^. ,.«^.. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I In U I. J, WUi. IL25 III 1.4 iiii 1 2.2 1^ Photographic Sdences Corporation L1>^ f\ ^ V N> ^ k 6^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14S80 (716) 872-4503 i% \ \ V1TI1 MAPS. I r:; -.. \i EDINBUIIGII : JOHN SUTHERLAND, V2 CALTON STREET; 11. (JROOMltUIDGE, I.ONOON ; J. OUMMING DUBLIN j WIfJ.MER & SMITH, LIVERPOOL ; AND P.SALMON, GLASGOW. MIK'CCXXXVTII. i-i' iii.iNiiKn iiv .1. srTiiriii. AN II i-j cai.tun stii V .1. SI'TIII'Mil.AN II fi «'.\I.TI)N S'I'll l-.KT K l>l N II I' II Oil F.nif' l>y 11 1 l;iil, Kiliii- llvNTrniM) AT ?^TAT10NFIi's HAM.] 1^ TFTER BHuWN. rRlNTEH. ST .TA.Mts'SqlJAlU: CONTENTS. • City of New York, .-.,.. Situation and Extent. — Harbour. — Fortifications. — Tclc- praplu — Custom-House. — Divisions and Government. — Churches. — Colleges Places of Amusement. — Hotels. — Steamboats and Coaches. — Environs. — Steamboat, Canal, Railroad, and Stagecoach Routes from New- York. — Distances of the priucipal Cities from New York. Iloute from New York to Albany, The Hudson River. — The Palisades. — Fort Lee. — Tappan Bay — Sing-Sing State Prison. — Haverf^traw Bay. — Caldwell's Landing. — The Highlands.- 'Vest Point. — Newburgh. — Distances from Newburgh f:o Buffalo. — Fishkill Landing. — Hampton. — Poughkecpsie. — Hyde Park. — Rhinebeck. — Kingston. — Redhook. — Catskill. — Distances from Catskill to Canaioharie and Ithaca. — Hudson. — New Lebanon. — Shaker Settlement. — Athens. Coxsaekie.-^Kinderhook. — NewBaltimore. — Coeymans. — -Castleton. , Albany, ...... Canal, Stagecoach, and Railroad Routes. — Troy. — Tjansingburgh . — AVatcrfor d. lloute from Albany to Boston, Mount Holyoke. — Northampton. — Lead Mine?. — Black- stone Canal. rape 7 21 32 40 fONTKMK. V jf Boston, . • • • • .12 Roiito Ironi Albany to the Springs, Montreal, ami Quebec, . . . . . . i'* Ballston Spa. — Saratoga Sprin/?K. — Saratoga Tiako. — Distances from Saratoga Si»rings to Hcnnington and ( 'augbnawaga. — lienuis* 1 1 eights. — 1 Jurgoync's Sur- render. — Freeman's Farm. — (General Fra/eVs Death. — Sebiiylerville. — I<'ort Edward — Glen's Falls. — Jessnp's FmIIs.—I Tadley l-'alls.— Bloody Pond.— Caldwell Lake George. — Sabbath-Day Point. — Rogers' Slido.— Prison- ers' Island. — fiOrd Howe's Point. — Ticonderoga. — Whitehall. — Distances from Whitehall to Montreal. Lake Champlain, . . • • .07 Plattsbnrg.— Commodore Downie's Monument.— Rouse's Point.— Isle Aux Noix.— St John's. Montreal, . . . • • 71 Distances from Montreal to Quebec, . • 73 St Tia\vrence. — Fort William-Henry.— Lake St Pctci^— Three Rivers. — Richelieu Rapids. Quebec, ...... 7«'» Situation. — Barracks. — Castle of St Lewis. — Court House. —Citadel.— The Plains of Abraham.— General Wolfe's Death.— Martello Towers. — Falls of Montmorcnci. — Lorette, Indian Village.— Chaudierc Falls. Tour from Albany to Niagara Falls and the Western Lakes, . . * • • • HI ]\Iohawk River. — Schenectady. — Canajoharie. — Little Falls.— Distances from Little Falls to Trenton. — Herki- mer. — Utica Distances from Utica to Sacket's Harbour, JNIontreal, Ithaca, Binghamton, and Oswego. — Trenton Falls.— Oswego. — Distances from Oswego to Montreal by Steamboat. — Syracuse. — Distances from Syracuse by Canal. — Village of Auburn. — Montezuma. Rochester. — Canal and Stagecoach Routes from Rochester.— Lewiston.— Manchester. Niagara Falls, ..... 00 Directions to Travellers. — Niagara River. — Its sourcesand Islands. — The Rapids. — Goat and Iris Islands. — The FalL'.— Terrapin Bridge and Tower— Biddlc Staircase. T?7t :iiul .'iixl Sur-- Ith— lip's ison- !?ii — use's «7 torn ittio )iki- tcfs CgC!. o to rom niu. L'om m i ^^ i S 73 J c^^— '■''.' 7r» 1 3usr. ci.— w. t oN rr.NTs. •> Tagc. vKdIuV CaVP.— The I Vrry. — ( 'iiniula Vuws.— City (.1 tlie I'iills. — WMI.Mid ( anal. — lirock's MonuiiKMit. — It'll niiif,' S|trini.>:. — HinN, ko. — Uiver Ih'Iow tlit; I'all-. — Olijccts (.11 ili'ii'st, C'uii(»s'li( ^<, &('. — Mineral Sjirini;.— NN'liiripool — Till' DcvITm H(»l". — Tiisrarora lni;. i.^ Broadw.'iy. Tlie ('ity Hall, l*ark Tlioatrc, Museums, and several Churches, are in the neighbourhood of the Park_, an inclosure of considerable extent, surrounded with iron railings, and adorned with trees and grass- [)lots. The panoramic view of the city, from the cupola oftheCity Hall, is extensive and interesting. Chatham Street and the Bowery^ one of the principal avenues leading out of the city, lies to tlie eastward of the City Hall. Eroadway continues northwardly, in almost a straiij-lit line, a distance of about throe miles from tlie Battery, which is as far as the compact part of tlie city extends in that direction. The extent of the city from east to west, is about two miles, making in the whole a circuit of about ten miles. The whole city con- tains, according to the last census^ of 1835, a population of 270,08.9, of which 131,021. are males, and 138,1.(J5 are females. The entire population of tlie State of New York, according to the last census, is 2,174,51 7, of which l,102,(j58 are males, and 1,071,859 are females; the city of New York containing almost one quarter of the whole population of the State. SITUATION AND EXTENT. The city of New York is situated on New- York Island, (formerly called Manhattan Island,) at the confluence of the Hudson or North River with- the strait called East River, ^diich connects Long Island Sound with the Atlantic Ocean. It is about equi- distant (or less than twenty miles) from the western extremity of Long Island Sound on the north-east, and the Atlantic Ocean on the south. The City Hall is in latitude 40^, 42', 40", north, and longitude 74°, 1', %", west, from Greenwich. The city and county are of the same limits, comprising the whole island, which extends from the Battery on the south, to King's Bridge on the nortli, 13,\ miles. The average breadth is 1 NKW VOllK. "D iseiims, (I of til c •ounded grass- ) cupoln, liatliani ivenues of tlie 1 almost es from t of tlie the city in the ity con- ►ulation 105 are of New f which es ; the r of the «^-York at the ith- the Island t equi- t^estern st, and ill is in are of which Kridge h is 1 mile and ;i/i20 feet. Tlio greatest breadth is on the line of s8th Street^ and is about 2\ miles. The area of the island is abcnit 11^,000 acres. New York was founded by the Dutch, in 161.5, under the name of New Amsterdam, and was incorporated by the British in }G9G. On the north and east, it is separated from West- ell ester county by Haerlem River, over which are three In'idges — namely, Haerlem, Macomb's, and King's Bridges. The tide flows through this river or strait; the western termination of which, where it connects with the Hudson, is called Spuyten Devil's Creek. The strait called the Enst River separates New York from Long Island on the east. On the south, is the bay or har- bour ; and on the west, is the North or Hudson River, with tlie state of New Jersey on the opposite shore. The few small islands in the harbour are also attached to the city ; the principal of which are Governor's, Ellis', and Bedlovv's Islands; also, Blackwell's Island, in the East River, occupied by the City Penitentiary establishment, and Great Barn Island, near Hell Gate. Haruoi 11, (Slc. — The harbour of New York is safe and commodious ; its circumference being about 2.^ miles, and the largest vessels may come up to the wharfs at the city. On the bar, at Sandy Hook, the depth of water, at high tide, is '27 feet^ and at Low water 21 feet : from thence to the city, the channel is from 35 to 50 feet. The Light House at Sandy Hook, on the New Jersey shore, is distant 15 miles from the city ; and vessels frequently anchor in the outer har- bour, or Rjiritan Bay. The entrance to New-York harl)our is called " The Narrows," between Staten Island on the west, and Long Island on the east, s miles from the city. Sands' Point Light House, on Long Island, is situated near the western extremity of Long Island Sound, 20 miles north east of the city. 10 AMERICAN GUIDE. P I The harbour is but seldom obstructed with ice. The difference between high and low tides, at the wharfs, averages about seven feet ; and, for the convenience of commerce, several steamboats are employed in towing ships to and from sea. The principal commercial business is transacted on the east side of the city ; the East River being the most convenient and safe part of the harbour. The width of the East River is from one third to one half of a mile to the opposite shore of Brooklyn, Long Island. The Hudson is one mile in width to Jersey City, and a mile and a half to Hoboken, New Jersey. Fortifications. — The principal fortifications for the defence of the harbour are at the Narrows, about 8 miles from the city. On the eastern or Long-Island shore, are Forts Hamilton and La Fayette, the latter of which was formerly called Fort Diamond, and is built on a reef of rocks, two hundred yards from the shore, where the former is also situated. The strait, or Narrows, is here about one third of a mile in width ; and on Staten Island, or the western shore, opposite the two fortresses just named, are Fort Tompkins and Fort Richmond. The United States government has expended large sums of money on these different fortifications, particularly since the last war with Great Britain, and they are now considered amply sufficient for the defence of this passage to the harbour. The fortifications on the East River are not of much importance. There are batteries on Bedlow's and Ellis' Islands, on the western side of the harbour ; and on Gover- nor's Island, (which is distant 3,200 feet from the Battery, and contains 70 acres,) are Fort Columbus and Castle Williams. The former is a strong work, in the shape of a star, on the south side of the island. The latter is on the north-west point of the island, NKAV VOIJK. 11 The ivharfs, ence of towing nercial city ; d safe iver is )posite is one lalf to for the )0ut 8 Island latter and is 1 from lird of estern eFort States ey on le last idered :o the re not [ands^ rover- 1 the mbus rk, in land, land^ Imilt of stone, in a circuLir form, (ioo feet in circuni- ference., and (iO feet in height, with three tiers of guns. Tliere is also a battery on the south-west side, com- mantling the entrance through Buttermilk Channel. There are barracks on the island, for the accommodation of a considerable number of soldiers. Telegraph. — A Telegraph is established on the lieights of Staten Island, communicating by signals with one in the city. Custom House. — Corner of ^^all and Nassau Streets, extending to Pine Street. Divisions and Government. — The city is divided into IG wards. Each ward elects annually an Alder- man and an Assistant Alderman, who are formed into a Common Council of two boards. The Mayor is elected annually by the people. Churches. — There are now about 1 10 houses of public worship, of different denominations, in the city of New York. Manyofthemare very splendid edifices. Trinity, St Paul's and St Thomas' Churches in Broad- way, the First Presbyterian Church in Wall Street, the Tabernacle in Broadway, and the Cathedral in Mott Street, are among the most important. COLLEGES. Columbia College, opposite the City Hall, west of Park Place, is very advantageously situated. This College was chartered in 1750, under the name of King's College. It contains a chapel, lecture rooms, hall, library, museum, and an extensive philosophical and astronomical apparatus. TheNew-York University is situated between Wash- ington Place and Waverly Place, and fronts Washing- ton Square toward.:; the west. The building is one hundred feet wide^ and one hundred and eighty feet long. In front, this oblong is divided into iive parts — ii2 13 A3XERICAN GUIPE. a central buildings with wings flanked by towers, one rising on each of the four corners of the edifice. This central building, or chapel, is superior to the rest in breadth, height, and character; and is somewhat iiimilar to that of King's College, Cambridge, England; a masterpiece of pointed architecture, and the model for succeeding ages. It is fifty-five feet broad and eighty-five feet deep, including the octangular turrets, one of which rises at each of the four corners. The two ends are gabled, and are, as well as the sides, crowned with an embattled parapet. The building forms a noble ornament to the square on which it fronts, being built of marble, and exhibits a specimen of the British collegiate style of archi- tecture. PLACES OF AMUSEMENT. The Park Theatre, situated in Park Row, near the City Hall, is the most frequented, and is calculated to contain 2,iOO persons. The usual prices of admission are — for the boxes, D.l ; pit, 50 cents; gallery, 25 cents. The American Theatre, in the Bowery, is one of the finest specimens of Doric architecture in the city ; the front being constructed after the model of the Temple of Minerva, at Athens. The interior is elegant, and fitted up in a superior style. The Italian Opera House, corner of Church and Leonard Streets, is fitted up in a superior manner. All the seats in the house are unusually spacious and com- fortable, and calculated to accommodate about 1500 persons. The Franklin Theatre is situated in Chatham Street. The Richmond-Hill Theatre is situated at the corner of Varick and Charlton Streets. MisEUxMs. — The American Museuni, opposite St NEW YOIIK. 13 Paul's Church, Broadway; Peale's Museum and Gallery of the Fine Arts, opposite the Park, Broadway. NiBLo's Garden, corner of Broadway and Prince Street, is one of the most fashionable places of resort in the city, during the summer months. It has been laid out with great taste, and, when open to the public^ is handsomely lighted, and decorated with paintings, mirrors, &c. The walks are bordered with shrubbery and flowers in great variety* Fire works are occa- sionally exhibited ; and, in the Saloon, which is a very tasteful and airybuilding, theatrical and musical enter- tainments are given. HOTELS, &c. The hotels and boarding houses are numerous and well kept, affording to the stranger the same com- parative comfort as that enjoyed by the inhabitants themselves. The charges vary from two to ten dollars. The principal hotels and boarding houses are mostly situated in Broadway and its vicinity. The Park Hotel, recently erected by John Jacob Astor, is a noble establishment. It is designed entirely for strangers during the travelling season. The City Hotel, Broadway. The American Hotel, 229, Broadway. The Mansion House, 39, Broadway. The Atlantic Hotel, 5, Broadway. Franklin House, 197, Broadway. The Washington Hotel, 282, Broadway. The Clinton Hotel, Beekman Street. Congress Hall, 142, Broadway. Exchange Hotel, 10 and 12, Broad Street. Holt's Hotel, corner of Fulton and Pearl Streets. Lovejoy^s Hotel, Park Row. National Hotel, 112, Broadway. North American Hotel, 30, Bowery. li AMKIIICAN 01 IDI'. Tammany Hall, IHG, Nassau Street. Western Hotel, 9, Courtlandt Street. York House, 6, Courtlandt Street. There are tilso a great number of public and private boarding houses, affording ample accommodation to strangers. At the numerous eating houses, many of which are supplied with every luxury, meals can be procured at moderate charges, varying according to the articles ordered, STEAMBOATS AND COACHES. Steamboats leave several times a-day, for Phila- delphia, starting from the north side of the Battery. The Charleston, S. C, steamboats leave the city from near the foot of Morris Street. The Providence steamboats also start from near the foot of Morris Street^ and from the foot of Murray Street, on the North River side of the city. Steamboats for Albany and Troy, and the inter- mediate landings, leave several times a-day, from the foot of Courtlandt and Barclay Streets. Steamboats for New Haven and Hartford, leave the city, from near the foot of Beekman Street, on the East River. A great number of other steamboats leave for various places, from different parts of the city. Coaches leave Courtlandt Street, for Philadelphia, and different parts of New-Jersey — also for Albany, New Haven, Hartford, and Boston — during the winter months. The travelling by railroads is fast increasing, and the New-Jersey and Long-Island Railroads form connect- ing links in the great chain, which will, no doubt^. soon extend from Maine to Georgia. HOUTES FROfll NEW YORK. 15 private tion to licli are iired at articles Phila- ttery. ty from lear the Murray i inter- om the ave the on the ENVIRONS. The City of Brooklyn, directly opposite New York, on the extreme west end of Long Island; is rapidly in- creasing in wealth and numbers, being already the third place, in point of population, in the State ; con- taining 24,310 inhabitants. Williamsburg, also on Long Island, is contiguous to the east part of the city of New York, being sit- uated on the East River, opposite Corlaer's Hook. Jersey City, opposite New York, on the North River, is fast becoming a place of great importance. STEAMBOAT, CANAL, RAILROAD, AND STAGE- COACH ROUTES FROM NEW YORK. TO WASHINGTON, Via PHILADELPHIA AND BALTISIORE, 2 5 8 12 16 Bedlow's Island, by S. B., Kills, . . .3 Newark Bay, . . 3 Elizabethtown Point, 4 Rahway River, . 4 Perth Amboy, . . 8 24 South Amboy, . 1 25 Spotswood, bfj Railroad, 9 34 West's, " do. 4 38 Rocky Brook, . . 8 46 By Steamboat and Railroad. Miles, Miles. Centreville, Sand Hills, Bordentown, Burlington, . Camden, Philadelphia, Newcastle, 6y 5/ £oa<, 35 124 Frenchtown, by R, R., 16 140 Baltimore, by S. JS., 64 204 Washingtonjbyi?. /i.,38 242 4 60 5 55 4 59 11 70 18 88 1 89 TO WASHINGTON, Via NEW JERSEY. By Railroad and Stagecoach. Jersey City, Newark, by Railroad, Elizabethtown, ; Rahway, New Brunswick, . Kingston, by Coach, . Princeton, Trenton, Bristol, Fenn,, 1 8 9 6 15 5 20 13 33 13 46 3 49 10 69 n 70 Holmsburg, Frankfort, Philadelphia, Chester, Wilmington, Del., Elkton, Md. Havre de Grace, Baltimore, . Washington, 11 81 4 85 6 90 15 105 13 118 20 138 16 154 34 188 37 225 AMKUICAN f;rii)E. TO NEW OULEANSj Vlil PlTTSCIlKai. Hi/ Steamboat, Jiailroad, and Stayecoach. Miles. Philadelphia, via South Amboy, . 89 Columbia, by llai'road, 82 171 York, by Coach, . 11 182 Abbotstown, . 15 197 Gettysburg, . . 14 211 Chambersburg, . 25 230 Bedford, . . 50 28C Stoystown, . . 28 314 Greensburg, . . 39 353 Pittsburgh, . 32 385 Wheeling, Va. by St. Boat, . . 92 477 Newport, Ohio, . 72 549 Marietta, . . 14 5C3 Tjoy, . . 25 588 Greensburgh, Ken,, Portsmouth, Ohio, . Maysville, Ken., . Cincinnatti, O., . Madison, In., Louisville, Ken., Junction of Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, 303 1357 New Madrid, Mo., (>0 1423 Memphis, Ten., . 107 1590 Arkansas Riv., A. T. 154 1744 Vicksburgh, Mi., . 217 1901 Natchez, . 100 2007 Red River, Lou., 70 2137 Baton Rouge, . 87 2224 New Orleans, . 138 2302 1 1 Miles. i 131 719 M 19 738 % 47 785 00 851 89 940 54 994 TO NEW ORLEANS BY MAIL ROUTE, via WASHINGTON CITY. Also J shewing the time the mail is in going from place to place. Miles. Hours. Philadelphia, via South Amboy, Baltimore, Md., Washington, D.C., Richmond, Va., Halifax, N. C, Fayetteville, Cheraw, S. C, Columbia, Augusta, Georgia, Milledgeville, Columbus, Montgomery, A I., Mobile, New Orleans, 89 7 98 187 94 38 225 31 122 347 16^ 94 441 10^ 131 572 Uh 05 037 17" 88 725 21 80 805 18 00 895 224 124 1019 33 100 1119 23 185 1304 56 140 1450 25 TO EASTPORT, MAINE, Via PROVIDENCE AND BOSTON. By Steamboat, Railroad, and Stagecoach. Hell Gate, 6y A7. Boat, 7 i Norwalk Island, , 10 45 Throg's Point, . 8 15 ) Stratford Point, . 15 GO Sands' Point, . 5 20 1 N. Haven Lt. House, 13 73 Stamford, Coun., . 15 35 ; Faulkuer's Islaud, . 14 87 V nOlTES rilOM NEW YORK. 1/ Miles. 131 7H) 19 738 47 785 (JG 851 89 940 64 994 [1 303 1357 (iO 1423 107 1590 154 1744 t?i7 1901 IOC 2067 70 2137 87 2224 138 2302 ON CITY. io place. Hours. 89 7 1«7 9i 225 31 347 lol 441 10^ 572 34^ 037 17" 725 21 'iOS 18 m 22^ >19 33 19 23 04 50 50 2r> ON, 10 45 15 CO 13 73 14 87 Miles. 1 Miles. Saybrook Light House, Ipswich, 13 256 mouth of Con. River, 10 103 i Newburyport, , 11 267 Fisher's Island, west j Portsmouth, N. II., 22 289 end, off New London, 15 118 1 York, Maine, i) 298 Watch Hill Lt. House, 21 139 1 Portland, 47 345 Point Judith, H. L, . 9 148 i Wistassct, 49 394 Brenton's Point, . 10 158 ! Warren, 26 420 Newport, . . 2 100 Belfast, 36 45(; Prudence I., south end, C 100 Penobscot River, 9 465 Canonicut Point, . 9 175 Els worth, . 20 485 Pautucket River, . 5 180 Harrington, , 37 522 Providence, R. I., . 180 Machias, 25 547 Boston, bij Jiailroad, 43 229 Eastport, 30 577 Salem, by Cuach, . 14 243 TO GREENPORT , LONG ISLAND. Brooklyn, . . 1 Coram, 10 56 Jamaica bi/ Railroad, 11 12 Riverhead, 18 74 North Hempstead, 11 23 Mattituck, . 10 84 Jericho, . . 4 27 Southold, « 92 Dix Hills, . . 13 40 Greenport, . 8 100 Smithtown, . 46 TO MONTAUK POINT^ LONG ISLAND^ ViO SAG HARBOUR. Brooklyn, , . 1 Moriches, 7 70 Jamaica, . . 11 12 West Hampton, 9 85 Hempstead, . . 10 22 South Hampton, 15 100 Babylon, . . 18 40 Bridge Hampton, . 6 106 Idlip, . . 10 60 Sag Harbour, . 4 110 Patchogue, . 10 60 East Hampton, 7 117 Fireplace, . . 9 69 Montauk Point, 18 135 TO BUFFALO, via NEW JERSEY. By Railroad and Stagecoach. Newark, by Ra'drcal^ Chatham, by Coach, 11 Murristown, . 8 New'own, . 28 Milford, Penn., 20 Jafton, . . 22 Canaan, , . 15 9 Montrose, 34 M7 20 Owego, New York, 30 177 28 Ithaca, by Rail toad, 29 206 56 Geneva, by Coach, 45 251 76 Canandaigua, 16 267 98 Batavia, 50 317 113 Buffalo, 40 357 18 AMKRICAN OCIDE. TO ALBANY, &( \, BY WATEH. Miles. Miles. Manhattanville, 8 Kingston Landing, . 6 90 Fort Lee, 2 10 Rcdhook, Lower Laud- Haei lem River, or Spiiy. ■ ing, 7 97 ten Duyvers Creek, 3 13 Redhook, Upper Land- Yonkers, 4 17 ing, . 3 100 Dobb*s Ferry, r> 22 Clermont, . 2 102 'Tarrytown, 5 27 Catskill, 9 111 Sing-Singr, G 33 Hudson, 5 116 Stony Point, 7 40 Coxsackie, 8 124 Caldwell's Landing, 5 45 Kindcrhook Landing, ^ 126 West Point, . 8 53 New Baltimore, . 3 129 Cold Spring, 3 5(i Coeymans, 2 131 New Windsor, 4 CO Schodack Landing, 3 134 Newburgh, 2 62 Castleton, . 2 136 New Hamburgh, 6 G8 Overslaugh, 6 142 Hampton, . 1 69 Albany, 3 145 Milton, 3 72 Troy, . 6 151 Poughkecpsie, 3 75 Lansingburgh, 3 154 Hyde Park, . 6 80 Waterford, 1 155 Pelham, 4 84 TO ALBANY, &C., BY LAND. East Side of Hudson Riven West Side of Hudson River. King's Bridge, 13 Hoboken, • 2 Yonkers, 3 16 Hackensack, 11 13 Dobb's Ferry, 5 21 New Prospect, 11 24 Sing-Sing, . 10 31 Ramapo, N. Y., . 10 34 Peekskill, 12 43 Monroe Works, 9 43 Fishkill, 20 63 Galloway, . 4 47 Poughkeepsie, 13 76 New burgh, . 17 «4 Hyde Park, 7 83 New Paltz, 16 80 Staatsburgh, 5 88 Rondout, 17 97 Rhinebeck, 6 94 Kingston, . . 3 100 Red Hook, (5 100 Saugerties, 12 112 Clermont, . 8 108 Maiden, 2 114 Livingston, 5 113 Catskill, 10 124 Hudson, D 122 Athens, . 5 129 Columbiaville, 5 127 Coxsackie, 6 135 Kinder hook, 7 134 New Baltimore, . 7 142 Schodack Cetitre, . 10 144 Coeymans, 3 145 Greenbush, 6 150 Albany, 12 157 Albany, I 151 I •I niSTAiVCES rUOM NEW VOIIK. If) d. a- Miles. 7 07 3 100 2 102 111 5 IIG 8 124 2 126 3 I2y 2 131 3 134 2 136 6 142 3 145 6 151 3 164 1 155 TO PORTLAND, ON LAKE KllIE, Via the New- Turk and Erie Railroad. Milca. Miles. Tappan, 24 Painted Post, : 16 321 Ramapo, 23 47 Addison, 12 333 INloni'oe, 15 62 Hornellsville, 31 364 (Joshen, 13 75 Genesee River, . 25 3H9 Del. & Hud. Canal, 22 !i7 Cuba, 25 414 1/iberty, 32 129 Olean, 17 431 Delaware River, 2« 157 Indian Village, 27 45« Deposit, 43 200 Waterboro, 11 469 Binghamton, 47 247 Gerry 15 464 Owego, . 20 267 Ponafref, 14 498 Elmira, 36 303 Portland, S. hranclh 9 507 From Pomfret to Dunkirk, North bianchj 8^ miles. River. 2 13 11 11 10 9 4 17 16 17 3 24 34 43 47 64 80 97 100 12 112 2 114 124 5 129 6 135 7 142 3 145 2 157 DISTANCES OF THE rniNCIPAL CITIES FROM NEW YOMK, BY THE NEAREST MAIL ROUTES, UNLESS OTHERWISE MENTIONED. Albany, (by water,) Do. (by land, east side of tbe river,) Do. ( do, west side do.,) Augusta, Maine, Augusta, Georgia, , Annapolis, Maryland, . Baltimore, do. Boston, Massachusetts, . Do. (by water, via Providence,) Buffalo, via New Jersey, , Do. via Albany, Do. (by river and canal,) Burlington, Vermont, Charleston, South Carolina, Columbia^ do. do. Miles. 145 151 157 370 777 217 187 207 229 357 435 608 280 769 725 90 AMKun vv (;i ini'. MiU's. T2-2 ('Inc'mnnti, Ohio, .... Do. tlo, (l>y land and water, via Pitti- l)ur(;h,) • • . C()ltnn1)iis, Ohio, .... Concord, Now Hnnipshiro, Detroit, Michigan, .... Dover, Delaware, ..... Frankfort, Kentucky, .... Ilarrishnrg, Pennsylvanin, Hartford, Connecticut, , Hudson, (hy water,) , . . . Indianapolis, Indiana, . . . Jnckson, Mississippi, .... JolTerson (>ity, Mis.souri, .... Little Rock, Arkansas, .... Louisville, Kentucky, (hy land and water,) Middleton, Connecticut, . . Milledgeville, Georgia, Montpelier, Vermont, Montreal, Canada, . . . • Mobile, Alabama, Nashville, Tennessee, Natchez, Mississippi, (by land and water,) New Haven, Connecticut, New London, do. . New Orleans, Louisiana, Do. do. (hy land and water, vii. •I to 112 10 \ii Troy, (l»y u'iitcr,) • Tusraloosji, Alnbiirnfi, • Vandaliii, Illinois, Washington, I;, 'lict o( ('u)umbia, Wilttiingtojii, DelavViirc, AlllL'.i. 151 lOII.'t 1)71 '22.-) IIU KOUTK FROM NEW YORK TO ALBANY, 6L'c. ' lA A number of elegant stcambojits, for the conveyuncc of passengers to Aluany and Troy, and the interme- diate landings, alternately leave the city of New York, from the foot of Barclay Street, at 7 o'clock, A.M., and Courtlandt Street, at 5 o'clock, p.m., every day during the season ; usual fare, 3 dollars. In addition to the above passage boats, a number of smaller steamboats, and boats towing freight barges, carrying passengers at a lower rate, leave, every day, for Fort Lee, Sing-sing, Peekskill, Newburgh, Poughkeepsie, Kingston, Catskill, Hudson, Albany, and Iroy. On leaving the wharf, the view from the water is grand and imposing : the passenger has a distant view of a part of Long Island, Staten Island, and the smaller islands in the harbour and bay of New York; the shipping on the Hudson River is visible, extending from the Battery on the south, to Fort Gansevoort on the north, a distance of about 2^ miles ; Jersey City and Hoboken, on the New-Jersey shore, are also seen to advantage. After leaving the compact part of the city, (whicli extends from the Battery, at the junction of the East and North Rivers, to Twenty-first Street — a distance 22 AMERICAN GUIDE. of 3^ miles — on which is situated^ near the river, the Protestant Episcopal Theological Seminary, a large and substantial building, four stories high,) as you proceed, you have a distinct view of the beautiful Island of New York, extending 10 miles further, to Spuyten Duyvel's Creek, which divides New- York Island from Westchester county. The Lunatic Asylum is situated on a beautiful emi- nence, near Manhattan vilie, seven miles from the City Hall. The ground on which the buildings stand, is elevated 150 feet above the Hudson River; and from the cupola is a fine prospect of the island and the ad- jacent country. The Palisades, which make their first appearance on the Hudson, about 8 miles from New York, are a range of rocks, from 20 to 550 feet in height, and ex- tend from thence to Tappan, a distance of about 20 miles. In some places, they rise almost perpendicularly from the shore, and form, for several miles in extent, a solid wall of rock, diversified only by an occasional fishing hut on the beach at their base, or wood slides down their sides, and sometimes by an interval of a few acres of arable land, affording an opening for a landing-place and a steep road leading to their top. On the opposite side of the river, the land is varied by hill and dale, cultivated fields and woods, with cot- tages and country seats. The land, in this place, how- eveiv back from the river, rises in rocky hills, and becomes more precipitous as you advance into West- chester county. Fort Lee is 10 miles from New York, on the west side of the river, on the brow of the Palisades, at the height of 300 feet above the water ; nearly opposite to which, on a high hill, on the east side of the river, stood Fort Washington. A Hotel, much frequentedj is delightfully situated a few rods from the landing. SING-SING rillSOX. '23 Tapi'an Bay commences about 21 miles from New York ; the river expands from 3 to o miles wide, for a distance of about 8 miles. Tappan village is situated on the west shore ; and, about a mile above, on the eastern shore, is the village of Tarrytown. The pro- posed termination of the JVew York and Erie Railroad is in the vicinity of the village of Tappan ; running through the southern tier of counties in the state of New York, from Portland on Lake Erie. Near the northern extremity of Tappan Bay, on the eastern shore, is the SiNG-SiNG State Prisox. It comprises 800 dormi- tories or solitary cells, is 4< stories high, and occupies about 50 by 500 feet of ground. From each end of the building, which is of marble, and stands parallel with the river, in a westerly direction, are carried out wings, 300 feet in extent, forming a spacious inner yard, open only to the river. The wings are con- structed for workshops, a chapel, kitchen, hospital, &c. The chapel is of sufficient dimensions to hold 900 persons. The keeper's house, on the south-eastern end of the main building, is also constructed of marble. Here are confined about 1000 State-Prison convicts. Haveiistraw Bay commences 35 miles from New York, and terminates at Stony Point, being about G miles in length, and from 2 to 4 in width. Caldwell's Landing is 45 miles from the City of New York by water, and 100 miles from Albany. This is the first landing the passage boats make ascending the river ; directly opposite, is the village of Peekskill, pleasantly situated on an elevation about half a mile from the water. On leaving the above landing, one of the grandest views in nature is opened to the beholder : the river takes a sudden turn to the left, and you are at once surrounded by high and abrupt hills, designated the Highlands, which awaken recollections of the dccp- c 2 i 24 AMEllICAN GllDK. est interest, as every mile and every peak bring fresh to the mind some events recorded in the war of Inde- pendence, The Highlands, or Fisiikill Mountains are about 16 miles in width, and extend along both sides of the Pludson, to the distance of twenty miles; the height of the principal peak has been estimated at 1565 feet. Anthony's Nose, 1128 feet high, is opposite the mouth of Montgomery Creek, overlooking the site of Forts Montgomery and Clinton. These forts, under the command of General Putnam, were captured by the British troops, under Sir Henry Clinton, in 1777, when on his way to co-operate with General Burgoyne, the news of whose surrender, however, reached Sir Henry when he had proceeded as far as Kingston, 50 miles higher up, and changed his advance into a re- treat. West Point is 53 miles from New York and 92 miles from Albany. The scenery here is doubly inter- esting; as every object which meets the view, is not only grand, and connected with stirring events which are recorded in history, but at this place is the United States Military Academy, now in successful operation, which was established in 1802. There are here gene- rally about 240 cadets, young men selected by the Secretary of War from the different States. They are educated for the United States Army, and for Engi- neers, and remain for a term of four years. The buildings are delightfully situated on a plain, elevated 188 feet above the river; there are six large stone buildings belonging to the institution, and several of brick, for officers, professors, &c. On an adjoining height, 598 feet above the water, are the ruins of Fort Putnam. The West Point Hotel is near the landing; it is pleasantly situated, and, from its piazzas, aifords a delightful view up the river through the ^•wf..j*«i^-«i*,. mrnsoN iiivKR. 25 Jrcsh Inde- Highlands ; it is a place of great resort, and conducted in a style surpassed by no similar establishment. At the village of Cold Springs, above West Point, on the opposite side of the river, is situated an Iron Foundry belonging to the government of the United States. At this place, there has been erected, on a rock which overhangs the Hudson River, a Roman Catholic Church. Pollopel Island is situated at the northern entrance of the Highlands, 6 miles above West Point, between Butter Hill on the west and Breakneck Hill on the east ; on the latter, is the rock called Upper Anthony's Nose. Newijurgh, 62 miles from New York, and 83 from Albany, is delightfully situated on the west side of the river. The scene here changes, after leaving the Highlands. On ascending the bank of the river, which is somewhat elevated, a plain extends until the Cat- skill Mountains are seen rising in the west, and extending north as far as the eye can reach. The village is built upon a declivity, which rises, with a steep ascent, from the water's edge, presenting the whole to view at a single glance. This place is per- haps inferior to no other between New York and Albany in the value of its trade and situation, being supported by an extensive and fertile back country. It contains a population of about 7000 inhabitants. Several coaches leave daily, for the west. The Hudson and Delaware Railroad Company is incorporated for the purpose of constructing a railroad from Newburgh, through the county of Orange, to the Delaware River, which will intersect the New York and Erie Railroad. (! I 26 A3IERICAN (iLlJ>i:, Dislanccs from Newhuryh lo BuJ/'afo. Montpomory, Hloomingburgli, Home, Mouticcllo, . Coiketon, • Mount rieasanf, Tunshannock, 12 12 24 3 27 13 10 20 00 23 «3 7 00 Montrose, . New York State Line, Owego, . , Ithaca, . . Geneva, . . Buffalo, . From Ithaca to Portland on Lake Erie, From Newburgh to do., 20 no 23 133 a 141 2JJ 170 45 215 100 321 l«l . 351 FisHKiLL Landing is directly opposite Nevvburgli, on the east side of the river ; about a mile from the landing, is the manufacturing village of Mattevvan. The village of Fishkill is very pleasantly situated about 6 miles from the river. Hasipton, 7 miles above Newburgh; directly oppo- site, is New Hamburgh. PouGHKEEPsiE is 75 miles from New York, and 70 from Albany. The village is situated about half a mile from the landing, and is one of the handsomest places on the banks of the Hudson. The interior of the village is airy, though compactly built, and contains upwards of 8000 inhabitants. A number of beautiful private edifices have been recently erected, besides an extensive building, two stories high, occupied as a town hall and a public market. The hotels are celebrated for their good management, and abound with good fare ; dainties can easily be procured from New York, and the surrounding country is proverbial for its agricultural resources. A railroad company is incorporated for the purpose of making a railroad from Poughkeepsie to the north-west corner of the Connecticut State line^ thence to Albany. HvDE Park Landing is about 6 miles north of Pougli- keepsie. Near it, are a number of beautiful country seats. ( a I I ijMiiiiiii HUDSON IlIVEU. 27 Rhinebeck Landing is about 10 miles farther north. On the east shore of the river, for a number of miles, are numerous country residences, many of which can be seen from the passage boats. Kingston Landing, opposite Rhinebeck, on the west side of the river, 90 miles from New York and <55 from Albany. The village of Kingston is very agreeably situated on a beautiful plain, 3 miles from the river. Among the numerous works of art that render this village an object of interest to visiters, Mr Cram's new bridge, we predict, will receive a large share of admiration. At Rondouty on Rondout Creek^ one mile from King- ston landing, in a south-west direction, is the termin- ation of the Delaware and Hudson Canal, extending to Honesdale, in Wayne county, Pennsylvania, a dis- tance of 109 miles ; from Honesdale, a railroad is continued 16 miles to the coal mines at Carbondale. Rediiook Lower Landing is 7 miles above King- ston. Redhook Upper Landing is about 10 miles from Kingston, on the east side of the river ; nearly oppo- site, on the west side, is the manufacturing village of Saugerties. Catskill, 111 miles from New York, and 34< from Albany, is a flourishing village. The Catskill Creek flows through it, and empties into the Hudson river at this place. On the stream, are a number of mills and manufactories. The village is in the immediate neighbourhood of the Catskill Mountains, and has become the resort of people of fashion and pleasure, who design a tour to the Pine Orchard, 12 miles distant, situated on the Catskill Mountain, 2,212 feet above the surface of the Hudson River, where a splendid hotel hasbeen erected, for the accommodation of visiters, ivhich commands an extensive prospect of the course 28 AAIERICAN fiUIDK. of the Hudson^ and of the surrounding country^ us fsiv as the eye can reach. About 2 miles west, are the falls of the Kaaterskillj a tributary of Catskill Creek, which present a beautiful and romantic cascade of 240 feet, in two perpendicular descents. Coaches leave Catskill for the Pine Orchard twice a-day ; fare, one dollar. The Catskill and Canajoharie Railroad Company is incor- porated for the purpose of making a railroad to inter- sect the Erie Canal at Canajoharie. From Catskill to Canajoharie, Cairo, . 10 Schoharie, 5 44 Freehold, . 5 15 Sloansvillc, . 5 49 Oak Hill, . 7 22 Charleston, 7 56 Livingstouville, 8 30 Canajoharie, 12 68 Middleburg, . 9 39 From CatsJci // to Ithaca. Cairo, . 10 Unadilla, , 2 88 Durham, . 6 16 Guilford, 9 97 Stamford, . 14 30 Oxford, . 7 104 Hobart, 4 34 Greene, 8 112 Kortright, 6 40 Triangle, . 6 118 Delhi, 9 49 Lisle, . 8 126 Meredith, . 7 56 Richford, . 11 137 Franklin, 14 70 Caroline, 5 142 Sidney, . . 16 86 Ithaca, 7 149 Hudson, 116 miles from New York, and 29 from Albany, situated on the east bank of Hudson River, is the head of ship navigation. The city, next to the water, is built on a bluff, projecting into the river in the form of a wedge, and contains a population of about GOOO inhabitants. The business is v^hiefly confined to a single street, which extends nearly a mile, inter- sected by other streets at right angles, running p? vaiijl with the river. A number of the most wealthy citizens of Hudson have embarked extensively in the whale fishery; 10 fine ships arc owned by the Hudson Whaling C( c« a * lirr>.«ON RIVKR. "20 «■■• Company, many of wliich have boon remarkably suc- cessful, employing a capital of 1).20(),()0(). A railroad company is incorporated, for the purpose of making" a railroad from Hudson to tiie Massachusetts State linoj intersecting the railroad from Poughkeepsie to Albany. New Lebanon, situated in Columbia County, New York, about 23 miles from Hudson, is a place of great resort ; numerous visiters are attracted thither during the summer months — some to visit Lebanon Springs for the benefit of their health, others for pleasure, and to see the Shaker Settlement at Niskayuna, which is about a mile from the Springs, and 8 miles north-west of Albany. A visit to these singular people is well deserving the attention of the traveller. The Shakers are the followers of Ann Lee, called by them Mother Ann, a religious enthusiast, who was born in England some time antecedent to the revolutionary war, and, while yet in her youth, suffered much tribulation and deep exercises of spirit, in her conversion from the sin of this world to a state of greater perfection. She endured severe trials and much persecution, according to her own account, from her countrymen ; but was afterwards favoured with visions and an exhibition of miracles in her favour. She was the wife of a poor blacksmith, and the principal tenet of her creed was absolute and entire celibacy, which is defended on various spiritual grounds, and fully set forth in a work published by the society. In consequence of the persecutions experienced by Mother Ann in England, she came to America, and established a small society, which has been followed by the esta- blishment of others, of which this is one. Iler followers regard her memory with pious veneration, and consider themselves as the only people in pos- ■i 30 AMERICAN GUIDE. session of the true liglit. Some of the oldest and most perfect members, it is said, pretend to " speak with tongues," heal diseases by a touch, SiC. The marriage contract is dissolved on joining their society ; their association is a perfect community of goods, all private property being thrown into the common stock ; and they profess to banish the love of ambition, wealth, and luxury from their gloomy territories. They own, at this place, two thousand acres of ex- cellent land, laid out and kept in the order, neatness, and cleanliness, which always distinguish their sect. This is divided into farms, or families as they are Called, occupied by about seventy-five persons each, of both sexes and all ages. 'I'hey cultivate garden stuffs, seeds, &c. for sale, as well as everything necessary for their own support ; and they manufacture various useful and ornamental articles. These, as well as the surplus produce of the farm, are sold, and the proceeds deposited in one of the Albany banks, until required. The division of labour which they carry into practice, and their economical habits, render their gains very considerable. The men work as farmers, carpenters, shoemakers, tailors, &c. ; the women at weaving, spin- ning, washing, cooking, in the duties of the farm, and making and mending clothes; the occupations of each sex being performed in separate buildings. They also eat separately, and neither of them will sit down to a meal with what they call the ^^ world's people." The dress of the men is the usual Quaker drab, perfect- ly plain ; that of the women grey, with white caps, all made as plain and easy as possible. They all have a peculiar walk, but especially the females, in conse- quence of their mode of worship, from which they de- rive their name of Shakers, a strange and disagreeable mode of dancing, accompanied with a monotonous song. The young members of the community are -i. "^^ speak The Society ; |o(ls, all stock ; wealth, s of ex- atness^ ir sect, ley are each, of n stuffs, cessary various 1 as the roceeds Squired. ractice, ns very )enters, g"^ spin. mj and of each They k down eople." erfect- ipsj all lave a conse- ey de- Beable ;onou9 y are HUDSON niVER. 31 regularly taught the steps in this dance by the older ones, before they are permitted to join in public wor- ship. It is usual, before the admission of a member to all the privileges of tlic society, to impose a novitiate of three months, when, if he so desires, he may leave them ; if not, he is regularly admitted a member, and throws his property into the common stock. Notwithstanding the severity of their discipline as to celibacy, it is said tlie harmony of their society was lately much disturbed in consequence of a " love af- fair." A young man ajnd waman, both belonging to the society, in despite of the doctrines of their leader, fell from their estate of "single blessedness," and yielded to a worldly attachment. This heresy, as might be expected, produced considerable commotion. The members wrestled with the tempter, and the elders prayed for and with the victims to the dreaded enemy of the sect ; but all to no purpose. They left the so- ciety and were married. It is creditable, however, to the members, that, after finding their efforts to pre- vent this result unavailing, they sent the happy pair sufficient furniture for comfortable house-keeping, as- signing as a reason that they had laboured for the so- ciety, and that it was no more than justice to reward them. Another derilection from the rules of Mother Ann took place, which also resulted in marriage. Athens, directly opposite Hudson, is favourably siturted on a gentle slope of land, rising gradually from the river, and contains about 1000 inhabitants. CoxsACKiE Landing is 8 miles north of Hudson, and 21 from Albany. KiNDERHooK Landing 13 10 miles from Hudson, and 19 from Albany. The village of Kinderhookis situated 5 miles east of the river. New Baltimore is 4 miles further north, and miles from Albany. ~i n '1 P IS li'i .\:\rrni«;A\ (jtidk. 1^ i ' i: f i I CoKY.MAN'^; is '2 niilos fiirtlior nortli. (.'astlkton, i miles further north, and J) miles from Albany, is the last landing" the passa^'-e boats make, uscendinj^ the river^ until they arrive rit Albany. The Overslaugh liar is 3 miles south of Albariy. ALII ANY, the capital oi the State of New York, is eligibly situated on the west bank of the Hudson River, 115 miles north of New York, IGl west of Boston, 2'25 south of Montreal, and 29(i east of Buffalo, lat. 12, 28_, north, long. 73,62, west. Since the completion of the Erie and Champlain Canals, in 1825^ this city ha? much increased in population and trade. A large number of steamboats and sloops are constantly employed in con- veying freight and passengers between Albany and New York during the season of navigation. There are also several thousand canal-boats which trade to this place by the Erie and Champlain Canals. The city of Albany contained, in 183.^, a populatic^; of 28,109 in- hcibitants. The Capitol^ situated at the head of State Street, about half a mile from the steamboat landing, is a commanding object to the stranger. Also^ the City Hall, a few rods north-east^ and the Albany Academy, directly north of the Capitol. There are 20 places of puhlic worship, many of them elegant build- ings, besides a number of fine edifices for the use of the city; also^six banks, three insurance companies^ ike. The principal Hotels in Albany are — the American Ho- tel, Adelphi Hotels Congress Hall, City Hotel, Man- sion House, Bement's Hotels Park-Blace House, Fort Orange Hotel, Montgomery Hall, and Eagle Tavern. Steamboats for the conveyance of passengers leave every morning and afternoon for New York, stopping at the intermediate landings. The carriages and cars on the railroad for Schenectady start from State Street A MIA NY. m every fow hours: canal-boats are liourly leaving [ui- the west and nortli, and coaches for the north, east, and west. Albany is one of the greatest thoroughfares in the Union. Her prosperity is now great ; but, for the future, the ])rospects of Albany are still more encour- aging. The railroad from Schenectady to IJtica is com- jdeted, thus extending the railroad communication 100 miles west. Railroads are also constructing between Syracuse and Auburn, and between Rochester and Ra- tavia, which will so far complete the line of railroads to Buffalo ; and it is easy to foresee that but a short time can elapse before a continuous line will be established to Lake Erie, thus making the spring and winter faci- lities of transportation nearly equal to those of the summer. A comjiany is now engaged in making sur- veys for a railroad from Albany to Stockbridge in Massachusetts, which, with the contemplated railroad from Stockbridge to connect with the Boston and Worcester Railroad, will form a chain of railroad communication between Albany and Boston, which will be of great advantage to this city, especially in the winter, when the intercourse by water with New York is suspended. When all these roads are com- pleted, as there is no doubt they will soon be, there will be a line of railroad communication from Boston to Buffalo, from the Atlantic to the western lakes, of which Albany will be the business centre. The Mohawk and Hudson Railroad commences at Albany, near the Capitol, at the head of State Street, and extends to Schenectady, a distance of 15 miles. A branch also approaches the Hudson River below the city, where the company have erected extensive ware- houses, for freight. This was the first railroad char- tered in the State of New York ; it was commenced in 1830. The greatest height of embankment is 44 feet ; II 3! A.^IKUICAN (ii;il)l-:. and the deepest excavation is 17 feet. The summit is 33.5 feet above the Hudson. There are two stationary engines, one near eaeli end of the road. Locomotive engines are mostly in use^ although horses are occasion- ally used. Saratoga and Schenectady Railroad commences at Schenectady, and extends to Saratoga Springs, via Ballston Spa. This road was commenced September 1831. Its length is 21;^ miles. The road is mostly level, and in no case does the inclination exceed 16 feet to the mile. Steam power is used to great advan- tage in propelling the cars, whicih often proceed at the 1 cite of 30 miles per hour. CANAL ROUTES FROM ALBANY. ERIE CANAL. Miles. Mileg. Lenox Basin, • . 3 144 From Albany, N. Y '. to Canastotn, • 2 146 Wfst Troy, 7 New Boston, • . 4 150 Junction, 2 Chitteningo, • 4 154 Schenectady, 21 30 Kiikville, • . 4 158 Amsterdam, . 16 46 Manlius, • 4 162 Schoharie Creek, 7 53 Orville, . • . 3 165 CaughnewagR, 4 57 Syracuse, • 6 171 Spraker*8 Basin, . 9 GG Geddesburg, • . 2 173 Canajoharie, 3 m Nine-Mile Creek, 6 179 Bowman's Creek, . 3 72 Camillus, • . 1 180 Little Falls, IG m Canton, 5 1«5 Herkimer, . 7 95 Jordon, ft . 6 191 German Flats, 2 97 Weed's Port, 6 197 Frankfort, . 3 100 Centre Port, t « 1 198 Utica, 10 110 Port Byron, 2 200 Whitesborough, . 4 114 Lakeport, • 1 6 206 Oriskany, 3 117 Clyde, 11 217 Rome, . 8 125 Lyons, • i 9 226 New London, 7 132 Lockville, ft a 6 232 Loomis, . . 6 13» Newark, 1 233 Oneida Creek, 3 141 { Port Gibson, • ft 3 236 IIOITKS I ItO.M AMJANV. 3^ P.ilmyra, , Fair Toir, Fiilliinrs Basin, rittsfoid, lloclicatiT. SpcHcer'tf ! ibiii, Ogdt'ii, Adauis, Brockporr, . Ilolley, MiHTiiy, Albion, Portvillo, Oak Orchard, . Medina, INIiddloport, Lotkport, Pendletti), , Tounewautn, Milpi. i) 11 2 10 10 2 A 5 r> 2 n 4 5 1 G 12 7 241 252 2r)4 2(J0 270 2«0 2«2 2}ir) 2!m 21)5 21)7 ;i05 oOl) 314 315 321 333 340 Black Rock, Buffalo, ]{ 3(;t) 3 3(;3 12 352 CIIAMI'LAIN CANAL. l''rom Albany, N. Y. to West Troy, Jun(tion, VVaterl'ord, Mcchanichvillo, Stillwater, Bcnius' Heights, Schuylorsvillo, Guard Gates, Fort Miller, Fort Edward, Kin{j8bury, J''ort Anne, , Narrows, Whitehall, . STAGECOACH Ax\D RAILROAD ROUTES ALBANY. To Buffalo and Lewiston^ via Waterloo, Ulica, Schenectady, Amsterdam, . Caughnawa|,'a, Palatine Bridge, Little Falls, Herkimer, Utica, Vernon, Oucida, Lenox, . Sullivan, Maulius, . Jamcsvillo, . Onondaga, Marccllus, . Skancatelcs, . Auburn, Cayuga, Soncca Falls, 15 10 12 21 7 10 17 5 7 5 6 5 7 7 1) 3 15 30 40 52 73 «0 90 113 11« 12-) 130 13(i 141 148 15G 102 100 17« lUl Geneva, Canandaigua, . East Bloomlield, West Bloomfield, Lima, East Avon, Avon, Caledonia, Le Uoy, Batavia, Pembioke, . Clarence, Williamsville, Buffalo, . Niagara F"all3, Lewiston, \) 11 10 23 20 35 37 40 4» 53 7 00 G m 72 FROM 4 las 7 192 10 20« 217 222 220 231 5 5 2 233 « 241 G 247 11 250 14 272 « 2«0 H 28« \i) 21i» 21 310 7 320 To Ditffuloj via Cherry Vallaj, (iuilderland, Duancsburg, , 12 21 D 2 36 AMERICAN GriDK. IMilcs. 5 20 10 3G 4 40 12 52 6 58 3 61 Esporancc, . Carlisle, Sharon, Cherry Valley, Springfield, Warren, Ritchfield, . . 7 68 Winfield, . . 5 73 Bridgewater, . 7 ^^ Sangerfield, . . 8 88 Madison, . . 6 94 Morrisville, . . 6 100 Nelson, . . 5 105 Cazenovia, . . 7 112 Manlius, . . 7 119 Fayetteville, . . 5 124 Orville, . . 3 127 Syracuse, . . 6 132 Geddes, . . 2 134 Camillus, . . 6 140 Wellington, . 3 143 Elbridge, . . 5 148 Brutus, . . 4 152 Auburn, . . 3 155 Buffalo, . . 129 284 To SackeVs Harbour, via Utica. Utica, . , 96 Trenton, . . 13 109 Remsen, , , 5 114 Boorville, . . 12 126 Ley den, . . 7 133 Turin, . . . 5 138 Martinsburg, . 8 146 Lowville, , . 4 150 Denmark, . . 9 159 Champion, . . 7 166 Watertown, . 12 178 Brownville, . . 4 182 Sacket'3 Harbour, 8 190 To Niagara Falls, v'a Canan- da'^gua. Canandaigua, . 208 Mendon, . Pittsford, Rochester, . Claikson, Oak Orchard, Lewiston, Niagara Falls, To Whitehall, via Troy, Lansingburgh, Water ford, . Mechanicsville. Stillwater, . Schuylersville, Northumberland, Fort-Miller, . Fort-Edward, Sandy Hill, . Kingsbury, Fort Ann, Whitehall. To Whitehall, Tioy, Lansingbury, Schaghticoke, Easton, . Greenwich, . Argylc, . Hartford, . Granville, Whitehall, . To Burlington, Troy, Lansingburgh, Cambridge, Salem, . Hebron, Granville, Poultney, Vt., Caatleton, Mil OS, 16 224 . 6 230 8 238 . 18 256 22 278 . 40 318 7 325 Sandy Hill. 6 3 9 1 10 8 18 2 20 14 34 2 36 3 39 8 47 3 50 5 55 3 58 14 72 via Ar gyle, 6 3 9 7 16 10 26 9 35 11 46 10 56 7 63 9 72 Vermont. 6 3 9 25 34 12 46 7 53 11 64 10 74 6 80 TROV. WiJos. IC 224 « 2:{0 8 238 18 256 22 278 40 318 7 325 i^y mu. (i 3 9 1 10 8 18 2 20 14 34 2 36 3 3.9 8 47 3 50 5 55 3 58 14 72 ^rgyle, 6 3 9 7 16 10 26 35 11 46 10 56 7 63 9 72 onf. 6 3 9 25 34 12 46 7 53 U 64 10 74 6 80 Hubbardslown, Sudbury, Whiting', Corn wall, M iddlebury, Vergennes, Charlotte, Shelburn, Burlington, 5 6 6 5 11 11 4 7 INlilcs. 6 8(> 91 97 103 108 119 130 134 141 Sitragota Springs, do. Sandy Hill:', Lake George, . Whitehall, . 37 7 3-!i 19 57 13 70 3 73 To Boston, via Xcw Lebanon and Norlhumpton. Schodack, To Saratoga and Whitehall,^ via Schenectady. Schenectady, Railroad, Ballston, Spa. do. 14 Saratoga, Schiivleraville, Fort Miller, . Fort Edward, Fort Anne, Whitehall, . do. 7 4 5 8 12 12 15 29 36 40 45 53 65 77 To Saratoga, Lake George, and Whitehall, via Troy. Troy, ... 6 Waterford, 6^ i^ai/roac? 4 10 Mechauicsrille, do. 8 18 Ballston Springs, do. 13 31 Nassau, . New Lebanon, Pittsfield, . Dalston, Peru, Worthington, Chesterfieldj. Northampton, Hadley, Belchertown, Ware, Brookfieid, Spencer, Leicester, Worcester, Framingham, Weston, WatertowDi, Boston, 12 8 9 6 7 8 9 13 2 10 9 8 7 5 6 20 5 5 10 5 17 25 34 40 47 55 64 77 79 89 98 106 113 118 124 144 149 154 164 Troy, 6 miles north of Albany, on the east side of the river, is the head of steamboat navigation, although sloops ascend through the State-lock, situated at the upper end of Troy, to Lansingburgh, 3 miles, and Water- ford, 4 miles north of Troy. The city of Troy is ele- gantly laid out, on a plain considerably elevated above the Hudson, and contains a population of about 17,000 inhabitants. A large proportion of the trade of the Erie and Champlain Canals enters at Troy, this city "^eing conveniently situated near the junction of those important channels of communication. In the city and vicinity, are numerous cotton, iron, and other manufactories, besides flour mills, breweries, &c. &c. f 38 A 31E RICA N GUIDK. The public building's are^, the Court IIousOj (one of the handsomest in the U. S., built of stone^ in the Grecian style of architecture,) several elegant Churches, a Market-Ilousej four Banks, &c. The river is crossed at Troy by convenient horse-ferry boats; and from the opposite village of West Troy, on the Erie Canal, (which place has risen within a few years, by the capital and enterprise of the citizens of Troy,) there commences a Macadamised road, the best in the State, which extends to Albany. The communication be- tween Albany and Troy, by coaches and steamboats, is half hourly, during the day. Steamboats leave daily for New York, and coaches and canal -boats leave almost hourly for the north and west. There is no place on the banks of the Hudson which presents more of the agreeable and interesting than this beautiful city. Situated at the head of navigation, on one of the noblest rivers, it naturally commands an extensive profitable trade from the north and west, and it possesses facilities for its increase, scarcely rivalled by any jilace in the Union. Its population must now amount to at least seventeen thousand, and its annual increase surpasses the most sanguine expectations of those who, but a few years since, beheld it comparatively a desolate place in the midst of a wilderness. Confi- dent of its future growth and importance, they exerted themselves to extend its business and influence, and have lived to see their early efforts, for its prosperity and re2)utation as a city, crowned with success, and their fondest expectations more than realized in its present rank and standing among sister cities. As a place of residence, either temporary or permanent, it presents many inducements, and, in point of locality, salubrity, and beauty, is surpassed by no city in the United States. The enterprise of its merchants and mechani«s is proverbial, and no compliment of ours can THOY. 39 (r of the Grecian 3hes, a crossed Id from Canal, |by the |) there State, |ion be- iiboats, ^e daily leave 1 which than at ion, lands an St, and rivalled LSt now annual ions of atively Confl- xerted e, and jperity s, and in its As a mt, it ;ality, n the 3 and fs can add to their well-earned and established reputation in their respective departments of business. But it is not in these respects only that the place excites atten- tion, and commends itself to the notice of the public. There are other causes that contribute to its prosperity, and other circumstances that indicate its growing im- portance. Possessed of extensive water power on the neighbouring streams, which flow into the Hudson in the vicinity of the place, it will naturally increase its mechanical and manufacturing operations, in proportion to the increase of its population and business, and the consequent demand for the products of such labour even to the remotest extremities of the channels of trade leading to the city. The turnpike and Macadam roads to Bennington, and the railroad to Ballston and Saratoga, are completed ; when the railroad to Schen- ectady, and a branch railroad to intersect one from Boston, are finished, the means of communication with this city, from all sections of the country,will be most easy and expeditious. The Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroad leaves Troy, at Federal Stree* by the aid of the bridge which crosses the Hudson river, extending from that Street to Green Island. The length of the bridge is 1600 feet. It forms eight arches, exclusive of a capacious draw sec- tion. The piers, or abutments, are cut stone from Glen's Falls, Poughkeepsie, an^! Amsterdam. The bridge stands 30 feet above high- water mark. Its frame, built of timber, is 34 feet wide, and well covered From the bridge to Waterford, four and a half miles, the railroad crosses three spouts of the Mohawk River, upon durable bridges erected upon stone abutments. Passing directly through Waterford, the road follows along the margin of the Hudson to Mechanicsville, eight miles. From thence it verges and runs westerly, twelve miles, to Ballston Spa. The greatest ascent in ■1 to A.MKItlCAN Gl/IDJj, any one mile on the line of the road is 26 feet. On the first twelve and ahalf niiles^from Troy to Mechan- icsville, the average ascent is less than 10 feet per mile. Upon Green Island^ which, hy the hridge, is connected with the city, a site has been selected and laid out for a large business place. It is called '" North Troy." The capital of the Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroad Company is D.300,000, and this sum, it is be- lieved, will be nearly sufficient to complete the 24^ miles of the railroad, erect a bridge across the Hudson, and three bridges across as many spouts of the Mo- hawk. Lansingburgii, 3 miles above Troy, and 9 miles north of Albany, is a place of considerable trade^ and connected with Waterford by a bridge over the Hudson River, WyiTERFORD, 10 miles from Albany, anci 155 miles from the city of New York^ is situated at the confluence of the Mohawk and Hudson^ where navigation entirely ceases. From the bridge over the Mohawk^ about one mile west of the village, there is a fine view of the Cohoes Falls, half a mile distant. The Jiuiction of the Erie and Champlain Canals is about a mile south of the above bridge. The Erie Canal descends at the Nine Locks, in the immediate vicinity, while the Champlain Canal is carried on a level from Waterford, by means of a dam over the Mohawk River, until it intersects the Erie Canal — forming altogether attractions well worthy the attention of the traveller. ROUTE FROM ALBANY TO BOSTON. Boston is distant 16 i miles, and the route is per- formed in two days, General fare, 8 dollars and 75 cents. One line passes through Bennington and Brat- XOllTHA^ri'TOX. 11 't. On [^echan- -et per tdge^ is fed and ^' North iratog-a |t is be- the 24| [udson, pie Mo- miles le^ and Hudson •5 miles ifluence entirely out one ' of the /i of the h of the e JVine tmplain means ersects IS well N. s per- md 75 Brat- tlel)oroup:l), Vermont ; but the most usual route is throMp:li New Lebanon, Pittsfteld^ Northampton^ Brook- field, Worcester, and Watertown. The several stages and distances on the last men- tioned route are as follows: — Miles. Miles. Schodnck, . 5 Belchcrton, . 10 Nassau, . 12 Ware, 9 Now Lebanon, . . 8 Brookficld, . 8 Pittsfield, 9 Spencer, 7 Dalstoi), . C Leicester, . 5 Poni, 7 Worcester, . (; Worthington, . . « Framingham, .20 Chesteifield, . 9 Weston, 5 Northampton, . . 1.3 Watertown, . 5 Hatllcy, 2 Boston, . 10 Mount Holyoke, in the vicinity of Northampton^ is much frequented by tourists. It is situated on the east side of the river, opposite to Northampton. The height of this mountain above the level of the river is 1070 feet. In consequence of the resort to this place, which has been not less than from two to five thousand annuallyj two buildings have been erected on its summit^ for the purpose of accommodating visiters with re- freshments. The beautiful and extensive prospect afforded from the top of the mountain, will amply com- pensate the labour and difficulty of the ascent. The view embraces eminences IGO miles apart, with several beautiful villages, and a rich and fertile country in- tervening, and is said to be unrivalled in the Eastern States. NoKTHAMPTON is 43 milcs from Pittsfield, and is one of the finest towns in New England. It is situated a mile and a half west of Connecticut River, and was settled so early as the year 1054. The Farminrjton Canal commences at this place, and extends to Niw- Il.-ivcn^ Connecticut; 00 miles. \ PjI ' J 42 AIJERICAN GUIDK. The Lmad Mine at Southampton, 8 miles south- west of Northampton, is an object of much interest, and should be visited, if practicable, in an excursion to the Eastern States. The Blaokstone Canal commences at Worcester, and extends to Providence, Rhode Island. Length 45 miles — expense, D.500,000. From Worcester to Boston the distance is 40 miles, by the road, which passes through a rich country, variegated with villages, which increase in size and importance as the tourist advances towards the metro- polis of the State. BOSTON is pleasantly situated at the end of Massachusetts Bay, on a peninsula of an uneven sarface, two miles long, and, in the widest part, about one mile broad. The town owes its origin to a spirit of civil and religious liberty, which was excited to action by the persecutions that prevailed in Britain, during the reigns of Queen Elizabeth, and Kings James and Charles the First. Most of those who can properly be considered as ^r5^ settlers arrived prior to the year 1C43. The place was first called Trimountain, in con- sequence of three hills which were on the peninsula ; it was afterwards called Boston, in honour of the Rev. Mr Cotton, a minister of the first church in the town, and whose native place was Boston in England. The harbour is one of the best in the United States. It has n suflScient depth of water for the largest ves- sels at all times of tide, and is accessible at all seasons of the year. It is safe from every wind, and so capa- cious that it will allow 500 vessels to ride at anchor, while the entrance is so narrow as scarcely to admit two ships abreast. The appearance of Boston is much admired by I nL?NKi:ii s iiirr,, ill strangers, pavtitnilarly when approacliin^^ from tlio s:e;i. Its streets do not exhibit so fi^rcat arop:idarity astlioso of some other cities; but its beautiful situation nnd ele- gant public and private buildings, together witli its richly ornamented grounds for promenading, render it altogether a peculiarly delightful and attractive place. From Cops Hill, in North Boston, which is partly occupied as a churchyard, the British cannonaded the town of Charlestown in 1775, during the battle of Bunker's Hill, when the village was mostly destroyed by fire. Bunker's Hill. — The remains of the British fort are visible. The works must have been very strong, and oc- cupied a large extent of ground. On the summit, is a monument to preserve the memory of the defeat of the Americans by the British, in a battle fought at this place. In the south-western part of the city, and in front of the State House, is the celebrated Common, present- ing an area of more than 75 acres, containing the Mall, a very beautiful public walk, adorned with rows of trees. In the centre of the Common, is an eminence, still exhibiting marks of the fortification erected by the British here during the Revolution; north of which, is the Crescent Pond, a beautiful sheet of water, suP' rounded with trees. 1,1 < il ROUTE FROM ALBANY TO THE SPRINGS, MONTREAL, & QUEBEC. The travelling to Ballston Spa and Saratoga Springs, is now mostly confined to the railroads which leave Albany and Troy. Canal ]>oats leave Albany for ^Vhitehall, evcrv dav. 1 u AMKUICAN GUIDF. The railroad route from Albany, is by the way of the IVIohawk and Hudson, and tlie Saratoga and Schenec- tady Railroads. The cars start frojn the depot on the north side of State Street, a little below the Capitol, several times during the day. The distance to Schen- ectady is 15 miles, which is quickly passed over, when propelled by a locomotive engine. The Saratoga and Schenectady Railroad, commences at the termination of the Mohawk and Hudson Rail- ro.id, near the junction with the Erie Canal, and ex- tends across the city, through an excavation which is walled on both sides, to the Mohawk bridge overthe Mohawk River; it then continues, in a north direction, to BallstonSpa, lA miles ; thence to Saratoga Springs, 7 miles further, where it terminates. The route to the Springs from Troy, is by the Rens- selaer and Saratoga Railroad ; the cars start from River Street, crossing the Hudson River at Federal Street, to Green Island, thence continue across the sprouts of the Mohawk River to Waterford, a dis- tance of 4 miles; then, parallel with the river and Cham- plain Canal to Mechanicsville, 8 miles ; thence, north- westerly, 12 miles, to Ballston Spa, where the railroad terminates ; intersecting the Saratoga and Schenec- tady Railroad. The Village of Ballston Spa is in the township of Milton, Saratoga County ; situated in a valley, near which flows the Kayaderosseras Creek, which empties its waters :' nto Saratoga Lake, about G miles distant, in an easterly direction. Ballston Lake lies 4. miles south. The principal attraction at Ballston Spa is its cele- brated mineral waters. The Spring first discovered in the vicinit). stands on the flat at the west end of the village, anC is enclosed by a plain iron fence ; be- sides this spring, several other springs of equal celebrity have been discovered ; some, from accidental causes. SAUATO(..\ SI»UI\(iS. 4 V have flown to the suri'ace, others have been discovered by boring. The principal hotel is the Sans Sorci^ at the east end of the village, which is delightfully situated, and iskept in a superior manner, being celebrated for its accommodations. There are also several boarding houses, which afford excellent accommodation during the summer months. The village was incorporated in 1807, and contains about 1000 inhabitants, a court house and clerk's office, three churches, a reading-room and library. Saratoga Springs, 7 miles northerly from Ballston Spa, and 36 miles from the city of Albany, is now the most celebrated watering-place in the United States. The village is situated on a level spot of ground, partly surrounded by piae and hemlock trees, the growth of a sandy soil; and, if not enjoying the ad- vantages of a line prospect, at least the advantages of a salubrious air and fine climate. The Springs, so justly celebrated for their medicinal virtues, are sit- uated on the margin of a vale, bordering the village on the east. In the immediate vicinity, are 10 or 12 springs, the principal of which are the Congress^ the High Rock, the Hamilton, and the Flat Rock. About a mile east, are found a cluster of mineral springs, which go by the name of the Ten Springs. Congress Spring is situated at the south end of the village, near Congress Hall: it is enclosed in a tube sunk into the earth 12 or 14 feet, and is surrounded by a wooden railing. This is the most important spring in the village ; hundreds, during the summer months, are continually flocking to this spot, to drink of the water. In the morning is the greatest concourse : persons of almost every grade, from the most beauti- ful to the most abject, are here to be met, who assemble nt this place either for pleasure or health. Several m ►ifi l.(J .V.MHltKA.N (;l ii>i:. l;ir;j!'e and convenient bathing'' houses have bct^n erected; there are also otJier phices of resort^ as well for amuse- ment as health. The boarding liouses are of the first class ; the prin- cipal are Con^^ross Hall, the United States Hotel, Union Hall, and the Pavilion, besides several others on a less extensive scale. The price of board varies, beint!^ from D. 1- to D.12 per week. At both the villages of Ballston and Saratoga Springs, there are always sufficient objects of amusement to render the transient residence of their summer visiters pleasant and agreeable. Those whose taste is not gratified at the billiard rooms, which are annexed to most of the boarding establishments, can always enjoy II mental recreation at the reading-rooms, or a short excursion in the neighbourhood, where sufficient beauty and novelty of scenery are always presented to render it interesting. The amusements of the day are usually crowned M'ltli a ball or promenade. The respective apartments appropriated for these occasions are calcu- lated to accemmodate from 130 to 200 guests; but they often contain a much greater number. The (spacious areas of the cotillon rooms are between 80 and 90 feet in length, and, when enlivened by the as- sociated beauty and gaiety resorting to the Springs, present a scene of novelty and fascination seldom equalled. Saratoga Lake. — This lake is 9 miles long and 3 broad. The visitants of both villages frequently resort thither, to enjoy the advantages of air and pro- spect, during the months of July and August. Sail boats are here fitted up, for the accommodation of parties of pleasure, and implements for fishing are always in readiness for those who take pleasure in this fashion- able diversion. i^*-.,*j».^»,.».. Irccted ; aniuse- leprin- Hotel, others varies, pring-s, ent to visiters is not Jxed to s enjoy a short beauty render usually ipective e calcu- ts; but r. The een 80 the as- iprings, seldom and 3 [uently id pro- • Sail parties ays in Lshioi^^ r.KMUK IIi:i(-iITS. 47 i'rom Saratoya Sprinjjs to Bennington^ Vermont. Schuyleiville, . . 10 Whitecrcek, . . :ii Greenwich, . . (J l^j Bennington, Vt., . 1 1 42 Cambridge, . . \) 25 From Saratoga Springs to Caughnatcaga. Bftllston Spn, . . 7 13 road alb in, . , 4 23 Milton, . . 5 12 Johnstown, . . \o :iH Gal way, . , 7 19 Caughuawaga, . . 3 41 Bemus' Heights, rendered memorable as the spot on which the British army under General Burgoyne was defeated, in the Revolutionary contest, are about 8 miles in a south-eastwardly direction from Greene's, on the Saratoga Lake. The battle-ground is about two miles west of the Hudson River ; and, though witliout much to attract in its situation or surrounding scenery, will nevertheless at all times prove interesting, from its association with events which greatly contributed to the establishment of American independence. The two actions which preceded the surrender of the British army were fought on the 19th of September, 1777, and on the 7th of October following. The movements and position of the two armies previous to the 19th, are thus described by General Wilkinson : — "General Burgoyne crossed the Hudson River the 13th and lltli of September, and advanced with great circumspection on the 15th from Saratoga to Davocote, where he halted to repair bridges in his front. The 1 6th was employed in this labour, and in reconnoitering : on the 17th, he advanced a mile or two, resumed his march on the 18th, and General Arnold was detached by General Gates, with 1500 men, to harass him ; but, after a light skirmish, he returned witliout loss or efi'ecting anything more than picking up a few strag- glers ; and the enemy moved forward, and encamped in two lines, about two miles from General Gates — his left on the river, and his right extending at ri^^lit !•: M 48 .V.MUIIK A\ <;( MM'. ! angles to it, across the low i^roinids, jiljout six hundred yards, to a range of steej> and lofty heights occupied hy his elite, haviufj; a creek or foully in his front, made hy a rivulet which issued from a great ravine, formed liy the hills which ran in a direction nearly parallel to the river, until witliin half a mile of the American camp. " General (Jates' ritJ^ht occupied the hrow of the hill near the river, with which it was ct»nnected hy a deep intrcn(;hment ; his camp, in the form of a segment of a taeat circle, the convex towards the enemy, extended rather ohliquely to his rear, ahout three-fourths of a mile, to a knoll, occu]>ied hy his left; his front was covered from the right to the left of the centre by a sharp ravine, runniiig parallel with his line and closely wooded ; from thence to tlie knoll at his extreme left, the ground was level and had been partially cleared, some of the trees being felled and others girdled ; beyond which, in front of his left flank, and extending to the enemy's right, there were several small iields in a very imperfect cultivation, the surface broken and obstructed with stumps and fallen timber, and the wliole bounded on the west by a steep eminence. The extremities of this camp were defended by strong bat- teries, and the interval was strengthened by a breast work without intrenchments, constructed of the bodies of felled trees, logs and rails, with an additional battery at an opening left of the centre. The right was almost impracticable, the left difficult of approach. I de- scribe the defences of this position as they appeared about the 4th of October. " The intermediate space between the adverse armies, on the low grounds of the river, was open and in cultivation ; the high land was clothed in its native woods, with the exception of three or four small newly-opened and dcyerted farms, separated by inter- HATlr,!: or sahatoca. 10 idred ipicd in ado Irmed •all el frican Vals of wood land, and borilerinff on tlio flanks of tho two armies, most rcMnote from the river. The principal of these was an ol)long field, belonging to a ])erson of the name of Freeman; there was also, exclusive of the ravines fronting the respective camps, a third ravine, about mid-way between them, running at right angles to the river. The intervening forest rendered it utterly impracticable to obtain a front view of the American position, or any part of the British, except its left, near the river." On the morning of the 19th, Colonel Colburn, who had been detached the day previous, to observe the movements of the enemy, reported that the British army was in motion, and ascending the heights in a direction towards the American left. On receiving this intelligence. Colonel Morgan, with his rifle corps, was detached by General Gates, with orders to retard the march of the enemy, and to cripple them as much as possible. The engagement of Morgan's corps was announced by the report of small arms about 12 o'clock. At about 3 in the afternoon, the action became general, and continued to rage till night closed upon the scene of combat. General Wilkinson remarks that " This battle was perfectly accidental : neither of the Generals meditated an attack at the time, andj but for Lieutenant-Colonel Colburn's report, it would not have taken place ; Burgoyne's movement being merely to take ground on the heights in front of the great ravine, to give his several corps their proper places in line, to embrace our front and cover his transport, stores, provisions, and baggage, in the rear of his left ; and, on our side, the defences of our camp being not half completed, and reinforcements daily arriving, it was not General Gates' policy to court an action. '' The theatre of action was such that, although the combatants changed ground a dozen times in the oO AMKllK AN f.LLDE. i I . ' t ! i course of the duy, the contest terminated on the spot where it began. This may be explained in a few words. The British line was formed on an eminence in a thin pine wood, having before it Freeman's farm, an oblong field, stretching from the centre towards its right, the ground in front sloping gently down to the verge of this fields which was bordered on the opposite side by a close wood. The sanguinary scene lay in the cleared ground, between the eminence occupied by the enemy and the wood just described. The fire of our marksmen from this wood was too deadly to be withstood by the enemy in line, and, when they gave way and broke, our men, rushing from their covert, pursued them to the eminence, v/liere, having their flanks protected, they rallied, and, charging in turn, drove us back into the wood, from whence a dreadful fire would again force them to fall back ; and in this manner did the battle fluctuate, like waves of a stormy sea, with alternate advantage, for four hours, without one moment's intermission. The British artillery fell into our possession at every charge, but we could neither turn the pieces upon the enemy, nor bring them off; the wood prevented the last, and the want of a match the first, as the lintstock was invariably carried off, and the rapidity of the transitions did not allow us time to provide one. The slaughter of this brigade of artillerists was remarkable, the captain !ind 36 men being killed or wounded, out of 48. It was truly a gallant conflict, in which Death by familiarity lost his terrors, and certainly a drawn battle, as night alone terminated it ; the British army keeping its ground in rear of the field of action, and our corps, when they could no longer distinguish objects, retiring to their own camp." Tlie interval between the 19th of September and tlic 7th of October was employed by both armies in forti- A' BATTLE 01 SARATOGA. 61 lying their respective camps. General Burgoyne had contemplated an attack on the 20th and 21st Septem- ber, which, had it been made, would probably have resulted much to his advantage, as the American camp was then in an unfortified state, and the troops wholly unprepared for a vigorous resistance. For some cause, however, the attack was delayed. This gave time to General Gates to complete the unfinished works, and to strengthen his army by reinforcements of militia- men, who were daily flocking to his camp. Satisfied that a delay would operate to the advantage of the American army, by increasing their strength and numbers, whilst, at the same time, it must prove dis- advantageous to the enemy. General Gates, it seems, determined to wait their movements within his own intrenchments. Here he remained until the 7th Oc- tober, when the last decisive action was fought, which decided the fate of the army under General Burgoyne, and ultimately resulted in favour of America. The commencement, progress, and termination of this bril^ liant engagement are fhus described by General Wilk- inson ;— ^ " On the afternoon of October 7th, the advanced guard of the centre beat to arms ; the alarm was re- peated throughout the line, and the troops repaired to their alarm posts. I was at headquarters when this happened, and, with the approbation of the General, mounted my horse to inquire the cause ; but, on reach- ing the guard where the beat commenced, 1 could obtain no other satisfaction, but that some person had reported the enemy to be advancing against our left. I proceeded over open ground, and, ascending a gentle acclivity in front of the guard, I perceived, about half a mile from the line of our encampment, several rolumns of the enemy, 60 or 70 rods from me, entering a ivhcat field, whicli had not been cut, and was separated n .! i t i 'i 52 A31EHI(JAX Gl IDE. from me by a small rivulet ; and, without my glass, I could distinctly mark their every movement. After entering the field, they displayed, formed the line, and sat down in double ranks, with their arms between their legs. Foragers then proceeded to cut the wheat or standing straw, and I soon after observed several officers mounted on the top of a cabin, from whence, with their glasses, they were endeavouring to recon- noitre our left, which was concealed from their view by intervening woods. " Having satisfied myself, after fifteen minutes' at- tentive observation, that no attack was meditated, I returned and reported to the General, who asked me what appeared to be the intentions of the enemy. ^ They are foraging, and endeavouring to reconnoitre your left ; and I think, sir, they offer you battle.' ' What is the nature of the ground, and what your opinion ?' ' Their front is open, and their flanks rest on the woods, under cover of which they may be attacked ; their right is skirted by a lofty height. I would indulge them.' ' Well, then, order on Morgan, to begin the game.' I waited on the Colonel, whose corps was formed in front of our centre, and delivered the order. He knew the ground, and inquired the position of the enemy. They were formed across a newly-cultivated field ; their grenadiers^ with several field pieces, on the left, bordering on a wood and % small ravine, formed by the rivulet before alluded to ; their light infantry on the right, covered by a worm fence at the foot of the hill before mentioned, thickly covered with wood ; their centre composed of British and Ger- man battalions. Colonel Morgan, with his usual sa- gacity, proposed to make a circuit with his corps by our left, and, under cover of the wood, to gain the height on the right of the enemy, and from thence commence his attack, as soon as our fire should be BATTLE OF SARATOGA. glass. After Cj and itween wheat everal lence, recon- iew by- es' at- ited, I 3d me jnemy, inoitre >attle/ t your is rest iay be ^ht. I organ, whose ivered >d the ross a everal I small their fence )vered dGer- lal sa- •ps by in the hence lid be opened against their left. The plan was the best which could be devised, and, no doubt, contributed essentially to the prompt and decisive victory we gained. " This proposition was approved of by the General, and it was concerted that time should be allowed the Colonel to make the proposed circuit, and gain his station on the enemy's right, before the attack should be made on their left. Poor's brigade was ordered for this service, and the attack was commenced in due season on the fiank and front of the British grenadiers, by the New-Hampshire and New- York troops. True to his purpose, Morgan, at this critical moment, poured down like a torrent from the hill, and attacked the right of the enemy in front and flank. Dearborn, at the moment when the enemy's light infantry were at- tempting to change front, pressed forward with ardour, aivt 'delivered a close fire ; then leaped the fence, 8'/ .y.' 1, charged, and gallantly forced them to retire in aisorder ; yet, headed by that intrepid soldier, the Earl of Balcarras, they were immediately rallied, and re-formed behind a fence in rear of their first position ; but, being now attacked with great audacity, in front and flank, by superior numbers, resistance became vain, and the whole line, commanded by Burgoyne in person, gave way, and made a precipitate and disorderly re- treat to his camp, leaving two twelve, and six six- pounders on the field, with the loss of more than 400 men, killed, wounded, and captured; and among them the flower of his officers — viz., Brigadier-Gen- eral Frazer ; Major Ackland, commanding the gren- adiers ; Sir Francis Clark, his first aid-de-camp ; Major Williams, commanding officer of the artillery ; Captain Mooney, deputy quarter-master- general, and many others. After delivering the order to General Poor, and directing him to the point of attack, I was peremptorily commanded to repair to the rear, and r 64, AMEltlOAN (iUIl)E. i i '. \ ' i I order up Ten Broeck's regiment of Neu-York niilitin, 3000 strong. I performed this service^ and regained the field of battle at the moment the enemy had turned their backs — 52 minutes after the first shot was fired. The ground which had been occupied by the British grenadiers, presented a scene of complicated horror and exultation. In the square space of twelve or fifteen yards, lay eighteen grenadiers in the agonies of death, and three officers propped up against stumps of trees, two of them mortally wounded, bleeding, and almost speechless. What a spectacle for one whose bosom glowed witli philanthropy ! — and how vehement the impulse which excites men of sensibility to seek such scenes of barbarism ! 1 found the courageous Colonel Cilley, a- straddle on a brass twelve-pounder, and exulting in the capture ; whilst a surgeon, a man of great worth, who was dressing one of the officers, raising his blood-besmeared hands in the frenzy of patriotism, exclaimed — ' Wilkinson, / have dipped my hands in British blood.' He received a sharp rebuke for his brutality ; and, with the troops, I pursued the hard-pressed flying enemy, passing over killed and wounded, until I heard one exclaim — ^ Protect me, sir, against this boy.' Turning my eyes, it was my fortune to arrest the purpose of a lad, thirteen or four- teen years old, in the act of taking aim at a wounded officer, who lay in the angle of a worm force. Inquir- ing his rank, he ansAvered, ' 1 had the honour to com- mand the grenadiers.' Of course, I knew him to be Major Ackland, who had been brought from the field to this place, on the back of ('aptain Shrimpton, of his own corps, under a heavy fire, and was here de- posited, to save the lives of both. I dismounted, took him by the hand, and expressed my hopes that he was not badly wounded. ' Not badly,' replied this gallant officer and accomplished gcntlemun, * but v^ny incon- 1 ilitin, urncd fired. Jritisli lorror ve or tiies of tnpsof and whose ement > seek igeous under, a man fficers, nzy of ued my rebuke ed the \d and ct me, ^as mv r four- (unded nquir- com- to be e field on, of re de- , took le was allant inron- BATTLE OF SARATOGA. Veniently. 1 am shot through both Icf^s. Will you, sir, have the goodness to have me conveyed to your camp } I directed my servant to alight, and we lifted Ackland into his seat, and ordered him to be conducted to headquarters. " I then proceeded to the scene of renewed action, which embraced Burgoyne's right flank defence, and, extending to his left, crossed a hollow covered witli wood, about 40 rods, to the intrenchment of the liglit infantry. The roar of the cannon and small arms, at this juncture, was sublime, between the enemy, behind their works, and our troops entirely exposed, or parti- ally sheltered by trees, stumps, or hollows, at various distances, not exceeding 120 yards. This right flank defence of the enemy, occupied by the German corps of Breyman, consisted of a breast-work of rails, piled horizontally between the perpendicular pickets, driven into the earth, en potence to the rest of his line, and extended about 250 yards across an open field, and was covered on the right by a battery of two guns. The interval from the left, to the British light infantry, was committed to the defence of the provincialists, who occupied a couple of log cabins. The Germans were encamped immediately behind the rail breast- work, and the ground in front of it declined, in a very gentle slope, for about 120 yards, when it sunk abruptly. Our troops had formed a line under this de- clivity, and, covered breast-high, were warmly en- gaged with the Germans. From this position, about sunset, I perceived Brigadier-General Learned ad- vancing towards the enemy, with his brigade, in open column, I think, with Colonel M. Jackson's regiment in front, as I saw Lieutenant-Colonel Brook, who commanded it, near the General, when I rode up to him. On saluting this brave old soldier, he inquired, 'Where can I put in with most advantage .f^' J had 'U I ■ 'in ii 3a ameri<;an guide. . t ■I particularly examined the ground between the left of the Germans and the light infiintry^ occupied by the provincialists, from whence I had observed a slack fire. I therefore recommended to General Learned to incline to his rights and attack at that point. He did so, with great gallantry ; the provincialists aban- doned their position^ and fled. The German flank was, by this means, left uncovered. They were assaulted vigorously, overturned in five minutes, and retreated in disorder, leaving their gallant commander, Lieuten- ant-Colonel Breyman, dead on the field. By dislodg- ing this corps, the whole British encampment was laid open to us ; but the extreme darkness of the night, the fatigue of the men, and the disorder incident to undisciplined troops, after so desultory an action, put it out of our power to improve the advfintage ; and, in the course of the nighty General Burgoyne broke up his camp, and retired to his original position, which he had fortified, behind the great ravine." On the morning of the 8th, the American army marched into the British camp, which had been de- serted the evening previous. The enemy continued to retreat till they had reached the height beyond the Fish Creek, where they encamped on the 10th. Find- ing his retreat cut oft' by a party of troops, who had taken a position in his rear, and his advance impeded by superior numbers. General Burgoyne accepted the terms of capitulation, proposed by General Gates, and surrendered his whole army to the American forces, on the 17th October, 1777. The surrender took place at Fort Hardy, where the British stacked their arms, and were permitted to march out with the honours of war. This fortunate event was followed by the surrender of Lord Cornwallis, which terminated the struggle of the Revolution, after a period of nearly 8 years from its commencement. , :.;; ^. , I i-' «ENE11AL KHAZEIl S DKATIl. • )4 Fwekman's Far3i, on which the prineipjil actions were fought, is immediately east of the main road, running north and south, a road passing directly across it, to the Hudson River, in an eastwardly direc- tion. In a meadow adjoining the first-mentioned road, about ten rods south of a blacksmith's shop, and near the fence, is the spot where General Frazer fell. A large bass-wood tree marked the place for a time ; but, having been cut down, several sprouts which have sprung up from the parent stock now denote the spot. A narrative of General Frazer's death is given by the Baroness de Reidsell, who, with her two children, occupied the house in which the General expired. The following is an extract : — ^^But severe trials awaited us, and, on the 7th Oc- tober, our misfortuues began. I was at breakfast with my husband, and heard that something was intended. On the same day, I expected Generals Burgoyne, Philips, and Frazer to dine with us. I saw a great movement among the troops ; my husband told me, it was merely a reconnoissance, which gave me no con- cern, as it often happened. I walked out of the house, and met several Indians in their war dresses, with guns in their hands. When 1 asked them where they were going, they cried out, ' War ! War !' meaning that they were going to battle. This filled me with apprehension, and I had scarcely got home, before I heard reports of cannon and musketry, which grew louder by degrees, till at last the noise became ex- cessive. About 4 o'clock in the afternoon, instead of the guests whom I expected, General Frazer was brought in on a litter, mortally wounded. The table, which was already set, was instantly removed, and a bed placed in its stead, for tho wounded General. I sat trembling in the corner ; the noise grew louder. I ;i AR A3IEHICAN fJUIDE. and the alarm increased. The thougJit that my h'ls- band might perhaps be brought in, wounded in the same way, was terrible to me, and distressed me ex- ceedingly. General Frazer said to the surgeon, * Tell me if mv wound is mortal — do not flatter me/ The ball had passed through his body, and, unhappily for the General, he had eaten a very hearty breakfast, by which the stomach was distended, and the ball^ as the surgeon said, had passed through it. I heard him often exclaim, with a sigh, ' Oh ! fatal ambition ! Poor General Burgoyne ! Oh ! my poor wife !' He was asked if he had any request to make, to which he replied, that, if General Burgoyne would permit it, he should like to be buried, at 6 o'clock in the evening, on the top of a mountain, in a redoubt which had been built there. I did not know which way to turn ; all the other rooms were full of sick. Towards evening, I saw my husband coming, when I forgot all my sorrows, and thanked God that he was spared to me. We had been told that we had the advantage of the enemy, but the sorrowful faces I beheld, told a different tale ; and, before my husband went away, he took me to one side, and said everything was going very bad, that I must keep myself in readiness to leave the place, but not to mention it to any one. I made the pretence that 1 would move the next morning into my new house, and had everything packed up ready. *' Lady H. Ackland had a tent not far from our house. In this she slept, and the rest of the day she was in the camp. All of a sudden, a man came to tell her that her husband was mortally wounded and taken prisoner. On hearing this, she became very miserable. We comforted her, by telling her that the wound was only slight, and, at the same time, advised her to go over to her husband, to do which, she would certainly obtain permission, and then she could attend him her- .ENKHAL jnAZLUS FINEKAL. 69 '"ih h'ls- the J ex- Tell The r for ', by 8 the him ion ! He ;h he Ltj he g,on built )ther self. She was a charming woman, and very fond of him. I spent much of the ni«?ht in comforting her, and then went aajain to my children, whom I had put to bed. 1 could not go to sleep, as I had General Frazer, and all the other wounded gentlemen in my room, and I was sadly afraid my children would awake, and, by their crying, disturb the dying man in his last moments, who often addressed me, and apologized for the trouble he gave me. About three o'clock in the morning, I was told that he could not hold out much longer. I had desired to be informed of the near ap- proach of this sad crisis ; and I then wrapped up my children in their clothes, and went with them into the room below. About 8 o'clock in the morning, he died. After he was laid out, and his corpse wrapped in a sheet, we came again into the room, and had this sor- rowful sight before us the whole day ; and, to add to the melancholy scene, almost every moment some officer of my acquaintance was brought in, wounded. The cannonade commenced again ; a retreat was spoken of, but not the smallest motion made towards it. About 4 o'clock in the afternoon, I saw the house which had just been built for me in flames ; and the enemy was not far oif. We knew that General Buv- goyne would not refuse the last request of General Frazer, though by his acceding to it, an unnecessary delay was occasioned, by which the inconvenience of the army was much increased. At 6 o'clock, the body, attended by General Burgoyne and the other principal officers of the army, who could not resist the impulse to join the procession, moved, winding slowly up the hill, within view of the greater part of both armies, while an incessant cannonade from the Americans, who ob- served a collection of people without knowing the occasion, covered the procession with dust. The clerffvman, the Rev. Mr Brudenell, went through the II i o !i I 1 \ CO AMEIIIOAN (JUIDi:. funeral service with perfect composure and propriety, notwithstanding" the cannonade ; and thus the last honours were paid to one of the chiefs of the British army. Many cannon balls flew close by me ; but I had my eyes directed towards the mountain, where my husband was stranding, amidst the fire of the enemy, and, of course, I could not think of my own danger. General Gates afterwards said, that, if he had known it had been a funeral, he would not have permitted it to be fired on." The British Government, some years since, em- })loyed an agent to erect a monument to the memory of General Frazer ; but, proving faithless, he appro- priated the money with which he was entrusted, to his own use, and returned without effecting the object of his mission, pretending his inabilityto discover the spot in question. It therefore continues undistinguished by a monument, or even a stone, to mark the place where repose the remains of this gallant warrior. SciiuYLERviLLE is noted as the residence of the late General Schuyler, and still more so as the place where General Burgoyne surrendered to the American army, in October 1777. The ground on which the surrender took place still exhibits the remains of an intrenchment, called Fort Hardy. About 40 rods in a south-east direction, at the mouth of Fish Creek, is the site of Fort Schuyler. The arms of the British were stacked in the vale, in front of Fort Hardy, and from thence they were marched to the high grounds, a little v/est of the village, and admitted to parole, as prisoners of war. Fort-Edward is 12 miles north of Schuylerville. It is not on the usual route of travellers from the Springs to Lake George, but it may be easily visited. The Fort, once situated where the village nojw^ stands, has long since been dcmolibhed, though its former l.MCN S FALLS. 61 y\iii U easily traced in the inouiuls of earth which ure still visible. One mile north of Fort- Kd ward, on the west side of the road, the traveller is shewn a lar^e pine tree, with a spririfj^ near its foot, memorable as the spot where IMiss M'llea was murdered by the Indians, during the Revolutionary War. She was betrothed to a Mr Jones^ an American refugee, who was in Burgoyne's army. Anxious for a union with his intended bride, he dispatched a party of Indians to escort her to tlie British camp. Against the remonstrance of her friends, she committed herself to their charge. She was placed on horseback, and accompanied her guides to the spring in question, where they were met by another party, sent on the same errand. An altercation ensued between them, as to the promised reward, (which was a barrel of rum,) and, while thus engaged, they were attacked by the whites. At the close of the conflict, the unhappy young woman was found, a short distance from the spring, tomahawked and scalped. There is a tradition that her scalp was divided by the respective parties, and carried to her agonized lover. He is said to have survived the shock but a short time, and to have died of a broken heart. The name of Miss M'Rea is inscribed on the tree, with the date, 1777. Glen*s Falls. — At tliis place, are the celebrated falls from which the village takes its name. These are situated about ^ of a mile south of the village, near to a permanent bridge, extending partly over the falls, and from which the best view of them may be had. The falls are formed by the waters of the Hudson, which flow in one sheet over the brink of the precipice, but are immediately divided by the rocks into three channels. The height of the falls is ascertained, by measurement, to be G3 feet ; though the water flowa in ill Si! ^«» (i'i AMKIIK AN (Jl ll>K. an angular descent of I or 500 feet. Some rods below the falls, is a long cave in the rocks, extending from one channel to the other. On its walls are inscribed a variety of names of former guests, who have thought proper to pay this customary tribute. The rocks, which are at some seasons covered with water, but at others entirely dry, are checkered by small indenta- tions ; and in many places considerable chasms are formed, probably by pebblei^ kept in motion by the falling water. It is very evident that these falls, like those of Niagara, were once a considerable distance lower down the river — the banks below being composed of shelving rocks, from 'JO to 70 feet perpendicular height. On the north side of the river is a navigable feeder, communicating with the Champlain Canal. It commences nearly two miles above the falls ; and, with the exception of about a quarter of a mile, which appears to have been cut out of a shelving rock, runs along a ravine east of Sandy-Hill ; and intersects the main canal some distance below. Jessup's Falls, which are about 10 miles above Glen's Falls on the Hudson^ are worthy the attentionof travel- lers. The whole scenery is highly romantic and pictur- esque, and the descent of the falls, which are perpendic- ular, and embrace the whole river in an entire sheet, is nearly 100 feet. Five miles farther north, are the Hadlev Falls, which are a succession of pitches over arockyandunevenbed. The wholedescent, commencing at the upper fall, is between 80 and 100 feet. Over the lower fall, a permanent bridge, about 50 feet from the water, is erected. The river is here contracted to a very narrow space, within lofty rocky embankments, T)etween which the water rushes with great force and wildness into the basin below, uniting with Sacondaga River, a large and rapid stream, which rises about 60 miles to the north-west. Both of these rivers abound lILdODV POND. (\li with trout hikI other fish, jiftbrding ample cmploylnent for those who arc fond of nrif^ling. The country hero is extremely rugged and mountainous^ and presents but little appearance of cultivation. Travellers designing to visit these places, will find it most convenient to take a carriage at Saratoga Springs, from which to Jessup's Fulls is 1 1< miles, and to Iladley Falls 5 miles farther. The route is over II good road, and, including a visit of two or three hours, may bo easily performed (going and rciiurjjiiig) in a day. From Glen's Falls to the Lake, ':ht «li.^tar;je is 9 miles, over an indifferent road, alFor 'inji liltio othei variety than mountains and forests, with n^re and there a rustic hamlet. Within :i^ tinii'S of Luke George, on the right hand, anr^ a sliorfc distance from the road, is pointed out the rock^ at the fo !t *}i svKi^h Col. Williams was massacred by the Inriaai-;, duvAinf^ the French war. At the distance of half- a-m lie farther, on the same side of the road, is the Bloody Pond, so called from its waters having been crimsoned with the blood of the slain v/?.o fell in ifcs vicinity, during a severe engagement iu 17.55. It ift said, that skulls are found in the neighbourhood cjl this pond, and that numerous others may be taken from the bottom. A railroad is now in progress, to G.ctend from Bemu »' Heights, beginning at the termm^t*ion .)f I ()H AMKHICAN Cl'lDE. from a state of nature, anil, in some places, particularly at tlie north end, are low and marshy. The villages seen from tlie lake all exhibit a cheerful and thriving^ appearance. The lake properly commences at Mount Independence; from whence to Whitehall, a distance of 30 miles, it assumes the appearance of a river, in which little more than room is left, at any point, to turn the boat. The history of Champlain involves many interesting events, associated with the French and Revolutionary Wars. During those periods, several fortifications were constructed, which have since undergone some repairs, but are now in a state of decay. The ruins of the ancient fortresses at Ticon- deroga and Crown Point are still visible. Plattsburg is beautifully situated at the mouth of the Saranac river, on the west side of Lake Champlain. This place is rendered celebrated by the victory of M'Donough and Macomb, over the British land and naval forces, under Sir George Prevost and Commodore Downie. The naval engagement took place in front of the village, which overlooks the ex- tensive Bay of Plattsburg for several miles. Here the American Commodore waited at anchor the arrival of the Britiph fleet, which appeared passing Cumber- land Head about eight in the morning of the 11th of September 1814. The first gun from the fleet was the signal for commencing the attack on land. Sir George Prevost furiously assaulted the defences of the town, whilst the battle raged with increasing ardour between the fleets, then contending in full view of tlie re- spective armies. Commodore Downie was killed in the engagement. He was represented as a brave and skil- ful officer; and was opposed to the method of attnck on the American flotilla. A monument erected to hi^5 memory, in the churchyard at Plattsl)urg, contains the following inscription : — 1 ATTSliLllG. 69 *' Sacred to the memory of George Downie, Escj., a post-Captain in the Royal British Navy, who glori- ously fell on board his B. M. S. the Confiance, while leading the vessels under his command to the attack of the American flotilla at anchor in Cumberland Bay, off Plattsburg, on the 11th September 1814. To mark the spot where the remains of a gallant officer and sincere friend were honourably interred, this stone has been erected by his affectionate sister-in-law, Mary Downie." The remains of a number of officers of both armies, who fell in the engagement, repose near the Commo- dore, with no monument to inform the stranger, and with no record but tradition to denote the spot of their interment. East of Downie, are five graves, occurring in the following order : — Commencing south — Captain Copeland, an American officer ; Lieut. Stansbury, of the American navy ; Lieut. Runk, of the American army ; Lieut. Gamble, of the American navy ; and a British sergeant. On the north side of Dovrnie, are the remains of the British Lieut.-Colonel Wellington; on the south, two British lieutenants ; on the west. Captain Purchase and four other officers, three of whom were British. The traveller will find many objects of interest at Plattsburg, which will warrant his continuing there for some days. A short distance from the village, are the cantonment and breastworks occupied by General Macomb and his troops during the last war A mile north, is shewn the house possessed by General Prevost as his headquarters, during the siege in 1814 ; between which and the village, the marks of cannon shot on trees and other objects, are still visible. Farther on, about five miles, on a hill overlooking the village of Beekmantown, is shewn the spot where a sanguinary engagement took place, between the American and r if: !.i 70 A3IEUI(;A> faiJ»E. i'4 British troops, which resulted in the death of the British Colonel Wellington, and several men of both armies. Colonel Wellington was killed in the centre of the road, about etjuidistant from the summit and foot of the hill. Rouse's Point, at the outlet of Lake Champlain^ and 10 miles from the Isle aux Noix, contains strong stone fortifications, erected by the United States, but which, by the decision of the commissioners appointed to settle the boundary line between the American and British governments^ fell within the territories of the latter. Isle aOj Noix — 11. miles from St John's. This is a strong military and naval post, possessed by the British. The works are generally in good preservation ; and are occupied by a small military corps. In the expe- dition against Canada in 1775, the troops underGenerals Schuyler and Montgomery, went down the lake on rafts, and landed at this island, from whence they pro- ceeded to St John's. The other detachment, under General Arnold, marched by land, through the present State of Maine, (then a wilderness,) to Quebec, St John's. — This place was an important post during the French and Revolutionary Wars. In the latter it was taken, after a gallant defence, by General Mont- gomery, as was also Chambly. It contains, at present, about 150 houses, and upwards of 1000 inhabitants. Though a place of considerable business, it possesses nothing in its appearance or accommodations inviting to a stranger. The boats touch at all the inter- mediate places ; and the fare through is D.6. Proportionate deductions are made for the inter- mediate distances. At St John's, passengers take the Railroad to La Prairie, or the St Lawrence, a distance of 17 miles i thence by steamboat to Montreal. AMKllHAN GUIDK. 71 the both sntre and aiONTREAL is situiitLHl on the south side of the ishmd of the same name, 131 miles from Ogdensburg, and 170 from Quebec. The length of the island is 30 miles, its mean breadth 7, and its circumference about 70. The city extends along the St Lawrence, about 2 miles in length, and half a mile in width. The buildings are mostly constructed of stone, and arra^iged on regularly disposed but narrow streets. A stone wall formerly encircled the city, which, by the sanction of the govern- ment, was some years ago totally demolished. Montreal is divided into the upper and lower towns. The latter of these contains the Hotel Dieu, founded in 1644, and under a superior and thirty nuns, whose occupation is to administer relief to the sick, who are received into that hospital. The French government formerly contributed to the support of this institution ; but, since the revolution, which occasioned the loss of its principal funds, then vested in Paris, its resources have been confined to the proceeds of some property in land. The upper town contains the Cathedral, the English Church, the Seminary, the Convent of Recol- lets, and that of the Sisters of Notre Dame. The General Hospital, or Convent of the Grey Sisters, is situated on the banks of the St Lawrence, a little dis- tance from the town, from which it is separated by a small rivulet. This institution was established in 1753, and is under the management of a superior and 19 nuns. Some of the public buildings are beautiful. Among these, the new Catholic Church, in grandeur, capacious- ness, style, and decoration, is probably not exceeded by any edilice in America — it holds 10,000 persons. Nelson s Monument, near the Market Place, is an object also meriting an accurate survey. G '2 I 12 A^JKJUf AN (il ri)E. A visit to the Nunneries can generally be efiiccterl without difficMilty ; though a trilling purchase of some of the manufactures of the nuns, is generally expected. 'I'ho College is a large stone edifice, 3 stories high, and has a spacious yard on the south, adjoining to wliich is a beautiful garden. The Parade is a beautiful public ground, on which the troops are usually drilled. The prevailing religion here, as well as at Quebec, is the Roman Catholic. The clergy derive a revenue from grants of land made to them, under the ancient regime, and from contributions ordained by the church. Besides these, a principal source of revenue is from the fines for alienation, which amount to about 8 per cent, paid by the purchaser of real estate, every time the same is sold, and which extends to sales of all real estates in the island of Montreal. Tlie city, including its suburbs, contains upwards of 30,000 inhabitants. The Mountain of Montreal, from which the city takes its name, rises about 2^ miles distant. It is elevated 700 feet above the level of the river, and extends from north to south 2 miles. This spot has already been selected for the residence of some private gentlemen, whose elegant white mansions appear beau- tiful in contrast with the surrounding foliage. The island of St Helena, immediately opposite the city, is a delightful little spot, whence is obtained a fine view of Montreal, with its lofty mountain in the back ground, the settlement of Longueil, St Lambert, and La Prairie de la Madalene, on the east side of the river, and the waters of the St Lawrence, dashing over the rocks of La Chine, and sweeping their course around a variety of islands. h' 1 l.AV, IIL.NCK inVllK. 73 M' l)i6tance,s from ^loiitrcal to Qncbar. > )\ to IB St Sulpiic, 27 Cnp Sauto, . 20 i:i7 William Henry, . 20 17 Poit Jill Tromblis, \:i ir)(» Tiuce lliveis, 42 };d Quiibcc, 20 170 8t Anno, 2« 117 The St Liiwrence 1 .'oni MoMtreal to Quebec is navi- gated by II number of excellent steanilioats, and the passa}z;e between the two cities is delightful. A lar^jje majority of the inhabitants ofLower Canada are crowded together near the sln)res of the St Lawrence, and few interruptions of forest land intervene in tlie whole distance between the \ wo principal cities. The dwell- ings and cultivated grounds are so frecpicnt and con- tinuous that each side of the river, in fact, becomes almost an unbroken street ; with groups of houses in the vicinity of the several churches, which are erected generally in sight of the passing steamboat, except on Lake St Peter. The churches are from six to nine miles distant from each other, and upwards of twenty in number, forming, many of them, prominent objects, to give embellishment and charm to the novel and otherwise very attractive scenery. All travellers sleep one night at least on board the steamboat, while jour- neying between the two cities : and it is recommended that they should arrange the hour of departure from Quebec (which is alvrays at low water) so that they may view by daylight that part of the river which had been before passed in the night. A journey to Quebec and back again may now be accomplished, by means of steamboats, in less than three days. The distance between the two cities is 170 miles. From Montreal, tlie boat first passes near the Fort on St Helen's Island, and soon enters the rapids of St JVIary; in returning up which, steamboats are often drawn by cattle. Proceeding down the river, the vil- liigesof Longuci), Longue Pointe, Vercheres, Varenne^^j i! 11 •V 1 il:iT 74, AMKHK AN OUIDi:. l*(>int uux Trembles, (JontixH'oour, Uepentigny, St Sul- |)ice, La Morage, Uerthier, and Machiche are succes- sively passed, before reaching the town of Willi A3I Henhy, which is 17 miles from Montreal. It stands on the site of an old fort, built in 1665, on the right bank of the river Sorel, at its confluence with the St Lawrence. The present town was commenced in 1785. It is regularly laid out with streets, crossing each other at right angles, leaving a space in the centre about 500 feet square. The number of dwellings does not exceed 200, and its population 2000. Opposite the town, the river Sorel is 250 yards broad, and is navi- gable for vessels of 150 tons, for twelve or fourteen miles, On this river, which unites the waters of Lake Cham2)lain with the St Lawrence, are two considerable forts, the one at St John's and the other at Chambly. Sorel was occupied in May ^1776, by a part of tho American army, under General Thomas, on their re- treat from Quebec. Lake St Peter, some miles below the town of Sorel, is formed, by an expansion of the river St Lawrence, to 15 or 20 miles in width, and 21 in length. The waters of the lake have but little current, and are from 8 to 11 feet deep. At the upper end of the lake, a variety of small islands are interspersed^ which are the only ones that occur in the St Lawrence till you reach the island of Orleans. On the north side of this lake, is the town of TiiuEE Rivers, at the mouth of the St Maurice, whichis divided by two small islands into three branches. This town was formerly the seat of the Colonial Go- vernment, and is now considered the third in import- ance in the Province. The number of inhabitants is upwards of 3000. Some miles up the St Maurice, are the celebrated falls of Shawinnegame, a beautiful cataract of about 100 feet descent. Sul- ;ces- ii\ [:i\\x. ;:> Seven miles l)elu\v Three Rivers, tlie Rii'lielleu ni])iils eoniineMCc. The river is c<)inj)rosse(l vvitJiin less th.ui half a mile in width, and the water moves with j^reat velocity for three or four miles ; hut, heini;; deep, and tlie current unhroken, excejjt at the shores, the descent is made hy steamhoats without dan^-er, except in tlie iii^ht, when a descent is never attempted. The scenery of tlie St Lawrence is occasijuially re- lieved by the prospect of the distant mountains, the highest of which does not exceed lOOi) feet, but, rising in the back-ground of tlie cultivated valjs along the borders of the river, give an additional degree of beauty and novelty to many of its landscapes. The alternate variety of the waters of the St Lawrence — MOW reposing in stillness on the bosom of an expanded lake, and now rushing with the raj)idity of a cataract — added to the i)leasing effect of the landscape scenery, affords an agreeable repast to the tourist, until he reaches the classic scenes of Quebec. Sov coa^h, or hy the litica and Schenectady Railroad, CANA.TonAHiE, 5i milcs from Alhany, is the termi- nating i>oint of the Catskill and Canajoharie Railroad. When completed, this road will shorten the distance from New York to this place^ ahout 20 miles. Little Falls, 73 miles from Alhany, is a place of considerahle attraction. On each side, the mountains are of considerahle height, leaving hut a narrow space for the river, canal, and road. The works of nature and art are hoth seen here to great advantage. Coaches run from this place to Trenton Falls, a distance of 28 miles, every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. Fro^n LiUlc Falls to Trentoii. 8 11 Fairfield, Middlevillc Newport, j 3 4 15 Poland, 11 us si a, Trenton, 3 3 7 18 21 2« Herkimer, 80 miles from Alhany, is pleasantly situ- ated on a plain called the German Flats, Utica is situated on the south hank of the Mohawk River, 90 miles west from Albany. This is one of the largest and most important inland cities in the State. Here centre all the great canals, railroads, and turn- pikes, leading from the east to the west, through the valley of the Mohawk. Canal boats and coaches are continually arriving and departing in great numbers. The population in 1835 was 10,183. Several lines of coaches leave Utica daily for Buflfalo, Rochester, and Lewisl n, going through in 18 hours ; also, for Schenectady and Albany, in about 13 hours. Coachesleave daily, (except Sunday,) fur Oxford, Bing- II 2 ■^1 Ai M> 111 If .« ) I w 81. A, Mi: It I CAN OUIDi:. hamton, Cooperstovvn, Oswego, Sackett's Harbour, and Ogdensburg. Two daily line's of canalboats, for the conveyance of passengers, leave Utica for Schenectady, a distance of 80 miles east; and Rochester, ICO miles west. A daily line continues on from Rochester to Buffalo, a further distance, west, by canah of 93 miles. These several lines are intersected by others from various places on the route of the canal. V'J •om Utica to s aclcctts Harbour. Trenion, • 13 1 Lowville, . 4 54 Ilt>msoii, • 5 18 1 Denmark, \) (>3 Boonville, . 12 30 Champion, . 7 70 Leyden, • 7 37 Water town, . 12 82 Turin, . 5 42 Brownville, . 4 80 Maitiusburgb, • 8 50 Sackett's Harbour, . 8 94 From Uti ca to Montreal^ via Ogden&hurg, Denmark, • 03 Ogdensburg, . 10 124 C 21 Green, . 14 73 Hamilton, • 7 28 Clienango Forks, . 8 81 Sherburne, . n :\\) BingliHUiton, . II 91' North Norwitb; s i 43 TIIKNION lALLS. 85 1 ■ I'lom Uiica to Oswcijo. 54 (>3 70 82 80 94 52 Gl 71 72 83 94 51 5;> 73 81 92 Whitcsboi'ougl), • 4 Union Siiuare, . 12 57 Oriskjuiy, 3 7 Mexico, 3 GO llojur, . « 15 New Haven, 5 65 Taberg:, 5 20 Scriba, 5 70 Camdoii, . 15 35 Oswego, 5 75 WilUcimstowu, 10 45 Distances from fJtica, via Canals. Schenectady, • 80 Geneva, . . * 116 Albany, • 110 Rochester, . • 160 Syracuse, • 01 Lockport, • 223 Oswego, via Oswego • Buffalo, • 253 Canal, • 101 Binghamton, via Che- Moutezuma, • 96 nango Canal, • 95 itT Trenton Falls, 13 miles north of Utica, is one of the most interesting waterfalls in the State. Numerous visiters annually visit this place. The Falls are on the West Canada Creek, 24> miles above its confluence with the Mohawk River, and consist of a succession of falls of great interest. An excellent hotel is kept near the falls. Coaches run to and from Utica several times a-day during the summer season. Oswego is 75 miles from Utica by land. This is the most expeditious route to Niagara Falls and Upper Canada. Coaches leave daily from Utica. A daily line of splendid steamboats is established between this place and Lewiston, leaving Oswego every afternoon, on the arrival of the canal packets from Syracuse, touch- ing at Carthage near Rochester, Coburg, U. C, Toronto, and Niagara, Passengers not only aiive time in their passage, but have the advantage of beholding the magnilicent and beautiful scenery on the Oswego River, and near, in- teresting views of the old British and French foits, and the splendid piers built in 21- feet water, by the Government of the United States, forming one of tlie most beautiful harbours iu America, at the juucliou of the Oswego River and Lake Ontario. I ;j 80 A>iIiniCAN ftUlllF,, It will bo bCLMi that the time of tiavelliiig its only 48 hours from New York to Niagara I'alls by Onwefj^o — say, 10, from New V^ork to Albany; from Albany to Utica, by coaeli, 12 hours; from Utica to Oswego, 12 by coach; from Oswego to Niagara 11 — making in all, 1-8. Taking the packet at Utica for Oswego, will add 8 hours to the above time. From Oswrtjo to Montreal, l>ij Steamboat^ ^c. Kingston, 59 Lake St Francis, . 28 195 Elizabctlitown, 48 107 Cotcau du Lac, 4 199 Piescott, . 14 121 Les Cedres, . 7 20G Hamilton, 18 139 Cascades, 7 213 I^ong Sout Island, . 18 157 Lachine, . 1(> 229 Cornwall,. 10 1C7 Montreal, 8 237 Syracuse, 63 miles we8t of Utica, by the Erie Canal, has become a place of importance ; the village is situ- ated in the town of Salina, which is celebrated for its Salt Springs, and the manufacturing of great quantities of salt. The Oswego Canal commences at this pLace, and affords a direct communication with Lake Ontario. There is a railroad from this place, extending to Auburn, a distance of 2G miles. From Syracuse to Oswego, via the Oswego Canal. Salina, 2 Sweet's Lock, . 3 20 Liverpool, 3 5 Ox Creek, 3 23 Mud Lock, 7 Fulton, 4 27 Cold Spring, . I 8 Braddock's Rapid, . 4 31 New Bridge, 5 13 Tiffany's Landing, 4 35 Three River Point, . 2 15 Oswego, 3 38 riia'nix, 2 17 The Village of Auburn is pleasantly situated on the Ovva&co Creek, three miles from Owasco Lake, with which it is connected by a canal. It is 7 miles from Weed's Port on the Erie Canal, to which several coaches run daily. One of tue State Prisor is situ- ated at this place ; it is a fine building, of abv. it 300 feet in front. The discipline of the prison is strict, and the rules and regulations have been found very salutary ; ! M UoC'llKSi'LK. 87 many of the convicts^ after being- discliargeil, liiive be- come honest and industrious men. There are several other public buildinf:fSj besides a number of well-lvept public houses, in Auburn, contain- ing a population of about 6000 inhal)itants. In travelling vk^est from this place, the traveller has his choice, either to continue on by coaches through the beautiful villages of Geneva and Canandaigua, to Batavia, thence to Buffalo ; or take the Evie Canal at Weed's Port, and continue on the route to Rochester, passing a number of flourishing villages which have sprung up on the line of the Erie Canal, since its com- pletion. At MoNTEzu3iA, on the Erie Canal, 34 miles west of Syracuse, commences the Cayuga and Seneca Canal, which extends to Geneva, a distance of 21 miles; con- necting the waters of the Erie Canal with those of Seneca Lake. This canal has, also, a lateral branch, of 2 miles, to Cayuga Lake, thus connecting with the waters of that lake ; opening a lake navigation of more than 100 miles. Frjm Montezuma to Geneva^ via Canal. Seneca River, Seneca Falls, 5 Waterloo, Geneva, 4 7 U 21 . . 5 10 Lateral Canal to East Cayuga Village, 2 miles. RocHESTEU is situated on the east and west side of the Genesee River, (50 yards wide,) at the upper falls, where it is crossed by the canal, and enjoys the finest advantages for water-mills of all kinds, from the con- venient and abundant supply obtained from the Gene- see Falls. Canal boats are constantly passing and repassing to the east and west. Stage coaches go Iience, daily, to Buffalo, through Batavia; to Canandai- gua; to Niagara Falls, byLockport and Lewiston, Sec. Rochester contains a population of about 15^000 in- ' iB . *i1 i M i\ 8H A.MKUicAN ouini;. li 11 ]»ubitants^ having rapidly increased in wealth and numbers since 181^2, when the first settlement was made. There are now many fine public buildings and private dwellings, a large number of flour mills, wliich can make 400,000 barrels of flour annually. About 10,000,000 feet of lumber are sawed here in a year, and 5,000,000 brought down t'lo river. There are several extensive factories, three bridges over the Genesee Kiver, eight canal basins, two dry docks, Sec. There are two banks, a number of churches for Pres- byterians, Episcopalians, Methodists, Friends, and C-atholics; several well-kept hotels, schools, and other institutions. The water power belonging to this city and the vi- cinity, is equal to the power of 38,400 horses ; or 1^920 steam-engines of 20 horse power each. Only a small part of it is yet used. The whole river supplies 20,000 cubic feet a minute ; and the combined height of the falls at Rochester and Carthage, is about 280 feet. The aqueduct over the Genesee, is one of the finest works on the course of the canal, and is no less remark- able for its usefulness than for its architectural beauty and strength. It is borne across the river's channel, on ten arches of hewn stone. The river dashes rapidly along beneath, while boats and passengers glide safely above. The fall at Carthage, 2 miles below Rochester, with the truly impressive scenery of the banks, is worthy of particular attention. A railroad furnishes a convey- ance to Carthage. The Lake Ontario steamboats touch at Carthage, 3 miles below Rochester, on their way to Niagara, and to Ogdensburg — the route to Montreal. The Genesee Valley Canal commences at Rochester, and extends to Olean, Cattaraugus County, a distance of about 00 miles. HOC II EST Ell. 89 CANAL AND STAGECOACH ROUTES FROM ROCHESTER. TO POllTLAND IIAUDOUll. Miles. Miloa. Si:ottsvill(', . 11 Ellicottavillp, 12 92 Caledonia, J) 20 Little Valley, 7 99 Fowlorsville, (J 20 Napoll, 8 107 York, . 3 29 Randolph, 5 112 Moscow, 7 3G Watorboro, 5 117 Perry, . 8 44 Jamestown, . 12 129 Caatle, 5 49 EUery, 11 140 Pike, . !) 58 Mayville, 11 151 Centreville, 7 Co VVestfield, . C 157 Farmersville, . 10 75 Portland Haibour, . 2 159 Franklin, . 5 80 TO BUFFALO, BY ERIE CANAL. Sponcer*8 Basin » 10 Oak Orchard, 5 44 Ogfden, 2 12 Medina, 1 45 Adams, . • 3 15 Middleport, . 6 51 Brockport, . 5 20 Lockport, . 12 63 HoUey, . • 5 25 Pendleton, 7 70 Murray, 2 27 Tonne wanta, 12 82 Albion, . • 8 35 Black Rock, . 8 90 Portville, 4 39 Buffalo, 3 93 To Albany, by Eri e Canal, 270 miles. TO BUFFALO, B Y STAGECOACH.' Bergen, t 17 Ransom's Grove, 8 52 Batavia, ■ 13 30 Williamsville. 8 GO Pembroke, . • 14 44 Buffalo, 10 70 TO NIAGA RA PALLS. Parma, • 11 Portland, . 14 54 Clarkson, • 7 18 Cambria, 11 65 Gainsville, . • 15 33 Lewiston, . 15 80 Oak Orchard, . • 7 40 Niagara Falls, 7 87 On leaving Rochester for Niagara Falls or Buffalo, there are several routes at the choice of the traveller — I ;i; ■l\ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) k A /. i A i/.. 1.0 1.1 |45 liO us ■U 12.2 IL25 iu Hiotographic Sciences Corporation i\ ^ % ^^ <^ O ^. ^ ^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 "% .# m AMEUICAN OUIDE. eitlier going by steamboat^ via Lake Ontiirio^ the canal packet boats, or by coacli. At present, tlie most ex- peditious route is by coaches. Several railroads are now in progress in this vicinity, extending to every section of the country; when completed, they will afford a speedy mode of conveyance. Lewiston, 7 miles below the falls of Niagara, and 8 miles from Lake Ontario, directly opposite the village of Queenston, is at the head of navigation on the Niagara River. Steamboats arrive here daily ; also, coaches from Rochester, distant 80 miles, and from Lockport, 20 miles. The route from Lewiston to Niagara Falls on the American side, ascends some- what precipitously for about two miles ; when the ascent is gained, it affords an imposing view of the ex- Pfinse below. Three and a half miles from Lewiston, towards the falls, you pass the Devil's Hole^ a most terrific gulf, formed by a chasm in the eastern bank of the Niagara, about 200 feet deep. ManchesteRj three and a half miles further, is near the Niagara Falls, on the American side, where are a number of well-kept hotels, for the accommodation of visiters. \ 1 ,. vr-; ■s.W'w* .y^- I ' •• I V NIAGARA FALLS. DIRfXTIONS TO TRAVELLERS. Arriving on either side, it is recommended to ladies to put on leather or other stout shoes, and to gentle- men to take with them umbrellas, to guard against the mist. If you arrive on the American side, turn to the right, around either of the Hotels,, and proceed a fc'w rods to the bridge that leads across the rapids to JBath and Coat Islands ; you will stop at the tall-houso i^ •A-^y' ^^.'-vH 11 ;«% '.,vi i^" :^h^' .A,'*^''" -•'»■'•^• -,v.V-, '.V i . ' S} a * I i^ I p4«wi»»^ii , n t i im-^'t T- >'^'.«. ^1■ ■,"i. J-^ \, *' :.< ■' 9 u i _^ ? ^ 1^ v^i '■' 1 J t '" »=^-..-«,.?«-v- - r^;; sr sLj^j 3ei "^w- *. I 1 ^^ V ^- •,' * .»»VftVTi'.*»v-.,'««S«'»JW . v.»»!s»» *J'-'-i4:MSir?.frt■•: 4.-1S' J t,^*UJ.^ J> ' " ■ "iii5i''i- ■..*" :...'i'^- '.• < 1-.^^ ^ ^ .V > (t n •y- V. S 1, i QIIANJ) W I L S O /V i^ r>"'l NCKOWLAJU) MAP NIAGARA RITER y arul Foyfts ^^, fTa/A /•yjir /*tSlLxAed' iy J. Stetkerlaru7y, /Z 6a/A?nyKS / , r< ■v-.f GMAKD ISLAND 173S4- Acres ^^u^ Mivi^M. HI ^/irnrtrL Thn^m/nn ttx ttkerlandy ^2.(MJtt)nyStre(l, /u/inJfuri//t ■. * '% ^fc ■r; ? ^ ! \ I' V »■..%'•>{'• oil *. 'V-\r >.■•■• , >■, ,.;,S '«■',;.'*.,'»»' is 1 I. •) o' 5 t .-«^ '* va. >:' _.J^i •#* r m^^ <^ ^ ii^^ppypy*^ ;».;;? '^-.i^v?*^' S <^ i .^^"■'i" * , I ^ i '^ '¥ ;i V— » mmfm . « Mllf«MP> i *■ "^ ^ ^ f 1 t I ? , • i , K f. >\ •l*^ '^^ !'' « J^ ' i^ *" ■*•«%»■'.>.*«»» -.i.^-. ■-■- ««*^' «i«f %«.<**..,,,««. aa^a^vT-^^ , w~i£-i,^".,w> •.»»«»,». wjT. tiif^iiwM- ««»w«afc9»!iiiw->(«H'»rini;^J?'5R3ff^^ ^^.-.-L ^..^ ,-■1 i f' jii--» •* 'f _lRL«. w **-T '"■""■'■^■WP "yf I I* . { i^ 'k ',:';. '.*/ *WW«SMIt?5fl«W W»ilS2. xlk-v ■~^1R;;^E:s*'-J»•*J^■'v.».-«te ■^...»:* .' :iw»^^^^^^ ?»^ »!.«» A » f* ,^n*^ . --»^i-i*':T.- : ,,■*■'.■ ■■^ 4 i MAP (» F NIAGARA FALLS FALLS /'uiZis^^/^ /j/ t/ StUh^rl44i^, /2 C€i^. ¥K % J. S'tiih^^lt^a^, /2 Cali4?nSiTe^.,£iiin^u9y7t/. " » " ll ■ I - '**^***^nf«PW**^>*'WMV^ •V {0» m' ;-; 3 ■ 1 !• t il ^'Ife^.-Vf 1 \ : lt-f-\'t.'''^- . ,, • •^ yV "^^'^ t ■^: • ^: d A Vv' •* ■..< ■. 'J» ■• .c'S :i-:?- I i^^JSar.-: :¥==.«:-■--; N1Al .:'v . «y'V."."»'^ on Butli Island wlien you pass ovcrj record your name in the register, and pay twenty-five cents; which en- titles you to visit all the islands, with their appendages, as often as you please during your visit, or for a year, without any additional charge ; and, if you choose to cross in a carriage, you pay no more. Proceed next to Goat Island, where you will find guide-boards directing you to all the most interesting places and objects around the island. Follow the gravel walk at the right, down to the cascade or centre fall, and cross a narrow bridge to Luna Island, from the farther corner of which you will have the best and most splendid view of the Falls on the American side. Retracing your steps to the gravel walk, proceed next to the Biddle Staircase ; descend that without fail, as you will there have a magnificent and much-admired view of the two entire Falls, standing between them, and an opportunity, if the wind be favourable, of passing a considerable distance behind either sheet, with the tremendous flood pouring over you from a height of 1.50 feet. From the foot of the staircase, turn first to the right, and go to the Cave of the Winds under the Centre Fall, and, in returning, follow the path to the great Crescent Fall. Reaching the top of the island again, proceed to the farther corner, where you will find the Stone Tower, forty-five feet high, with winding steps to the top, and also the Terrapin Bridge, from both of which places you will have decidedly the best and most impressive views of the Falls, that can be had from any position. No pen or tongue can describe it. Pursuing your way, with a view to go entirely round the island — as you ought witliout fail to do, inasmuch as you will thus get a nii:ch better view of the rapids and surrounding scenery than can be obtained any- where else — you will proceed up to a beautiful cascade, I 92 AMEIIICAN GUIDE. where, under the shelter of a projecting' rock, you can have an o])portunity to bathe in the sparkling foam of Niagara. A rustic bridge is here^ to give you access to tlie Moss Islands, which are well worthy a visit. Just above these islands, you have the very best view of the rapids that is presented from any place about the Falls. Proceeding round the head of the island, you cross the place, nearly opposite the saw mill, where a number of human skeletons have been dug up — sup- posed to have been the site of an Indian burying ground. If your visit is protracted at the Falls, you ought to pass round and through Goat Island, by the diiferent paths, in order to observe its picturesque beauty and realize its thousand attractions. You ought also, if time permit, to visit the site of old Fort Schlosser, the mineral spring, the whirlpool, the Devil's Hole^ Sec, to all which places the coach-drivers will conduct you, and give such information and directions as you may need. In order to cross the river, proceed from the bridge to the staircase near the edge of the Falls, at the foot of which you will have a very near view of the highest Fall, and a most charming prospect of the entire Falls. In crossing the river^ not the least danger need be apprehended ; it is a perfectly safe and most delight- ful excursion, and persons sometimes swim across. The time occupied in crossing is ordinarily about eight minutes, and the ferriage is 18 J cents from May to November, and 25 cents from November to May. If you have trunks, or other luggage, the ferrymen will convey them safely, at a reasonable charge. The river is here 76 rods wide and 250 feet deep. Having crossed the river, proceed up the bank, by a carriage road, to Fido's elegant and inviting confec- r( a] s\ b) tl MAuAKA I ALLS. i>3 > I tioiiary establisliment, vvliere, if you choose, you ciiu refresh yourself with ice cream and other luxuries ; and thence to Table Rock, where you will find a spiral staircase, from the foot of which you can pass 153 feet behind the sheet of water. Visiters are supplied by the keeper of the staircase with dresses and a guide. From Table Rock you have one broad and imposing view of the whole Falls, and much of the scenery of the rapids and islands. Many visiters prefer this view to any other; but it is generally conceded that the view from the Terrapin Bridge is superior — it com- bines more of the beautiful and sublime. In ascending the bank from Table Rock to the Hotels, you will have a iine and extensive view of the surrounding country, and can visit the burning spring, Chippewa, Lundy's Lane, Brock's Monument, the Welland Canal, &c. as you may have leisure or in- clination. If you arrive first on the Canada side, proceed directly to Table Rock, and, when satisfied with looking at the amazing scene there, both from above and below, follow the path to the Ferry, and cross to the other side, and then visit Goat Island, as directed above. NIAGARA RIVER, ITS SOURCES AND ISLANDS. Niagara River^ upon which the Falls are situated, receives the waters of Lakes Erie, Huron, Michigan, Superior, and a number of smaller lakes. The most distant source of the Niagara is probably the river St Louis, which rises 1,250 miles north-west of the Falls, and 155 miles west of Lake Superior ; it is 1,200 feet above the level of the ocean, and falls 551 feet before it reaches the lake. Lake Superior is 459 miles long, by 109 wide, and *K)0 feet deep : it is discharged into Lake Huron by the Strait St Mary, GO miles in length, making a descent ii r)i AMERICAN GUIDE. f il of 4-5 feet. This lake receives the waters of about forty rivers. Lake Michigan is 300 miles by 60, and about 900 feet deep, and empties into Huron through the straits of Mackinac,, 40 miles in length. Connected with Michigan on the south-west side, is Green Bay, 100 miles in length by about 20 in width. Lake Huron is 218 miles by 180, and 900 feet deep, and is discharged into Lake Erie, through the rivers St Clair and Detroit, 90 miles, making a descent of 31 feet. Lake Erie is 290 miles by 63, and 120 feet deep, and 5G4 feet above the level of the sea. It empties itself through Niagara River, 35 miles in length, into Lake Ontario, making a descent of 331- feet — viz., from the lake to Schlosser, 12 feet ; thence, down the rapids, 52 feet ; the perpendicular falls, 164 feet; from the Falls to Lewiston, 104- feet; and thence to Lake Ontario, two feet. Lake Ontario is 180 miles by 31, and 500 feet deep, and discharges itself through the river St Lawrence into the Atlantic Ocean, 710 miles distant. The four inland seas above the Falls — as the great lakes may properly be called — with the hundreds of rivers, great and small, that flow into them, cover a surface of 150,000 square miles, and contain nearly half the fresh water on the surface of the globe. From these sources of the Niagara, some idea may be formed of the immense quantity of water that is constantly pouring over the Falls. Niag.ira River, as it flows from Lake Erie, is about three-fourths of a mile in width, and from twenty to forty feet deep ; for three miles, it has a rapid current, and then it becomes calm and smooth till within one mile of the Falls. Five miles from the lake, the river begins to expand till it becomes more than eight miles in width, mea- sured across Grand Island, and embraces, before it ■■( i 'L- ,«,!!"*■ It*"- M.\(;AUA I ALLSv 0.> f about ^0, and hrough inected n Bay, Lake and is )t Clair tl feet. ?Pj and s itself o Lake [)m the rapids, )m the » Lake ; deep, ivrence i great •eds of over a ly half From 'ormed stantly about nty to irrent, in one expand , niea- fore it icachos the Fallt), about forty islands. Of tlicse the lar^f^est arc Grand and Navy. The latter, belonging to Canada, contains 30 1< acres of good land, and ter- niinales near C'hippewa Point. Grand Island com- mences five miles from the lake, is twelve in length, measured round its edge, and from three to six in width, and terminates three miles above the Falls, containing 17,381< acres. The land is well timbered, rich, and productive. As the deepest channel of the river, forming the boundary line, runs on the west side, this island, until recently, has belonged to the state of New York; but, in the year 1833, a company from Boston purchased nearly the whole of the island, and have recently erected upon it, near the site of the famous Jewish city, Arrarat, (projected in 1825 by Major Noah, of New York,) a steam grist mill, and a saw mill 150 feet square, containing 15 sets or gangs of saws. This mill is intended to saw ship stulF of every de- scription, from 20 to 70 feet in length, and will probably be one of the most extensive establishments of its kind in America. The name of their village is VV^liite Haven, situated nearly opposite Tonnewanta, where the Erie (Janal locks into the Niagara River. It is approached by a ferry across the river, here 100 rods wide, and has increased, since November 1833, from one solitary family to more than fifty ; it has also many workshops, a store, a school-house, a commodious wharf several hundred feet long, and a spacious dock made of piles, for storing and securing floating timber. Among the other islands in this river, the following are perhaps most deserving of notice, viz : — Bird Island, between Buifaloand Fort Erie ; Squaw Island, containing 131 acres, opposite Black Ilock; Strawberry islands, containing about 100 acres; Beaver Island, of 30 acres; Rattlesnake Island, of 18 acres ; Tonne- wanta Island, opposite the creek and village of that J 2 90 AMElllCAN QVlVVl. I V ' Jt< |i l( l\ l! Id ,\ name, containing 69 acres ; Cayuga Islandj near the New- York shore, four miles above the Falls, contain^ ing about 100 acres ; Buckhorn Island, near the lower end of Grand and near Navy Island, containing lie acres ; and a number of smaller Islands, in and immediately above the rapids, besides Goat Island, &c., hereafter to be described. One feature of the Niagara River, somewhat peculiar, is, that neither the snows of winter nor the evapora- tion of summer, neither rains nor drought, materially affect it ; its waters flow on, full and clear, perpetually the same, except, as has long been observed, they have a small gradual rise and fall about once in seven years. The cause of this is unknown, but is un- doubtedly to be sought in something affecting the upper lakes. Indeed, it has often been asserted by travellers, that these lakes have septennial fluxes and refluxes; it is also asserted by some, that they have small diurnal tides. This, however, may reasonably be doubted. THE RAPIDS. Below the termination of Grand and Navy Islands, the river is compressed to the width of two and a half miles ; and, pressing forward with accelerated motion, it commences, about three-fourths of a mile above the Falls, a rapid descent, making within that distance a slope, or succession of chutes, amounting to fifty-two feet on the American side, and fifty-seven on the other. The tremendous and beautiful rapids thus formed constitute a very important part of the grand and unparalleled curiosities of this river. Were they in nny other place, they would of themselves be con- sidered as a scene of great beauty and sublimity, equalled only by the ocean, when lashed into foam and fury by tlie un^^ry tempest. Many visitors express i MA«;AnA FALLS. or ear tliC 5ontain- ?ar the taining" in and ndj Sec, eciiliar, vapora- terially )etiially d, they 1 seven is un- ng the rted by ces and 3y have son ably islands, 1 a half motion, ove the tance a fty-two on the Is thus grand re they )e con- •limity, am and express i i: themselves more delighted, and unexpectedly filled with wonder, at seeing the Rapids, than the Falls them- selves. Two miles above the Falls, in approaching from Buffalo, you come in sight of the white-crested breakers, more than a mile in width, dashing, foaming, and tossing, from ten to thirty feet above the main current ; and, iit the same time, hevT,r a low, monotonous, tre- mendous roar ; and, as you approach nearer, feel a tremulous motion of the earth. The distance at which this roar can be heard varies, with the state of the atmosphere, ordinarily from five to twenty miles, though it is sometimes distinctly heard at Toronto, fifty miles distant ; and yet, in the village near the Falls, it is scarcely heard at all. The mist, arising like curling smoke, and separating, as it rises, into masses of clouds, is seen at the distance of from three to fifty miles. This distance depends upon the state of the atmosphere, the height of the sun, and the force and direction of the wind. The mist sometimes rises in immense masses, and sometimes, in a pyra,midal shape, to a very great height, and is an object of great curiosity, especially in the morning, soon after sunrise. It then sparkles like diamonds, and be- comes illuminated with the most brilliant prismatic colours. From Table Rock you have an extensive and pic- turesque view of the Rapids; but they are seen to much better advantage from the shore, half a mile above, and especially from the different sides of Goat Island. From the south-west corner of this island, just above the Moss Islands, you have by far the best view that can be taken, from any place. There is, too, an amazing rush of water between the Moss Islands, the force and sublimity of which may be conceived, but not described. 98 AVIKHICAN OUIIH: iii OOAT, Oil IRIS ISLAM). Goat Island is so called from the circumstancO; that, about the year 1770, Mr Stoadman, then resident at Schlosser, contrived, by some means, to put a few goats upon the island ; but its more appropriate and adopted name is Iris Island. It commences near the head of the Rapids, almost in the middle of the river, and extends to the precipice, dividing the Falls into two sheets. It is half a mile in length, and one-fourth of a mile in width, and contains seventy-five acres of rich and heavy-timbered land. Situated in the midst of the Rapids, and surrounded by them on three sides, this island is one of the most beautiful, fascinating, and romantic places in the world. Fanned by gentle breezes, thickly and delightfully shaded, free from noisome insects, encircled by a neat walk, and present- ing to the visiter a great variety of views of the Falls and Rapids, he feels a reluctance on leaving it. About two- thirds of this island are still covered with tall trees, many of which are clothed with a magnificent drapery of ivy, and other creeping plants, and many have been killed by reason of the countless names that have been cut into their bark. So strong is the desire of man for immortality, that few can resist the temptation of leaving some memorial of their visit to the Falls. The earliest genuine date of any name yet found is in the year 1769, though names have been cut within a few years, and dated back as early as 1 745 ; but, on the rocks near the Falls, on the American side, there are names chiseled out, and dated 1711, 1726, 1745, &c. On Goat Island, anumber of human skeletons have, within a few years, been dug up — supposed to be the remains of Indians, buried in a former age ; and many more are doubtless now resting there, in undistur]»ed repose. On this island is found a very great variety of wild plants, i MA«.AHA hAIcUcr view of ilio Ainerican Fall than can be obtained from any other place. This fall, like the other, has evidently chan^^cd its shape within a few years, and has now nearly as much of a resem- blance to a horse-shoe as the other. There are ten other islands in the rapids, besides those above mentioned, containing from one-fourth to an acre each. THE FALLS TERRAPIN BRIDGE AND TOWER. The water on the American side, as ascertained by frequent measurement, falls 1G1< feet, and, on the Canada side, 158 feet. The fall on the Canada side, embracing much the largest channel of the river, is called, from the shape of the precipice, the Crescent or Horse- Shoe Fall, and near to this, a bridge, called the Terrapin Bridge, has been constructed, 300 feet in length, from Goat Island, and projecting ten feet over the Falls. Near the termination of this bridge, in the water, and on the very verge of the precipice, a stone tower, forty-five feet high, with winding steps to the top, was erected, in the year 1833, from which, or from the end of the bridge, the eifect of the Falls upon the beholder is most awfully sublime and utterly indescribable. The sublime, arising from obscurity, is here experienced in its greatest force. The eye, unable to discover the bottom of the Falls, or even to penetrate the mist that seems to hang as a veil over the amazing and terrific scene, gives place to the ima- gination, and the mind is instinctively elevated and filled with majestic dread. The solar and lunar bows, the river above and below, and, indeed, the whole scenery of the Falls and llapids, appear to better advantage from this point than from any other ; and no visiter, on either side, should }cnvc the l^'alls without visiting this tower and bridge. i if J ! MAtiARA I ALLS. lol 11 than 11, like ithin a resem- besidcs Lirth to I. ined by on the Iti side^ iver, is rescent , called 00 feet en feet bridge, ecipicej [g steps which, le Falls utterly jcurity, ie eye, 3ven to jil over le ima- ed and ve and ills and nt than should bridge. The lunar bow, in the time of full moon, appears like a brii^litly illuminated arch, reaching from side to side, and is an object of great attraction, esi)ecially as the world presents only a few other places where such a bow is ever seen. Goat Island, in a moonlight night, is the resort of preat multitudes, where they find themselves intro- duced to a scene of unrivalled beauty and magnifi- cence. The Rapids, at such a time, sparkle with phosphoric splendour, and nature around wears an irresistible charm of loveliness. BIDDLE STAIRCASE iEOLUS* CAVE. At the lower end of Goat Island, about one-third across it, a staircase, erected in the year 1829, at the expense of Mr Nicholas Biddle of Philadelphia, gives visiters an opportunity of descending below the bank, and of passing a considerable distance behind the two main sheets of water. The descent from the top of the island to the margin of the river, is 185 feet. A common flight of steps leads down 40 feet to the pei*pendicular spiral steps, 90 in number, which are enclosed in a building in the shape of a hexagon, rest- ing on a firm foundation at tlie bottom. From the foot of the building, there are three paths leading to the most important points of observation, one of which leads to the river below, 80 feet, where visiters will find one of the finest fishing places in this part of tlie world. All the varieties of fish existing in Lake Ontario are found here, among which are sturgeon, pike, pickerel, black and white bass, herrings, cat- fish, eels, &c. Here was Sam Patch's jumping place. The path at the left of the staircase leads to the great Crescent Fall, where, when the wind blows down the river, a safe and delightful passage is opened behind the sheet of water. fi loy A.Mi;iif( v\ M ii»l:. n fill The ]»atli at tlio right IoikIh to ;i ningiiifu'ent cnve, appropriately naiiied, when it was first discovered, twenty-five years since, /Fiolus' Cave, or Cave of the ^Vinds. This cave is about 120 feet across, .50 feet wide, and 100 feet high ; it is situated directly behind the Centre Fall, which, at the bottom, is more than 100 feet wide, and, were the rocks excavated a little, and a few steps made, visiters could safely pass into and entirely through the cave, behind the sheet of water. Beyond this cave, at tlie foot of Luna Island, there is an open space, where persons may amuse themselves upon the rocks, over which the floods are pouring, and thdn go behind the whole American Fall. The writer of these pages first conceived the idea of effecting an entrance into this cave, July 14, 1831-, while passing in front of the American Fall in a boat ; and, the next day, it was effected for the first time by passing round the outside of the fall and descending from the foot of Luna Island. Accompanying the above idea, was a project of passing behind the whole American Fall, 66 rods, and coming out near the ferry. This passage, though not yet effected, is believed to be possible ; for the opening between the sheet of water as it falls and the rock behind is from 15 to 50 feet wide, and there are rocks to walk upon througli the whole distance. If there be any insurmountable obstacle, it will probably be found in the tremendous wind and spray occasioned by the falling flood. A passage into the cave was at first considered a great exploit ; but a passage behind the whole sheet would be inconceivably greater. The cave itself is the ne plus ultra of wonders, a visit to which no person ought to omit. Ladies and gentlemen can very often, when the wind blows down the river, pass a considerable distance behind the sheet of water within the cavCj without getting wet at all. i MA»i.\i{A rAr,i-<. li/;i it l'flV(», of the .50 feet behind ire tliau a little, IKS into heet of Island^ f amuse )ods are an Fall, he idea 4, 1831., a boat ; time by icending ing the le whole he ferry, ieved to sheet of 15 to 50 through ountable mendous 3od. A 1 a great et would 3 the ne on ought en, when siderable he cave. ^ I There is anotlicr staircase, i(»;idiiii»' down tlu» bank, alxMit six rods bidow the Tails, where visiters will fiijd a safe ferry to the Canada side, and have an opportunity of viewing a seene of surpassing gran- deur. The ferrymen are very civil and accommodating, and able to give mutdi information to visiters. >\^hen- ever rcijuired, they take parties out on pleasure or fisliing excursions, and thus enable them to take a more extensive view of the gorgeous river scenery. CANADA VIKWS. CITY OF THK FALLS. Directly opposite the Falls, on the Canada side, an enterprising Company have j)rojected and laid out what they call '^ The City of the Falls," and are now making very considerable improvements. They hope soon to have schools, churches, libraries, ball and pro- menade rooms, baths, })ublic gardens, and, indeed, everything considered necessary for an elegant and fashionable city. The streets are laid out with much judgment and taste, and the city has an imposing and attractive appearance on paper ; but how it will appear when actually built upon the solid earth, other gene- rations must tell. On the ta])le land on the river's bank below the Falls, and opposite the Ferry, Mr Crysler has recently built a splendid hotel, for the accommodation of visiters, which contains upwards of sixty rooms, and will ac;- eommudate from sixty to one hundred guests. This is a delightful site for a village, and will, in a I^qw years, })robably, be the most central place of resort on that side of the river. In ascending the high bank, the visiter is presented with some delightful views of the Falls and llapids, and of the surrounding country. Two e^pacious hotels, the K lot AMERICAN (iUIDK. a Pavilion and Ontario House, situated on the high hank, are much frequented, and can accommodate nearly one hundred and fifty guests. The Pavilion has an impos- ing appearance, and, from the observatory on its roof, visiters have an extensive view of the surrounding country. A short distance from the Pavilion, at the Assembly Rooms, visiters will find warm and cold baths, a general collection of newspapers, and a plentiful supply of re- freshments. Strangers who have never visited the Falls, have an idea that the surrounding country must be mountain- ous, like that in the vicinity of most other falls ; but the general aspect of the country here, "or a great extent on both sides of the river, above and below, is that of an almost perfect level, and nothing indicates the existence of the river or the Falls, except the con- stantly ascending and floating mist, and a kind of sub- terranean thundering roar. Below the Falls, the earth and rocks appear as though they had been suddenly rent asunder and separated one-fourth of a mile apart, in order, by the perpendicular chasm thus made, to form a channel for the river. The whole country in Canada, between the two lakes, except a narrow strip bordering upon Lake Ontario, is generally level, rich, and productive, ard is becoming populous. The views from that side, are by many considered the best ; but let every one decide for himself from personal observ- ation. In visiting the Can.ida side, you can cross tlio river at Black Rock, Lewiston, or at the Falls ; and can always have carriages on that side, to transport you whither you choose. Stage-coaches run from the Hotels to Quecnston and Niagara, daily ; also to Chippewa and Buffalo. From Chippewa, two steam- boats run daily to Buffalo, one in tlie tnorningnnd th*^ other in the afternoon. lii gli bank, jiirly one n impos- its roof, rounding Lssembly I general ►ly of re- have an lountain- ills; but a great below, is indicates the con- d of sub- the earth suddenly ile apart, made, to uDtry in ow strip vel, rich, 'he views est ; but I observ- ross tlio tils ; and ran sport from the also to o ste.im- Qj-and \hf^ lUlOCK S JIONUME.NT. 10.J WELLAND CANAL. Eight miles west from the Falls, is the Welland Canal, connecting the waters of Lake Erie with Lake Ontario, and affording a passage for sloops and schooners of 125 tons burthen. This canal commences at Port Maitland, near the mouth of Grand River on Lake Erie, 48 miles west of Buffalo; it runs in a straight line across Wainfleet Marsh, crosses the Chippewa River by means of an aqueduct, and enters Lake On- tario at the mouth of Twelve-Mile Creek. It is 42 miles in length, 56 feet in width, and varies from 8^ to 16 feet in depth. The whole descent from one lake to the other, 33 1 feet, is accomplished by means of 37 locks. At the deep cut, on what is called the moun- tain ridge, the excavation is 45 feet in depth ; and 1,477,700 cubic feet of earth, and 1,890,000 cubic feet of rock were removed. The locks here are 22 by 100 feet, and west of this ridge they are 45 by 125 feet. The Canal was commenced in the year 1824, and com- pleted in five years, and cost more than D.1,000,000. brock's monument. Six miles and a half north from the Falls, upon Queenston heights, is General Brock's Monument, con- structed of freestone, 126 feet high, and admitting an ascent to the top by a flight of 170 winding steps. From this eminence, the country around, including the picturesque lake scenery, may be seen for fifty miles. The following is the inscription on this monu- ment : — " The Legislature of Upper Canada has dedicated this Monument to the many civil and military services of the late Sir Isaac Brock, Knight Commander of the most honourable Order of the Bath, Provincial Lieu- f enant-Governor nnd Major-(iencral, commanding his M;iicstv'« foiofs therein. He fell in action, on the VT i M, 'lit I 106 AMERICAN GUIDE. 13th of October 1812, honoured and beloved by those whom he governed, and deplored by his Sovereign, to whose service his life had been devoted. His remains are deposited in this vault, as also his Aid-de-Camp, Lieutenant-Colonel John M'Donald, who died of his wounds the 14th of October^ 1812, received^ the day before, in action." BURNING SPRING. One mile south from the Falls, near the Rapids, is the Burning Spring. This is in a state of constant ebullition, and from it issues a stream of sulphurated hydrogen gas, which quickly ignites^ and burns with a brilliant flame. The spring is enclosed in a barrel, which collects the gas, and lets it out through a tube, inserted at the top. This gas might, without doui.'' , be communicated by pipes to neighbouring buildi .; ^ and substituted for candles and lamps. There a.o strong indications, at this spring, of a bed of coal near ; but no effort has yet been made to discover it. BIRDS, &c. The noblest eagles of the land delight to hover around the Falls ; and here they are frequently killed, stuffed^ and offered for sale. A large collection of live rattlesnakes may also be seen here. Myriads of wild ducks and geese spend the day in and above the rapids, and regularly take their de- parture for Lake Ontario every night before dark ; though some are often found in the morning with a broken leg or wing, and sometimes dead, in the river below the Falls. This generally happens after a very dark or foggy night ; and it is supposed that, as they always have their heads up stream, while in the water, they are carried down insensibly by the rapids, till they find themselves going over the precipice, and then, in attempting to fly, they dive into the sheet of ii iiJiiDSj (S:c. 101 water, unci arc buried for a time under the Falls or dashed upon the rocks. Dead fish, too, of almost all sizes and descriptions, weighing from one to seventy pounds, are found floating in the eddies below the Falls, forming a dainty repast for gulls, loons, hawks, and eagles. The splendid gyra- tions of the gulls, and their fearless approaches, enve- loped in clouds of mist, up to the boiling caldron di- rectly under the Falls, attract much attention. But the eagle, fierce, daring, contemplative, and tyrannical, takes his stand upon the point of som^ projecting rock, or the dry limb of a gigantic tree, and watches with excited interest the movements of the whole feathered tribes below. Standing there in lordly pride and dig- nity, in an instant his eye kindles and his ardour rises as he sees the fish-hawk emerge from the deep, scream- ing with exultation at his success. He darts forth like lightning, and gives furious chase. The hawk, perceiving his danger, utters a scream of despair, and drops his fish ; and the eagle instantly seizes the fish in the air, and bears his ill-gotten booty to his lofty eyry. RIVEH BELOW THE FALLS. The river at the Falls is a little more than three- fourths of a mile in width, but below it is immediately compressedinto a narrow channel of less than one-fourth of a mile in width. Its depth, as ascertained by sound- ing, is about 250 feet. Its colour is deep green, and sometimes blue ; occasioned, no doubt, by reflection from the sky. The channel being between perpendi- cular banks, from 170 to 370 feet high, is comparatively smooth for two miles, and then runs with amazing velocity to Lewiston ; and, what is somewhat remark- able, while the river makes a constant descent, the banks have a gradual ascent Ai*' six miles ; so that it 2 108 AMERICAN OUIDK. II i I ! from the top of the bank to the water, at Brock's Monument, near Queenston, is 370 feet ; and the heights there are 38 feet higher than Lake Erie, and 25 feet higher than the land at Schlosser. Whether the bed of the river here was once a natural ravine, or was formed by an earthquake, or worn away by the continued and violent action of the water i'alling upon the rocks — thus carrying the Falls back from Queen- ston to their present situation — it would be difficult to determine with certainty. From descriptions of the Falls written nearly two hundred years ago, we learn that, though their shape has been somewhat altered since, they then occupied the place which they hold now, and exhibited the same wonderful phenomena. When and by whom among the whites they were first discovered, the writer has never yet been able to ascertain. Tradition ascribes their discovery to two missionaries, who were on an exploring tour to this part of the country, in an age anterior to any written account extant. The top of the bank on either side, near Brock's Monument, affords a delightful and almost boundless prospect of the country and lake below. The unrival- led Niagara is traced to its outlet, guarded by two opposite forts, and bearing sloops and steamboats into the glassy lake ; while the mighty expanse of plains and waters, presents a scene so picturesque and enchanting, that the traveller leaves his position with great reluctance. From Le^/iston to Lake Ontario, seven miles, the river is deep, smooth, and navigable for vessels of every description ; and Lewiston, being the head of navigation, is the principal landing place for the American steamboats that run on Lake On- tario. At the mouth of the river, on the American side, stand the vill.iges of Voungstown and Fort Niagara; I CUIIIOSITIES. 109 and on the Canada side, the villages of Niagara antl Fort George. The quantity of water constantly pourinji^ over the Falls, and passing into the Lake, is compited, from probable data, at 670,250 tons per minute; but Dr D wight computes it, from the depth, width, and velocity of the current, at more than 8.5,000,000 of tons per hour; and by another calculation, suppos- ing a swifter current, at 102,093,750 tons per hour. Darby computes it at 1,672,704,000 cubic feet, per hour. These results are somewhat different, but the first is probable nearest the truth. Dr Dwight sup- poses in one calculation a current of five, and in the other, of six miles per hour, the least of which is un- doubtly too much. Sometimes, during a part of the winter, the ice is driven by the wind from Lake Erie, and poured over the Falls in such immense quantities as to fill and block up the river between the banks, for a mile or more, to the depth of from thirty to fifty feet, so that people cross the ice to Canada, on foot, for weeks together. The river itself is never frozen, either above or below the Falls ; but it affords an outlet for vast quantities of ice from the upper lakes. OBJECTS OF SPECIAL INTEREST, CURIOSITIES, &C. A number of these, as the islands, the bridges, the stair-cases, the burning spring. Brock's Monument, the Welland Canal, &c., have already been described. One mile above the Falls, on the American side, is the site of old Fort Schlosser ; a place somewhat dis- tinguished in the early history of this region, and »'ommanding a most beautiful prospect of the river and rapids, of Grand and Navy Islands, and of the village of Chippewa on the opposite shore. No'hing remains of the fort, except the entrcnchment'=!, and n I? ;^l 1^ 1 ! , I!; i I* ■ « '\ 110 AMIOniCAN UIWK, few rods of pavement within. A stockade was built here in the year 167^. Before the construction of the Erie Canal, all the business between the Lakes was transacted by means of a land carriage from this place to Lewiston. Half-a-mile below the Falls un- der the bank are Catlin's Caves^ a visit to which no traveller will be likely to regret. Vast quantities of calcareous tufa or petrified moss are found here, in all stages of its petrifying process. On the other side, nearly opposite, is Bender's Cave, fc place thought by some, to be worthy of a special visit. .MINERAL SPRING. Two miles below the Falls, on the American side, is a Mineral Spring, containing sulphuric and muriatic acids, lime, and magnesia. By the use of its wateirs, many important cures have been effected. For scro- fulous, rheumatic, and cutaneous complaints, this spring supplies an almost sovereign remedy. From the road near the spring, travellers have a most delightful view of the whole Falls, two miles distant ; and, if they see the Falls from this place first, as they generally do in coming up from Lewiston, the impres- sion here made will probably never be effaced. Captain Hall remarks, respecting this place, " I felt at the moment quite sure that no subsequent examination, whether near or remote, could ever remove, or even materially weaken, the impression left by this first view.*' WHIRLPOOIi. One mile farther down, there is a tremendous whirl- pool, resembling very much, in its appearance and gyrations, the celebrated Mielstrom on the coast of Norway. Logs and trees arc sometimes whirled around for dnys together, in its outer circles; while, in WIIIIILPOOL. Ill I the centre, they are drawn down perpendicularly with great force, are soon shot out again, at the distance of many rods, and, occasionally, thrust into the channel, to pass down the river. The river here makes nearly a right angle, which occasions the whirlpool — is nar- rower than at any other place — not more than thirty rods in width — and the current runs with such amazing velocity as to rise up in the middle ten feet above the sides. This has been ascertained by actual measurement. There is a path leading down the bank to the whirl- pool on both sides ; and, though somewhat difficult to descend and ascend, it is accomplished almost every day, on the American side, by gentlemen, and often by ladies. A brisk and very refeshing breeze is felt there, tji!ir(> from doclv to keel was sixteen feet ; ami, as fslie (]it .'ij)i)e;ir to touch the hottom for eii-.hty rods hoforc slio went over, the coneliision i:=i, that the M'uter as it passes over tlie precipice there nuist he at oast twenty foet deep. in Octo1)cr 18?!), another vessel, the Sni)erior, was advertised to he sent over, which drew- to^-ether ahont fifteen tlionsand people. This vessel lodged in the rapids, and remained a niimher of weeks, and finally paF;scd over thi» Falls in the ni|i;ht. In August 1828, a small sloop, ahandoned by her crew through friglit near the mouth of Chip])ewa Creek, was blown, with all her sails up, so far across the river as to come down on the American side of Goat Island ; but was broken to a perfect wreck in the rnpids, so as to pass under the bridi^e and over the Falls. In July 1832, a canal boat was blown over from Chippewa, and lodged in the rapids, a sbort distance above the bridge. Some men and one woman were on board, and were saved at most imminent peril, and the boat was finally secured and drawn asbore. The rock at the Falls is hard limestone, to the deptb of about seventy feet, below which it is loose crumb- ling shale, which is constantly wearing away and leaving a projection of the limestone. A mass of table-rock, IGO feet in length, and from 30 to 40 feet in width, fell off in July 1818, with a tremendous crash. On the 9tli of December 1828, tliree immense portions broke from the Horse-shoe Fall, causing a shock like an earthquake. Another large portion fell in the summer of 1829, and the noise it occasioned was heard several miles. And yet, judging from the published accounts of the Falls, which reach back nearly two hundred years, there has been very little recession of the Falls within that period. In October 1829, Sam Patch jumped twice, in the iN« IDl-N'IN. en very \»resoiu*o oltliou^Jiinil.^ of spectators, iVoni tlio t(»j> of a la Toet lii.uli, into tlio edily Ik-Iow tin* I'Vdl^'. Tliis ladder was erected directly l)elo\v tlie lliddlo Staircase. Poor Sam after\var;ls lost Iiis life liy jnnii»- ing- I'rcun tlie l^ills of (jlenesee River at Ilocliester. May 19, 1S3.>, two men, in attempting to ])ass dcnvn the river from Tonnevvanta to CJiippewa, in a scow, were driven by the wind into tlie rapids, and one of them went over tiie Fail^: (ne other, alter leaping? from the Si ovv, r?r,,i ii d a shoUj where he conld stand in the water witu his head out. In this silnation, he was seen from the .d.orv, ; and two m.'n, at the hazard of their lives, Vvern out ir^ n bcpt, and succeeded in suvin;j^liim, and returned safely '<> (u,eshor»\ A^ain, r*une 10^ },83>^ two n\':,n, u> ^Missin^ from Schlosser to Chippewa i:> a skiff, were drawr Into the rapids, and hurried to lo^^^tructiovi. V/hi^e in tlie rapids, they wr'j sotin for a short tlin»^ I'V pci'sons on the Paviiion. Some d:iys a/terH:ir«Is. tlu/i* bodies were found in a:i eddy, n mile below the ivdls^ one of which w^as depr)>'ed oi a le.'.i; and an ayin. Many visiters err giei'tly in thtiiv cali ulations in regard to the time whiel; tiiey ought to s])end here. They come linndreds andsonietiriii's thousands of miles^ to view the F;dk>, and 'Ui^n hujiy away before they liave had tioe to get any very fu.l or distinct impres- sion of the j)ce!je, o • to ^i.'o'i, one-fifth of the interest- ing pointr- f'o/n whicii the Falls and rapids ought to l)e viewf ;]. The object of the visit is thus in a great meavaiC lost. Visiters ought to make their calcuia- tLons, in the summer especially, to spend at least a week, and then they will begin to feel some regret at leaving. A distinct and lasting impression can be obtained only by looking at single portions and oljjects at a time, and examining thcjc freiniently and fiom dilTerent positions. lit ii K J! i i\.MKUICAN (JUlDi:, ROUTES AND CHARGES. Every traveller may be presumed to know his way to the Fallsj and to be capable of choosing his mode of conveyance. The gen3ral routes are — from New England, New York, or the southern cities — by steam- boat, and coach, or by the Erie Canal. From Montreal^ Kingston, Toronto, Sacket's Harbour, or Oswego — by steamboat, through Lake Ontario, to Niagara or Lewis- ton ; on which lake, about twenty steamboats are in operation. From the Southern and Western States — by steamboat through Lake Erie, where you will find more than thirty in operation. Persons wishing to go from New Orleans, or any of the Western States, to New York or New England, and vice versa, will find this route much the pleasantest and the cheapest. The general charges are — from New York to Albany, D.2 ; from Albany to Niagara Falls, by packetboat on the canal, D.13 ; from Niagara Falls to Buffalo, D.l ; from Buffalo to Cleveland, cabin passage, D.6 ; from Buffalo to Detroit, D.8 ; to Mackinaw and Saute St Maria, D«12 ; and to Chicago, Green Bay, and St Joseph's, D.20; from Cleveland to Pittsburgh, D.6; from Cleveland or Sandusky to Cincinnati, D.12 ; from Pittsburgh to Wheeling, D.3 ; thence to Cincinnati by the river, D.IO, or by coach, D.14; from Cincin- nati to Louisville, D.4 ; to New Orleans, D.25 — return, the same ; from Cincinnati to St Louis, D.IG; from St Louis to New Orleans, D.25. These charges will, doubtless, be reduced, as the facilities for travelling are increased. The charges at the best hotels are generally, 50 cents for dinner ; 37^ cents for breakfast or tea ; and 25 cents for lodging. When an individual spends a number of days at a hotel, the charges are very much less. Charges on Lake Ontario : — From Lewiston to Toronto, D.2 ; ditto to llochcster, D,3 ; I TABJ.!'] OF isisl.wrKs;. UP ditto to Kin;rbton, !>.• ; to (fswci*,;* .-lud Savkcl's M;irl)our^ D.G ; ditto to Ogdeiif^buri^' and Prescott ]).8; ditto to Montreal^ D.Ij ; ditto to Quebec, V.QO. Fare on the canal : — In the p-ickets, 1 cents per mile, including board ; in tlio line-boats, 2}, cents per mile, including board. Fare in stage coaches, average about D.l per twenty miles. fC^ Dont suffer yourself to be imposed upon, turned from your route, and subjected to unnecessary expense and trouble, ]>y interested boat and coacli runners and agents. Much complaint is made, and that justly, about these things of frequent occurrence in America. TABLE OF DISTANCES. From Steamboat-landing, across to Chippewa^ From Fort Schlosser to Chippewa, Pavilion Hotel to do. Across the River at the Falls, To Goat Island by the Bridge, Across the Falls on the American ^ide, Across the foot of Goat Island, M lies. 3. Rods 5l> 114 Foi-t. 20 2jO Length of Goat Island, .... Across the Ilorso-Shoe Falls, Depth of water at the Horse-Shoe Fall, . Depth of water at the Ferry, From the Eagle Hotel across to the Pavilion, on the Canada side, 1§ miles, viz : — From the Eagle Hotel to top of the bank, . Top of the bank down the staircase to the Rive:', 28 Width of iiiver at the Ferry, Up the CaiKida ]>ank, .... From tlie t<>:' of trie Iwink to the Paviiion, R..)d' 100 / 1» I u V-/< I i -s^ 120 AMERICAN OUIDK, Miles. From the Falls to the Mineral Spring, 2 the Whirlpool, . , 3 the Devil's Hole, '^2 Erie Canal at Tonnewanta, 11 BuiFalo, 22 From Buffalo to Albany, by canal, . 3G3 by coach through Utica, 298 by Cherry Valley, 284 To Glean Point, 7C Fredonia and Dunkirk, 45 Portland, .... 60 Erie, . 90 Ashtabula, .... 13i Cleveland, . . . . 188 Columbus, .... 328 Pittsburgh by way of Erie, 219 Huron, ..... 240 Sandusky, . . . . . 2.50 Detroit, .... 310 Mackinaw, . . . . 627 Green Bay, .... 807 Saute St Maria, . . . . 707 Chicago, .... 1212 Cincinnati, . . . . 446 Chillicothe, .... 381 From Erie, Pa. to Pittsburgh, 129 Ashtabula, 45 From Ashtabula to Wheeling, 143 FVom Cleveland to Pittsburgh, . 133 Zanesville, 156 Sandusky, 84 Columbus, 139 Cincinnati, . 252 Oliio Canal from Cleveland to Portsmoutli, 306 FVom Sandusky to ('incinnati, . 213 !i; TAlJLE OK DlSTANCl'S. V2l From Sandusky to Louisville, Nashville, St Louis, New Orleans, From Detroit to Chicago, hy land, . Niagara Falls by land, throu Canada, From Niagara Falls to Tuscarora Village. Lewiston, Fort Niagara, Burlington Bay, hy lane Toronto hy land, Toronto hy steamboat, Genesee River, Oswego, Sacket's Harbour, Ogdensburg, Prescott, Montreal, Quebec, . From Quebec to mouth of St Lawrence, . Boston, F^rom Montreal to Boston, St John's, St John's to Whitehall, .... Whitehall to Albany, .... From Niagara Falls to Lock port, Rochester, Canandaigua, Albany hy Cher. Val. Turnpike, New York, Philadelphia, . Baltimore, . Washington, 33i) 5U) 517 1712 250 211 H 7 li G2 107 60 91 151 199 2G1 2G5 405 585 400 481. 304 27 150 72 20 84 112 300 450 5 10 G3(J G74 |! .1 i '■ E • !) i ■'i '1 \ fc, )!il I2'2 AMEiUCAX Glli)]:. m.i^KALO '}j 21 inilcs from tlie Falls of Niagara^ and has bccoDie the greatest city of the west. Ilereterniinates the Erie (.'anal; and from her wharfs are shipped immense quan- tities of merchandise to the west, by the means of steam- boats and vessels navigating Lakes Erie, Michigan, Huron, and Superior, together with their tributary streams. "When the railroads, now in progress and contemplated, arc completed, Buffalo will possess ad- vantages not surpassed by any inland city in the world. The population already amounts to upwards of 16,000, and is fast increasing in numbers and wealth. There are several public buildings ; many of them beautiful specimens of architecture, and three public squares, which add much to the beauty of the place. A railroad is now nearly finished to the Niagara Falls, thence to extend to Lockport, a distance of 41 miles. The harbour of Buffalo is rendered safe and commo- dious, and is well fitted by nature and art, to accom- modate lake and canal navigation. Between thirty and forty steamboats run between Buffalo and various places on the lakes. A morning and evening boat leave, daily for Detroit, stopping at several interme- diate landings. A number of ships and square-rigged vessels whiten the lakes with their canvass, bearing from port to port, great quantities of agricultural pro- duce and merchandise. When the proposed ship canal, from the Hudson river to Lake Ontario, and the steamboat canal round the Falls of Niagara, is completed, it will, in conjunc- tion with the Illinois and Michigan C'anal. which is to commence at Chicago, and strike the Illinois River near the mouth of the Little Vermilion River, make an unbroken inland communication lor vessels of a large class frcun New York to New Orleans. 3 TABLK or DISTANCKS. ri3 From Buffalo to Detroit, via Cleveland, hij Slcnmboat. Sttirgcon Point, N.Y. IC Cattaraugus, . . 10 2G Dunkirk, . . 13 39 Portland, . . 18 57 Burgett's Town, Penn. 18 75 Erie . , . 17 02 Fairview, , . 11 103 Ashtabula, Ohio, . 28 131 Fairport, . . 32 1G3 Cleveland, . . 30 103 Sandusky, . 54 247 Cunningham's Island, 12 250 North Bass Island, 10 2G0 Middle Sister Island 10 270 Amherstburg, . 20 200 Fighting Island, . (* 305 Detroit, M. T. . 12 317 From Buffalo to Erie, Pennsylvania. Hamburgh, Cattaraugus, Fredonia, 12 Westficld, . • 15 m 18 30 Erie, • 80 00 15 45 From Buffalo to Olean, nicikc Hamburgh, Boston, Springfield, Ashford, Aurora, . Warsaw, Perry, Moscow, Genesee, Da iSville, 12 Ellicotville, 8 20 Chappelsburgh 10 30 Olean, 10 40 From Buffalo to Ithaca. 15 I Conhocton, 2G 41 Bath, 8 40 Jersey, 7 5G Salubria, 4 ('0 Ithaca, 18 78 8 48 IG {]% 12 7G 8 8G 20 lOG 10 IIG 15 131 20 151 From Buffidu to Vounr/stownj via Niagara Falls. Tonnewanta, Niagara Falls, 11 I Lewiston, 10 21 I Youngstown, From Buffalo to Niagara Falls, Canada side. Black Rock, Waterloo, 2 1 3 Chippewa, . Niagara Falls, 7 28 7 35 15 ]n o 20 12\ ami: UK AN erj liavo lu'on tlistln^uislicd hy the iiaiiio of tliu 'J'liousand Islands. Though inferior in its extont to the i'cini:. 3 miles of Rochester; u railroad is eonstrueted, unit- iiii^ these two plaees. The passag^e hoats usually stop at Carthage, long enough to enable passengers to make a short visit to Rochester. Great Sodus Bay, 35 miles from Carthage^ is de- stined to become a place of considerable importance ; a sloop canal is about being constructed from this place, extending to Cayuga Lake, a distance of about 20 miles. Oswego, 65 miles from Carthage, is a place of great importance, possessing advantages by nature and art superior to any other point on Lake Ontario. The contemplated ship canal from the Hudson River, will terminate at this place ; in connection with the steam- boat canal, round the Niagara Falls, it will benefit Oswego to a great extent. The Oswego Canal termi- nates here, uniting with the Erie Canal at Syracuse, 38 miles distant. Coaches leave daily for Utica, a distance of 75 miles. The ruins of Fort Oswego and Fort Ontario, are both to be seen at this place. Sacket's Harbour, 40 miles from Oswego, is a small village, celebrated for its being the headquarters of the American army and navy on the lake, during the war of 1812. Black River empties into the lake, a little north of the village. Kingston lies directly opposite Sacket's Harbour, a distance of 38 miles. It is the best harbour belong- ing to Great Britain. To this place the British sent a quantity of water-casks to the fleet, during the last war, thinking that Lake Ontario was a salt-water lake. This was the headquarters of the British army and navy, and is now a military station. The Rideau Canal commences at this place, extending to the Ottawa River. Cornelia, 23 miles from Kingston, on the Ameri- can side of the river, is the next stopping place for » iMn.sro'i I \'>J :, unit- ly sto]» :ers to , is de- tance ; m this about f great irul art . The er, will steam- benefit termi- racuse, tica, a ;go and o, is a uarters during le lake, arbour, belong- sh sent he last er lake, my and It Canal Ottawa Amcri- Ince for tlie j)assago-boats, after leaving Kingston. IKtc coninience the TftoiisifDiil Lslnnds. AiiEXANDurA Uav, I'i niih's fnrtlior. The river iiere continues full of ahuost innumerable islands. BiiocKviLLE, 30 miles from the la^t landing, and (io from Kingston, is a beautiful village. MoRRisTowN is nearly opposite, on the American side. Ogdensburg, 12 miles from Brockville, is situated at the mouth of the Oswegatcliie River, and is a good harbour. This is a thriving village, containing a population of upwards of 2000 inhabitants. Steam- boat navigation on the St Lawrence, here terminates. Coaches leave Ogdensburg daily for Utica and Tlatts- burg, each 120 miles distant. The contemplated railroads to extend from this place, when completed, will be of great advantage to Ogdensburg. Coaches and passage- boats leave Ogdensburg almost every day for Montreal, a distance of 140 miles. The navi- gation here becomes dangerous ; but the boats are furnished with skilful pilots, and every necessary implement for their good management. From Ogdensburg to Montreal, passengers can either go by coaches, passage-boats, or, at intervals, by steam- boats, avoiding the principal rapids. From Ogdensburg to Plaitsliirg. Canton, • 17 Bangor, . 11 CI Pottsdani, . 10 27 Malone, . «> GO Parishvillo, . 10 37 Chateaui-ay, . 12 81 Hopkington, fi 43 Duerville, 25 lOfi Dickinson, . 7 50 Plattsburjr, . 14 120 Prescott, a small village on the Canadian side, i directly opposite Ogdensburg ; the Canadian vessels here transship their passengers and merchandise. Two or three fine steamboats, expressly fitted to stem the current below this place, run down the river on the SI 5 I V2H AMKHh AN Ul IDK. juivig-fttion entirely censeH, until you uriive nt Corn- wall, 90 miles iiliove Montreal. Directly opposite (-ornwall, on the east side of tlic river, is the hounilary line between the United States and Canada. For a description of Montreal and Quebec^ see pages 71 and 75. TOUR FROM NEW YORK TO WASHINGTON ■CITY. (For Table of Distances see page lit. J PHILADELPHIA, the chief city in Pennsylvania, and formerly the seat of government of the UnHed States of Americn, was founded by the venerabls AVilliam Penn, then proprietor of Pennsylvania, who arrived and landed at S'ewcastle, (Del.) October 24<, 1082, and soon after concluded that famous treaty with the natives, which they promised should endure ^^ as long as the trees should grow, or the waters hold their courses ;" which promise they faithfully adhered to, during the period of the proprietary government. Upon a survey of the banks of the River Delaware, and due deliberation, the spot where the city now stands was selected as the most eligible situation for a town. The Indians called the place Coaquannock. Some of the emigrants who preceded Penn, provided for themselves (with the assistance of the natives) temporary accommoda- tions, on the site where the city now stands, in bark huts, or in caves dug in the high l/ank that overhung the Delaware. In one of these rude caves was born John Key, the first native Philadelphian, who lived to rillLAJUlMMK.V. \'>9 iul»o:il durn- imlary rroN ly the mericn, 1, then landed m after , which e trees which ) period rvey of sration, cted as Indians ligrants (with mmoda- in bark erhung as born lived to see u rc/;ular clly built wliorc a wildonioss bad bctn. [Ic died in 17(i7, aired H/>. John J)/»iMker, who wus also bora in one (►f these caves^ survived until the Declaration of Independence. Tiie 'irst house in Phibidelphia was a low wooden building", owned and occupied as a tavern by (reorjire (niest. It stood on the east side of Vvont Street, a little to tlie north of what is now called Dock Street, and which was tlien a creek, or inlet, ilowing as far to the nortli and west as C'hestnut and Third Streets. A wooden drawbrid;j:e was erected near the mouth of the inlet, to adnut craft up ; and sloops and other vessels biy on the spot where now stands that spacious building, the Girard Bank. The small force of the current being, how- ever, insufficient to carry ofi' the mud and filth, which became offensive at low water, it was, at an e:irly period, arched from Third ai;d CJiestrmt to \V'alnut and Second; and, in 1781, the arch was continued to near Spruce Street. This circumstance accounts for Dock Street not being crossed as the other streets are, at right angles. One of the first brick buildings stood at the north side of Chestnut Street, opposite to Carpenter's Court, and formed the back part of the house occupied by J. Keen, currier, some years since. It was built by David Brientnall. The building which the proprietor occupied as his town residence, and which was erected within a few years after his arrival, still stands in Letitia Court. Upwards of eighty houses were erected during the first year. Having glanced at what Philadelphia was about one hundred and fifty years since, vve will now give a short description of what it is at this day. The city of Philadelphia, strictly sj)eaking, consists of that portion only of the town which is bounded by the river Delaware on tiie cast ; by C'edar Street, (called also South Street,) on the south ; by the Schuylkill River, I'M) AMKIllCAN<;UlDi:. ifif i, on tlio vvost ; and by \'iiu) Street, on the north ; Init, in its rnorc ^aMierul accei)t.'ition, im^lndos the lar^o and increasing" districts of Southwark, tlio Northern Lil»er- ties, Kensington, &c. &cc. Philadelphia is in latitude .'}{)o r,(i' N., and longitude 1" 52' K. from Washington, and is a])0ut 120 miles distant from the Atlantic Ocean, by the course of the Delaware. The site of the city is level, and it is built upon the most uniform rectangular plan. The streets are from 50 to 113 feet wide: it is probably the most regular city in the world — a circumstance that secures it numberless advantages in the way of convenience. The State House, in which the continental congress sat, and from whence the Declaration of Independence, issued, is still standing. It is situated in Chestnut Street^ is built of brick, comprising a centre and two wings, and has undergone no material alteration since its first erection. The front is a considerable distance back from the street, the walk being paved to the curb-stone with brick, and two elegant rows of trees extending its whole length. East of the main en- trance, in the front room, the sessions of Congress were held, and the question of Independence decided. i\ BALTIMORE. The rapid growth, and present extent and popula- tion of this city, are truly remarkable, and to be ascribed not less to the spirit of enterprise which has always characterised its inhabitants, than to the natural ad- vantages of its position. Its site is on the north side and at the head of tide water on the Patapsco River, 14 miles above its entrance into the Chesa- peake. For tobacco and flour, Baltimore is the leading market ; f^r Hour, the first in the world. Within 20 miles around, the water power is almost incalculable. \VAhI1I.V(;ToN tiTV, l;]l It drives more tli;i'\ sixty Hour ruiUs, hesitle-i ni;imi- f.'ictories of'elotli, ike, M(>st of tliesi' establislimentfi arc well uortliy of the rc^nml of tourists. It cannot be expected tliat wo sliould describe them minutely, our object bciii^- but briefly to indicate their existence ; l)ut almost all stranger.-! w ike a visit to tlie cathedral, the exchan^a*, the museums, the monuments, the railroads, and tiie public fountains, of which tliere are four tastefully ornamented;, and giving a copious supply of pure spring water. Tiie Cathedral is built after the Grecian Ionic order, on a plan drawn by that distin^^uished architect, the late II. H. Latrobe. The Meiichant's Exciiangk, built by private sub- scription, is another monument to tlie public spirit of the citizens. For its houses, for the accommodation of travellers, Haltimore is not remarkable, except for its City IIoTi:r.. This is the most splendid edifice of its kind in the Union, if not in the world. wAsiiixorox CUV. As the seat of government of the Union, it is a place of much resort durinp^ the session of Congress in the winter ; but is mostly deserted by strangers in the .summer. It is situated on the Maryland side of the Potomac, and on a point of land formed by the junction of the Eastern Branch. The District of Columbia, in which the city is situated, was ceded to the United States, by Maryland and Virgini.i, in 1790; and in 1800 it became the scat of the general government. This District is about 10 miles S(piarc, lying on both sides of the Potomac^ and is under the immediate direction of Con,^ross. The CdpiOd stands on a higli and lofty cmineiico. M 2 13^ AMEHICAN G LI Die- and commands a delightful prospect of the Pennsyl- vania Avenue^ the President's House, Georgetown and the Potomac, the General Post-office, the Navy Yard, Greenleaf's Point, the hridge on the river, and the road to Alexandria and Mount Vernon. The capitol is huilt of freestone, painted white, (to hide the smoke occasioned by the conflagration which succeeded the capture of the city by the British troops in 181 1,) has two wings, and is a very magnificent edifice. The liotunda comprehends the spacious area between the two wings of the structure, and is of a circular form. There is nothing that equals it in the country ; and, of itself, it well deserves a journey to Wash- ington. The President's House, which is also constructed of stone, two stories high, with four spacious buildings near it, for the accommodation of the heads of depart- ment, make an interesting spectacle for the visiter. Perhaps there is no spot in the United States that holds out more inducements to a traveller, than this city, during the sessions of Congress. It is the theatre on which the pride and power of the American nation are congregated. It is the residence of all the foreign ministers, and embraces a large portion of the gay and fashionable world. The Navy Yard, situated on the eastern branch of the Potomac, is an object worthy of attention. An ele- gant monument is here erected to the memory of the American officers who fell in the Tripolitan war, and which was mutilated by Britons in the year 1814 ! Georgetown is on the same side of the Potomac' with Washington, at the distance of 3 miles west of the capitol. ALEXANDuiA,an incorpor.vted city, Gmilesfrom Wash' iiigton, on the west bank of the river, is a ])lace of ex- tensive business, and of fhshionable resort during the MoiNT ^'EU^■()^^ i:j:? sittings of Congress. It contuins u court house, six churches, find fi theological seminary. The Museum at this place, among other things, cont-ains an elegant satin robe, scarlet on one side and white on the other, in which General Washington was ])aptized; a penknife, with a pearl handle, given to him by his mother, v/hen he was in his twelfth year, and which he kept fifty-six years ; a pearl button, from the coat he wore at his first inauguration as President of the United States, in the old City Hall, New York ; a black glove, worn by him while in mourning for his mother ; part of the last stick of sealing wax which he used ; the original of the last letter written by him, being a polite apology, in behalf of himself and IVIrs Washington, for declining an invitation to a ball at Alexandria ; it is penned with singular neatness, ac- curacy, and precision, and contains this expression — '^ Alas ! our dancing days are over ;" a beautiful mas- onic apron, with the belt of scarlet satin, and the white kid gloves worn by him the last time he shared in the social ceremonies of the ^^ mystic tie." The country between this city and the capitol is but thinly inliabited, and the soil poor and unproduc- tive ; but the road is good, and a ride to Alexandria constitutes one of the amusements of a winter at Washington. Mount Vernon^ on the south side of the river, is 39 miles from the mouth of the Potomac Creek, and 15 from Washington. To this sacred si)ot the mind of every American recurs with the most enthusiastic devotion. He looks upon it as consecrated ground. Here the immortal AV^ashingt on, after having conducted tliLiVmerican armies forth to victory and indei)endence, retired to enjoy the rich reward of his services, in the warm-liearted gratitude of liis countrymen, and in tlic peaceful seclusion of |)rivato life. 131 AM1:RI( AN GLIDE. The road to it is almost uninhahitetlj and didicult to trace. The house stands on an eminence, em- hracingadelightfulviewof the Potomac^ with a rich and beautiful lawn extending in front to the river. The Tomh of Washington is visited as an interest- ing object of contemplation. No monument has yet been erected to his memory ; but it will survive, long after monuments shall have crumbled into dust. p,(i INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS IN CANADA. m L m I - 1 'I Wetland Canal. — This Canal opens a navigable com- munication between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario, and overcomes all the descent of Niagara Falls and Niagara River, between the two lakes. It admits vessels of 126 tons burthen, being wider and deeper than any similar work in America, with the exception of the Chesapeake and Delaware, and Louisville and Port- land Canals. It commences at Port Maitland, on Lake Erie, at the mouth of the Ouse, or Grand River ; follows the channel of that stream, for a short distcince ; and, by-a cut of 10 miles, crosses the Wainfleet marshes, to the Welland, or Chippewa River ; up the channel of which stream it passes, for a distance of about 1 miles. To this point, its direction has been north- east. Hence, the Canal passes, in a northern course, to the summit-ridge ; here, it traverses a stupendous deep-cut, of two miles in extent, which require! pro- digious excavations, in some parts through solid stone : at this place, nearly the wliole difference of level between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario is ovcrconu^, by a series of locks seventeen in number. The deei)-cut and locks, arc considered one of the muat striking ranal spectacles in America, At the loot of this HlDEAl (ANAL. ;',;> ficiiU em- i and srest- s yet , long tVDA. e com- ic, and i agar a sels of in any of the Port- n Lake River ; stance ; laishes, channel )Out 10 nortli- course, 3endoiis e\ pro- 1 stone : of level onie, by lcei)-cut striking <»r this series, the (anal is led along a ravine 'iy ^^^i^^s, by i'i locks, to St Catherine's. Having descended from tlie summit-level, 3'22 feet, from the latter point to Lake Ontario, five miles, the Canal reaches, by four locks, its northern termination, at Port Dalhousie, on Lake Ontario. Length, from Port Maitland to Port Dal- housie, 12 miles ; descent, 331 feet ; locks, 31 in num- ber, all descending. The dimensions of the locks north of the summit-ridge, are, 22 feet wide, 100 feet long, and 8 feet deep ; those on the south side of the ridge, are 45 feet in width, and 120 feet in length. This work cost about D. 1,000,000. Ridcau Canal. — This important work is under the direction of a board of commissioners, assisted by a corps of Royal Engineers. It commences on Lake Ontario, at Kingston, and pursues a north-east direc- tion through Cataraqui and Indian Rivers, and also through several lakeS; with some of which it is identi- fied in its course, until it reaches Rideau Lake, the summit-level, i(i.5 feet above Lake Ontario. At the outlet of Rideau Lake, it intersects the river of the same name, and pursues its route in a north-east direction, sometimes in the bed of the Rideau, and sometimes along its banks, to the Ottawa, or Grand River, at Bytown, al)0ut 135 miles above Montreal, by the course of the stream. Length from Lake Ontario to Bytown, 130 miles ; to Montreal, by the Canal and the Ottawa River, 265 miles. The locks are 53 in number ; each 131 feet long, by 33 feet wide. The ascent, from Kingston to the summit-lake, is by 1 9 locks, overcoming an elevation of 165 feet ; descent, from Lake Rideau to the Ottawa River, bv -^^^ locks, 290 feet : total lockage, 155 feet. The Ottawa, at Bytown, is about 125 feet below the level of Lake Ontario, and about 1 10 feet ahove the level of the St Lawrence River, at Montreal. The above work 130 AMERICAN (iUlDE. is estimated to cost fiboiit one million of pounds sterling. La Chine Canal, on the Island of Montreal, com- mences a few miles above the city of Montreal. It was constructed to overcome the impediment in the navigation of the St Lawrence River, occasioned hy the Rapids of St Louis. Nine miles in length ; and cost D.220,000. Ontario and Rice Lake Canal. — The British Govern- ment has it in contemplation to construct a canal from Port Hope, on Lake Ontario, to Rice Lake, a distance of It miles. The cost is estimated at £101,535 : 15 : G. The elevation to be overcome is 3iil feet. This will be the first step in a plan of communication, for con- necting Lakes Huron antl Ontario. The navigation will be carried through, or along, the Otanabee River, and the chain of lakes whose waters are discharged into Rice Lake, by that stream — viz. Trout, Slicmong, Pigeon, Sturgeon, Cameron's and Balsam Lakes, I'ii ( AXALft. VAi ABSTRACT or THE OANALS STATES. IN THE UNITED C!im])Pvlan(l aiul Oxford, ?,Iaino, - - - New Hamjishire Canals, . - . Vermont Canivls, estimated, - - - Middlesex, Massachusetts - - . Pawtuckot, Massachusetts, Blackstone, Massachusetts and Rhode Isl;i!id, - Hampshire and Hampden, Massachusetts, - South Hadley Canal, Massachusslts, - Montague Canal, Massachusetts, - Farniington, Connecticut, Enfield, Connecticut, - - - - New York State Canals, - . - Delaware and Hudson, New York and Peniu ylv:nu.i Chittenango, New York_, ... Morris, New Jersey, - - - - Delaware and Raritan, New Jersey, Salem, New Jersey, . - - - Washington, New Jersey, . . . Pennsylvania State Canals, - - - Union and Feeder, Pennsylvania, - - - Schuylkill, Navigation, Pennsylvrtnin, I^ehigh, Pennsylvania, . _ - - Conestoga, Pennsylvania, Codorus, Pennsylvania, _ - - - Conewago, Pennsylvania, Chesapeake and Delaware, Delaware, Chesapeake and Ohio, Maryland, Port Deposit, Maryland, - - - - Great and Little Falls, Maryland, Washington City Branch, District of Colnmhii, - Dismal Swamp, Virginia and North Carolina, James and Jackson River, Virginia, North West, North Carolina, We'don, North Carolina, Chuh Foot and ilarlow, North Carolina, '^ «ntee. South Carolina, . - - •• Winyaw, South Carolina, Saluda South Carolina, - - - - Catawba, Waterce, &c., &(••, South Carolina, - 1 27 I'. 20 it .■»,'. Mm U cr. 4 I (m.\ lOii 4(i'| 1J{ 11 no«r 10 U 23 37'. (i \-2 \h 22 7". 138 A:>rKKTf!A>r oriDE. Sfivannali and Ogeeclioe, Georgia, Caroiulolet, Louisiana, Lake Verot, Louisiana, Loiiisvillo, Kentucky, Ohio and Erie, and branches, Ohio, Miami, and branch, Ohio, Lancaster Lateral Canal, Oliio, Wabash and Erie, Indiana, Hi H 2 'J 15 11 "I ABSTRAC'J' OF THE RAILROADS IN THE UNITED STATES. Miles, 4 2r> Quincy Railroad, and branch, Massachusetts, Boston and Worcester, Massachusetts, Boston and Providence, Massachusetts, Boston and Lowell, Massachusetts, Providence and Stonington, Rhode Island and Co)ine< ticuf, 4fii. ir>' - 21 2f> 3 - 7 Mohawk and Hudson, New York, Saratoga and Schenectady, New York, Ithaca and Owego, New York, Rochester, New York, Buffalo and Black Rock, New York, Haerlem, New York, - Rensselaer and Saratoga, New York, Camden ami Amboy, New Jersey, Paterson, New Jersey, New Jersey, - - . . Delaware and Jobstown, Philadelphia and Columbia, Pennsylvania, Alleghany Portage, Pennsylvania, - Philadelphia, Norristown, and G'^rmantown, Pennsyh' mia, 21 2o (i\ Mi 25!. la' Philadelphia and Trenton, Penns^ 'vania, Mauch Chunk, and branchee, Pennsylvania, Room Run, Pennsylvania, West Chester, Pennsylvania, ('entral, or Danville and Pottsville, Pennsylvania, Minehill and Schuylkill Haven, Pennsylvania, Mount Carbon, Pennsylvania, Lyken's Valley, Pennsylvania, Little Schuylkill and Tauiaqua, Pennsylvania, 20 i 514 20 7 IGS 21.1 iVIilM. U u 2 15 ijr. ITED Miles, 4 43^ 42 i 25 48^ 15 21 20 :i :i 7 25 (>\ \(> llUil, 25/. 3C| 21 2({.i 13^ 5M 20 2U DISTANCKS ON CANALS AND IlAILllOADS. Schuylkill Valley, and branches, Pennsylvaiiin, Mill Creek, and branches, Pennsylvania, - Pine Grove, Pennsylvania, _ . . - Lacka waxen, or Carbondale, Pennsylvania, Newcastle and Frenchtown, Pennsylvania, Baltinr 're and Ohio, and branch, Maryland, Baltimore and Susquohannah, Maryland and Pcnnsylvani.i, Petersburg Roanoke, and branch, via North Carolina, Manchester, or Chesterfield, - - . - Portsmouth and Roanoke, .... Winchester and Potomac, . . - . Potomac and Richmond, . - - . Richmond and Petersburg', . . . , Cape Fear and Yadkin, . - . . South Carolina, - _ - . - Brunswick, . , . . . Tuscumbia, Courtiand, anil Docatiir, Lake Pontchartrain, . . . , Lexington and Ohio, - . - - - 139 Miles. 25 1 I'M 3211 7« 711 i:v, 77" :'.() 75 21.1 135; 12 15' DISTANCES, IN MILES, FROM PLACE TO PLACE, ON SOME OF THE PRINCIPAL CANALS AND RAILROADS. ERIE CANAL. Miles Albany to BufTalOv Auriesville, 2 54 V •t/ Milcf. Fulton, 4 58 Washington, 5 Riker's Basin, - 7 (55 Gibbonsville, - \ H Spraker's Basin, - 2 07 West Troy, - 1{ Gi Canajoharie, 3 70 Jutclion of tl e Erie Fort Plain, - H 73.! and Cham plain Ca- Nowadaga Creek, 95f «3 nals, - - 2| 9 Fall Hill Ravine, 4 «7 Lower Aqueduct, 4 13 Little Falls, 1 «ft Wat Hoix Gap, - 2h 15^ Gciman Flats, 3 01 Upper Aqueduct, \)k 25" Fulmer's Creek Aquo ■ Schenectady, - - 1 21) duct. r: \)1 PlattekillAquodui't, 5 31 Myera' Cieek do. - 1 l(»l Florida Aqueduct, 10 11 J'crgusoii's d(». - (> 107 Schoharie Cieik, }> 52 Utica, 3 110 N / 110 AMLUICAN (.TIDE. Miles. MiIo«. Whitosboio' 4 114 Medina, - 1 315 Oiiskany, - 3 117 Middleport, - G 321 Kome, I) 125 Lock port. - 12 3:t:( New London, - 7 132 Pendleton, - 7 340 Loom is, 6 13« Tonnewanta, - 12 352 Oneida Creek, - 3 141 Black Rock - 8 3(>0 Lenox Basin, 3 144 Buffalo, - 3 3C3 Canastota, - 2 14G — . New Boston, 4 150 CIIAMPLAIN CAKAL Chitteningo, - - 4 154 Albany to Whiiehalt • Kirkville, 4 158 West Troy, - - 7 Manlius, - 4 1G2 Junction, . 2 9 Orville, 3 1G5 Waterford, - - 2 11 Syracuse, - 6 171 Mechanicsville, . 8 19 Geddesbnrg, 2 173 Stillwater, - 4 23 Nine-Mile Creek, G 179 Bemus' Heights », 3 2G Caniillus, 1 180 Schuylerville, - 9 35 Canton, - 5 185 Guard Gates, - 2 37 Jordan, G 191 Fort Miller, - - 3 40 Weed's Point, - G 197 Fort Edward, - 8 48 Centre Port, 1 198 Kingsbury, - - 5 53 Port Lyrou, - - 2 200 Fort Anne, - 7 GO Montezuma, 6 20G Narrows, - G CG Clyde, - 11 217 Whitehall, - G 72 Lyons, 9 22G — — . Lockville, - C 232 MORRIS CA>fAL. Newark, - 1 233 Newark to Phillipsburg, op- Port Gibson, - 3 23G posite Easton , Penn 1 Palmyra, - 5 241 Bloomfield, - 54 Fair Port, - - 11 252 Paterson, - 9 144 FuUam's Basin, 2 254 Little Falls, > 5 191 Pittsford, - 6 2G' Mead's Basin, - 3i 23 Brighton, - C 2CG Montvillo, . 7 30 Rochester, - 4 270 Powerville, - - '^k 33 L Spencer's Basin, 10 280 Rockaway, - oh 39" Ogden, - 2 282 Dover, - 4 43 Adams' Basin, - 3 285 Drakesville, - 7 50 Brock port, - - 5 290 Outlet of Hopa .ccng Holley, - p 295 Pond, - - 52."; Murray, - 297 Stanhope, - 21 55 Albion, a 305 Hacketstown. . 91 641 Portville, - 4 'My.) Anderson, - 8 72;^ Oak Orchard, 5 314 Mansfield, m $ m DISTANCtS ON LANALS AND llA IMlOADS. I 11 3(ut 7 9 U 10 2:i 20 do 37 40 4« 5'.i 00 0(5 72 wr^f, op- 'oh !) uh 5 m ai 23 7 30 a^ 33^ 5i 39 4" 43 7 50 O I 52 >, 2i 55 1)^, 64i 8 T2h lUoaduay, New Villagr, Pbilipsbui'g, IMilcs. 1 7!)'. «2 2'. {;o DELAWAUE AND RARITAN CANAL. Bordentown to New Hi Lambei'towii, Trenton, - l^awrence's Meadows, Stony Brook, Rocky do. Kingstown, Rocky HilJ, - Griggstown, Blackwell's - Millston, - Bound Brook, New Brunswick, U • »> 3' 3^ 2 2 n 4 51 04 10.1 13i 17" 10 21 231 27.^ 30 35L 42 CAMDEN AND AIMBOY RAIL- ROAD. Camden lo Soulh Pcnsaukin Creek, Rpnkocus River, - Burlington, Craft's Creek, White Hill, Bordentown, Crosswick's Creek, Centreville, Hightstown, - Spotswood, Herbertsvillo, South Amboy, - Amhoy. m / 12 1« 24 o 2 u 7 4 11 2' o.i 20 274 30 37 41 52 54 A 01 PHILADELrHiA AND TREN- TON RAILROAD. Philadelphia to Morrisvl/lc Frank ford, - 4 T 1 ' renncpack Creek, Pequabiu (^rck, Duuksville, 4,', "'i lliirlinjiton, Bristol, Tullytown, Tyburn, - Morrisville, unswlvk. 4L 10 13 Miles. 14 •'J 17A 21 2(;; 4.', 3.'; 34 4 7 U 3 4 };', \h 12 5 5A » •» t» 4 I n 14{ 171 Ol I •" I .1 Fromliristiil t) Mauch I'.'nni/,; v'lADilaivarc Division Piiui, Canal and Lehijh Canal, Morrisville, Yardlevvillo, Bi'ownsburjj-, TaylorsvilJc, New Hope, Lumberville, Point Ploas;iiit, Smithville, Erwina, Monroe, - Williamsport, Easton, Bethlehem, - AUentown Biidji^e, BeiPs Creek, Berlin, Craig's Creek, Bowman, - Leliighton, - Falls of Lehij;!), Mauih Chunk, 32 j 33/ 30;,' I I •1 40', 5H' 71:^ 7<;:| «21 07:1 05:1 mvi 1021 103!^ 1004 Philadelphia to Port, Cirhou. via Schuylkill Naviyaimt. Viaduct Phila. and Col. Railroad, Canal at Falls, - Mf\nayunk, • Morristown, Pcrkioaien Creole, Pluenixville, Pottstoun, Union villi', Diid&boio', - 2 2 4 3 7 10 04 244 3^. 2<; I,/ 43 3 40 i\ .".2 /' / ii'<; AMKHICAn OUIPK. iVIilc'S. I I I' V I lii Ueadin{i', - Hamburg, l*ort Cliiituii, Schuylkill Haven, Mount Carbon, Pottsviilc, Port ('arbon, 12 23 4 10,'. 4 4 (;4 in 101,'. 1054 106 io» MAIN l>l VISION I'KNKSVi.- VANIA CANAL. Miles UNION CANAL. Reading, - Bernville, Stouche's Town, Myera' Town, Lebanon, - Tunnel, Water Work?, - Swatara Aqueduct, Beaver Creek, - Middletown, Hi 4 *J 3 :i 1« 9i 4 194 31 35 44 47 50 54^ 724 «2 Philadelphia lo Pitlsbitrgh, via Philad. and Col. Railroad ^ Main Division Penn. Canal, Alleyhany Portage Railroad, and Western Division Penn, Canal. riiiladelphia and Co- lumbia Railroad, Viaduct over the Schuylkill River, Buck Tavern, Marietta, - Cambridge, - Falmouth, Middletown, - Highspiretown, Harrisburg, Port Dauphin, Juniatta River, - Newport, Lower Aqueduct, Thompsontown, Mexico, MiMington, - Levviston, Waynesburg, Aughwick Falls, Huntingdown, - Petersburg, - Alexandria, Williamsburg, Frank8town, HoUidaysburg, Spread Eagle, - Paoli, - Warren, - Valley Creek, Downington, Coatsville, Gap Tavern, Soudersburg, Lancaster, Mount Pleasint, Columbia, 8 5 - 4 L^ •2 J •i 7 3 8 114 94 n 7 4'i 3 11 IG 204 22 29 32 40 514 Gl 70| 771 »1| H4' 9r 94^ 9«^ 101 :i 108 1154 124 134 140 146 152 150 14 170 - 14 1«4 12 196 17 213 - 7 220 7 227 - 13 240 lOi 250^ - 3 253| 3 64 34 4} 3 «i 74 «4 10 (i 5 7 4 ALLEGHANY PORTAGE RAIL- ROAD. Inclined Plane, No. 10, - - Do. do.. No. 6, Mountain Bridge, Ebensburg Bridge, Staple Bend Tunnel, Johnstown, 3^ 9 3 lO 4^ 257 2634 2724 2754 2854 290 WESTERN DIVISION PENN- SYLVANIA CANAL. Laurel Hill, Lockport, Chestnut Hill, Blairsville, - Saltzburg, Salt Works, - Warrentoii, n 5 « 16 7 5 296| 306 311 310 335 342 347 I i SVi.' Miles H4,' [ 5)1 i i)^ \ im\ lou i 10» h 11^4 4 124 i:u 140 145 f 152 i 156 { 170 I 1«4 -> 196 7 213 7 220 7 227 3 240 Oi 250^ 3 2534 IE HAIL- SI 257 6| 2034 9 2724 3 2754 10 2854 4^ 290 sr ppNN- AL. Oif 290f 91 300 5 311 « 319 10 335 7 342 5 347 MSTAN( 1 s o\ CAN. A il> \.\i> M AH.KOA I»s. 1 \\\ Milcn. 1 Alilca. i.cothburgf, - 10 357 Newport, - 10 132 Aqueduct over Alleg- 1 Koscoe, 3 135 hany Iliver, 3 300 Stillwelfs Locks, - 10 145 Fi-ecport, - 2 302 Webbsport, 4 149 Logan's Fcny, 13 375 Frazeesburg, - 6 155 Pine ("reek, 12 3H7 ' Nashport, 101 Pittsburgh, - 7 394 Licking^ 9 170 i Newark, 170 OHIO AND ERIE CANAL. Hebron, - 9 185 Clrveland to Portsmouth. Millersport, (i 191 Mill Creek A(|Meduct ) \) Baltimore, - - 5 190 Tinker's Creek, - 4 13 Havensport, 2in Boston, - 21 Carroll, - 2 204 I'oninsular, 3 24 Waterloo, 5 209 Old Porta^jo, - « 32 Lock burn, - - 12 221 Newberry Coal House, 3 35 Bloomfield, 7 228 Akron, 3 3« Circleville, - 8 236 New Portage, - 6 44 Deer Creek, 14 .250 Clinton, » 52 Chilli^:othe, J> 259 Fulton, - 4 56 Waverley, 20 279 Massillon, - 9 05 Jasper, 285 Bethlehem, 6 71 Portsmouth, 25 310 Bolivar, 9 80 Zoar, 3 83 MIAMI CANAL. Jenning's Bridge, - a 91 Cincinnati to Dayton. Dover, 2 93 Reading, . 12 Lockport, - 4 97 Sharon, - 4 10 Newcastle, 2 99 Hamilton, - - 12 28 Trenton, 4 103 Middleton, 14 42 Babillard, 5 108 Franklin, - - 7 49 Salisbury, - 4 112 Miamisburg, • 55 New-Comers' t'n, 118 Alexanderville, . 3 58 Hvansburg, 4 122 Dayton, - 8 60 THE END. rriulcd by rEXEU IJuow n, 10, St Jamc«' S(iuarc.