and 1851. In the spring of 1853 he went to Memphis, Tenn., and run the first survey of the railroad from Memphis to Clarlisville, Tenn. In 1853, 1854 and 1855, he was on the Louisville & Nashville and Louis- ville & Oovington Railroads, in Kentucky. In 1855 he removed to Waverly, Iowa, and in that year and in 1856 he was on the Iowa Central R. R. In 1858 he taught mathematics in the Genesee Academy, and in 1859 he taught in the Chicago Higli School. In the spring of 1860 he returned to Iowa, and was engaged as civil ejigineer on tlie Hannibal & at. Joseph R. R. In the winter of 1801-2 he was a member of the Iowa Legislature, and in May, 1862, he entered the army as Major of the 38th Regiment of Iowa Volunteers. He was promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel, Colonel and Brigadier-General. While in tlie army he was much on detached service as military engineer, mo.st of the time on the fortifica- -»i.'«tj»s(;il»2jijSaUayjSfc,|i:i to Mi'ihiliniaekinac, when his Indian allies promised to redouhlo their effort^j for his defense ; and the war- songs and dances of their hands, heard through the solitude of the forest, assured him that a more desperate effort was ahout to be made in his helialf. Tiie preparations having been finished, the French and Indians advanced upon the Foxes with moro deter- mined courngp, and, pouring upon their intrenchments a deadly fire, tliey were soon filled with the dying and the dead. Oncje more the Foxes demanded peace. Before any capitulation, how- ever, was completed, the enemy retreated towards Lake St. Clair, during a storm at nudiught, on the nineteenth day of the siege. The French and their Indian allies, as soon as they discovered their flight, prepar(>d for a pursuit, and soon came uiu>n their camps. An action began, which at the outset was in favor of the Foxes, the French and Indians beii»g repulsed. But a different plan of operation was soon after adopted, and with better success. At the end of thre;; days a field battery was completed, and the intrenchment of the Foxes fell before the French cannon. The Foxes nuiy l)e considered tho Ishmaelites of the wilderness, for they were at enmity with all the tribes on the lakes. They collected their forces on the Fox River of Green Bay, where they commanded the territory between the lakes and the Mississippi, so that it wa^! dangerous for travelers to pass through that region except in largo bodies, and armed, while their warriors were sent out to seek objects of plunder and devastation. So great was the that great branch of our industry as near perfection as possible. In 1865 he commenced his career as a lumberman in the vast pine forests of our State, and has ever met an enviable success in this occupation, in which he is still heavily engaged. In 1809 he was again called upon to fill an important political position, being elected Stale Senator from his Senatorial District, the duties of which office he performed much to the satisfaction of his constituents. He was chosen a delegate to the National Republican Convention, which met in Philadelphia during the summer of 1872, and nominated General Grant for President the second time. In the fall of the same year he was nominated by his pnrty for Representative in Congress from the Sixth District of this State, to which position he was elected by a large majority. i 120 UKNERAl, HISTORY Of THE 8TATM. (Iniiffor npprclu'iidt'd by the niUsioimrics and traders in passing tlirougli tlmt territory, as well iis by the Freneh f^ettlers, and so great the injury already done by tlxwe tribes, that an expedition wan fitted out a-ruinxt tiiein l)y the Fren<'h, baeked by their Indian allies, who were ranklinj; under a nense of rei)eated \vninj,'H. Thi:< warlike nation iiad stationed itself on the banks of the Fox lliver, at a place then and now called by the Frencli Butle dea Morta, or the Hill of the Dead, defending their position by a diteh and three courses of palisade-*. Here they collected their women and chil- dren, and prepared for a desperate resistance. M. de Louvigny, the commandant of the expedition, perceiving tlie strength of their works, determined not to expose his men by a direct attack, but entered upon a regular siege, and was preparing for the final crisis when the Foxes i)roposed a capitulation. This was accepted ; and the pride of the Foxes being thus humbled, they sank into obscurity during the remainder of the French war. Thus it is seen that, although the few French forts upon the lakes were rudely constructed, and but poorly adapted to make a serious and efl'ective defense, they were nevertheless competent, with their small garrisons, to protect the emigrants against the disatlected tribes which were from time to time arrayed against them. The pickets which surrounded them, composed of upright stakes, furnished a line of concealment rather than iitow^ bul- warks, antl, together with the light cannon with which they were mounted, enabled the French to suppress the disturbances that occasionally sprang up around their posts. The early missionaries and French travelers who journeyed through the region of the lakes exhibit a peculiar form of char- acter. Tinctured with the spirit which prevailed in France at the period of their immigration, the novel scenes around them impressed them with those sentiments of romance so peculiar to the French. They show the spirit under which the missionaries and soldiers traveled, and the eloquence with which the scenes around them tended to inspire their minds. The forests amid which their lot was cast were calculated to fill them with wonder and admiration. A vast chain of inland seas, which appeared to them like oceans, stretched a watery horizon •"^^jvio^^'f^s^^ *"" ,,®actrt.ic«^S5.*fe'53B3?p* ii-it<^^Si^ ^ 'fe" i niHTOUY OK MICIIIOAN. 121 'adcrn in passing I HcttltTM, and so lit an cxpc'ditiun by their Indian d \vninj,'s». This f till' Fttx IliviT, itte ilea Moris, or I ditcii and three vonien and chil- A. (It! Louvigny, the strength of ' a direct attack, ng tor the final liw waa accepted ; , they riuuk into r. I forts upon the apted to make a L'less competent, lints against the arrayed against posed of upriglit hau -itroDj]; bul- rvhich they were [isturbances that along thtr borders of the wilderness. Flocks of water fowl of varied plumage streamed along the shores of the lakes, and the waters swurmed with tish. The fiice of nature, fresh in the luxu- riance of a virgin soil, was everywhere clothed with magnificent vegetation. Did they travel through the Indian trails or bridle paths which wound throiigii the forest, extensive tracts of oak- lands, that seemed like cultivated parks, met their eye, studded with little crystal hikes and streams, and covered with flowers. Herds of bufliiloes wandered over the prairies, trampling down the flowei-s which blushed in their track a-* they rushed on in clumsy motion. Great numbers of moose and elk, which in the size of their horns almost rivaled the branches of the trees, bounded through the thickets. Deer were here and there seen feeding upon the margin of the water cimrses. Flocks of wild turkeys and other game filled the woods ; the prairies were alive with grouse, and pigeons swept along like clou&i£>.^-.u frihf-- ■ t'i.>»ito.' ri i wwi ii > i '« i tt« Biiwl fc --' HISTORY OF MIcmOAN. 125 ud exercised an ailing obedience. s that the early 1 foatered a large s, who were the ider of our early rely unsupported ible, and less at ted the existence irtue among the ' the manner in srly called bush- mts, whose chief 9 along the lakes owever, shaking themselves with I many a squalid d forests of the )wning the blood heir swarthy vis- iu to those with 3 of civilization his chosen asso- eagle feathers, to oot, and to adorn He lounged on a . lighted his pipe, scalp, he rivaled nth the supersti- drura of the con- ge family, and is a is a large influence county treasurer, !nt of the Board of mperance Society. juror. He wa.s not sure that a thunder cloud could not be frightened away by whistling at it through the wing-bone of an eagle; he carried the tail of a rattlesnake in his bullet-pouch, by way of amulet, and he placed implicit trust in his dreams. • HON. PETER DESNOYERS. Peteh Desnoyers, one of the most prominent men of Michigan during its early history, was born in Detroit, Michigan, April 2lst, 1800. His father, Peter J. Desnoyers, was born in tlie city of Paris, France, in 1773, came to America in 1790, and married Miss Marie Gobiel, of Detroit, Mich. He lived in Galliopolis a number of yeais, and afterwards in Pitts- burg, from which place he removed to Detroit with the army of " Mad Anthony" Wayne, in August, 1796, whe.e he resided until his death, which occurred in 1846. He was one of the leading merchants and citi- 126 OENEIl/VIi HMTORY OF THK STATES. The peasants, or that ohi«.s of hike settlers who subsisted by agricultural pursuits, witiiin tlu^ narrow circle of their picket fences, were not numerous. Their dress was peculiar, ami even wild. They wore surtouts of coarse blue cloth, fastened at the middle with a red sash, a scarlet woolen cap, containing a scalping knife, and moccasins made of deer-skin. Civilization was here strangely mingled. Groups of Indians from the remotest shores of the lakes, wild in their garb, would occasionally make their appearance at the settlements with numerous canoes laden with beaver skins, which they had brought down to these places of deposit. Among them were intermixed the French soldiers of the garrison, with their blue coats turned up with white facings, and the Jesuits, with their long gowns and black bands, from which were suspended by silver chains the rosary and crucifix, who, " with th,! priests, had their stations round the forts and ministered in the clmpeis." Agriculture was hot extensively encouraged by the policy of the fur trade or the character of the population. It was confined to u few patches of Indian corn and wheat, which they rudely culti- vatefl. They ground their grain in wind-mills, which were scat- tered along the banks of the Detroit river and the St. Clair lake. The recreations of the French colonists consisted in attending the religious services held in the rude chapels on the borders of the y\ zena of Detroit during his day, and his death was mourned by a large circle of friends and ".r.iunintftnces. Mr. Dcsnoyer'', the subject of this sketch, was in Detroit attending scliool when the great fire of 1805 broke out, which entirely destroyed the town, leaving the inhabitants houseless, and in a very destitute con- dition. He commenced business as a mercliant in 1821, having just attained his majority, and was eniiiiently successful in this occupation. He was the first county treasurer of Wayne county elected by the populnr vote, which occurred in 183(i. At the next election he was reflected to the same office. In 1837 he was ciiosen one of the aldermen of the city of Detroit, and he also served some time in this position after the division of the city into wards, representing the fourth ward in the council. In 1831 Mr. Desnoyers was appointed United States Marshal by Presi- dent Jackson, which position he held until the organization of the / • .%>^«S— «>M«'on ground with a front of only (me acre and a half, and running forty acres back. This kept the settlements iu a close line along the banks of the streams. A feudal and aristocratic spirit also controlled the grants of land. The commandants of the forts had the power to convey lands, with the permission of the Governor-General of Canada, subject to the confirmation of the King of France, special rights being reserved to the grantor. / As early as 1749, the post of Detroit and the others upon the northwestern lakes, Michilimackinac, Ste. Marie, and St. Joseph, received an acce,*sion of immigrants. The last two were called after the saints of those names iu the Catholic calendar. Michili- mackinac derives its name from the Indian words Michi-mackinac, meaning a great turtle, from its supposed resemblance to that animal, or from the Chippewa words Michine-maukinonk, signify- ing the place of giant fairies, who were .supjMsed by Indian superstition to hover over the waters around that beautiful island. The origin of the word Detroit is the French word Detroit, signify- ing a strait, because the post was situated on the strait connecting Lake Erie with Lake St. Clair. -^ During the whole period of the French domination, extending from the first settlement of the country down to the year 1760, the traffic of Michigan was confined principally to the trade in furs. This interesting traffic upon the great lakes was carried on by the French under peculiar circumstances. As the forests of the lake region abounded with furs which were of great value in HISTORY OF MICIIUUN. 129 ved ivnd prac- eraentM of the of unifomity >r governors of ilation around trary manner, kc that which ;e acquired by priests. to prevent the ring the houses a front of only This kept the le streams. A grants of land. convey lands, ^^lauada, subject il rights being thers upon the ,nd St. Joseph, NO were called ndar. Michili- [ichi-mackinac, blance to that iinonk, signify- sed by Indian eautiful island. Detroit, signify- rait connecting ition, extending the year 1760, to the trade in was carried on 3 the forests of ' great value in the mother country, it became an important object with the Cana- dian government to i)roid; and Detroit, incipul pliiccs of I, licenses for this inada to the raer- r-a (lea hois. The a load two large 1. The cargo of ad crowns. This d at about fifteen [ in ready money. I was generally a 1 invested in the ipture of Napoleon nth liis uncle, Capt. iibout in mid-ocean, the passengers and remaining in these brig from Scotland, idison," from Phila- i short allowance of ety to Philadelphia, the latter city, Mr. time, had taken a ing no money, wan- jondition becoming and his uncle, who , money with which md after serving in ir one in the whole- 1817, receiving the )' seventy-live dollars of which he is still a th schools. He still HIHTOKY OF MICHKIAN. 131 enterprise. The traders endured most of the fatigue, and the mer- chants received most of the profit. On the return of one of these exjK'ditions, six hundred crowns were taken by the merchant for his license, and a« he had sold the thousand crowns' worth of goods at their prime cost, from this sum he also deducted forty per cent for bottomry; the renniinder was then divided among the six coureurs des bow, who were thus left with but a small compensation for all their perils and hardships. The coureurs des bois were the native agents of the fur trade. Thoroughly acquainted with the navigation of the lakes, they fearlessly swept along the waters of these inland seas, eucamj)ing at night upon their shores. Of mixed white and Indian blood, they formed the connecting link between civilization and barbarism. Their dress was also demi-savage. Lively and sanguine, they were at all times ready to join the Indians in the dance, or pay respect to their ceremonies. Their French fathers had familiarly retains his activity in this class of labors, although he has reached the advanced age of seventy-six years. In 1818 he removed to Belfast, and engaged in the mercantile business, with more than average prosperity. He married Miss Mary Sherbun, of Hallowell, in December, 1819. Upon attaining his majority he espoused the principles of the Jefferson republican party, and gave his support to the administrations of Madison and Monroe, and worked faithfully for the election of General Jackson during the following presidential campaign, which resulted in the elec- tion of John Quincy Adams by the House of Representatives. Although he resolutely refused to accept any political position, he undertook many difficult tasks for his party, and performed his work in a manner to elicit the highest praise from the then Governor of Maine, and other prominent officials. His health again failing him, he closed his business in Belfast, with the intention of coming to Michigan, but his friends prevailed upon him to return to Hallowell, where he took an active part in all political issues. In 1829 Mr. Clarke was called to Washington on business, and while there was received by President Jackson in the kindest manner, and an intimate friendship soon sprung up between them. He came to Michigan in 1830, arriving at Detroit in October of that year, and in the following December opened a mercantile establishment on Woodward avenue, two doors from Jelferson avenue, in a building !S^3eimSi-' ^32 OENKRAI, HIHTORY OK TIIK STATIC. UHSOciuted with the native tribe., a.ul thoir .uothern aud wive., were the inmaten of Indian ea.«iw. It. many resj.-rts their char- acter resembled that of nnirinerH upon the ocean, for the .ame general .•ausc might be .aid to operate upoa both. Instead of navigating the high .ea. in .hip. toHHcd by storms, and ploughing ti,e waves fron. port to port, it was their lot to propel tlu-.r light eanoes over the fresh water seas of the forest, where, hurr.e.l tnm. one Indian village to another, like the mariner on the ocean, they acquired all those habits which belong to au unsettled and wan- dering life. . ^ , Advancing to the remote shores of Lake Superior or Lake Michigan, and following the courses of the rivei-s which flow into them, as ..on as they reached the points where the Indians were iu the mil.it of resorting, they at once encamped. Here they opened vheir packap . of goods, exhibited them to their savage eust(.mei-s aud exchanged them for furs; and having disposed ot ..wned by Robert Smart, Esq. In the fall of 18:W he purchased a large tnict of land on the St. Clair river, where he now resides, and m the fol- ,.,win,. spring removed to where the city of Port Huron now stands, and a, which place there were then ..nly three frame buildings. He took charge of the steamer Gen. Gratiot about this time, and sailed her on the route from Port Huron t<. Toledo. In 1835 he removc-d to ^^^Vr^^^' residence, ia the town of China, a few miles below the city ot St. tla.r, on the river of that name. He was one of the delegates chosen from St. Clair county to the State convention for the framing of a State Constitution, which met in Detroit on the nth of May, 1835. As a member of this important body he per- formed much good work, and nis actions won him many influential friends. , , , Pending the admission of Michigan into the Union, at the request of a number of the influential men of the Territory he visited Washington, and upon arriving there found the objectionable bill had passed the very day he had started. He presented the facts in the case to President ^ Jackson, and that official expressed his regrets that Mr. Clarke had not arrived sooner, as he would not have signed the bill had the matter been fully explained to him before. During his stay at the capitol, the Gov- ernor of his Territory and other prominent men arrived in Washington. These gentlemen called upon the President, in the presence of the Secre- tary of State, and after some discussion upon the admission of the ■a; ,i«S^ifflWKi»i1«**a»!»*^Sr«»'. HIHTORY OK MrCITKlAN. IflS ier» and wivcH 'ctM th«'ir cliar- , for tlie Mxme th. Instead of luul ploughing )|)i'l tlicir light ■e, hurrii'd from the ocean, they ettlcd and wun- pcriDi' oi' Lake which flow into he Indians were )ed. Here they to their savage ^•ing disposed of purcliiised a large k's, and in the fol- n now stands, and lildings. He took I sailed lier on the vud to liis present e city of St. Clair, ounty to the State liich met in Detroit jrtant body he per- n many influential , at the request of a /isited Washington, iiad passed the very B case to President Mr. Clarke had not liad the matter been lie capitol, the Gov- ved in Washington, •esence of the Secre- e admission of the all their nicrchandise, and loa(h'd tlieir canoes witii tlie peltries it had procured, they hade adieu to their Indian friends, and starteil on tiu'ir voyage l)ack, with feathors stuck in tlieir hats, keeping; time with their paddles to the Canadian l)oiit .-ongs. La ilonlnii, in his .Fournal, which was puhlished in France, and a translation of which was afterwards puhlished in this country, gives an interesting account of the fur trade, showing the general course of that traffic while the Canadas were under the French. The author resided at Montreal. At this time (IfiHH) Michili- inackinac was the principal stopping place for the traders on their way from Montreal and Detroit to the fonsts hordcring on Lake Superior. Here their goods were deposited, an . At the first election under the State Constitution, he having received the nomination of both parties, was elected State Senator for tlie Fifth Senatorial District witliout an opposing vote, and to which position he was reelected at the following election. Every effort was made by his friends at this time for permission to place liis name l)efore the Legisla- ture as a candidate for the United States Senate, but he wf>uld not consent. In 1837, President .lackson appointed him one of two commission- ers to acquire the title of the Indians to the lands they claimed in Michigan, which duty he performed in a very satisfactory manner. Afterwards he received the appointment of Receiver of the Land OfBce at Ionia, from President Van Buren, with whom he had been acquainted from 1829. Mr. Clarke declined to accept this position. He was a member of the State Convention of 1850, for the revision of the State Constitution, and took a prominent part, in the deliberations of that body. With the nomination of .Tames Buchanan for tlie presidency by tlie '^a%Mi< i:{4 OENKRAI- IIIHTORV OK THE HTATf^l. wh«'ro tlu'V HuppoHod tlioy inijrht ho ahlo t<» dicposo of their car- jrofs to jrri'iitiT iidvii'itii^'o tliiin at the interior poctf. The toUowiiiji is Lii Iloiituirs uceoiint of the fur traile at the period referred to: " Much iihout the same day," Hiiys he, " there arrived twenty- five or thirty eauo(>!', beiiij; homeward hound front the jireat hiij^ xi mi^s ^ ^ wo of tlit'ir car- \ir triulf nt tho iirrivcd twonty- thc j^rcnt liikcc, caiioc ainoiintiMl :», and will fetch viTc followed liy ilowii every yeiir Imii they <'an do ie« on the banks* Ijiike of Illinese ce of five or hIx ^ HON. JOHN R. KELLOG. John It. Kelloo, a prominent man in Michigin during the time of Lewis Cass, was born at New Hartford, Oneida county, New York, in 1793. His father was one of the hardy pioneers of the New England States, the farm upon which he resided in New Hartford, being pur- chased from George Washington and George Clinton. Tho original con- tract of this purchase is still In existence and is now in the possession of A. J. Kellog, the youngest son of the subject of this sketch, who resides in Allegan, Michigan. When he was six years of age, the parents of Mr. John R. Kellog 4;s5: ]'M GENERAI. HISTORY OF THE STATES. " Upon this occasion each nation makes a ring for itself. The savages sit upon the ground, with pipes in their mouths, and the governor is seated in an arm-chair ; after which there starts up an orator or sjjeaker from one of these nations, who makes a harangue, importing that his brethren are come to visit the Gov- ernor-General, to renew with him their wonted friendship; that their chief view is to promote tlie interest of the French, some of whom, being unac(iuainted with the way of traffic, and being too weak for the transporting of goods from the lakes, would be una- ble to deal in beaver-skins if his brethren did not come in person to deal with them in their own colonies. That they knew very well how acceptable their arrival is to the inhabitants of Mon- treal, in regard to the advantage they reap from it; that, in regard to the beav(>r-skins, they w(;re much valued in France, and the French goods given in exchange were of an inconsiderable value ; and that they mean to give the French sufficient proof of their readiness to furnish them with what they desire so earnestly. " That, by way of preparation of another year's cargo, they are come to lake in exchange fusees, and powder and ball, in order to hunt great numbers of beavers, or to gall the Iroquois in case they offered to disturb the French settlements; and, iu fine, in mi^a from New Hartford to Skaneateles, New York, taking him alonn; with tliem. At the age of thirteen lie went to Lowville, New York, as a clerk for .Alessrs. Leonard, in which occuiiation he remained until he was twenty-two years" of age. From here he went to New York city as a clerk for John Glover, Esq. While in this city he united with Ihe Presbyterian Church, Dr. John M. Mason, pastor, and lived an earnesi and faithful christian the remainder of his life. In 1817 he married Miss .Mary Ottorson, of New York, a young lady highly respected for her many good qualities, who still survives him. From this city with his wife and two children he returned to New Hartford in 1817, remaining one year, when he again removed and set- tled in Marcellus, Onondaga county, New York. Here he retained his residence until 183(5, being engaged in mercantile pursuits. In this year he emigrated to Michigan and served in the Legislature of the State dur- ing the winter of 1837-38. In the latter year he settled in Allegan, Alle- gan county, Michigan, where he resided until his death, which occurred in 18G8. Mr. Kellog was a member of the State Board of Education for six -■^,sf.f> vSJ X.i :..iJS»;ii«o-S«W'J«^*«fe^iB^SiK.5»-i .v^i4»«^i«i;- ■• '♦Si?s*t(a«' HISTORY OP MIC'HIOAN. 187 for itself. The nouths, and the ere starts* up au who makes a ) visit the Gov- riendship ; that French, some of ', and being too !, would be una- , come in person they knew very bitants of Mon- om it; that, in \ in France, and 1 inconsiderable fficiont proof of sire so earnestly. s cargo, they are ball, in order to Iroquois in case and, in fine, in i'ork, taking him wville, New York, lie remained until to New York city ic united witli the ;l lived an earnesi )rk, a young lady 1 survives him. returned to New removed and set- re lie retained his uits. In this year e of tlie State dur- 1 in Allegan, Alle- Ih, which occurred Education for six confirmation of their words, that they throw a porcelain collar (belt of wampum), with some beavor-skius, to the kitchi-okima (so they call the Governor-General), whose protection they laid claim to in case of any robbery or abuse committed upon them in the town. The spokesman having made an eiul of his speech, returns to his place and takes up l:is pipe, and the interpreter explains the substance of the harangue to the Governor, who commonly gives a very civil answer, especially if the presents be valuable, in consideration of which he likewise makes them a present of some trifling things. This done, the savages rise up and return to their huts, to make suitable preparation for the ensuing truck. " The next day the savages make their slaves carry the skins to the houses of the merchants, who bargain with them for such clothes as they want. All the inhabitants of Montreal are allowed to traffic with them in any commodity but rum and brandy, these two being excepted upon the account that, when the savages have got what they want, and have any skins left, they drink to excess, and then kill their slaves ; for, when they are in drink, they quarrel and fight, and, if they were not held by those who are sober, would certainly make havoc one of another. years, and while in this position he did much for the advancement of education, and to liim in a great measure are we indebted for the liigli position which ^Michigan occupies to-day when compared with lier sister States In an educational point of view. He was associate judge of Allegan cc-inty two years, during the judi- cial term of Judge Kansom, and performed the respon.'sible duties of that position in a manner that elicited the highest praise from that distiu. guished gentleman. He was one of the main movers in his section of the State in organi/,- ing the association and raising the necessary funds for the erection of the Soldiers and Sailors' monument which now beaiuities the Campus Martius in the City of Detroit. Mr. Kellog's public history is well known ihrougliout the State, as lie occupied an enviable position during his life in all matters of importance concerning the government of the State and its welfare and prosperity. He was an intimate friend of Secretary Seward and General Cass, and maintained a friendly correspondence with them until separated by death. vsm:?xm 138 GENERAL HISTORY OF THE STATES. " However, you must observe that none of them will touch either gold or silver. Aa soon as the savages have made an end of their truck, they take leave of the Governor, and return home by the River Ottawa. To conclude, they do a great deal of good, both to the poor and rich, for you will readily apprehend that everybody turns merchant upon such occasions." To the question what was the condition of the Northwestern Territory when it was claimed and occupied by France, we can furnish a ready answer. It was a vast ranging ground for the numerous Indian tribes, who roamed over it in all the listless indo- lence of their savage independence ; of the Jesuit missionaries, who, under the garb of their religious orders, strove to gain the influence of the red men in behalf of their government as well as their church, by their conversion to the Catholic faith ; the theatre of the most important military operations of the French soldiers at the West ; and the grand mart where the furs, which were deemed the most valuable products of this region, were collected for shipment to France, under a commercial system which ww* originally projected by the Cardinal de Richelieu. The condition of a country, although often in some measuu modified by the nature of the climate and the soil, is more genei ally founded upon the character of the people and that of its laws. This is clearly exhibited in the case of the Northwest ; for, while that domain was rich in all the natural advantages that could be furnished by the soil, it was entirely barren of all those moral and intellectual' fruits springing from bold and energetic character, directed by a free, enlightened, and wholesome system of juris- prudence. ;hem will touch e made an end of ,nd return home 3at deal of good, apprehend that he Northwestern y France, we can ; ground for the 1 the listless indo- juit missionaries, rove to gain the rnment as well as faith ; the theatre e French soldiers furs, which were on, were collected ystera which was u. in some raeasui;. oil, is more gener id that of its laws, thwest ; for, while vges that could be ,11 those moral and lergetic character, e system of juris- CHAPTER IX. War Between the French and Enolish Colonies— Bbaddock's March — His Defeat — Acadia, Niagara and Crown Point- Battle OF Lake Georoe— Condition of Canada. ScARCKLY had the French established themselves in Canada, when a chain of circumstances occurred that resulted in their overthrow. The people of the northern English colonies had learned to regard their Canadian* neighbors with the bitterest enmity. With them, the very name of Canada called up horrible recollections and ghastly images ; the midnight massacre of Sche- nectady, and the desolation of many a New England hamlet ; blazing dwellings and reeking scalps, and children snatched from their mothers' arms, to be immured in convents, and trained up in the abominations of Popery. To the sons of the Puritans, their enemy was doubly odious. They hated him as a Frenchman, and they hated him as a Papist. Hitherto, he had waged his murderous warfare from a distance, wasting their bettlements with rapid onsets, fierce and transient as a summer storm ; but now, with enterprising audacity, he was intrenching himself on their very borders. The English hunter, in the lonely wilderness of Vermont, as by the warm glow of sun- set he piled the spruce boughs for his woodland bed, started, as a deep, low sound struck faintly on his ears— the evening gun of Fort Frederic, booming over lake and forest. The erection of this fort, better known among the English as Crown Point, was a piece of daring encroachment, which justly kindled resentment in the northern colonies. But it was not here that the immediate occa- sion of a final rupture was to arise. By an article of the treaty of Utrecht, confirmed by that of Aix la Chapelle, Acadia had been ceded to England ; but, scarcely was the latter treaty signed, when debates sprang up touching the limits of the ceded province. 140 GKNKRAI- ttlSTOHY OF TMF STATES. Commissioners were named on either side, to adjust the disputed boundary ; but the t-laims of the rival powers proved utterly irrec- oncilable, and all negotiation was fruitless. Meantime, the French and English forces in Acadia began to assume a belligerent atti- tude, and indulge tlieir ill blood in mutual aggression and reprisal. But, while this game was played on the coasts of the Atlantic, interests of far greater moment were at stake in the West. The people of the middle colonies, placed by their local posi- tion beyond reach of the French, had heard with great composure of the sufferings of their New England brethren, and felt little concern at a danger so doubtful and remote. There were those among them, however, who, wUh greater foresight had been quick to perceive the ambitious project of the rival nation ; and, as early as 1716, Spotswood, Governor of Virginia, had urged the expedi- ency of securing the valley of the Ohio by a series of forts and settlements. His proposal was coldly received, and his plan fell to the ground. The time at length was come when the danger was approaching too near to be slighted longer. In 1748, an association, called the Ohio Company, was formed, with the view of making settlements in the region beyond the AUeghanies ; and, two years later, Gist, the company's surveyor, to the great disgust of tlie Inaians, carried chain and compass down the Ohio as far as the falls at Louisville. But, so dilatory were the English, that, before any effectual steps were taken, their agile enemies appeared upon the scene. In the spring of 1753, the middle provinces were startled at the tidings that French troops had crossed Lake Erie, fortified themselves at the point of Presque Isle, and pushed for- ward to the northern branches of the Ohio. Upon this. Governor Dinwiddle, of Virginia, resolved to despatch a message requiring their removal from territory which he had claimed as belonging to the British crown ; and, looking about him for the person best qualified to a,ct as messenger, he made choice of George Washing- ton, a young man twenty-one years of age, Adjv tant-General of the Virginia mllltla. Washington departed on his mission, crossed the mountains, descended to the bleak and leafless valley of the Ohio, and thence HISTORY OF MICHIGAN. 141 ii.it the disputed ■ed utterly irrec- time, the French belligerent atti- nggrespion and he coasts of the at stake in the their local posi- great composure I, and felt little ["here were those t had been quick on; and, as early rged the expedi- ries of forts and and his plan fell when the danger er. In 1748, an ed, with the view Llleghanies ; and, the great disgust the Ohio as far as ;he English, that, enemies appeared lie provinces were rossed Lake Erie, e, and pushed for- )on this. Governor message requiring med as belonging ir the person best George Washing- Ijv tant-General of ;d the mountains, 3 Ohio, and Ihence continued his journey up the banks of the Alleghany, until the fourth of December. On that day he reached Venango, an Indian town on the Alleghany, at the mouth of French Creek. Here was the advanced post of the French, and here, among the Indian HON. CHARLES W. GRANT. Chauleb WE8I.EY Gkant, of East Saginaw, was born March 15, 1817, at Smithville, Chenango county, New York. He came to Michigan at the age of twenty years, and settled in Saginaw county in the spring of 1849. At that time there being no railroad nor plank road, and scarcely any other leading to that county, he came in a skiff down Flint river from the then village of Flint with the late George R. Cummings, Esq., who had just received a commission from Governor Ransom us prosecuting attorney for Saginaw county. M *! %i 142 GENERAL HI8TORY OF THE STATES. lo« cabins and hut« of bark, he saw their flag flying above the hou of an EugliHh trader, whom the nnlitary mtruder. had unnln..ou.ly ejected. They gave the P-^^.-^y ^^^^^ be receptiov., and referred him to the commanding officer >o.e reXlerJwere at Le IW a fort which ^^^^^^ French Creek, some distance above Venango. Thither Wash ng fon repaired, nd on his arrival was received with state yeourt^y ; thTofiice;. Legarduer de 8t. Pierre, whom he a-c^ibe; - a ehlerly gentleman of very soldier-like appearance To the m^ age of Dinwiddle St. Pierre replied that he wonld forward ,t to hf Governor-General of Canada ; but that, in the meantime, h. -riretoho^^^of^^^^^^ rgh'n^te:^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ -^' with one attendant, to the English borders. While the rival nations were beginning to ^--f^^^^ I rLlnn^ed to neither of them, the unhappy Indians saw, with bet«„ rapaciou. ..rangers. The Brs. 'PP*;™""'/ *;f„X „„ the Ohio excited the »ilde»t fears m the tribe, of that quarter a„ „g° hom «e«, those who, disgusted by the eucroaehn,euB of Te pLusylv.ui«... had fled to those remote retreats to ^.pe 4e tatr^rof the »hite men. Scareely was their itacted asylum S7 ien they «.. themselves invaded by a host of .mod men C Canada. i.us, placed between two hr^, they tae» not lh» «ay to turn. There was no union in their conoseU and C J:!] like a mob of be«JlderedcMldre;^jri.lrn^^ TT^M^Hovt the Droprietor of the incipient city of East Saguiaw. he bmlt the first mm organized the first dwelling house. He was one o^h ^v J^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ ,,,.„. r X— ^^^o? ^Swa" .usticeof the peace, school inspec TlsSG he was elected sheriff of Saginaw county, and held that office Jdslfe^erTed as deputy united States marshal under Col. Rice, Col. Davis and John S. Bagg. HISTORY OP MICHIOAN. IA'\ [iying above the y intruders had envoy a hospita- ing officer, who.-'e had just built on rhither Washiug- h stately courtesy e describes as an ice. To the mes- )uld forward it to the meantime, his md this he should 5wer, Washington, retraced his steps, quarrel for a prize i Indians saw, with bone of contention ance of the French bes of that quarter, e encroachments of streats to escape the leir fancied asylum I host of armed men ires, they knew not their counsels, and . Their native jeal- or of the incipient city re, and for himself, the ;r8 who organized the n he was elected town- le peace, school inspec- ty, and held that ofllce nd for two years after- 1 under Col. Bice, Col. oHsy was roused to its utmost pitch. Many of them thought that the two white nations had conspired to destroy them, and then divide thoir lands. " You and the French," said one of them, a few years afterwards, to an English emissary, " are like the two edges of a pair of shears, and we are the cloth which is cut to pieces between them." The French labored hard to conciliate them, plying them with gifts and flatteries, and proclaiming themselves their champions against the English. At first, these arts seemed in vain, but their eflect soon began to declare itself; and this effect w greatly increased by a singular piece of infatuation on the part oi the pro- prietors of Pennsylvania. During the summer of 1754, delegates of the several provinces met at Albany, to concert measures of defense in the war which now seemed inevitable. It was at this meeting that the memor- able plan of a union of the colonies was brought forward ; a plan, the fate of which was curious and significant, for the crown rejected it as giving too much power to the people, and the people as giving too much power to the crown. A council was also held with the Iroquois, and though they were found but lukewarm in their attachment to the English, a treaty of friendship and alliance was concluded with their deputies. It would have been well if the matter had ended here, but, with ill-timed rapacity, the proprie- tary agents of Pennsylvania took advantage of this great assem- blage of sachems to procure from them the grant of extensive tracts, including the lauds inhabited by the very tribes whom the French were at that moment striving to seduce. When they heard Mr. Grant came to Saginaw poor in purse, but rich in energy and cour- age. Having satisfied his taste for public oflSce, he turned his attention to lumbering, which he has diligently and successfully pursued ever since. By the exercise of his business talent, which is of a high order, he has built up an enviable credit and amassed an ample fortune. He is an exam- ple of that steady advance in wealth and social standing that is invariably achieved by a young man of good habits and pei-severing industry, who has the good sense to husband his income and make it productive by judicious investment. He resides on the "James Riley Reservation," where he has erected a palatial residence. Here he enjoys his well earned wealth, and dispenses an elegant hospitality. •tt] m ,4J, H". mc- 144 OENERAL HISTORY OK THE STATES. that without their consent, their conquerora and tyrautH, the Iro- quois, had sold the «)il from beneath their feet, their indignatum was extreme; and, convinced that there was no limit to Eugbsh encroachment, many of them from that hour became fa.t allies ot the French. . The courts of Lond.ni and Ver^iilleH =-till maintained a diplo- matic intercourse, both protesting their earnest wish that their conflicting claims might be adjusted by friendly negotiation ; but, while each disclaimed the intention of hostility, both were hasten- ing to prepare for war. Early in 1755, an English fleet sailed from Cork, having on board two regiments destined for \ irginia and commanded by General Braddock ; and, soon after, a French fleet put to sea from the port of Brest, freighted with munitions of war and a strong body of troops, under Baron Diesk«u, an oflicer who had distinguished himself in the campaigns ot Marshal 8axe The English fleet gained its destination, and landed ite troops in safety. The French were less fortunate. Two of their .hips the Lys and the Alcide, became involved in the fogs ot the bank's of Newfoundland; and, when the weather cleared, they found themselves under the guns of a superior British force, belonging to the squadron of Admiral Boscowen, sent out for the express purpose of intercepting them. "Are we at peace or at war?" demanded the French commander. A broad- side from the Englishman soon solved his doubts, and, after a stout resistance, the French struck their colors. News of the cap- ture caused great excitement in England, but the conduct of the aggressors was generally approved ; and, under pretence that the French had begun the war by their alleged encroachments in America, orders were issued for a general attack upon their marine. So successful were the British cruisers, that, before the end of the year three hundred French vessels and nearly eight thousand Lilo'rs were captured and brought into port. The French unable to retort in kind, raised an outcry of indignation, nnd Mirepoix, their ambassador, withdrew from the Court of London. Thus began that memorable war, which, kindling among the forests of America, scattered its fires over the kingdoms of Europe and the sultry empire of the Great Mogul ; the war made glorious HISTORY OF MICHIOAN. 146 tyriiutrt, iho Iro- leir indignation irait to English ,me faat allies of intainud a diplo- wisli that their ipgotiation ; but, [)th wore ha.ston- rlir*h fleet sailed ucd for Virginia, 1 after, a French 1 with munitions ron Dieskau, an aigns of Marshal 1, and landed its ;e. Two of their in the fogs of the her cleared, they or British force, icowen, sent out a. " Are we at ander. A broad- ubts, and, after a News of the cap- lie conduct of the pretence that the encroachments in upon their marine, "ore the end of the ly eight thousand 'he French, unable ion, end Mirepoix, London. indling among the ingdoms of Europe war made glorious by the heroic death of Wolfe, the victories of Frederic, and the exploits of Clive; the war which controlled the destinies of America, and was first in the chain of event* which led on to her Revolution, with all its vast and undeveloped consequences. On PROF. DUANE DOTY. DcANE Doxy, the present Superintendent of Public Instruction for the city of Detroit, was born in the State of Ohio. He, with his parents, came to Michigan during his early childhood, and in this State received a thorough education, graduating from the literary department of the Michigan University, in 1856. With the exception of five years devoted to travel, army and editorial life, his whole time since his graduation has been occupied by educa- tional work. In 1865 he was appointed Superintendent of Public 10 17 ^^i ■ » IM 0KNI;RAI> HI8T0KY OF THE BTATI-M. m the. oM lmttl<..Kroun.l ..f Knropo tlu. ..o„t...t bore the .an,., t.inulmr foutun-s uf viok.n.i- and l.um.r wl.icl. Im.l mark.a th. Ank' ui former gouenUions- tu.ld. piou^'lu..! by the canuon hull, an.l walls Bhattcml by tho .xpl...liug mino, .uckcl town, and hlaz.nn .ub- urbs, the lamentation of womer- and the Ih-ense ..f a nuiddenc-.l Holdierv. B»t •>>' Ani-riHi. war su.uod a new and strikn.K a.pec-t. A wilciernes. was it« Md,lime arena. Arn.y met army under the shadows of primeval wood.; their eannon renoumled over wastes unknown to eiviliml nmn. Aud, before the hostile powers could join in buttle, endless fore«t« must be traversed, and morasses passed, and everywhere the axe ..f the pioneer must hew a path ior the bayonet of the soldier. _ Before the declurati.m of war, and before the breaking off of negotiations between the courts of France and Englan.l, the Lngl.sh ministry formed the plan of assailing the French in Ameru'a on all sides at once, aud repelling then,, by one bold push, tr.,n, all their encroachments. A provincial army was t.. advuneo upon Acadia, a second was to attack Crown Point, and a third Nuigara ; while the two regiments which had lately arrive^jK■J!l^ ..■;., jects. G8. HISTORY OF MICHIOAN. w > the t'anui liiiuilittr ikctl tlu' Htiilk' i>l" ion bull, mil walls i and blazing sub- i«o oi' a inatlilcncd in»l striking aspect, ii't army under the )un(led over wastes lostile powers could rwed, and morasses [nust hew a path for the breaking off of Inglanii, the English nch in America on bold push, from all 8 to advance upon lul a third Niagara ; rrived in Virginia, body of provincials, vly-built fort of Du ief command of all worsii fitted for the >xperience had been ut he was profligate, and laborious position is term of offlce many ;cliool work and wehool and the city supplied r is ci/Hceded to be of a le class of workers who lis work and elibrts in an enviable reputation, rt'k'dgc of the vast and liling himself of every nformation on all sub- arrogant, perverse, and a bigot to military rules. On his first arrival in N'irginia, he called together the Governors of the sev- eral provinces, in order to exi)laiu his instructions and adjust the details of the projected operations. These arrangements complete, Braddock advanced to the borders of Virginia, and Ibriued his camp at Fort Cumberland, where he spent several weel^< in train- ing the raw backwoodsmen who joined him into such discipline as they .seemed capable of ; in collecting hordes and wagons, which could only be had with the iitmo.st difficulty ; in railing at the contractors, who scandalously cheated him ; ami in venting his spleen by copious abuse of the country and the people. All at length was ready, and early in .lune, 17-')"), the army left civiliza- tion behind, and struck into the broad wilderness as a scpiadron puts out to sea. It was no easy task to force their way over that rugged ground, covered with an unbroken growth of forest ; and the difficulty was increa.sed by the needless load of baggage which encumbered their march. The crash of falling tret>s resounded in the front, where a hundred axemen labored with ceaseless toil to hew a passage for the army. The horses strained their utmost strength to drag the ponderous wagons over roots and stumps, through gullies and quag- mires ; and the regular troops were daunted by the depth and gloom of the forest which hedged them in on either hand, and closed its leafy arch above their heads. So tedious was their pro- gress, that, by the advice of Wa.shington, twelve hundred chosen men moved on in advance, with the lighter baggage and artillery, leaving the rest of the army to follow, by slower stages, with the heavy wagons. On the eighth of July, the advanced body reached the Monougahela, at a point not far distant from Fort du Quesne. The rocky and impracticable ground on the eastern side d,ebarred their passage, and the General resolved to cross the river in search of a smoother path, and re-cross it a lew miles lower down, in order to gain the fort. The first passage was easily made, and the troops moved, in glittering array, down the western margin of the water, rejoicing that their goal was well nigh reached, and the hour of their expected triumph close at hand. Scouts and Indian runners had brought the tidings of Braddock's 148 OENKUAI. lIlsrOHY OF THE HTATKfl. anpnuu'l. tc. tlu. Vrvurh at Fort du Quosno. Tl.eir .Immay wa« umit niul C.ntnMM.ur, tho c.nnuin.l.T. thou^l.t only of n-tmit. ;vl,.-n H.««uion, a ••uptai. in tl.e pirri...n. nuulo the bold proposal of U.u.linK out a party of Vwuvh and In.lian. to waylay the Lng- li-h in the wood., and hara-s or interrupt their mareh. The otler wa.M nccopted, and Heaujeu ha.Htened to the Indian eatnp. Aroun.l tlu. fort and beneath the adjacent forest were the bark lodges ..f savage honle., whom the French luul n.u«tere