■>% ^>. .^o.€# ^^^, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) // 1.0 I.I ■a Ui 122 us MS 10 ^ 1.25 1 1.4 1.6 ^ 6" — ► V] '^ 7. ^^ om m /A Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WfST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MS80 (716) 872-4503 % CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut canadlen de microreproductions historiques Technical and Bibliographic Notss/Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. □ Coloured covers/ Couverture de couleur I I Covers damaged/ D n n n D Couverture endommag6e Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaurde et/ou pellicul^e I I Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque I I Coloured maps/ Cartes g6ographiques en couleur Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) I I Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ Reli6 avec d'autres documents Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ La re liure serr^e peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distortion le long de la marge intirieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajoutdes lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela 6tait possible, ces pages n'ont pas 6t6 filmies. L'Institut a microfilmd le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a iti possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-Atre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la mithode normals de filmage sont indiquds ci-dessous. I I Coloured pages/ D Pages de couleur Pages damaged/ Pages endommagdes Pages restored and/oi Pages restaurdes et/ou pellicul6es Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ Pages ddcolordes, tachetdes ou piqudes Pages detached/ Pages d6tachdes Showthrough/ Transparence Quality of prir Qualiti inigale de ('impression Includes supplementary materii Comprend du materiel suppldmentaire Only edition available/ Seule Edition disponible □ Pages damaged/ Pages I I Pages restored and/or laminated/ I I Pages detached/ r~7| Showthrough/ I I Quality of print varies/ I I Includes supplementary material/ I I Only edition available/ Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been ref limed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., ont 6t6 fiimdes d nouveau de facon d obtenir la meilleure image possible. to T» po of til Oil bi th si( ot fir si< or Th sh Tl wl Ml dM en be rig re( m( Additional comments:/ Commentaires suppl^mentaires; Irregular pagination : [il • xviii, [1] • 366, 369-408 p. This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est filmd au taux de reduction indiqu6 ci-dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X SOX v/ 12X 16X 20X 24X 28X 32X T^a copy filmed h«r« has bean reproduced thanks to the generosity of : University of British Columbia Library L'exemplaira fiim4 fut reproduit grice A la gAnArosit* da: University of British Columbia Library The imager appearing here ore the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in Iceeping with the filming contract specifications. Original copies in printed peper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrsted impres- sion, or the bacit cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the lest page with a printed or illustrated impression. The last recorded frame on »<)ch microfiche shall contain the symbol -^> (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol y (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Maps, plates, charts, etc.. may be filmed at different reduction retios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Lea images suivantes ont M reproduites avac le plus grand soln, compte tenu de la condition at da la nettet6 de l'exemplaira film*, at en conformity avac les conditions du contrat de filmege. Les exemplalres originaux dont la couverture en pepier est ImpnmAe sont filmAs en commen^ant par le premier ,)lat at en terminant soit par la derniire page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration. soit par le second plat, salon ie cas. Tous les autres exemplalres originaux sont filmte en commenpant par la premiere page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration at en terminant par la derniire page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaftra sur la darnlAre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole — »- signifie "A SUIVRE ', le symbols V signifie "FIN ". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre fiimAs d des taux de rMuction diff^rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour §tre 'eproduit en un seul clich6, il est film« d partir de Tangle sup^rieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants jllustrent la methods. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 S(.'^?i!' l/T M^^^ 7- H - %A. ! THE LIBRARY THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Gift FRANK BURNETT COLLECTION 1852 -19n Donated by Mrs. Marv Lltster 7 eV ■•::1 .> ■'.<^ ^:'-,f^- ■ >-»&■ '^:"* '^M' / ^ -•(it: :"'■ '^iSiiWs^ft^ ^^^- r^"*'^^ £ •nifij^-^-^tm^ ■■^mI * ■i^t ■^^'i^'!r*v?%? h\'. IK'IA^ 'v'> -y/ >;'" *: 4 ■','J., .;>^Jm<'V :^'<< ?m-. '^'i'U »• >f ^-^ Printed for J. J M DCC tXXVlU. m ^^^^ >--^iii -:■■;> • >>J- .' i| S9!i^.' m I i .p A Map of the WORL Iv^ ill three Scotioiis; , V. to me .i^^ric „/v> (^sJ^eSivihm^ the Polar Regions to the Ti ^^\ V^l^ of Capt C ook to difco v^ ^^ 4'j>jj^ ^X^JW ' ^^^ ^r/i/r/t (I JY //'tUrff mc , //'ffi't^f i) SO^^t^;*^^^^^-^^^^^ J^ Lord MulgTave and C aptain Cook ' •<^Ave ^^^^ .-W-^r^ \.*T*^^^"^^'>i..'»: Xin /V^.w/y/^ /^- North v/w/ .)^///// 7?///v ; to the TROPIC of V> and tlxe ^onnd Zone or Tropical Regkms with the iNow 1 )isc overies in die \^ SorTH accurately laid ( .*- . - I'lihKshfl ,i.< lh( ,1,1 ilirtrt.t Jiimiiity iQ,tJj9,hf IJi^iijon S^Pitnl}- Chiirli w^m * the World t' Sections; Regions to tnc Tropic aiid Captain tit afitl Svuth kI die M-'Iropical Kegkais iththe ovcries indie*" ..^.Xe^^S^^^^c,^, TH Sea, ) fy laid dowii,*!^ ' i ,. .:i/^:/: >,' * ■' ' ■ - ■"■■' .»*' '">• - ., ,,.,...,..■! . ' '"■0:'\ Jl //«' /<'<> ,<;#» ,V(i A' **<' , ^r l.JoAnsim S'hiiili Chiiirk ¥ar,{ X,ai\Am\ . ^#" m *:-¥;■ V * , 4'" NEV/ DISCOVERIES C O N C E R N I N C T H E W OR L D, - - A N D I T S I N H A. B I T A N T S. In T W O P A* R T S. PART I. ■"'-/ 4 Containing a circumftantial Account ofall thelflands in theSouth-Sca, that have been lately difcovered or explored ; the Situation^ Climate, and Soil of each ; their natural Produ£liens, including many Species of Animala and Vegetables hitherto unknown ; the Perfons, Drefles, extraordinary Man-, ners and Culloms, Manufaflares, Buildings, Government, and Religion of the various Inhabitants ; their domeftic Utenfils, and Weaponi of War ; their Ingenuity, mental Endowment!), Skill in Navigation, and other Arts and Sciences. Comprehending all the Pifcoveries h)ade ia the feveral Voyages of - - i .". ■ / Commodore (now Admiral) B Y R O Nj Captains WALLIS, CARTERET, and COOK, Related by Dr. HAViTKESVrORTH, SYDNEY PARKINSQN^ Mr. FORSTER, and Captain COOK, *^ - -•■■ TOCETRER WITH THOSE OF M. p E BOUGAINVILLE. The Whole compared with the Narratives of former celebrated Navigators^ viz. Mendoza, QuiROS, Tasman, Le Maire, Schovtbn^ Damfier, RoGGEWEiN, Anson, and Others. , P A R T IL >^ Containing a fummary Accoimt of Captain COOK's Attempts tcfe difcover a Southern Continent, in 1773, 1774, *"d 1775. Alfo the Voyage of the Honourable CONSTANTINE JOHN PHIPPS^ (now Lord MULGRAVE) towards the North-Pole, in 1773, " With M A P S and P R I N T S. " . . ' . 1 I i .a i . LONDON* Printed for J, JOHNSON^ St. PattlV M DpC ucxvm. if^w"iHPI^"^ J iU 1 f It- :' f- % • ^•?»- ;-. - ■■ J- ';«. ( ^x ^ a D>^:A ■4--a.^..a.v„q . "<'^:i V <,,., ^ '^:.'^A: ■■it iio sfiaiaJ.u Sib;iJnHJfc.iM JOAiioqaii fi« qi .3VT:)1 .a« - . , . . • j -la »(fj \(l iio>f.B?*r5bflu n33d t)Y.'id Jtiii ss^fixov ^srfT M tj<^/ ' M, ■ -f,'' • 1-- ' E iU ] ' .-■) »• ' I ;« . i t . ' ITf '■> -A ■ , T ■"< • » .'■. V','.'''l '1 - 1 ■, ( i^ IJ I nil » 'f .■• , ! <; ;f P R E F A C^^ E, .:i ',;!:«■ c {• .^. THE progrefs of fcienGc has been but little pro- moted by royal countenance j the defufion of knowledge has been generally obnoxious to the views of power j if the reformation in England found a fupporter in the defpot that ruled, it muft be attributed to its furthering his political defigns, not to his cordial love of truths and readinefs to encou- rage free enquiries concerning itj and whenever kings become profefledly patrons of the arts, thofe that have a tendency to foften and debilitate a ftat« are more likely to be encouraged, becaufe moft con-, genial to the luxury of an effeminate court, than fuch asfervcin an important manner the interefts of hu- manity. - -i The voyages that have been Undertaken by the or- der of his prefent majeily, to explore the South-Sea afid Polar Regions> are a ftriking exception to tho w' • A above \ I IV m ' ■ V P R E ]^ A C E. aboy^ obfervation, truly worthy of a patriot king, and; confer the highcft honour on the nation, in it» cffcntial charafter, as a maritii^e ftatc. The rcfult of thefe expeditions is as generally ufeful as could be expe6tcd from defigns fo aufpicloufly let on foot, ' and fo Ikilfully and intrepidly executed. In geogra- ■phy they have eftablifhed certain knowledge in- ftead of conjectural delufion : they have fupplied the aftronom^ with valuable difcoveries concerning the hea^nly bodies : navigation is thereby fiirnilhed with many impbrtant pradical improvements : the natu- Talift fees, as it were, a new world opening to his view ! Europe is hereby made acquainted with about -three millions of the human fpecies, which were be- •for«f Scarcely known to have exiftence ; and the cu- riotis inquirer after the operations of the human t¥ii/id in a flate of uncivilized fociety, is fupplied •with abundant matter on which to reafon and reflect. •We riiay obferve further, from the information which has been by thefe means obtained, that mankind does «ol- appear to be degraded below that rank and fta- %i6^ which it was before fuppofed to hold in the Icalc of moral being ; for in the manners of thefe untu- tO|;i;4 people, we fee no premeditated rancour, or jmy,j^ing that indicates a malevolent heart j butj on th?,pQOtr^, accumulated proofs of franknefs, diiin- ler^fleij^^enerofity, and innate goodnefs, from the feroci^ijis N^w-Zeelander to the gentle and volup^* tuous b-Taheitian. It is true, the manners preva- IcatftiKa^jftatcoL^utv e^ar^diiTQlui^ffj J^uMp^y, they not be confidered as the exuberance of thofe palTions* > ':\^^1 -/■ which. :tV-:.,\ • ■v,l,.S.-. PREFACE. V which, under pr'dpei* ciiltiit^, form the'm'i'ft el^^aiit delights of focial life ? As one, no lefs a philofo pher thanapoct, hasfaid, '. '^ . .; ,. > Lulh tliro' fome certain ftrainers well rcfin'd, v 'l» gentie love. ■ —7' '■ -,. , Pops. Another obfervation that feems dbvioufly to prefent itlelf from the accounts given of thefe iflancjers, compared with the concurring teftimony of all tra- vellers is, that mankind are ever led by & natural inftinclive principle to form themfelves into focieties^ iiot only for the fake of perfonal fecurity but of en- joyment } and they are no icfs prone to confider their domeftic or focial circle as friends, than to look on thofe of their fpecies who are further removed &om their intcrcourfe, with an eye of jealoufy, if not with an inimical afpe£fc. Even thofe idandcrs^ whofe man* ners were moft friendly and engaging, were provided with very formidable weapons, by which they were enabled to repel afTailants, if their difpofitioni did not lead them to become aggrelTors in a qufrrel^ and were found to be very expert in the ufe pf thef^ arms. ■lU r'Oin 10 But it is not the defign of this preface to on fuch matters of fpeculation j and xkt reader willexpedt fome information concerning the voy- ages that have been lately undertaken, ahd Which have greatly excited the attention of the'pubiic'? "'" '^ "The'firft which is one of them, proceeded to Batavia, and returned to Europe by the Cape of Good Hope, and call anchor in Plymouth Sound the 9th of May, 1766. In the Auguft following, captain Wallis, in the Dolphin, failed on a fecond circumnavigation of the globe, accompanied by captain Carteret in the Swallow floop. Having patpjd the Straits of Ma- gelhaen, the two Ihips parted company j captain Wallis directed his courfe more weftwardly than any former navigator within the tropics j he difcovered feveral iflands, but particularly O-'Taheiteej which he named King George's Ifland. Captain Carteret, befides feveral iflands,' difcovered the ftraits which divide New Britain from what is now called New irelmid. Captain Wallis returned to England by the Eaft Indies, in May 1768, and captain Carteret by the fame route in March 1769. In November 1766, ciontmodore Bougainville failed from France with a- frigate and a (tore fliip j he entered the Pacific Ocean by the Straits of Magelhaen j touched at O'TabeiUej tjie northern part of 'Tiera del Efperitu SantOy rcfreflied his crews in the- very port wliich. captain Carteret had not long left in New Ireland, toudlfed at B^taH;ia fboil aftti* the Swallow's depar- ture from thence, fell into company with that floop . after P :R E F a C E. q vii after leaving the Cape of Good Hope, and returned to France much abou^ *he fame time. In 1 766, th^ Royal Society preferred a memorial t;o his majeftyi reprcfcnting the advantages that would be derived tofcicnce, if an accurate obfervation of the tranfit of Venus over the fun, which was to happen in Jun^ 1769, was taken in fome part of the Sou^hr^ea ; 'm confequence of which, orders were given for the En- deavour bark, of three hundred and feventy tons, to befitted out for that purpofe, the command of which was given to lieutenant James Cook. Thi^ gentleman, and Mr. Charles Green, were appointed by that learned body, to make obfervations on the tranfit. Mr. Banks, a gentleman of large fortune, and zealoufly devoted to the acquifition of knowr ledge, in purfuit of which no hardfhips were confir dered as fevere, or dangers beheld with difmay, accompanied by Dr. Solander, a learned difciple of the great Linna?:us, embarked on this expedition j and captain Wallis returning juft as they were about to fail, the ifland of O-Tabeiiee, which he had dif- covered, was pointed out as the moft elegible Ipot for the purpofe of making the obfervation. Lieu-? tenant Cook failed in July 1768, went round Cape Horn, and haying with indefatigable ze^l tra- verfed the fouthem regions of the great Pacific Ocean, minutely examined the coaft of New,^ee-.> land, with undaunted courage perfevered.amidit, rocks and fhoals, in tracing the eailtrn co^ of^N^em^ Holland^ and having found it to be feparated fcom New Guinea by a (trait, he returned to England by , ./ A 3 the •■. r • yiu ^li P*^ R ' E ■' F '' A ' C^ E^ theWbfty Eaft'Tnffles, and came to an anchor, ih the t)6Wns oh the 12th of July 177 1, The his- tory of thefe fouf voyages round the world, made by Eiiglilh navigators, is given by Dr. Hawkef- inrori:!!, whofe account, confifting of three quarto vo- Itimfcs, is publilhed under the innmediate patronage of his majefty j befides which, an account of the latter and more important voyage of the Endea- votlt, is given in the Journal of Sydney Parkinfon^ a young man, who went out with Mr. Banks as natural hiftory painter, and who unfortunately died fjon after the Ihip left Batavia, whofe journal was publifhed by his brother; in it there are evident marks of a folid judgment, and great afliduity to obtain the beft information concerning the produc- tions of nature, and the manners of the people Whith they vifited j but there is, however, reafon to fufpeft, that much more is given under his name than he ever gave under his hand j this book makes a thin quarto. M. de Bougainville has alfo written A very judicious account of his voyage. Soon after the return of the Endeavour, a voyage to deter- nfiihe with precifion the exiftence of a fouthcrn con- tirttht, was refclvcd upon under the fame royal au- fpice "which had given birth to the former expedi- tions. ' Two vefTels, the Refolution and Adventure, weref fitted out as king's fhips for that purpofe ; cap- liain-Co:^ had the condud of the expedition, and hadltiib Refollki^n for his fhipj captain Furneaux, who'had" alread*y' failed rouHd'th^ woHd with cap- tain Wallis as his firft lieutenant, had the cojnmand ..of » I P R E F A C; E. ii^ of the Adventwre. Dr. Forjtcr, and his foiv,,MCt^ George Forfter, were appointed to embarjj^ ^n thU expedition,, ^o colleft, defcribe, and drawthe pb^. je£b of natural hiftory which fliould pref^^t, tHf^-^- felvesi Mr, Wales was appointed a^rononf^erp^i bp?ir4. the Refolution, and Mr. William Bayley on'bpai:4lhc Adventure; alfo Mr. William Hodges, a y^ry aWc artift, whofe department it was to take drawings ofl perfonsandprofpefts thatwere curious and important^ On the 13th July of 1772, the two fhips failed on their ^voyage round the world, than which none was ever more produftive of valuable information, or more beneficial to the advancement of fcience. The Adventure having twice parted company frooi the Refolution, returned to England in 1774, but the Refolution did not arrive till the 3d July, 1775. Neither Ihip touched at any of the Eaft-India fettle^ ments. The circumftances of this voyage are re- lated by captain Cook himfelf, in two quarto volumes, with a precifion and accuracy which do him great honour. Mr. George Forfler, a young gentleman of extraordinary parts and extcnfive knowledge, has likewife written an account of this important voyage, with great elegance and ingenuity, which is likewife printed in two volumes quarto. The honourable captain Phipps (lord Mulgrave) was appointed to the command of the Racehorfe and Carcafs bomt)s in 1773, in order to attempt to penetrate toward^ the North-Pole, and difcover, if pofllble* a pafl^gp to' the eaftward. He returned the latter c|id of the ■' '< ■ i 1 ' ■• I ■ ■ X PREFACE. * ■ fonc year, having approached ncwci' t0 the Pole than «ny one who ever made the attcnnpt before him ; but the paffage fo long defired, and fo repeatedly ^4b«igii?f'^was- determined, by this expedition, to be imprafticable, on account of the vaft expanfc of ice which is fpread in every direction in the high northern latitudes. The account of this voyage makes a vc^umoiji quarto } it is written by the conduifkor of (t,^nd does as much honour to his accomplifhnftents ms a fcholar, and a man of fciencc, as the perfevering endeavours which he ufed to accomplifli his purpofe, attcft his (kill and intrepidity in his profeffion. Such are the materials from whence the following flieets are colleded ; befides which, the relation of Mcndana's voyages, in 1567 and 15951 of Quirofj, in t6oS i Le Maire and Schouten, 1615, Tafman, 1642 J Dampier, 1699; Roggewein, 1722; and Anfon, 1742, have been confulted, and from them many neceflary lights have been derived. The en- .^tertainmcnt which the author received from reading the accounts of thefe voyages, firft fuggefted the idea of arranging the valuable information which they contain in geographical order, and in that kind of method which the fubjeds themfclves pointed out. ^^ the pj*ofecution of this defign he has endeavoured to cOfrtpile faithfully, though not to tranfcribe fer- 'irileiy}''hre tfufts that the reader will find, in this dig(i?&d fummary, much entertainment as well as "ilbirormanon j and if the public approbation juftifies fuch hopes, his labours will be fully compenfated„ CONTENTS. 1 •^ =r- > £ 4 J s{0^'j E l l . I" ' ■ * ' - ■ >» H 'tiTT-» »M ii» j J ' - ^ l y '/'^ir ::")•;> nr\"' ?n:if CO n r E. N x:;iS; V • J . .^ J* ' .?i«.:4- >'•■•■ Ui* .;n •■•* ■"■• S5--. * . '^•-:-.. ^r-ifi,' iiDaiSr: PART I, \JF the South-Sea, or Pacific Oceaa r^ I^^ 1 ■ifit- rr *i;;r!?)i') t^' ••v' , .>:.■ >;•)>. '♦•>i^+"' P/r '.■ A.-'s i r- Page 1 ./X ^^(j, -;^ ..7;r;,.J.J CHAP I. -.. . -'^-rvnobA Of theiflands of Juan Fernandez, and Mafafiivf^rfsit^'^ >* ^-Y f^;.., ,^i,^,« „,»)j. ". "■■"'■:] i-^; '"C H A P II, ■-•^•>^«' ^-:'» ■K"''t>f Of Eafier-Ifland. ' " , ° , t,„^^ -x. 5cd. I. Its fituation, extent, climate, and face of the counCiy 6 Sea. II. Of the vegetables and animals of Eafter-Ifland 8 Sea. III. Of the inhabitant* of Eaftcr-Ifland ; thcSr perfons and dreflcs } charaaer of the women feen there j 4)f9uHar ^uftoois, manners, and mechanical ikill ^^^^ ia CHAP. xu C O N -BE N T S. ..j[# ••liarilT .'iQVtA IoHe^ ..iJnc 'o -I'toffj jino/ns bsdi::': i^, >— r^^C'R'A?. III. ■i^r^ ./-io.irv, Qf this MaCijuefas-Iflands, difcoycred , by .MendQC? j and feveral Low^-Iflands to the fouth-weft, lately difcovered, and called by M. de Bougainville the Dangerous Archi- • pclago — — — - ,9 '^i [-9 HAP. IV, 1 S.' 1 r - ^Jfci^ %^ Of O-Tahcitee, called by captain Wallis, King George tb*^ Third'slfland — — — ,37 SeSt, I. Its fttuation, extent, climate, fqil, mountains, and face of the country - .^^ - .i_ «. jb, Se^. II. Of the trees, (hrubs, infects, reptiles, birds, beafts, : and fiflies of O-Tahcitee . .- — <— ", i/»v/4.o • i .... ;.. . - , .. ;,...•« --^.i i',.7;. Se£t.Iir. Of the perfons, drefles, houfes, food, and intoxi- ' eating liquor of the Taheitians ; a peculiar cuftom of the ^-- fexes eating apart* Cleanlinefs. Of their ftaining or ^ tatt«wing their bodies. Some few inflances of an extraor- -^ dxnzry Jufus natitne. The dtfeafes incident to thefe .>' iflanders, and their (kill in furgery — 44 Seft. IV. Of the manufadiure- of the Taheitian cloth and matting j their diet and perfumes ; their weapons of war, and other implements ;. ignorance of the ufe of iron, and _^ ingenious fubditute for it in their tools ; their canoes, < both for fiiliing and war - «*»ti,.i.i Hfir^kMi iY^ 62 ^fid^ V. Ofth3 temper and difpofition of the Taheitians ; ., th^ir propenfity to theft; readinefs to forgive injuries; ^ t great .ieniibility An^ ;fnendiinefs. Of their women ; ' profligacy of the lower clafs j account of a fociety efta- bliHicd CONTENTS. xiii blifhed among thofe of rank, called Arreoy, Their di- verfions ; a (ketch of their general charader — 71 Se£^. VI. Account of fome peculiar cuftoms and manners in .' the ifland of O-Taheitee v- rfri**^'- '^^''^J***5 \"; 97 Seft. VII. Of the language of the O-Taheitians j their mental endowments, and (kill in the fciences — loi Seift. VIII. Of the government of O-Taheitee ; their king, nobility, gentry, and commonalty ; its populoufnefs and wars — — — — . 104. Sea. IX. Of the religion of the O-Tahcitians ; their priefts ; human facri(ices ; their morais, or buryinjg* places} and their manner of mourning for the dead 109 Sed. X. An account of the European ihips that have vifited this ifland, and the principal tranfa^ions which happened whilft they remained here. Of Obtna, fuppofed by cap- tain Wallis to have been the queen of the ifland. Of the trade eftabliihed with the natives. Of European ieeds fown here, and animals left to (lock the country j^f Se6t. XI. The hiftory of Tupia and Aotourou^ wha embarked with captain Cgok and M, dt Bougainv'iiU^ for Europe, Of Mahine^ or Oedidet, who made a voyage towards the South-Pole with captain Cook\ and of Omaif who came to England with captain i^»r»M»;c 4^-^. iac CHAP. V. Of the Society-Iflands "T ' "~" ■' • — ^ 157 Sea. I. Of Ulicteoy or Raietta, remarkable burying-place. Tokens of conque(t left on the hfland. Company of , dancers n their dre(res, and the entertainment they exhi- bited. A feail ferred up aocording to the cuftom bf the -- . country. '> w» CONTENT S.^ ' cWft^'j ' A prrr^i^rdfy" corpulCTit' ihari'. AfFe■^^•'Ti'• CHAP. VI .4\V, J,; ./»^'. Of the Friendly -Iflands, called by Tafinan, Middleburg, Amfterdam, Rotteidam, and Pylflart ; including alfo ataqy wchers which were fieen but not vifitcd by caf tain Coolc — .^ — ^ 177 Seft. I. Of Middleburg ; its climate, produ«*!ions bf the caiKh, animals ; the houfes, and domeftic utenfils of the n^1^e%; Perfons of the natives, both men and women ; ftn^lar nianflcf of pun«5liiring the flcin in jufe here ; euf- tom of maiivting their Wttle fingers. Reception given to capCtin Cook. Di/cafes obferved here — 178 S'.ft. II. Of Jrrjierdamy called by the natives Tongotabu 186 Set^.ni. Of Rotterdamy called by the natives jfriamocka, anrf'the ad[jacent iflands. Defcription of the country ; ifis productions, cultivation, regularity of the roads laid out here. Behaviour of a woman to captain Cook. Im- < tninent danger of the (hip's furgc on from fon>e turbulent natives; his refcue eiFeckd by an amiable young girl. A man of a very lingular fThar^dcr • — 201 CHAP. VII. Of the N ri'*>' ferous flirubs collected here. Pigeon ihoC with a nutmeg, in its craw. Birds and fifli ; no other animals than hogs and rats. A dog and bitch left here by captain Cook. Strange cuftom of thrufting a piece of bone through tho^ cartilage of the nofe. Remarkable fwelling of the eye- lids. Incifions made on their flefli. Servile conditiofi of the women. Their mufic and language. Eat humin flelh. Reception given to their viHtants. Ollmmer and AnnaUm* — — :. .^^ CHAP. VIII. ". t 207—240' .r,K Of.New-Ca]edonia,and its neighbouring iflands. Productions oi New-Caledonia. Inhabitants. Remarkable drefs of the men. Little efteem (hewn for the women. Their weapons, language, and mufic j manner of treating thcit dead. Reception given to the (hip. Mitlake their guefts for men-eaters. Of the IJJt of Pines \ Botany and Nrnfolk- Ijlandi — • . •-»« ««•>. *«i. ^ 241 CHAP, IX. Of thefmall fcattefed iflani^s that have been difcoyercd. {;>£-' tweeu the equator and the foMthern tropic, and from r- ■ n xyi C 6 N "f E N* T S.' ^^t50thdeg. of longitude weft, to i6oth deg. of longitude ' ti^ ; particularly Eimeo, or captain Wallis's Duke of '^Tork*s IJtand; O-Heteroa^ Howty Hervey, Palmerjion^ Sa- '■^iag/^Bd/cawerif Keppel, I/lands of Danger^ Byron's Duke •fTork, ^ueen Charlotlis Ijlei^ and ByrorCi IJland 256 .. - , ," ' - CHAP. X. .'.li.'.u. Of New-Zeeland. Se£t.I. Of the firft difcovery of New-Zeeland, found to confifl: of two iflands ; their fituation, extent, climate, ' foil, mountains, and the face of the country in each 264 Se^. II. Of the trees, plants, infedts, reptiles, birds, beafts, and fiflies of New-Zeeland. A particular defcriptipn of the valuable flax-plant found here; and of the poy-bird, peculiar to this country — — 274 &61..III. Of the perfons, drefs, houfes, food, utenfils, weapons and canoes, of the New-Zeelanders. Their HippaSi or fortified villages ; and of their women 282 Se£t. IV. Of the difpofition and manners of the New- Zee- glanders. Their (kill in hulbandry ; cleanlinefs; fierce- nefs ; method of attacking their enemies, and horrid prac- tice of eating human fleih. The difeafes to which they are incident. Their language, mufic, government, and religion — ■ _ — — 290 Se£t. "*'. Of the reception given to the EngUJh at New-Zee- land, when they viftted thofe iflands in the Endeavour h^k^ .Refolution and Jdveftture Hoops, in 1770, 1773, and 1774. Of Peaterree, a friendly chief on the fouthern ifland; of the trade carried on with the natives ; attempts made to •' plant 'the cou nitty with ro6U, aiid othiir edible vegetables, ind to ftoci: it with al>jreed of animus. The (hocking 4i;?. cataftrophc ^ C Q N -Pr B- H' X S. tfn •ataftrophe which befel the boat's, ^rcw belonging to |he ^ Adventuu. Of a vifit made this country by two Freach fliips, in January 17721 and the maflacre of the qom- mander, and twenty-eight of his men^ by the nj^tives j;i5 C'-:^ " ' CHAP. Xi:',*--'V .^•^'^^> Of New-Holland. ' v . Se6l. I. A deij^ription of the country ; its produiSlions, inha- bitants, and their manner of living — — 326 Se£t. n. Account of captain Cook's navigation along the caftcrn coaft of New- Holland, to which he gave the name of New Souih'lVales. Of his wonderful deliverance from ihipwreck } with feveral particulars refpe£ting the country, and the manners and difpofitions of the Indians whv inhabit it — —.—. — j^j CHAP. XII. Of Ntw-GuineOy New- Britain^ New-InlanJ, and ^nv- Hamver ; with feveral iflands difcovered by captain Car- teret in 1767 — — — 355 Conclusion. Defcribing the Ladronty or Marian Ijlandst in the northern hemifphere in the PaciHc Ocean 364 PART II. Containing the voyages' made by captain Cook,' and tht honourable Conftantine John Phipps, (now lord Mul- grave) to the frigid zones, and towards die Poles 369 :.. ,..;....■.:-r.^..■^ HAP. I.' .' /' ■\^^' '" '-' Captain Cook's attcpipt tp dii^pver j^J[§u^ljf^r(»,coi^U in »773> i774>an<* J77S : ' "^^ '. .r. •^ •.+> ib, Swa, svtU c a N r EH r s. 8e^. I. Of the firft atttvpt made bjr captain Cook in the Keibludon* accompanied by capuin Furoeaux in the Adventure, to difcover a fouthcrn continent, from his leaving the Cape of Good Hope to his arrival at Newih. Zeeland ^ ^ ^ 37= Se£t. II. Second attempt made by captain Cook in the Re- folution, having parted from the Adventure, to penetrate towards the South-Pole ; from his failing from New- Iceland in November 1773, to his arrival at Eafter- Ifland in March 1774 — — • 379 SctSI. III. Captain CooP-'s cruife in the fouthern Atlantic Ocean, with an account of the lands difcovered in that feaini775 — — — — 388 CHAP. n. Captain Phipps*s (lord Mulgrave) voyage towards the North Pole. Account of Spitfbergen ; face of the country, an?- Mah. Fiih caught in the northern fea. Moffin Ifland, tnd Seven Iflands. The (hips embayed in the ice, and iikiminent danger to all on board of perifliing. Experi- fnents en the degree of cold in certain depths of water^ nod on the fpecific gravity of ice — — 400 /.DIRECTIONS TO the B I N D E R« The Title cuts ofF from Sheet A a. The Map tt( the World is to face the Titles The Map of the South-Sea^ beginning of Part t. Inhabitants of the South-Sea lilands. Page 37^ View of the Eioehcvfb sad Carcafs, Page 406* ^ V-.c. »■-.' ■■v:ij* . *> A •»— I'V*'!*'^. i^. 4'/ ^'" X^oing:. F.ABt frori Greenwich. 1*^ Long\Wfft from Gi»cmwi«h. > ■«■•* .■«■)•*.. lii,|.r«. t4 br MC. SMk ou TH SEA.withthcTiacksof theKAVl G AT O R 8.(17/8) o ~ 6Jo from. Greei m^K. ^ Rsflilubonaiid^rjL - , ♦^ >in tiwcmnph. r^rjl ''' Mispaaisla ;:=>Caribcaii Sea V'./r«««\>V/| Vf ^\ TrmiFirraa 1'' '// r ^■' , J I Capt . C ook> ic turn De^ , \ tf^i—'-'-'-'-Vi-.-i - — NV — Jl^kUnintrilf 8 4-f^-|' He 'U » « h .' ^ 5 ;'t i\ ' ( - ,'b e;f ' ■' f '. I *. -1 '^V' ■- ' ndfA' k- ?; ,6 at.' .A- .*i* aVi »*«^- > i>.' «A ^rfjUOiJ >..? -^.r' '1 '- W - .^^l G AT O R 8.(17/ 8) 10 o flio ft a /jo J, JW ji T.*..* •a' ■ '5f>^ f? ■ •'■ S .1,5 ■'<■-■>■ ) ,i^ it'it: t I i mtmmm NEW DISCOVERIES CONCERNING THE W O R L D, &c. PART 1. , 0/" /iif SiDuf H-SEAi Of Pacific Ocean. ! THIS immenfe body of water extends from thci weftern toafts of North and South America, to the eaftern ihores of Chinaj Tartary, and Japan : from hi moft weftern boundary between Peru and Chili^ to its taoft eaftern point at Cochin-Ghina, it very nearly rolls over an extent of one hundred and eighty degrees of longitude, being the femicircumference of the world from eaft to weft ; and it is now fuppofedj by the moft accurate inveftigation that human fkill and fpirit will ever make, to reach quite to the South-Pole i and may poffibly be as extenfive to- wards the North : but to explore this curious problem in geography^ is one of the obje«Sls of the voyage oh which captain Cook has now (December 1777) been embarked about feventeen months. This Tea, therefore^ may be faid to embrace an entire hemifphere of the globe of the world, within about five degrees. In defcribing the iflands in this ocean we (hall begin with thofe neareft to the weftern coaft of South-America, and proceed weftwardly until we arrive at New-Guinea, Papua, and New-Holland. fi CHAP, *j. s NEW PISCOVERIE$i &c. SSli'JOOnT •'•>Ui> 1 -i(liu'^ '/'JIT',! 'V'f ri-t-.v •' -.- ,-\ ,• ,..,1 C HAP. I, ^ 'TC 5». Ji j',5 Jialj) ."! < cr,'> ■■» ■ i'f,d Of the I/lands of Juan Fernandez and Masafuero, THESE iflands are two in number, and are diftant from each other about thirty-one leagues ; they were firft difcovered by Juan Fernandez, a Spaniard, from whom they take their name, in 1572. The Spaniards diftinguiih them by the greater end lefs Juan Fernandez, butthefmaller ifland is more generally known by the name of Mafafucxo; The greater Juan Fernandez lies to the eaftward, in latitude 53 deg. 40 min. fouth, and 78 deg. 30 min. weft from London ^ It was formerly a place of refort for the buccaniers who annoyed the weflern coaft of the Spanifli continent. They were led to refort hither from the multi- 'tude of goats which it nourifhed j to deprive their enemies iof which advantage the Spaniards tranfported a confiderable liumber of dogs, which encreafing greatly, have almoft ex- ■'tirpated the goats, who now only find fccurity among the 'fteep mcjntains in the northern parts, which are inacceiTible to their purfucrs. ' There are inftancesof two men living, at difFerent times, alone on this ifland fur many years j the 'cne a Mufquito Indian, the other Alexander Salkirk, ^ 'Scotchman, who was, after five years, taken on board an Englifh fhip, which touched here in about 1710, and brought back to Europe. From the hiflory of this re- clufe Daniel Defoe is faid to have conceived the idea of Wfitinc: the adventures of Robirifon Crufoe. This ifland (^ « Dalryinple's biilwical account of voyages to the South -Sea, Vol. I. page 17^. was . .a!«i^ ' x^ JUAN FERKA N D E Z. ■' i ^as Very propitious to. the remains of commodore Anfon's fquadron in 1741, after having been buffeted with tempefts^ and debilitated by ah inveterate fcurvy during a three months pafTage round Cape Hoi-n ^ ' they continued here three months, during v^rhich time the dyin^, crews, who on their arrival could fcarcely with one united efFprt heav« ihe iu- chor, were reftored to perfect health K Captain Carteret, in the Swallow, in 1767, having met with many difficulties and impediments iii hit) pafTage into the Soiith-Sea^ by (he ilraits of MagelhaenS, attempted to make this ifland in orHdt to recruit the health of his men ; but he foutid it fortified by the Spaniards, and therefore chofe rather to proceed to the ifland of Mafafuero^' But M. de Bougainville, that fame year, is. faid to have touched here for refrefliments, although in the narrative of the voyage the fa£l is cautioufly fup- prefiedi This ifland is not quite fifteen miles long^ a|id about fix broad ; its only fafe harbour is on tht north iide^' It is faid to have plenty of excellent water, and to abound with a great variety of efcul^nt vegitables highly antlfcor^ butic, befldes which commoilore Anfon fowed a Variety of garden feeds, and planted the flones of plums, apricots, and peaches j which he was many years afterwards informed had thriven greatly, and now doubtlefs furnifh a very valuable addition to the natural productions of this fpot. Vaft Ihoals of fifh of various kinds frequent this coaft, particU* larly cod of a prodigious fize, and it is faid in not lef^ abun- <^ance than on the banks of Newfoundland. There are but few birds here, and thofe few are of fpecies well known and common 4* ' . ••^t- n , I ' V Anfon's Voyage« duodecimo cdltied, page 109, Set, « XJawkefwextb's Voyageti Vol, I. page 87, ^ Aofoa'i Voyage, page ti8% ^-;V^ B^ ^ NEW DISCOVERIES, &c. . \vob>-'.^ .Kin ...fis- b-n.M/o:-^. .- >i i -,. ,..3 , ._-3., ^^,^ '«^::i.0i UJ .'^, >.-...j .,: Of Ma S A¥ V iR O. : .., ..^.^ „;_,,. .^ . . /^Omtnodorc Byron, in the Dolphin, acconopanled by the Tamur, anchored off this iHand in 1765, and fent out his boats to endeavour to get wood and water j but as the ihore was rockey, and a furf broke with great violence upon Jt, he ordered the men to put on cork jackets, by the help of which they brought off a conflderable quantity o^ both. Here they found plenty of goats, which proved to be as good food as venifon in England. In this expedition the gunner, and a feaman who could not fwim went on ihore with the waterers, and when the bufinefs w»s completed, the violence of the furf which beat againft the ihore made them afraid to venture oft' to the boat ; they were therefore left behind on the iiland. The next day the commodore fent out a boat to bring them back ; the gunner fwam through the furf, and got on board, but the feaman had fo tfiorough a prefage of being drowned in the attempt to reach the boat, that preferring life to focial intercourfe, he chofe to temain at all events on the iiland. Having formed this rp- Ibltttion, he took an affectionate leave of the people in the \>03it} a midfhipman, however, juft as they were about to return without him, taking one end of a rope in his hand^ jumpt into the fea, and fwam through the furf to the beach, where the poor ifolated defpondent fat ruminating on bis fituation. The young maq remcnftrated to him on th,tf abfurdity of the refolution he had formed, and having made a running nooze in the rope, fuddenly threw it over the 'iiilor ; ind fixing it round his body, the people in the boat began to drag him through the furf, and thus brought hioi m board i but he had fwallowed fo great a quantity of water ''' MASAFUER 0.7 ^ | on his pafTage, that he was to all appearance dead ; but pro- per means being ufed he foon r^overed, and was no doubt abundantly thankful for the friendly violence that had forced him from the dreary folitude which his fears had courted % Captain Carteret defcribes this iiland to lay 33 deg. 45 min. fouth, longitude 80 deg. 46 min. weft, from Greenwich. It is very high and mountainous, and at a diftance appears as one hill or rock } it is of a triangular form, and fevea 00 «f&ht leagues in circumference. There is here fuch plenty of fiih, that a boat, with a fe# hooks and lines, may prefently catch as much as will ferve an hundred people. Here are coal-fifh, cavilliers, cod, hallibut, and cray-fiili. Captain Carteret's crew caught a kingfifher that weighed eighty-feven pounds, and was five feet and an half long. The iharks here were To ravenous^ chat in taking foundings one of them fwallowed the lead, Vj which they hauled htm above water, but he regained his li» i>erty by difgorging his prey. Seals are To numerous herer^ that captain Carteret fays, if many thoufands were killed in a night, they would not be miffed the next morning. Thefe animals yield excellent train oil, and their hearts and plucks are very good food, having a tafte fomething like thofe of a hog ; their (kins are covered with very fine fur.— There are many I irds here, and fome very large hawks. Of the Pin- tado bird the crew of the Swallow caught feven hundred in^ ^ne night*. > * Hawkefw. Vol. I. page 50, «■•,*. f Hawktfw* Vol. I. page loq, B 3 'CHAP. I NEW discove¥ies, &9, CHAP. II. '^ ""-'^ S' i: :ba: .43/.I. Q^ E A S T E R - I S L A N Di y'.u;r« lotl . ... ;a:;.>-^ •V,,;^ -in. -'> 'm \:'v».i SECT. It '♦h'l ::vi Jfts SituatioK, Extent, Climfte, and Face of the Countr^^ . i THIS ifland was firft difcovered by Davis, an English? man, who called it Davis's Land ; afterwards Rog- gewein, in 1722, vifited it, and g^ve it the n4nie of Eafter- Ifland i but the writers of that voyage, in defcribing it, are faid to have confulted fancy more than truth ^. It is ^lled by the natives, according to Mr. Forftei ""j l^acbu ; ^ut captain Cook fays,' that three different names were giveii for it by the natives, viz. Tamareki^ Whyhu^, and Teapy *., It was alfo vifited by a Spanifli (hip in 1770, who gave it the name of St. Carlos IJland^^ and feveral articles ot^^ Euro- pean manufacture, particularly wearing apparel, were fee(i in .the poffeflion of the natives, which they had procured \n, confequeiice of that vifit. It l^es in latitqde 27 ^eg. 4 min. |buth, longitude 109 deg. 46 min. weft, from Greenwich j it is nearly of a triangular form j its greateft extent, which is from north-eaft to fouth-weft, \i about four leagues, and its greateft width about two. From the appearance of the country, it was conjectured by the phylofophical gentlemen who vifited it with captain Cook in thp Refolution, that ^t had. received a recent violeiice from volcanic Hres '. The 8 Cook I. zSy. Fc^iier I. ^yq. |«fe *9J. ^ Forfter I. 551. h Vol. I. page 599, \ Forfter I. 601, I Vol. I. wholq EASTER-ISLAND.:^ -,; if tgvhole country is barren, and, in fome places, a bare rock without any covering of earth. The whole ground was be- fpread with rocks and ftones of all fizes, which feemed to have been expofed to a great fire, where they had acquired a black colour, and porous appearance. Towards tho north is a fingle coherent rock, or lump of black melted lava, which appeared to contain fome iron ore, but many proofs remained of its having been formerly cultivated ™. Mr. Forfter is of opinion, that this ifland was at firft pro- duced by a volcano, as all its minerals are merely volcanic, and that it has been reduced to its prefent defolate ftate by an eruption. The foil of this ifland is a dry hard clay, and notwith- ftanding it is every where covered with ftones, yet there aro feveral large trads planted with potatoes, and plantains, but no fruit was feen on any of the trees ". The moft re- markable curiofity belonging to this ifland is, a number of Coloflian ftatues, of which, however, very few remain en- tire ; thefe ftatues are placed only on the fea coaft } on the caft fide of the ifland were feen the ruins of three platforms of ftone-work, on each of which had ftood four of thefe large ftatues, but they were all fallen down from two of tliem, and one from the third ; they were broken or de- faced by the fall j Mr. Wales meafured one which had fallen, which was fifteen feet in length, and fix broad over the ihoulders : each ftatue had on its head a large cylindric ftone of a red colour, wrought perfectly round : others were found that meafured near twenty-feven feet, and upwards of eight feet over the ihoulders ; and a ftill larger one was feen ftanding, the fhade of which was fuflicient to flielter all the party, conflfting of near thirty perfons, from the. m Forfter 1. 5 66j 569. Cook I. ziu [y'...f ;.»i. >.! B4 ray$ J. f? N^W DISCOVERIES, &c. T»f9 of the fun. The workinanfhip is rude, but not badl^ nor are the features of the face ili, formed } the cars arc long, acoordtng to the diftortion pradliced in the country, and th^ bodies have hardly any thing of a human figure about them* How thefe iflanders, wholly unacquainted with any mecha^ ' nical power, could raife fuch ftupendous figures, and af- terwards place the large cylindric flones upon their headii, is truly wonderful I The mofl probable conje£lure feems ta br, that the ibone is factitious, and that each figure wa^ gradually erected, by forming a temporary platform round it, an4 raif^ng it as the work advanced } but they are at aiyf rate very flrong proofs of the ingt;nuity and perfeverance of the iflanders in the age when they were built, as well as that the anceftors of the prefent race had foen bettet days than their defccndants ^. The water of this ifland t^ ' in general brackifh, there being only one well that is per-* ' fedtly frefl), which is at the eafl end of the ifland ; and when- ever the native; repair to it to flake their thirfl, they wafli fhemfelves all over } and if there is a large con>pany, 'thq firfl leaps Into the middle of the hole, drinks, and waifhei himfelf without ceremony, after which another takes his place, and fo on in fucceffion p. This cuftom was much (jifrelifiied by their new friends, who flood greatly in need of this valuable article, and did not wifh to have i( coi^<« laminated by fuch ablutions. 'JO^. h- SECT. lU 0/ the AhimaU, Birds, Trees ^ Piants, and Vegitables ^ ^»' • Eafter-lfland, , ■ 14 'HE only quadruped feen here was black rats, whichj is common to all the iflands of the South- Sea. pomcflic fowls of avery fmall breed, and dull plumage, arq :4ivli.. ** ^o*''^' *^^> 3184, 29^, Cook I. 2?3, 484. here W. >A EASTER-ISLAND, r^t ^ liere in imall numbers ; and two or three noddies were fecn, IKrhich were fo tame as toiilttle on the ibouldeis of the na- tive; 1. This country produces only a few flirubs, the leaf ^nd feeds of one of which (called by the natives Tommido) was not much unlike that of the common Fitch ^ the feeds had a difagreeable bitter tafte, and are confidered by the na- tives as poifonous j the wood is of a reddifh colour, hard and heavy, but crooked, and exceeding Hx or feven feet in heighth } and not a tree was feen on the whole ifland that exceeded the heighth of ten feet r. Another fmall ihrub wa$ feen here, whole wood is white and brittle, and as well as fts leaf fomewhatrefembles (he afli. There are alfofomeof the Taheitean cloth plant, (which will be defcribed hereafter) but dwarfifli and weak, being from two to four feet high. They are plaiited in rows among very large rocks, where the I'ains have wafhed a little foil together. Here are fugar- canes, bananas, and yams, which thrive to admbation, con* (Idering the iloney quality of the ground. The fug^ir- canes were about nine or ten feet high, and contained a very fwccc juice, which the inhabitants very hofpitabiy prefented to their guefts, whenever they afked for fomething to drink, Thefe are faid to be fweeter than thofe at Taheitee*. The whole number of plants growing on this ifland, according to Mr. Forfter, does not exceed twenty fpecies^ Here are potatoes of a gold-yellow colour as fwect as carrots j thefe were found very nourifhing and antifcor* butic I here is likewife a fpecies of nightfhade which is made tife of at Taheitee, and the other iflands, as a vulnerary medicine, and is probably cultivated here for thei fame pur- pofe. The grafs, which commonly fprings up among the q Forfter I. 568, 71, 74. ' Forfter I. 559. Cook I. 385, s Cook I. aS'j. Ifojftei I. 563, 571, 571,573. t I. 559- • , i^ones JO NEW DISCOVERIES, kc. Hones on the uncultivated foil, is carefully plucked up and fpread over their plantations at a manure, or to prefervc them, in fome meafure, from the parching beams of the fun, from whence it (hould fccin that the natives arc not at all ignorant of rural oeconomy, and till their (leril patrimony sC t gneac expence of time and labour ". ?> ' ,.:. .; i;. s.^; SECT. III. ."'i rt .! I'.i/, Of tht Inhahltanti of Eafter-Ifland ; their Perfons, Drefs^ the DiJJolutenefs of the H^omen feen here^ their Cujioms^ Mmi^trf^^ and Mechanic Siiil. vVt »»; rHU;! ^T^HESE people are of a middle fize, rather thin, in -*' general, go entirely naked, and have punflurcs on their bodies, which is common in a greater or a lefs degree to all the fouth fea iflands. Their greateit Angularity is the iize of their ears, the lobe or extremity of which is ftretcbed out To, as almoft to reft on the flioulder, and is pier<;ed by a very large hok, through which four or five fingers might with eafe be thruf^. The chief ornaments for their ears are the white down of fcatjbcrs, and rings which they wear in the infide of the hole, made of the leaf of the fu^ar cane, which is very elafVic, and is rolled up like a watch fpring. Some were fccn covered with a kind of bright doth of an oraijge colour, and thefe were fuppofed to be chicft., Their ideas of decency are of courfe very different from thofe of nations who are accuflomed to clothing \ Their coloyr is a chefnut brown ; their hair black, curling, ^nd remarkably ftrong i that on the bead, as well as on the face, is cut (hort. One of the natives who CJ^me on board the :d with Aeady attention, and cofOpulfiye authority, thi^ puel bias 1 *■ FsrAef I. 5^.. E A S T E R - I S L A N D. T^ rj. mojfl as large as the iulUbottomed wigs of European law- yers : befides which, fome wore a fimplc hoop of wood^ round which the long white feathers of the gannet hung nodding y. All the natives that came on board the fliipy, exprefTed the utmofl admiration at every thing they faw, and every one of them meafured the whole length of the veflel, from head to ftern, with his extended arms. Among thefe. was one woman, who carried on a particular traffic of hee own; fhe vifited feveral of the inferior officers, and thea, addrefled herfelf to the failors, emulating the famous ex-, ploits of Meilaiina, ., - ' - '...Kiw.Cy EtiaJataviriSf necdumfatiatarecej/it, Juv. vi. 130. In colour, features, and language, fays captain Cook, the inhabitants of Eafter-Ifland bear fuch affinity to the people of the more weftern iflands, that no one will doubt that they have had the fame origin. It is exttiordinary, continues he, that the fame nation fhould have fpread itf«;lf over all the ifles in this vaft ocean, from New Zeeland hither, wh'"tr' is almoft one fourth part of the circumference of the globe.- Many of them have now no other knowledge of each other than what is preferved by antiquated tradition j and they bive, by length of time, become, as it were, different na- tions } each having adopted fome peculiar cudom or habit^- &c. Neverthelefs, a careful obfervcr will foon fee the affi-' nity oach has to the other. The nicefl calculation that could be made, never brought the number of inhabitants in this iflund to above feven hundred, and of thefe the females bore no proportion in number to the males. Either tliey have but few females, or elfe their women were reftraincd from appearing during the flay of the Hiip, notwithflanding, the men (hewed no figns of a zealous difpofition, or tjie wonen any fcruples of appearing in public } in fai5l, they^ yCaakI, Z91. Forfter I. 565. ' ' ^"^ ''^'' feemci i$ NEW DlSCOVfeRIES, &c. Teemed to be neither refeirVednorchaftej and the large pointed cap which they wore, gave them the appearance of profefled wantons; but as all the women who were {ctn were liberal of their favours, k is mofe than probable, that all the mar<« rled and modcft had concealed themfelves from their it.ipc- ttious vi/itants, in fame infcrutible parts of the ifland ; and what further ftrengthehs this fuppofition is, that heaps of itones were feen piled up into little hillocks, which had ohe fteep perpendicular fide, where a hole vent undef ground j the fpace within, fays Mr. Forfter, could be but fmall, and yet it is probable, that thefe cavities ferved, to« gether with their miferable huts, to give flielter to the peo.» pie at night, and they may communicate with natural ca-« verns, which are very common in the lava currents of vol* canic countries. We fliould have been glad, continues he, to have afcertained this circumftancs, but the natives always denied us admittance into thefe places „ and the ihip conti- nued only two days at this i^and (March 14 & 15, 1774) ; and in one of the excurfions made by Mr. Foriler, and fbme others, they thought they heard the voice of women in an hut, the entrance of which ivas flopped up by brufh- wood : but after liftening fome time, nothing could be heard to confirm them in their conjedure ^. The few women that appeared, were the moft lafcivious of their fex that per- haps have been ever noticed in any country, and fliame feemed to be entirely unknown to them. r ,, ,^ >inq j: :'.\\ :.,y:^,.-:.\ It was prefently difcovered, that thefe iflanders wertf very expert thieves. It was with difficulty the people of the fhip' could keep their hats on their heads, and hardly poffible t^ keep any thing in their pockets, nor even fuch articles a» the natives had fold j for they would watch every opportu- • 'Forfter'I. "579» 571* «T«rfterI. 578. nicy! E A S T E R - 1 S L A N D. { v« t$ a nity to fnatch them away, fo that the fame thing was fome- times bought two or three times over, and at laft dexterouflf purloined. The only feverity, however, exercifed on thefe people for fuch peccadillos, was on a man who had ftden Mr. Fcrfter's plant-bag from the failor who carried it ; the thief was fired at with frnall (hot, which wonnded him fo as that he fell, foon after he had thrown down the fatal ac- quifition**. < - idr. There is a mildnefs and good-natare in the difpofition of this people, which prompt them to behave as kindly and h«';T'^ as their barren country will permit them. A party who had rambled up the ifland, and were returning to the fhip, pafTed a native who was digging potatoes in a field ; they no fooner complained to him of great thirft, than he ran immediately to a large plantation of fugar-canes, and brought out a load of the beft and juicieft on his baclc for their refrefhment •=. Their difpofition is far from being warlike, although they have weapons of defence, ; ? r <• ♦/tu' Potatoes, bananas, yams, fugar-canes, and about fifty fowls, were t' - ^ uly provifions obtained here; in exchange for which, u? , . ves received with great pleafure, empty cocoa-fhells v, i^trt had been procured upon other South- Sea iflands : the clotu made at O-Taheitee, (of which more will be faid in the fequel) and European cloth, bore tjlrb next degree of efteem, and iron ware held the loweft place. Moft of *he natives, on receiving a cocoa-nut, piece of dcih, or a nail, in the way of barter, ran away immedi- ately, as if apprehenfive, lell the other fliould repent his bargain, . :^i infills on a re-exchange. Their cagernefs for cloth led tima tj; part with their caps, head-drefTes, nsck- ^ Fwfter I. 599. f F»rftcr I. 579, laces, »6 N E W. i^ I S G 6 V E R i E S, &c. Jaees, ornaments foi' the ears, and feverai human figur^ 0ia4e out of narrow pieces of wood about eighteen inches of two feet long, and wrought in a much neater and mord proportionate manner than could have been expedied from fuch a forlqrn race : they reprefented men and women : the» features were not pleafing, and the whole figure was much too long to be natural^ but notwithilanding there was fprne- thing charadleriflic in them which befpoke a tafte for the arts* The wood of which they were made was finely polifhedj clofe grained, and of a dark brown end it is quite inexplicable bow fuch-toys could come into . ' poiTeifion, as no tree could be found on the ifland after the niceft fcrutiny, which produced this kind of wood, it b/cing the perfume wood of O-Taheitce. A very fingular figure thus carved with long . nails, and fingers bent downwards, was brought to Eng- land by Mr. Forfler, and prefcnt^d by him to the Britiih Mufeutn. Beads they reje£ted with contempt, and threw them away as far as poflible whenever they were offered to-, them ''. Their houfes are low mifer;.ble huts, conftruvcr with leaves of fugar- cane. The door-way is in the middle of one fide, formed^ like a porch, and fo low and narrow, as juft to admit a man< to eater on all-fours -, the largefl of thefe hovels that were * Ftfttr I. 578, s80) i| pH ^» - EASTER -I St AND. ^ 17 ftttiy fcemeAonly fix feet long, eight or nine feet high in the tniddlc, and three or four at each end } its breadth ai thofe parts being nearly equal to itiheighth. Of thefe huts very few were feen in the excurfions made into the country. 1\1'. Forfter counted only ten or twelve from an eminence, that commanded a great part of the ifland". A further proof that there are recedes known only to themfelves. K> ;if! Their oiFenfive weapons are fhort wooden clubs, and fpears about fix feet lodg, crooked, and armed at one end tvith pieces of flint j they have likewife a weapon made of Wood like the patco-patoot of New-Zeeland ^, which will be defcribed when we fpeak of that country. , ^ , - . ^. .,..*> ■ . Not more than three foul canoes were feen in tli« whole ifland, and thefe very mean, conftruded of many pieces of Wood fewed together with fmall line, each piece not more than four or five inches wide, and two or three feet long. Thefe boats meafure from twelve to twenty feet long} they have out-riggers or balances made of three (lender poles } tl^ey feem not to be capable of carrying mwe than four perfons, and are quite unfit for any diftant navigatidfi : each of the men work this boat with a paddle, the blade of which is compofed of feveral pieces of wood*. There was no kind of mufical inftrumcnt feen among the people K From the fmall number, and flightnefu of their boats, tc may be fuppofed that they procure very little of their iubfiftcnce from Hihing, and no mention is made either by Mr. Forfter, or captain Cook, of any iifliing impliments feen here««ri«.< r-iff-,-^ vH •■ ;■-• ■■■- ■ .- ■•_ - •._••■ ■ Cook 1.392 « While • Cook I, 2gt. 2. Forfter I. 560. f Cook I. if I. Forlterl. 55S, jj Farftec I. 400. c *v iB NEW DISCOVERIES, Sic, While the Refolution lay at Eafter Ifland, a circumftaned^ happened which fhowcd that the idea of private property was- known among them. A field of fwcet potatoes furnifhed a de- firable article of traffic to thcfliip's company j feveral of the na- tives dug up thefe roots, and exchanged them with the offi- cers for what they moft valued. After they had employed themfelves in this manner for forae hours, another native; arrived, who with great fury drove the intruders away, and himfelf alone dug up the roots, and fold them in the manner that the others had done: from which circumftance it wa» inferred very naturally, that this man was the owner of the field, whom the others had robbed of the fruits of his labour^ being tempted to commit the trefpafs by the ready market to which they brought their plunder'. •' ; r» ' ->/: i. ^> They have a king, whom they ftyle argg^ or hareekee ; he is defcribed as a middle-aged man, rather tall, his face and nvholebody ftrongly pundlured. He wore a piece of clotb" made of the mulberry bark, quilted with threads of grafs,' and ftained yellow with tumeric. On his head he had a cap of long fhining black feathers, which might be called a diadem. No great degree of homage was obferved to be paid to him b} the people, and from the poverty of the courtry, his fubjedls can afford to fliew but few diftin(£tions to their monarch. Of the religion of thefe people both our narrators declare themfelves entirely ignorant''. And it would have fhewnlefs petulant prefumption, if the hiftorian of Roggevein's voyage had candidly done the fame. But very little regard is to be had to fuch a writer j one of the accounts makes the men on this ifland to meafure twelve feet high, and the women to be about ten or eleven feet in height K ^ FofterL 5SZ, "^ Cook I. 154. Forftetl 589. I Dalrymplel. irj. C H A P. M A R dU E S A S . I S t A N D S. 19 f ->o«.0'iiii7^iu'. -iQ PI y^ p^' ).-. «I-^r. .rri; 0//i&^ Marquesas Islands, and the Low Islands /(? the South-M^eji. vnikiX v>i\-.-:-.i:.% \-\ ■ ■-'i\': .v :-'i-----\iPy'^ ^T^HESE iflands were firft difcovered by Mendana, a -■■ Spaniard, in 1597, ^"^ ^'^^'^ '^'"™ obtained the general name they now bear, as well as the names of the particular iflands, the laft excepted. They occupy one degree of latitude, and near half a degree of longitude. The Marquefas iflands are fivein number, viz. LaMagdalena, St. Pedro, La Dominica, Santa Chriftina, and Hood ifland. All the natives of thefe iflands may .be fuppofed to be of the fame tribe. Thofe fpots that are fit for culture are very populous ; but as each ifland is very mountainous, and has many inaccefllble and barren rocks, it is to be doubted whether the whole popula- tion of this group amounts to fifty thoufand perfons. The Spaniards, who firft vifited here, found the manners of the people gentle and inofFenfive } but thefe qualities did not prevent thofe who landed from wantonly butchering feveral of the natives at Magdalena"*. ' • ; ,-f'. nj .»' HooD-IsLAND was not feen by Mendana, Captain Cook, in the Refolution, who difcovered it in April 1774, gave it that name from the perfon on board his fhip who firft faw the land. It is the moft northernly of the clufter; ic lies in latitude 9 deg. 26min. fouth, and 139 deg. i3min. weft } five leagues and a half diftant from the eaft end of La Pominica. >" Dalrymple^s h'lAorical account of voyages, vol. I. pa. 66. Cook, vol. I. p* 3c6. FoAer, vol. II. p. 34. C a La Ml JO NEW nrSCOVERfES, &c. La Domikica, called by the natives Heevaroa^ extend!^ eaft and weft fix leagues^ and is about fifteen leagues in cir- cuit : it is an high and mountainous ifland, the north-eaft point of which is ftcep and barren j but further to the north-* are fonie vallics filled with trees, among whicl^ a fews hut& are fcattered ; here are many craggy rocks like fpires, and ieveral hollpw fummits piled up iif the centre of the iflandy which prove that volcanoes and earthquakes have been' aiflive in changing the face of the country. All the eaftern- fide is a prodigious fteep and almoft perpendicular wall of a^ great heighth, which forms a fiiarp ridge Mattered intofpireS' aaid precipices n. - - > >.,. "lir i»- Magdaleka isnboutfive leap;ues In circuit, and is fup-* pofed to lie lo deg. 25 min. fouth, and 138 deg. 50 min» weft J it was only feen at nine leagues diftance''. - St. Pedro is a fmall ifland of moderate elevation, neither fertile nor populous ; it is called by the natives QnaUyo, is about three leagues in circuit, and lies fouth about four leagues and an half from the eaft end of La Dominica. St. Caristina, called by the natives JVaitahott an <^. lies under the fame parallel with St. Pedro, being 9 deg. 55^ min. fouth, and 139 deg. 8 min. weft; it is the moft weft- Wardly of the Marquefas, This ifland ftretches north and fouth, and is about nine miles long in that diref1iells } thefe iflands are therefore fimilariti their origin, and the nature of their minerals, to the Society Iflands ; the greater part of which feem to have been burning moun- tains 'i. Chriflina is divided from Dominica by ftraits that are about two miles wide. There is an harbour on the Nweftern fide, under the higheft land in the ifland, in which Mendana anchored in 1595, and which he named Madredt X>ios, to which port captain Cook gave the name of Refolu- .tion Bay. When the fhip anchored, about fifteen canoes j)ut off from different parts, and came towards it j fome of them wete double, and contained fifteen men in each ; others were fmall, and contained from three to feven perfons. Every fign of friendfhip was made to invite thefe people to come on board without fuccefs ; however, they came along •fide the fliip, and offered fome pepper-roots as figns of peace : thefe roots were received and fixed in the (hroudsto fignify reciprocal amity. Fifli were then given in exchange for nails ; afterwards fome excellent bread-fruit, quite ripe, than which nothing could give greater fatisfa6lion to the whole fliip's company, who during nineteen weeks had lived on the fait provifions of the fhip, which had loft their former tafle and nourifliment, by having then been two years on ;board. As foon as it was dark the canoes retired, according ^o the general cufloms of the South-Sea nations, on whom iie>M ■J' J vf > Cook I. 307. q Forftcr II. 26. c 3 the 27. NEW DISCOVERIES, &c. the novelty of an European (hip cannot prevail to wake a ftngle night .r^i.-. *nfs.% . '•i .•> r.> o . . I %rf« The Inhabitants of thefe iilands collectively, fays captain Cook, are, without exception, the fineft race of people in the South-Sea. For fymmetry of (hape, and regular fea- tures, they perhaps furpafs all other nations '. Not a fingle deformed, or ill-proportioned perfon, was fcen on the iflandj all were ftrong, tall, well-limbed, and remarkably a6live% The men arc about five feet ten, or fix inches high; their teeth are not fo good, nor are their eyes fo full and lively as thofe of many other nations } their hair is of many colours, but none red ; fome have it long, but the moft general cuf- tom is to wear it fliort, except a bunch on each fide of the crown, which they tie in a knot " j their countenances are pleafing, open, and full of vivacity ; they are of a tawney complexion, which is rendered almoft black by puntSturec over the whole body j they were entirely naked, except a fmall piece of cloth round their waift and loins. Thefe punftures were difpofed with the utmoft regularity, fo that the marks on each leg, arm, and cheek, were exadly fimi- Jar '. Tl.c women, in two days time, began to appear io confiderable numbers, and the failors found th^m not lefs kind than thofe of the other iflands which they had vifited j they were inferior to the men in ftature, but well proporti- oned ; their general colour was brown j no punctures were cbferved upon them ; they wore a fingle piece of cloth made of the mulberry bark, which covered them from the fhoulders to the knees, ,. ,. The principal head-drefs ufed in thefe iflands, and w|iat Sppear to be their chief ornament, is a fort of broad fillet, ' Forfter II. ii. * Vol. I. p. 303. " Oookl. 309. V Forfterll. n. ' Forfter II. 25. curioufly sft, M A R Q.U E S A S - I S L A N D S. 23 tarioufly made of the fibres of the huflcs of cocoa-nuts ; in the frowt is fixed a mother-of-pearl Ihell, wrought round to the fize of a tea-faucer ; before that another fmaller, of very fine tortoife-fliell* perforated into curious figures ; alfo be- fore, and in the centre of that, is another round piece of mother-of-pearl, about the fize of half a crown ; and before this another piece of perforated tortoife-fhell, the fize of a iliilling. Befides this decoration in front, lome have it alfo on each fide, but in fmall pieces, and all have fixed to them the tail-feathers of cocks, or tropic-birds, which when the fillet is tied on ftand upright, fo that the whole together makes a very fprightly ornament. They wear round tlic neck a kind of rufF, or necklace, made of light wood ; the outward and upper fides covered with fmall peas, which are fixed on with gum ; they alfo wear fome bunches of human hair faflened to a firing, and tied round the legs and arms^ But all the above ornaments are feldom feen on the fanxe perfon*. AH thefe ornaments, except thejaft, they freely parted with for a trifling coniideration j but the human hair they valued very highly, though thefe bunches were the ufual refidence of many vermin. It is probable that thefe were worn in remembrance of their deceafed relations, and therefore were looked upon with fome veneration j or they may be the fpoils of their enemies, worn as the honourable teftimonies of viftory. However, a large nail, or fomething which ftruck their eyes, commonly got the better of their fcruples \ The king, or chief of the ifland, came to vifit captain Cook $ he was the only one feen compleatly drefled in this manner; their ordinary ornaments are necklaces, and amulets made of Ihells, &c. All of them had their ears pierced, though none were feen with ear-rings*'. The king had not much refpedl paid to him by his attendants j ho ^ Cook I. 309, « forfter II. |6. y Cook I. 309. C4 prefentcd ill 2i. NEW t)IS GOV FRIES, Stc, preCdnted captuin Cook w^th fume fruit and hogs, and ae«^. quainted him that his name was Honoo^ and that he was he-ka-ai,f which title feems to correfpond with the arte oi 0-r«hettee» and artiu of the Friendly Ifles\ Their dwelling are in the vallies, and on the fides of the hills near their plantations. They are built in the fame manner as thofe at O-Taheitee, which will be particularly defcribed when we fpeak of that ifland, but they are much meaner, mid are only covered with the leaves of the bread-fruit tree : in general they are built on a fquare, or oblong pavement of ilone, raifed fome height above the level of the ground ; they likewife have fuch pavement near their houfes, on %vhich they fit to eat and amufe themfelves*. Along the uppermoft edge of the mountain a row of Aakes, or pallifa- does clofely conne6led together, were feen like a fortifica- tion, in which, by the help of glafles, appeared fomething likcf huts, which feemed to bear a great refemblance to the hippas of New-Zeeland, which will be de'fcribed in fpcaking of that country. Their canoes refemble thofe of O-Taheitec, but not large ; their heads h?'\ commonly fome flat upright piece, on which the human i ^ was coarfely carved i and their fails were made of mats, triangular in ihape, and yery , broad at the top : the paddles which they ufed were of . ^eavy, hard wood, fhort, but iharp pointed, and with a " knpb at the upper end ; they were from fixteen to twenty feet long, and about fifteen inches broad **, ■ . >---.n 7»i Their weapons were all made of the club-wood, or cafua. ririaj and w^re either plain fpears about eight or teri feet Jqng, or cjubs which commonly had a long knob at one end. They have alfo flings with which they throw ftones wkh • Fwrfter II. 19. * Cook I. 310, * Foifler II. 29. Cook I. 311. MAR Q.U ESAS- ISLANDS. aj great velocity, and to a great diftance, but not with a good aim'. 1 V'-' -'Jf'P ,.>;v.t't\ (i&// j-amtifj tun ii.iU -'i.n u-Jinir,iii:.. ! The language of thefe people it much neiirw that of O-Taheitee, than any other dialed in the South-Sea, ex- cept that they could not pronounce the letter f.^'-^'^'-S ^'^^' ' i. The only quadrupeds feen here were hogs, except rats { here were fowls, nnd feveral fniall birds in the woods, wholb notes were very melodious. The chief difference between the inhabitants of the Marquefas and thofc of the Soqiety- Iflands^ feemsto confifl; in their different degrees of cleanli- nefs ; the former do not bathe two or three times a day, noc wafli their hands and face before and after every meal, as the latter do ; and they are bcfides very flovenly in the man- ne' ^ preparing their meals. Their diet is chiefly vegita- 111.. ..-ugh they have hogs and fowls, and catch abundance of fifli at certain times. Their drink -ts pure water, cocoft- jiuts being fcarce here. It was not long before the propenfity of the natives was 4difcovered to be, rather to receive than give ; for when they had tajcen a nail as the price of a bread-fruit, the article io purchafed could not be obtained from them. To remove this difhoneft difpoHtlon, captain Cook ordered a mu(ket to be fired over their heads, which terrified them into fair dealing '', / Soon after the natives had gained courage enough to venture on board the (hip, one of them unfortunately Hole 4in iron flanchion from the gang-way, with which hefprang into the Tea, and, notwithilanding its weight, fwam with it Forftei II. 17. Cook I. 311. * Forfterll, ii. to «• ■n 1 / I J ;p NEW DISCOVERIES, &c. tb (lis canoe, and was making to the fhore with all fpeed. A ^uflcet was Hred over his head to frighten him back, but to no efFe£^, he ilill continued to make off with his booty ; the whiftling of another ball over his head was as ineffec- tual^ an officer, lefs patient of fuch an injury than reafon and humanity ihould have taught him to be, levelled a inufket at the poor fellow, and fliot him through the herd. Captain Cook had given orders to fire over the canof, bu't jiot to kill any one ; he was in a boat, and came up with the canoe loon after j tnere were two men in her, ore fat bailing out the blood and water in a kind of hyf- tcric laugh j the other, a youth of about fourteen or fif- teen years of age, who afterwards proved to be the fon of the deceaied, fixed his'eyes on the dead body with a ferious and dejefled countenance *. This z€t of feverity, however, did not eftrange the iilanders to the fliip, and a traffic waii carried on to the fatisfaftion of both parties ; bread-fruit^ bananas, plantains, and fome hogs, were given in exchange for fmall nails, knives, and pieces of Amfterdam cloth ; red feathers of the Amfterdam-Ifland were greatly efleemcd here. Captain Cook, accompanied with the gentlemen of the (hip, in their walks about the country lit on the houfe which had been the habitation of the man who had been ihot ; there they found his fon, who fled at their approach *^j they en- quired for his female relations, and were told that they re- mained at the top of the mountain, to weep and mourn for the dead ', Notwithftanding they wexe then among the relations of a man who had been killed by them, not the leafl; tokens of animofity, or revenge, were dlfcernible among the natives. " ' Cook I. 300. f Cdok I. 301. * Foiiler II, 22. The , .v> L O W - 1 S L A N B 5; ^ ^^ ^ ;,f The weather being extremely hot, the inhabitants mad« ufe of large fans to cool themfelves, of which great numbers ^ere purchafed ; thefe fans were formed of a kind of tough bark, or grafs, very firmly and curioufly plaited, and fre- quently whitened with ihelUlime. Some had large feathered leaves of a kind of a palm, which anfwered the pur^ofe of an umbrella'', . ^ v " . . ' ■-■■■■ -■ ^- -"> The natives at length became fo familiar as to mount thp fides of the (hip in great numbers. They frequently danced upon deck for the diverfion of the Tailors : their dances very much refembled thofe of O-Taheitec ; their mufic too wa$ vei-y much the fame, , , ^ A failor having been inattentive to his duty, received fe-« veral blows from captain Cook j on feeing which the na- tives exclaimed, tape-a hai-te tina, *• he beats his brother.** From other inftances that had occurred, it was clear thac they knew the difference between the commander and bis people, but at the fame time they conceived them all bre- thren i and, fays Mr, Forfler, " to me themofl natural infe- rence is, that they only applied an idea to us in this cafe, which really exifled with regard to themfelves ; they proba- bly look on themfelves as one family, of which the eldefl born is the chief, or king K" id 1^ Vf X a lit ..! > ' ^ ■.«'•) i?";^ 0/ the Low Islands lying between Latitude 14 Jeg. and 2 min. South j at7d Longitude 138 deg. and 150 w;». ff^eji^ ■ and two ethers more to the Southward, A String of Low Iflands, conne6led together with a reef of coral rocks, lay fcattered in this fpot. The fea is, in general, every where on their outfide unfathom-^ , » *» Forftei II. jj. » Vol, II. page 3 1. :\, ablej ! ,>^v; I !•'• ^ NEW DISCOVfiRIES, &<:, ^1^,; thfir interior pzjts ^re covered with water abounding; miith fifti, OQ which tins inhabitants fubfift, and a commerce ^ carried on with the High Iflands, in which the turtles ^ught here is given for their cloth \ .;;•« ,i.-;i-) • 31 ix&ri/ .^|»MHi>s OF Disappointment. Thefe were firft dif- covered by Commodore Byron in 1765, and fo named from the (hores affording no anchorage for his (hips, on whicli ipcount he was obliged to quit them, without landing or procuring any refrefliments for his crew, who were then kngui(hing with ficknefs ; they are a clufter of fmall idands, und lay in latitude 14 deg. 10 min. fouth ; longitude 141 deg. 6 min. weft, from London. Tiiey are inhabited bv lldians, who appeared on the beach with fpears in their liands that were at leaft fixteen feet long. They every where diicovered hofiile intentions, and feemed by figns t9 threaten the people in the boat with death, if they came oa li^re* There are cocoa- trees in great abundance, and thf j0KM^ abounds with turtle '. . r.iatt:>va:s ^o hni>' in •^' h ' ■ ■ •: ,- ' / ■ • [-'i'A t." :».xl(iy l^iNO Grorgk's Islands. Thcfe are two iflands ly- liigin latitude 14 deg. 28 min. fouth ; longitude 144 deg. ||6 min. weft* They were firft dii'coVered by commodore Byron ia 1765 ; on their landing they faw many houfes or wigwams of the .natives, which were entirely deferted, ex- cept by the dogs who kcJpt an incefTant howling all the time tkcy continued op ftiorc. They were low mean ho- vels thatched with cocoa«nut branches, but moft delight- fully fituated in a fine grove of ftately trees, many of which were cocoa-nut, and feveral of a fpecics quite unknowii. From the eocoa-nut-tree the natives fecm to draw almoft all lb* necei&ries of life, foe it fupplies them with food^ fails^ # ^ Cook L 313, ' tfawkefw. I. loi. cordage, '• 1 LOW ISLAND S,'%W' n coinage, timber, and water cafks. Indeed the cocoa-palm b the principal fupport of many nations on the globe, and almoft every part of it is eflentially ufeful. Tht nutt vvhich it bears, whilft they are green, contain from a pint k^ a quart of limoid liquor, which has a very pleafant fweetnefs, joined to a peculiarly agreeable flavour : ks coolnefs and in- tegral particles make it a moft ddicioiw draught, powerftrf beyond comparifon in quenching thirft ih a hot climatic. When the nut grows older the kernel forms, which is atfirfls like a rich cream, and afterwards grows firm and very mlf Jike ian almond, being extremely nutritious. The oil is frequently exprefled, and employed to anoint the hair, ahd the whole body. The hard fliell furnifhes cups, and the fibrous coating round it affords variety of cordage, which i» firong, elaftic, and durable. Several articles of Indian houfehoW furniture, and feveral forts of ornaments^ are alfo- €onftru6led of this fubftance. The long-feathered leaved, er branches, which fpread from the top of the ftem, are lit coverings for their houfes, and when plaited, make good bafkets for provifions. The inner bark yields a kint* S cloth, fufficient for covering the body in a hot climate ; aau the{len;> itfelf, v/hen grown too old to bear, is at laft fit ^ be ufed in the conlhu(51ion of a hut, or may make the ifeiaft of a canoe i^. The (hore was covered with cora'l,. and th*' Ihells of very large pearUoy Iters. All that could be per- ceived of the inhabitants was, that the women wore a piecfe of cloth hanging from the waifl down ta the knee, and' the men were naked. Clofe by their houfes were bulWings of a different kind, which commodore Byron fuppofos to be bury- ing places; and his conjecture is confirmed by what has fincc» been feen at other iilands, which will be hereafter related^ They were fituatef) under lofty trees that gave a thlcfc. » Fwrfter II. 45. .XA 1> '■ (hade ^:\ 30 NEW DISCOVERIES, &c. fhade : the fides and top were of ftone, and in their figure they fometimes refembled the fquare tombs with a flat top, which are in our countiy church-yards. Near thefe build-* ings were found many neat boxes full of human bones } and upon the branches of the trees which fhaded them, hung a great number of the heads and bones of turtle, and a variety of fifh enclofed in a kind of bafket-work of reeds } on exa- mining which, nothing appeared to remain but the fkin and the teeth ;• the bones and entrails feemed to have been ex- tra(Sted, and the mufcular flefh dried away ", , ir.v » m ./j^/dU' (-• Captain Cook failed between thefe two iflands in April 1774 ; they lie nearly eafl and weft j the ifland to the eafl- ward is called by the natives Tiookea, it is fomething of an oval fhape, and about ten leagues in circuit **. The inha- bitants of this ifland, and probably of all the low ones, are of a much darker colour than thofe of the higher iflands, and of a hoftile difpofition. Their origin is doubtlefs one ftnd the fame, but being dependent on the fea for a fubfift- ence, and from their way of life expofed to the fun and weather, their colour is darker, and their bodies become more hardy and robuft. The rude figure of a fifli is punc- tured or marked on their bodies ''. A lieutenant, with two boats well armed, were fent on fhore ; the tv/o Mr, Forflers were of the party ; they landed without any oppo- fition from the natives. As foon as the gentlemen landed, the iflanders embraced them by touching nofcs, a mode of civility ufed in New Zeeland, which is nine hundred leagues diftance, and the only place befides this, where the cuflom has been obferved to prevail ! Notwithftanding a ren- counter with fome of commodore Byron's people nine years before, when they landed in their boats, which proved « Hawkefw- 1> ici. o Cook I. 313. P Cook I. 314. fatal ..^ L O JW" ISLAND §.*? /t W ji fatal to foiine of the natives, had made them diAndined to the vifus of fuch formidable ftrangers. The Mr. Forftcr* found here various plants, and particularly a fcurvy-grafs y* the natives (hewed them that they bruifed this plant, mixed it with fhell fi(h, and threw it into the fea, whenever they perceived a Ihoal of iiih ; this preparation intoxicates them for fome time, and thus they are caught on the furface of the water without any other trouble than that of talcingj them out. The name which this plant bears among the natives is / now. )\i^r- The foil is extremely fcanty, the foundation confifts of coral, very little elevated above the furface of the water. ^^^^ The officer diflributed prefents to ftich as were about him, which they received with great indifference j he there*i fore flayed on (hore but a fiiort time, being defirous to avoid: any affray, and as he perceived the Indians coUe^ing intoj a large body. Thefe crouded about the boats as the peoplf^. were flepping into them, and feemed in doubt, whether they fhouid detain ihcm or let them goj but as their ftrength was not then all colle6led, they appeared contented with. their departure, and aflifted them in pufliing off the boats. Some of the moft turbulent, however, threw ftones into the water, which fell very near them ; and all feemed to glory in having, as it were, driven them off. When this adven- ture was related to captain Cook, he ordered four or five can- • non {hot to be fired into the fea clofe by the fhore and over the heads of the Indians, as they were feated along the beach, to fliew them how entirely they were at the mercy of their vifitors "i. Although fo little cordiality was fliown at this interview, the party brought off to the fliip five dogs, I q Forller II. +1. •f 32 NEW DISCOVERIES, &c* of which the ifland Teemed to be plentifuUj fuppltcd i thcl# they purchafed with imall nails, and fome ripe bananas^- which latter had been brought from the Marquefas. The dogs had fine long hair, and were of a white colour r^-U^-^*^- A '... y. L-.IU. The other ifland is two leagues to the weft ward of Tiookea^ four leagues long from north-eaft and fouth-weft, and from five to three miles broaid, ' • i "' v » = '.-, • »-t^^«.v,m-#C Palliser Islands. Thefe are four in number; they were difcovered by captain Cook, in the Refolution, April 1774; they lie 15 deg. 26 min. fouth j 14 deg. 20 min. weft i the largeft is ffven miles long, and not above two broad. The greateft diftance of one from the other is not above fix leagues. People, huts, canoes, places eredled for drying fifh, were feen here ; the natives were armed with long fpikes *» Thefe iflands are probably the fame that Roggewein touched at in 1722, and named the Pernicious Iflands, from his loofmg one of his fliips in this dangerous navigation J a quarter-mafter and four feamen were left on fllore here; having mutinied after the lofs of the Ihtp, they concealed themfelves in the woods. Twenty-five leagues to the weft of thefe iflands, Roggewein difcovered fix others, which he called the Labyrinth, on one fide of which, named Recreation, the writer of that voyage relates, that a number of the natives being colle6led on the (hore, to gaze at fo wonderful a phenomenon as the fliips, without any pro- vocation given on their part, a continual firing was madtf oh them from the fhips, the reafon for doing which the writer fays, was "** to fcour the beach, and facilitate a de- fcent ;" he then goes on,exultingly faying, " that expedient ittcceeded to our wiilies, and we got on ihore without •Cottkl, 315. F«ifttrII.40» » Cook I. 316. •' meeting ^^ i 5 W ISLANDS. n 33 mating with any refiftance from the iflanders, who being frightened at the fire of our mofketry, had retif^d '". How- ever, the natives, in feme meafure, revenged the crueltiesf committed on themfelves, and theother South-Sea iflanders, by killing feveral of the crew that tamfe on fhore, arid wounding many others with Hones. Neque enim lex uUa aquibr ej}^ qudm necii ariifex ope per'ire JUj: But this diftributivejuftice was not executed without the loft of their chief, and marly others. Their wumeiij en the landing of fomeof the crew for water and refreflimcnts, re- ceived them with great kindnefs j , admired their white com- plexions, examined and handled them from head to foot, and beftowed on them a thoufand careffes j but, fays the hiflorian, ** they were traitorefTes, and only cajoled us to lull us into fecurity, that they might deceive us more cer- tainly ; for as foon as the neople fiom the fliips had filled their facks with herbs^ they advanced further inland, and climbing up the ileep rocks which enclofed a deep valley^ they were foon befet by fome thoufands of the natives uj** thefe bravely attacked their infolent foes with floivzs, and made many of them pay the forfeit of their lives for their cruelty : a juft retaliation for the hoftile manner in which they invaded countries to which they had no rights and maflacrcd people who had don6 them no injury. This is, however, the only inftance to be met witfi in any former, or more modern account whatever, wherein the natives of the South-Sea iilands laid a deliberate plan of revenge for injuries received, concealed under the difguife of fimulatcd friendfliip. ^4»-.MM.''* Dalrymple, II. lOO. " Dalrymple, II. loj. D Doo< >■■ j4 NEW r>ISCOV£Rl£S, &<;. Dog-Island, 15 deg. 12 min. (buth, difcovered by Le Mair and Schouten, April i6i6-, who- gave it that name from having feen three Spanifh dogs on the ifland "," " ■. Queen CrtARtoTTE*s Island, i^degf. 18 min. fouth v 138 deg. 4 min. weft j firft difcovered by captain Wallis, in riie Dolphin, in 1767, who took pofleflion of it in the name of king George the Third. Here is good water, and plenty of cocoa-nuts, palm-nuts, and fcurvy-grafs. The inhabi- tants are defcrfbed to be of a middle ftature, and dark com- plexion, with long hair hanging loofe over their ihoulders ; the men well made, and the women handfome; their cloathing is a kind of coarfe cloth, or matting, which they faften about their middle "'. ■-' ^h:T ft i^.^- ^: ^ ' Lagoon-Island-, 18 deg. 47 min. fouth ; 139 deg, 28 min. weft, is of an oval form, wi'th a lake in the middle, which occupies much the greateft' part of it. The whole iijand is covered with trees of different verdure. It is inha- bited by a race of Indians, tall, of a copper colour, with long black hair. Their weapons arc poles, or fpikes, which reach twice as high as themfelves. Their habitations were icen under fomc clumps of palm-trees, which formed very t)eautiful groves. Thij ifland was difeovcrcd by captain Cook, April 1769*. ^ . ' "V" Thumb-Cap lies about fevcn leagues north-weft of Lagoon-Ifland ; it is a low, woody ifland, of a circular fo.rm, and not much above a mile in compafs. There was no appearance ol inhabitants 3 the land was covered with verdure of many hues. . ^.' J '■.' ,\ w Hawkcfw. I. 230. X HawKefw. If. Bow- V Dalrympl*, 11. I*» "'^U LOW i § L AN B S. -^ '^ 35 J3ow-IsLAND, had this namegiven.it by captain Cookia 1769, ouaccotint of its fingular iigure, being ihapcd exat^ly like a bow ; the arch and curve of which is land, and the fpace between them water. The curve is a flat beach, with- out any figns of vegitation, having nothing upon it but heaps of fea-weed. It appeared to be about three or four leagues long, and narrow. The horns, or extremities of the bowj were two large tufts of coca-nut trees, and much the greatef part of the arch was covered with trees of different height, figure, and hue. This ifland appeared to be inhabited, from the fmoak that was feen in different parts ; longitude 141 deg. 12 min. weft j latitude 18 deg. 23 min. ^outh^ i.<-. The Groups lay twenty-five leagues weft, half norths from Bow-Ifland, in 18 deg. 12 min. fouth j 142 deg. 42 to in. weft. Thefe iflands are long, narrow ftrips of land, ranging in all diredlions j fome of them ten miles, or up« wards, in lengthy but none more than a quarter of a mile broad. Trees of various kinds, particularly the cocoa-nut^ abound here. They are inhabited by a people who appear to be well made, of a brown complexion ; moft of them carded in their hands a flender pole^ about fourteen feet long, pointed like a fpear ; they had likewife fomething fliaped like a paddle, about four feet long. Their cances were of different fixes, fome fo fmall as to carry no mote than three men ; others had lix or feven, and fome of their boats hoifted u-i'!' -.'•jJli-'' '. Bird-Island is fuppofed to be about four miles in cir* cumference ; it is low, with a piece of water in the middle ; no inhabitants appeared. Captain Cook gave it its name y Hawkftrvr» II. a Hawkef. IL P a from ,.. ,,^,_ w ll ' NEW discoveries:, &c, from th«; great number of birds that were feen upon it j iT deg. 48 min. fouth ; 143 deg. 35min. weft^ * "■- » Chain-Islawd feemed about five leagues long;, in the 4ire£iion of north-wed and fbuth-eaft» and about five miles broad. It appeared to be a double range of woodey iflands, joined together by reafs, fo as to compofe one ifland in the form of an elipfis, or oval, with a lake in the middle. The trees are large, and from the fmoaic that ifTued from the woods it appeared to be inhabited ; 17 deg. 23 min. fouth i 145 deg. 54min. weft j diftant forty-five leagues from Bird- Ifland, weft by north. Captain Walliii alfo faw five other > iflands, which he named Whit-Sundav, Egmont, GLpucESTER, Cumberland, and Prince William Henry j and in Auguft 17731 captain Cook fell in with five others, which he named Resolution, Doubtful, Furneaux, Adventure, and Chane, Some of the ;■ moft weftwardly of thefe fcattered iflands were feen by M. 6e Bougainville, and called Les quatre Facardins^ and IJIe des Landers. That navigator, very properly, calls this clufter of low, overflowed iflands, The dangerous Archipelago, Mor^ to the fouth-eaftward lie OsNABURGH-IsiAND, Called by the natives MaiteM ; it was firft difcovercd by captain Wallis in 1767. It is a high, * round ifland, not above a league in circuit > in fome parts covered with trees, in others a naked rock ; 22 deg, 48 min. , fouth i 141 deg. 34 min. weft ; forty-four leagues diftant; from Chain-Ifland, weft by fouth*. And PiTCAiRN-IsLAND, difcovercd by Captain Cartcfct in 1767* who lays it down in 25 deg. 2min. Ibuthj 13^1 deg. 21 min. weft. Captain Cook was very near this ifland in Auguft 1773* but could not fall in wiiji it ''. ;v _ a Hawkefw. I. aSo. ^ Hawkefw. I. Cook r. 141. C H A P;/ ■j^:: '» - ., \(- i. Hi'Ki ■-•^ Si . JtL f ^'r * v*» I -;.W''** '->- *s- .-.Vv- PBRSONS and BRKSSRS of the iNlIABrK ^^f- ?^' ^'^ -m: '-^' *^^teiS*5^ •;•««- i ■ ^^^ i^">«- !?*-" "'^''Ma!^ ^*H.1 ■'*^m.. ««' .,?^-^^-^ ;^ PI K» jf^^iii E&i I - 5.. H |AyA.A AMiw .Wfffitw A" ('/iiM.t/'E/j,fffr-£p//mff . xQ'iANcw Zef>////v fifJilf-ir (h/i-ifonia . .f %. tnfnitifi nf^sYnr Hff/iniff . t , fi't'nitw o/' P-T,t/,>ifrr '-r/^/.em'^w fn .f/ttirfr //tr^V/ff/. itA ff /icnnrt \lJitm ofMrtfi'it^Ht>- . \},A Priest if tW St't'ifh l^flomf.y. r M.J Mium-um p/qvintfr»*-■' ^^■^^l^ ^^.1 fc ^2 X' -^ Vfr , tn r//f S. The ifrv tfi/tt/tt/tw /in/'tt t'f'i at r-I't\/ieitfV^ . O.ATt4/m//rti' f>rffter. n'ifi a fi' V.Af^'fmff r/'f/tf fir/'fvn//r ZvAhm I Q. A /Tt'/t/ttf/f , rr/fff'/f/fct/ T7///tf/f B.A (htu'v f>/' r'Tif/iffVff. >/'// n^inif ttfir/i 7, UV I// /tt,f A'i'.i'f . SAJirff/if/t ft/' the Jirfaflfrtaf2ree,wUfi ^3'ifit . Tj'Ae A'dUi^urvo, an A/ti*mtf /leruh'ar fpyewlfolfiifui «>.■ T^.TAe tHtuittrr f>/'('t'fh9truc/in4/ t/if Jlou,fe,f at J^i; OlUftfitr't' . X. A S/n'rie George the Third's Island. ..., SECT. "" % I. Iti Siiuationy Extent^ Climate^ Soil, MounteinSy and Face of the Country. r-'r \v 'nr^HIS ifland confifts of two diftin£l kingdoms, w'htcti ■■• are united by a narrow neck of land, the largeft of ivhick is called by the natives Tiarrabou or O-Taheitee-nue^ the fmaller one Op&ureenu or O-Taheitee'Ete. The circum- ference of both jflands is about forty-leagues ; the larger kingdom is divided into fortyrthree diftrids, and lies ig. latitude 17° deg. 46 mm. fouth; and longitude 1419 deg. J 3 min. weft, from Greenwich •=, The country has a de- lightful romantic appearance, it is lev^ towards the fea^ and is covered with fruit trees of various kinds, particularly the cocoa-4iut. Among thefe are the houfes of the inhabi<- tants. At the diftance of about three miles from the {hore,( the country riffes into lofty hills that are covered with wood., and terminates in peaks, from which large rivers are preci- pitated into the fea. The ifland is (kirted withareef^of rocks'*. The afpe6l of this coaft, elevated like an amphi- theatre, prefents to the view the mpft captivating profpeft, Notwithftanding the great height of the /mountains, non^ «)f the rocks have the appearance of barrennefs } every par.t ^ Hawkefworth II. 79, Cook I. JS"' Forfter I. 253. wonh II. 89. d Hawktjf. /A ^v,-,*; -/ mmm ^M '*Wip"i!P' liWi ^PPB^ mit, which rifes above the level of the mountains in the interior parts of the fouthern quarter of the ifjand. lis apparent Aze feemed to be more than thirty toifes in diameter, and grew lefs in breadth as at jofe higher. At a diflance it might have been taicen for a pyramid of invmenfe height, which the hand of an able fculptor had adorned with garlands and foliage °. The foil every where is a ri^h fat earth, of a blackifh colour. The bread-fruit and apple-tree? are planted in rows on the decli- vity of the hills, and the cocoa-nut and plaintain, which Require more moifture on the level ground. Under the trees, both on the fides and at the foot of the hills, is plenty of grafs but no underwood. One of the mates of the Dolphin, with a party of marines and fcamen, penetrated into the internal parts of the ifland, and having afcended with great difficulty a mountain, which they fuppofed to be a mile highj^ they difcovered mountains before them fp much higher, that with refped^ to them they appeared to be in a valley } towards the fea the view was. enchanting, the fides of the hills were beautifully cloathed with wood j villages were every where interfperfed, and |he vallies between them af- forded a flill richer profpe^ } the houfes (lood thicker, and the verdure was more luxuriant } and Mr. Forder, with other gentletnen, afcended to ^he fumq:^itof one pf the l^igh. eft'mountains in the ifland, from whence (hey had a prof- pe6l of 'e fdund,^ that *:did not give nnanifeft figns of fire, which gives re^oo for ' i'uppofmg., that thi^ and the neighbouring iAands are cither ft-Attered r, NEW DISCOVERIES, &c. (Qun^9 irqp excepted, and of that the lava, which waf;, piclc^ updifcoveredi^utfinaU remains : po/Tibly the mounr :< tains may certain i;"Qn ore rich eijough for fufion *. Thoi)gl> ^ this iiland jays within the tropic of Capricorn, yet it is one ^ of the moft healthy, as well as delightful fpots in the WQrld ; ,, Itheheat is not troMblefome, and the air is fo pure, that frefh . t meat will keep very well for two days, and fiflj ope day. The wind^ do not blow conftantly from the eaft^ \>\it gene^ ^ rally a gentle breeze from eaft to fouth-fouth-ealh The tide rifes very little, and being governed by the winds, is very uncertain ^. ** The climate," fays M. de Boygain- ^ ville, *' is fo healthy, that notwithftanding the hard |aboi|r of the (hips companies whilft on ihore, though the mer> , were continually in the water, and exppfed to the meridiat> fun ; though they flept upon the bare fpjl, and in the opei), ., air, none of them fell fick j thpfe vvl)o were affliiSled with i thefcurvy, and were fen t on ft ore, regained theif ftrength, ;: although they were obliged to aflift in the crefljog of 4 fort, and had fcarce one uninterrupted night, yet they were {' {o far recovered in the (hort fpace of time tbey continued i there, that fome of them were afterwards perfedlly cured oti . board '. Thefe extraordinary advantages make this agreeable fpot very defervedly called, The Queen of Tropical - Iflands!?. x; u ♦ ■,-.1 t...uftu>t.. ■•.-;^ SECT. n. ' ' ' ■ ■ •<•■.■■, Pf the, TtyeSi PlantSf Infects, Reptiles, Blr/is, Beafls, and -'' ^^-'-^''-V }' '/V/2?^j^O-Taheitee, :' ." '' ■■ >. ' •■ ' ■ ■ • . ' , . -.->(■ THE earth here produces fpontaneoufly, or with th^ flighted culture imaginable, ^ great variety of thtt** pipft excellent fruits, fuch as bread-fruit, cocpa-nuts, ba^ '^ 1 ForfterJ. 253, 254. k Hawkefworth, I. 25P. 1 n» f order 11. 50* . \i" Bougsin- njinas v4^ O - T A H E I T E E. v/iVf ^i , jiaoas of thirteen forts, plantains, potatoes, yanis, a fruit known here by the name ofjamhu, aad Veckohed moft defi- ^ clous ; fugar-canes, which the inhabitants eat raw j ginger, turmeric j a rootof the falop kind, called by the uitivcspea^ ''■ a plant called ethee, of which the root only is eaten ; a fruit that grows in a pod like that of a large kidney bean, by the * Natives tailed ahee j a tree called wharrOy which produces - fruit fomething like the pine-apple; this is known in the Ealt-Indies by the name of pandanes; a fhrub called nonoi " the morindaj which alfo produces fruit j a fpecies of fern ; a plant called theve \ here is alfo the Chinefe paper mulberry- Crv?, of the bark of which they make their cloth, with a' gr^at variety of plants. The trunk of the bread-fruit tree, which furnilhes food to the whole ifland, is fix feet in th«^ ^irth, and about twenty feet to the branches. Here is an ., herb which the inhabitants eat raw; its flavour fomewhat refembles that of the Weft-India fpinage, called calleloor^ but its leaf is very different. Here was feen a fpecies of the fig, the branches of which bending down take frefh root in' the earth, and thus form a congeries of trunks, which being very clofe to each other, and all joined by a common vegi- ^ ration, feem as one trunk, and meafure not lefs than fix '^ yards in circumference". A plant which the natives call tfi/tf"' ava^ or eava '', from the root of which theyexprefs a liquor,' which, if drank to cxcefs, intoxicates like wine or diftiiled fpirits P. Here are a fort of fhady trees covered with a dark;-, green foliage, bearing golden apples, which refemble the - anana, orpine-apple, injuicenefs and flavour''. One of the moft beautiful trees in the world received her« the name of Barringtonia ; it had a great abundance of flowers larger than lilies, and perfcdUy white, excepting the tips of their 9 Hawyefworth JI. lit, ® Pajkiiifon| 37. . P Cook I. 187, *> Forfter I. 270. « i'" U. t-.)' '.-.;•• ■■' .^ij.' ./if.Uaimvj i' ;,-'';.y -. ;."■•'''/. • ijumcrousf 41 N E W D I S C O V E R I E S, &c. Dumeraus «hives» which w(r« of a bright crimfon. 3uch a «{uanuty of thefe flowers were feen dropped 9^*, that the gr<»und underfieath the tree was entirely ftrewed with them. Xhc pativcs caUed the tree huddoo^ and faid that the fruit, .which is a large nut, when bruifed and mixed up with fome ^^licH-fin), and ftrewed in the Tea, intoxicates or poifons the ii/h for fome time, fo that they come to the furface of the water, and fufFcr themfelves to be taken with the hands : it |s lingular that various* maritime plants in tropical climates Jhave t u fame quality. The pradlice at Tiookea has been already defcribed '^ } and a plant called tubbe^ which grows on the ifland pf Sooloa, inebriates fiili in the like manner; it is a fmall buili } Mr. Dalrymple dcfcribes it to be done by thrufting th« plaint under the coral-rocks, or hoUows, where the tifli hajunt ; the eiFe^t is moft fenfible in dill wa- ,t«ir» though it isefietStual in the open fea ; for the fame gen- tleman fays, be has feen fi(h foon after float on the furface of ti)e water half dead, a^id fome totally without life; and I4;h6ic the efix turned about fourteen cats on this ifland, which are likely to reduce the flumber of thefe favoured vermin. They have great variety of excellent fifh ; to catch which is their principal labour, and to eat is their principal luxury. By the account of ^ Ingliih Tran/latior^ p. 248. * Vol. I. p. J93. x Hawkef- ViTorth 11. 8%. y J^ousainVf x^4i % f o^^er I. 972. a Par- uT e ;■:.!?; 4^ NEW DISCOVERIES, &c. Jhotirou^ a native, who embar|ced with M. de Bougainville, fhcrc are fea-makcs ori the Oiore of O-Taheitcc, whofe bitq is mortal. < .....M-«^vt .»j^;/i ■n:,4ij Hii, ,aolU')^q'.<.^ Id i'iU\.-;\i, ^,-*v. ' iJiiuync vy ;^::, I. -w «ii)rjc:o.jii^;iu V SECT. III. v.,;'.^^ -,yo-.v, • O/ the Perfinsn, Drefjis^ Houfes, Food^ and intoxicating Lifior . ''' *f the Taheitians ; a peculiar Cuflom of the Sexes eating ^r\ ttpart \ Cleanlinefi ; of their Staining or Tat towing their Bo- ■::' dies I fomefev) Injlances of an extraordinary lufus naturx ; ' iht Difeafes incident to thefe IJIanders^ and their Skill in > Surgery, '.'.' , • -•— • -. ..- ... -■"^-■'^ ^*^ ;• '■ ■ ' • ■ " . •■ ' ■ idi '.■■■i^.i ' ''ij^HE inhabitants ate a ftout, well-made, adive, and ;_; ■*' comely people. The flacure of the men, in general, U from five feet fevcn to five feet ten inches ; the tilled man (ieen by captain Wallis meafured fix feet three inches and ao half; «uui captain Cook, in his fecond voyage, defcribes O-Tooy the king of O-Taheitee, to be of that height. »' In order to paint an Hercules, or a Mars," fays M. de Bougainvillcy '* one could no where find fuch beautiful ofiodels''." They are of a paJe brown complexion; in gene- lal their hair is black, and finely frizzled j they have black eyes, flitjiofcs, lar^e mouths, and fine white teeth ; the men wuar thejr beards in many fafhions, all of them plucking out a great part, and have prominent bellies. Moft of them ftncU ftrongof the cocoa-nut oil^ The women, in gene- fal, are much fmaller, efpecially thofeofthe lower rank, gr tawtowsy which is attributed to their early and promifcuous iot«rcQurfe with the men, whilft the better fort, who do not {^ratify their paiHpns in the fame unbridled snanner, are above the middle ftature of Europeans. Their ilcin is moft delicately fmooth and foft ; they have no colour in their ^*V ^^^ ' Parkintbn 14, cheeks i •\ ,.'V'* cheeks ; their nofe Is generally fomewhat flat, but their eyes are full of expreflion, and their teeth beautifully even and white. *' The women," fays M. de Bougainville, ** have features notlefs agreeable than the generality of Europeans, and a fymTnetry of body and beautiful proportion of limbs which might vie with any of them*'. The complexion of the men is tawny i but thofe that go upon the water arc much more red, than thofe that live on (hore. Some have their hair brown, red, or flaxen, in which they are excep- tions to all the natives of Afia, Afiica, and America, who have their hair black univerfally ; here, in the children oi both fexes, it is generally flaxen ", The ftrongeft expref- fion is painted in the countenances of thcfe people } theic vyr^lk is graceful, and all their motions are performed with grt;at vigour and cafe, *' I never beheld ftatelier mcB^" iays Sydney Parkinfon7. The. men of confequence on the illand, wear the rMiiJs of their fingers long, which they confider as a very honourable badge of diflin^ion, fince «nly fuch people as have no occafion to work ciin fufFer thepi to grow to that length j this cuflrom they have in common with the Chinefc s, but the nail of the middle finger on the right hand, is always kept (hort, the meaning for wh^cK peculiarity could not be learned ^ ; only one Angle cripple was met with among them, and he appeared to have been maimed by a fall K The women always cut their hairfhort round their heads. Both fexes have a cuftom of ftainin* their bodies, which they call tattovying i both men an^ wo- men have the hinder part of their thighs and loins marked very thick with black lines in various forms ; thefe marks are made by Itriking the teeth of an inftrument fomewhac like a comb juft through the (kin, and rubbing into the ^ Page II 8, « Hawktfworth I. 260. *" Page 14., fterl. iSt. >> Bougainville 250. i Ibid. f For. pun(^ure» 46- NEW DISCOVERIES, &c. punAures a kind of pafte made of foot and oil, which leaves an indelible {tain. The boys and girls under twelve yeai» of age are not marked j a few of the men, whofe legs were marked in chequers by the fame method, appeared to be per- fons of fuperior rank and authority ^. In this pra£lice they refemble the Indians of North America ; and when Caefar firft landed in Britain, he found this cuftom prevail there ; Omnts vera fe Britanni vitro inficiunt^ quod ctsruleum efficit colorim ' i and the ancient Pi(£ls, long after the Rpmans had abandoned the ifland, retained the cuftom, on account of which they had received their name. Mr. Banks faw the operation of tattowing performed upon the backfide of a girl about thirteen years old. The inftrumcnt ufed upon th!" occafion had thirty teeth, and every ftroke, of which ai. leaft a hundred were made in a minute, drew an ichor or ferum a little tinged with blood. The girl bore it with moft Aoical refolution for about a quarter of an hour ; but the pain of fo many hundred pundures as (he had received in that time, then became intolerable. She Rrft complained in murmurs, then wept, and at laft burft into loud lamen- tations, earneftly imploring the operator to defift. He was, howerer, inexorable, and when (he began to ftruggle, (he was held down by two women, who fometimes foothed, and fometimes chid her, and now and then when (he was moft unruly, gave her a fmart blow. Mr. Banks ftaid in a neigh- bouring houfe an hour, and the operation was not over when he went away ; yet it was performed but upon one fide, the other having been done fome time before ; and the arches upon th« }otnc, in which they moft pride themfelves, and which give more pain than all the reft, were ftill to be' done "»j Both men and women are not only decently but! gracefully cloathed, in a kind of white cloth that is made > Cvfar de Bell. G«ll. lib. v. feft. 14. of k Havtkefworth I. 30«t n Uawkefworth II. 191. j^ O . T A H E:I T B E;- "^ ' 4; fcf the bark of a flirub, and very much refcmbles coarfc China paper. Their drefsj confifts of two pieces of this cloth, one of them, having a hole made in the middle to put the head through, hangs down from the (boulders to tbc mid-leg bsfore and behind j another picdc, which is be- , tween four and five yards long, and about one yard broad, Chey wrap round the body in a very eafy manner •, this cloiib rs not woven, but is made like paper^ of the macerated fibres of the inner bark fpread out and beaten together; their ornaments are» feathers, flowers, pieces of fliclls, and pearls ; the pearls are w«rn chiefly by the women ■». In wet weather they wear matting of different kinds, as their cloth will not bear wettmg. The drefs of the better fort-, of women, confifts of three or four pieces; one piece about two yards wide, and eleven long, they wrap feveral timcf round their waid, fo as to hang down like a petticoat, a» low as the middle of the leg, and this they call parou "»' This fimple d/apery affords the fex an opportunity of d'if- > playing an elegant figure to the greateft advantage, accord- ing to the talents and tafte of the wearer i no general h- (hions force them to disfigure inftead of adorning them' fclves, but an innate gracefulnefs is the companion of fim-*; plicity ^, To thi« cloth they give a very ftrwig perfume, .1 -r^ The chief ufe which they make of their houfes is to fleep^ » in them ; for unlefs it rains they eat in the open air u&det^S the (hade of a tree: thefe houfes are no other ifaeds, s\h \ built in the wood between the fea and the mountains j thejr? : are erciied on an- oblong fquare j their width la ncarJy half « of their length ; they are nothing more than a roof, not;v quite four feet from the ground, raifcd on three rows of pilxr j Ws, Qne row on each fide, and one in the middle* ..The ^^ it Hftwkefyrorth I. ioo« " Hawkcfoorth II. i^o. o ForAer I. 328. roof v/ . 4i NEW DISCOVERIES, &c. roof refcmblcs our thatched houfes in England, and confift^ *of two flat fides inclining to each other. Their thatch condils of palm-leaves. The floor of their dwelling is co- vered with hay, over which they fprcad mats. Some of thefe ere.5lions are furniflied with a ftoo], which is appropri- ated folely to the ufc of the mafter of the family ; they con- fift of no other furniture except a few blocks o( wood, which being fquare, one fide is hollowed into a curve^ and thefe they ufe as pillows, and with their apparel they cover them- felves. In thefe open dwellings the whole family repofe themfelvcs at night. The fize of the houfe is proportioned to the number that conditutes the family. The cflabli/hed order in thefe dormitories is, for the mafter and his wife to fleep in ithe middle ; round them the married people; in the next circle the unmarried women ; and in the next, at fome diftance, the unmarried men ; and the fcrvants at the extre- mity of the fhed } but in fair weather the latter fleep in the open air P. Some few dwellings, however, conftrudled for , greater privacy, are entirely enclofed with walls of reeds, connecSled together with tran fverfe pieces of wood, (o as to appear fomewhat like large bird-cages clofcly lined j in thefe boufes there is commonly a hole left for the entrance, which can be clofed up with a board ''. Their candles are made of the kernels of a kind of oily nut, which they ftick one over another on a fkewer that i;» thruft through the middle of them ; the upper one being lighted burns to the fecond, at the fame time confuming that part of the fkewer that goes through it ; the fecond taking fire burns in the fame manner down to the third, and fa to the lafl; ; they burn a confiderable time, and afford a pretty good light. The natives generally retire to refl^bout an m p Hawkefworth II. I94.^">" *^^ ■ < Farfter I, 27 x« hour \ .^. O . T A II E I T E E. % M 49 hour after it is dark ^ The food of the common people en- tirely conftfts of vegltablcs, whilfl the gentry devour great quantities of the flefli of hogs, dogs, or fowls at a meal, for they are voracious eaters. Here is the bread-fruit, with bananas, plantains, yams, apples, and a four fruit, whicb» though not pleafant by itfelf, gives an agreeable reliih ta toafted bread-fruity with which it is frequently beaten up •• So little is labour required in this happy climate, that the Wad fruit, which is the principal fupport of this people^ requires no other attention after the tree is planted, than climbing it to gather its produce ; and, fays do£lor Hawkefworth, ** if a man plants ten of thefe trees, which he may do in an hour, it is a fuificient fupply of this article for his whole life, as well as a portion to his pofterity } and he will as completely fulfil his duty to his own and future generations, as the native of our lefs propitious climate can do, by ploughing in the cold of winter, and reaping in the fummer J and when this fruit is not in feafon, cocoa-nuts, bananas, and plantains, fupply the deficiency*; or they fubftitute in its ftead a kind of pafte made of cocoa-nuts, bananas, or plantains, which they gather before the fruit is perfectly ripe, and lay it in heaps, covering it clofely with leaves, it then ferments j after which the core being ex- traded, the fruit is put into a hole dug in the earth, which is lined with grafs j this alfo is covered with leaves, and preflicd down with a weight of ftones. This occafions a fecond fermentation, when the fruit becomes four; it is then baked and eaten at every meal, though to all but the natives it taftes. very difagreeably. It will keep two months before it is baked, and a month or two afterwards. The preparation of this pafie is the employment of elderly women chiefly, and fometimes the whole batch will &il without any apparent caufe, by changing during fermenta- > liawkefworth II< I93« s Hawkafwortb Ih it6. E t Vtl. II. p. iS5; tioflf % ► .. < J|6 NEW DISCOVERIES, &c. tion. Whilft therefore this bufinefs is performing, the dame Vho conducts the operation is fuperRitioiifly attentive to prevent any body touching, whatever, in the moft trivial manner, contributes to the procefs : and it happened that Mr. Banks, by taking up one of the leaves that lay ou the heap, in the opinion of the fagacious houfewife, had fpoiled the whole mafs of fruit u. The pafte fo made is called mahii. Bread-fruit itfelf is converted into three different diflies, by 'putting to it either water, or the milk of the cocoa-nut s then beating it to a pafle with a flone pedle, and afterwards' mixing it with ripe plantains, bananas, or the four pa{!e above defcribed. The flcfh which is referved for the tables ^ of the great, is either poultry, hogs, or dogs; the flefh of their fowls is not well tafted, but that of dogs isefteemed by the natives beyond pork. The fmaller fi(h are generally eaten raw, as weeatoyfters j every thing that can Be pro- cured from the fea is made an artic''^ of their food ; for they will eat not only fea infects, but what the feamen call blub- bers, though fome of them are fo tough that they are obliged to fufFer them to become putrid before they can be chewed. A' very large (hark being caught by the Dolphin's people was given to the natives, who foon cut it to pieces, and carried it away with great latisfadion \ . . , »:. . ; v. They kill the animals they intend for food by fufFocating them, which is done by Hopping the mouth and nofe with their hands j they then fmge off the hair, by holding the animal over a fire, and fcraping him with a (hell ; with the fame inflrumeiit they cut him up, take out the entrails, which are walhed, and put into cocoa-nut fhells, together with the blood. Dogs are eaten that are fed wholly upon bread-fruit, cccoa-nuts, yams, and other vegitables, and are never fufFered to tafle any animal food ; and thofe v^ho have taded the flefli of a dog thus fed, have declared it to be » Hawktfw. 11. 198. V Hawkefw. I. 280'. " . little •^v. P'^f T A H £ I T E Er ^ '/ 5I Iktlie infertoi* to Etiglifli lamb . In order to drefs their food they kindle a fire, by rubbing the end of one piece of dry wood upon the fide of another, in the fame manner as .a carpenter with us whets a chiflel. They then dig a pit about half a foot deep, and two or three yards in circumfe- rence; they pave the bottom with large pebble ftones^ which they lay down very fmooth and even, and then kin- dle a fire in it with dry wood, leaves, and the huiks of cccoa- -nuts. When the ftones are fufficiently heated they take out the embers, and rake up the afhes on every fide ; they then cover the ftones with a layer of green cocoa-nut ieavesj and wrap up the animal that is to be drefi!ed in the leaves of the plantain. If it is a fmall hog they wrap it Up whole; if a large one they fplit it; When it is placed in the pit) they cover it with the hot embers, and lay upon them bread-fruit and yams, which are alfo wrapped up in the leaves of theplantaih. Over thefe they fpread the re- mainder of the embers, mixing among them fome of the hot 'ft • -*. .-. I <-" ,W Ha^vkefw. 11; 196. ' ''■'I I'i ,'.f- drefii> 1': I r fe s H ^2 NEW DISCOVERIES, &c. dreffi, which fat very eafy upon him: he- very foon at' tetti{)t«d the ufc of the kntfe and fork at his meals i but at Irrft, when he (luck fome meat up^ his fork, and tried to feed himfelf with that implement, he could not guide it } hut by the mere force of habit his hand came to hi^ mouth, and (he victuals at the end of his fork went away to hi» ear xjy fjUK '/■■nu ■■' K'.'tyg i^ -jt fi\> ,. > ; I T -^ r • f ~ They are quite unacquainted with the me^od of boiling water, as they have no veflels among them that will bear the fire. Whilft the noble Oberea was one morning at breakfaft with captain Wallis on board the Dolphin, the fu rgeon filled the tea-pot by turning the cock of an urn that flood upon the table. One of this lady's attendants oWerved this praftice very attentively, and ibon after turning the cock himfelf, received the water upon his hand ; he no fooner felt himfelf fcalded, than he roared and danced about in an extravagant manner ; the other Indians, unapprized of the caufe of thefe emotions, flood gazing at hi^n in amazement, and not without fome mixture of terror ; but the gentlemen in company, who foon perceived the caufe of the outcry, idifpelled the apprehenfions of their vifitants, and fome oint- ment being applied to the fcald, good-humour and confidence were again reilored. The gunner of the fhip, who was appointed comptroller of the market which was eftablifhed on (herewith the natives, ufed to dine on the fpot ; the afto- flHhmcnt of thefe people was very great to fee him drefs his pork and poultry in a pot; at length an old man, who was ■ 'extremely ferviceable in bringing down provifions to be cx- i'^'ifchanged, was put into pofleffion of an iron pot, and from '^^^^ that titna he and his friends ate boiled meat every day. Se* .sot 'vs'.vf'^f Hawkefw, I. tzp. vcral ^■/ O . T A H E I T E £♦ * -jt- S3 veral iron pots were likewife given to Oberea, and foaic of the chiei^ whidi were in conftant ufe^ »nd drew every body to fee themy; but although the particulars of two fucccAve voyages of captain Cooic to this ifland are circuQi- ftantiaHy related, we hear no more of this improvement in the culinary art, or of the further aififtance which has been rendered thefe people in fupplying them with pots for boil- ing ; but however defirous the natives might be to eat boiled meat, it was not advifable to have fuch an article of barter as iron kettles, when a few fpike nails, or a common hatchet, would procure one of their largeft hogs. .^ ', /■',U)"l!lf{ vi? ho:> Salt water is the ufual fauce to their food j thofe who live near the fea have it furnifhed as it is wanted, others at a diftance keep it in large bumboos. The kernels of the cocoa-nuts furnifh them with another fauce, which made into a pafte fohiething of the confiftence of butter, are beaten up with fait water, which has a very ftrong flavour ; but though at firft it feemed very naufeous, yet when the t?^e became familiar, it was much reliflied ^ ,, Their general drink is water, or the milk of the cocoa« nut j they fliewed in general an averfion to ftrong liquors, and whenever any one of them happened to drink fo freely with any of the fhip's company, as to be intoxicated, he refolutely refufed to tafte any thing that was likely to pro- duce the fame efFe ■ Hawkefwt II< xoa. E3 root sV NEW DISCOVERIES, &c. foot arid chew it till it is foft and pulpy ; they then fpit it' out into a plattfer or other veffcl, every orte into the fame, into this general receptacle water is poured according to th« qlianttty prepared. The juice thus diluted, is ftrnin^ through fome fibrous ftuff like fine ihavings, after which it is fit for drinking, and it is always prepared for prefent ufe ; it has a pepperifli tafte, drinks flat and rather infipid, and though it intoxicates, yet captain Cook faw but one in? fiance where it had that efFed, as the natives generally drink it with great moderation, and but a little at a time. Sometimes they chew this root as Europeans do tobacco,; and fometimcs they will eat it wholly *, ,. ri! ?.. m. They pat alone, pr at leaft only in company with a guci^ that happens to call in j and the men and women never fit: (down together to a meal j the (hade of a fpreading tree ferve^ them for ^ parlour j broad leaves fpread in great abundance' ferve for a t^ble-clqth ; aiui if a perfon of rank, he is at- tended by a number of fervapts who feat themfelves rounci him ; before he begins his meal, he wafhes his mouth an4 hands very clean, and repeats this fevcral times whilft he is eating. If his meal conftfls of fruit only, with his fingers' and' nails lie pea]? pflF the ririd of the bread fruit. Whilfl ^e is eating, he frequently drinks a fmall quantity of fa]^ water, either out pf a cpcoa-put (hell, which is placed by him, and is filled with fait water, or in the palm of his hand; hts apples he never eats before they a^e pared, to ido which a fmall (hell, of a kind which is to \ie picked up every where, is toffed to him by one of his attendants. If he eats of fifh, it is dre/Ted and wrapped up in leaves j this* ■ ^c breaks into a cocoa-nut of fait water, and feeds himfelf •■ ty taking up a piece with the fingers of one hand, and !:»:*■ • Cook, I. 187.' briagin^ Jk. ;., 0-TAHEITEE.„ ,„ SS bringing with it as much of the fait water as be can retain in the hollow of his palm : a young cocoa-nut being Grip- ped of its outer rind, by an attendant who malcesufe of his teeth very dexteroufly for this purpofe, fupplies him with, its milk, which he fucks out of a hole made in the nut by his finger, or with aftone. Should he dine on fleih, a piece of bamboo is tofled to him to ferve as a knife ; having fplit it tranfverfely with his nail, it becomes fit for ufe, and with this he divides the fiefh. In eating he crams a great quantity into his mouth, and finiflies his repall by fipping a quantity of bread fruit pounded, and mixed with water, till it is brought to the confiftency of an unbaked cuftard. He then wafhes his mouth and hands ; at the fame time the at- tendants cleanfe the cocoa-nut (hells that have beenufed, and place every thing that is left in a kind of bafket. The quantity of food which thefe people eat at a meal is prodi^^j^ gious ; captain Cook fays, he has feen one man devour two or three fiflies as big as a pearch j three bread fruits, each bigger than two filts ; fourteen or fifteen plantains, or ba- nanas, each fix or feven inches Jong, and four or five round, and near a quart of the pounded bread fruit ^ Men of rank are conftantly fed by their women, and one of the chiefs who dined on board the fhips in 1769, (hewed fuch a re-* luftance to feed himfclf, that one of the fervants was obliged to feed him to prevent his returning without his meal. In one of the excurfions which the gentlemen of the (hips made into the country in 1773, they arrived alt a neat houfc, where a very fat man, who feemcd to be a chief of the dif- tritSf, was lolling on his wooden pillow j before him two fervants were preparing his defert, by beating up with water fome bread fruit and bananas in a large wooden bowl, and mixing with it a quantity of fomented four pafte called ^ Hawkefw. II. »o6. E4 nahie. > t> 5$-, NEW DISCOVERIES, ice, * mahii;. Whil^ this was doing, a woman who fat down near him, crammed down his throat \>y handfuls, the re-« main9 Qf{^ Jarge baked fiih» and feveral bread fri^its, which I>e fjwallqwcd \vith a voracious appetite ; his countenance , was thepi^ure of phlegmatic infcnfibility, and feemed to te^ify, th^ all his thoughts centred in the gratification of , Kis appetite. He fcarce deigned to look at the ftrangers,. . , 9nd a few monofyllables which he uttered, were extorted ;, from him to remind his feeders of their di^ty,. when by gazing at them they grew lefs attentive to him. Froni» : vhich inilai^e, of uncivilized gluttony, Mr. Forfter draw$ ■ the following judicious remark : ^' We had flattered our-< , ftlvcs," fays he, " with the pleafing fancy of having foundi . ^t laft one little fpot of the world, where a whole nation^. withoDt being lawlefs barbarians, aimed at a certain fruga(r equality in their way of living, and whofe hours of enjoy<« ^lent were juftly proportioned to thofe of labour apd reft ^ o\ir difappointment therefore was very great, when we faw s^ luxurious individual, fpending his life in the moft fluggifl| i;ii;£livity, and without one benefit to fociety,, like the pri- vileged drones of more civilized fpots, fattening on the fuperfluous produce of the foil, of which he robs the labour-? ing multitude % ,-, ( That thcfe people, who are remarkably fond of fociety, and particularly that of their women, (hould exclude its pleafurcs from the table, where, among all other nations, whether civil or favage, they have been principally enjoyed, is truly inexplicable. How a meal, which every where elfc jhrings families and friends together, comes to Ceparate them )ierej^ was a fingularity much enquired about, but never ac- ,fov^^^^ (o;, ^^ •* Jji^.^te alone, tbcy faid, becaufe it wi|8 % i - O . T A B E I T E E. y/ "^f vt g^^v, right,'* but why it was right to eat alone, they never Ht-f'- » tempted to explain. Such, hotwever, was tht force of habit in this inftance, as it is in every other, that they eXpreflfed * theftrongeft diflike, and even difguft, at thfeir vifitants cat** - ing in fociety, efpecially with women, and of the fatrie'^ vidluals. " At firft, fays captain Cook, we though 'thir ' ftrange fiiigularity arofe from feme fuperftitious opinion ; ^^ but they conftantly affirmed the contrary. We cbferved ' ^Ifo feme caprices in the cuftom, for which we could sr» little account as for the cuftom itfelf. We could never pre- • vail with any of the women to partake of the vi<^uals at' our table, when we were dining in company j yet they" vrould go five or fix together into the fervants apartmentv^^ ". ?nd there eat very henrtily of whatever they could find : |fior were they in the leaft difconcerted if we came' in while they were doing if. When any of us have been alone with a woman, ihe has fometimes eaten in our company ; but then ihe has expreflfed the greateft unwillingnefs that it fliould be known, and always extorted the ftrongeft promifes pf fecrecy. Among themfelves, even two brothers and two fifters have each their feparate bafkets of provifions, and the apparatus of their meal. When they firft vifited us at our tents, each brought his bafket with him j and when we fat jlown to table, they would go out, fit down upon the ground, at two or three yard* diftance from each other, and turning their faces different ways, take their repaft without exchanging a fingle word. The women not only abftaiit from eating with the men, and of the fame victuals, but even have their victuals feparately prepared by boys kept for that purpofe, who depofit it in a feparate ihed, and attend them with it at their meals. But though they would not eat with us, or with each other, they have often afked us fo ea( with th^m, when we h^ve yif^ed thyofe with whom we ' { ^ N E W D I S C O V E R I E>S, &c. wc were particularly acquainted at their houfes} and we have often upon fuch occafions eaten out of the fame bafket, and: drank out of the fame cup. The elder women, how- cy,er» always appeared offended at this liberty ; and if we happened to. touch their vifluals, or even thi: haHccC that •<;ontaiflcd it^ would throw? itaway''," ,., .„,j .. », ,i;.j|qhh h" >•^A.^ter meals, and in the heat of the day, the middle aged people of the better fort generally fleep. They are indeed extremely indolent, and fleeping and eating are almoft all that (hey do. Thofe that are older are lefs drowfy, and the boys and girls, are kept awake by the natural aclivity and fprightlineCi of their age. ; • v ) ' .v-.rfr'; ,«jnri Here were found five or fix men of a very fingular appear- jinc.e, their (kins of a dead white, like the nofe of a white horfe, fcurfy, and covered with a kind of down, without the leafl appearance of what is called complexion ; the hair on their head, eye-brows, and beard, s white as their /kin, with eyes fomewhat like thofe of a ferret, and having a very fhort-fighted vifion. Thefe may be juftly confidcred 2l^ lufas natura, being of no particular race of manki^d^ nor do they appear to propagate their like *, ...t •.:■? r.<> i. • sfiamc »' v-u-'Y: ' ) ■ • :• .,-. ■"■ JiU-,. >-.J'*:i iThefe iHanders, who inhabit huts expofed to all the winds, and hardly covtr the earth, which ferves them for a be<;^, with a layer of leaves, are remarkably healthy and vigorous, live (o old age without enduring any of its infirmities j their fenfes are acute, and they retain their beautiful teeth to the laft ^. M. de Bougainville dcfcribcs an old man, whom they faw on their landing, who ^ ttiwltefirft'rth II. Z03, 104.*'''' ' f Hitykefwoftli II. i6it ;>«i « Bousainvillc :4.8. Forfiel' H. 85. .had .^. © . T A H £ I T E E, ''^ ^^ 59 had no' other charatSlcr of old age, than that refpcftable one whxh is imprinted on a fine figure. His head was adorned with white hair, and a long white beard ; all his body was' nervous and flefhy ; he had neither wrinkles, nor fhewed any other tokens of decrepitude. This venerable man feem- ed difplcafed at the arrival of thefe ftrangers; he even re- tired without making any returns to the courtefies they paid to him, but he gave no figns eltlier of fear, aftonifliment, or curiofity : very far from taking any part in the raptures which the multitude exprefTed, his thoughtful and fufpi* cious air feemed to indicate, that he feared the arrival of a new race of men would interrupt the happinefs he had (o j long enjoyed «. From whence it may be inferred, that his mind was nota whit more impaired than his body. There are, however, fevcral forts of leprous complaints on this ifland, which appear in cutaneous eruptions of the fcaly kind ; fome were feen that had ulcers upon different parts of their bodies, yet they feemed little regarded by thofe who were afHicled with them, and no application whatever was ufed to them, not fo much as to keep oft' the flies ; but in- fiances of them are rare, as the excellency of their climate, and the fimplicity of their vegetable food, prevent almoft all dangerous and deadly difordcrs j they are fometimes af- ilidled with the cholic, and coughs are not unknown among them ; and the chiefs, who fare more fumptuoudy, as a punifbment for their voluptuoufnefs, are fometimes attack- ed with a diforder Hmilar to the gout, in which the legs are fwelled and exceilively painful ^, Mk de Bougainville'^ furgeon aiTured him, that he had feen many with marks of the fmall-pox ^ -' ..?'- ' • ■'/■■•' '-••■' ..)iiwL'c' -. >■• OIJW ,vr'!D;i»;! &i \ Ciw .K 8 Bougainville, 220. h Forfterl. 371. Forfter II. 8j.. Ifla. Cook I. 340. > Bougainville 2, 50. The y 6o NEW DISCOVERIES, &c. "'^'Tbeufual method ufed here to rcftorc the fick to healthy IS by pronouncing a fct form of words, after which the ex- orcift applies the leaves of the cocoa-tree plaited, to the fin- gers and toes of the fick j fo that nature is left to conflidl with the difcafe, without being affifled with any falutary application of art"*. But though they feem utterly dcftitutc of medical knowledge, they appear to be no incOnfidcrable proficients in furgery, which they had an opportunity of ' proving while the Dolphin lay here : one of the Teamen, vrhen on ihore, ran a large fpl inter into his foot, and the furgeon not being at hand, one of his comrades endeavoured to take it out with a pen-knife j but after putting the poor fellow to a great deal of pain, he was obliged to give it * over : an old native, who had been very adive and fuccefs- ' fal in eftablifhing a good underilanding between the (hip's ' COrhpany and his countrymen happening to be prefent, called a mai\ from the other fide of the river, who having examined the lacerated foot, fetched a ihell from the beach, which he broke to a point with his teeth } with which inftrument he laid open the wound, and extracted the fplinter ; whilft this operation was performing, the old man went a little way into the wood, and returned with fomegum, which he ap-. plied to the wound upon a piece of the cloth that was "wrapped round him, and in two days time it was perfediy healed. This gum was produced by the apple-tree ; the furgeon of the ihip procured fome of it, and ufed it as a vulherary balfam with great fuccefs'. Captain Cook, in 1 769, fawmanyof the natives with dreadful fears ; one man, whpfe face was almoft entirely deftroyed ; his nofe, including bone, was perfetSlly flat, and one cheek an^ ' 6ne eye were fo beaten in, that the hollow would alnioft receive ^ man's fift, yet no ulcer remained 3 and Tupla^ wfaoaccom- lA"- .^ Hawkefworth II. %iu 1 Hawkefworth I. ^36. panied ^:^ . O - T A H E I T E E. ; ^ ^ panied them in the (hip, and of whom more will be faid here- after, had been pierced through his body with a f^ar, headed with the bone of a (hing-ray ; the we 1 amcng them ; but there feems to be fome reafon to hope bat they had found out a fpecificcjure for it, as none were lecn on whom it had made a great progrefs ; and one who went from the ihip infected, returned, after a (hort time, in perfect health". Both captain Cook and Mr. Forftcr, in their relations cf their royage in the Refolution, endeavour to eftabi.ih the opinion, that thisfcourge of licentioufnefs was felt in the South-Sea iflands, previous to any of the modern voyages that have been made thither, 'xi>a .hat it was an indigenous ,, difeafe there j but if that com'uCion is well founded, how V comes it that at all the places Vvitf^r'- the Refolution touched • ^** *773> w^itl^ ^*<^ teen before vifited by the Endeavour in * Hawkefwortb II. ^%^^ ■ Hawkefworth U*. 433. ' '% IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) k A *t <5? fM m^.r /a 1.0 I.I 1^ ilM IIIM 1^ 1^ IIIIM U4 i;£ IIIM 1.8 1.25 1.4 ^ -< 6" — ► V] y y /# Photographic Sdences Corporation 23 WeST MAIN STREET WEBST?'5.N.Y 145Ct> (716) 8724.03 % ,p^ • 1 \ 6) t^EW DISCOVERIES, kc. 1769, fuch as New Zeel»nd for inftance, thecrew^ more df lefsi^ecame: infex^ed by their coimnerce with the women, and not at all fo at places which they viflted^ for the fir ft time^ in the Refolution ? If an European (hip (be it M. de Bougainville's only, or the Dolphin in fome meafure con^- tributing, that) did communicate this baneful difeafe to a hiealriiy race of people, and this not to one ifland only, but Spreading it among fcveral, it is a confequence inciden- tally arifing from European curiofity, and thirft after know ledge, which cannot be too much regretted ; and will entail a mifery upon thefe Indians, fo dreadful, that all the Attempts ta enrich them with new fpecies of vegitables and animals cannot in any degree compenfate for, even if fuch endeavours had proved as efFedual as they were well in-* tended, ".fi vM'-ii^i* "■ ■ ■'■ ■;. .".■■•. :^ti',^?i.>> -i^-nrt^hi H- i9^^iri - »bf,m- >«« V^^'. *" SECT IV ■■■'■•*■'•*'"*«> fi**'!"^ Of the Menufa^ure of the Taheitian C/*//^ and Matting-: ■ V their Dies and Perfumes ; their fVtopons of War, and other '{ Implements i Ignorance of the life of Iron^ and ingenious ■■ ^ Subjlitute for it in their Tools j their Canoes^ both for Fijhing , Ir^fliE principal manufa£lure among thefe people ^^^h ;,_ ,. their cloth, which h made of the bark of trees, and is of three kinds j the Chinefe paper multerry-tree, or aoutq ; the bread-fruit tree, or goroo ; and one that is defcribcd by doftor Hawkef\yorth, as refcmbling the wild fig-tree of the W^t-Indies. Thefe are all made ufcof for this purpofci but of all thefe the paper mulberry affords the beft j \^'l^at is ma , .Mr, Forfter enquired particularly for the perfume-wood, with which the natives perfume their cloaths and oils j and Tahea, a friendly native, ihcwed them feveral plants which are fometimes ufed as fubftitutes, but the moil precious fort he «ither could not, or would not, point out; and from the account of O-Mai it fhould feem, that there are no lefs than lourteeii different plants employed for perfume, which (hews how remarkably fond thefe people are of fine Jmells i. Matting is another manufadure that finds them conftdera* hie employment, and of this they produce fome finer and better than ?ny in Europe. In this kind of work they are extremely dexterous. Ruflies, grafs, the bark of trees, and the leaves of a plant which they call wharrauy are the mate- rials they work up for this purpofe. The ufes to which they apply their matting are various : on fome, which is a coarfer kind, they fleep in the night, and fit on in the day ; the finer fort they convert to garments in rainy weather, their cloth being foon penetrated by the wet. They are very dexterous in making bafket and wicker- work i thwir baficets are of a thoufand different patteraiy \ . ti ^^ manf .^u'the Want of hemp is fuppll^d by the hark of atree^iof which they make ropes and llnesi and thereby pvovidc them* ftflves wit^i filhing-nets j the fibres of the cocoa-nut ^fnifll them with thread, with which they fiiften the different parts of their canoesj and for other piirpofes. The bark of a nettle which grows in the mountains, and is called efajfai . fupplies them with admirable fifhing-lines, capable of holding any kind Of fifh ; and their hooks are made of ^jiotherrof- |}earl> to which they fix a tuft of hair^ made to refemble tha tail of a fifli. Inftead of making them bearded^ the point ig .hiade to turn inwards. They maktt alfou kind of feinev of ft coarfe bnoad grafs) the blades of which are i%ke. flags* Thefc they twfft and tie together in a loofe nvann^ri^ till thd hetj which is about a^ Wide b9 a large fack) is from Axty to teighty fathom long. This they haufl in {hoal^ fraooth wih- tfer, and its own weight keeps it foclofe to the ground j that - fcircely a fingle fi(h ean efcape *♦ »\?<,h fv-v tt ^ ftawkefw. IL 217. ' ' Hdwkefvr. II. »i^. sS i« .ii 9 f^ASQ They 6d ^^EwniSCOVERI^Sf, Sid. They make harpoons of cane, and point th«m with baref wood-, with which they <;a,n ftrike fi(h more efFe i..t\*-^iL^ "^rt . fiVnii-* )l'ff« Pieces of coral are made ofe of as files to form moeh6r<*of-* pearly or other hard fhclis^ into the fhape rcc^uired. ''i:.i> .%t%A'i-f.' i«t .ifr^i-nf- ■A .•■( Piti-sg E»fi-fl» The dfity tcols they ufe fof all thefr purpofcs are, an adztf^ madeofftonej a chiflel, ar gouge, of bbnej generally thd bone of a man's arm between the wriil and elbow ; a rafp of coral ^ and a ikin of a' fliilg-ray j alfo coral fand as a' file^ ' or -poliflier} with tbefe they fell timber^ cleave and poliJih it^ build canoes, and hue ftone. The i^one whi^h makes the blade of their adzes is a kind of bafaltes, of a btackiOi 6r gfey colour, not very hard, but of confiderablc toUghnefs : they are formed of different fizes ; fome that are intended for felling, Weigh from fix to eight pounds ; others that are ufed for carving, not more than as many ounces ; but it is necef- fary to iharpen both almoft every minute, for which purpofe a ftone and a cocoa-nut (hell full of water are always at handt Their greateft exploit, to which thefe tools are lefs equal tbail any oth^r, is felling a tree. This requires maity bands, and ^he conftant labour of feveral days. When it is down they fplit it, with the grain, into planks, from three to four inches thick, the whole length and breadth of the tree, many of which are eight feet in the girth, and forty td the branches, and nearly of the fame thicki\efs throughout. The tree generally ufed is in their language called avie j the ilem of' which is tall and ftralght, though fome of the ftnaller boats are made of the bread-fruit tree, which is a light, fpongy wood, and eafily wrought. They fmooth the plank ver/ ■•■ 5 - T A k'E I T' fe: E; V./'T V\- ;#^ Very '^xpedilloufly and dexteroufly with their adzes, and caii take ofF a thin coat from a whole pl^nk, without miiTih'g a ilrokie'. As they have not the art of warping a plahk^ every |)art of the canoe, whether hollow or flat, is fliaped by hand% Their weapons are.Hings^ which they ufe with jgreat dexterity ; pikes, headed with the ftings of iiihg-rays^ and clubs, of about fix, or feven fecr long, made of a very hard, heavy wood. Thus armed, they are faid to fight with great obflinacy^ and give no quarter toman, Woman, ^r child j who is fo unfortunate as to fall into their hands during the battle^ or for fome hours afterwards, till their paflion^ which is always violent, though not lading, has fiil^fided "; They have likewife bows and arrows, but the arrpw? aje fit for nothing but to bring down a bird, being headed 9nly With a fione, and none of them pointed \ Thtiy l\ave .tar- gets of a femicircular form, made of Wicker- Miforkj, , and plaited firings of the cbcoa-nut fibres, covered with glofly bluifh-green feathers of a kind of pigeon, and. oraamented With many (halk's teeth difplayed in three co-centric fepi- tircles^. Their boats, or canoes, are of three dilTerent forts ; fome are madb out of a fingle tree, and carry ffpni two to fix men} fuch are employed principally in jBf^jng. 3ome are conflru£led of planks very dcxteroufly fjew^(|, toge- ther; Thefe are of different fizcs, and will carry froip ten to forty men ; they generally lafh two of thefe togethcir^ and fet up two mails between them ; if they are fingle, they jiave an outrigger i»>;» -'.'''-■■ uMMt %'*: f. ? ^ -u> vOt* ^'\ i \ ^,:-r.r-r - - .'^ . . gondalo* a"*** t Hawkefw. II. aii^, ,jaJ^J ^ f orfter, I. aSj; ' ""^ »»>lb. F 2 ....,.^. :<.>■ 68 NEW t)IS'cdVERlfeS, See. .^f gorldalos ofVenftee. TRc «iddlc is covered with a largff , awning, and fome of the people fit upon it, andifomc «»vdie^ it. The pfank of whidt thefe veflels arc conftrudted i* made by fplittinga tree, with the grain, into as many thiii .pieces as pdflibk. They Fell a tree with a kind of hatchet^ or adze, made of a toogh greetiiflj kind of fton«, verydexte- roufly fitted into a handle ; it is then cHit into fueh lengths as dte required fbr the plank, one €nd of which is heated till it begbs to crack, and theh wifli wedges of har)«« >.lf.! w Hawk^fw. Ir I fO» M'mt9^ anj ■5» ^ O- T A H E I T E E. . , ^itff(«t which Had been attacked abgmt Eve or fix years be. forQf but thf foFces from O-Tabeitee were then repujled. The captain wa« defirous joi ftajning to iee this fiormidabl^ Aeet f fat off', though at firft cbe leadejfs had (bliciited bi« a^iftaiKe to ena^ hie theci> to r«|duice their enemieat ; and though the captain ^ad refu&d taking. any part in thl^lt quajrrel^ b&had a^ured O-Toq^ the king^ that if tbfey gpttheii- ileetrcadyln time^ jhe wQuid fail with th«ni 4^wa to Eimeo, aitCK which be hjsard n^ more p^ it* They pFobably had taken the rni^tter •into coniAd^xa^tk>n, and. cop^^lA^d ^heoi^lves faferalo^e.'V The caiptaiit I9pk a view of fk>ms of the dock-yards, (fojT fiich, fays, he, they well deferve tp be called) and large ca* Aoes; fome lately built, and others building, twto^^f wb,ic|;i were the )argeil he had ever feen in that fea, ^r any wher^ €lk under that name V. The 9uantityof iron tool& whicljk Jiad been procured by the natives, had fo m^^ accelerated the labour of thele people, that wheil the Reft^utionlaft vir ftted this iiland,. after having been eight nv^tnth^^abfent, enir ployed in making refearches towards tb$ §o«*tl>T?olg, the number of houfes that had been ere^d, and canoes built m that ihort fpace of time, appeared to the gentlemen of the ihip incredible. A plain proof of the induClfry, as well as ingenuity of the commonalty of this iflartd ^. The powQr and confequence of Q-TaheiteeAcver appeared to fucb ad- vantage as when the fleet of war canoes was affem bled. No lefs than one hundred and fifty-nine great double canoes were feen, each of which was from fifty to ninety feet long, .between ftem and ftcrn j bcfides thefe, feventy ' fpnaller ones were ken without the ranks, moft of which were likewife * Cook, I. 343. y lb. 335. ■^y one hundred and licvQQty, Vol. I. 32i« F 2 lb. 346. 3 Captain Coolc .double. fb' N E w '' ri i*g fc 6 1 i i( I E 5, &c. dotibftrwith a roof at' the^crn, intended for the reception pf the Chiefs "at night» and^a^ viduallers to the fleet : a feur of them vrer^i^^-y on which banana-leaves were very confpi- cuous i thefe the natives faid were to receive the killed, and they called them e-vaa-no'-t'Eatuai <* the canoes of the Di« vinity.'* The vaft number of people aflembled together was ftill morie furprizing than the Iplendor of fuch a fleet ; upon a moderate computation th^rc could not be lefs than fifteen hundred warriors, and four thoufand paddlers, befides thofe in the '^rSvifion^boats. 'By converfing with Potatow, a i^tvi^f^ with whom the captain had always been intimate, they Idarnt/ that this formidable fleet was only the naval force of a fingle diilri£t, and that all the other dlftritSts could fur- nifli their quota of vcflels, in proportion tq their fize**. The chief; *and ail thofe on the fighting ftages, were dreflTed in thdi" Wdi^-liabitj i that is, a vaft quantity of clpth, turbans, breifl-pktes, and helmets j fome of the latter of which were Of fuch a length, as greatly to encumber the wearer. In- deed, their whole drefs appeared to be better calculated for fh'cWthiiii uf(^, and but badly fuited to the day of battle. TheVeflljls were decorated with flags, ftreamers, &c, fo that the whole made a grand and noble appearance. Their in- ilruments of war were clubs, fpears, and ftones ; the veflTels were ranged iclofe along^flde of each other, with their heads a(l;[Gre, dnd their f!ern to the fea, the admiral's vefTel being rtearly jn the centre". About three weeks afterwards, in the ditH£t of Tlttaha, which is the fmallefl in the norths wefl: perirnfula of O-Tiaheitee, forty-four more war canoes sgtTt feen ) the king ordered the warriors to go through fome of their rn'illtary evolutions before bis guefts j two parties firft bejgan with clubs, but this mcMle of attack was foon laid afide, and they fell to fln^le combat, exhibiting the various .•}{ * Forfter, II. 60, 65, 66. ' Cook, T. 321. vy. methods ,y; O ^ T A H E I T E E. i ■ 71 flietliods of fighting with great agility, parrying ofF the blows and pufhes, which each combatant aimed at the other, with great addrefs. Their arms were (;l.ubs imd (pears, t^e latter they alCo ufeas darts''^ / lifV fvtir^.n '^/f* ^.^>i:^ ' SECT. *Trt.ru< ? r«''?f '■ ■r ,y(-. r, ,*l ' ^■"f ;!-«,-■, >• -/,. <([y the Timper and Difpofaion of the O-Taheitians ; theW - Froper.fity to Theft \ Rtadimfs tf forgive Injuries i :»■ Great Senfibilityy and Friendlinefs, Of their Women % \ Profligacy of the lower Clafs ; Account of a Society ejiablijhed- -i^imeng thofe of Rank^ called Arreox j their BiverfionSf 4 Sketch of their ^nerai Charm^eo ~' * ." '— *r • ; '■"-- '■3\fV- ■•b-irf ••■■''*.' ■ ■^ •■. ■ ' ALL the paflions of thefe peoj^ are violent, but tranfit* . itory ; extreme forrow and joy frequently (jucceed eac^ Other, ill a manner equally quicic, and without any appa- rent caufe; though from their effeminate voluptuoufhefe one would fuppofe them entirely averfe to the en- during of pain i yet the women inflidt the nioft violent z&i of cruelty upon themfelves in expreffing their grjef, particu- larJy on the death of a relation, wliieh will be particularly deibrtbed in its proper place. The manner of fingling out a man here for a chofen £niend, is by taking ofr a part of their cloathing, and putting it upon him. Their behaviour jto all the Englifh was conftantly good-natured and friendly ^ ^fi^ Tuabow^ a chief, who had made the circuit of theiilai. 343. F4 deavovr. -«*j: mfmmm 7%X NEW DISCO VERIEST &c. (iiif^yoju,^ Ayhv^^rc TjiamcB he, ciicoll'^ed. He rojoked tp h^f:, ih^ Ms*;J^y4^ki.anfldpk5l(?if^,.Si?'.am!ur were well j and baying* oi,:tfi rjLM^jiVf I^^V^ c|.u<;/li,on^ Aiyr^xys receive d , the famp anfwer tk) it,; u|)on which he :ill:ed wUe;ht.T they would not come back to O-Taheitec, accompanying his queflion wiiha look which ilrongly cxprsHrs-d the wifh of feeing them again'. V/hcnevcr a kind look from' a native was returned by afmile, tJi^;,'jtw,ilxoug|I}t i,hat a proper opportunity to, copvef t to their ^ulv^iuagf, and ixpmediatcly in a begging tone would lay, tayi poSi,,''^ tn?*''d, a be?d;" whether their rcqucfl: was com- jj^etl \\)f.k ®r relufed, didnpt alter thwir good temper j when tjpf'c petitions became ^oo frequent, the gentlemen ufedto mock them by repeating their words fri the fame tone, which alv\.'iys produced a general peal of good-humoured laught&r Arnoag chem. Their converfat'on was generally loud, ahd It feeiiicd that the flr^rigcrs were their principal topic j every ncwconaer was immediacd/ made acquainted by the others, with thenjimes of the party, which they reduced to a few vowels^ • or foft confonants, and were entertained with a rc- btion of what they bad faid or done that mgrning. Their firft reqtjcft generally was to hear a mufket fired oiF, which they always^ complied with, on condition the natives would point out a bird for a mark } but whenever they pointed one put at four or fi^ve hundred yards' diftance, that no imputa« tions might light on their fuppofed invinlible prowefs, (for |he natives had no idea that the effedl of fire-arms was limited to a certain fpace) they always pretended that they could nut fee the bird, till they came near enough to (hoot it. The £r{l explofion frightened them exceedingly, and on fome produced fuch a violent conflernation, that they dropped down ori the grou' d, or retreated a confiderable way back- wards, and there continued till their fears were quieted by ?jji .-mi'^v-jXi e Forfter, II, 300. prcfciHons .^^ O r T A H E I T B Evy/T^^^ y| profcffioni of frieridfhip, or tiM their more nAdavrtod compa« nionshad picked up the bird that had boen killed. But chey foon became more rnrntl'Mr ;• and though they alwayl exprefled feme fiidden etiiotifin, yet thfcy conquered by dc>* grees the appearance of fear '. Wher* the RefolutioA touched herelaft, in AprH l774^ a great alteration ih'tW6 behaviour of the natives was bbfcrved ; no Importunate b<^i ging for beads, or nails, was prafticed i arM inftead of h€ifi^ backv^ard to part wrth thefr ftores, they appeared eagct to outdo each other in afls of benevolence 6nd hofpitality.' At: every hut the parties who walked into the cotrntry' were rri^ vitdd'to come in and partake of fome refrefliment; atld^idii often as thefe pteflingfnvitations were accepted, their iinal^ |'e«5ted urbanity heightened every i^ of hofpitalrty «. ''^j- t ."^.>. <'•■(.■;•• '.'4?' ■ ': u.'.'vm "w-^ ■ . ■■> .J ;i-'ij . ..i-i-'i'* "«<> toA "•-'Tlieir uiual manner ofexpreffing their refpe£¥ to fti'aA^i^ or to their fuperiors at a firft meeting, is by uncovering tncWI* /elves to their middle. They have a cuftom of faluting thofe « who fnieze, by faying, evaroela-t-eatauo, •* may the gfood eatoua awaken you," or ** may not the evil eatoua lull jrou aflecpV* -^^ •■• •' '-■:■■ - •-- '■- .';- ■ '•'■' Their propcnfity to theft was vefy'great, • ihlbmiich' that w the lively French hifterian fays, " even in Europe itfelfonc cannot fee more expert filchers than the people of this coun- try '." When feme of the natives firft went on board the Polphin, they watched every opportunity to fteal fort^rpf^i*," the things that happened to lay in the way ; a midfhipman who had a nevr laced hat on, was talking by figns to one of them, when another came behind him, and fuddenly fnatch- ingoff the bat, leaped into the fca, and fwam avvay with it. /•J. %. i -^ ^ Forfter, I. 286, 2S7. > BgugaiiiV. zzS. 8 Forfter, II. S 6. Bougainv. tjS. At 11 I II ill , i| 1' I ^4~~ NEW DISCOVERIES, &c. At length their theftr were fo notorious, that captain Walli« would no longer permit them to come on board ; hut when iKh^y had feen and felt the terrible dcftru6tion produce^ by a gun, ithey were always difpofed to bring hack whatever they ^4dpurloined, by only levdliug the piece at them. A fellow iJDfd thp dexterity and addrefs to crofs the river unperceived, pad Qfia] a hatche^. The gunner, who prefided on Chore, as 4[poQ a^ be miiTed it, figxiified to an old man who was ap-o jipinted a kind of commiilary of tr^de on the part of the Indian^, ,by %ns, what bad happened, and got his party ;re^dy, as if be would have gone into the .woods after the j^bief : the old man^ hovvever, gave him to underiland, that i:|e ,^ould fave ][)im the trouble -, and ibiting off iiin,na^diately« returned, in a very fbgrt .t;ime^ with the hatchet. The gun- ner then inflfled that the offender fhould be delivered up, j|^hicl> was at length yiel4ed .^4 t;|>Ougb relu(5lantly. When the deUi3.que:nt was brvought.^lownhe was known to he an old p&ender, and therefore fei^ prifoneir on ;board j the icaptain, VKboqnly meant to punifh him by the dread of punlihnient, having tcxriiicd bim fufficie];it]yj gave hia;i his liberty, and fent him on fhore. The natives exprefled the greatnefc of their joy at his returning fafe, by loud and general acclama- tJonj^j.^and carried ofF the acquitted petit larcener trium- phantly into the woods. The next day the poor fellow, overcome by this adt of lenity, returned with a quantity of l^re^cjrfruit, aiid a roafled hog, of which he made athunk- oJFaing to the gunner ''. l^Qn captain Cook's firft arrival at this ifland in 1769, W,hiUt the gentlemen were paying a vifit to one of the chiefs, ip, 9 character for immaculate honefly, one private adt of thefjt iiUiieti his fair fame, A parcel of flails, which, laj'.in a joiner of the cabin, and which were^ larger than.^jr, that had been produced in barter, was a temptation too fir<)ng to be rcniicd j the poor chief was overcome hy it, and atdif- ierent times fecreted five of thefe ineftimable rarities. He happened to be detected, one was fpund upon him^, and he 1|(»1m> was thought to have beej;i the only exception tp' the general charadler of pilferers which bad been giren to thefe inaiiaas^ was found to poiTcfs a portion of the fame fpirit. liis (hame and forrow, on the detection, was very apparent ^ but thpugh he promifcd to return all his flolen goods, yet when he w^nt home he chofe rather to remove into the country, than fulfil his engagements j and noafter-perfuafio^ '"could induce him to part with what he had thus uuwar- ^^ntably acquired. Great allowances, however, ought cer- tainly to be n]ade for the pilfering propenfity fo prevalent among thcfe people ;. for an Indian among peony knives and be.ids, or even nails and broken gla^, is in tlie fame Qate of trial with the mcancfi; fcrvant in Europe, among unlocke4 coiFcis of jewels und gold m. "" ilawkcfw. 11. joj, 1x9, 13J. ■. r-' ' /» '■ p - T A H E I T E E.\ ' 77 The ihip's butcher, in 1769, was charged b;^ the fairie Toubouxai Tatnaide, with having, by ti^r^^tis and menaces, of death, obtained a (lone hatchet in exchange for a nail from a woman; being found guilty, of th? offence, he was ordered by the captain to be ftripped, znd tied up to the rijj- ging, there to receive a certain number of laihes. The na- tives viewed this tranfadlion very attentively, and on the firft. ftroke being given they interpofed, and with great emotion. entreatied for the delinquent's pardon : butBn '^xample being neceflary, both to deter the natives and (hip's company from a£ls of violence, and to iliewthe impartial manner in wh^ci^ juftice was adminiftered on offenders, they interceded in vain^ on which they expreffcd th^ir foirow and pity, by teas ani exclamations ". ;^f.^ nv . A chief vifited captain Cook on board the Refolution^ani prefented him with a quantity of fruit, among which wcie a quantity of cocoa-nuts, from which the liquor had been drawn, and the (hell thrown overboard ; thefe he had picked up, and tied in bundles fo artfully, that the cheat was not ac firft perceived } however, when it was deretSled, and the ily diflembler fhewn his impufition, without betraying qDx emotion, and as if he knew nothing of the matter, heopenc two or three of them himfelf, fignifying that he was fatisfied it was fo, and then went on fhore, and fent off a quantity of plantains and bananas, to compcnfate for his intended tricks At another time a muflcet had been ffolcn by one , of the natives, and when captain Cook iliewed a refolute de-<^ ^ termination to have it delivered up, or to make fomc (^vere reprifal, it was foon produced, with fevcral other things that had been, at different times, conveyed away. All the n:i- I'vespncfent, and thofc who came in afterwards, pretended • Hawkefw. LI. ici o Cookj^ 1.150, Tlic t% ft tiivr^ br$covERiEs, &c. fJDi hav6'had foftne hM m retot^ering it^ and put in a claimi fbr a rewardf ir but the rfioft expert a£k>r in this fair ce was a chief, whd MraS wcM khoWh by thoftrwho bad tifited thi*^ iflaiid in the foimct voyage'} this man came with* ail the favage fuiy irfiagifiable in hrrs countenance,' and a lai^ge club in his hand, Mritb which h«beat ^bodt him, meaning thereby to (hbw how he atohe had kilhed the tlrief,' when at the fame time it w^i^iVell known to all prefent, that he had not been' from his houfe the whole time P/ ■ .■^••'** •m! This propenftty to fteal,* th61r governors either encou^' faged, or had not fufEcieiit influence to prevent; The mo- ihent arty thing of confequence had been ftol^n,* the tranf*-" action was circulated over the wht)le neighbourhood j every one took the alarm, an J encampted with his moveables in alt Hade. The thief then Was mat&oued or matowed,- an dmbi'-* guous court phrafe, exprcfltng not only that he waJ' afraid,' but that he wiffaed to be put m good humour with" prefents ".• Orderi were then rffued to bring no fupplies to the fliip'y and the court removed to fome diftartt part: All this was fome- times effefted fo faddenly, that thcfe manoeuvres were fre- quently the firft intelligence to thtf (hip's company,' that ar robbery had been committed. Whether the Engliih obliged them to make reftitution or not, the chief muft be retonciled before any of the people were permitted to bring in refrefli- nients ; they knew very well the (hips could not do without them, and therefore never failed ftridly to obfervethis rulei without ever confidering, that all their war canbes, on which the ftrength of the nation confifted, their houfes,* and even the very fruit they refufed to furnifh, were entirely in the power of their new friends. But, exToo tho king, and feveral of the chiefs faw him : being acquainted with his crime, the king begged earneftly for his enlarge-, ment, which the captain refufed, telling him, that fince he^ captain Cook, puniflied his people when they committed the lead ofFence againft the natives, it was but ec^uitablo this man ihould be puoifhed likewife, and as he knew the king would not do it, the captain was determined to do i^ l>imfelf» Accordingly he ordered the offender to be Cfu;(ie.4 '- r Cook, 1. 338, ' ' on t.. \ #9 NEW DTSCOV^EtlES, &cf. «iiAow>tdiMCails, which difcipiine he bore with great firmnefs f he was then fat at liberty, and the natives were difperfing } Iwt Tnv/ja coming forward, called them back, and harangued tjtem for fome time. His fpeech confiftcd of ihort fentences^ very little of which was underftood by the European phtt of lAie audience; but from what could be gathered, he appeared tft recapitulate what captain Cook bad faid to O-Too } naihed federal advantages the iflandcrs had received from the ftrangers, condemned the return they had made, and recom- mended a better conduct for the future. 'He reprefented^ that although the power of their guefts was infinitely fuperioi' to their <)wn, yet they neither ftole any thing, nor ufed any violence, but honeftly paid a proper price for whatever they fcceived ; and fre«quently gave prefcnts befides, where none was expefted. The gracefulnefs of hi« adion, and the at-*^ tention with which he was heard, befpoke him a great orator) O-Tpo faid riot a word. As foon as Towha had ended his fpeech, the captain ordered, the marines to go through their • * ' - ' • . cxercife^ '-.^ 0\. t AH E t t E E. ? ^^ if exercife, and to lo^d and Arc in vollies with ball ; and as they Were very quick in their manceuvres, it is eafier to conceive than defcribe the amazement the natives were wrapt in the >Vhole time u This exemplary puniChment, however, was not efFedual to work a reformation ; for eight or nine dayd after, the princefs Tororai happening to be on board the (hip with the king her brother, the >• ».f>\»js*». ',.v i Hj rf'/; J jiw nouni^i /ir*C * F«til«r, 11, 97, 98^' '^^ they ''it 82 NEW DISCOVERIES, &c. — • - They have not the idea of any tHing indecent^ and gratify every appetite and paffion before witneflTes, with no more ienfe of (hame, or notion of impropriety^ than people in other countries aiTociate together at a meal^and gratify their hun- ger". M. de Bougainville's people were daily ftraggling about the ifland unarmed, in fmall parties, and fomecimes. even Tingle ; they were invited to enter the houfes where they came, and provifions were fet before them ; nor did the kindnefs of their hofts end here, for they prefented young girls to them, and immediately the hut was invefted with a group of rpe£tators, both men and women} who fbfnied a* circle round their gueft, and the young victim of their hofpi-.. tality } the ground was prefently fpread y^ith kaves and flowers, and their muficians flruck up an hymeneal fong to the tunc of their flutes. Here Venus is the goddefs of hof- , pitality ; her worfhip is carried on without any myfteries, and the tributes which are paid to her are feafls fqt the; whole nation '^. " They were furprized,'* fays this agree- able French writer, '* at the confuHon our people appeared tobe tn, as our cufloms do not admit of fuch public pro- ceedings J however, I will not anfwer for it, that every one of our men had found it impofTible to conquer his repugnance to conform to the cuftoms of the country ^. At the haufe of Teutaoy which M, de Bougainville vifited, he was very kindly leceived, and the good-natured chief offered his European, guefi one of his wives, who was very young, and moderately handfome j the afTembly was very numerous, and the mu(t- cians had already began the hymxnean ; fuch is their map- nier of receiving vifits of ceremony " ;" and the fame civility:. YS pra£lifed by the tribes of North-American Indians. But, notwithftanding thefe inftances, the wives here owe theli*., -d tfayrlcelVr* U. '246. * lb. ajo. * Bougalnr. 3;»3.-. . ** * lb. iit* bufband!: .ft But, theif. )anvife to yield to another mail'. ' An unmarried woman fufFers no reftraint on that account, every thing invites her to follow the inclinations of her heart, or the inftihdl of her fenfuality, and public ap- plaufe honours her defeat j nor does it appear that how great foever the number of her previous lovers may have been, it ihould prove an obftacle to her meeting with an hufband af- terwards'^. •iittir tfi' '*>-'t: :■■ .'Ll-u When the Dolphin firft appeared on the coaft in I'jb'j^ which is fuppofed to have been the firft fhip ever feen here ; great number of women appeared on the beach, and were very importunate with the men in the boat to come on (hore ; they ftripped themfelves naked, and endeavoured to allure them by many wanton geftures; the next day the fame aU lurements were ufed, if pofTible, with a greater degree of lafcivioufnefs ; and when they found that, notwithftanding all their endeavours to detain them, the boat was putting off, they pelted them with apples and bananas, fhouting, and (hewing every pofEble fign of derifion and contempt. After this, canoes, with a number of v|^omen, came clofe by the fide of the (hip^ where the fame wanton geftures were auiing m are )lilty i they they have therefore hit upon this inditution to prevent the too rapid encreafe of the order of nobility ; from the fame principle the grandees in Roman-Catholic countries are led to confign their fuperfluous daughters to the celibacy of a cloyftered life. That this fociety indulge themfelves in pro- mifcuous embraces, and that every woman who is a member of it is common to every man, is contradi£ted by Mr. Forfter •" j he fays, thefe arreoys choofe their wives and mif- trefles from among the proilitutes, and from this circum« ftance,. as well as from their voluptuoufnefs, they have fcl-» dom reafon to dread the intrufion of children " . But herein we muft beg leave to differ from this agreeable writer, as we do not apprehend that he has wiped off any part of the dir* grace incident to the fociety, on account of their promifcu- ous intercourfe, or even rendered the contrary fail more ere* dible ; for is it at all probable that thefe proftitutes, who have been accuflomed to roving variety, (hould ceafe to be* eccentric and inconftant, when initiated into this commu- nity of profligates ? Mr. Forfter had the following circum- ftances related to him by O-Mai, who faid that the pre- eminence and advantages which a man enjoyed as arreoy were fo valuable, as to urge him on againft his own feelings to deftroy the child ; that the mother was never willing to confent to the horrid murder, but that her hufband, and other arreoys, perfuaded her to yield up the child ; and that when entreaties were not fufHcient, force was fometimesem* ployed. But above all, he added, that this a^ was always performed in fecret, and fo that x^p\\^ of the people, not even ' i\iQ towtows, or attendants of the houfe, wereprefent; be- caufe, if it were feen, the murderers would be put to death <^. . * •'•'f '■:5 • m -yd. II. page 13a, " Pag« 134. Forfter, 11. 134, It m 1 1 ^ N E W D I S C O V E R I E S, &c. .,;^.^■^:. ■;■'■'■ ^ ■■■■:■■ :. ■; -.•v*',^ &1tin!KMJ' I , *' „^hen the gentlemen of the (hip paid a vifit to O-Too^ 4be number of uncles, aunts, couUns, and other relations 4jf Jjis..majefty, among v/hom they were feated, vied with each other in bellowing on them kinJ looks, making pro- feffioAS of friendfliip, and — beggirg for beads and nails* The methods to obtain thefe efteemed trifles, were very different, and confequently not always equally fucccfsfuL When they diftributed a few beads to one fet of people, fome young fellows would impudently ihrafc their hands in between them, and demand their fharc, as though it had beea their due ; thefe attempts virre always difcouraged hy a flat refufal ; but a venerable old man, who with a hand not yet palfied with age, vigoroufly prefled theirs, and with aperfed reliance on their good-nature, whifpered the petU sunn in their ears couJd not be refufed. 'The «liJl*' larfics KK|». in general, made fuie of a prize by a }ittl6^ftM'fIat« y tKi's means acquired. After a feries of little careffes, the old lad/ began, Aima pot-teUe no U tayo metteea f ** Have ydu not a little b|ead for your kind mother ?" Such a trial of their filial attachment had always its defired eifetSV) as they could iiot fail to draw the moft favourable conclufions from thence, in regard to the general kind dlfpofition of the whole people ; for to. txpeSf a good quality in other s^ of which we ourfelvis an not pojfejfedi is a refinimtnt in manners peculiar to poUfited na^ tions*. Their other female relations, in the bloom of youth, with fome ihare of beauty, and condant endeavours to pleafe, laid a claim to their afFc«5lions and bounty, by giving themfeives the tender name of fiflers. In a little time an ample rieturn was made for their prefents, efpecially froia the ladies, who immediately feht their attendants (towtows) for large pieces of their bed cloth, dyed, fcarletj rofe and ftraw colour, and perfumed with their choiceft fragrant oils : thefe they put over the cloaths of their new rda- tions in fuch abundance, that they could fcarce move under the uoweildy proofs of gratitude given by their Indian kin- dred * ". ■) v/ s £ c t. vl. An Juount of fome pecuiiar Cufloms and Manners in the IJJand of O-Taheiteci rj^HEV conilantiy, both men and women, wiafh their -^ whole bodies three iwnti a day in running water, and are remarkably cleanly in their cloaths ", Captain Cook Itiales an inftance which He faw of their amaxing txpertneft M c^f w»tsr. Oh a pari of the ihore where a (remcndon^ * t«(ileir,l. 3afi. H « Hawktfw. U. MI. ^^ I (^ NEW DISCOVERIES, &c. high furf broke, infomuch that no European boat could live in it, and the bcft fwimmer in Europe, he was perfuadcd, could not have preferved himfelf from drowning, if by any accident he had been cxpofcd to its fury, as the Iho're was covered with pebbles and large Aones ; yet here were ten or twelve Indians fwimming for their amufement. Wiienever a furf broke near them, they dived under it, and rofe again on the other fide. The ftern of an old canoe added much to their fupport ; this they took before them, and fwam out with it as far as the outermoft breach ; when two or three getting into it, and turning the fquare end to the breaking ^ave, were driven in towards'the fhore with incredible rapi- dity, fometimcs almoft to the beach ; but generally the ^ave broke over them before they got halfway, in which iafe they dived, and rofe on thfe other fide with the canoe in their hands, and fwimming out with it again, were again di-iven back. This amazing expertnefs drew the captain's attention for more than half an hour, during which time iione of the fwimmers attempted to come on ihore, but feemed to- enjoy the fport in the higheft degree *. At ano- ther time, one of the officers of the quarter deck intending to drop a bead into a canoe for a little boy about fix years old, it accidentally miffed the boat, and fell into the fea > but the child immediately leaped overboard, and diving after it, reco- yered his jewek To reward him for this feat fome more beads were dropped to him, which excited a number of men and women to amufe the officers with their amazing feats of agility in the water ; and not dnly fetched up feveral beads fcattered at once, but likewife large nails, which, from their weight, defcended quickly to a confiderable depth. Some ©f thefe people continued a long time under water, and the ▼cloctty with which they were feen to go down, the water 4% * Hawkcfw. 21. iijr lacing O-TAHEITEE. 99 being perfectly clear, was very furprizing. The view of fe- -veral nymphs fwimming nimbly round the floop, fuch as na- ture had formed them, was more ihan fufficient to fubvcrt the little reafon which a mariner commonly poflefles to go- vern his paflions. Swimming feems to be familiar to thcfe people from their earlieft childhood, and their eafy pofition in the water, and the pliancy of their limbs, made them ap- pear as a kind of amphibious creatures '. '1 (" Here a green branch of a tree is ufed as an emblem of peace, in exad conformity to the cuftom which prevailed among the ancient nations. "■ ',"• O-Too made a vifit to captain Cook on board the Refo- lution, and when he entered the cabin he found fomc of the chiefs fitting there, who, the moment they faw the king enter, ftripped thenifelves in great hafle, being covered before. Seeing captain Cook take notice of it, they faid earee^ earet^ fignifying it was on account of O-Too being prcfent. This was the only inflance of refpeil they paid him, for they never rofe from their feats, nor made him any other obeifance. 'II A chief named Potatow^ who had been particularly inti- mate with captain Cook in his firft voyage, agreed to ac- company Mr. Pickerfgill, who had been on the former voy- age, to vifit his old friend at Matavai bay, where the Re- folution lay at anchor ; but to affure himfelf of being re- ceived with friendfliip,' the chief produced a few fmall yel- low feathers tied together with a little tuft, which he de- fired Mr. Pickerfgill to hold, while he repeated his promife * Forft,er, I. 265, a6<. H 2 <« that 100 N E W D I S C O V E R I E S. &c, •« that Toote (captain Cook) would be the friend 6t Patd^ 19W»** .This done, he carefully wrapped the feathers into ^ bit of Indian cloth, and put it in his turban. Red and yellow feathers are employed by the inhabitants of this iflani to fix their attention while thdy pray to the Deity, but this ceremony on maicing a folcmn promife or oath, had not been obferved before. Potatow was fo well fatisfied of the integrity of his friend after this ceremony, that he, and hi« wives, and feveral of their attendants, carrying with, them two hogs and abundance of cloth, marched towards the boat amidft an immenfc crowd of people. When he arrived at the water-fide, all his followers purfuaded him earneflly not to venture on board the fliip, ar ^ clinging to his feet, en- deavoured to hold him back. Thefe intreaties for a moment feenied to fhake his rcfolution, but immediately banifhina; all fufpicion, he thrufl afide an old man Who was moil for- ward in his entreaties, faying, Toote aipa matte te tayt, ** Cook will not kilH his friends," and ftepped into the boat with an air of undaunted majcfty that ftruck the officers who were witneflTes to it with aftonifhment. When he came on board the Aoop, he defcended into the cabin, accompa- nied by his then wife, a former one whom he had re- pudiated, and a friend or hufband whom (he had adopted in his ftcad. This chief is defcribed ns one. of the tailefl men vpon the ifland, with mild, comely, ^nd mnjeftic features i his whole body remarkably flrong and heavily built, fo that ttst 0f his thighs nearly equalled in girth the waift of the ftoutefl of the Tailors ; PoUttchera^ his former wife, refembling .him in ilature and bulk; her appearance and behaviour were extremely mafculine, and Itrongly conveyed the idea? ef fuperiority and command. When the Endeavour bark lay here, fhe diflinguifhed herfelf by the name of captain Cook's filler, tuaheina no Toote^ and one day being denied *■'■''' admittaflcc . T O- T A H E I T E E,., , ,, lOf adtpitUnce into the fort erected on (hore, (he knocked down ^he centinel that oppofed her, and complained with great warmth to her adopted brother of the indignity that had been oiFered her ^ The young man whom this lady had chofen for aer f xond hufband, had taken an afTeflion to a Taheitian girl, and the {hip was the place of their afligna- tions. They did not, however, manage their interviews fo as to elude the watchful eyes of Polatchera^ who furprized them one morning. Her refentment againd her rival was exprefled by giving her many hearty boxes on the ear, whilfi: the falfe lover efcaped with only a fcvere reprimand, which confidering the athletic powers of the injured lady, was a g^reat inftance of her moderation and aiFet^ion ^. SECT. . Here were fecn fifteen human jaw bones, which were faftened to a femicircular board. Thefe, like fcalps among Che Indians in North America, were trophies of war **. Vil. • - -^- ^«-'^'- 0/ the Language of the O-Taheitians, their mental EnJ^Uh ments and Skill in the Sciences* i.i yd /jji- THEIR language is foft and melodious } It abounudc with vowels, and the pronunciation of it was eafily acquired; but it was found exceedingly difficult to teach the natives to pronounce a fingle Engliih word : probaUy not only from its abounding in confonants, but from fome peculiarity in its ftru£lure ; for Spanish and Italian words, if ending in a vowel, they pronounced with great facility* A fufficient acquaintance with it has not been formed to do- f Forfter, I. 361. S Forder^ II> 94. H3 ^ Hakcfvr. II. 170. terminc. ^/•!vr^;pjvi?im^^^*^'' I92 NEW DISCOVERIES &c. termine, whether it is copious or oth^rwife, but it is cer- tainly very imperfedl j being almoft totally without in- flexion, both of nouns and verbs. Few of the iiouns have more than one cafe j and few of the verbs more than one tenfe ^ It was impofliblq to teach the Indians to pronounce the names of their gueils ; they called captain Cook, Tooie j Mr. Hicks, the firft lieutenant, Hete \ Molyneux they re- nounced in abfolute dcfpair, and called the rqafter Roba^ from his chriftian name Robert j Mr. Gore, the fecond lieutenmt, was Toarro j Dr. Solander, Torano j Mr. Banks,! Tapane i Mr. Grc. i, £/r-?^; Mr. Parkin fon, Patin't-y Mr. Sporing, Polinl ; Mr. Pickerfgill, Pedroclero ', and in this manner they had formed names for almoft every man in the fhip. In foir.e, however, it was not eafy to find any traces of the original, and they 'vcre perhaps not mere aibitrary founds formed upon the cccafion, but fignified words in their owtj language j and it feenis they could very perfectly remember thefe appellations at the diftanceof four years, by their en- quiries after fuch gentlemen as were abfent on the fecond voyage by name. Mr. Monkhoufe, a midshipman, they called Matte, which f'gnifies in their language dead, be- c^ufc he commanded a party that killed a man for ftealing a mufket. The neareit iniication which they could reach of king George, was by calling h'\m Kihiargo., "" ^^ The captains Cook r.ndFurneaux, with feveral officers, p^id avifit to Jheatua^ the king of the lefs pen'.nfula, 0-Taheltce eetee^ in 1773 ; he received them feated on a large ilool cut out of foiid wood, and re> olleited captain Cook, whom he had fcen on bis former voyage, and immediately made room for him on l^s ftool, while captain Furncaux, and the reft, • chofe Uf^e ftones for their feats. In the courfc of this vilit, the king took particular notice of captain Cook's watch ; i K«wk.ef.v. II. 218. after O - T A H E I T E E. [0^ after curioufly examining the motion of fo many wheels, that feemed to move as it were fpontaneoufly, arslfliewirjg his aftonifiiment at the noi^e it made, which he could Hawkefw.II. 22 7« " Bougalnvi zS;. *?.■ ca O ; T A HE I T'E F. ^ toj '!', «■ ?t'. ' )enuit- kfpeft . I much, into, Ire ar«.^,_ Iterri-^,. to li!i to be nearly under the fame ciccumftandes as the vitleins in feodal governments: they do all the laborious work; they cultivate the land under the mithounonis^ who arc only no^.: yninal cultivators for the lord ; they fetch wood and Water^ and under the direfiion of the rniftrefg of the family, drefs thevid^uals; they alfp catch the Afh. Each of the«areei keeps a kind of coMrt, and has a great number of attendants»- ichiefly the younger brothers of their own tribe ; and among: thele fome hold particular offices, but of which little more is known than the names of fome of them. One was called jthe Eowa no VEaree, another the JVhanm no I'Earee, and thefc were frequently difpatched to the gentlemen of the (hip with mefTages ". |n this country a child fucceeds to his father's titles and authority as foou as he is born ; and thus the king nofooner has a foi) born, than hii> fovereignty ceafes ; a regent is then chofen, and the father generally retains his power under that title, until his child becomes of age. The ichild of the baron or earee, as well as of the fovereign or earee rabie, fucceeds to the titles and hongtirs of his father as Toon as it is born i fo that a baron, who was yefterday called earee, ar :i ^h\i& approached with the ceremony of lowering the gar- m ' -!, fo as to uncover the upper part of the body, is to- day, r lid: night his wife was delivered of a child, reduced to the rank of a private man ; all marks of refpe£l being transferred to the child, if it is fuffered to live, though the father ftill continues pofTefTor and adminiftrator of his ef- tate p. B'Jt the acquiefcice which the lower clafs of i>ed- ple or Uwtows yield to the controul of their chiefs, i$ well «f)rthy of temark. They are nc* fuffered to taftc any ani- ir* foL % although they are employed in the feeding of it ^ H«v«ke|w. JI, 24», P Ibid. for ) . ■ ^cfr NEW DISCOVERIES, &c. for their pampered lords J the little labour which is reqinred jis i^xn {Sled from them; and t!iey endure patiently fevere blows, if, when cpllccled into a lar^e body, they in any man- ne;r pre(s upon ®r annoy the kinj or a chief in liis piogrcfs j and all this paiiivefpirit is prefuved without any power ap- Dcaring to be lodged in the hands of the king to cxjtl it. He docs notfeein to i^avcany military force to keep ihc body of his fubjeils in awe, or to fupprtf;; a rifin^ fpirit of i-^bcl- Ijun jf, it appeared. He is attended by no guards; the fc\,v caj-ees who ace about his perfon do not go armed j fo that fthe diftin^tion oi .-■ '; niaintauied in this ifland, m,ay be i'uppyfcd to be acqu d in by the body of the people, merely from that placid temper and milkincfs of foul which pervades the whole community. But the admirable policy of this government is fhewn in prohibiting all intermar- xbges bctwcer> the children of chiefs and the common peo- ple, by which means every fpark of an afpiring fpirit among thp lower ranks is efFedtually extlnguiflied. It is true, the fikpplicity pf their whole life contributes to foften thefe dif^ tini^ilons, and to reduce them to fomething like a level, for tj"sc neceflaries of life are within reach of every individual at the fxpcnce of a trifling labour; and though the higher clafs poflefs excIuGvely fome dainty articles, fuch as pork, £fli, fowl, and cloth, yet there is here no fuch thing as that ^bfolute want which occafions the miferies and defperation pf th/s lowpr clafs in fome civilized ftates ; at 0-Taheitee llvere is not in general that difparity between the hjgheft aju'-i the tneanefl: men, which fubfifts in England .between a reputable tradcfmap and a labourer ''. .. ... '■H' i.i,'. .\ There are very few alliens which among thcfc people arc UcBPaiinated crimes > the ufc of money is unkpQWW arpp^fi Q, Foifler 364, 366. ■':•/ them ; O-TAHEITEE. 107 them ; adultery is held criminal, but then as the promif- cuous ufes of unmarried women is perfedtly venial, the temptation to it is not ftrong ; and where the perfonal charms of women are not heightened by the lludied embel- lifliments of drefs, and where tlie polite arts being un- known, very little intelle6lual dii'parity prevails, a ftrong prediledlion for any one woman is not likely often to pro- duce r.6ls of outrage againft the decorum of fociety. How- ever, adultery is fometimes puniflied with death, when the hufband is poflefTed of the means of e^cecuting his venge- ance, whilft he is under the influence of that fury which 9 fudden difcovery of the fa«St excites ; but in general the wo- man, if detected, undergoes a fevere beating, and the gal- Jant pafTes unnoticed. Although the different ranks in fo- ciety Teem here to be fo well underftood, yet the regulation of public juftice is not committed to the magiftrate, but every man feems to do that which is right in his own eyes j for the injured party redrefles his own wrong, by inflidling what punifhment he choofes, or has in his power to inflidt on the offender : in matters of notorious wrong, it feems, however, that the chiefs fometimes interpofe "■, The nobi- lity have liveries for their fervants. In proportion as the mafler's rank is more or lefs elevated, their fervants wear their fafhes more or lefs high. This fafh is fattened clofe \inder the arms of the fervants belonging to the chiefs, and goes round the loins of thofe belonging to the lowcfl clafs df nobility ^ Thefe people fliew an intelligence and influence that would do honour to any fyftem of government, how- ever regular and improved j whatever defign is formed, is prefcntly generally known. One of the water calks belong- ing to the Endeavour was ftolen in the night ; the next morning the tranfadlion was univerfally known among thi r r-fawkcfworth II. 241.. Bougainville 270. Indians, mrsm ^ik ^a N EW DISCO VERIES, &c. IniifaRs, though it was evident that the theft had been com- idtttcd by one in a diflant part of the ifland, who had taken it awuy in his canoe, and that they had itot been at all con-< cemed in it ; and with the fame accuracy an attempt of the lanietcind ^as foretold would be made the next night, in confequencc of which a fcntinel was placed to watch the calks ; the thief came as was predicted, but finding a watch &t, returned without his booty (. "*fT'^a iCi-ii -iV.'!- •i ':^ *~»- Several parts of the ifland feem to be private property, which defcend to the heir of the pofleflbr on his death, and UHtdcfcent feems to fall indifferently toman or woman "•;otr: Captain Cook is of opinion, that the number of inhabi- tants on the whole ifland amounts to two hundred apd four tbottfand, including women and children ^ • '•'■' -• '*^ Theearec, or king of Ohereonos, or the greater peninfula, takes to himfelf the title of king of the whole ifland, though &e other peninfula, or Ttarraho, is governed by a king. In the interval between the vifit made to this ifland in 1769 in the Endeavour, and that in 1773 in the Refolution, a great navai engagement had been fought between Toohahah^ the fercntof 0-Tah6iteenua, during the minority of O-Too th-e king, and old Aheaiua, or Waheatua, the then king of O-Taheitee ettety in which neither party had gained any de»* Ctflve advantage. But Toohahah afterwards marching aii *rmy actofs the ifthmus, which feparates the two ftates, had been defeated in an obfl^inate engagement, in which himfelf, and many pcrfons of diftindtion, had been flairi ; a peace eh*; fued, and at that time remained unbroken '*?. "^ " ' vUo » HaAkef.II.115. uldcmisi. V Cook 1*349. ^ Forfier I. 300. .SECT, ./ O - T A H E I T Er Z,n i v^ VD^ ...■!> .1 r/u.. ;:.») SEC Q/*//^^ Religion of O-Tahcitee ; their Pri^i \ human S'af^r^ ^ fcesi their Morais, or Burying-placa^a^^ ^^^:^^ijf^ Mourning for the Dead. , ..,,. . .j^ ,^;j .^^j^.^ THE religious language of thefe people, like diat of the Shanfcrita among the Gentoo Brahmins, is ^difi5^- ent from that ufed in common difcourfe ". Nothin* can ^ -I* more ridiculous than the notions of the firft creation of the world that is conceived by them, if the imperfedi accoaiat that we are poflefTed of anywife does them juftice ^ fbr 9S t2ie language of the priefts has been obferved to di^ wtddy fi-om that commonly fpoken on the ifland, very littiie know*' ledge could be gained on this head. Theie people fuppofe every tking to have been produced, either immediately or ce- rivauv«ly, from one firft caufe. Thus the Supreme, Being they fuppofe to have impregnated a rock, from whence w.a» brought forth a daughter, which is the year 5 whiclt daughter, from the embraces of the father, produced i^p thirteen months ; which months, in conjunction with each, ether, produced the days. Their Supreme Being, w^ojn they call Tittow Mataiap^ they imagine to have had anotUcT intrigue with the rock, whom they call Tepapa^ from whenoc^. the ftars were engendered; which having been brought into, exigence, followed what they imagine to iiave been the uisi'* verfal bent of all nature, and propagated other ftars. TJ)^ Silpreme Deity they then fuppofe to have continued hi§ amours with, Tepapa^ from whence fprang an inferior nace^^ ■ »-Dow*« Hiirtlortan, Kcrchf tattiwivg but ,the priefts, which being univerfally adopted by every native on the ifland> may be fuppofed a pretty lucrative em- ployi^ent) that is to fay, will enable them to feed fumptu- oufly, 4nd cloath themfelves amply, which muft be the boundary of all deilres on this fpot. The males, in gene- raJ» undergo a fort of circumciAon, which not to have fub- mitted tois confidered as a foul difgrace: this likewife is the ^xclufive privilege of the priefts to perform. But what efta* blilhes the veneration for this order of men in this ifland, is their ikill in aftronomy and navigation '• . .. ^- ». . -. ...■ ■',. . ■ ■• •■ - • ■ •• ••■ Captain Cook, who had feme reafon to, believe that among the religious cudoms of this people human facrifices were fometimes offered up to their Deities, went to a marai^ 0» place of worfiiip, accompanied by captain Furneaux^ having with them a failor who fpoke the language tolerably W^lly and feveral of the natives. In the marai was a tupa^ feWt a kind of bier, with a fhed erected over it, on which lay a coipfe and fome provifions. Captain Cook then afked if the plantains were for the Eatua ? If they facrificed to the £atua hogs, dogs, fowls, &c. to all of which an intelligent native anfwered in the affirmative. He then aiked if they fa- Crificed men to the Eatua f He was anf\yered, taatotnoy ^* bad. mefiy they did; firft tipa^rrahyt beating them till they were clead." He then afked if good men were put to death in this maiuieirr His anfwer was no, only tafntotiKf, The capNn ^h^ alk^d if any ^arm were ? The native replied, they ■ HawkeCv. \\, 137, &c. hai -ii. ,6% T A H i i T E E.* ^ ^^ tlij imitted (hownt iver the but no uttwing ly every ive cm- fumptu- be the in genc- avc fub- ife is the hat efta- fland, is ievc that facrifices a tnaraif urneaux^ tolerably s a tupa->^ \n which len alked :edtothc itelHgcnt they (i" ley ww« [bin this cap^n :d, they had had hoga to give the Eotua, gni again repeated YMtf^ «ip9. He was then afked if tnvtoivs, tbaria ftrtantsorftaVetV^ho had no hog», dogs, or fowls, but yet were good men, were ever facrificed to the Eatua i The anfwer ftitl wM M^ ohlf bad men. Many other queiliona were put to hiiti ;' ill Ves anfwert to which feemed to confirm the ideas that men for certain crimes were condemned to be facrificed to the God!*, provided they did not poflefs any property which they* might give for their redelnption. However, in purfdinglTiich' en- quiries as tbefe, nO certain information could be obttfirted, on account of the flight knowledge which had been atfcfuii'dt of. the language of the. country; but, according to fuithe^ accounts which captain Cook received from 0-Mai, it feems to reft with the high-prieft to fingle out the'vi^^rthii^ for facrifice, who, when the people are aflbmbled on any ftn lemn occsifion, retires alone into the houfe of God, and fiay!5 there Tome time ; when he comes out he in^hisl die aflembly that he has feenand eonveifed with the gitl^C^Gbd^^' (the high-prieft alone having that privilifgtf) ihd thdt KH^ bly, on fome account or other, rendered himfelf obnoxiotMi' tothisghoftly father. The words are no fooner^eoat of his mouth, than the devotecl wretch is put to desth ; fbr his guilt caniidt be doubted, aflter the {jmclelitil^ ptohQiiii^eft^ his doom*, .^■ ^i■'^. .'i-Ac!! ..:.v»v.i.* <.i»^ort Sit£'t;u.';j> I ♦• ..•>■■- *>•■•■■ '■r.v * '^ S '5v"'^t,"i,- On this iflahd was (een the figure of a man coiiftrj^^ed ofbaikeC-work, rudely made, but not ill defigped;^ it w;|9 foniethiiig nior^ tlian feven feet high, and rather too hkV^. in prbpoirtibn'to itirlieight. This wicker flceTetonV^s ccm« pietely coVel-ed with feathers, which were white ymft^ u^. 4a* .'i * Cook, I. i^s, i86t fl&tn mv 114 NEW DISCOVERIES, &c. (kin was to appear, and black in the parts which it is their . cuftom to paint, or ftain, as well as upon the head, which „ was defigned to reprefent hair. Upon the head aifo were . four protuberances ; three in front, and one behind, which the Indians called tate ett^ little men. The image was called Manioe j it was a repicfentation of Mauwe^ one of their Eatuas, or Gods of the fccond clafs ; and was faid to be the only one of the Itind on O-Tahcitee ^ ■ . '"^ ^ ," , i,;:' Tliefe people pray at fun-rife and fun-fet, Tiify have » alfo a number of fuperftitious pradiccs, in order to conci- liate the influence of evil genii S E-Tee, a chief, who- - feemed to be the king's prime minider in 1774, very feri- , oufly afked Mr. Forlter whether they had a God (Eatua) in., their country, and v.fhcther they prayed to. him (epoore ?) , When he told him that they acknowledged a Divinity who had made every thing, and was invifible, and that they were .-, accuftomed to addrefs their petitions to him, he feemed t<.i be , highly plcafcd, and repeated their words with comments of,.* hi^ own, to fevcral perfons who fat round him ; feeming ,. thereby to intimate, that the ideas of his countrymen cor> relj;>Q|i4cd with theirs in this refpcd''.. ,,........, j»,.,.t..tx ,jA i-H?: 1% Their marais are ufed both as burying-grounds and places ..^ of : worlhlp i they are approached with the moft wonderful .^ ex^reffions of reverence and humility > and this it fhould (^ feem, .not becaufe any thing there is efteemed facred, but » becaufe they there worlhip an invifible being, for whom v they entertain the moft reverential' rcfpec^, although not .< excited by the hope of reward, or the dread of punifhmeat. .. Though they do not appear to have any yifible obje^ of,,; Vo}'fl?iE,, yet, fays captairi Cook, this iflandj and indeed th» f HavfijefyT, II, idy , ./. f Bougainv, 467. . . . A)R«rfter» I. 308. '" '^ ' - re«r , -.tiS O-TAHEITEE. /. "5 ltd that lie near it, have a particular bird, fomt- a heron, and others a king-fifiier, to which they pay a particular regard, and concerning which they have fome fuperftitious notions, refpc^liog good or bad fortune, as wc have of the fwallow and robin-redbreafl, and will on no account moleft or kill them ". One of thefe cemetrys, or places of worfliip, was known to captain Cook, on his firil voyage, by the name of Tootahah's marai, then the regent ; but when, on his fecond voyage, after the death of that chief, he called it by that name, Maratata^ a chief that accompanied the party, interrupted him, intimating, that it was no longer Tootahah's after his death, but was then known as O-Toos mnrai, the then reigning prince. A fine moral for princes ! daily reminding them of mortality whilft they ive, and teaching them, that after death they cannot call even that ground their own which their dead corps occupies 1 The chief and his wife, on pafllng by it, took their upper gar- ments from their (houlders f. From hence it (hould feem» that the royal family have a particular marai, and that it always bears the name of the reigning prince. An Indian, who had fnatched away a muiket from a fen- ' try whilft on duty, was, by the inhumanity of a niiijfhlpman who commanded the guard, purfucd and ihot. The un- happy fate of this poor fellow gave an opportunity fOf feeing the manner in which thefe people treat their dead. They placed the corps in the open air till the bones became quite dry : a (hed was ereded clofe by the houfe where the d6- ceafed had refided } it was about 6fteen feet long» and eleven broad ; one end was left quite open \ the other end, and the two fides, were partly enclofed with a fort of wicker-work. The bier was a frame of wood^ like that on which the fea« ;"^"* Jtiwkcfw. ir. 137. ' '• f r«rfter/l. 314. la beds, "mi n6. NEW discoveries; &c. hjiis^ called cots, zxt placed) with a matted k)ttonT, aftd (upp(^t6i9^ by ipiir poilH ^t tbe height of about £a«uc feet froisn th9 g/:9ua4« The body was covftred. ficil with a> ntat, and tl^o with . white, clod) } by the fid? of it Jay a woodciv mace,, one of their wea{}on&of war ; and nea« the head of it^ MUhichhy ^<^xt to the cloiie end of the (bed, lay two cocoa* QUtihells*; at the otheu? end a bunjch of green. lea ^tu;, with* ipme dped twigs, all tied, together,, were ffuclc m the ground^ liy v/hlch ^ay a flone about a^ big as: a coac4>iiut. Near ihefe lay one of the young plantain^Ieaves that are' ufed for funblsnis of peaqe,. and clofe by it a ftnne ax* A'^ the. opea «od of th9 ihcd alfo hung, in fev^ral ftrings,, a great number of {^alm-auts ; and without the fhed viaa ftuck up- in the ground ^.Ifcmof a plantain-iree, about fix feet high, i^on- thQtQ{lo/ which was placed a cocoa>nut (hull fu-Mof fi:eAi- Viatjer ; againft the fide of one of the pofts hiing a fma^l bag,, containing a few pieces of bread-fruit ready roafted, which' j|^d:not been all put' in atone time, fome being frefli, and' ethpr HalSi Thisr minute examiitation of their manner of treating their dead, ieemed to be very unwolGome to the> jiativts. The food fo placed by the corps is defigned as an offerilig-to their Gods. Theycaftin, near the body, fmall piecesof cloth, on which the tears and blood >of the mourn- ers have been filed, for in their paroxifms of grief it is an ivaiverfal cuftom to Wound themfelvcs with a fltark's tooth. XI'*6^(nourner is always a man ; he is drefled in a veiy fin- gulaf habk, which is reprefented in the plate ; when the boncfi are Gripped of their flefh, and become dry, they are! Juried. Thjfrrcgard to their dead is very remarkable'; one ^f the ihip's company happening to pull a fbwer frotti a $ree, which grew onjbne of their fepulchrai incloAires, an Indian camefuddenly behind him and ftrockrhimr; and apart/ iff faUors who were fcijt to get fome.ftoae^ iof tudlail for the ihip. •}i'X>: •'>/: 'i y f\ -1 v^ T fT 'V •{ V! iKip, liad like to have been embroiled with the natives, hy puffing down fome part of an enclofure ofthis kmd *, The fliade under which their dead are laid 'i called tupapow ; the inclofure in which their bones are depofited is calko morai ; thefe latter, as has been already related, are alfo places of worfhip. As foon as a native of O-Taheitee is known to be dead, the houfe is filled with relations, who deplore their lofs ; fome by Jpud lamentations, a:nd fome by lefs clama- rous, but more genuine, exprefHons of grief, Thofe who are in the neareft degree of kindred, and are really afieded by the event, are filent -, the reft-, are one moment uttering pa^onate exclamations in a chorus, and the next laughing and talking without the leaft appearance of concern. In this manner ihe remainder of the day on which they aiTemble is fpent, and all the fucceeding night. On the next morning the body is fhroudcd in their cloth, and conveyed to the fea- fide upon a bier, which the bearers fupport upon their ihoulders, attended by the prieft, who having prayed over the body, repeats his fentences during the procellion. When it arrives at the water's edge, it is fet down upon the beach ; the prieft renews his prayers, and taking up fome of the water in his hands, fpinkles it towards the body, but not upon it. It is then carried back forty or fifty yards, and foon after brought again to the beach, where the prayers and rprinkling are repeated. It is thus removed backwards and forwards feveral times j and while thefe ceremonies have been performing, a houfe has been built, and a fmall ^pace of ground railed in. In the centre of this houfe, or tupapotv, as they term it, ports are fet up to fupport the bier, which is at length conveyed thither, and placed upon it ; and hete the body remains to putrify, till the flefh is wholly wafted frppt the boncf, Thefe houfes of corniptiofi' are df 2 dse f Haurkefw. II. 96^ I3 proportioned 11% N £ W D I S C O V E R I E S, &c. prppori'ioned to the rank of the perfon whofe body they are to contain. Thofe allotted to the lower clafs are jufl fufii- /ctent to cover the bier, and have no railing round them. ,^'X^hc hT§,^f\ that was feen was eleven yards long, and fuch are ornamented according to the abilities and inclination of ,the furviving kindred, who never fail to lay a profufion of good cloth about the body, and fometimes almofl cover the outfide of the houfe. Garlands of the fruit of the palm- nut, or pandanus, and cocoa-leaves, twifled by the priefts in myiterious knots, with a plant called by them ethee no moraiy V, which is pnrLicularly confecrated to funeral folemnities, arc depofited about the place j provifion and water are alfo left 9X a little diilance. As foon as the body is depofited in the tupapow, the mourning is renewed. The women aiTemble, atid are led to the door by the neareft relation, who ftrikes a fharl^'s tooth feveral times into the crown of her head ; the blood copioufly follows, and is carefully received upon pieces of linen, which are thrown under the bier. The reft of the women follow this example, and the ceremony is repeated at the interval of two or three days, as long as the zeal and forrow of the parties hold out. The tears alfo which are filed upon thefe occafions, are received upon pieces of cloth, and offered as oblations to the dead. Some of the younger people cut off their hair, and that is thrown under the bier with the ether offerings. This cuftom is founded on a no- tion, that the foul of the deceafed, which they believe to exift in a feparate ftate, is hovering about the place where the body is depofited ; that it obferves the actions of the furvivors, and is gratified by fuch teffimonies of their affec- tionate grief. Whilfl thefe ceremonies are ca-'ying on by the women, the men feem to be wholly ir.fenfible of their lofs, but two or three days after, they alfo begin to perform a part. The neareft relations take it in turn to affume the drefs, and perform the ofHces. The n, as the en 1 of that time approaches. When it is expired, what remains of thi^body is taken down from the bier, and the ■bones, having been fcraped and wafhed very clean, are buried according to the rank of the perfon, either within or with- ■ out a morai. If the deceaftd was an earee, or chief, his fkuil is not buried with the red of the bones, but is wrapped up in fine cloth, and put in a kind of box made for that purpofe, which is alfo placed in the morai. This coffin is called ewharre Jio te orometua^ *' the houfe of a teacher, or mafter." After this the mourning ceafes, except fome of the women continued to be really afflitSted at the lofe, and iA that cafe they will fuddenly wound themfe' s with the fhark's tooth wherever they happen to be. The , remonics, however, do not ceafe with the mourning} for prayers le Hill faid by the pried, arid ofFerings made at the morai. Some of the things, which from time to time are depofited there, are emblematical : ,3 young plantain is faid to repre- fent the deceafed, and a bunch of feathers the Deity who is invoked. The pried places himfelf over againd the fymbol of thp God, accompanied by fome of the relatloiis, who are furnidied with a fmall offering, and repeats his orifon in a fet form, confiding of feparate fcntences ; at the fame time weaving the leaves of the cocoa-nut into dij^ereijt forms, which he afterwards depofits upon the ground where ,the bojies have been interred : the Deity is then addrelTed by I 4 afliriil .iMiwMji!,miwiPWii»ji^« She then plunged into the river, and having wafbed her , whole body, returned to the company as cheerful as ever. To add to the fmgularityof thiscondu£^, the Indians who ftood round her all the time that this frantic diftrefs was ' ' ■■ ■' performing, converfed with great indifference anfl jccularjtv. • V vv''* •'i^'i.'^'-'- '.' ■ '■■'•■■ ■-'■'■■ ■ ' • - • ' ■ _' T There is not a more ancient cuftom handed down to i^s than that of cutting the body to exprefs grief and diftfefsof mind. In the code of laws delivered by Mofes to the Ifraf;- lites, fourteen hundred years before the Chriilian ara, this praftice is exprefsly forbidden to that people; "Ye (hall, not cut yourfelves, or make any baldnefs between the eyes i for the dead." Deutrionomy, xiv. i. Hence it may be fup- pofed that this rite prevailed in Egypt, from whence the Jews derived moft of thofe propenfities which were inhibited bytheir great legiflator. We are told likewife, in the book of KingS) of the priefts of Baal wounding (hemfelves^ *yv t ,"'.^3.. -J^ tUwkcfw. II. »34, »e. after . *»• IS pcr- maidey le had on the >f her, :eiving ' le then [he had ' 1 tog!?- ^ the fea.v ^ed her IS ever, ns who efs was n to i|s ftf efs of e Ifrac;- a, thjs ■k^efhall he eyes be fup- nce the hibited e book felves, after . 6 .*T A ff E 1 t E B. „ III ^ftfr tl^cy ^d loj^g wajtp^, iavj^ipg.fb^^^ tery^ntipa of fl^eir idol. p*Arxu?WX injBpripa us,. iJ^fj^llH?. modern Arabs retain the fan^ecuftoip, and that tlye p^rt tlbfy^ ^ chjefly jyouni) is their arpis. The difilbrence in the pr^h:e as now prevaiUijg in .pTlT^heitee ^d /Vra^iji J^SP^r Jp tp, fChft if) the fir^ none bfut thjc women m^)^ ni? pf ij^, aitijii , fhe lattef it is confinp^ ft) thp p)en,^n4 g^nejrally wftd-lpeji-.. prefs their defgefatc pafliftfj f«r fopig fgicp^i^ije. f^jftitfif^iv The mourning which is worn here is an hea4-drefs of feathers, the colour of which is confecrated to death^ and a veil over the face. This drefs is called eeva. The yrhole . nation is faid to appear thus on the death of their king. 't\\^ ■ mourning for fathers is very long. The women moi^i^i^ for their hufbands, but not thehufbands for their wives''* , ' ., '\'* I ■*■-' ■"'■.' •.■^a "'..'>''■'' s ?; c X- *■? .. [yA'i Gi hh-Ct/ i -.-v-?'- An Account of the European Ships thqt ff0Vf V.i/ft'4 1^} ^t4r • and the principal TranfaSiions thai happ^m^ t^bilji they, re^ . mained here. Of Oberia, ftipp^fd h Q^fttaia Wf^Hw I* he the ^een of the If and.. Qf thf ^rqde. ^qbltfie^ with ■ the Natives. Of Eurgp^a;n See^s fown h^r^y atf^.fhf Ai^h* \- tnals left tpjiockthie C^^ntry,. ,..., ..-.^n.^T .-.vrJ ■.ilfiri ii'^anirol MR. Foriler fupp^es this ifland to have been vrfited by Q^iros iq i6p6i, ^nd that he gave it the name of ^d- i;itat;ia, bi^t neither the drefs and manners pf the people; the produ6lions pf.tbe ^rth, or fac«of the country, as th«y are defcribed in th? account of the voyage and memorial |ji(ef?ntf^^t9, thekwig oi Spado, VfhiiJi ^e both printed in > Harmer'i ObfcryatioAS^ lit si^*. A^ 3ouga!nvi s7o« Mr. *fi2 J»JEW DISCO V ERIE S, &c. ^lrfrtDalfymple*s collection ', feem to warrant fuch a fup- • pofhion ; and as the longitude is not laid dow^-^ Quires, no conjedure can with any tolerable datum be formed con- cerning it; the latitude of Sagitaria indeed agrees with that . cf O-Tahcitee, but in every thing elfe they feem to differ. There is therefore nothing to prevent our concluding, that t4>&iirft European (hip that ever arrived off thefe coafts was -Ihe Dolphin, captain WalHs, on the i8tii of June, 1767. On firft coming among thefe people, they appeared fometimea difpofed to trafHc, and immediately for- ward to attack the (hip with ftones, which they flung from a fling at a great distance, with wonderful force and dexterity, many of which were two pound weigh^. After a traflUc had been eftabliflied between the Dolphin's people and the natives, by which the former received hogs, fowls, and fruit, rn exchange for knives, nails, beads, and other trinkets ; a number of large double ca- noes, with twelve or fifteen men in each, put off towards, the fliip loaded with pebble ftonesj thefe drew together very near the fhip, fome of the Indians on board them fing- »nj5 in a hoarfe voice, fome blowinjg conches, and fome playing on a flute. After fome time, a man who fat on a canopy that was fixed on one of the large double canoes, made figns that he wifhed to come up to the fhip*s fide. The Xfiptain figniHed his confent ; when he came alongfide, the Indian gave one of the failors a bunch of red and yellow fea- thers, making figns that he fliould carry it to the captain, who received it with expreflions of amity, and got ready fome trinkets to prefent him in return ; but inflead of pro- •'• ^ Vol. I. page jej, &f. : ■. ■-" Ithrowipg jy^ O . T A H E I T E E. laj throwing up- a branch of the cocoa-nut-tree,, an unive^fal (hout refounded from the canoes, and inftantly they moved towards the ihip, and poured a volley of ftones into her from all quarters ; a great part of the {hip's company wene then ficlc, and in a feeble condition ; nothing could repd fuch a formidable attack, but thedefperate refort to fire-arms ; orders were therefore given to fire the mufquetry, and tWo of the quarter-deck guns loaded with fmall (hot. This fa- lute threw the Indians fnto confufion, which, however, they prefently recovered, and renewed the attack. The captain therefore found it neceflary for the fafety of his fliip and men, to order feme of the great guns to play en (hore, at s^ place where a number of canoes were taking in men, and pufhing o(F with great fpirit towards the (hip. By this time there were not lefs than three hundred canoes about the fhip, containing at leaft two thoufand men, befides many thoufands on (hore, atfd canoes arriving from every quarter. It was not long before the effetSls of the fhip's guns convinced the afiail ants of the inequality of the conteft, and what tended greatly to intimidate them, was, a (hot from a fliip's gun, which hit a canoe that appeared to have a chief on board, fo full as to cut it afundcr ; upon which the whole fleet difper fed in fuch hafte, that in half an hour there was not a Angle canoe to be feen ; and the people who had be- fore crouded the fliores, difperfed themfelves precipitately over the hills. At length, a fubmiflive tender of peace was made ta the lieutenant who went on fhore with the marines. An old man prefented himfelfon the oppofite fide of a river a long which they were pafling, and figns being made him that he fhould crofs it, he approached the company, creep- ing on his hands and knees; but Mr. Furneaux, the lieu- tenant who commanded, raifed him Op, and whilfl: he flood ucmbling, (hewed him the (lones that w^ere thrown at the (hip, 1 :1 •u h Pi I 114 ,NJ5W- DISCOVERIES, &c. Attp^^ihi^odeavotirechto make hiln-iip^ehend, thilt if the AMM«^a atiemjpted no fnifcbief, they need not apprehend any •nnoyioce. He ordered two of the water calks to be filled, to feew eke Indian that they wanted water, and produced .lom^ hfttehetB and other things, to intimate that they wifli- «4 i» trade ibr proviftons;* after which, and having con> Jrintsd hi« profefltons of friendihip by prefenting the old SM^ with » hatchet, fome nails, beads, and other trifles, Jbf-f/St-eoib^rked hi$ men on board the boats, having firft fiuck up a ftaff on which was hoifted a pendant. As foon 4A ths boat) were put ofF, the old man went up to the pen- idJint» fod d«nefd round it a confiderable time i he then re- |in9«[> but foon returned with fome green boughs, whi i; he tlnrew down* and retired a fecond time. It was not long ksfwe Mafipeared again, with about a dozen of the natives, wi(^ putting themfelves in a fuppiicating pollure, all ap- ffmsh^^ the pendant in a How pace } but the wind happen- icig tQ wRv« i( when they were clofe to it, they retreated with g<«»l precipitation. After ftanding ibme time at a ^iOanc?) Rtid gaaing at it, they went away ; but in a ihort time QttflM back with two Urge hogs alive, which they lat^ down at the foot of the ftafF, and again taking courage, th^ ktegan to dance. When they had performed this cere- i«9ay, ibey brought the hogs down to the water fide, i«iURch?d a canee, and put them on board. The old man, JKhQ bad 4 large white beard, then embarked with them aWh^» &nd b(oi4ght them to the ihip; wben be came along- Ad^, ho iBa4& A bt fpeech, and afterwards handed in feve- fi»( gf^n plantaia leaves one by one, uttering a fentcneo in i^ (^tmA tOMi with each of them, as he delivered it ; after Mf^ich he. fent on heard tbe two hogs, and then turninj^ .If^ji4 j^al^di tO) th? Jand. The captain then ordered fome |K«r«&ts W be given bin), bat he would accept of nothing^ and . O - T A H E I T E E. iij wid foort after put off his canoe afi"d went on ffi^e. Tflfe* treaty of peace ehus ra&ified ^ wasv Wo^pO^verj fbdiY broke^j for a parcj» going on Ihore fbr vif^aftefy Was atCatked &y ar IkfgQT numbec oj Indians, before wHont they thotfght if prudokit to retreat, leaving behind thcnv the vrafter-cafks, wh'ith ilfttf naiiwej^ M^ei with great exu-ltatrotr. Not ctfntent Witti clil^ fuQcefsy tkef got imo their canoes^, atitl' ptrflfied' towatdir the fliip V they were immediately fiwrd at With- fuCh eflfe^, that they difperfed a* faft as poffible ; after whtchv t tenance, was introduced to him by the gunner on board the ihip, his health not permitting him to goon fhore. When ihe ftrft entered the ibip ihe feemed to be under no ren ' ! < ft Forfter, I, joj. ^,; flraint. n |H 1 II 11 |ii 1 111111,1^11 II iiiiiii|i,v . « J^lli"«llA»'"M;«'f|»i»«i vyffP' ia8 N E W l5 i S C V fc Ri I E S, &c. ibaint, eicher from dj^ence or fear, but behaved with an . cafy frieiBdom tliat betokened confcious ruperiority and habitual coniroand. The captaia prefentcd her with a large blue mantle, that' reached from her fhouldei s to her feet, which be tied on v^ith ribbons j alfo a looking-glafs, fever al forts oTbfiadi, and other things, wTiich ibe accepted very grace- full/. From this introdudion an intimacy took i^ace, the captain beiiig then juft a'ble to go on (hore, the next day vi- fited her at hei- hoiife. Whilft he was proceeding thither, a great number of the natives thronged about them, who all . difp^rlfed upon this lady's merely waving of her hand, with- out fpeaking a word. When they came near her houfe, a , gre^t liuniberof both (exes came out to meet her, whom {he prefehted tb the'captain, intimating by figns, that they were hc^ relatibns, and taking hold of his hand (he direAed them to'kifsit. They then eiitered tlie houfe, which covered a pitce of gtotind three hundred and twenty-feven yards long, .and forty-nVti broad, It'confiAed of a roof thatched with nalm-Ic^ve^ and railed on thirty-nine pillars on each fide, and fourteen in the middle ; the ridge of the thatch on the inlidis was thirty-nine feet high, and the fides of the houfe , to-'the'edgeof the roof were twelve feet high, all below the roof beiiig open. As'fdOn as they entered this ereiSlion, their to'f9\: hoftefs niade' theni fit dowii, and then calling four young girls, fhe a0ifled them to take off the captain's ihoes, draw down his flockings, and pull off his coat, and then di- re6kti theni to fmooth down the ikin, and gentljr clnife it with their hands. The fahie o^aiion; Was- alfo 'perforided oitMr.Furneaux^ tlie,firftileut(^haht; aiid the purfer, but ypoiji ndne of thofe vdio a^ared to- be in health. While thefe.good oJOiccs were performing,' the furgeoii^ Who had' walked till he was very warm^ took off his wig to cool and refreih him(elf, on which a'fuddeh exclamation of one of } I / ; "t the .3-Ji • 6 . T A tt E 1 t £ le/ ^ 129 the Imlians 6tif«r the attention of the reft, and rn a mbment every tye was fixed on the prodigy, and every o^ration was fufpended. The whole afftmbly ftocrd motionlefs in filenc aftoniflimentj which could not have been more ftrongly ex- cxprefied, if they had difcovered that their gvTcft's limbs had been fcrewed on to his trunlc. In a fhort time, how'ever, the young women who were chafing the ficic refumed their em- ployment, and having continued it for about half an hour dreflfed them again. This operation was found very bene- ficial. In a little time after Oberea (for by that name doctor Hawkefworth diftinguilhes her, but Mr. Forfter calls iier O-Ptarea) ordered feme bails of Indian cloth to be brought out, with which fl)e cloathed the captain after the falhion of the country. When they departed, a large fow big with pig was ordered to the boat, and Oberea, or Q>Poorea, waited on the captain to the Aiore herfelf. He had been carried in the morning, by he • dir £lion, in the arms of fome of her attendants, but as he now chofe to walk, (he took him herfelf by the arm, :and whenever they came to a plafli of water or dirt, fhe lifted him over With as little difficulty as a man would lift a child. This princefs afterwards made frequefit prefents, atvd often went on board, but fht never received any thing in i-etum by way of barter. Captain Wallis (hewed a refleft- ing telefcope to this kdy ; after (he had admired its ftruftuiit, he endeavoured to make her comprehend its ufi: j and fixing it (bras tocominand feveral diflant profpefls with Which (he ivat^li acquainted) but could not reach them with the naked eye, he brought her to look through it. As fobn at ihe fawthem ihe ftarted back with aflonifhment, and diretH;- 'ing her aye as the glafs was pointed, ftood fome time •:Wfapt in wonder; (he then looked through the glafs' again, 'Bnd again fought in vain with the naked eye for the objc^s • - .K which sr no NEW DISCOVERIES, &c, frT.ji-fi t,aiilil.jr;il-i ■n.fct.lU;., ^-li ..,.. . y .. ■ ,^ which thetelefcopc dlfcov^red. As theyljy turns vanifhed or re«appeared^ her countenance and geflures difcovercd a firong mixture of furprize and fatisfadlion **, At length, afcer an intimacy had been for feme time eftabliflied, her new gueft intimated to her hi» intention of depalrting } (he received this information with great concern ', but when fhe found her perfuafions to keep him longer were ineffedual, on the day of his departure (he vifited him on board the fhip j when the anchor was weighed, and the (hip under fail, with extreme .reludlance fliegot into the boat, where fhe fat weeping with inconfolable forrow. The captain prefenttd her with many things which he imagined would be ufcful to her, as well as fome for ornament. She filently accepted of all, but took }ittle notice of any thing. A frefh breeze then fpringing up, a laft farcwel was taken, ** with fuch tendernefs of afFeilion a:; J grief," fays the captain, " as Riled both my heart and my «yes'^".. ..., .-,.,..,., When the Endeavour arrived here two years afterwards, this lady is again brought forward on the canvas. Slie is defcribed as about forty years of age, tall, and robuflly made; her fkin white, and a countenance befpeaking good fenfe and ftrong feelings. A child's doll was the pre^nt that . mod captivated her fancy ; and even Tootahah, who has been already introduced to the reader '>, and who was at that time regent of the ifland, gave fuch evident marks of dif- pleafure at the lady's pofTeiling fuch an envied prize, that it was found neceflary, to conciliate the favour of the chief- tain by a prpfi^i^^ pf another doll '. ^ Mr. Banks one morning paid an early viflt to this lady, and was told that (he was flill afleep under the awning of *>i .'-,' . ii • Hawkcfvr. I. sjo. P lb. « Page i^S. r Hawkefw. I'- 107, her ^, O - T A H E I T E E. 131 her canoe. Prefutning on the gallantry eflablifhed here, he proceeded thither to call her up, but looking into her chamber he faw an handfom^ yoUng fellow (haring her beef. He thereupon retired, but was told that fuch intercourfe was not confldered as fcandalous. This youth was about twenty-five years of age, and called Obadee > he had been fmgled out by this lady as the objefl: of her private regard, O-Poorea, however, with all her princely endowments, was yet tainted with the general leven of pilfering, fo predomi- nent in thefe iflanders. A party of fix from the fhip paying a vifit to Tootahah, difperfed themfelves diiFerent ways at night to feelc lodging^' when they affembled in the morning, every one, do6lor Solander excepted, had had fome part or other of his apparel ftolen. Captain Cook had loft his flockings, though he had not flept at all. Mr. Banks had been oflFered a place in the fame canoe with Oberea, who very kindly infifted on taking his cloaths into her pofle{lioi>, left they ihould be ftolen ; but when he awoke his cloaths was not to be found ; and notwithftanding the counterfeit folicitude of the lady, and of Tootahah, his coat and waiftcoat could not be recovered, which occafioned ftrong fufpicions of the regent and princefs being aflifting in the robbery ». ()-Poorea had a hufband named OamOf but they had been Jong feparated by mutual confent, after (he had brought him a fon and a daughter j the boy, whofe name was Terridiriy was about feven years of age, and the girl about fixteen ; and it was underftood that a marriage w^ to take place between this brother and fifter as foon as the boy became of proper age J fo that nearnefs of kin feems to be no bar to marriage in this country. Da6lor Hawkefworth defcribes this boy as heir to the fovereignty of the iftand t, but further informa- ^\- * Hawkefw. II. I33. ' Vol. II. p>gei54. K a tion ?r A. 13* NEW discover; ES, &c. : ■■ lid ^i .r , tion concerning thefe matters has (hewn that to be a miflake. He was, moft probably, the lord of the diftrid where they lefided, ,. . in.-r? I J i. ■ ,0 -f , ■! -■ * .»■ len tiie Refolutioh lay here in 1773, we find poor O-Poorea thruft quite into the back ground of the piece. Lieutenant Pickerfgill, who had been particularly noticed by this lady in the former voyage, when Mr. Banks and do(5lor Solander were on board, no fooner arrived at that part of the ifland where ftie refided, than fhe went to pay him a vifit. But alas, fhe was then {tripped of all thofe infignia of great- nefs, which had once rendered her confpicuous in ftory, and augiift even in the eyes of Europeans ". The wars between the two peninfulas had reduced her, as well as the whole diftri Forfter, IL j^t )O0« Kj wag 174,. NEW PISCOVERIES &c. Was golpg round the worlds her curiofity led her to make the voyage in quality of his fervant. M. de Bougainville adds, tb^tlhe always behaved on board with the moft fcrupulous (npdeiiy^ He defcribes this extraordinary female as about twenty-fix or twenty-feven years of age j her perfon paffable, |jut neither ugly nor handfome. Whether flic lived to re« ti^rn to France we are not told ; her mader remained on the lile of France, where the two (hips touched on their return, to acquaint himfelf with the natural hiftory of that, and the adjaqent iflands, but nothing is faid of his faithful attendant, •-r-As th^fe iflanders feem, by this inftance, to have Aich fu- perior fkill in the fexual fyflem, it might be no incurious en- quiry, whether Omai, whilft in England, was ever introduced to the celebrated chevalier D'Eon, whofe equivocal fex wa« much fpeculated upon for fome time, ... ., ,..-, - y» Several Indians, who appeared, by their drefs and behaf- viour, to be of fuperior rank, were entertained by captain Wallis with particular attention. In order to difcover what prefent would mofl gratify them, he laid down before them a Johannes, a guinea, a crown piece, a Spanifh dollar, a few ihillings, feme new halfpence, an^ two large nails, niaking ftgns that they fhould take what they liked beft. The nails were firil feized with great eagernefs, and then a few of the . haifpence, but the filverand gold they negleded *, j,, ,, ,^^ .••liy ill O'lti \{.f!\i^ • '. ,»;") Among the chiefs who yvere molt intimate with the gen- • tlemcn who came in the Endeavour, was Toubourai Ta- ^ nuide, who has been before fpoken of\ One day Mr. ffjB^nks received a hafty meffage, informing him that the poor chi^f i«|ur^f dying of poifon, which fome of the (hip's com- pany had given him. He fat out immediately, arid found w IlawJfcfw. 1. 280 X Page 75. his o-taheite£. '35 his Indian friend leaning his head againft a poft, in an atti- tude of the utmoft languor -nd defpondency j he had juft before brought up a folded leaf which he bad fwallowed, and which thofe about him faid cont-amed fome of the poifon, which was producing his death. Mr. Banks was not a little pleafed to find, on opening this deadly portion, that it was nothing more than a chew of tobacco, which having been given to him, he had fwallowed. Whilft thp leaf, and its contents, were examining, the poor defpairing Indian Ipoked up to Mr, Banks with the moft piteous afpeft. By the help of cocoa-nut milk, of which he drank plenti- fully, he was foon relieved from his ficknefs, and the appre- henfions of immediate death y. At another time, this chief being vifited by Mr, Banks, fuddenly feized the gun which his gueft had in his hand, cocked it, and holding it up in the air drew the trigger, but it happened only to fTaih^n the pan. As it was highly proper to keep thefe people in igno- rance of the ufe of fire-arms, this liberty was feverely re- proved by Mr. Banks. The creft-fallen chief bpre the rCf primand very patiently, but his vifitor had no fooner lefc him, than he fat off, with all his family and furniture, to a remote part of the ifland. His friendship apd influence were of too much confequence in fupplying the fhip with provifions, to fufFer this mifunderftanding to continue. Mr. Banks, therefore, determined to follow him, andadjuft the difference. He found him fitting in the middle of a large circle of people, himfelf apparently abforbed in grief and defpair, and the countenance of all around him beto- kening the fame fenfations. Oh Mr. Banks's entering the circle, a woman cxprefied her trouble, by ftrikingafliark's tpoth into her head feveral times, till it was covered with blood i but the endeavours of Mr. Banks to diffipate this y Havrkefw. II. loS. K + general ijft T N E W P I S q O V E R I E ?, &c. general gloona\j((iwj)Ptincffc(aual, an J the fame friendly intercourfe was eftabliftied as before : the chief and his re« tinue returned to their fornier h'f<-'V u ::.:i:r. ;;: ; \ir>n tMcwJ f' . •■■^ H.-nr^ jo'; iisn ^S:(\i. i. .stjv-' ..:."v. •, One Sunday, when divine fervice was performed on fliore, the fame chief, and his wife Tomia, were perfuaded to attend. Puring the whole fervice they very attentively ob- ferved the behaviour of Mr. Banks, and very exadly imi- tated it ; Handing, fitting, or kneeling, as they faw him do,. They fcemed to be apprehenfive that they were employed about fomething ferious and important, by their calling tp the Indians that were without to be filent ; yet when the fervice was oyer, neither of them afked any queftions, nor would they attend to any attempt that was made to explain what had been done *, ._- t. ,, ,. ' ' . -* • Towhah, a fenfible old chief, whofe oratorical abilities have been already related '', invited Mr. Hodges, the painter, and the younger Mr. Foriler, into his canoe, in which they sccompanied the old man and his wife to the diflriA of the ifland called parree, which was their place of refidence. In their paiTage thither the old man afked a variety pf queflions relating jto the nature and conftitution of the country from whence thefe wonderful Grangers came. He concluded that Mr. Banks, whom he had feen a few years before, could be J10 lefd than the king's brother, and that captain Cook was high-admiral. The information that was given him was received with thf greateft marks of furprize and attention ; but w|ien he was told that in England there were neither bread^/ruic nor c9Coa-jaut trees, he feemcd to think but* * Hawkefvr. n< 226. ■ H^wkefw. II. ii'i* f.rjr\it.:.!^- * Page 80. meanly O . T A HE IT E E.^/ 3 A ^n meanly of it, even after all its odfci^advanta^vvitettfciimVdi ftantially enumerated «•. 'y^ zt. .^dw.iz^-^ .v.v/ MrjotJiairu The rates at which a traffic was carriec) op i^it^iij^e natives were, a fpike nail for a fmall pig } a fmaller nail for, a fowl i a hutchet for a hog ; and twcaty .cocoa-nut«> or bread-fruit, for a middling fized nailV,;,_ .j^^,,-^ s>ro This ifland, which in the years 1767 and 1768, afcouildle)!'" with hogs and fowls, in the latter end of Auguft 1773, (which is the beginning of their fpring) was fo ill fupplicd with thefe animals, that fcarce any confideration could in- duce the owners to part with them. The few they had at that time among them, feemed to be at the difpofal of the kings. During a ftay of f(;venteen days, the tyro fhips procured but twenty-four hogs, half ©f which number came from the two kings themfelves. Neceffity Teems to have forced the people to content themfelves with fcanty means of fubfiftence at certain feafons ; and no time of the year is more likely to be feverely felt than that of fpring. When their winter ftores are exhaufted, and a new crop is not yet com« up. Mahine, who accompanied captain Cook in one'6f his attempts to penetrate towards the South-Pole, and of whom more will be faid in the next fedlion, frequently ufed to mention, that even thefe opulent Indians, fometimes, though rarely, felt the inconveniences of a dry or barren year, and are obliged, during fome months, to have rccourfe to fern-roots, the bark of various trees, and the fruit ot wild buihes, to fatisfy the cravings of hunger '^i Butthiiftar- city of hogs after all, was, moft probably, more pretended than real. The natives were very anxicJus to keep thetn but of fight ; and whchever any of the gentlonen of the ihip ' «» Forfter, II. 79, 80. f order, II. ^qS. ; • Parkit^foiii 21. enquire(^ 13^ NEW DISCOVERIES, kc. enquired for tl;»en> they feemcd uueafy, and either laid they had none, or that they belonged to the king : but great numbers were feen confined in pigfties, ahnoft by every hut. But by feeming not to know where any were, or not to care for them, the confidence which the people placed in their gucfts was greatly encreafed*. It was, however, plain, that the war between the two peninfulas had been diilrcfling to that part of the large one where the fliips touched. But on the return of the Refolution in April 1774, (the autumn in thofe parts) no traces of the former diftrefs remained. Tile whole country was a fcene of plenty, where numbers ef hogs grazed round every houfe, which none of the na> , jtiy^s attempted to conceal as before. .... :.r..- i'.r^'i -riinnm, rhV,;.' f ,, Captain Cook found the beft articles of traffic here to be axes, hatchets, fpikes, large nails, looking-glafies, knives and beads ^ j but on his laft vifit matters took a different turn. From the king down to the meaneft of his fubjedts, a prodigious fondnefs prevailed for red feathers, which had been procured, in large quantities, at the Friendly-Iflands, With ihefe they ornamented the drefs of their warriors. Among other innovations which this article of merchandize pccafioned, a great revolution was brought about in the connections which the women had formed with the failors, sa\d happy was he who had laid in a fufficicnt flock of this ,, valuable article j he was fure to have the women crouding al^outhim, and might fingle out the mofl engaging. They called them oora^ their value herefeems to be equal to jew- els in Europe j efpecially thofe which are called oeravine, which grow on the head of the green paroquet; and the Dijtiy^ were fuch good judges as to know very we|l how to . ^iflinguiib one fort from another. Many attempts were « Torftcr, I, aS7. h Hawkefy. II. i^j. -•50 :»*' made O - T A H E I t E E. rU (■• t39 made to impofe dyed feathers upon them, bii't without fuc- cefs. Tn (hort, their rage for poiTefllng thefe rarities waM fuch, as to (hake their moft eftabllfhed principles } for what- ever liberties fome unmarried girls allowed themfelves with impunity, the married ftate was preferved inviolate, until this feducing merchandize appeared. So great was the force of the temptation, that a chief a^lually offered his wife to captain Cook j and the lady, by her hufband's order, at- tempted to captivate him, by an artful difplay of all her charms, feemingiy in fuch acarelefs manner as many a wo- man would be at a lofs to imitate, but this condu(n: was dif- countenanced in the flrongeft manner. A fingle little feaihier was »more valuable prefent than a bead or a nail ; and a very fmall bit of cloth, clofely covered with them produced fuch ecftatic joy in him who received it, as might be excited in an European^ who (hould unexpetStly find the diamond df the Great Mogul. One chief brought on board the fhlp his monftrous helmet of five feet high, which he fold for red feathers ; and targets, without number, were bought by a1- moil every failor in the fhip ; even their curious and flngular mourning drefles, which in captain Cook's former voyage were fo highly prized, that every thing that could be offered in exchange for one was deemed inadequate, became vendible when the barter was feathers. Not lefs than ten of thefe mourning drefles werepurchaf«d. Captain Cook prefented one, on his return, to the Britifh Mufeum (See atityzOt reprefentation of it in the plate) '. In confequence of Ma-' bine's relation of his adventures, (fee an account of him in the following fe(ftson) the chiefs became importunate for curiofities from Tongo-Tabboo, (Amfterdam) j fP^yhue^ (Eafler.Ifland)i znA IVaitahoo, (St. Chriftina), inft^id of |)nglifh goods, in exchange for their provifions ; lii 'this » Gook, I, 35» Forfter, I. 51, 58, 71, 7a, rerpe<£t '**: f4» NEW DISCOVERIES, &c. rcfpcc^ rel^mbllng the prcclilc6Hons of clvilizjed nations. The bafkcts, clubs, and painted cloth of Eafter-Ifland, pleafed them exceilively j and they were eager to poflefs the mats of Amfterdam, though generally they perfedlly rcicm-r bled their own manufa£lure. The iailors, therefor?, fre-. quently took advantage of their dirpofition, and gave thenj the fame mats under another name, which they had formerly purchafed at O-1'aheitee, and in this deception they fuc- ceeded better than in colouring feathers. Thus there \s a fimilarity in the general inclinations of human nature, and particularly in the defires of all nations that are not in a (latf ©f favage harbarifm '', .. ? ; '■'■" Captain Wallis planted feveral forts of garden-fee^s in this ifland, together with theilonesof peaches, cherries, gnd plums, as well as limes, lemons, and oranges i the pe^^ fprang up in a very flouriihing ftate, but there we;e no rcr mains of them when captain Cook lefl the iiland, Twq years after captain Cook put fome melon-feeds, and other plants, into the ground, but all e3(cept fome muilard-fi;cd failed ; owing, it was fuppofed, to their having been fcaled up fo as entirely to exclude all fr^fli air'. M. de Buugain- ville prefented the chief of the diftriA in which he was with a couple of turkies, and fome ducks and drakes; he had Jike^ife a piece of ground dug, in which he fowed fome wheat, barley, cats, rice, maize, onions, and pot-herbs of various kinds, of the fuccefs of which he entertained gre^t liiopes, as the people appeared to love hufbandry, and would eafily be led tp make advantage of their foil, which }S the ^ppft' luxuriant poflible"*. But on captain Cco^t's^^riva,! '}ii iyfii he found none of the various feeds th^jhad been fownliiy Europeans had fucceeded except pumkins, and for ^ Tprftcr, II. 75, 76. J Hawkefw. l]i> I23. m fiougainv. it9> theic O-TAHEITEE. 141 c. i>^tions. er-lfland, joflefs the lly refemT for?, fre-r rave tbeiQ 1 formerly they fuc- tbcre is * iturc, ;in4 t maft»<,9 sn-fee^s in nerrics, ^n(J i the pea« jver e no rcr d, TwQ and other vftard-f?c n^OiF't lull- jJ?(UiU ,-.i3^1ii(J O/l l^ " CaptihtFurneaux gave two goats to the king O-Tooj' which the next year were found to have fuccecdcd very well. The ewe, foon after, had had two female kids, which were then fo far grown as to be ready to propagate, and the old ewe was again with kid j the whole brood was in excellent order, extremely flcek and well fed, and their hair as foft as fiik ; the people feemed to be very fond of them, fo that it may be expeftcd that in a few years they will afford a nevr and moft valuable article of food, and in a courfe of time, may fpread over all the iilands in this ocean. Some fheep were likewifc left, but all died foon after, except one. This country has likewifc been furniflied with a ftock of cats, no lefs than twenty having been left here, befides what were left at Ulietea and Huaheine®, of which neighbouring; iflands we are prefcntly to fpeak. But a more elFe£iual fup- ply of (heep, together with fome black cattle, were embarked for this fertile country, on board the Refolution and Enter- prize, which {hips failed on a frefli voyage to the South- Sea, in July 1776, with a view to make further difcoveries, by navigating parts hitherto unexplored. iOs 'yUl \::yrO 'J*U:j In captain Cook's voyage in the Endeavour, a marine, named Gibfon, was fo much delighted with this ifland*, that he made an attempt to conceal himfelf, and become a natu- ralized O'Taheitean j but he was foon traced to his retreat, and brought back to his former ftation. This man had , made a greater proficiency in the language than any other Teaman on board, which greatly recommended htm to the Actives* It appeared by the information which the Indians A 600k, 1. 1I3, • Co»k, r. 353. Fortter, H. 56. ', . gave. '\ 142 NEW DISCOVERIES, Sec, gayc, that one of the crew of the SpaniHi fhip which \}ai vifited the ifland had deferted, and then rcflded at Tiarrabou^ or 0-Tahiittt tte ; that he was much efteemed by Ahtaiuoy the king of the fmaller peninfula, with whom he conflantly aflbciated. But when the natives found that this intelli- gence excited the curioflty of their gucfls to fee this man, th^y grew referved and equivocal in their difcourfe, and at length told them that he was dead. Notwithftanding which aflertion, fome of the (hip's company had feen a man, re- fembling an European in colour and features, whom they fpoke to, but he haftily retreated among tht crowd, and returned no an fwer. Thib European was defcribed by the name of 0-/'fli&M//* ". .....,, When the Refolution was about to leave this ifland the fecond time, and the gentlemen on board wtre to take their final leave of thefe agreeable iflandcrs, O-Too went on board the ihip to dinner J he folicited the elder Mr. Forfter, and Mr. Hodges, toftay at O-Taheltee, and promifcd, with great gravity, to make them arees of two rich diftrids. When the (hip was getting under fail, an Irifh failor, who had fet- tled a plan of efcape with fome of the natives, ilipt over- board with great fecrecy, and being a good fwimmer made towards the fliore; but he was difcovered, purfued, and brought back. This man had been a failor in the Dutch fervice, and captain Cook had taken him on board at Batavia, in his former voyage in 1770 ; he was, at this time, a gun- ner's mate on board the Refolution j he had neither friends nor relations, it feerr.s, to attach him to any particular part of the world, therefore his wifh to make this fpot his refi- dence: was not \tty furprizing 1 : though it is highly proba- ble,. that if he had fucceedcd in his attempt, having been long P Forfter, 1. 102, io8i jai. ■.*"i^. 5 Cqok, I. 345 Forfter, II. 112. accuilomed // 6: t Ah EI T E E. i!M »4« accu(lomcd to an af^ive life, the infipid uniformity of that for which he had changed it, would^ in time, have become intolerable. He would foon have found, that the manners of thefe people were entirely diftcrcnt from thofe to which he had ever been habituated ^ that there was no medium of lan- guage by which reciprocal ideas might be freely, and as it were, infenfibly communicated : but to a man harrafled by the feverities of fea-fervice, and intent on procuring a ceflk- tion from fatigue and hardihips, thefe confiderations did not prefent themfelves ; but they would, moft probably, have been very fenfibly felt, after a very (hort poflliKon of the Paradife he had pictured to himfclf; and he would then have pined for the variegated life of adlivity which he had raflily renounced. Thefe are, at leaft, probable conjedu:es, and perhaps no good reafon can be affigned why an Eu- ropean fhould make the manners of an Indian congenial with his own, for any length of time, any more than that an Indianfhould conceive a lafting relifh for an European way of life ; and that the latter is not difpofed to do this, appears from a very Itriking and well known example in an Hot- tentot, who was taken young from his native country, and brought up among Europeans J yet fo\ind the ^imor patriae fo predominant when he grew to manhood, that the only requeft he made was, to betaken back to his natural aflbci- ates; and, when arrived, he voluntarily divefted himfelf of every badge of civilization, and returned, with a moft hearty relifh, to his indigenous manners ^ Omai alfo, when in England, difcovered the fame natural propcnfity very ftrongly. But it muft be owned, that there is fomething to gratify pride in one cafe, if that were iufficient for all the purpofes of enjoyment : an European among Indians is looked up to with admiration by every one, whersias an til i '^•■-I'l; ^ Fetuibg's Syftemof Geography, I. 376, .1 rstt/oK q Indian 144 NEW DISCOVERIES, &c. Indian among Europesms feels bis inferiority, and wiflies to regain hi& wonted leveL .^ ^r^-. : g a ■ . . . i * : ^ •■'-"- It was on the 14111 of May 1774, when the Refolution 'took its kft departure from O-Taheitee ; a briflc gale wafted them fwiftly from that hofpiteble afylum to a South-Sea navigator. They were ftill contemplating its beautiful fcenery, when an unexpected object on the decks attradled their attention j this was no other than one of the Hneft women of the country, who had refolved to go in the Ihip to Raieta (Ulietea)y her native ifland. Her parents, from whom fhe had eloped to O-Taheitee, with a favourite lover fome years before, were ftill living, and the force of natural affefkio:. urged her, irrefiftibly, to vifit them ; fhe enter- tained no apprehenfions of their anger, but relied on receiving a kind reception. The girl was drefled in a fuit of cloaths belonging to one of the officers, and was fo much pleafed with her new garments, that (he wore them on (here when ihe landc4. She dined with the officers without the leaft fcruple, and had the liberal fentiments of a citizen of the world. ** With a proper education," fays Mr. Forfter, ** (he might have fhone as a woman of genius, even in Eu* rope ; fmce, without the advantage of a cultivated under- ftanding, her great vivacity, joined to very polite manners^ already were fufficient to make her company fupportable'." At Huabene, which was the firft ifland the fhip touched at, this poor girl's European drefs tempted a number of the na- tives to fet upon her, when flie was leaft on her guard j they proceeded to ftrip her of her cloaths with great difpatch, but ibme of the fliip's company coming by^ interrupted them in their fcheme, and refcued the fair adventurous fugitive from her boifttrous plunderers. This accident gave her ib hearty ' Vol .'II. psj; 114, ir^. <•' ". » fright. u ^ A O - T A H E I T E E. 145 a fright^ that file nev«r afterward? ventured outof thelhip &lone, until fhe arrived at the place of her deftinarion*. _ . .^,, .,^, S E C T. XI. ,„„.^,,, „ Thg Htjfory of Tu?iA and AoTOUfcoU, who embarked with Captain Cook and M. de Bougainville, for Europe. Cf Mahine, or Oedidee, who made a Voyage towards tht South- Pole with Captain jCooic } and of Omai, whs camt to England with Captain Furncaux , ; , -,j ; .'^fA AMONG the natives who afTociated moft with the gentlemen of the (hip in 1 769, was one named Tupia^ ; he had been the firft minifter of Oberea, when her power was at its height ; he was alfo the chief tahoua, or prieft of the iiiand, and of courfe well (killed in the religion of his country ; to which he added a knowledge of navigation, and an acquaintance with the number and fituation of the neigh- bouring iflands. When the fhip was about to leave the iiiand, he begged to accompany the gentlemen on their voyage, which requeft was readily complied with, as by means of a perfon fo intelligent and accomplinied, much in- formation concerning the rudoms and mnnncts of thefe people might be obtained { he therefore went on board, at- tended by a boy abQUt thirteen years of age, his fcrvant, named Tayeto. When the fhip weighed anchor the Indians on boird took their leaves, and wept with a decent and filent forrow, in which there was fomething extremely ftriking and tender. The people in the canoes, on the contrary, fcemed to vie with each other in the loudncfs of their lamen- tations, in which there was, perhaps, more affeftation than real concern. Tupia fuftained himfelf in this fcene with a firmncfs and refolution truly admirable. He wept indeed, but the effort that he made to conceal his tears, concurred with them to do him honour. He fent his laft prcfent to * Fprfter, II. jzo. <* He Is called Toobiuhby Sydney Park'mfon, page 67. L Potcmai) * i 146 NEW DISCOVERIES, &«. PoUmat, a favourite miilrefs of one of the chiefs, and then went with Mr, Banks to the maft-head, waving to the ca- noes as long as they continued in ftght. When the Endeavour arrived within fix leagues of Hua^ hine, it fell calm ; Tupia then addrcfled a prayer yf\t\\ much fervour, O, Tane, ara^ maty mataiyora mat matai, which fig- nifies " Tane, (the God of his moral, or place of worfliip) fend to me, or come to me, with a fair wi»d ;" but his prayer not immediately proving efFedlual, he faid, IVoor eedt waow, «' I am angry '." On his arrival at Huahine he repaired to. an adjacent moral, and returned thanks to Tane for his fafe paiTage, whom he prefented with two handkerchiefs, and fome other Crifles j and the furgeon who attended him he pre- fented with a hog ". Nothing could be more engaging than the friendly difpo- fition which this kind of adopted European difcovered in the further progrefs of the voyage j fo long as his health conti- nued, he was of the moft eflential fervice, as he fpoke the language generally underftood at all the iflands in the South- Sea where the Endeavour touched, and was extremely afli- duous in removing the apprehenfions of the natives concern- ing their wonderful guefts, and conciliating their confidence and good-will. By the time that the {hip had reached the caftern coaft of New South-"W Jes, about eleven month* from leaving 0-!l'aheitee, Tupia's health began to decline, and ftrong appearances of the fea-fcurvy were vifible on his body ; all the relief which landing on that inhofpitable coun> try could render him was obtained, as he was entirely un-^ accuftomed to the manner of life on board a (hip, and the diet on folong a voyage being very different from his former food, his health had gradually decayed ; but a fhort refi- dencc on fliore, juid fubfifting chiefly on the fruits cf the cowRtry, ind then > the ca- of Hiia- ith much rhich fig- worfliip) his prayeir epaired to, "or his fafe hiefs, and lim he pre- ndlydifpo- ered in the ealth conti- c fpoke the the South- emely affi- cs concern- confidence reached the en month* to decline, ible on his table coun" ntirely un- ip, and the [\ his former (hort refi- frults cf the cov»try» ''^ O - t A H E I f i E. • ^ J47 country, contributed very much to his recovery. But when the (hip arrived at Batavia two months after, his health vfas in a very declining ftate, having a bilious diforder, for which he obftinately refufed to take any medicines. Before he landed he was quite lifelcfs, and extremely dejed^ed, but he no fooner entered the town than he Teemed to be animate4 with a new foul. The houfes, <:arriage$, ftreets, people, and a multiplicity of other objedts, all new, which ruflied upon him at once, produced an effect like the fudden and fecret power that is imagined of fafcination. TheO-Taheitianboy, his attendant, exprefTed his wonder and delight, in the moft extravagant manner ; he danced along the ftreet in a kind of eeftafy, examining every obje£l with a reftlcfs and eager curiofity. One of the firft things which Tupia remarked, was the various dreflcs of the paffing multitude, concerning which he made many enquiries ; and when he was told that in this place, wiiere people of many different nations were aflcmbled, everyone wore the habit of his own country, he defired that he might conform to the cuflom, and appear in that of O-Taheitee. He had not been above a week on fliore, before the baneful influence of the climate had operated powerfully on his fhattered conftitution. After the flow of fpirits which the novelties of the place produced upon his firft landing, he funk on a (udden, and grew every day worfe and worfe ; Tayeto too was feized with an in- flammation on his lungs. A tent was pitched for him on the leaft baneful fpot of this peftiferous ifland, where both the fea and land breezes blew direi^ly upon him, and he ex- prefled great Satisfaction in his fituation. Mr. Banks, al- though in a very broken ftate of health, attended ou hiiji with the armoft folicitude. In about ten days afterwards the poor Indian boy Tayeto died, and Tupia funk at once with the lofs of him, and furvived him only a day or two, for he loved him with the tendcrnefs of a parent . The had both V Hawkelw. Vol. 11. j)ai;e 116. Vol. III. 715. * feij. L 2 made m^ P r< BwH m 148 NEW DISCOVERIES, Sec. madeijreat progrefs in the Englifh language, in which they were greatly aflifted by Mr. Green, the aftronomer. When Tayeto was feized with the fatal diforder, as if certain of iiis approaching diiTolution, he frequently faid to thofe fibout him, tyau matt oee, " my friends, I am dying." He took any. medicines that were offered to him ; but Tupia gavchimielf up.to grief, regretting, with extreme bitternefs of heart, that he had left his own country. ^.,1, ,^, . He to hi8 country turn'd with reWef* pain, And dragg'd at cack remove a length'n'd chain*. When he heard cf Tayeio's death he was quite inconfolable, frequently crying out Tayeto ! Tayeto ! They were both Jburied in the idand of Eadam^. Such was the much to be regretted end of this intelligent and friendly Indian. When M. dc Bougainville was preparing to fail, Eretl, a chief, came on board to take an affecSlionate leave of his guefts» He brought with him a young man whom he pre- fented to the commander, giving him to underhand that his xume was Aotourou, and that he defircd to accompany them cm their voyage. He then prefented him to each of the ofl^ers in particular, telling them that it was one of his £riends whom he entrufted with thofe who were likewife his iKend«. After this farewel was over, Ereti returned to his canoe, in which was a young and handfome girl, whom Aotourou went to embrace. He gave her three pearls which he had in his ears, kiiTed her, but notwichftauding her tears, .lorebimfplf from her, and returned on board the (hip. '*-' irtife'lfirft European fetttement that M. de BougaihvilJe 'itfttlched at after leaving O-Taheitee, was Boero, in the Moluccas. The furprize of Aotourou was extravagant at 'feeing men drcffcd in the European manner j houfes, gar- dens, and various dorrtftic anhnals, in great variety and abundance. Above ali, he is faid to have valued that hofpr- * Ooldfmirti'j Trarelle, , * Kdney farianfofl, it*. M" hth«y When :tain oC ) thofe ." He Tupia itternets nfolablff, ere both ich to be I. , Erett, a ve of his m he pre- id that his lany them :h of the tne of his kewife his led to his rl, whom rh which her tears. ro, " O - T A H E I T E E. tiVity that was here exercifed, with an air of fincerlty and acquaintance. As he faw no exchanges made, he appre- hended the people gave every thing without receiving any return. He prefently took occafion to let the Dutch under- ftand, that In his country he was a ctilef, and that he had undertaken this voyage with his friends for his own plea- fure. Inviilts, at table, and in walking, he endeavoured to imitate the manners of his new friends. As M. de Bougain- ville had not taken him with him on his firft vlfit ^o the governor, he imagined that he was left behind on account of his knees being bent inwards, and with greater fimpHcity than good-fenfe he applied to fome failors to get upon them^ imagining,' by that means, they would be forced into a ftraight diredion. He was very earneft to knaw if Paris was as fine as the Dutch fadlojy where he then was. ■'^ At Batavia, the delight which he felt on his firil arrival, from the fight of the objedls that prefented themfelve?, might operate, in fome degree, as an antidote to thepoifonof the climate ; but during the latter part of their ftay here he fell ftcki and continued ill a confiderable time during the remainder of the voyage, but his readinefs in taking phyiic was equal to a man born at Paris. When he ever fpolcBvCJif Batavia afterwards, he always called it enoue mate^^'-^ land that kills." --.i ; \. This Indian, during two years in which he refided in Franc^ does not appear t;o have done much credit to his country j at the end of that time he could only utter a few words of the Jangyage : which indocile difpofition M. de Bougainville excufes, with great ingenuity and apparent r£afon, by obferving, that " he was, at leaft, thirty years of age ; that his memory had never been exercifed before in any kind of ftudy, nor had his mind ever been employed at all. He was, a? he obfervcs, totally diiFerent from an Itali- an, an Engliihman, or a German, who can, in a year's time. hi fpeak m BI^^Bi ,50 NEW DISC OV ERIE 3, &c. fpefik ^ French jargon tolerably \yell j but thefe haveafimilar „gratninar ; their moral, phyfical, political, and focial ideas are the fame, and all exprefled by certain words in their language as they are in French j they have, therefore, no- thing more than a tranflation to fix in their memories, which memories have been exercifed from their very infancy. The 0-;Taheitian man, on the contrary, having only a fmall number of ideas, relative, on the one hand, to the mofl fim- pie and limited fociety, and, on the other, to wants, which are reduced to the fmalleft number pofTible, he would have, firft of all, as it were, to create a world of new ideas, in a mindfts indolent as his body; and this previous work muft be done before he can come fo far as to adapt to them the "Words of an European language, by which they are ex- prefled." But /tiourou feems to have kept very much be- low the ftandard, which his ingenious apologift pleads he was not required to furpafs, for he really was not able, after two years inftrudion, to tranjlate his O-Taheitian ideas, few and fimple as they were, into French. This Itinerant embarked at Rochelle in 1770, on board the Brijfony which was to carry him to the Ifle of France, from whence, by order of the French miniftry, he was to be fent by the intendant to his native country ; and, for this purpofe, M, de Bougainville informs us, that he gave fifteen hundred pounds fterling (a third part of his whole fortune) towards the equipment of the (hip intended for this naviga- tion. But notwithftanding tnefe endeavours to redore the adventurous O-Taheitian to his country and connections, he had not reached them when captain Cook was there in 1774; and, Mr. ForAer fays, that he died of the fqial}-. ^ fiefict to tl^ Hiftory of hit Voyage in the Rcfylutlon, page xvl. -■ . Whilft .:;-^ (3 . T A H E I t E E. 151 ' "Whilft the Rcfolution and Adv^eriture liy at Huahlne^ fn September 1773, rtian^ young nien of the ifland voluntarily offered to take their pafTage for llngland with. captain Cook i he fingled out one, who was between feventeen and eighteen years of age, named O-HeSdee ; or, according to Mr, Forftcr, Mahine was his proper name, and the other an adopted one, which he had taken, according to the cuftom of thofe iflantis, from fome one with whom he had contrafted an intimate friendfliip : wc fhall, therefore, in this narrative, give him his proper name of Mahiue. This youth was a native of Bolabola, and a near relation of O-Poony, the king of that ifland, and the conqueror of feveral adjacent ones. He is defcribed as a hand fome young man, with a fweetncfs and gentlenefs of manners that endeared him to every one on board the (hip. The objed which captain Cook then had in contemplation was, to determine, with unqueftionable certainty, whether a fouthern continent did exift or not, and for that purpofe he Was waiting for the arrival of the fum- mcr follVice in that hemifphere. In accomplifhing this pur- pofe the captain took his route to New-Zeeland, At the firft putting out to fea, Mahine felt himfelf much afFedled with the fea-ficknefs, occafioned by the motion of the (hrp, which he had not been accuftomed to j in a little while, however, he was fo far recovered as to feaft on part of a dolphin, of about twenty-eight pounds weight, which hap- pened to be caught : of this fifti he chofe to eat without hav- ing itdrefled, declaring that it tailed much better ravir: he was, therefore, provided with a bowl of fea-water, in which he dipped the morfcls a» in a fauce, and ate them with great relifh, altcrnatsly biting into a ball of mahie, or four bread- fruit pafte, inftead of bread : before he fat down to his meal he feparated a little morfel of the fifh, and a bit of the ma- ii'iCf as an oftering to Eatua, or the Divinity ^ pronouncing L 4 a fey/ 152 NEW D 1 8 C O V E R 1 E 6, &c. a fftw^wor^s at the faiiirie t^me, whkh were thouf lit co be « (hor^pcaycr. He perfounned the fame ceremony two days^ r,^^hen be dined on a faw piece of (hark^ From thefe in^anccs, it feeins,. that his countrymen have fixed princi- '; pies of religion, and that a kind of ceremonial worfliip takes • plaqe among them. .When they arrived at New-Zeeland, the wretched condition of the natives of that country led the 3olabolan youth to draw a compariibn very favourable to his own tropical iflands; but he frequently exprefled his pity, whilft he enumerated a variety of articles of which the New-Zeelanders were ignorantf which contributed greatly to the enjoyment of his coyntrymen. He difthbuted the roots of yams to thofe who vifited the (hip, and always ac* companied the captain when he went to plant or fow a piece of ground. He was not like Tupia^ fo much a mafter of their language as to converfe freely with them, but he foon underflood them much better than any one on board, from the great analogy of their diale£^ to his own. His fenft- bllity was much excited t feeing them eat human fleih, as will be related prefently. Having left this country, the fummer being then advanced, the captain direded his courfe to the fouthward, and on the 12th of December came in Tixty-twe degrees of latitude. Mahine had exprefled his furprize at feveral little fnow and hail ihowers on the pre- ceding days, fuch phaenomena being utterly unknown in his country. The appearance of white ftones, which melted In his band, was altogether miraculous in his eyes j and though pains were taken to explain to him that cold was the caufe of their formation, his ideas on that fubje£l did not feem to be very clear. On this day a heavy fall of fnow furprized him ftill mpre than ever i and after a long confideration of . its, Angular qualities, hefaidhe would call it the white rain, wjjfn jJjCjgpt hacH $9 his own country. Two days after, in about ,3 ^ JtWHE I T E^E. v; I K «53 about fixty-ftip« degrewof latitude, he Was ftruck with afto- nUhment at feeing » Vf ry large pieceof floating ice, which ob- truded entirely any fihrther advances of the fhip towardsthe fouth : this gave him great pleafdre, as he took it for land. It was with difficulty that he could be ^erfuaded to titlieve that it was only freih water, until he was fliewn f6nie cbngtaled in a cafk on the deck. He ft ill, however, declareij, that he ' would call this «* the white land," by way of diftinguilhing it from all the reft. He had colleded, at New-Zeeland, a number of little flender twigs, which he carefully tied in a bundle^ and made ufe of inftead of a journal: for everjr ifland he had feen and viAted after his departure from the Society-Jflands, be. had feledted a little twig, fo that hiir coHe^ion, by this time, amounted to about nine or ten, of which he remembered the names perfedlly well, in the fame order as he had feen them ; and the white land, or whennud tfateOf was the laft. He enquired frequently how many other counfries they fliould meet with in their way to Eng- land, and formed afeparatebundleof them, which he ftudied with equal care as the firft. The gentlemen on board took the opportunity of this dreary traverfe to improve themfelves in the knowledge of his language, and revifed, deliberately, the whole vocabulary which they had compiled at the Soci- ety-Iflands, by which means they acquired a fund of ufeful knowledge concerning thofe parts. In a week's^ time they crofTed the antarctic circle, where the fun fcarce funk below the horizon* Mahine was ftruck with the grcateft aftonifll- ment at this appearance, and would fcarcdy believe his fenfes j all the endeavours ufed to explain it to him mifcar- ried, and he affureJ the gentlemen that he defpaired of find- ing belief among his countrymen, when he fliould go back to recount the wonders of congealed rain, and of perpetual jjay. The approach of winter led captain Cook, btice . ^. ' more, 154 NEW DISCOVERIES, &c. wore, to feek for the falutary refrefliments ofX)-Tahe?t«r(f j Jl^mt'W&&; at klcfVy' equally folicitous to fee that ifland, whicb, though mfttiy of his relations and friends refided there, he had nevefvifited. As the inhabitants of the Soci- ctyolflands allcu^ this fpot the firft rank in affluence and power, and as this charadiir was confirmed by his Englifli Iriends, his curiofity was, ofcourfe, greatly excited j but he had ftill other motives which prompted him to wifh him- ielf there; he had colle many diilant and unknown countries, that he was perfuaded he (hould attradl their attention very firongiy : the profpeiSl of being careflcd by every body, and being intimate with fuch extraordinary beings as thefe Eu- ropean navigators .were held to be, his adoption of their manners, and making ufe of their arms for his diverfion, CTcahed him, in his own ideas, to the higheft degree of con- fequence: nor were his expedations of a friendly reception at altdifappointed. The firft time of his going on fliore he recognized fcveral of his relations, and particularly a fifter, named Teioa^ one of the pretticft women on the whole ifland, who was married to one of the better clafs of people, a tall, well-made man, named Noona. Mahine now Jaid afide his European drefs, and put on an elegant new cloth veftment, which his friends had prefcnted him with. This change in his apparel was obferved to give him a degree of pleafure, which a natural predilection for native manners is apt to infpire in every breaft. He had not been a fortnight at 0-Taheitee before he married a daughter of Touperref, 9, chief of the diftria of lilatavai ; but unfortunately the cere- mony, which was performed on this occafion, was not ob- ferved O ^ T A H E I T E E. : 155 ftrved by any of the {hip's company, who could cojivey any kind of idea of it ; a mid(hipman» indeed, who was prefent, reported, that a number of ceremonies were performed which* were extremely curious, but could nor relate any^ one of them, fo that this interefting particular, refpe^ing the man- ners of thefe people, remains entirely unknown. Mahine embarked with captain Cook for Huahine, leaving, it Ihould feem, his new-married lady at 0-Taheitee, for no further mention is made of her. He would willingly have proceeded for England, had he had the lead hopes given him of ever returning to his native home; but, fays captain Cook, •' as I could not promife, or even fuppofe, that more Englifh ihips would be fent to thefe illands, our faithful companion, Oedidee, chofe to remain in his native country ; but he left us with a regret fully demonftrative of the efteem he bore us« When I was repeatedly queftioned about returning, I fome- times gave luch anfwers as left them hopes. Oedidee would inftantly catch at this, take me on one fide, and afk me over again. In fhort, I have not words to defcribe the anguiih that appeared in this young n I's breaft when he went away. He looked up at the (hip, buii into tears, and then funic down into the canoe." Juft as he was going out of the (hip, he afked captain Cook to tatou fume parou for him, in order to fhew the commanders of any other ihips which might ftop there. The captain complied with his requeft, gave him a certificate of the time he had been on board, and recommended him to the notice of thofc who might touch there after him \ ... . ,,,..., •«i' . Omaiy or, as hv h mproperly called, Omiahi is a native KO ■:* 1 <■» . 1 .r<-. T < I'^n • y Caok, r. 374, 3754 barked ^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I t 1^ llliio IM 2.2 1.8 1.25 1.4 J4 .4 6" — ► V] <^ /i ^>. 0% ^'''>> >^ ♦v^ o / PhotDgraphic Sdences Corporation ;< ViKT MAIN STREET WiBSTER,N.Y. )4S80 (716) 872-4S03 tirt£hl%' lAari9//!r^ t^kfc captain Furneaux, on board khe ASf€kt^;Ht^'Stpttimhti ly'/^* and the two fhips feparatlng him Bii^kW At 6ciaft of Ntw-Zeeland $ few nKniths af- klNi^Mi, th« vdya|e of the Adirenture was brougiit to a HukielH eafrlier condttitoh than that of the Eefolution, for (he •jfrtvW aiSlJithead the 14th of July followmg. This jibiifh ie fatd to have had Tome property in his native foil, of wbieh he WAS difpoflfefled by the p' pie of Bolahla, but he iHfUndt onetyf the nines, or gentry of thai country, but of tile thiddling clafa of people. He was eminent neither for figurtfj fliape, nor complexion, hh colour being of a deep Itmi^' reiemblinga invtow, or one of the common people ; imd both Mr. Forfter and captain Cook agree in thinking hwi tio proper fample of the inhabitants of thefe iflands, iMiefped to perfonal beauty ; howerer, they are both of «pinion, that the qualities of his heart and head refeittbied thofeof hitf countrymen in general, and that no one of the ■atives would have given more general fatisfadlion by hi$^ hehan^sur whiift he remained in England. He is defcribed as po^eifing a good underftanding, quick parts, and boneft iurinci|x]es ; not an extraordinary genius like Tupia, but not at all deficient in intelligence, which appears from his knowr Jedgeof the gameof chcfe, in which he made an amazing proficiency. His principal patrons, whilft in England, were, the earl of Sandv|rich, Mr. Banks, and d^^or Solander. His noble patron introduced him to his majefty at Kcw^ and, during his ftay in England, he was carefied by many ci the principal nobility. He naturally imitated that eafy and elegant politenefs which is prevalent among the great, ahd which is opfie of thie ornaments of civilized focit^y. lodetid, he adopted the manners, the occupations^ and amufetncnts of his companions in general, and gave many proofs of a quick perceptign, and ^, lively fancy. He apr ►■■♦w peart^ however, to h»ve been ^reatc4,r>irHili^Jh«^ fefided here^ father SIS a fafluoiiable exhibition jthai,^v»x ra|ioq?l|P ^ CjDficlijiiJg hMl mind .wiih uiefuLknowledget itich-as^inight iiave rendered birp a valuable aequifition to hi« cooatry on his rf^tniii thither ; no means were ufed to inftnif^ him in:.agriciikui% or any mechanical art, or ufeful manufad^ure; .and» abow «ll, to poiTefs him with a moral fenfe ; to teach him tliai^BX^ alted ideas of virtue, and the fublime principles .q^ fcv^akd religion. After a ftay of two years in England, an4ihfivi>obnc!c??: lofio. C, H A „P., ■^vit'yi. I'h- „:iii0^rir ■■ .\ . ^T^tlESD are a clufter of iflands which received this g|<9 -T neral name from captain Cook in 1769. ThipyjiAf f\lk\m am9l«r> ap4,ii^ yerynpajr.^o^s^sh othfi... Xfe^iSM CQ9k| ii 1701 i7i> Fordct'i Preface^ XV) xri| tvlt. ticular i^ mm $S9 NEW DISCOVERIES, 'M tifiulwntneswhtch the/ bear among the natives are UlUieay or, n?ccording to Mr. Forftcr, Raieteat Otaba, Bokbola^ Huakm^ TukaU and Maurua, They are Atuated between tb^ longitude of 150^ deg, 57 min. and 152 deg. weft ; and from latitude 16° deg. 10 min. to 16° deg. 55 min. fouth, the neareft ifland being about forty leagues to the wedward of O'Taheitee, ./S»' *' Here," fays captain Cook, " benevolent nature ha^ ipread her luxuriant fweets with a lavifh hand, and the na- fives, copying the bounty of nature, are equally liberal ; contributing plentifully and cheerfully to the wants of na* vigators •/* And Mr. Forftcr defcribes the inhabitants of thefe fruitful regions, as ready at all times to perfornl kind offices to their efteemed guefts ; they would carry them in and out of the boats on their backs, to prevent the furf from wetting their feet j they often loaded themfelves with the curiofities which had been purchafed, and rarely refufed to go into the water for any bird which had been £hot. If th^ ran caught any of the fhip's company on their excurlion^ into the country, or the heat of the fun and fatigue of the journey opprefTed them, they were invited to repofe in their dwellihgs, and feafted on their beft proviftons. Their friendly hoft ftood at a diftance, and never tafted of any thing till they entreated him ; all the while fome one of the family was employed in fanning them with a leaf, or the bough of a tree. Before they left the houfe, they were commonly adopted according to their different ages, in the qualit)^ of father, brother, or fon : which circumftance took its rife Uovti an opinion, that all the gentlemen of the (hip were related. The chiefs of all the Society Iflands are de- fcended from the fame family ; the officers therefore, and all itrhO dined or mefled together, were by them confidered as relations. Their hofpitality was freq^uently quite difm- .|sj! • Cook, I. 37<. ' '' tcrefted. Ai; SOCIETY I S 1/ A N D §4 »$» tereiled, and led their vifitors to form the moft fMcfufabW? condurions concerning their cditduA towaitis eik:li oBierl- In fliort, fays Mr. Forftcr, " They kre hofpitacMe without^ feeroing to know it, and leave to ftrangers who vifit theni: the pleafing and grateful talk of recording their virtues \- '; '. . ■■' I I ■■' ' ■ i . ' , * J I ■ . * ' I ' " ? ' i - ■ i 1 J ^fW ■4 .';:. ''-.^i .SECT. I. •' ,;^'^'^'^^-^' Qf Ulibtea, or Raietea, calUd by Parkinfon, Yoon LEA Etba. Remarkable burying Place, Tokens tf C9n»^ (ording to the Fajhion of the Country, A prodigioufhy earpii>*l^ lent Man. Affeclion Jhewn by the Chief to Captain Cookw. <. Images fuppefed to be Obje£ls of Worfbip, The Reli^iom tf' the Inhabitants, -'r i ," ■ ^! Msit^ ^rtiji?*? • ■ j« 'T^HIS ifland is abqut twenty- yams^ . hogs, and fowls j the two latter of which are fcarceS Th« foil on the top of one of the hills was found to be a kind, of ftooe marie } on the fides were found fome feathered flintSi^., and a few fmall pieces of a cavernous or fpongy (If^ne lavaa-i of a wbitiih colour, which feetned to contain fome ren^ain^. of iron, fo that it may poflibly be here lodged in the mounts ; tains in a great quantity ''. Nothing was (een on thiSv. ifland to diflinguiih either its inhabitants, or their m^iui^rs* from the other neighbouring iiiands, except a great 4^^ were placed about here; this is a kind of cheft or arky the lid of whicb is nicely ftwed on, and thatched very neatly with palni«nut leaves ^ each are fixed on two. pgles» and . fupported on little arches of wood very aeatfy carved. The ufe of the poles feemcd to before- mtffte it from place iq place. In one end of each was a i^uarehole> in the middle of which was a ring touohing Ab fides, and leaving the angles open, fo a;, to form a round iMilt wil^in a fquare one *. On this ifland was found the aiodel of a canoe about three feet long, to which were tied e^t human jaw bones. - Tupia explained them to be the jaws of the natives of the ifland, which had been hung up hy^»t men of Balahla, who had made a conqueft of the CountrjTyand left this trophy as a memorial of it **. The firfl Europeaoe who landed on this (hore, were Mr. Banks and Pr. Solaader ^ they were received by the natives in the moft courteous manner, reports concerning them having been thff ir harbingers from 0-Taheitee, Every body feemed to fear and refpeA them, placing in them at the fame time the vtOMlft confidence } behaving, as if confcious, that their vi£tor» pofTeiTed the power of doing them mifchief without a difpofition to make ufe of it k. Here the gentlemen of the ihtp met with a company of dancers, confifting of two women and fix men; they had three drums with tiiem. Thefe they learn, were, fome of the moft confiderable people of the place, who took no gratuity for the entertainment they gavf» The women had upon their heads a confidcr* ,.f^,A*Wkcfw. n. a53, »5$, f H»wkefw. II. 237. f Idem a6i. able . s a e I E T Y I S C A K t)t. ^t able quantity of /uMiir, or plaited hair, which was brought fevjeral times round the head, and adorned in many piflpill with the flowers of the cape-jefTamine, which were ftijck iri with much tafte, and made a head-drefs truly elegsnt* Their necks, ihoulders, and arms were naked, fo wei^the breafts alfo as low as the parting of the arms} below that they were covered with black cloth, which fat clofe to the body ; at iite ilde of each breaft next the arm, was placed a fiaali plume of black feathers. Upon their hips refted a quantity of cloth, plaited very full, which reached up to the breaft, and fell down below into long petticoats, which quit^ concealed their feet, and which they managed with as much dexterity as our opera dancers could have done : the plaits were brown and white alternately, the petticoats below were all white. In this drefs they advanced fideways in a meafured ftep, keeping excellent time to the drums, which beat brifkly and loud j foon after they be^an to fhake their hips, giving the folds of cloth that lay upon them a Very quick motion, which was in fome degree continued throughout the whole dance, though the body wak thrown into various poftures, fometimes ftanding, fometimes fitting, and fometimes refting on their knees and elbows, the fingers alfo being moved at the fame time with a quicknefs (barcely to be imagined. Much of the dexterity of the dStJcers, however, and the entertainment of the fpedlators, confifled in the wantonnefs of their attitudes and geilures, which was indeed foch as exceeds all defcription. One of thefe girls had in. her ears three pearls ', one of them was very large, but fo foul that it was of little value ; the other two were as big as a middling pea ; thefe were clear, and of a good colonr and ihape, though fpoiled by the drilling. Mr. Banks €Quid not prevail ori the owner to part with titetn at an/ price, although he proffered her the value of four hogs, and .'- ^ • M ' - whatever ■4r , ' ! r 162 NEW DISC oVE kits, kt. whatetfer dfeflie fllould choore>>. ' See an exa HaWkcfw. II. 266. ^ Cook I, ^: ^ so CI E T Y ISLAND «. 163 whifp of ftraw, which hung by a firing from his. middle^ ,. Captain Coolc obferved, that the monnent they got hold of , the fellow, they flattened Or prefled his noTe, from- whence . he concludes, that their new born infants are fo treated,,, which accounts for all the natives in general having flat nofes. The only a^refs at Oreads theatre, was his daugh- ter Poyadua^ a pretty browa girl, at whofe ihrine many ofl^rings were made by her numerous votaries on thefe oc- , cafions 1. This chief likewife gave a public dinner to the ' captains Cook and Furneaux, feveral of the officers of both, (hips, and the paflengers. On this occafion a great part of, his fpacious houfe was fprcad with large quantities of leaves ^ "which ferved for a table cloth, round which the vifitants feated themfelves, together with the principal people of the ifland. Soon after, one of the fervants, or towtowsy brought a hog fmoaking on his (houlders, which was roafted whole,, and wrapped in a large bundle of plantain leaves } this he threw upon the floor, round which the company was faated. Another fmaller hog was tofTed in the fame manner, and both fo hot as hardly to be touched : the table, or rather floor, was garnished round with hot bread fruit and plan- tains, with a quantity of cocoa->nuts for drink. Each man being ready wi^h his knife in his hand, the hogst were pre- fently cut to pieces, and the European part of the company agreed, that they tafted better than an Engiifti barbecue: the equal degree of heat, with which it fiews under ground, had preferved and concentrated all its juices; the fat was not lufcious and furfeiting, and the Ikin, infteadof being hard as a ftone, which is the cafe of roafted pork with us, was as tender as any other part. One of thefe hogs weighed between fifty and iixty pounds, and the other about half as «)uch, yet all the parts were equally done. The > Cook I. 366, J6«. M 2 4 I. .v.j:.*w. ^' chief. .r» r64 NE'-tV biSCOYfiRIES, 1^, chief, bis (on, and fome others qihis n»ale friciuls, par^<^ of this repaft with their glraAs y the moa attacked the pifow vifions with great gout; but all the women were Ibttloncdf' behind, and were not admitted ai ibapera hk (be feaft* Thefe, mixing witb the common peopley applied to thof gentlemen for portions from their table. Whatever was handed to the crowd, was ea^ly devoured upon the fpot by the men ; bpt the women wrapped up theirs very care« fully to eat when they fliould be alone. AU the raorfeb that were handed to the petitioning nuilcicude, were eagerly) eyed by the Indiana who fat at table ; they feeraed to con« 4 itder fuch provifions as dainties of which the coitomo.' natty ought not to partake. After dinner, the bottles and glafTes were brought in : the chief never failed to drink hia glafs of Madeira, whenever it came to his turn, without being at all affe^led by ih When the company had dined, the boats crew took the remainder. The fame crowd of natives now paid their court to them : the Tailors were com- plaifant only to the fair fex i and giving way to their natu- ral difpofition to fenfiiality, for every piece of pork required the performance of an indecent denudation. After the bottle had been fome time enjoyed, the company rofe up, on which feveral of the common people rufiied in to pick up the crumbs that had fallen, and for which they fearched the leaves very narrowly ^ from whence it may be inferred^ that though there is plenty of pork iiv thefe iflands, yet little falls to their jQiare. Some of the gentlemen of the (hips, were pre- sent when' thefe two pigs were killed and dreiTed ; they ob» icrvcd the chief, who a6ted as butcher,, to divide the en- ^trails, lard, Sec, into ten or twelve equal parts, and ferve it out to different people. Several of the lower ciafs of natives alfo condantly attended the ihips, and ailided the butchers for the fake of the entrails of the hogs that were -^ ' \ killed^ SOCIETY ISLANDS. 165 ItiTlecl. Thefe iflandets, indeed, are in general exceedingly- careful of every kind of providon, and wafte nfi'thlng; that can be eaten **. They kill thcfr Hogs by fuffbcfefi'ng them as at 0-TMut, ^■'M .h h'iiUitit^ti :K>n aiow tnn .umiixd After this public dinner, to complete the entertainment of the day, Orea gave orders for another beiva, and JTome of the gentlemen were admitted behind the fcenes, to fee thi ladies dreHing for the performance. Here they titet with ono of the prettied women of the country ; her colour refemi^led that of white wax a little fuUied, wit.iout having the leaft appearance 6f ficknefs, which that hue commonly has: her fine black eyes and hair contrafted fo well with her com- |>lisxion, that (he was admired by all prefent. She received at firila number of prefents, which were fo many a(^s of ho-i> mage paid to the fhrine of beauty; but thefe, inflead of contenting her, ferved only to increaf-' her folicitude for more : one of the gentlemen happened to have a little pad- lock in his hand, which (he no fooner faw, than (he covet- ed : for feme time he refufed to part with it, but at length confenting, locked it in her ear, a(ruring her it was a proper ornament for that part : for fome time (he liked the appen- xlage, but its weight prefently incumbering her, fhe defired "ko be relieved from her ponderous novelty ; but the giver, as a punifhment for her rapacioufnefs, threw away the key, letting her know, at the fame time, that he had made her the prefent at her own earned: dcfire, and fhe muft now be content to wear it : (he was difcoafolate at thi? information, and weeping bitterly, applied to every one prefent to open the padlock, but all in vain, no one was pofic(rcd of the means of doing it : (he then applied to the chief, who, to- gether with his wife, fon and daughter^ prayed for a releafc '. ».»■ ■■( «-■'•»» -wJ I I inCeokl. 175> 176. Forfter I. 405, 4c4* h ] .'i?r: M 3 of x66 NtW DISCOVERIES &t. of thb {>oor girl's car: ihejr offered cloth, perfume-woaf, and hogs, but incflFe^ually, until after a confiderable time a key was found to anfwrer the purpofe, which filenced the fufftrer's lamentations, and ceflored tranquility to the com- pany ".■' -^ ■ ■' ■ .-^ :;; ..._.L^-: -.-v.... -^u: j.i ^ ,,u>;:;.i^,i .,;; ■Their vcneraficvi for certain kinds of birds is evident from the folio .ving circumftance. Some of the gentlemen, on a fhooting party, happened to kill feveral king-fifliers ; whilfl on this excurfion, and juft as they had brought down one of thofe birds, they met Orea and his family walking with captain Cook ; the chief took no notice of the bird, but his fair daughter lamented the death of her eatooa ; her mother, and inoft of the women, Teemed alfo grieved at its fate ; and on ftepping into the boat, Orea himfelf defired them, with a very ferious air, not to kill the king-fi(hers and the herons, alining them, at the fame time, the liberty of killing any other forts of birds ^'t ,, , ,;;,,;;, -. V - . ' ■■ \'^r;^! <.,:/'; .::7^')i '/!. , ■■ •. ., ■• • • • ■■'■'. :: <■':■; : ^ '* In this ifland they cultivate great quantities of the root called ava ava, with which they make their intoxicating liquor p. This is no other than the pepper plant. It feems, however, that drunkennefs here is punifhed like all ether exccfTcs, with difeafes ; the old men who make a practice of hard drinking are lean, and covered with a fcaly or fcabby Ikin, have red eyes, and red blotches on all parts of their body : they acknowledge thofe evils to arife from intemperance, and perhaps thofe leprous diforders that fome were feen to be affli(5led with at 0-Taheitee, are produced by taking large potions of this aduflive liquor V * Forfterl. 409. fl Forfter I. 407. 'I1 07 ♦, • Foffter I. '354. "r^-^fv Cook I. 187. .> V, ;• Here S,0 AI ELT y I S^ LA n,D SL 167, Here was feen a young man who meafurtd: fix kfit four- inches, and (ix-tenths ; and hi $ After, younger than he,, ineafured five feet ten inches and an half ^ A chiefs named Jiena, who was a native of Bclabala, came on board the Refolution j he had confiderable poiTeffions here i for O'Poonee, the king of Bolabola, having conquered this ifland, the warriort who had ferved under, him had receiyed large di(lri<5ls of land in the conquered countries, in rieward for their fervices. This chief was the moil corpulent. man feen in any of the South-Sea iilands : round his waift he meafured no lefs than fifty-four inches, and one of his thighs was thirty-one inches and three quarter^i in girth ; his hair was likewife remarkable, for it hung down in long black, wavey treflTes to the fmall of his back, and in fuch quantity that it increafed the apparent bulk of his head confiderably» , The natives parted from the fliips with the livelieft ex- preffions of grief j and, fays Mr. Forfter, " fliedding floods of tears, reproached fome of us with a want of fenfibility.'* ** Oiir civilized education,** continues he, ** in general, tends to flifle the emotions of the heart j for as we are too often taught to be afhamed of them, we unhappily conquer them by cuftom j on the contrary, the fimple child of na- tOre who inhabits thefe iflands, gives free fcope to all his feelings, and glories in his aiFeclion towards the fellow- creature '.** Orou*s Jaft requeft to captain Cook was, that he vtroulcf return j when he faw that he could not obtain a promife of that, he afked the name of his moraiy or burying-place. It is the cuftom at thefe iflands for all the great families to have burial-places of their own, where their remains, arc rv^}^ ' Cook I. 372, * Vol. I, 417, M 4 'J.'T,' -interred i *■» t69 NCW DlSCOVB!rii:s, Sb. interretf $ tHcfe g6>M^kh t^0>dkzte to the' next heir/ as has htth sAttidftthl^^ tkt 0¥TahiiM: mhzt greater proof cduld thfcfe >e6j>W giVe of their afTddion to their Englifli friends, than their wifliing to remember them even beyond the period of their lives ? They had been repeatedly told that they (hould fee them no more j they then wanted to know where thcjr were to mingle with their parent duft'. '''lift'thc corner of a houfe on this ifland were fecn four wooderi images, each two feet lon^, ftanding on a Ihelf, haying a piece of cloth round their middle, and a kind of turi»n on their heads, in which were ftuck ^ong codk's leathers : one that was in the houfe told tKem, thit they were Eatua note toutou^ " God^ of the f>.ryahtS'or flaves." Bu^ captain Cook, who relates this, doubts if the inftancc be filfficient ground for concluding, that they pay divine worlBip to fuch, and that the fervants are not allowed to 'Wrfhip the fame Gods with thofe of higher rank, as no fuch" very extraordinary diftindion was ever related by ^w/»7tf, from whom the fulleft intelligence on thefe points was obtained, and as thefe were the Hrft wooden Gods that had been feen in any of the iflznds, it is mofl probable that they were mifinformed in this particular ", . '; " -I. h ^<;r!<,,, t./; 'The inhabitants of Huahine and UUetea^ are faid to 'WorjQiiip the rainbow^. The prieft, or keivai is clothed in a Ifeathered garment, ornamented with round pieces of niother-of-pearl, and a very high cap on his head, jnade of cane or bamboo, the front of which is feather- work } the edges befet with quills ftripped of the plumage : he lias alfo a fort of breaft-plate, of a femicircular fliape, made of a kind of wicker-work, on which they weave their * Ccokl. 374. u Cock I. 371. * PaikiBfon 70. plaiitcd S^O CI E T Y I Sh:A KrO S. i^ l^r'^^cd twine in a variety of figures ) over r which tl)«.y ;j^ feathers of a green pigeon in rpvv's, and between pn,,with Hery eyes, and devour thofe who happen to apprpi^ch their coall \ which opinion, probably, gave rife to Oroo*s iiory, as related in page 175.,,, „.„ , „ ^^.^^.^ ,;lm,i m >.>i\u\'.- Xhcpricfts in thefe iflands continue, in office during their life,, and the dignity is hereditary. The high-prieft of each ifland Is always an aree^ who has the higheft rank next to the Icing. They are confulted upon many important occa- sions $ partake largely of the good things of the country, and, in (hort, have found means to make themfelves necef- lary. Befides the priefts there are alfo, in every diftrii^, one or two teachers, or tata-o-rerro, who are fkilled in the-, ogpny and cofmogony, and inflrud the people in thefe tliifigs; they are, indeed, the repofitories of almoft all the fcience that belongs to the country, fuch as aftronomy, the div^fion of time, and the art of navigation. The art of heal- ing, however, Mr. Forftcr thinks, is fiudied by another fet of nwn, who, notwithftanding, have the name of tahowa giweirto them in common with the priefts. Their principal remedies are drawn from plants, and their treatment of di(X «fc& id very fimple". ^■*U-'lcj I'L ■• ; .1 . ■■■; '>rf! Ul£ J.O^n. SECT. II. f/'^Oyi^vknwit, and the Keji cf the Society- IHands. THK n^ttne given to this ifland fignifies, in the langua^je ct" the couutrv, a wife ^. It lies north-weft of O-Ta- Icitcey m latitude i6deg. 43min. fouth j longitude 150 deg. 52min. weft j it is feven Icngiies fouth-weftof Raieteoy and khout feven or eight leagues in compafs. Its furface is ?!) "^ FoiOer I. 14 9. i_; V Putkinfou O9, hilly »• SOCIETY ISLANDS. I7» (iHIy and uneven, and it has a fafe and commodious harbour. It was firft difcovcred by captain Cook, l6th July, 1769". It is divided by a deep inlet into two peninfulaa, conne^ed ' by an ifthmus, which, is entirely overflowed at high water. Its hills are notfo high as thofe at O'Taheitee j they, however, have the fame appearances from whence to form aconclufion that the country has, at fome period or other, been the feat of a volcano : the funamit of one of them had much the appear-? ance of a crater, and a blackifh fpongy earth was feen on one of its fides, which feenied to be lava », and the rocks and clay every where appeared to have been more' burnt than thofe at O'Tabeitee ". The level part of the country abounds with bread-fruit and cocoa-nut trees ; the produfbions of this ifland are forwarder than thofe at O-Tahitee, When the Refolution arrived here in 1773, it was very early ia ' September, when all the bread-fruit trees had young fruit, the fizeof fmall apples, which the natives faid would not be ripe in lefs than four months. Mr, Banks found here not more than eleven or twelve new plants, but he obferved fome infedts, and a fpecies of fcorpion, which he had not feen before *=. The mountains here, as well as in all the Society- Iflands, continually attradl the vapours from the atmofphere, and many rivulets defcend from the broken rocics into the plain, fo that they are fupplied with plenty of water, which contributes both to the comfort and the health of the natives "*. Their cloth-tree is planted very neatly, and cultivated with great care, having drains made through the beds of earth to draw ofl' the water, and the fides neatly built up with ftonesj and in the drains they plant the arum^ which yields the yam they call tato '. Their ■ •• - , i-v 1- '. •'■■■•' \ • ■: ■• ;: t. .. tbv/ .iij.ij \ ;- ' Hawkefw. 11. 154. ^ Forfter, I. 371. ' Hawkefw. II. 254. ^ I-orfter, I, 474, 475. p * Hawkefw. II. 25:5. e Parkinfon, 69. birds. 1 1 ». • tft NlW DISCOVERIES, kt^ Wrdt^'^ih gertenl^ «e of the f^me fpccies aithofe at Q-Ta^ ^lltfl^ >befideft which wasfeen here^ blue whtte-bcllied king^ iifliidV' ^n exprefTed any tokens of difapprobation after the biM«! were (hot*. .«--■<' f^ -\' -(;;,> ^^;r. ' ^i-.e^^'Pah'':'^.-^ ^.r> tr^.Wlh -S?^!^^ ^ -'fX'::^.- ... ...- ,. ' -•:; -.'■ ,. .. \ .-' ?•, r?^'• .i-.r,,-. ' Th^ natives of Hnahine are not of fuch dark coiApkxiohs as l^fe at 0-Taheitee^ and the women are in general as Kandffome, and nearly of the fame colour as Europeans. Th^ rpeak the fame language, and wear the fame kind of doth, made of bark^. Their condud was bolder, and more unconcerned, than that of the Tabeittans ; and jiteither the exploiion^ nor efFe£t of fowling-pieces, iiruck them with fear and aftonifhment, as it did the other iflanders : " This difFerence," fays Mr. Forfter, *' was cuitalnly owing tp the various treatment which the inhabi- tants «»f the different iflands had niet with from their £uro- pes^i- viiitants" ^. One of the natives who came on board U)« i^efolution had a monftrous rupture, or hernia, which, howmrer, did not feem to encumber him niuch, as be mounted theiideof the 0iip with great agility », The inhabitants mix tbe cocoa-nuts with yams, and make a food which they ciiil.poti baviiig fcraped both very fine, and mixed them to- ge()>er» tjhey put the whole into a kind of wooden trough, yritb a number of hot ftones, by which an oily kind of baAy pudding is produced, which, when fried, taftes very /■Vol. I. page 37S, See ])sge i6i. i Fouler, lb. '»':'-*'»r^m; 1.37s. pleafantly. M<. •■■f^''-^^ .Ah $ O C I E T Y IS t A N D $.>: 175 pltafantly« They arc a. (lout, btge»iDa4e,|KQpl«^ fotpCDoff the talleft are fix f«e| three inches^ aad.iq»wa< much, that they could not forbear expreffing their dillike of it; but the woman only fmiled at.then», and faid^ ^hat^ £i»iFsred little pigs to do the fame : it appeared afterufATcU that thi» woman had loft her child *"• Their. mano<^,;9^: Slewing fefpedk is like that practiced at 0->Tab^it*4t hy ^KH^r ping to thp, waift,; the hofpitality of thefe iHandei^ is^nqf; c^qually celebrated as th^vt of their O-Takeitiaa aei^UoMSSg as the cuftom of reciprQcal prefents is almo£k eajtii;ely i|ji^ known among them „. .; : ^, ,.,..,^,5:^1 :ii:,,:^^ Tlielr boat-houfes here are larger than fn the ^ethwf ifland ; one of them meafured fifty paces long, ten br6jkl,'att4 twenty-four feet high, forming a pointed arcH fomewhae like an old cathedral. Upon the pofls which fupporttid-thi^ ihed, were rudely carved the heads of men, and feveraY flit<>> ciful dcvifes. When the Endeavour was leaving this ifl^nd^ captain Cook gave the king a finall plate of pewtie'^^ -oif which Ivas infcribed, «* His Britannic Majtfifsfliif Bi^ deavour, lieutenant Cook^ Commandefy lith Jt^y ty6^ Hu AMINE.** He gave him al'fo fome medah^ otcoiittttt^ ^ Hawkefw. II, 254,. i Vol. I. 378. " Forfter, I. lb, ■» Forfter, 1.^381. ,, , . "": ' ^^' '^^ . 'V - refcmbling 11 474 N'E W DISCOVERIES, &c. refembling die (x>in of England, ftruck in the year 176 r, «« ciAimonicir of hating fir ft difcovfered the ifland ". ^*'Thty bartered 'very fairly for beads and nails, giving* (ttftks of a beautiful prumage," bat feldom brought hens to rrtkkfer. They were faid to differ very widely in one thing from their neighbour's, v'kb. that they are not addiftcd to ffe'al i at leaft they generally entertain a notion of honour, and rdadily give up any individual found guilty of theft, to be puniihed for his crime p. No lefs than three hundred hogs were procured for both Ihipsat this ifland in 1773, be- fidcs fowls and fruit. As .bon as the (hip arrived, a bo4t put' off for the fhore j before any one landed out of her, the natives brought on board her five young plantain trees fepa- rately, which are their emblems of peace ; three young pigs, with their heads ornamented with cocoa-nut fibres, accompanied the firft three, and a dog the fourth ; each plantain-bough had its particular name, and purpofe but rathcr'too myfterious to be underftood. With the laft the chief fent the infcription that had been left by captain Cook in the Endeavour, together with the other prefents that had been put into a bag, and had been carefully kept therein. The natives then defired their vifitors to decorate three young plantain trees with looking-glaffes, nails, medals, beads, &c. which being done, they landed with them in their hands, and were conduced towards the chief through the multitude, who made a line for them j they were de- fired to fit down a (ew paces ftiort of the chief ; the plan- tains were then taken from them, and one by one laid before him, in the fame manner as had been before done to the captain and his attendants. This chief, whofe name was Oree^ when firft vifitcd by captain Cook in 1769, propofed * Hawkcfw. II. 253. \,vn: 'K.". P Hawkcfw. II. 255. to t»i SOCIETY ISLAND^. 17s to exchange names with him, which was readily afientcd to, and he was Cookee^ for fo he pronounced it, and captain Cook was Oree for the reft of the time they were together''. In May 1774, captain Coolc made this ifland a third viftt, and when he was about to depart, the good old chief was the laft man that went out of the fhip. At parting, the captain told him, they (hould fee each other no more, at which he wept, and faid, ** Let your fons come, we will ' treat them well '." This old chief appeared to have be- come much more indolent on their laft vifit, and his intel- le(fls feemed to have been confiderably impaired. His eyes were become red and enflamed, and his whole body was lean and fcaly. It was not difficult to account for this fchange, as he was then much add idled to the intoxicating pepper draught, of which he drank great quantities prepared ex- ceffively ftrong. Mahine had the honour of drinking witli him for feveral nights together, and received fuch a ihare of his naufeous beverage, that he commonly awoke the next morning with a violent head-ach. This old chief dined with captain Cook on board the ihip, and drank about a bottle of Madeira to his own fhare after dinner, without appear- ing in the leaft intoxicated. He was, on that occafion, ex- tremelji^ facetious, and converled chiefly of the countri^ which they had vifitcd, of which he had received an account from his countryman Mahine. After being fatisfied in many particulars, he faid, that though they had feen a great deal, he would tell them of an ifl ind which they had not met with in their voyages. " It lies," faid he, " but a few days fail from hence, but it is inhabited by a monftrous race of giants, as tail as the main-maft, and as thick about thje middle as the drum-head of the capfton : they are very good-jiatured people, but if they are ever incenfed againft ^ny body, they take him up, and throw him as far into the fea ^ Hawk:-Av. II. 251. t Cooky I. 362. as tji NEW DISCOVERIES, &e. 91 I would throw a ilone. If you ibould happen to come there with your flftip> they would perhaps wade up to it and Ctf ry it aflu>re on their backs." He added feveral oiher lu- dicrous circumftanccs, and concluded with telling them the nant of the ifland, Mirra-mirro, in order to give greater weight to his aflertion. It appeared evidently, that his whole ftory was a fine piece of irony, directed againft thofe parts of their narrative which he did not believe, and of which he could have no conception '. But it may poftbly be founded on a fuperiHitious notion prevalent here ^ ■•(•I. Some of the gentlemen were prefent at a dramatic enter- tainment on this ifland : the piece reprefented a girl run- ning away from her parents, and feemed to be levelled at the female paiTenger whom they had brought from O-Ta- beitet^y who happened to be prefent at the re pre fen ration. It had fuch an impreHion upon the girl, that the gentlemen could fcarce perfuadc her to fee the piece out, or to refrain from tears whilft it was advting. It concluded with the re- ception fhe was fuppofed to meet with from her friends at her return, which was made out to be not a very favour- able one. Thefe people introduce extempore pieces on oc- cafion, and it is moft probable that this was meant as a fatire upon the girl, and to difcourage others from aiSting in the far\ie manner v. Otaha has nothing to didinguifh it from the other iHands. It is not populous. The natives received the boat that landed on this coaft in the moft courteous manner, and were particularly attentive to pay Mr. Banks and doctor Solander, who went in her, the fame com- pliments that they paid to their kings, ancoivering their ihoulders, and wrapping their garments round their breafts. ^ Forfterir. n8. 139, i^Ct V Cjok I. 336* * Sec page 169, i7o» See pajff 144. This «>i F R I £ N D L Y ISLANDS. 177 This ifland lies within about two miles of Ulhteoi both iflands are .inclofed in one reef of coral rocks, fo chat there is no paffage for (hipping between them t, f' -*' '"i "t"^; BoLABOLA lies north-weft and by weft from Otaha, dif- tance about, four leagues ; it is furrounded by a reef of roclcs and fcveral fmall iflands, in compafs . together about eight leagues. It is made up of one high forlced peak of land, with feven low iflands round it". ; v,. , ^.m^ ,•,.,,,;,; :.: v Tubal This ifland prodiices nothing but cocoa-nuts, and is faid to be inhabited only by three families. The coaft abounds with fifli, which occaficns the fhore to be fre- quently viflted by the natives of the neighbouring iflands r. ' Maurua, a fmall ifland entirely furrounded with a reef of rocks, and without any harbour for ihipping. It is in- habited, and its productions are the fame as are common to all the neighbouring iflands ; a high round hill riles in th^ middle of it, which may be feen at the diftance of ten leagues^, e. .., - ; j< ,:, ,. CHAP. VI. -Of the Friendly Islands, called by Tafman, Mid- DLEBURG, Amsterdam, Rotterdam, and Pvl- start, including alfo many others which were feen hut not vijited by Captain Qook, '" V . THESE iflands, which amount to more than twenty, together with a number of fand banks and breakers, compofe a group containing about three degrees of latitude, t Hawkerwortb II. 270. »« Parksnfoo yi. v Hawkefworthtll. *6o. w Hawkefworth II. a6x. ^ r ' „ N and » » i7t NEW DISCOYERIES, &c. and iwo of Umgmtdc. They receiired thi* general name on aecOMnt «f th« Sum alliance and friend (hip which feemed to fubfifl among the iahahltants, aad fnm their coucteous bthaviour to ilrangers. iLf^a t:.i;;. .;• • S E C T. I. * a ■ -j 0/* M I D O JL I > I R O. .•?:;; • r;"f.Of>, V'-''-""^ "'''f- _^ . ^ .....■,, ftif (sr ic » T l>ji>/f tJiis'!';:: »-:j va m'.!i: npHIS iffand was firft difcQvcred by Taftnaor a Dutch •*• navigatQr, in January 174^-3; it ui called by the natives En-0(f-whe: it is about ilxteen miles from pprth to fbuth, and in the wided part about eight miles from eaft. t» weft. Th« ikirts of this iftand are chiefly laid ou^ in platv> tations, the fouth-weft and north-weft fides efpeciaiiy. The interior parts are but little cultivated, though very capable of it, but this negleft adds greatly to the beauty of the iftand', for here are agreeably difperfed groves of cocoa-nuts and other trees, lawns covered with thick grafs, here and there plantations and paths leading to every part of the ifland, in fuch beautiful diforder, as greatly to enliven the profpefl ". The hills arc low j the air is delightful j but unfortunately, water is the only bleffing denied to this chaf,ming^ fpot '., Yams, with other roots, bananas anid bi;ead-fruit» ar< the* principal articles of food, but the latter appeared to be fcarce. Here is. the pepper-ti«e» or avA-anifi^ with which they make an intoxicating liquor, in the faqic difgufting manner as is prafbifed in the Society Iflands '• Here are feveral, odoriferous trees and (hrubs, particularly a fpecies of the lemon tribe j and the botanical- gentlemei> met with various new fpecies of plaats.^ Here i» the eafu^. i!f CmIb I. an. y FsrAtx 1. 4«3i 4411 /^i, * ^ec page 4r. {»-i0 « «. ime on feemed acteou» ill ;i«;l." ;n -•'•• I Dutch by the [[tqrth to n eail t» in plaiv- iiy. The ^ capable ty of the )Coa-nuv;8 here and t of the iven the ul i but to this iana& and the latter avA-asifit the faiji* llflands '. ticularly ^entlemcrv the cafu" PRIBKDLY ISLANDS. 17^ aria or dab^wood^ which, as In the Society Iflafids^ fo here, pcnnts out the repofitories of theif dead ; atlb the fhftd'i dock and fome other trees. Here are a few bogs in^ fowls ^, - Here are no towns or villages ; mod of the hoafes are built in plantations, which are laid out in different parts, with no other order than what convenience requires. They are r>eatly conilruded, but are Icfs roomy and convenient than thofe in the Society lUes : the materials are the fame here as there, and fome little variation in the framing is all the difference hi their conftrucflioti. The floors are a little ^ifed, artd covered with thick ftrong mats. The fame fort . 6f matting f%r\"es to enclofe them on the Windward fide, th^ WHers beirtg o^n. They have little areas befote rtitfft of fhem, wflich artf planted rdand with trees or ornamchtal flirubs, Whofe fragrance perfumes the air. Their hotffhold furmtare cdnfifts 6f a few wooden platters, cocoa-nut fhrffs, and pillows made of wood, and fhapcd like fdur-footed ftools or forms : their cotntoon cloacthing, with the addition of a mat, ferves them for bedviing ^, J > (»♦' :.x:, ■ I'. : >. The natives are of a clear ni:^gany 0^ chefnat browriy with black hair, ill fbort frrazled ctnrlsy which iibems to be -bvrnt at the tips ; their beards are cut 01^ fhavenr The ge<^ nefal ftature of the men is equal: to our middle fize, h^iH five {eet three to five feet ton inofaes ; the proportions of the htAy ard very fiiie^ and the etniiuri ef the Ihnbs extremely okganty thottgh fomething more mufouJar than- at O-TsH heitee,! which may be owing to a-greater and mord conftmt oxertieA of flfrength in thdr agricuhmre and doiheftic oeco^ nqfifiy. Their featurea are extremely mild and pleafing^ ami Mge 4T. a Cook I. i93» 194. Forfter I. 430, 43!} 443. ^ Cook I. 2x4. -^ diflfer ^^n0 'i.: ^r;, » > ^ I «to NEW DISCO VER.IES, &c. differ from the 0-Tahiitian faces in being more oblong that} round, the nofe (harper, and the lips rather thinner. Th* wonienare, in* general, a few inches fhorter than the men} but not (o fmall as the lower cluis of women at the Society- Iflands; their body is u^ exquifitely proportioned to the v^aift, and their hands and arms are to the full as delicate^ but like them they have fuch large feet and legs, as do not harmonize with the red : their features, though irregular, are agreeable. That difference of colour and corpulence by which the various ranks in focicty are diftinguiflied at O-Taheiteet is not to be met with in this ifland. The prac- tice of puncturing the fkin, and blacking it, which is called tattowingt >s in full force among the men here, for their belly and loins are yery ftrongly marked in configurations, more compounded than thofe at 0-Taheitee. The tendered parts of the body were not free from tbefe pun£lures, the applica- tion of which befides being very painful, muft be extremely dangerous on glandulous extremities. v < -. ^rMM.nT .; ^^ P*^^ pandit fpi£laculacorda^, '• •/ The men, in general, go almoft naked, having only a fmal) piece of cloth round the loins, but fome wrap it in great abundance round them from their waifl : this cloth fs i^u- nufadiured much like that zt O-Taheitetf biit overfpread with a ftrong.gluf, which makes it ftiff, and fit to refift the wet**. The vyomen are likewife covered from the waifl downwards: they often have loofe necklaces, confifting of feveral ftrings of fmall iheUs, feeds, teeth of fiflies, and in the middle of al!, the round operculum^ or cover of a (hell as large as a crown piece. - The men frequently wear a ftring round theirnecks, from which a mother-of-pearl ihell hangs down on the breaiL^ both the ears of the women were perforated with M -'.tc c H«r. Sat. lib. II. 9at« ». lin. i4. * Forfter I. 4x4. 43 j. two • * FRIENDLY ISLANDS. z)n two holes, and a cylinder cut out of tortoife-fliell, or bone, was (luck throuj^h both the holes. The moft remarkable circumftance obferved of this people was, that moft of them wanted the little finger on one, and fometimes on both hands : the difference of fex or age did not. exempt them from this amputation, for even among the few children that were fcen running about naked, the greater part had already fuiFered fuch lofs *. This circumflance was obferved by 'jCafman ^ Another fingularity which was obferved to be very general among thefe people was, a round fpot on each check-bone, which appeared to have been burnt or blifiered> On fome it feemed ti have been recently made, on others it was covered with fcurf, and many had only a flight mark of its former exiflence : how, or for what purpofe it was made, coul4 not be leari)t« The women here, in general^ were referved, and turned, with difguft, from the immodeft beha- viour of ungovernable feamen : there were not^ however, wanting, fomc who appeared to be of eafy virtue, and in- vited their lovers With lafcivious geflures'. The language fpoken here is foft, and not unple^fing, and whatever they faid was fpoken in a kind of Tinging tone. O-Mai and Ma^ hincy who were both palfengers on board the (hip, at firft declared that the language was totally new, and unintelli.. gible to them ; however, the affinity of feveral words being pointed out, they foon caught the peculiar modification of |(his diale£(, and converfed much better with the natives than any on bcird the (hips could have done, after a long inier- courfe**. They have the neateft ornaments imaginable, confifting of a number of little flat (licks, about five inches long, of a jrellow wood like box, firmly and elegantly con- nected together at the bottom, by a tifTue of the fibres of « Forfter I. 435. , r«iUr I. 4^5, 444. f P^lrymplell. 76. N 3 6 Fofier I. 444. cocoa- » I Ili NEW DISCOVERIES, &c. cocoa'nut, fome of which were 0/ their na,tural colour, and Others died black ; the fame fibres were likcwife ufed in the making of baflcets, the tafte of which was highly elegant, and varied into different forms and patterns. Befides the little ftools which ferve as pillows for the head, they have bowls in which they place their meat, and fpatulas in which they mix up their bread-fruit pafte. Their clubs are of a ^reat variety of fhapes, and many of them fo ponderous as icztce to be managed with one hand. The moft common form was quadrangular, fo as to make a rhomboid at the broad end, and gradually tapering into a round handle at tne •other. Far the greater part were curved all over in many chequered patterns, which feemed to have required a long /pace of time, and incredible patience, to work up ; as a fliarp ftone, or a piece of coral, are the only tools made ufe ■cf: the whole furface of the plain clubs was as highly po- .}iihed as if an European workman had made them with the bcft inftruments. Befides clubs, they have fpcars of the fame wood, which were fometimes plain Iharp-pointed flicks, fifid fometimes barbed with a Iting-ray's tail. They have likewife bows and arrows of a peculiar conftru£lion : the bow, which is fix feet long, is about the thicknefs of a little finger, and when flack forms a flight curve j its convex part is channelled with a fingle deep groove, in vvhich the bow- ilring is lodged. The arrow is made of reed, near fix feet long, and pointed with hard wood : when the bow is to be bent, infl^ead of drawing it fo as to increafe the natural cur- vature, they draw it the contrary w^ay, make it perfediy ftraight, and then form the curve on the other fide *. Moft ©f their eanoes have out-riggers, made of poles, and their workmanfhip is very admirable; two of thefe canoes are joined together with a furprizing exa£lnefs, and the whole Forfter I. 437, 438. furface t « F R I E N D^ L y 1 Sh A N ,B S. 183 ftirface recfcives k very curious polifh. Their paddles have (hort broad blades, foifjcthing llkfe thofe at O'Taheitee^ but more neatly wrought, and of better wood ^» ' ^:: :• ; . iThty'keep their dead' above ground, after thfe manner 'dT the Society Ifiands ; as a corpfe was feen depofited on a lovf hut. .. ' ^ Captain Cook came to an anchor on the weft-north-weft fide 6f this ifland ; two canoes, with two or three men ill each, cdme alongfide of the (hip, without any appearance of fear ; one of the natives came on board the Refolut'um without hefitation ; he prefented a root of the pepper-tree, or intoxicating plant ; and touched the nofcs of the officers with hl&own, in token of friendfhip, and then fat down on the deck^ without fpeaking a word. Th6 captain prefented him with a nail, which, on receiving, he held over his jhead, and pror>ounced the word fagafe'tali {or faga/atiei for the different hiftorians write it differently.) This was nioft probably meant as an expreflion of his thankfulnefs. The next day canoes in great numbers came about the fhips; the natives threw great bales of cloth into them, without aiking for any thing in return. In fliort, they feemed to be • more defirous to give than receive, for many who had thus thrown in whole bales of cloth, retired without fo much as waiting for afiy prefent. Among thofe who came on board the Refolutioh, Was i chief named Tioony^ whom captain Cook prefented With a hatchet, fpike nails, and feveral other articles, with which he Was highly pleafed. On land- ing, this chief condufted the gentlemen to his houfe, which was nioft delightfully fituated about three hundred yards from thie fea^ at t)ie head of a tine lawn, and under the ihade face ^ forfter, 425, N4 o( > I ^-v i84 Nj;\5r .DISCOVERIES, &c, of ibmc (haddock trees :. the iohabiunts feemo} of a more a£live and induftriomsdirpofition than thofe of the other iflands; and inftead of following their vifitqrs in great crowds, left them entirely to themfelves, unlefs importuned to accompany them. Wherever they went they were re- ceived with carefTes by old and young, men and women j who hugged them very heartily, and frequently kifled their hands, laying them on their breafts with the moft expreffive looks of afle<5lion that can be imagined. The difcharge of guns, and their eff^dl, neither excited their admiration nor theii" fear, which plainly proves, that the civility they fhewed arofe from a natural fuavity of temper, not from a motive of conciliating the favour of their guefts bec^ufa they knew them to be able to deftroy them, Thefe peoplo were alfo proof againft any temptation to theft, except from the fight of nails J on thefc they fat fu high a value, that they would endeavour to poiTefs them at any rate '. A great number of both fexes were continually fwimming about the fliip perfetStly naked, holding up rings of tortoife-fhell, fifli- hooks of mother-of-pearl, and fucn like for fale. When fome of the gentlemen went on fhore in a boat, the people thronged about them with every expreflion of friendfljip, Thefe iflanders had never before feen Europeans among them J and could only have heard of Tafman, who vifited th : adjacent ifland of Amflerdam more than a century be-» fore, by \mperk6i tradition j nothing was therefore more confpicuous in their whole deportment, than an open gene- rous difpofition, free from any mean didfuft, and the na^ tural efFufion of the heart "*. The natives very freely of- fered their backs to carry every one from the boat to the fljore", * Forfter I. 4|t, 43:, 443. p Forilei J. 42 &• ,;i r 'J ' i.\ /.\", "^ Forfter I. 427. Cook I. 192. ■/:j' At < ( F R I E 1^ D L Y r S L A K t> S. 1^5 At the houfc of Tleony, juft mentioned, they were we^- comed with a fong fung by two or three women, which, though exceeding fimple, had a very pleafing efFe£l, and was highly mufical when compared to the Taheitian fongs. They beat time tothefe fongs by fnapping the fecond finger and thumb, &nd holding the three remaining fingers upright. Their voices we're very fweet and mellow, aiid they fung in parts i when thefe had done, they were relieved by others, who'fung the fame tune, and at laft they joined together in chorus, r: "^ ; : * " •' M. o\ ^r,:h * Notwithftanding the engaging manners of the natives, refrefhments could not be obtained here in any great quan- tity, which occafioned the fhips to ftay but a (hort time. On leaving the ifland captain Cook prefented the chief with various articles ; amongft the reft an aHbrtment of garden- feeds was given him. The chief received the intimation of their departure with great tranquility, and accompanied their boat, in his canoe, till they arrived at tlie (hips ^. ,:r,[i'^ : >!.,. Here were feen feveral men and women affli£le(i with le- prous difeafes, in fome of whom the diforder had rifen to a high degree of virulence ; one man in particular had his back and Ihoulders covered with a large cancerous ulcer, which was perfedlly livid within, and of a bright yellow all round the edges. A woman was likewife unfortunate enough to have her face deftroyed by it in the moft (hocking manner; there was only a hole left in the place of her nofe ; her check was fwelled up, and continually oozing out a purulent mat- ter } and her eyes feemed ready to fall out of her head, being J)loody and fore : though thefe were fome of the moft mife- rable objet^s that could pofTibly be feen, yet they fipemed to • Cook I. i9<. be • I ^ NfEW DISCOVERIES, &g. he quiu unconcerned about their misfortunes, and traded as j^iflclv as iny of ihe reft '• 'ort '•■*';■; If; j-j -p i<^ :. m-iyv.., /..■(■!>< U>;i:>,.t »'io i.-i^.^ > 5 E C T. II,"" ^^*'" ''!•'•" Cy* AmsteRPAM, ffl//^rf iy the Natives T OK GOT AUU. a /] All l(p (1 1 , <,i • Vi i / THE grvateft extent of this ifland) from eaft to weft, i( about twenty-one miles, and from north to fouth labout thirteen. It is broad at the caft-end, and runs taper towards the weft, where it turns, and runs to a point due north. It is about fix leagues to the weft of Middkbtrrgh. Th« Aiore is furrounded by a coral rock, and its moft ele- vated parCi are not above fix or eight yards above the level of ^he fea. Latitude 21^ deg. 11 min. fouth ; longitude 17 1| weft. It is wholly laid out in plantations, in which are cultivated fome of the richeft productions of nature. ' '* Here are bread-fruit, cocoa-nut trees, plantains, bananas, {haddocks, yams, and fome other roots ; fugar-canes, and a ^ruit like a netS^arine, called by the natives fightga. On landing, the inhabitants conduced the gentlemen into a road vhich led to the country } it was about fixteen feet broad, find as level as a bowling-green : from this great road feveral imalkr ones branched out, every one of which was enclofed on both fides with neat fences made of reeds, and ftiaded from the fcorching fun by fruit-trees j fo that the company thought themfelvcs at once tranfported into the moft fertile |)Iains of Europe. There did not appear an inch of wafte ground j the roads occupied no more fpace than was abfo- lutely neceiTary ; the fences did not take up above foqr inches each, and even thefe were not wholly loft, for in many P FurAer, I. 439, 440. grew « I F R I E N D L Y ISLANDS. 1I7 grew fome ufeful trees or plants $ it was every where tlie i'ame, change of place altered not the fcene j nature, affiftcd by a little ait, no where appeared in more fplendor than on this iflani •». The feafon of fpring then revived the face of all nature, adorning every plain with bloflbtns, and infpiring with jpyful foiigs the feathered tribe, contributed to render every objedl pleafing. Water is not fo plentiful here as at the Society-tflands, but the chief pointed out a pool of freflt water unalked, to fupply the fliips with that neceflary articlei*. It feems probable that all the land of Tongotabu is private property, and that the common people are fervants, orfkives^ to the gentry, and have no property in the land. It fre- quently happened that parties of eight or ten people would bring to the landing-place fruit, and other things, to ex- change ; and one perfon, fomctimes a man, and at other times a woman, would fuperintend the fale of the whole, whofe confent was firft afked before any traffic took place, and whatever was given in exchange they received, which plainly (hewed them to be the owners of the goods'. Cafu- arinas, pandangs, and wild fago-palms, appear here with their various tints of green, and barringtonias as big as the loftiell oaks. The bread-fruit does not, however, thrive here with the fame luxuriance as at the Society-Iflands, the coral rock, which compefes the bails of this fpot^ being much more thinly covered with mould. Several new plants were found on this little ifland, :.Tiong the reft a newfpecies of jefuits bark. The only domeftic animals are fowls and hogs, the former of which are as large as any in Europe, and their flejfh equally good, if not better ; the latter are of the fame fort as at the other iflands in this Tea. There were no dogs fecn, nor any rats, but a fmall lizard was found. Xhe land birds are pigeons, turtle-doves, paroquets, parrots. q Cook, I. 201. ' Idenri; 203. 3 Cook, I. £»5< owls, I » i^ N'E W D I S C 6 V*E R I E S, Ic. owlfe, bald-coats with a blue pFumage, a variety of fmall bird'^, with large bats in abundance ; Tome of the latter that were (hot meafurcd from three to four feet between the ex- panded wings ^ On the low iflands, which lay to the noirth-eaft of a bay, called by I'afman Maria*s Bay, were lean a prodigious number of water-fnakes with flat tails, and perfcdly harmlefs". ;U' Both men and women are of the common fizc of Euro- peans, and their colour is that of a lightiHi copper ; thcvarc well (haped, have regular features, are a(5tive, brilk, and lively. They have fine eyes, and in general good teeth, even to an advanced age. The women are the merriefl: creatures imaginable, and inceffant talkers. In general they appear to be modefl, although there was no want of thofe of a different (lamp. Among the natives who fwam about the (hips very vociferoufly, were a confiderable number of women, who wantoned in the water like amphibious creatures, and were eafily perfuaded to come on board per- fc6ily naked, but none of them ventured to ftay there after funfet, but returned to the fhore to pafs the night, like the greater part of the inhabitants, under the (hade of the wild wood which lined the coaft. There they lighted great fires, and were heard converfing almoft the whole night v. A young girl, whofe long jetty hair hung down in praceful ringlets on her neck, had features more regular than com- mon j her eyes fparkled with vivacity, and her whole frame was admirably proportioned. This girl played with five gourds of the fize of fmall apples, perfedly globular j (he threw them up into the air one after another continually, and never failed to catch them all with great dexterity, * Cook, I. i}it, Forflcr, I, 459. » Foiftsr, I. 457, 45S. " Fovftcr, I. 47S. though FRIENDLY ISLANDS. '*9 though (he continued this performance at leaft for a quarter of an hour *, The hjir of both fexes, in general, is black, but efpecially that of the women -, both fexes wear it'lhtnt, except a finglc lock on the top of the head, and a fmall quantity on each fide. The men cut or fhave their beards quite clofe, which operation they perform with two flisils. The hair of many was obferved to be burnt at the ends^ and Orcwed with a white powder, which was found, on exa^" mining it, to be lime, made of (hell or coral, which had cor-' roded or burnt the hair; fome made ufe of a blue pow(^r, and others, both men and women, of ah orange-coloare^ powder made of tumeric ". Mr. Forftef afligns, as a reaibn for thcfe peopkcutting their hair (hort, the great fcarcity df water, on which account they are obliged to have recourft; to expedients, in order to preiferve a certain degree of cldui-> linef«, fo cflential both to enjoyment and health. Two ek- ceptipns were feen to this general cuftom ; one was a ra4n who appeared among the crowd, and who had long hinr tvvifted rnto feveral round bunches, which hung wilcBjr about his ears } anil the young girl already fpoken of, the daughter of a man fuppofed to be the chief prieft, and who appeared to polTefs great authority y. -- : ■•- ■. .- ■'■■> :: . ■■:■ '->, •.■• ' ■■--s3,^t^ The drefs of both fexes confifts of a piece of cloth or matting wrapped round the waift, and hanging down t>b1o# ' the knees. From the waift upwards they are generally naked, and it feems to be a cufi:om to anoint thefe pirts' every morning. The pra£lice of tattowingf or punfturing the (kin, Ukewife prevails. Tlie men are tattowed from the middle of the thigh to above the hips : the women have it. only on their arms and (ingers, and on thofe parts but very flightly. Their ornaments are amulets, necklaces and 1 t .i *' Fer(tflr^I.47}. X Forfter, I. ij,63. >'IJem,475i468r479. bracelecs, > > ff^S ■T,- 1^ NEW DISCOVERIES, fcci bra^ej^ts, the bone, HkHs, and hss^a of mochcr-ofrpfar}, to|rt9ife-ihell. Sic, which are wo|i> by men as well as women. Tbc women alfo wear on their finger» neat rings made of tprl(Oire-fhel], a.nd piecesf in their ears about the fizeof a fmall qtiill : but here ornaments are not coonmonly worn though a^l have their ears pierced. They have alio a curious apron T^n3» of the outftde feathers of the cocoa-nut AkU, and com- poTcd of a number of fmall pieces fowed 'together in fuch a manner as to form ftars, half moons, little fquares, &c. it is ftudded with beads and ihells, and covered with red fea- thers fo as to haye a pleaiing eife^if. They make the fame Icind of cloth, and of the fame materials, as at O-Takfiief, ffaough they have, not fuch a variety, nor do they make any fb fine ; but as they have a method of glazing it, it is more diurablc, and willreftft rain for fonae time, vt^hich the other q\c^ would not. Their colours are black, brown, yellow, jUi^Ie, and re4} all made from vegetables. They make VjQ^tous forts of matting, foine of a very fine texture, whfqh ift generally ufed for cloathing^ and the thick and ftroiiger fort ferves to fleep^ upon, and to make fails for their canoes, &c. Among other ufeful utenfUs, they have various forts of bafkets, fome made of the fame materials as their mats, and others of the twifted fibres of cocoa-nuts. Thefe are not only dbrable but; beauCifuly beinf^ generally compofi: J of /different colours, and ftudded with beads made of fhells or bones. They have many little nick-nacks among them, which ihew that they neither want tade to defign, nor ikill to execute whatever they take in haod. Their fifhing im- plements are much the fame as in the other idands } here was purcha&d a fifli-net made like* our cafting-nets^ knit of vtty fkta though ^ndor threads ^ ,\i . » Forflcr, I. 453. ;J-«fe; Kotwith- • ♦ FRIENDLY ISLANDS. ^x Not>viihftanding their veiy friendljr difpoittion, tbefe peo- ple have very formidable weapons, as has been already re- lated at Middleburgh, and which they here exa£\\y refem- ble } fome of their fpears have many barbs, and muft be very dangerous weapons when they take efFeft ». A large ilat (bell, or breaft-plate, was purchafed, noade of a rotmdifh bone, white and poliihed like ivory, about eighteen inchet in diameter, which ap{^eared to have belonged to 9n aoioM^ of the whale tribe ^ ... .-^ ,. ^. .,v — Ol-f** "The women frequently entertained their guefts witb fongs in 9n agreeable manner ; they always accompanied the mufic by fnapping their fingers fo as to keep^ time : only two muflcal inftruments were feen, one a targe flute of a piece of bamboow with their mouths are of equal height, os in a line. It had commonly not above four or five diffe** rent notes, and no one was met with which included a who}e o£lave. They have alfo a- drum made out of one iog of wood, hollowed, between five and fix feet long, an » 91 NEW DISCOVERIES, &c. other, about three inches wide, by means of which it is hol- lowed. They beat on the fttle of this log with two drum- flicics, and produce a hollow found not quite fo mufical as >\ ^i 7 >«» p -^ '--.'"tnij, •:';" I 194 NEW DISCOVERIES, &c. their exchanges with the Englifh : whatever was given them for their goods was condantly applied to the head, in the fame manner as if it had been a prefent. Sometimes they would look at their goods offered, which, if they did not ap- prove, they would return ; but whenever they applied them to the head, the bargain was ftruck. When captain Cook made a prefent to a chief of any thing curious, it was fre- quently handed from one to another, and every one into whofe hands it came put it to his head. Very often the women would take hold of captain Cook's hand, kifs it, and lift it to their heads, from whence it fliould feem that thi» cuftom, which is c:i\\edfagafaiie, has various fignifications as it is applied, all however complimentary*'. The amputa- ting the little finger, as well as the cuftom above defcribed^ has been taken notice of already, in the account of the neighbouring ifland of Middlcburg : here alfo the greater number of men and women have loft one or both of their litile fingers : it is neither peculiar to rank, age, or fex, for except fome young children, few were found with both their hands perfeft. Mr. Forfter is of opinion that it is praflifed on children upon the death of their parents ^ j and the information he received from a native who fhevyed him a burying-place ftrcngilicns that opinion, as will be related prefently: notwithilanding which Mr. Wales met with a man whofe hands v/ere both perfeft, and who was of fuch an advanced age, that it was hardly poffible his parents could be living \ The burning of the cheek-bone likewife prevails here, as well as at the neighbouring ifland. In the language of thefe iflands, as has been already obfcrved, there is great affinity to that of the Society- Illandsi the grcatefl part of the n^ccffarics of life, which f Cook, I. aii; '.'iy 8 Vol. I. 4 SI. ^ Cook, I. zzz. are « * FRIENDLY ISLANDS. 195 are common to both groups j the parts of the humm body 5 in fhort, the moft obvious and univerfal ideas are cxprcfT. d at both places nearly by the fame words. The inhabitants of the Friendly-Ii^lcs have. adopted the letters F. K. and S. fo that their language is more replete with confonants, and their dialed^, of courfc, not fo fonorous. This harflinefs, however, is compenfated by the frequent ufe of the liquid letters L. M. N. and the foftcr vowels ii\ and /'. Here were fecn many houfes of a peculiar conrtruilion, which feemed to be at once the rcpofitorics for the dead, and places fet apart for the worftiip of the Deity. They are built on a mount raifcd about fixteen or eighteen feet above the com- mon level ground, in an oblong form, inclofed by a wallj or parapet of ftone, about three feet in height. From this wall the mount rifes with a gentle ilopc, j.nd is covered with a green turf 3 on the top of it ftands the houfe, of the fame fliapeas the mount, about twenty feet in length, and about lifteen or fixteen broad. The lawn on which this is made is furrounded on all fides with ihady buflics and trees ; in the front arc two ftone fteps leading to the top of the wall, from this the afcent to the houfe is eafy, and round it is a iine gravel walk j the houfe itfclf was built like their com- mon dwelling- houfes, with ports and rafters, and covered with palm-thatch j the eaves came down within about thrca feet of thc^ ground, which fpace was filled up with flrong matting, made of palm-leaves as a wall. The floor is laid with fine gravel, except in the middle, where there is an ob- long fquare of blue pebbles, raifed above fix inches higher than the floor. In one of thefe cemeteries, a native fliewcd Mr. Forfter that a man lay buried, and pointed to tiie place where his little finger had formerly been cut away, at the lame time plaioly fignifying, that when their maduas^ or i ForAer, I. 477, 473, O a parentSj > » 1^6 l^ivV DisCOVERiiES, &c. parents, died, they mutilated their hands''. At one cornel' of this houfe ftood an image rudely carved in wood, about two feet in length, and in another a fimilar one. Thefe buildings are called Jftatoucas j one reafon for fuppofing them to be places of worfliip, as w:ell as repofitorics for the dead, is, that the man who appeared to be a kind of high- prieflr, diredled fet fpeeches, which were fuppofcd to be prayers, to thefe buildings ; and the green fod, which co- vers the areas, or open places, before thefe buildings, have the appearance of being frequently trodden, fo as to pre- vent the growth of the grafs j but the images depofited within them are not fuppofed to be idols, as the natives treated them without any appearance of refpedl, and even fet up one of thenr: as a mark for feme of the gentlemen to (hoot at.» . - ^ • ^ , ■ - : . -., - , ,, !„,5 As far as the religious notions of thefe people could be judged of from what was feen during the fhott continuance ofthe fiiips here, and imperfecSlly as the language of the country was underftood, they fecmed to pradlife no idolatry ; neither did they feem to have any particular veneration for birds, but to worfliip a fupreme invifible Being m. The prieft, who led the gentlemen to the place of worfhip, was not long acquainted v/ith them before they had proof of his being a potent drinker of the intoxicating pepper-water, which was ferved in little fquare cups made of bAnana- leaves, curioufly figured. Home of tne gentlemen tafted it ; it hadanaufeou?, infipid flavour, which was afterwards followed by a ftiong pungency, and its colour was fomewhat milky. The holy man took fuch large and fiequent draughts of this '• ForHrr, I, 40. »» f i>iiler, I. 455. ' Cock, I, :2o, 324. Fonlcr, I. 451, 452, 455. dainty f • FRIENDLY ISLANDS. 197 dainty beverage every evening, as to become quite intoxi- / ■■ .■^' ^^ '-^i;.:^;* .-^r- ^v-d .r-^j iv r. c^ted". 3'.;j( ■ rrj; -^li h: ..-.♦^ UiOi; ?a The reception which the two (hips met with from thefe iflanders, was no lefs confidential and friendly than that given them in the neighbouring ifland of Middleburg. They came to an anchor in Van Diemen's Road, 3d Ocftober, 1773, fo named by Tafman, who alfo anchored there; foon after, the (hips were crowded with people, fome in canoes, and others fwimming. In order to'eftablifli aij ufeful barter captain Cook found it neceflary to prohibit the pur- c^afeof all kinds of curiofities, and to confine the articles to be procured from the natives to provifions only j in confe- quence of which regulation all the cloth, matting, &c. was obliged to be re-landed on fliore. The next morni|)g the Indiai.s returned with abundance of banana?, cocoa* nuts, fowls and pigs, which they exchanged for fmall nails and pieces of cloth j even oH rags of any fort would procure a pig or a fowl. After a fufHcient ftjpck of refrefhments were procured by thefe means, the rellriclion was taken off, and every one w^s left at liberty to trade as they thought proper. It was afloniftjing to fee with what eagernefs every one of the Tailors caught at whatever he faw } the rage for buying^ curiofities \yas carried to fuch an excef. as to become the ridicule of the natives, who offered pieces of fticks and ftones to exchange j one waggifli boy took a piece of human ex*. crement on the end of a ftick, and held it out to every one he met, . - ■-' / J, - 1 .i i! I. |i.. Their knowledge of the utility of iron was no more than t9 teacb them tg prefer nails to beads, and fuch trifles : n Forfter, I. 468, 05 fome, • » »"^ \ »■ 198 N5W Disqovi: j^i^E§ &<;. fome> but very few, would exchange a pig for a large nail or a hatchet. Old jackets, (hirts, cloth, and even rags, were in more efteem than the beft edge-tool that could be given theni ; notwithft.inding which captain Cook calcu- lates, that the whole amount of iron ware left at this ifland was not lefs than five hundred weight, chiefly in great and fmall nails °. Thefe iflanders were in pofleflion of fome nails which were fuppofed to have been brought hither by Tafman one hundred and thirty years before. One of thef^ nails was purchafed ; it is very fmall, and almoft confumed with ruft, but had been carefully preferved by being fixed in a wooden handle, probably to fcrvc the pr-pofe of a googe, or borer. From the ftamp of ant'f *'; . jich it bore, it is now depofited in the Bi itilh Mufoum. Some fmall earthen pots were likewife bought, which were perfedly black with foot on the outfide: thefe were at firft thought to be memorials of Tafman's vifit, but afterwards they were thought more likely to be manufadlured by the natives themfelves P. , The failors bought great numbers of their cocks, in order to enjoy the barbarous r-mufement of fetting them to fight : from the time they had left Huahine they had daily followed this cruel occupation of tormenting fuch fowls as they had procured there, by trimming their winr-, and incenfing them againft each other j and fome foug''? with thedefpcrate fury of game cocks ; but thofe purchai^u at Tonga Tobloo were not to be excited to the fame fiercenefs ; therefore, to punifli them for their inoffcnfive difpofition, the failors were obliged to eo. them'', Alahine traded here with great eagerncfs for cinaments made of bright red feathers, which he afTured the gentlemen of the iliips had an extraordinary v.:lueat Taheitee and the Socicty-Iflands ;nd the event confirmed his afiurance, as has been alrcar/' ■- <> ppjle, \. 197, 204, 217. P Foi-fler, I. 471, <3 Idem 459. lated, t * FRIENDLYISLANDS. 199 lated r. Notwithftanding the harmlefs difpofition of thefe people, there were among them many who had as hearty a propenfity to theft as any iflanders in this fea ; but though feveral mufkets were fired at the offenders, without the di- rection or even knowledge of the commanders, yet it does not appear that any one was Jcilled, or that the confidence and good-will of the natives was, on that account, fufpended fpramoment. ,.,;.-,,. ^^ ^..j ;..,., ,- ,. .,,:; >;- n^.r.r-:^ Their i:ommon method of faluting ftrangers is by touching or meeting nofes j and the fign of peace which they difr played to the fhips was a white flag when they firft drey/ near the ihure ; but the people who came firft on boar4 brought with them, like their neighbours at Middleburg,, fome of the pepper-plant, and fent it before them into th& ihips ^ At the firft arrival of the (hips, a man of fon^ note came on board the Refolution, and with great readinefs de^ fcended into the cabin. His name, according to captaii^ Cook, was Attogo, but Mr. Forfter calls him Attdbha j he was a well-made man, with a handfome, open countenance^ he received feveral prefents, but what he prized the raoft was, iron, and red European broad cloth. He foon Angled OMp captain Cook from all the other gentlemen, making him ^ prefent of fome cloth, and other things which he had aboujt; him } and, as a ftronger teftimony of friendfliip, exchanged; names with himfejf ^ On their landing Jttago pointed ou^. many of the natives, who were afterwards found to be of fui> pfirio*^ rank to bimfelf. The captains brought this man and- another on board with them to dinner; the chief, whocam^ with AttagOf feemed one of thofe of fuperior rank to hin^ as the latter, who ufed to fit at table v.'ith the company b:&<* «• PageijS. ' Cook, I. 12.0, t Idetn I. ir^i. fore. * » ioo NEW DISCOVERIES, &c. fta'e, now retreated a few ftcps, fat down on the floor, and could not be prevailed on' to cat in his fight. This refpeded chief was a blear-eyed elderly man. It ffaould feem that this ifland is governed by a king, but how far his rogai preroga- tives extend are not known. Jttago introducea the captains to the royal prefence. As foon as the king appeared, this chief fat down under a tree, and defired the gentlemen to do the fame. The king feated himfelf on a rifing ground, about twelve or fifteen yards from them ; having fat fome ^y-r\e in this manner, both the captains got up, went forward i faluted his roajefty, and fat down by him. They then prefented him with a white fliirt, which they put on his back, a few yards of red cloth, a brafs kettle, a faw, two large fpike nails, three looking-glafles, a dozen of medals, and fome firings of beads. All this time he fat with a ful- len, ftupid gravity ; he even did not feem to know what they were about j his arms appeared immovable at his fides ; he did not fo much as raife them when they put on the fhirt j he fcarcely made the leaft anfwer to any thing faid to him, they therefore got up and took leave } but captain Cook Aood at fome diftance to obferve his adlions. Soon after, he perceived him enter into converfation with y^ttago, and an old woman, whom the captain took to be his mother. The converfation was unintelligible to him ; however, it made the king laugh in fpite of his ajfutned gravity, foi> it is not likely that the folemn formality which he fliewed was his natural difpofition, as thefe iflanders, like all otbefrs in this fea, have a great (hare of levity, and this prince Was in the prime of life : at length he rofe up and retired, wilh his mo- ther and two or three attendants ". The name of this regal ftatue w?s faid to be Ko'Hagbee'too-Fallango. Early the next morning Attago came on board to breakfaft with captain •MIM'^'-w;." ■ .. .•'.•w-*;'*/ ' w Cook,;. iqZ. Cook I FRIEND T/y- ISLANDS. 201 Cook; as he was going out of the cabin he happened .to ice a Taheitian dog running about the deck. At this fight he^ could not conceal his joy, but clapping his hands on \^lw breaft, repeated the word goorree near twenty times. This word figniiies a dog at New-'Zeelattdy as ooree does at O-Ta- heitee. The company were not a little furprized to hear him name an animal fo readily, when there was none of the fpecies in the country ; they therefore prefented him with a dog and a bitch, with which he went on fliore in an ecflacy of joy V. ... . , . ( . . ,.,-i: Pylstart Island was firft feen by Tafman, who gave it that name, which fignifies arrow-tail. Its latitude is 22 deg. 26 min. fouth, and longitude 170 deg. 59 min. weft.' Jt is about two or three miles in circumference } high, deep, and barren*. ' • . T* ' .".' :■'■■ .11' D.n -;>!>i. SECT. III./ ^iii^iS rivi'. CyRoTTERDAM, and the adjacent IJlandf, . ^ . . 'nr^HE iflandof Rotterdam lies, latitude 20 deg. 15 min. •■• fouth; longitude 174 deg. 31 min. weft. It was firft difcovered by Tafman, and from him received its name^ It is of a triangular form, each fide about three and a half' or four miles, and has a fair-water lake in the middle ; and' all the fprings of water that were found here were brackifh, though the natives brought fome very fweet and good in cocoa-nut (hells, but from whence they had it was not known. Theproduftions of the earth here, as well as the perfons and difpofitions of the natives, are much the fame as at Amfterdam ; the land is lefs cultivated, and the people feem much poorer in cloathing, matting, ornaments, and fuch like. Their manner of pundluring the body, their drefs, the cuftom of clipping the beard, and powdering the V Forftcr, I. 459, 460. w Dalrymplf, II. 75. Forfter, I.481. hair ; • I ;i02 NEW DISCOVERIES, &c, hair ; their arms, utenfils and canoes } their language and manners, are exaftly the fame. In general they were ex- tremely courteous to all whom they met from the fliip, bowing their heads, and faying, lehi woa^ " good friend,'* or fome fuch word expreffive of their friendly difpofition. They readily undertook to conduct fuch as applied to them into the receffes of their country, climbed the higheft trees to procure them flowers, and took to the water like fpaniels after birds that were fliot: they pointed*out the fineftplantS| and gave them their proper names i and whenever any inti- mation was given that fpecimens of a certain kind of plant were wanted, .they would go to any diftance to procure them : they readily furnifhed every one with cocoa-nuts and fiiaddock Jiminary article, a fpike nail, or a flnrt ; neither of which her gallant had to give her ; which he intimated, and fup- pofed, from fuch a declaration of his poverty, the propofal would have been withdrawn ; but herein he was deceived, for the old dame fignified that he might retire with the lafs upon credit. On this offer being declined, (he began firft to remondrate, and then to abufe him ; and though her meaning could be but badly underflood by her words, her a(Slions were expreilive enough : fhe fneared in his face, as much as to fay, what fort of a man are you, thus to refufe the embraces of fo fine a young woman ! The girl, it feems, was not wanting in beauty. Thefe upbraidings foon fent the commander on board : when he was flepping into his '!••' w Forfter, 11. 174. boat FRIENDLYISLANDS. ?03 boat they wanted, him to take the young lady ^long with him J but this was likcwife declined, as ftrict orders had been given to fuffer no woman, on any pretence whatever, to enter the fhip ". Thefe people managed their canoes with the grcr.tcft agi- lity, and fwam with Surprizing cafe. Their commoA trading canoes were neatly made, and polifhed like thofe that hiive been already dcfcribed, in fpeaking of Amftcrdam. They always confift of two faftened to a tranfverfe platform of planks, in the midftof which they erc6l ahut, where they place their goods, their arms, and utenfils, and where they pafs great part of their time j they have alfo holes, which give admittance into the body of each canoe : their mafts arc ftout poles, which can be ftruck at plcafure ; and their fails are very large and triangular, but not very proper to fail before the wind: all their cordage is excellent j and they have alfo contrived a very good ground tackle, confilling of a ftrong rope with large ftones at the end, by means of which they come to an anchor y. ^ On the arrival of the fhip great numbers of the natives came ofF in canoes, who enquired for captain Cook by name, fo that the fame of thefe voyagers had already readied this fpot. Fruits and roots, efpecially fliaddocks and yams, were brought down in great plenty ; a few fowls, and one or, two fmall pigs, were all the animal food procured here, Whilft things were going on in this friendly manner, Mr. Patten, the furgcon, happened, raiher incautioufly, to wan- der alone to a remote part of the ifland, and as the tide was ebbing fafl: out of the cove, the boat was obliged to put off before his return : when he arrived at the beach, he agreed with an Indian, in a canoe, to convey him to the fliip j but jufl as he was fiepping in, another Indian watched his o^por- X Cook, II. iQ. y ForRer, II. 185. ... 4 tunity. » t iCA. NEW DISCOVKRIES, &c. tunity, and fnatched away his fowling-piece, with which ho made off with all fpccd. Hoflilities being thus commenced, and the poor gentleman deprived of his dcfcnfive weapon, the natives proceeded to further violences, infon^uch that he began to dread the moft ferious confequences : in this emer- gency he had prcfence of mind enough to take a tooth-pick cafe out of his pocket, and by prefenting it to the plunderers in a threatening manner, led them to apprehend it to be fome inflrument of deflruftion, on which they retreated. The meridian fun now fcorched him with its heatj he had walked the whole day, was fpent with fatigue, and almofl defpaired of faving his life, when a handfome young woman, remarkable for her flowing curls which hung down on her bofom, took pity on his extremity, and ftepppd forward, with the grcatcfl humanity and compaflton eJ^prefTed in her eye j innocence and goodnefs were fo ftrongly marked in her countenance, that it was impoflible to diftruft her. She approached, and offered him a piece of (haddock, which was eagerly and thankfully accepted ; ihe gradually fupplied him with more, until he had confumed the whole fruit j and whiliY, by her ir.terpofition, the affailants were awed into forbearance, a boat put off from the Aiip, at fight of which the whole crowd difperfed ; only his generous benefa£(refs, and an old man who appeared to be her father, remained fit- ting near him, with an unconcern which a noble and vir- tuous conduct infpircs. She enquired the name of her friend j he told her that which the Taheitians had given him, Pateenee^ and (he immediately adopted it, changing it into Patfeenee. On ftepping into the boat he gave her and her father fome prcfcnts, which he borrowed from the crew, and with which they retired highly gratified ". The outrages of fome few individuals did not flop here ; a mufket was fnatched aw?iy from one of the lieutenants, and after that B Forfter, II. l^%, fome FRIENDLY ISLAND 3« aof fome of the cooper's tools : thefe repeated depredations de- tcrmined captain Cook to infifl: on the ftolen goods being reflored -, he, therefore, caufed fomc canoes to be feized^ and fome guns to be fired from the ihip, as fignals to the fhooting and botanizing parties to repair to their quarters immediately : an Indian who was in one of the canoes that, were feized, received feveral wounds in the thigh and legs' with fome fmall (hot. This refolutc condudk on the part of the commander procured a rcftitution of every article that had been purloined. The furgeon drelTed the poor fellow's wounds that had been fhot, and bled him ; the (hot had done little more than penetrate the fkin ; in the operation fome poultice was wanting ; the furgeon afked for ripe plantains, but the natives brought fugar-cane, which having chewed to a pulp, they gave it him to apply to the wound : this being , of a more balfamic nature than the other, proves that thefe people have fome knowledge of fimplcs. As foon as the . roan's wounds were drclTed the captain made him a prefenf, which his mafter, or at lead the man who owned the canoe, took from him, and, moft probably, retained for himfelf. Whilft the great guns were fired from the (hip, feveral canoes were about her, which all retired on the violent concuHlcn which this difcharge occafioned, one excepted, in which , was a fingle Indian who was bailing water out of her,, whilft fhe lay along-fide dire£lly under the guns : when the ^ firft was fired he juft looked up, and then continued bis work . with perfedl unconcern j nor had the fccond gun any other . efFeiSl upon him j he did not ftir till the water was all out ^ of his canoe, then he paddled leifurely ofF. This man had, frequently been obferved to take fruit and roots out of other . canoes, and fell them to the fhip; if the owners did not^ willingly part with them, he took the things by force,, from whence he obtained the name of cuftom-houfe officer : on<; t|oie, after he had been collcfling tribute, he happened to a Couk, XJ. 14. » > 2o6 NEW D I S C O V fc R f E S, ' &c. be lying along-fide of a failing canoe ; one of the people iti her feeing him look another way, and his attention other- wife engaged, took the opportunity of Healing fomething out of his canoe, they then put off, and fat their fail ; but the man perceiving the trick that had been played him, darted after them, and foon getting on board their canoe, beat him who had taken his property, and not only brought back his own, but many other articles which he took from them. This man had likewife been obferved making col- leflions on the fhoreat the trading-place, on which account captain Cook took him for a perfon of confcquence, and was going to make him a prefent j but fome of the natives prevented him, faying, he was no areehee (chief) : he had his hair always powdered with fome kind of white duft '', The captain thinks this man was the hufband of the woman who had a£lcd the procurcfs fo zealoufly on his account '^. No king, or leading chief, was diftinguifhed among thcfe people, and their form of government is entirely unknown. A young dog and a bitch were left here, as they had no fuch animals among them, and were very fond of- thofe which they faw. The people fecm to be more aiflidled with the leprofy, or fome fcrofulous diforder here than at any of the other iflands. Captain Cook faw a man much in the fame (late of putrcfadlion with the woman Mr. Forfter faw at Middleburg**. Am ATTAFOA. A thick fmoak was fcen to arife from this ifland, which is vifible at Rotterdam, and in the night a fire was feen to ifTue from it. The natives informed them that thefe appearances were conftant, from whence it was con- cluded that there was a volcano thereon. Near to this ifland was a high peak called Oghoo. They lie eleven or twelve leagues f;cm Rotterdam, or Anamocka, in the clireiSlion of ^ Cook, II. 15. ^ Page 202. ^ See page 185. north- 4. •■ ^f E W H E B R I D E S. 207 north-north-weft. They are both inhabited, but neither appear to be fertile *, ':..... CHAP. VII. ; Of th New Hebrides: Inchiding the Tierra del Efperitu Santo of Quiros. rr^HE northern iflands of this Archipelago were firft -■■ difcovered by that great navigator Quiros in i6o6» and, not without reafon, confidered as a part of the fouthern continent, whicfi at that time, and till very lately, was fup- pofed toexift. They were next vifited by M. de Bougain- ville in 1768, who bclides landing on the Ifland of Lepers, did no more than difcover that the land was not conncdled, but compofed of iflar>ds, which he called The Great Cyclades, Captain Cook, befides afccrtaining the extent and fituation of thefe iflands, added the knowledge of fcvcral in this group which were before unknown j he explored the whole cluftcr, and thinking himfelf thereby entitled to affix to them a ge- neral appellation, he named them The New Hebrides. They are fituated between the latitudes of 14 deg. 29 min. and 20 deg. 4mln. fouth J and between 166 deg. 41 min. and 170 deg. 21 min. eait longitude, and extend one hundred and twenty-five leagues in the dirc£lion of north-north- weit, and fouth-fouth-eaft. The n-.oft northern part of this Archipelago, was called by Ai. de Bouga'nvillc The Peak of the Etoile ; the whole clufler confifls of the follow- ing iflands; fome of which have received names from thQ different European .navigators ; others retain the names which they bear among the natives, viz. Tirrra del Efperitu Santo } Mallicollo ; St. Barthchincw ; IfJe of Leten j Aurora j . , , ,,. «Cfacel^ts of fhcli-work, like thole which will bedcfcribed at Mallicollo; and round thtir middle they wore a narrow belt, from whence a long flip of matted work, five incheg broad, defcended to the knees before, and reached as low behind : they had fome fpcars with two or three prongs, which appeared to be intended for fifh-gigs, and were pof- fefled of no other arms. On the firft day of arrival not all the figns of friendfhip which could be made them from the fhip could enduce them to come near enough to maintain any intercourfej but the next morning they ventured fo clofe as to receive a prefent of nails, medals, TaHeitian cloth, and red baize, of which articles of traffic the nails were moft coveted. They f.iiened a branch of the pepper- pK'.nt tdthe fame rope by which the nails had been lowered to them from the fhip, and this emblem of* friisndfhip was the only return which they made for what had been given them. Many endeavours were ufed to converfe with them^ but their language was quite unintelligible, until Mr. Former repeated the numerals in the dialedl of the Friendly-Ifles : as foon as he began to count, they interrupted hifti, arid counted very exadlly till ten. Having obtained this clue, they proceeded to enquire into the name that the country bore, but could not obtain the gerleral one, only received information concerning particular parts. The languages of the neighbouring iflands of Mallicollo and Tanna feemed quite unknown to them, unlefs the manner in which the Words were pronounced rendered thena unintelligible. The diffidence with which thefe people approached the fliip, may very well be accounted for, from the traditional knowledge which doubtlefs fubfifts among them of the vifit made by Qiiiros ; for on his coming to an anchor, and fending ii boat from the fhip, a chief, or, as he is called in tlie narrative, P ' " the 'tk'*- '■" 210 NEW DISCOVERIES, &c. the king, attended by fome Indians, came to the ftrand, and endeavoured to procure their departure by prefents of fruit, but the Spaniards leaping on the ftiore made figns of peace. The Indian kingi ftill willing to preferve a deco- rum, and maintain a proper diftance, drew a line on the ground with a point of his bow, fignifying, that none fhould pafs that boundary. The Comjiiander of the party which had landed, thinking a compliance with foreafonable and proper a reftriciion would favour of cowardice, inftantly pafied the prefcribcd limits ; the natives, jealous of their rights, which they faw Ipurned at by a fet of pcllilent in- truders, difcharged their arrows at the offenders j but neither the jufticc of their caufe, or their pcrfonal bravery, could avail aught againft the engines of defl:ru £ougainv. 301. land NEW H£BRID£S. Ill land they had then feen^ and had never been examined by naturalifts "". A fliark was caught here, in which was found an infetSl of the monoculus triuw upon its back, which much refem- bled the fpecies in the gills of falmon K Mallicollo is the moft confiderable ifland next to Efperitu Santo 'y it is eighteen leagues lon^^ from fouth- eaft to north-weft ; its grcateft breadth, which is at the fouth-eaft end, is eight leagues j the north-weft end is two-thirds its breadth, and narrower in the middle one- third. This contra6lion is occafioned by a wide and deep bay on the fouth-weft fide. It appears to he very fertile, and well inhabited j the land on the fea-coaft is rather low, and lies with a greater flope from the hills which are in the middle of the ifland ; latitude i6 deg. 28 min. fouth j 167 deg. 56min. eaft. On enquiring of the natives the name of this ifland, they received in anfwer that it was MaWcoUo, which has the clofeft refcmblance pofllble to Manicolloy the name which Quiros received for it one hundred and fixty. eight years before. He did not indeed vifit the ifland, but had his intelligence from the natives. The fouth coaft, which was moft attentively examined by captain Cook, is luxurian ly cloathed with wood, and other produdions of nature j from the fea-fhore to the very fummits of the hills to the north-weft, the country is lefs woody, but more agreeably interfe^led by lawns, fome of which appeared to be cultivated •". One of the gentlemen picked up an orange, which the natives called ai/bi-morn ; k F )rner, II. 373. Forller, II. azj. 1 Idem, 374. P 2 m Cook> II. 38. thio i > F w 212 NEW DISCOVERIES, Sic. this was the firft orange met with in this fea, and was the only one that was feen here ; being decayed, nothing can cer- tainly be known whetlier it was fit to be eaten n. The vege- table productions of this country fecmcd to be in great va- riety ; cocoa-nuts, bread-fruit, bananas, fugar-canes, j ims, addoes and turmeric ; but captain Cook thinks that the fruits here are not To good as at the Society and Friendly- Ifles, which general opinion he founds on the proof he had of the cocoa-nut trees, and the appearance of the plantain and bread-fruit. Hogs, and common poultry, are their do- meflic animals ; and as the frequent fqueaking of pigs was heard in the woods, it is concluded that the former are in confidcrable numbers here. A brace of Taheitian puppies was given them, with a view to ftock the country with that fpecies of animal; thefc they received with ftrong figns of fatisfaftion, and called them brooas^ (hogs), from whence they were certainly quite not unknown to them j no other qua- druped was fecn. The woods appeared to be inhabited by many fpecies of birds °. Here was caught a fliark, which meafured nine feet in length, on which the (hip's company feafted with great relifli : this (hark, when cut open, was found to have the boney point of an arrow fticking in its head, having been ihot quite through the flcull. The wound was healed fo perfectly, that not the fmalleft veftige of it appeared on the outfide ; a piece of the wood ftiil remained fticking to the boney point, as well as a few fibres with which it had been tied on, but both the wood and the fibres ■were fo rotted as to crumble into duft at the touch p. Two large reddifh fifh of c'.e fea-bream kind were likewife caught, on which moft of the officers, and fome of the petty officers, dined the next day. The night following every one who "* Cook, 11. 32. V Fgiftei:, II, 2^4. o Forftcr, lit 220, 226. Cook, II. 3Z, 36' had t 1 "J NEW HEBRIDES. 213 had eaten of them was feized with violent pains in the head and bones, attended with a fcorching heat all oyer the fkin, and numbncfs in the joints ; even fuch hogs and dogs as had partaken of thcfe fifh, gave ftrong fymptoms of being poifoncd : one hog, who had eaten of the garbage, fwelled tQ a great fize, and died at night : fever.il dogs wereafFefted in the fame manner ; they groaned mod piteoufly, had violent Teachings, and could hardly drag their limbs along : thefc fifli were fuppofcd to have been of the fame fort with thofc which Qiiiros mentions to have produced fimilar efFeds on board his (hip, and which he calls pargos '', which is the Spanifli name for the fea-bream. Perhaps thefe fifh are not always poifonous, but like many fpecies in the Weft and Eaft-Indies, may acquire that quality by feeding on poifonous vegetables j which conclufion is fupported by the circum- ftance of the inteftines having been found to be more poifonous than the reft : the ertcils of this poifon on the officers continued for near a fortnight, during which time their pains returned ever) ifiht, their teeth were loofe, and their gums and palate excorcated % The natives of Mallicollo are dcfcribed as the raoft ugly, ill-proportioned people imaginable, and in every refpe.^ dif- ferent from the other iflanders in the South-Sea j they are of a very dark colour, and diminutive fize ; long heads, flat faces, and monkey countenances ; their hair, in p-eneral, black or brown, ftiort and curly, but not quite '" 10ft and woolly as that of a negro. Their beards are very ftrong, crifp, and buHiy, and generally black and fhort; but what ferves greatly to increafe their natural deformity is, a cuftoin which they have of wearing a belt, or cord^ round their q Dalrymple, I. 142. Qa;>k, II, 39,40, r Forfter, II. 224, 137, 244, 243, P 3 waiftj J ai4 NEW DISCOVERIES, &c. waift ; this rope is as thick as a man's finger, and is tied (a tight round their belly, that it would be fatal to a perfon unaccuftomed from infancy to fuch an unnatural ligature, for it cuts fuch a deep notch acrofs the naval, that the belly feems in a manner divided, one part being above, and the other below the rope. The men go quite naked, except a piece of cloth, or leaf, ufed as a wrapper. Moft other na- tions invent fome kind of covering from motives of fhame, but here a roll of cloth, continually fattened to the belt, rather difplays than conceals, and is the oppofite of modeity, Befides having the flat broad nofe, and projeding cheek- bones of a negro, and a very fhort forehead, many encreafed ^heir natural uglinefs, by painting their faces and hreafls with a black colour. Some few had a fmall cap on the head made of matted-work. Thty wear bracelets of black and white Hiells, which prefs the upper arm fo clofely, that they muft have been put on when the wearer was very young : ^his tends, as well as the belt, to reduce the Malliccollefe tQ that {lender fhape which charaderifes them. The depreffion of their foreheads is fuppofed to be artificial, as thp he^ds of infants may be fqueazed into any kind of form. The firfl: natives that were feen carried clubs in their hands, and waded into the water, carrying green boughs, the univerdxl iigri ot' peace. In a day's time they ventured to come within a few yards of the fliip's boat, which was fent out, when they dipped their hands into the fea, and gathering fome water in their palms, poured it on their heads. The officers in the boat, in compliance with their example, did the fame, with which the Indians appeared to be much pleafed, They repeated the word tomarr, or to- marro, continually, which feemed to be an expreffion among them equivalent to fa^o among the Society-Iflands. The N E iv H E BR IjC) ^ S. K "215 greater part were now armed with bows and arrows, and a few with fpears. At length they ventured near the fliip, and received a few prefents of Taheitian cloth, which they eagerly accepted, and handed up their arrows in exchange, feme of which were pointed with wood, and fbme with bone, and daubed with a black gummy fluff which was fup- pofed to be poifoned ; but its effeil was tried on a dog, with- out producing any dangerous fymptoms. They continued about the fhip, talking with great vociferation, but at the fame time in fuch a good-humoured manner as w?.s ytry en- tertaining. At looking ftedfaftiy at one of them, he began to chatter with great fluency, and '* grinned horribly a ghaftly fmile." Some continued about the fliip till midnight ; finding, however, at length, they were but little noticed, for the captain wanted to get rid of them, they returned on ftiore, where the found of finging and beating their drums was heard all night. Mr. Forfter fuppofes there may be fifty thoufand inhabitants on this extenfive ifland, whicTx contains more than fix hundred fquare miles. '* We ought," fays he, '* to figure to ourfelves this country as one extenfive foreft j they have only began to clear and plant a few infulated fpots which are loit in it, like fmall iflands m the Pacific Ocean. Perhaps, if we could ever penetrate through the darknefs which involves the hiftory of this na- tion, we might find that they have arrived in the South-Sea much later than the natives of the Friendly and Society- Iflands f fo much at leaft is certain, that the latter appear to be a race totally diftindt from the former j their form, their language, and their manners, ftrongly mark this difference. The natives, on fome parts of New-Guinea and Papua, feem to correfpond, in many particulars, with what has been obfervcd of the Mallicollefe ". They differ likewife very S Forfter, II. 227. P4 widely 2i6 NEW DISCOVERIES, kc. widely from the light-coloured inhabitants of the South-Se?, by keeping their bodies entirely free of pundturest. What- ever thefe people faw they coveted, but they never repined at a refufal. The looking-glafles which were given them were highly efteemed, and they took great pleafure in view- ing themfelves j fo that thefe ugly people ftcmed to have more conceit than the beautiful nation at O-Taheitce and the Society-Iflands. Early the next morning the natives catne orf to the fhip in their canoes, and four or live of them went on board without any arms. They foon became fa- miliar, and, with the greatcft eafe, climbed up the flirouds to the maft-head ; when they came down the captain took them into his cabin, and gave them medals, ribbons, nails, and pieces of red baize. They appeared the moft intelli- gent of any nation that had been feen in the South-Sea ; they readily underftood the meaning conveyed by figns and gcftures, and in a few minutes taught the gentlemen of the ihip (everal words in their language, which appeared to be wholly diftimSl from that general language of which fo many dialects are fpoken at the Society-Iflands, the Marquefas, Friendly-Ifles, Eaftcr-Ifland, andNew-Zecland. Their lan- guage was not difficult to pronounce, but contained more confonants than any of them ". Mr. Forfter, and fome of the gentlemen from the fhip, went on fliore, and converfcd with the natives, who with great good-will fat down on the ftump of a tree to teach them their language. They were furprized at the readinefs of their guefts to remember, and fecmed to fpend fome time in pondering how it was poffible to preferve the found by fuch means as pencils and paper. They were not only affiduous in teaching, but had curiofity t Forftsr, JI. 231. u Fotiler, II. 204, 227, &c. Cook, II. 34. enough r 4 NEW HEBRIDES. 217 pnough to learn the language of the ftrangers, which they pronounced with fuch accuracy as led their inftru6lors to admire their extenfive faculties and quick apprehenfion. jDbferving their organs of fpeech to be fo flexible, they tried the mod: difficult founds in the European languages; had recourfe to the compound Ruffian fhtch, all of which they pronounced at the firft hearing, without the leaft difficulty. They prefently learnt the Engiilh numerals, which they re- peated rapidly on their fingers ; fo that what they wanted in perfonal beauty was amply compenfated to them in acute- nefs of underftanding ", They exprefs their admiration by ■ hiffing like a goofew, . , Their mufic is not remarkable either for harmony or va- riety, but feeme.l to be of a more lively turn than that at the Friendly-Iflandsx. Their behaviour to their vifitants was, in general, harmlefs, but cautious } they gave thetn. no invitations to ftay among them, for they feemed not to relilh the proximity of fuch powerful people, being pro- bably accuflomed to adls of violence and outrage from their neighbour?. «* In feme of their countenances," fays Mr. Forfter, " we thought we could trace a mifchievous, ill- natured difpofition j but we might miftake jealoufy for ' hatred V ',[; Very few women were feen, but thofe few were no lefs ugly than the men : they were of fmall ftature, and their heads, fates, and fhoulders, were painted red. Thofe who were grown up, and probably married, had (hort pieces of a kind of cloth, or rather matting, cound their waifts, reaching * Foiflerll. 114. ^ Vol. II. 134.. :.y Cookir. 36. X Firftei 11. iti nearly ai8 NEW DISCOVERIES, kc. nearly to their knees j the reft had only a ftring round the middle, with a wifp of ftraw j and the younger ones, from infancy to the age of ten years, went ftarlc naked, like the boys of the fame age. The women were not obferved to have any finery in their ears, or round their neck& and arms, it being faftiionable in this ifland for the men only to adorn themfelves, and wherever this cuftom prevails the other fex is commonly opprefled, defpifcd, and in a ftate of fcrvility. Here the women were feen with bundles on their backs, which contained their children ; the men feemed to have no kind of regard for them ; none of them came off to the (hip, and they generally kept at a diftance when any party landed from the boat. They perforate the cartilage of the nofe betwcco the noftrils, and thruft therein a piece of white flone about an inch and an half long, which is bent like the curviture of a bow *. The houfcs here are like thofe of the other ifles, rather low, and covered with palm-thatch. Some were enclofed, or walled round with boards, and the entrance to thefe was by a fquare hole at one end ". Their weapons are bows and arrows, and a club about two feet and a half in length, made of thecafuarina wood, commonly knobbed at one end, and well polifhed. This weapon they hang on their right Ihoulder, from a thick rope made of a kind of grafs. It appeared to be preferved for clofe engagements, after having emptied the quiver. On the left wrift they wear a ciicular wooden plate, neatly covered, and joined with ftraw, about five inches in diameter, upon which they break the violence of the recoiling bow-ftring, and prefervQ their arm unhurt^". Their arrows are made w Forflcr, II. 219, 221. Cook, II. 33> 35. Forftci, U. 215. Cook, II. 32. ■■:i-i'i- of NEW HEBRIDES. 219 of a Tort of reed, and are fomctimes armed v/Ith a longfharp point made of the red wood, and fometimes with a very hard wood made of bone ; and thefe points are all covered with a fubftance, which was fuppofed to be poifoned ; indeed the people themfelves confirmed thefe fuppofitions by making figns to the gentlemen of the fliip not to touch the point, and giving them to underftand that if they were pricked by them they would die; they are very careful of them them- felves, and keep them always wrapt up in a quiver : feme of thefe arrows are armed with two or three points each, with fmall prickles on the edge to prevent the arrow being drawn out of the wound * : repeated and efFe^ual trials of the virulence of this poifon were made upon dogs, but they gave no figns of being hurt by it. Their food feems to be principally vegetables, fince they apply themfelves to hufbandry. As hogs and fowls are bred here, • the natives, doubtlefs, feaft fometimes on pork and poultry, and as they have canoes it may be fuppofed that they draw a part of their fubfiftcnce from the ocean *. The greateft number of canoes that were feen along- fide the (hip at one time did not exceed eighty, or, according to Mr, Forfter, fourteen ^, and no more than four or five people ii^ each : they were fmall, not exceeding tvyo feet in length, of indifferent workmanfliip, and without ornament, but provided with an outrigger. , After fome flight indications of a hofliile intention on the part of the natives, which they had fhewn in their canoes whilft about the fhip, captain Cook, with a party of marines in two boats, landed in the face of four or five hundred « Cook, II. 36, a fcrftcr, II.Z31, Cdok, II. 54, *> Vol. Il.iio. Indians 220 NEW DISCOVERIES, kc. Indians who were aflembled on the fhore. Thouo-h tlicy were all armed with bows and arrows, clubs and fpears, they made not the Icaft oppofttion ; on the contrary, feeing the captain advance alone, unarmed, with only a green bmnch in his hand, one of them, who fcemcd to be a chief, giving his bow and arrows to another, met him in the water, bear- ing alfo a green branch. When they met, the branches were exchanged, and the chief led the captain by the hand up to the crowd, to whom he immediately diftributcd prefcnts ; in the mean time the marines were landed, and fo that it fliould feem that rain excites them by promoting or increafing tne formation of various mineral fubftances iit the mountain. The black afhes with which the whole country was ftrewed, were found to be long, tieedle-like^ femitranfparent fherls, which contribute greatly to that pro- digious luxuriance of vegetation which is remarkable on this ifland ; many plants here attaining twice the height which they reach in other countries ; their leaves are broader, their flowers larger, and more richly fcentcd. Mr. Forfter af* cended a hill about fix miles diflant from this volcano } a fulphurious fmell betrayed a fleam rifing out of the ground : there Was a little mound of whitifh earth which looked as if it was calcareous on the fide of the path, almoft hid by the branches of fevcral forts of wild fig-trees, that throve luxurioufly on this fpot. From this mound was feen a va- pour, or fteam, rifing continually : the earth was fo hot that they could hardly bear to Hand upon it, and they found it impregnated with native fulphur. When they ftirred in the white earth they found the fteam coming up fafter, and on tafl:ing it obferved a ftyptic, or aftringcnt quality, like that of alum in it. They proceeded from thence confiderably, ,;^f Q.Z higher i 228 NEW DISCOVERIES, &c. higher ; the furface then bedame barren, and two other places were found that emitted fteam, but not in fuch quan- tities as the firft, nor fo ftrongly fcented : at every explofion of the volcano the fteam was obferved to rife more copioufly than before, from whence a fubterranean connedlion may be inferred. An experiment was made to find the degree of heat contained in this fteam j the thermometer was entirely buried in the white earth from whence the vapour ifiued j after it had remained one minute it rofe to 210 deg. which is nearly the heat of boiling water, and remained ftationary there for five minutes, which was the whole time it was left in the hole; as foon as it was taken out, it f-li inftantly to 95 ^^g« *nd gradually defcended to 80 djg. where it had ftopd previous to the immerfion. The peipeiidicular height of the firft folfatara, above the level of the fea, is about eighty yards ". Some fmall fliell-fiih were thrown into the fpring, and they were boiled in two or three minutes j a piece of filver, after laying in the water above half an hour, came out perfectly bright and untarnifticd. Several new plants were colleded here, and a variety of odoriferous ftirubs, and fomc others which were cultivated only for their elegant appearance. The plantations on this ifland confift, for the moft part, of yams, bananas, eddoes, and fugar-canes, all which being very low, permit the eye to take in a great extent of country. No lefs than forty difterent fpecies of plants are cultivated here, fome of which are unknown at the Society and Friendly-Iflands. The bread-fruit) cocoa-nuts, and plantains, are not fo good here as at O-Taheitetf but fugar-canes and yams are not only in greater plenty, but of fuperior quality, and much larger ; » Ferftcr, II. 343, '.•...v^;'^ OM NEW HEBRIDES.-^ 229 one yam which was procured here weighed fifty-fix pounds, and the whole perfcftly good. Here are great numbers of fig-trees, which the iiatives cultivate for the fake of the fruit and the leaves ; they art of two or'three different kinds, and one fort in particular bear'> figs of the common fize, whTch are woolly, like peaches, on the outfide, and have a beau- tiful crimfon pulp, like pomegranates j they are fweetifh and juicy, but rather infipid. Mr. Forfter, in his botanical ex- curfions on this ifland, (hot a pigeon, in the craw of which was a wild nutmeg, and on (hewing it to the natives, one of them produced three other nutmegs, which were wrapped in their mace, but they could not, or did not, point out the tree on which they grew v. One of the kind of pigeons which feeds on the nutmeg was prefcnted alive to her majefty by Mr. Fortter. Here was fhot a fpecies of wild-duck Iji- therto unknown to naturalifts ^. Some fmall birds were feen here with a very beautiful plumage, and of a kind which had not been feen before j but, in general, birds are not more numerous here than at 0-Taheitee. Of the fifh oa this coatt but little was known j but as the natives v;ere feen to have no methods of catching them but by ftriking them, it is probable that they draw but little of their fubfiftence from the water. Upwards of three hundred pounds weight of mullet, and other fifh, were caught by three hauls witU> thefeinex . . { u ..u ;--'^^ • '■ ■ . ■ . ' . ■-...■.. ? A young native, named TVha-a-gou^ was fhewn every part of the fhip, but nothing fixed his attention a moment, or caufed in him the leaft furprize. He had no knowledge of goats, dogs, or cats, calling them all hogs, {booga)* Cap-' tain Cook made him a prefent of a dog and a bitch, as hci^- V Foifter, II. 337. ^ Idem, II. 335. QL3 X Cotk) II. 56 « ihewed 5130 NEW DISCOVERIES &c. fhewed a likirig to that kind of animal y. They appear to have plenty of hogs, but very few domeftic fowls ^. Somo fc:w rats of the fame kind as is common on the other iflands in the Pacific Ocean, were feen running about'here ; they particularly frequent the fields of fugar-cane, in which they make great depredations j the natives, therefore, dig fcvcral holes all round thefe plantations, in which they catch thefe animals* '■•'■■ The natives of this ifland are of the middle fize, and their perfons ftronger and better proportioned than thofe of the Mallicollefe ; their colour is a dark chefnut brown, with a very fwarthy mixture ; like the natives of MallicoUo they go naked, having only a ftring round the belly, which did not, however, cut their body in fo fliocking a manner as that at the other ifland. Their hair is generally black or brown, growing to a tolerable length, and very crifp and curly ; th«y f«iparate it into fmall locks, which they woold or cue round with the rind of a ilender plant, down to an inch of the ends, and as the hair grows the woold is continued ; oath of thefe cues, or locks, is fomewhat thicker than com- mon whipchord, and they look like a parcel of fmall firings banging down the crown of their heads j their beards, which >re ftrong and bufhy, arc generally fhort. The women do not wear their hair fo, but cropped ; nor do the boys till they approach manhood. They make ufe of a cylindrical piece of alabafter, two inches long, which they wear in the cartilaginous part between the noftrils, ^s a nofe-jewel, in the fame manner as is praflifed at Maliipollo. Not one fingle corpulent man was feen here; all are a<5live and full of fpirit. Their features are large, the nofe broad, but the eyes full, and, in general, agreeable. Several had a fwclling in y^ook,Il.59. * liem, 77, * Forfter, ^I. 314. the NEW HEBRIDES. 231 the upper eye-lids, which was thought to be occafioned^by fitting in the/moak, for they were feen to huddle round fires towards the evening, then feeling the air too cool for their naked bodies. By this tumour their fight was fo obftruded, that they were obliged to lean their heads backwards till their eye was in a horizontal line with theobjcdl which they wifhed to view ''. Thefe people make incifions chiefly on the upper arm and belly, which are in the (lead of punc- tures J they cut the flefli with a bamboo, or fliarp (hell, and apply a particular plant, which forms an elevated fear on the furface of the (kin after it is healed. Thefe fears are formed to reprefent flowers, and other fancied figures, which are deemed a great beauty by the natives ^. Moft of them have an open, manly, and good-natured air, though fome were feen as in other nations, whofe countenances feemed to betray malevolence ''. Though like all the tropical nations they are atHiive and ninnble, and fecm to excel in the ufe of arms, yet they are not fond of labour ; they never would put a hand to affift in any work that the (hip's company was carry- ing on, which the Indians of the other iflands ufed to delight in. Here they throw all the laborious drudgery on the wo- men, many of whom were feen carrying a child at their backi^, and a bundle under their arm, and a fellow (Irutting before them with only a club or a fpear j and little troops of women palTed to and fro along the beach, laden with fruit and roots, efcorted by a party of men armed. Whatreafqa they had for thus going armed could not be difcovered, " 1 cannot fay," fays captain Cook, *' that the women are beauties, but I think them handfome enough for the men, and too handfome for the ufe that is made of them. They make themfelves blacker than they are, by painting their bodies with a pigment of the colour of black lead j they t forftcr, II. 3»6, « lb. 278, 0,4 * Xb. »74. likewife a3« NEW DISCOVERIES, &c. lilcewife ufe another fort which is red, and a third fort brown : all thefe, but efpecially the fir ft, they lay on with a liberal hand, not only on the face, but over the neck, (houl^ dcrs, and brcaft'," > ■ - ^' - .1 ' .■l^^ II I c Their ears are hung full of tortoife-lhell rings, and n«ck- laccs of (hells fall on their bofom. Some of the elderly ivomen had caps made of a green plantain leaf, or of matted vrork, but this head-drefs was rather uncommon ^ But the number of ornaments confiderably increafed with age, the oldcft and uglieft being loaded with necklaces, ear-rings, nofe-r jewels, and bracelets ^. The women here are expert cooks, they roaft and broil the yams and bananas, they ftew the green leaves of a kind of fig, they bake puddings made of a pafte.of bananas and eddoes, containing a mi;(ture of cocoa-* jiut kernel and leaves. :'Ui' Tke domeftic life of the people of Tanna is not wholly deftitute of amufements i they appear to be of a more ferious turn than the people of the Friendly and Society-Ifles, bat their mufic is in greater perfcdion than any in the South-Sea. Mr. Forftcr happening to hum a tune, many of the natives entreated him very earneftly to fing to them : to pleafe them the company gave them a great variety of different airs, German and Englifli fongs, which pleafed them very much j but dbdlor Sparrman*s Swedifli tunes gamed univerfal ap- plaufe. In return the gentlemen afked the natives to fing, which they did very harmonioufly. Though the tune was ytty Ample, it ran through a much more confiderable com- pafs of notes than it employed at Taheitee or Tongo-Tabboo^ m'-'. * Cook, II. %9* ' Forfter, II. z8o, I Idem 11. 324. and NEW HEBRIDES. ^ '^^ 2133 and had a ferious turn, which tliftin^'jifhed it from th« ibfter effeminate mufic of thofe iflanJs : the words fvemed to be metrically arranged, and flowed, very currently, from the tongue. When the firft had hnifhed his fong, another began ; his tune was different as to the coinpofition, but had the fame ferious ftyle which marked the gcner,il turn of the people i and indeed they were never fecn to Ivititrh fo heartily, or jeft fo facetioufly, as the more poliflied nations in this fea. They likcwife produced a mufical inftrument, which confifted of eight reeds, like the fyrinx of Tongo-Tebboo^ with this difference, that the reeds regularly decreafed in fize, and comprehended an octave, thou-^h the finglc reeds were not perfedtly in tunc*". After the gentlemen had frequently amufed the Indians with finging to them, the latter became fo familiar at laft 2S to point out fome young girls to theii^ guefts, whom, from an excefs of hofpitality not uncommori to uncivilized nations, they offered to their friends with gellures not in the leaft equivocal. The women, at the firft hint of the civility which the men intended to confer on the ftrangers, ran off' to a great diftance, feemingly much frightened, and ihocked at their indelicacy. The Indians, particularly the younger part of the company, were very defirous that the gentlemen (hould purfue the girls j how- ever, they feemed very well pleafed that their hint was not taken'. ira^ Their houfes are like the roof of a thatched houfe In England, taken off^ the walls, and placed on the ground ; fome were open at both ends, others partly clofed with reeds, and all were covered with palm-thatch, A few of them were thirty or forty feet long, and fourteen or fixteen broad, befides which they have other mean hovels, which were fup- >• Forftcr, II. 318, 319. » Idem 145, 54«. pofed 234 NEW DISCOVERIES, &c. pofed to be meant only to fleep in. It fecms probable, from what captain Cook faw, that thefe people dilpofe of their dead in a fimiiar manner to that pradifed at O-Tahc'ttce, They wear the hair of their deceafcd relations round their necks **. ' - The weapons in ufe here with which they take the moft pains, in point of neatnefs, come far fliort of fome others that were feen in other iflands. They are clubs, fpears, or darts, bows and arrows, and ftones; the clubs are of three ©r four kinds, and from three to five feet long j they feem to place moft dependence on the darts, which are pointed with three beard. d ec'-es ; in throwing them they make ufe of a becket, that is liece of ftifF plaited cord, about fix inches Jong, with an e}c in one tnd, and a knot at the other; the eye is fixed on the forc-fnt^er of the right hand, and the ©tber end is hitched round the dart, where it is nearly on an Cquipoife j they hold the dart between the thumb and the lemaining fingers, which fcrve only to give it dircdlion, the velocity being communicated by the becket and fore-finger. The former flies cfF from the dart the inftant its velocity becomes greater than that of the hand ; but it remains on the finger ready to be ufcd again. With darts they kill both birds and fifh, and are fure of hitting a mark within the compafs of the crown of a hat at the diftance of eight or ten yards, but at double that diftance it is chance if they hit a mark the fizc of a man's body, though they will throw the weapon fixty or fcventy yards. The arrows are made of feeds pointed with hard wood ; fome are bearded, and fome are not, and thofe for fliooting birds have two, three, and fometimes four points ; the ftoncs they ufe are, in general, |he branches of coral rocks, from eight to fourteen inches •; *. 1^ Co»k, U, lis, • Iwgl NEW HEBRIDES. a3$ long, and from an inch to an inch and a half in diameter. Thofe who ufed ftones ke^jc them generally in their belts i. Their canoes rcfemble thofe at the Friendly-IHands ia form, but in workmanlhip are much inferior} all of them have out-riggers, and fome may contain twenty people. Their fails are low triangular mats, of which the broadeft part is uppermoft, and the fliai p angle below. A long piece of timber hollowed out in the middle forms the bottom of the canoe, and upon this one or two planks are fixed, form- ing the two fides by means of ropes of the cocoa-nut fibre§. Their oars are ill-ftiaped, and very clumfily made "*, Befides the common language of the ifland, and befidcs a dialedl of the Friendly-Iflands, fome words were coUeded of a third language, which was chiefly current among the in- habitants of its weftcrn hills. The numerals of all the three languages were obtained, which appeared to be totally diltinit. In the common language of Tanna two or three words were met with which had a clear affinity with the language of Mallicollo^ and about the fame number correfponded with fome words of the Malay, bur, in general, they are wholly unlike each other, and have no affinity to any known tongue. There is a llrong kind of afpiration, and a guttural found, in many words at Tanna, which are, however, veryfono- rous, and full of vowels, and therefore eafily pronounced. Some of the natives whom Mr. Forfter met with on an ex- curlion, related to him a little incident that had happened, in the language of the Friendly-Ifles ; when he exprelFed fome furprize at hearing him fpeak in that dialed^, the In- dian repeated the fame meaning in the language of Tanna^ yi\ikh was totally different, adding, at the fame time, thac * Cook, II. 8i; 8». "" Foriler, II. 354, A^ 236 NEW DISCOVERIES, kc. the former langungc was fpokcn at the ifland of Irronan, which lies fevcn or eight leagues to the eaftward of Tanna. At another time, the elder Mr. Forftcr and captain Cook happened, on comparing their vocabularies, todifcovcr that each had colIe<5led a different word to fignify the (ky ; they applied to the native to know which of the two expreflions' was right : he immediately held out one hand, and applied it to one of the words ? then moving the other hand under it, he pronounced the fecond word, intimating, that the upper was propsily the fky, and the lower the clouds that moved under it". They fccm to have no other liquor than water and the cocoa-nut juice ; they either roaft or broil their victuals, for they have no veflels in which water can be boiled o. " t; The natives fignified, in a manner which neither to cap- tain Cook nor Mr. Forfter feemed to admit of the lead doubt, that they eat human flcfhP, and that circumcifion was praclifed among them. They began the fubjetSl: of eating human fl:{h of their own accord, by afking the gentlemen if they did ^, They appeared to have chiefs among them, but thefe appear to have very little authority over the reft of the peo- ple, and one old chief was faid to be king of the ifland ; his name was Geogy^ and they gave him the title of areekee \ be was very old, but had a merry, open countenance^ Of their religion nothing was obferved, only every morn- ing a.t day- break was heard a flow folemn foag or dirge. n Forfter, II. 361, 293, 294, 287, »88. ^ Cook, II. 60. ForAer, II. 3C0. »Loai,JU. 83, 7ft ivv o Cook, II. 33. q Cook, II. 60. fvng NEW H E B R I D E S. i .^., 23; funjr on the eaftern fide of the harbour, which laftcd mora than a quarter of an hour ; as this was fuppofeJ to be a re- ligious a(Sl, the curioHty of the geiulemcn was greatly excited to inform theinfelves fornething further concerning it ; but. when they attempted to pafs that way, fifteen or twenty of the natives crowded about them, and intreated them with the greateft earneftnefs to return ; as thefo importunitiea were not much attended to the natives, at laft made figns, , that if they perfifted in their purpofe they would be killed 1 and eaten. At length they yielded to thf;ir folicitations, and . turned towards a hut which was about fifty yards from . them, where the ground began to rife; on which feveral of the Indians took up arms out of the hut, apparently mean- ing to force them to return back : as they did not wifh to offend thefe people in their own country, they checked their curiofity, and were con.tent to leave this point undeter- mined ^ In the general behaviour of thefe people, however, . nothing was feen that bore any refemblance to a religious 3i£tf nor any thing that could be conftrucd into fupciflition. The firft time the boat went on fliore from the fliip, the natives were drawn up in great number^ on the beach, armed with clubs, darts, fpears, flings and ftones. They held their weapons in conflant readinefs for an attack, which ltd captain Cook to re-embark as fpeedily as poflible, to pre- vent any difagrecable confequences. In order to frighten them without hurting them, the captain ordered a mufket to be fired over their heads, but the alarm it gave them was cnly momentary ; in an inftant they recovered themfelves, and began to difplay their weapons. One fellow Ihowed his backfide in a manner that plainly conveyed his meaning s but on a few great guns being fired from the fhip, the whole s Forfter, 11. 300, 301. .*!.*.. army f^S NEW D I S C O V £ R I E S, ife. army difperfed, leaving the beach fiee for a (bcond dtfj barkation. Captain Cook marked out boundaries on thtf Ihorc with a line. The natives then came gradually for- ward, foine unarmed : an old man named Paowaig^ (hewed a very friendly difpofition, and promoted the intercourfe between the captain and the natives. Such was the honefty of this old man, that he brought an ax that had been left by the fhip*s company in the woods upon the beach j they were extremely jealous of any (mc goiiig up the country, or even along the (bore of the harbour ; which difpofition greatly obftru(5led the naturalirts in their attempts to explore this fpot. As the carrying of bundles is the office of the women in this country, the natives imagined that thofe from the ihip who carried loads were females. A man who carried Mr. Forfter's plant bag, was followed by fome of the na- tives, who by their converfation, which was over-heard by captain Cook, confidered him as a woman, until by fome means they difcovered their miftakc, on which they cried out, irromatige / erromange ! it is a man ! it is a man'! A tiller to the rudder being wanted, the captain fcnt the car- penter on fliore to look at a tree for the purpofe, and with him an officer with a party of men to cut it down, provided he could obtain leave of the natives. Ho underftood that nobody had any objeilion, and accordingly fat the people to work ; but as the tree was large, the felling it was a work of time, and before it was down, woid was brought that Paoivang was not pleafcd ; upon which orders were fent from the captain to defifl-, who foon after went on fhore himfclf, and fending for Paowangy made him a prcfent of a dog and a piece of cloth, and then explained to him the purpofe for which the tree was wanted. All the natives prefcnt difcovered great fatisfailion at the means that were t Cook, II. 65, 67, ufcd NEW HEBRIDES. '^ 239 ufed to obtain their grant of the tree, and with one voice gave their confcnt to its bein^ felled ". [_,;;,■. , ,.•«-. \\>x At firfl: mmy of the natives were afraid to touch the pre- fents that were m;;cle them, and they fccmed to have no no- tion of exchanging one thing for another j very fewrefrcfli- ments were obtained on this ifland j fome fruit or roots were daily procured from the natives, though but little in proportion to the ac;riands of the fhip'vS company. The natives had not any knowledge of iron, confoqucntly nuils and iron tools, beads, fee. which were fo current at the eaftern iflands, were of no confio'eration here, and cloth was iifelefs in a country where the inhabitants went naked "'. Tortoife-fhell was the only commodity which they were de- firous to obtain, but as no demand was expefied for fuch an article, there were only a few fmall pieces in the fhip which had been purchafed at Tongo-tabhoo, and thofe who were in poffeirion of them, could procure whatever the ifland aftorded i but notwithftanding the loathfomenefs of' fait provifions, which had been now upwards of two years on board the fliip, the failois cuubl not be brought to have a fingle provident thought for the future, but exchanged their tortoife-fliell for bows and arrows inllcad of providing a ftock of yams w. A party from the fhip p;ifTing throuoh a flirubhery, nhferved a native at work cutting (licks j feeing him rid very flowly with his hatchet, which was only a bit of fliell in lieu of a blade, they fut about help- ing him with an iron hatchet, and in a few minutes cut a much greater heap than he had done the whole day. Seve- ral Indians who were witneffes to this difpatch, expreflcd the greateft aftonifliment at the extreme utility of this tool, ajid fome were very deiirous to poflbfs it, by offering their bows " Cook, II. 70. V Couk, II. -a. w Fodhr, II. ti2. and 240 NEW DISCOVERIES, &c. and arrows for it ; this was confidered as a favourable 'op- portunity to procure hogs, but they were deaf to every propofisl of that kind, and never exchanged a fiijgle hog ; and only one pig was obtained, vvhich was given captain Cook by Paoioang ". As there is great reafon to fuppofc that the inhabitants oiTaiina are harrafTed by frequent wars, the diftruft which they exprcfled on the fiifl: debarkation from the fhip Is not furpriziiig ; but as foon as they were thoroughly convinced of the harmlefs intentions of their new acquaintances, they were adluated by other impreflions, whicli nothing but tlje neceflity of felf-piefervation could have fiknced i'o long. They did not indeed trade, becaufc their affluence was net equal to that of the other iflandcrs, but they were as aflliluous in offering their fervices as the Taheitians^ and from Icfs intcrcficd motives. If any of the botanical gentlemen had procured a plant, of which he was defirous of having other fpecimens, he had only to fignify his wifli to fomc native, and immediately he would hafte to the fpot where it was to be found, and bring it with the moft engaging alacrity. The civility of the natives was very confpicuous, if they met any of llie gentlemen of the fhip in a narrov/ path, they always ftepped afide into the bufhes and grafs, in order to make way for them : if they happened tc know their names they pronounced them with a fmile, which could be extremely well underftood as a fa- lutation : if they had not feen them before, they commonly enquiffed their names, in order to know them again y. They hav6 thef Hime engaging and afFeilionate manner of ex- prcfling their friendihip by a mutual exchange of names, as Is common in the more eaftcrn iflands of this fea *, X FoiHer, II. 33: y Foriler, II. 320, 31+, 342. ImmeK; ' NEW CALEDONIA. 24^ JtkMER lies four leagues from Tanna i this is the moft tavern ifland of all the Hebrides j it appeared to be about five leagues in circuity of a confiderable height^ and flattifh top '. Ann ATOM) is the fouthernmoft ifland, fituated in lati* tude 20 deg. 3 min. fouth } long, ijro deg. 4min. eaft ; and twelve leagues from 7tf»fftf* .imA. C H A t*. VII. 0/ New Caledonia, and its neighbouring jjlands^ and Norfolk Island, won to the Southward, THIS iilan^ received its name from captain Cook, after the endeavours ufcd to procure from the natives the Indian name (.f the whole ifland proved ineffectual ; probably it is too large for them to know it by one general name j for, NewZeeland and New Holland excepted, it is the targeft iAand that has been difcovered in the fouth Pacific Ocean j for it extends from 19 deg. 3^ min. to 32 deg. 30 miii. fouth latitude i and from 163 deg. 37 min. to 167 deg. 14 min. eaft longitude. It is about eighty -feven leagues long in t\t dire£tion of north-weft and fouth-eaft, but its breadth i| not confiderable, nor any where exceeds ten leagues. It i* not more than twelve degrees diftant from New Holland ". • Caffk II. 100. ^ Porf^er II« 424. C«ok IL 143. R Natur« 1142 NEW DISCOVERIES, Sec. ■ Nature has been Icfs bountiful to this ifland than to any "other tropical country known in thefe fcas. It is a fpot di- verfificd by bills and vaJlies o( various extent, both for hci(/;ht and depth. From thefe hills illue great numbers of rivu- lets, which greatly contribute to fertilize the plains. The Bat land which lies along its north-eaft fhore, when viewed Irom the hills, appeared to great advantage. The winding ftrcams which ran through it; the plantations of little ftrag- gling villages ; the variety in the woods, and the ihoals on the coaft, fo variegated the fcene, that the whole might af- ford a pi a kind of phlegmatic indolence, whilft the women fome- times indulged that focial cheerfulnefs which is the diftin- guifliing ornaniient of the fex : thofe who had children car- ried their infants on their backs in a kind of fatchel : the Vromen were feen to dig up the earth in order to plant it : they are, in general, of a dark chefnut, or fomeiimes maho- gany brown j their ftature middle- fized, fome being rather tall, and their whole form rather flout, and fomewhat clumfy. Their drefs is the mofl disfiguring that can be imagined, and gives them a thick, fquat fhape ; it is a fliort petticoat, or fringe, confifting of filimcnts, or little cords, ^V out eight inches long, which are faflcned to a very long firing, which they have tied feveral times round their waifl : the filaments, or little ropes, therefore, lay above each other hi feveral layers, forming a kind of thick thatch all round the body, which does not near cover the thigh : thefe fila- ments were fometimes died black, but frequently thofe on the outfide only were of that colour, while the reft had a dirty grey colour. They wore fhells, ear-rings, and bits of nephritic floncs like the men ; and fome had three black lines longitudinally from the under lip to the chin, which |iad been pun^ured by the fame methods pradifed at the J'riendly and Society-Iflands. Their features vfere coarfe, but exprefled great good-nature : the forehead, in' general, was high, the nofe broad, and flat at the root ; the eyes ra- ({lei: fmall, their cheek-boacs wer^ vefy prominent, and the 9h9?k^ ral, ra- the N E W C A L E D O N I A. 24/ cheeks commonly plump". Some women whom Mr. Forfter faw boiling fome grafs and green leaves in a pot, made Hgns to him, immediately on his appearance, to leave them, and moved their fingers fcveral times under their throat, which he fuppofed implied, that if they were ob- ferved to be thus alone with a ftr,angcr, they (hould be choalced or killed ; but whether their meaning was under- ftood rightly or not cannot be certainly known. Other women were feen who, exprefled no dread of the jealoufy of the menj they came among the crowd, and fpmetimes amufed themfclves in encouraging the propofals of the fea- men ; they cort\monly beckoned tlym to come among the bu(hes, but as foon as the failors followed, they gave them the flip, and ran with fuch agility that they coul^ pot be overtaken, and then laughed very heartily as oftep as they had put their little arts in practice. There was not ^ fingle inftance, during the fliip's ftay in the ifland, of the \yomen permitting any indecent familiarity from an European : they took pleafure in practifing the arts of a jilting coquet, but never became abfolute wantons o. The general orna- ments of both fexes are ear-rings of tortoife-lhell, necklaces, or amulets, made both of fhells and flones, and bracelets made of large fliells, which they wear above the elbow''. The houfes, or huts here, are circular, fomething like a bee-hive, and full as clofe and warm ; the entrance is by a fmall door, or long fquare hole, juft big enough to- admit a man bent double : the fide waHs are about four feet and a half high, but the roof is lofty, and peaked to a point at the top, above which is a poll or ftick of wood, which is generally ornamented either with carving or (hells, or both : " Forfter II. 409, 4:4., 41a, 387, 3^?, 5 Cook JI. 1 29, R 4. « Fo^HerUt 40i> 402. 248 NEW DISCOVERIES, &c, the framing is of fmall fpars, reeds, &c. and both fides ancl roof arc thick, and clofe covered with thatch made of coarfo ]ong grafs : in the infide of the houfe are fet up pods, to which crofs fpars are fadencd, and platforms made for the convenience of laying any thing on. Some houfes have two floors, one above another j the floor is laid with dried grafs, and here afid there mats are fpread for the principal people tofleep or fit on. Thefe houfes exadly refemble thole rcr prcfented in Le Maire*s and Schouten*s voyage, which they faw in Cocos and //(?;» I /lands''. In moft of thefe houfes there were no fire-places, and as there was no pafiage for the fmoak but through the door, the whole houfe was intolerably imoaky, and fo hot as to be iiifupportable to thofe unac- cuflomed to them : probably the fmoak is meant to drive out the mufquettps which fwarm hcrc% They commonly ere£l two or three of thefe huts near each other, under a clufter of lofty fig-trees, whofe foliage is impervious to the rays of the fun, Thefe trees have this remarkable quality, that they ftioot forth roots from the \ipper part of the ftem pcrfedSHy round, as if they had been made by a turner, intq the ground, ten, fifteen, and twenty feei /rom the tree, and form a moftexadl ftraight line, being extremely elaftic, and as tenfe as a bow-ftring prepared for adlion ; the bark of thefe trees feems to be the fubftance of which they prepare thofe little bits of cloth fo remarkable in their drefs ^ This tree is well known in feveral parts of the Eaft-Indies, par- ticularly on the Weftern Peninfula*. Milton defcribes our £rft parents as niaking ufe of its leaf as foon as they became confcious of ihame ; and the defcription which he gives of its growth fuits as well with thofe feen in New-Caledonia, ^s if it had been AYrjtteji from a fight of them. !} Dalrymple II. plate* I See page ai. 9 'C«okII» lai, isa. » Porfter !}> 3193. NEW CALEDONIA/ 249 Tlic fig-tree ; not that kititlTor fruit renown'd $ But fuch as at this clay to Judiaiis known ' In Malabar or Dedau, fprrach her arms Branching (o broad and long, that in the ground The bended twigs tuke root^ and daughters grow Abov»: the niothrr tree, a pillar'd (hade lii^U pver-arch'd, and echoing walks between". The canoes in ufe here are very heavy, clumfy velTcls j they arc made out of two large trees hollowed out, having a raifed gunnel about tv/o inches high, and clofed at each end with a kind of bulk head of the fame height, fo that the whole is like a long fquare trough about three feet iborter than the body of the canoe ; that is, a foot and an half at leach end : two canoes thus fitted are fecured to each other 1 about three feet afundcr, by means of crofs fpars, which pro- ject about a foot over each fidej over which is laid a deck, or heavy platform, made of plank, and fm all round fpears, on which they have a fire-hearth, and generally a fire burn* ing J they are navigated by one or two latteen fails, ex- tended to I rnall latle'-n yard, the end of which is fixed in a notch, or hole in the deck *, . . -. ■ Their working tools are made of the fame materials, and nearly in the fame manner as at the other iflands. They have no great variety of houfehold utenfils j their principal one is an earthen jar, one of which at Icafl each family is poflelTed of, and in which they balce their roots,' ihd pro- bably their fifliw. f- Notwithftanding the inofFenfive difpofition of thefe peo- ^jccspic, they pre well provided with ofFenfive weapons, fuch ^ Paradlfc Loft, kook ix, Ua$ ijoi 3e re(}« * Cook II. 125. t>. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 2.2 2.0 U III 1.6 % : 'cEET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ) €f^ Ms! WJx 5 1 1 250 NEW DISCOVERIES, &c. as clubs, fpears, darts, and flings for throwing ilones. Their clubs are about two feet and an half long, and va- rioufly formed j fomc like a fey the, others like a pick-axe j feme have a head like a hawk, and others have round heads ; but all are neatly made j many of their darts and fpears are no lefs neat, and ornamented with carvings; the flings are as flmple as pofllble, but they take feme pains to form the ilones that they ufe into a proper (hapt which is fomething 3ikean egg, fuppofing both ends to b Hke the fmall one. They drive the dart by the afllftance of fuch ihort cords, knobbed at one end, and looped at the other, as are ufed at Sanna, and which feamen call bcckets : thofe at New-Ca- Jedonia were of fuperior workmanfhip, and contained a quantity of red wool taken from the vampyre^ or great In- dian bat } bows and arrows are wholly unknown among them^ '■ - ^.' I Their language bears no aflinlty with any other of the various dialects fpoken in the South-Sea, the word areeiet^ and one or two more alone excepted \ this is the more extra- ordinary, as different dialcds of one language were fpoken not only in the eafterly ifland.s but at New-Zeeland ^ ; A mufical infl:rument was procured here, which \t a kind .©f whifHe i it wa« a little polilhed piece of brown wood, about two inches long, (hap^.d like a bell, though apparently iblid, with a rope fixed at the fmall end \ two holes were n^ade in it near the bafe, and another near the infcrtion of the rope, all which communicated with each other, and by blowing in the uppermoft, a (hrill found like whiftling was produced ; no other inflrument was feen among theq;i that hM tiieicjift rejation tp mafic %,/ «^)ii^5i;;'?.ir^?'} v^ii «'ee«k tL\i\^\tu Forl\«r JI. 384, ■ ' ' ^ "'; ^ V* " y Fwftel |i: 381, 1 f.rftcrli. 398, . .4^.. , ., ^, NEW CALEDONIA, ;»^ Many Indians in New-Cale^pnia were fteit wip prg/Cir gioufly thiclc legs and arms, which fe<;nj*;d to be aCe£lc4 with a kind of leprofy j the fwelHng was found to be ex- tremely hard, but the (kin was not alike harih and fqaly ia all the fick perfonsj the preternatural expanfion of the lej ^nd arm did not appear to be a great inconvenience to tbofe that fufFered it, and they feemed to fay that they felt paii^ very rarely ip it j but in feme the diforder began to fojragi Wotches, which were marks of a great degree of virulenca.% i4fH> >r!£> i'- [,--,.. ,.. -... „^ -. .....,- ...,,.,- •>.n-i>lon5i ere they depofit their dead In the ground, which fecmj to be a more Judicious manner of difpofmg of (hem thai) that at Taheitee, where they expofe them above ground till all the ileih is perfeftly putrefied ; if the mortality was more confiderable in that ifland than it is fuppofed to be^ fuch a Ciiftom might have the moft pernicious confequences, gnd produce a dreadful epidemical diftemper ; fuch a difeafe ^s the fmall-pox, for example, if introduced, would go oear to depopulate the whole country. The grave of a chief, who had been Hain in battle, here refe ubled a large mple-r hill, and was decorated with fpears, darts, paddles, ^c. all j(luck upright in the grpund roundabout it. 'Nothing is more remarkable in the hiftory of mankind^ than thegenerall concurrence of all nations to eredt a monument gn the fpot Yfhere their dead are buriedt , , ^.^a,^^ ■. v ,m ,< <. v:.' ■. ■ ■ ' ■ ''/\ Jitiilojv For ev'n thefe bones from infult to protci^. i ,(! ,.u)u' *.'■/; jU i!u;UtJI Some frail memorial ftill erected nigh, "VVith uncouth piles and artlefs fymbols deck'd, Implores the parflling tribute of a figh ''. ■.•>7. 1! Jiieutcnant Pickcrfgill was fhewed a chief whom they mnu;d ^tf-Z!£0m<7, and Hyled their arsfku, or king ; but no- 'ilv'i ^ ^'^^^^ "• 3^3- 4H» ^ Gtifi Elegy varied. thinj^ "ti;- 252 NEW DISCOVERIES, kc, thing further is known of their governAient, and not fo much of their religion, ^1- ,. ,-. h.,i \fiu-Jrx 5nd , .iuov :;jo'» iV. ■ -> nr-, ' ^\«ar V •y:\Xiiv 00 ynf ;j.r'.".' j.'. ■ When captain Cook firft landed here he was accompanied by a native, who appeared to be a man of fome confequence, and who had come on board the fhip before fhe came to an anchor. The natives aflembled in great numbers on the beach, led merely bycuriofity, for many had not fo much as a ftick in their hands. The party, on landing, were re- ceived with great courtefy, and with the furprize natural for people to cxprcfs at feeing men and things fo new and won- derful. The captain made prefents to all thofe whom his companion pointed out, hiit on his going to give a few beads and medals to fome women who flood behind the crowd, the chief held his hand, and would not fufFer him to do it. As they proceeded up a creek Mr. Forfter (hot a duck that flew near them, which was the firft ufe which thefe people faw made of fire-arms. The friendly native begged to have it, and when he landed he told his countrymen in what manner it was killed. Fiam this excurfion they learnt thk they were to expeft nothing from thefe people but the pri- vilege of vifiting their country undifturbed, for they had little elfe than good-nature to beflow, and ** in this," fay§ captain Cook, »* they exceeded all the nations we had yet met with } and although it did not fatisfy the demands of nature, it at once pleafed and left pu|: minds at eafe," A hatchet was not quite fo valuable as a large fpjke iiail -, fmall nails were of little or no value, and beads, looking-glafTes^ &c. tbey did not admire. Many of the natives came on board the fhip with perfefl confidence, and one of them ^k-^ chanjied a yam for a piece of red cloth ; they admired every thing that had a red colour, particularly red clotK or byi^f ^.•ak'W** |>ut did not choQfe to give »ny thing in e^chango* • Captain NEW CALEDONIA.- 2S^ Captain Cook fent the king Tea-booma a dpg and a bitch, both young, but nearly full grown, which may be the means of (locking the country with that fpecies of animals j and to Hebaiy the friendly chjef before fpoken pf, he gave a fow and boar pig, in order to provide, if poiTible, a flock of do> medic animals, for a nation whofe inofFenfive character feemed highly deferving of fuch a prefent. To enhance their value with the Indians, and thereby end uce them to be more careful of their ftock of hogs, the captain cxplain^il to them how many young ones the female would have at one time, and how foon this would multiply to fome hundreds. No one of the natives attempted to take the leafl: trifle by ftealth, but all behaved with the flridleft honefly. Some of them fpoke of a great land to the northward, which they called Mingha, the inhabitants of which were their enemies, and very warlike. They likewife pointed out a fepulchral mount, or tumulus, where one of their chiefs lay buried, who had been killed fighting in defence of his country, by a native of Alingha. The appearance of a large beef bone, which an officer began to pick towards the conclulion of the fupper, interrupted this conversation ; the natives talked very loud and earneflly to each other, looked with great furprize, and fome marks ofdifguft at the flranger, and at laft went away all together, expreffing," by figns, that they fuppofed it to be the limb of a man. The officer en- deavoured to (itQ himfelf and his (hip-mates from this fuf- picion, but two infurmountable impediments lay in his way, viz. the want of language, and that the natives had never feen a quadruped in their lives. At another time a native, who was in a boat with captain Cook and Mr. Wales, acquainted them, by very fignificant gcftures, that they had enemies who feafled upon human flefh, which doubtkiii had contributed to make them impute the fame .••>• prafticc »5i N£W DtSCOVfeRtEg, ^6. praftice to tfieir n^ fr'Fe^ds^ Thi« iflatid, thfr largefi ^fcotered in the South- Sea between the tropics, remains tntittlf utiexplored Oft its fouth-lide; its minerals dndvt'ge.i> tablei ftill remain untouched, animals it Ihould feem to bave none, from the ignorance whirh the natives to the northward difcovered of fuch as they faw. Captain Cook ^caufed the' following infcription to be cut in a remarkable large and fhady tree on the beach, clofe to a rivulet t ^ HifrBritannicMajefty's Ship Refolution, September 1774.** ^'TsLE or iPiNEs lies to the fouth-weft of New-Caledonia | U about a mile in circumference, and in latitude 22 deg* 40 min. fouth ; longitude 167 deg. 40 min. cad. 'v*^it;(» tirf»»rf,. J jr^ Botany Island is about two miles in circuit, entirely flat and fandy, fix leagues dlftant from the fouth-end of New-Caledonia. Captain Cook gave this little ifle its name from its containing, in fo fmall a fpace, a ^ora of near thirty fpecies, among which were feveral new ones j its foil is very fandy on the fliores, but in the interior parts is mixed with vegetable earth, from the trees and plants which continually decay on it without being cleared away by hu* man induftry <*. . . >'-\%t ■ ■-.I/: Norfolk Island, fo called by captain Cook, who dif-^ covered it Oftober 10, 1774. It lies in laiitude 29 deg. 21 min. fouth ; longitude 168 deg. 16 min. eaft. It is a frhallifland, wholly covered with cyprefs trees, refcrabling thofe on Botany Ifland ; there were foundings at a great diftance in about twenty fathom ; and eight leagues from r, ^ Forfteri II. 418; 4t9« i forfter, lb 438,4^. <',■■- *4 > NEW G A L E D N I A. ^« the fouth-eaft end bottom was found at thirty and forty fathom. The rocks of this ifland confift.of a common yellowifli clayey ftone, which was found at New Zeeland, and fmall bits of porous reddifh lava, which feemed to be decaying, and indicated that this ifland had been a volcano. It is about three miles long, very ftecp, and uninhabited,' and is fuppofcd never to have had a human footftep upon it till that time. The vegetables here throve with great luxu- riance, in a rich ftratum of black mould, accumulated ,, during ages paft from decayed trees and plants. The pro- du^ions of New Zeeland are here united to thofe of New Caledonia and the Hebrides, for the cyprefs of the one, and the cabbage palm of the other, flourifli here in great per- fedlion : the former yielded timber for the carpenter, and the latter afforded a mofl: welcome and palatable refrisfii- ment. The central flioot, or heart, of this fruit, more refembles an almond than a cabbage in tafte. Here wofc parrqts, parroquets, and pigeons, and a number of ^aii\l birds peculiar to this fpot, fome of which were very beauti- ful. The fifli that were here caught, together with the birds and vegetables, enabled the whole (hip's company to fare fumptuoufly for a day or two. Here is likewifc the flax-plant of New-Zeeland, and rather more luxuriant thut any where in that country. Mr. Forfter thinks if this ifland was of greater extent, it would be unexceptlon^bic for an European feitlement*. '^ ' * '' • •' ' V '''''^-^ -. • =• ■■■■■: --. r- *r >-:'*■;■•. .:, b^-^Ytif.^ ■>■ -f-i 'if J- ■! ■' .'i "•: ,-. v . , :■.;,-, .',1 ., ;.;;:fji | »r- MAiK ^ 21 cFo»ft«r,II.444,445,446. Coak, 11, 148, ^., ,,1^,^^^'^^ ■?id- f- -3.' CHAP. lESS NEW DISCOVLRIESi &c. ^ h A p. VIll,J,,j,,,., Cy thtfmall fcattered Jflxnds that have been difcovered between the Equator and the Southern tropic, and * from 150 deg. of Longitude Wefi^ to 160 deg. of Lon^tude Eafi ; particularly Eimeo, or Captain Wallis's Duke of York's Island, O-Heteroa, . Howe, Hervey, Palmerston, Savage, Bos- CAWEN, Keppel, Islands of Danger, Byron's Duke of Yorh, Queen Charlotte's Isles, and Byron's Island, v - r«^ HAVING now defcribed the feveral clufters of iflands which have been lately difcovered or explored in the Ibuthern part of the great Pacific Ocean, before we pro- ceed to the more extenfivc and important countries of New 21eeland and New Holland, we ihall juft enumerate the finall iflands that are now known to lie difperfed within 50 deg. of longitude, and 23 deg. of latitude. r EiMEO, or York Ifland, is about twenty leagues diftant from O-Tahcitee, weft- north- weft* It was firft difco- vered by captain Wallis in July 1767. ^. 0-Heter6a, 22 deg. 27 min. fouth ; i5Qdeg. 47 min. weft, is thirteen miles in circuit. It does not (hoot out into high peaks like the other iflands, but is more even and uni- ibnuy divided into fmall hillocks ^ It is neither populous ^Pirkinfon, 7)* m S M-A LL 1^ LAMB S. %^:- ftS7 hor fertile in proportion to the other iflands that lie under the fame parallel of latitude^ It furniflies neither a harbour nor anchorage for (hipping, and the difpofltion of the people is hoftile to fuch as vifit them. Oil the weftern fide of the ifland is a bay, the bottom of which is foul and rocky, but the water is fo clear, that the bottom can be Teen at the > depth of twenty-five fathom, or one hundred and fifty feet. ^ The, natives are armed with lances near twenty feet long, made of a very hard wood poliflied, and fharpened at one Mim " Some of them wear caps made of the tall feathers of ^ the tropic bird, and have their bodies covered with the Hrrpes of different coloured cloth, yellow, red, and brown : ' ^ th^is drefs was very different from any worn in the other ' iflands, though the materials of their cloth are the fame. Moil of it appeared to have been died yellow, and covered on7th'e outfide with a compofition like varniih, of which |here were two colours, either red, or of a dark lead cqlour, -^ and over this ground were ilripes painted very reguljlurly i thefe ftripes were either black or white, according to the grQund on which they were laid. Their habit is a flicrt jacket of cloth, which reaches about as low as their knees ; of one piece, and no other wife made than by having a hole in the middle of it, flitched round with long ditches, in which it differs from the drefs of all the other iflands : through this hole the head is put, the whole is bound round the body by a piece of yellow cloth, or faih, which pafling round the neck behind, is crofled upon the breafl^ a^d col- ]e£led round the waift like a belt, which palTes over another belt of red cloth, fo that they made a very gay and warlike appearance *. This cloth is of a better colour, and more neatly painted, than any ipade ufe of in any other of (he viflandiS. I'hey bejftow great pains in ornameming th^ir ca- « Hj^ke^wor^^i.^l, 477, S noec «58 NEW DISCOVERIES, &c. noes ; ernbelliihing them with carved work, and lines of white feathers hanging down from head to {lern ''. •• HowK Island, difcovered by captain WalHs, called by the inhabitants of the Society Iflands Mopeha^ lies 16 deg. •46 min. fouth} and 154 deg. 8 mi n. weft. n: I r < Hervey Island, difcovered by captain Cook, Septem- 'ber 23, 1773* who gave it that name in honour of the earl of Briftol ; it is a low iiland, latitude 19 deg. 8 min. fouth, longitude 158 deg. 54 min. weft. . ■ ^<'i »,; ■ J t: I t'ALMERSTON IsLAND, longitude 163 deg. 10 min. weft, latitude 18 deg. 4 min. fouth. • - * ' Savage Island, 19 deg. i min. fouth, 169 deg, 37 Imin. weft. On captain Cook's landing here, June 1774, ^he natives attacked his party with great fury; every pof- nble intimation of good will was given them, but without any efFe£l j a dart or fpear was thrown by one of the na- tives, which grazed captain Cook's flioulder : a party which had been pofted on a rock, to fecure a retreat in cafe of an '^ttslck, fa\V it abfolutely neceflary to fire on the natives, to refcue their commander, and thofe who were with him, from deftrud^ion. This prevented others coming down from the heights, and abated the ardour of thofe who were engaged i whether any of the Indians were hurt could not be perceived. This difpofition of the natives, as well as the ifland furnifh- ing no port, determined captain Cook to leave it. The con- dud^ and afpefl of thefe iflanders, who came down with the fury of wild bears, led him to name this fpot Savage //land. It is about Uven leagues in circuit, of a round form, and b Hawktfwonh II. 27s. good . S M A L L 1 3 L A K d 1 ^^^ g)Dod height, and has deep water clofe to its fboresi Its in- terior parts are fuppofed to be barren, as no ibil was to be feen towards the coafts ; the rocks alone fupplying the trees with humidity. Both the perfons of thefe iflanders^ and their canoes, agree very well with the defcription given by M. de Bougainville of thofe he faw ioiF the Ifle of Nayl» gators *. .,_ ...-.., _ ; /; - Bo^caWen's IsLANb, 15 deg. 50miti. fbuth) z^S^eg* Weft, was firft vifited by Le Mair and Schouten in 161 6« who called it Cocos I/land. Captain Walli^ faw it in Augi^ft 1767, and gave it the nattie of Bofcawen. It is nearly cir- cular, and three miles over ^, The former navigators tdtUe^ that the inhabitants had the flefli of their ears flitj and )ianff* ' ing almoft to their fhoulders, and blue blackifli (jmtoa^ their bodies, as if burnt with gun-powdej '« .#'^P^^' ' - - ' . . . W'-'^- iff v.. ' T ,., - - Keppel's Island, 15 deg> 5^ min« 175 4^gl ;|'initi» Weft; is three miles and a half long, and two^road, feen by captain Wallis in the Dolphin. Le Mair faw it in 1716, and named it IJlandof Traytors j the boa^s from i^e Dolphin found a good landing-place^ the nativeif^ Appeared peaceably inclined, we|;e cloathed with a kind lof matting, and the firft joint of their little fingers had been taken oiF* No hogs were feen ; twofbwls) fome cocoa-nt;ts, pl^ntaifts, and bananas, were all the refreihmeiits proc^-red %;.,•. ^1, . * . ^ .f ■ . 1 . -• P >■■ - '^ Islands of Danger. Three iflands were fo qal1e4 by commodore Byro|i, having rocks and broken ground be- tween them, and being fo low that a (hip may be clofe in with them before they are feen. Their fituation is difFe* > BougainviUe, 2S1. Cook, H. 5, 6, 7. 1^ Hawkcfw. I. 49* ^ Dalrymple, II, az. m Hawkefw. 1. 493. S 2 J-ently >1 ■ 5^' '":< 2*0 NEW DISCOVERIES, ice. rently laid down by commodore Byron and captain Cook ; the former placing them in longitude iideg. 33 min. foiith ; latitude 167 deg. 47 min. weft; and the latter in 10 deg. 51 min. 163 deg. 43 min. The fouth-eaftermofl: of thefe iflands is about three leagues in length between the extreme points, from both which a reef runs out, upon which the iea breaks to a tremendous height ; upon the north-well and weft fides innumerable rocks and (hoals ftretch near two leagues into the Tea, and are extremely dangerous. The iflands have a fertile and beautiful appearance, and fwarm with people. The great danger to which the (hips were expofed prevented the coniinuJore from going afliore, and making any further difcoverics concerning thefe fccluded fpots ". , ... — l^' Duke of York's Island lies in latitude 8 deg. 41 min. fouth i longitude 173 deg. 3 min. weft. It is near thirty miles in circumference, uninhabited ; a dreadful iea breaks upon almoft every part of the coaft, and no found- ings could be found. It was tirft difcovered by commodore Byron, June 21, 1765, and according to all probability never received a human footftep before that time. The boats landed with great difficulty, and procured about two hundred cocoa-nuts, which, circumftanced as the crews were, was an ineftimable treafure. Thoufands of fea-fowl were feen fitting upon their nefts, which were built in high trees ; thefe birds were fo tame that they fufFered themfelves to be knocked down without leaving their nefts : the ground was covered with land-crabs, but no other animal was feen ^. " Hawkefw. I. Jog. e Hawkefw. I. iio> ; I TURTL? SMALL ISLANDS. 261 Turtle IsLA^?D, fo called by captain Cook^ who firft vifited it, on account of the great number of turtles that were feen here. It lies in latitude iQdeg. 48niin. fouth i longi- tude 178 deg. 2 min. weft. Queen Charlotte's Islands. Tbtfe iflands were firft difcovered by captain Carteret in the Swallow in 1767. Seven iflands were counted, and more were fuppofed to be difpcrfed within the duller. Here is fine frefli water, but no efculent vegetables. The natives arc black, with woolly heads, and ftark naked. The party which captain Wallis fent on (hore to procure fupplies of provifi^ns, by treating the natives with a fupercilious haughtinefs, drew upon thcmfelves their refentment, which brought on a fkirmifli, in which the mafter of the ftiip and three feamen were wounded by arrows that were difcharged, and afterwards died, whilft the Dolphin lay here. In order to intimidate the natives from attempting to cut oft* the people on (hore, who were filling water, grape fhot was repeatedly fired from the fhip's guns into the woods where they had concealed themfelves : but after the poor harrafled natives had fuffered greatly by thefc means, they became fo efFciJlually intimidated that they abandoned that part of the ifland, and left the waterers to purfue their employment undifturbed. But though every humane breaft muft be pained to read of the deftrudtion of a number of inofFenfive people, yet the commander of the expedition muft be exculpated from the charge of being at all accefTary to the carnage : the infult which at firft pro- voked the natives was given contrary to his exprefs orders, and the fituation in which he then was, compelled him to procure water at any rate, fo that this difagreeable method of doing it was forced upon him. The inhabitants of thefe iflands are dcfcribed as extremely nimble and vigorous, and S3 almoft; %^% NEW D I S 6 6 V E R I £ S &c. almoft as well qualified to live in the water as upon land, for they were in and out of their canoes almoft every mi- nute j latitude II deg. longitude 164 deg. eaftp. Thefo iflands are fuppofed to be the Santa Cruz df Mendana, who died (h?rc in 1595 \ Byron's ISI.AND lies in latitude 1 deg. i8min. fouth ; 170 deg, 50 min. eaft longitude. It was firft difcovered by commodore Byron, July ^, 1765, but he could not go on ihore, ox procure any refrefliments, there being no part fa< vourablefor a (hip to anchor. This ifland is fuppofed to be about four leagues in length. It was very populous, for as fooji as the fhi{> came in fight, the natives, to the number of above a thoufand, afTembled on the beach, and more than fixty canoes, or proas, put off from the (hore, and made to- wards it, and ranged themfelves in a circle round it j after having gazed for fome time, one of the Indians fuddenly jumped out of his proa, fwam to the fliip, and ran up the fide like a cat. As foon as he had ftepped over the gunwale he fat down upon it, and buril into a violent fit of laughter, then Aarted up and ran all over the ihip, attempting to fteal whatever he could lay his hands on, but without fuccefs, for being ftark naked it was impofTible to fecrete his booty. The feamen put him on a jacket and trowfers, which pro- duced great merriment, for he had all the geftures of a mon- key newly drefTed, Bread was given him, which he ato with a voracious appetite ; and after having played a thou- fand antick tricks, he leaped overboard clad in his new ap- parel, and fwam back to his proa. Thefe people are tall, yipll-proportioned, and clean-limbed \ their ikin is a bright , ~ P IfawH^fw. X. 570, S Palrymple, I. 77. «op.pW SMALL ISLANDS. 263 copper colour ; their features good, and their countenances exhibitca u mixture of intrepidity and cheerfulnefs that is very flrilcing ; they have iong black hair ; feme had long beards, fome only whiikers, and others, nothing more thaa a fmall tuft at the point of the chin. They were all ftark naked except their ornaments; v^hich confided of (hells very prettily difpofed and ftrung together j thefe they wear rourrd their necks, wrifts, and waifis. All their ears were bored, but they had no ornaments in them } but it fhould feem that they do wear very heavy on?s, for their ears hung -flown almoft to their ihoulders, and fome there were whofe ears were quite fplit through. One of thefe men, who appeared to be a perfon of fome confequence, had a firing Qf human tei^th tied about his waift, which was probably a trophy of his military prowefs, for he would not part with it in exchange for any thing that could be offered him^ Some were unarmed, but others had a formidable weapon ; it was a kind of fpear, very broad at the end, and ftuck full of fliarks teeth, which are as fharp as a lancet, at the fides for about three feet of its length. The commodore fliewed them fome cocoa-nuts, and made figns that he wanted more ; but inflead of giving any intimation that they could fupply him, they endeavoured to takeaway thofc they fiiWr. / f Hawkerw. I. nj. s* CHAP. \ V a64 NEW DISCOVERIES, &c. • '^d'V 1 c..» ;rjSbo8i hnn .ji3b ;'■ •1 •* . v]iili dTrv.i'/ Of thefirji Difcovery of New ZecIanJ j /Vi Situation^ Extent, ^'' Climate, SoU, Mountains, and Face of the Country, ...:J\ • in.r !;t M.'. /T^ HIS country was firft vifited by Abel Jan fen * Tafman, a Dutch navigator, who failed from Ba- tavia, and arrived on its eaftern fide, 24th November, 1642. He traverfed the north-eaftern coaft, from latitude 34deg. to 43deg. and entered the ftrait which divides the two idands, and which is now called Cook's ftrait, but being attacked by the natives foon after he came to an an- chor, three of his men were killed on the fpot, and a fourth was tnottzWy wounded ; he therefore did not go on ftiere, but gave the name of Murderer's Bay to the road in which he anchored ; and afHxed the general name of New- Zeeland to the whole country, which has generally been fuppofed to be part of a fouthern continent^ ; but it is now found tacpnfift of two large iflands, divided from each other by a paf&ge which is about four or five leagues broad. Captain Cook vifited it in 1769 and 1770, and made th 3 circuit of both iflands j and three times repaired here in J773 and 1774. Thefe iflands are fituated between the lati- tudes of 34 cleg. 22 min. and 47 deg. 25 min. fouth, and > Dulrymple, II. 6g. between NEW ZEELAND. 265 between the longitude of 166 deg. and 180 dcg. eaft. The northermoft of thefe iflands is called by the natives Eahei' Btmauwe, and the fouthermoft Toty, ox Tovai-Pcemmmoo\ The fouthern part of Eaheinomauwe is ofjConfiderable width ; from the thirty-eighth degree of latitude it runs out to the north- weft in a narrow neck of land for near an hundred leagues, and terminates in Cape Maria Van Dieman, and North Cape. From North Cape to its moft fouthern point, called by captain Cook Cape PalliiTer, it extends from 34 deg. 20 min, to 41 deg. 36 min. of fouth latitude. The greateft width of Tovai-Poenammoo is from Duflcy Bay to the fouth- weft, to Cape Saunders on the eaft-fide, which comprehends 4 deg. and 20 min. of longitude; in its nar- roweftpart it is fomething more than one degree. Tovai" Poenommoo is, for the moft part a mountainous, and, to all appearanof , a barren country, very thinly inhabited. Eahei" mmauwe bias a much better appearance ; it is indeed not only hilly ibut mountainous, yet even the hills and moun- tains are covered with wood, and every valley has a rivulet of water. The foil of thefe vallies, and in the plains, of which there are many that are not overgrown with wood, is in general light but fertile, inComuch that every kind of European grain, plants, and fruit, would Hourifti herein the utmoft luxuriance. The winters are fuppofed to be milder here than in England, from the vegetables that were found growing ; and captain Cook defcribes the fummer to be not hotter than with us, though more equally warm ; and he adds, that if this country fliould be fettled by people from Europe, they would, with a little induftry, be very foon fupplied not only with the neceflaries, but the luxuries of life, in great abundance ". A ridge of mountains is fup- pofed to extend from north to fouth, nearly the whole Hnwkefw. Ill, 435, 436. " Hawkcfw. II. 437, length . vTvTCT^W?!? A \ 266 NEW DISCOVERIES, &c. length of Tovai-Poenammo9, Towards the fputhwarrf a narrow ridge of hills rifes direitly from the fea, which is covered with v;ood j clofe behind thefe hills are mountains extending in rfnother ridge of a ftupendous height, confifting ef rocks that are totally barren, and naked, except where they are covered with fnow, which is to be fcen in large patches upon many parts of them, " the gathered winter of a thoufand years." From the quantities of iron-fand which ia brought down by every little ftrcam of frcfli water, there is undoubtedly iron ore at a fmall diftance up the country, jftotwitiiftanding the inhabitants are utter ftrangers to the Hfe of iron, as well as to its valued A large piece of pumice-ftone was picked up on Eaheinomauwe, by which it appears evidently that there either is, or has been, a volcano on that ifland. A (hock of an earthquake was felt at Totfoi-Petrtammoo, on the nth of May 1773, by the Adven- ture's people, but no damage was done to any thing on ihore : thofe who were on board the (hip did not perceive any thing of it. *' This circumftance," fays Mr. Forfter, «' may ferve to evince the probability of volcanos on New- Zecland, as thefe two great phenomena on our globe feem to be clofely connected together *," Captain Cook made the eaft coaft of New-Zeeland, in latitude 38deg. 42; min. on the 6th O£lobcr 1769, juft to the northward of a large bay, to which he gave the name of Hawke's Bay. This indefatigable navigator employed fix months all but five 4ays, in fully exploring the coafts of both iflands, in which circuit he gave names to feveral bays, rivers, and other parts of the coaft. The firft place where he anchored he called Poverty Bay, becaufe he found there nothing neceflary for a (hip except wood j this bay is in form of an horfe- Ihoe, and is called by the natives Taoueroa, Here was feen V Hawkefw. II. i^%» w Forfter, 1, 199. »vcry s . N E W Z E E L A N D. 2,67 a very extraordmary riatural curiofity ; it is a rock perfo- rated through its whule fubftance, (o as to form a rude buC ilupendous arch, or c^v^n^ opening dire(SlIy to the fea j its apertuire was feventy-five feet long, twenty-feven broad* and forty-five high, commanding a view of the bay, and th« hills On the other fide, which were feen through it, and as it opened at once upon the view, it produced an effeik far fuperior to any of the contrivances of art\ From hence captain Cook proceeded to the fouthward^ almoft to the forty>firft degree of latitude, when he reverfed his courfe, calling the cape Which then prefented itfelf Cape Turnagain* In this courfe h6 proceeded to the north-eaftern point of land, and the broadeft part of the whok ifland, which he called Cape Eaji, The next port in which he anchored re- ceived from him the name of Mercury Bay^ on account of having made an obfervation of the tranfit of Mercury over the fun J it lies in latitude 36 deg. 57 min. About this bay are feveral iflands which confift of rocks, fome of which are as fmall in compafs as the Monument in London, but rife to a much greater height, and fome are inhabited. The river which empties itfelf at the head of this bay was called the River Thames, on account of the refemblance which it bears to our river of that name. The banks of this river captain Cook reprefents as the moft eligible place in thefe iflands for fettling a colony. More to the north- weft is the Bay ofljlandsj (o named from the great number of iflands that line its fliores, and form feveral harbours equally fafls and commodious -, there is room and depth for any number of (hipping. At Point Pocock, on the weft fido of the Bay of Iflands, were feen feveral villages both upon iflands and the main. X Hawkefw. tl. }i|. Nitrtb aes NEW DISCOVERIES, &c. North Cape is the moft northern extremity of land on Eahimomauwe ; from its fituation it received its name from captain Cook. It lies in longitude 173 deg. 5min. eafl^, nnd latitude 34 deg. 22 min. fouth. Land was difcovered by I'aCman to the weftward of this cape, and called by him Cape Maria Van Diemen, In latitude 35 deg, off this cape, and in.the midft of fummer, (January 1770) captain Cook, in the Endeavour, met with a gale of wind, which for its fircngth and continuance, he fays, was fuch as he had fcaice ever been in before ; and he was three weeks in get- ting ten leagues to the weftward, and five weeks in making fifty, *' During the gale," fays he, " we were happily at a confiderable diftance from 'and, otherwife it is highly probable that we (hould never have returned to relate our adventures." This cape is the eaftermoft point of a pcnin- fula, which runs out north- weft, and north-weft by north, feventeen and eighteen leagues, and of which Cape Maria Van Diemen is the weftermoft point, lying in latitude 34 deg. 3omin. fouth; longitude 173 deg. 42 min. eaft. The land here is every where a barren fliore, conftfting of banks of white fand". Having doubled this cape he proceeded along the weftern fhore, to which he has given the name of The Dejert Coaji \ proceeding onward to the fouth, thecoaft; was found to bend wcftwardly, and a remark ibly high peak was feen towering above the clouds, and covered with pe- rennial fnow. Its appearance is remarkably majeftic, and in comparifon of it the neighbouring hills look like dwarfs : it ftands upon, or rather its bafe flattens into, an extenftvc plain on all fides 3 and its fummit tapering gradually, ter- minates in a fmall point ; its height is fuppofed to be not much inferior to the peak of Teneriffe, from the fpace which the fnow occupies on it z. Captain Cook gave it the name y H*wkefwr. ir. » f orfter, II. 448. of NEWZE ELAND. 269 name of Mount Egmont : it lies near the Tea, and is furrounded by a flat country of a pleafant appearance, being cloathed with verdure and wood, and the ihore under it forms a large cape, which received the name of Cape Egmont ; latitude 39 deg. 30 min*. Then entering the ftraits which divide the northern from the fouthern ifland, and which received the name of CooJ^'s Straits^ he proceeded to the Ibuthcrn pe^- ninfula of Eaheinomauwee, called by the natives Terre Witteej the point of which land captain Cook named Capt Pallifer ; 41 deg. 34. min. fouth j 176 deg. 2 min. eaft : he then proceeded fo far north, after having cleared the ftraits^ as to come within fight of Cape Turnagain, which proved unqueftionably the extent of this country. Between capes 7'erre Wittee and Pallifer is a very deep bay, the (bores Of which have every where a very gentle flope. This fpot is defcribed as particularly convenient for an European fettle- ment ; there is a great ftretch of land for cultivation, and eafily defenfible, plenty of wood, and almoft certain indica- tions of a great river, and the country does not feem to be populous. . , v; ;iv; The fouthern ifland, or Tovai-Poenammoo, underwent a like accurate furvey. On the eaftern coaft, between the la- titudes of 43 deg. and 44 min. he difcovered a fmall ifland, to which he gave the name of Banis's ljland\ it lies about four leagues from the coaft, it is of a circular figure, and about twenty-four leagues in compafs. The land has a broken ir- regular furface j it may be feen at the diftance of twelve or fifteen leagues j it appeared to be rather barren, but has a few inhabitants. Cape launders lies in 45 deg. 35 min. (outhi 171 dtg. 56 min. eaft. Proceeding to the fouthward a Hiwkefw. 11. 382, 3S3, 384. \ ; #70 NEW DISCOVERIES, &c. ht found the extremity of the land almofl: feparated from the 'fed of the ifland, it being joined by a long and narrow ' ^;hinu«. The Trapt are a ledge of rocks which lie fix leagues ' feuth-eaft of the moft foutherly point of land. The fouth- ^9& of this ifland is rendered very dangerous navigating, ' liromr the ridges of rocks which rife for many leagues out of the fea. Almoijt on the weftern extremity he found a ■commodious bay, where he anchored and gave it the name uf D^/ky Bay. This bay, and the fouth-wefl cape adjoining to Jt, are remarkable for being the only level fpot for a conftdera- .b|6 diftanoe. It extends two leagues to the northward, is then slofty and covered with wood } the land behind it rifes into ^|»igh mountains, which are barren and rocky, latitude 45 deg. 46 min. The entrance of the bay is very fafe, and many iiarbours and coves are fcattered in different parts of it, V^ere good anchorage may be found **. The foil is a deep iblack mould, compofed of decayed vegetables, and fo loofe j^s to fink at every ftep that is trod on it. It is indeed rea- ■fonable to fuppofe, that in the fouthern parts of New Zee- land, the forefts have never been touched by human induf- try, but have remained in their rude unimproved flate of na- ture fince their Hrft exiftence. Not oitly the climbing plants and flirubs obftru£ted their pafTage, but likewife numbers of rotten trees lay in their way, felled by winds and old age. A new generation of young trees of parafitic plants, ferns and morafles, fprouted out of the rich mould to which this old timber was reduced by length of time, and a deceitful bark fometimes ftill covered the interior rotten fubftance, , whereon if any one attempted to ftep, they funk in to the waift ^. The trees gradually diminiihed in height and cir- cumference, and dwindled to flirwbs as they receded from the fliore, contrary to what is obferved in other parts of the k ForAer, 1. 188. c Foifter; 1. 127. world NEW Z E E L A N D. rjt world where the inland countries have finer forefts and bet- ter timber than the Tea fliores. About a league froni the place where the (hip lay, was feen a 5ne cafcade falling into the Tea, over a fteep rock cloathed with thick bu(hesand trees. The water was perfectly calm, polifhed and tranfpa* TcnC ; the landfcape was diftin£lly refledled in ir, and the various romantic fhapes of the fteep mountains, contrafted in diB^erent mafles of light and flude, had an admirable ef- feft,"'. Several beautiful cafcades are difperfed" about this •part of the ifland, which fall from vafl: heights, and prefent very pidlurefque fcenes '. The climate of Dufky Bay is fuppofed to be rather an unhealthy one, as during the fta/ which the Refolution made here in 1773, of fix weeks and . four days, (in the months of March and April) only one week of continued fair weather was experienced, all the reft of the time the rain predominated, infomuch that they never experienced above two fair days in immediate fucceifion.; notwithftanding which the crew recovered their health very faft ; and perhaps the climate was lefs noxious to Englifli- men than it would have been to any other nation from being fo analogous to their owji ^ Quitting Dufky Bay, and pro- ceeding along the weftern coaft, be entered Cook's ftraits by the fouth-weft point of land, behind which he anchored in a Hne bay, to which the captain gave the name of yUmi^ rahy Bay \ the land here is of a hilly furface, chiefly covered with trees, (hrubs, and fern. Mr. Banks and Dr. Solander found feveral new plants here, and fome of the ftones that lay on the beach were full of veins, and had a mineral ap- pearance; but nothing was difcovered within them that couM be determined to be ore. Mr. Banks was of opinion, •tiiat confidering the correfponding latitude between this d Forfter, J. 164. « Forfter, 1. 136. f Cook, I. 99. Forfter, I. 187. place r. 372 NEW t)ISCOVEl^l£S, Sec, HI -place and South America, it Was not improbable, but that th^y « prqier «xsniination, fomething very valuable might be ■i found >, *\ "•'♦* V> *i im» |J^^^^ 'J I'^ol-tri -iwl ^::uii.. jir A very little more to the eaftward is j^«/r« Charlfftte*s \. Sound, in which is fuppofcd to lie Alurdtrer's Bay, (o called ^.'by T'tfrnan from his ikirmifli with the natives, and the lofs - of four of his men. The entrance of this found lies in la- . titude 41 deg. fouth ; longitude 175 deg. 25 mtn. eaft. It . is three leagues broad at its mouth, and is a colledtion of ibme of the fineft harbours in the world. There are a great {.-number of fmall iflands lying at the entrance, and the land ? >«bout it is fo high as to be feen at the diftance of twenty leagues. Here they found a fine ftream of excellent water, ; and wood in the greatell plenty : the land here being onr. foreft of vaft extent ; and they caught near three hundred "weight of fifli of different forts. The number of inhabitants here fcarcely exceeded four hundred } they livt difperfed along the fliore ; there is no cultivated ground to be feen ; their chief food i^ fifli and fern-roots, and they appear to live in a continual ftate of warfare. They are poorer than the inhabitants of other parts of this country, and their canoes are without ornament **. The climate here is extremely mild ^ when compared to that of Du/iy Bay j and notwithftanding ^'the vicinity of the fnow mountains, no froft was feen here whilft the Refolution and Adventure remained, which was , till the 6th of June, almoil the depth of winter in thefe parts i it is therefore very probable that it feldom freezes here '. The hills about Queen Charlotte's Sound are chiefly compofed of a clayey flone which runs in oblique flrata, and fometimes contains veins of white quartz } a green tal- cous, or nephritic flone, is alfo found in this kind of rock. S Hawkefw. III. 432. t^ Hawkcfw. U, 406* i TatHttTf 1. 202. and NEW 25 E E L A N D. m Rnd when very hard is capable of a poliih, and fcmUranrpa- renc : it is ufed by the natives fot chifl'ds, hatchets, and fomctimes for patoo- patoos, and is of the fame fpecies as jewellers call the jadde. On the beaches were ]ilcew)fc found feveral forts .of flinty ftoncs and pebbles, and fame looTe pieces of black compn£l, and ponderous bafaltes, of which the natives form fome of their fhort clubs ^ and by many different appearances the former exiflence of a volcftno in New-Zeeland was Arongly confirmed ''. The green talc was fo much valued by the failors, that there was fcarccly any thing they were poflefled of that they would not give for a piece of it, although really a thing of no great value ^. The quarts^is Sometimes found of a rufty colour, which fdems evidently to rife from particles of iron, and from ihefe cir- cumAances, and the variety of minerals found here, there is grent reafon to fuppofe that this part of Ncw-Zeeland con* tains iron ore, and perhaps feveral other metalic bodies'". When the Refolution vifited this found a fecond time, in November 1773, which anfwers to our May; the annual trees and (hrubs were but beginning to looic green, and th« vivid colour of their frefh leaves, very well contrafted with the dark wintry hue of the evergreens j the flag with which the natives prepare their hemp was in flower, together with fame early fpecies ". The foreft plants here arc very fimilar to thofe in Dulky Bay, but this port is particularly dcfirablo as a place of refrefliment, on account of the number of antifcorbutic plants which grow on every heach j the fpruce-trce and the tea-plant grow here in great plenty. k Forfler, I. 204. ° JFotHer, I. 494. Cook, I. aj3. n» Porftei", I. t^ S $ C T. \ ( 4/4 NEW DISCOVERIES, &c. SECT. II. CftljeTttes, Plants, Infem^ R.^tiles, l}irds^BeaJ!s,andFiJhts ■ ''^'*' "J '^* • •^"- * £^- Ncw-Zecland. • i'^-'i^'n <«.uiiio:/u/i '^/!r. 'i»^<^uja .. v(j..^.i,.- '., ,..r 1^ ,',<• ■,i."i.'iM«ju j"fo.v*-» /iVvV j(,«l: 'TT^HE moft beneficial vegetables which this country af- ■■■ fords are wild celery, and a kind of creflej, which grow in great abundance on all parts of the fea-coads ; only one cabbage-tree was fccn } gourds are cultivated by the ' natives : here is the paper mulberry-tree, but extremely rarej and a berry which ferves the natives inflead of flax and hemp, and exceeds all that are made ufe of for fuch pur- pofes in other countries. Of this plant there are two forts ; the leaves of both refemble thofc of flags, but the flowers are fmallcr, and their cluders more numerous ; in one kind they are yellow, and in the other a deep red. Of the leaves of thefe plants, with very little preparation, they make all their common apparel j and of thefe they make alfo their ftrings, lines, and cordage, for every purpofe. Thefe are much Wronger than any thing we can make with hemp. From the fame plant, by another preparation, they draw long flender fibres which Ihine like filk, and are as white as fnow. Of thefe, which are alfo furpi izingly ftrong, the finer cloths arc made ; and of the leaves, without any other preparation than fplitting them into proper breadths, and tying the ftrips to- gether, they make their fifhing-nets". No plant promifes to become fo ufeful to Europe by tranfplantation as this flag ; the hemp or flax which the New-Zeelanders make of it, with their untow and implements, is exceflively ftrong, glofly, and white j and that which has been prepared in ingland has almoft equalled filk in luflre. It grows in botlt Haw kef. JJI. 44.3. -« ifland^ &. t • K E:W Z E E L A N D.j. >t '*;4 Iflands in all kinds of foil, and being perennial may be cut down to the root every year, and requires fcarcc any ;.ttcn- dance and care in the cultivation ''. fLre were found trees of above twenty different forts that were whcJIy unknown. No country indeed abounded fo much with trees and plants that were entirely unknown to the naturalifts of Europe as New-Zecland. The fize, growth, and durability of the timber here renders it fit for any kind of building >». % On the banks of the River T^.arKCs was found a trecj which was nineteen feet eight inches in girth, at the height of fix feet above the ground ; and on mcafuring it with a quadrant it was found to be eighty-nine feet high. It was as flraight as an arrow. Captain Cookgutfied it to contain three hundred and fifry-fix feet of folid timber, txclufivc of its branches} and others were afterwards met with ftill larger. They cut down a young one, the wood of which proved folid and heavy, and admirably fitted for planks j the tim- ber refemblcs that of the pitch-pine, which is lightened by tapping; and captain Cook thinks that if fome fuch method could be found to lighten thefe, they would then be fuch maft§ as no country in Europe can produce. This part of the country abounds with feveral other kinds of trees un- known to the naturalifts of Europe, and contain, imnieiife woods of the tlneft timber in the world ■■. , In Dujky Bay was found a beautiful tree in ilowcr, fome- what related to the myrtle genus, of which an infufion waj drank inflead of tea on the voyage in the Endeavour; its leaves are finely aromatic, aftringent, and have a particular pleafant flavour at the firfi: infufion, which is changed to a ftrong bitter on pouring water on the leaves a fecond titiie* * Forfter, I. 506. '■*. rj.,?,;,i q Hawkefw. II. Sis T 2 * Hawkefw, it. 356. This \ i 27^ NEW DISCOVEItlfeS, kc. This plant was generally ufcd by all the {hip's cpDnpanr* when the Refolution lay here, and is fuppofcd to have con- tributed greatly to their, rcltoration to health. In a fine lixl in thick forefts, it grows to be a confiderable tree, fccie- times thirty or forty feet high, and more than a foot in dia-' m^ter, but on a hilly, arid expofure, it has been found as a £nall (hrub, about Ax inches high, which bears flowers and ked J but its ufual fize is about eight or ten feet, and about three inches in diameter ; its ftem only bears leaves and flowers at top ; the flowers are white, and very ornamental to the whole plant ^ Another tree, which grows here in great plenty, is of the fpccies of fir, greatly rcfembling the American fir, which received the name of New-'Zeeland fpruce-fir. A very wholefome liquor was brewed from the ieaves of this tree, which ferved inftead of vegetables. It is very beautiful, and confpicuous on account of its pendent branches, which are loaded with numerous long thraad-like kaves of a vivid greeny it frequently grows to the litight of fifty, fixty, or even one hundred feet, and has about ten feet in girth : its fimilarity to the American fpruce is in its fo- liage, for the wood is more ponderous, and bears a nearer refemblance to the pitch-pine'. Here were found various , alpine-plants, which had been met with no where elfe j and ■ anewfpecies of dragon-trees with broad leaves, of wiiich the central fhoot, when (;uite tender, taftcd fomcthinglikc iv/an almond-kernel with a little of the flavour of cabbage a, .rThebotanical gentlemen were greatly tantalized here by the ., appearance of numerous trees and fhriibs, which had already loft their flowers and fruits, and only ferved to give them an Idea of the great profufion of vegetables in this country. /; Here, as well as in all parts of New-Zeeland, arc a great * Forfter, I. iig. Cook, I. icxk * Foffter, 1. zf6> .y>r.-,. 4 t FoiHer, I. 130. Co«k,I. 70>95. number NEW ZEEliAN D. / -277 number of aromatic trees and fhrubs, moftly of the myrtle kin i» but none were feen that bore fruit fit to be eaten. In many parts the woods were fo overrun with fupple-jacks, that it was fcarcely pofTible to force a way through the(n ; fcveral of thcfc were fifty or fixty feet long'. "') In ^j/een Cbarlatte*s S^und grows a fpecies of fern-tree, the rt^C/t of which is eaien by the natives, either boiled or baket* by the means of hot flones j and when fo dreflcd ft tafted rather better than a turnip : this tree is full of a tender pulp, or pith, which when cut exfudes a rcddifh juice rc- fembling fago ; it is called by the natives mamaghoo^ but is rather fparingly fcatrered about this country ; there was likewife another kind of fern-root, which the natives named ponga, which is a wretched article of diet, confillingof infi- pid fticks, which arcfirft boiled and then bruifed on a ftone, with a piece of wood fomewhat like the O-Taheitiatt doth' beater"'. Here a number of very tall trees were cut down for the fake.x)f gathering the flowers; but when the tree was cut it hung in a thoufand bind-wceds and climbers from top to bottom, from which no efforts could difengage it*, ' ■* Here is a fort of little crane-fly, which was particularly troublcfome in thefouthern parts ofTovfii-PoenammQodiit'mg bad weather : they were very numerous in the (kirts of -the woods, and are not ha'f fo large as gnats or mufquettos ; the failors called them fand-flics ; their bite caufed a fwelling, and fuch a^^ intolerable itching that it is not po/fible to re- frain from fcratching, which at laH brings on ulcers like fhefmall-poxy. Here are a few butterflies and beetles, and fome flcfh flies very like thofe in Europe. The wobds • V Cook, I. 95, 96, 99. Cook,!, i;;;, 136. w rorfltr,!, apj, 510. * Forilcf, 1. 50C. ■ Cuok, I. 99. Fovncr, I. 135; ^JkiUed^ and a leg of it roafled was ferved up at the captain's tabky and tailed fo exadily like mutLon, as to be quite undiilln- gui(hable. A bitch of the tarrier kind taken on board at the Cape, and co\^ered by a fpaniel, brought ten young ones, one of which was dead j the New Zeeland puppy ate ujr the dead dog with a ravenous appetite, which fliews how far education may go in producing and pro'pagating new in- ftindls in animals: European dogs are never fed with the meat of their own fpecies, but abhor it ; the New Zeeland dogs are ufed to eat fifti, their own fpecies, and probably human flefli, and what was owing to habit at firll, may have become inftindtby length of time. Further to inftance thecmibal nature of this young dog, one of the feamea having cut his finger, held it out to the dog, who fell to greedily, licked it, and then began to bite into it: This young puppy certainly never had acquired the habit of eating either his own fpecies, or human flefli, thedifpofition there- fore muft have been inftindive •'. Therelifli and antipathy of different breeds of dogs to certain kinds of food is remark- able among us ; a pointer, an hound, or any dog of fcent, will not touch the flefti or bones of wild duck, or any game, and this is an innate inftinft in the breed, whilft the various kinds of maftiff, and others, will fee;', on them very readily. Many forts of fifh were caught here, which were entirely unknown in Europe; and are equally delicious. Every creek fwarms with them. Here were caught mackrcl of various kinds, which came in immenfe flioals, but captain Cvok defcribes the higheft luxury which the fea afforded here, to be the lobfler, or fea cray-fi(h, which differ from ^ofe in Europe in fevcral particulars j they have a greater Ah ■m o >• \^ Ffitiler, J. C44. number 282 NEW DISCOVERIES, &c. number of prickles on their back, and are red when firft taken out of the water \ Here arc flat-fifli refembling both foles and flounders, befidcs eels, anJ congers of various kinds i alfo clams, cockles, and oyfters. yl'i-:'; vU'O >") • SECT. III. ,,i;>-i. 0/ the Perfons, Drefs, Houfes, Food, Utenfils, TVeapons and . ., Canoes of the New Zeelanders. Their Hippas or fortified .i. Villages, and of their Women, ... ., .. /T^HE ftature of the New Zeelanders is equal to the tallcfl 1 Europeans ; they are flout, well-limbed, and flefhy. but not fat ; they are vigorous and a6live, and have an un- common fhare of adroitnefs and manual dexterity : their limbs are well proportioned, except their legs and feet, which are diftorted, from their manner of fitting crofs- }egged in their canoes *". In general, their complexion is brown, but not deeper than that of a Spaniard, who has been expofed to the fun ", Their countenances are intelli>. gent ^nd expreffive *'. The women are plain, and make themfelves more fo, by painting their faces with red ochre and oil, which being generally frefh, and wet upon their cheeks and foreheads, was eafily transferred to the nofes of thofe who thought fit to falute them p. A great difference was obfervable in the inhabitants of the two iflands j thofe to the north were tall and well -limbed, were much tattowed, and had plenty of good deaths ; but thofe on the fouthern ifland, according to Sidney Parkinfon, are niiferably look- ing wretches, few of them are tattowed, or have their hair piled, and fcem flunted in their growth, although they arc ftout-made men '^. The New Zeelanders in general, have ^ Hawkefw. Ill, 44c. m Fov.lcrl. 240. n Hawkefw. Ill, 448. o Idem. II. 291, I' liv:.\ ji:. '^ Parkiiloi 119, • ' • the A ^ K iE W Z E E L An D.\' 4«3 the aquiline nofe, with dark-coloured eyes, black hair, which is tied up to the crown of the head, and moderate beards. Their tattowing is done very curioufly in fpiral and other figures ; and in many places indented into their ftins, fo as to look like carving ; but at a diftance it appears as if it had been only fmeared with a black paint. This tattowing is peculiar to the principal men among them : fer- vants and women content themfelves with befmearing their faces with red paint or ochre. Befides tattowing, they have marks impreflbd by an unknown method, of a very extra- ordinary kind. Thefe are furrows of about a line deep, and a line broad ; fuch as appear on the bark of a tree that has been cut through after a year's growth. The edges of thefe furiows are afterwards indented by the fame method, ^nd being perfedly black, they make a moft frightful ap- pearance. The faces of the old men are almoft covered with thefe marks : thofe who are very young, black only their lips like the women ; when they are fomewhat older, they have generally a black patch upon one cheek, and over orte eye, and {o proceed gradually, that they may grow old and honourable together. The marks upon the face in general are fpirals, which are drawn with great nicety, and even elegance ; thofe on one fide exactly correfponding with thofi? on the other. The quantity and form of thofe marks were different in different parts of the coaft, and as the prin- cipal feat of them at O-Taheltee was the breech, in Nevr Zeelatid It was fometimes the only part which was free, and }n general was Icfs diftinguiflied than any other ■". Their t;loth is white, and as gloffy as filk, worked by hands, and Wioui^ht as even as if it had been done in a loom, and Is chiefly worn by the men, though it is made by the vi'omen, >vho alfo carry burdens, and do all the drudgery. Their Hawkvfworth HI- 4.52. cloathlng -£- ^^4- NEW DISCOVERIES, &c. " doathlng corififts of ii girdle of platted grafs, which they wear round their loins, having fomc leaves hung upon it, and a kind of grafs-rug cloak thrown over their flioulders, each corner being ornamented with a piece of dog-fkih. Moft of them had their hair tied upon the crown of their heads in a knot, and hard by the knot ftuck a comb of Vvood or bone. In and about their ears fome of them had white feathers, with pieces of birds (kins, whofe feathers were fofc as down } but others had the teeth of their parents, or •z bit of green ftone worked very fmooth. Thefe ftone or- naments were of various fhapes. They likewife wore a kind n one fide, in a very curious manner j fome of them in fine fpiral directions like a volute" ». Many of the women have very good features, their lips are ftained with a blue colour, and feveral had their faces fcratched all over, as if with needles or pins. But thefe marks, as well as fuch as ap. pcared upon the bodies of the men, were imprinted by them- felves, as tokens of their grief for the death of their rela- tions. The hair of the women hangs down, which they ^dorn with leaves t. Their winter drefs is fliaggy cloaks, which are called boghce boghee ; thefe hang round their necks like a thatch of ilraw ". Mr. Forfter takes notice, that the drefs of thefe iflanders was very different, and feemed to in- dicate a great difproportion in the degrees of eafe and afflu- ence between one diftri£l and tribe and another ; but in all the natives that were feen in every part of the ifland, fwarms of vcrmine infefted their pcrfons and garments^: and the fame gentleman faw one man marked with deep excavated 9 Parkinfon 90. V Forfter 1, zij, zi(>, * Parkinfon 9", 9S. " Forftsr I, a 10. fpiral -' r.^7 ' ■^CV-*'^" - "ji*' .■"■-»♦.■ V NEW ZEELAND. 285 fpiral lines very regularly on his chin, cheeks, forehea4 and nofe, fo that his beard, which would otherwife have been very thick, confided only of a few draggling hairs. This man, who was fecn in Queen Charlotte's Sound, appeared to have fome authority among the people, and was the only inftance of diilindion that had been obferved^. Several rows of human teeth drawn on a thread hung on ^beif >»«^^V..^- '^ ^. .... ..■ .. '].,^,i,^ The wcmen^re of a clear brown, between the olive and mahogany hues j their hair jetty black, their faces round, their nofe and lips thick, but not flat ; their black eyes fometimes lively, and not without expreffion ; the whole upper part of their figure not difproportionate^ and their af- fi^mblage of features not abfolutely forbidding. They are not remarkable for their delicacy, but they have a foft voices which is indeed the moil; diftinguifliing difference, as both fexes drefs a good deal alike ''. The little refpedl that was paid to the women here, was obferved with great difplea- fure by Tupia. The O-Taheitian cuftom of the inen and women eating feparately, does not prevail here, ^ ^ . Their chief food is fifh, which they catch at all feafons of the year, in fufficient quantities, and dry them for their winter fubfiftence, when the catching them is lefs agreeable. Some of the natives on the eaftern coaft of the northern ifland, prefended thofe on board the Endeavour with a large parcel of fmoaked eels, which tafted very Iweet and luf- cious y. They (hewed themfelves much more expert filfliers than any of their European vjfitants i nor were any of the methods, pradtifed by our people equal to theirs ^. Their only . 2IO> ^ Fotfter I. 220. * Cook r. izj. X Hawkefw. III. 450. y P^i ■i .r..i . ..VtU!»v •^^t'TTh* hdufts of thefe people are feldom more thah eighteen or twenty feet long, eight or ten broad, and five or fix high j the framing is of wood, and both walls and roof confift of dried grafs very neatly entwined. Some are lined with the bark of trees, which renders them very warm : the foof is Hoping, and the door which h made at one end will only admit a man into it upon his hands and knees.- Ntfar thfc door is a fquare hole which fcrves both as a window and chimney'*. Thefe people, however, frequently flcep in th6 open air'; Mr. Banks and doctor Solander had an opportu* nity of obferving how they difpofcd of themfclves at night", ar which time they entrull themfelves to the canopy of fieaven in the following order ; the women and children were ranged innermofl, or farthelt from the fea ; the men lay in a kind of half circle round them, v/ith their arms ftc up againfl: the trees clofe by them. But this was only fech about Mercury Bay. The fortified villages that were feen here dre very remarkable. They are ftrong holds erected on rocks. Two of thefe fortified villages vi-cre feen near this river Thames j they were fituated on a mod romantic fpot, on a fmall rock, the whole fummit of which was fenced round ; it was large enough to contain five or fix hoiife^, and was acccfiible only by one very narrow and fteep path ; the other, in its neighbourhood, was larger and well fortified towards the land, from whence only it is acceflible *=. An- other of thefe hippas was fituated on a very high rock which ■. Jsf^ • Fotrterl. 109. ^ IlawkefwIII. 456. « Kawkefw. 11. 343V was NEW ZEELAN D^^ffl 187 343' was was hollow underneath, forming a moft grand natural arch, one fide of which was connedted with the land, the other rofe out of the fea ; .underneath this arch a fmall veflel might have failed ; it was near a pleafant bay, and almoft inac- ceffible**. Several of thefe fortifications were feen in Queen Charlotte's Sound ; one of them which lay nearefl: the (hip was Atuated on a deep infulated rock, acce^Ttble only in one place by a narrow difficult path, where two perfons could not go abreaft i at the top it was furrounded with pallifa- does : the huts (lood promifcuoufly within the inclofure, and had no walls, but confiiled only of a roof which rofe into a fteep ridge : the inner fkeletons of thefe huts were branches of trees plaited fo as to rcfcmblc hurdles ; on thefe they had laid the bark of trees, and covered the whole with the rough fibres of the flag or flax-plant. Thefe places feem only to be the occafional abode of the natives in cafe of danger from their enemies, and as foon as their lUte of tranquility returns they quit thefe heights for the level country ". On one of the hippas^ or fortified villages, here was feen a crofs, exadly like that of a crucifix, adorned with feathers. This they faid was a monument of a man who was dead, but no information could be obtained how the body was difpofcd of, or whither it had been thrown into the fea, as appears to be their common practice ^ f l(0 which are u&d in, finiihing their niceii work, they iifp till they are blunt, and chcii, as they have no means of iharpening t^em, throw them awayc. 1 hey have baikets of various kinds and fizcs, made of wicker-work. Not- witbftanding they are expert fifhers, their fifli-hooks are of a remarkably Clumfy form, made of wood, and barbed with a piece of bone which is iagged, and which th^cy faid was human bone. The making of nets fccms to be the f^aple manufa^uce of thofe parts of the country which were vi- £ted. Almoft every houfe was more or lefs bulled in this way, and the feveral parts being afterwards collected were joinsd together. Thcfe nets are of a circular form, ex- H^dcd by two hoops, and about feven or eight feet in dra* meter ; the top is open, and they falten fea-ears to the bot- tom as a bait. This net they let down fo as to lio upon the ground, and when they imagine fi(h enough are coUetSled «ver it, they draw it up by a very gentle and cafy motion ; fo that the fi(h rife with it fcarcely fenfible that they are lifted, till they come very near the furfacc of the water, and then a fudden jerk brings them with the net into the •boat^ Ji.iJ- •*^ Their Weapons are fpears, darts, battle-axes, and the ■patoo-patoo. The fpear is fourteen or fifteen feet "long, pointed at both ends, and fometimes headed with bone. Tb^e »»c grafped by the middle, fo that the part behind ba- lancing that befbre, makes a pufli more difHcultto be parried than that of a weapon which is held by the end ^ Their >> Hawkefw. III. 446. i Hawkefw. III. 466. patoo- >/ NEW ZEELA-ND. a?9 ex- nd the long, bone. nd ba- arried Their {li. 466. )atoQ- j^atooi-patoos are made of green talc fhaped like a pointed battledore, with a (hort handle and (harp edges *, they wiU infallibly fplit the thickeft fkull at a blow •*. . - . Thecanofs of this country are long and narrow, fomeare fo large as to carry near one hundred men. Captain Cook mcalured one of thefe, which he found to be fixty-eight feet and an half long, five feet broad, and three feet and an half deep. She had a fhnrp bottom, confiAing of three trunks of trees hollowed, of which that in the middle was the longed:. The fide-planks were fixty-two feet long in one piece, and were not dcfpicably carved in bas relief: the head was dill more richly adorned with carving '. At Mercury Bay^ which is called by the natives Opoorage^ the canoes were no other than trunks of trees hollowed by fire, without either convenience or ornament } the Indians who rowed thetn were almofl naked, and appeared of a browner completion than the reft ©f their Cv untrymen. Thefe latter feem to be intended wholly for fifliing, confifts of the figure of a man, with a face as ugly as can be conceived, and a monjftrous tongue thrud out of the mouth, with the white ihells of fea-ears ftuck in for the eyes. But the canoes of the fupe- rior kind, which feem to be their men of war, are magnifi- cently adorned with open work, and covered with loofe fringes of black feathers, which have a moft elegant ap- pearance. The gunwale boards were likewife frequently adorned with tufcs of white feathers placed upon a black ground '". Their paddles are about fix feet long j the blade of an oval Ihape : they make their (Irokes with thefe paddles with incredible quicknefs, and with fuch {lri(^ exa<3nefs of • time, that all the rowers feem to be adiuated by one com" mop foul. They are but iudifferept fuilors, having;^ no cv .Jt Hjwkefw.IL 279. "V-V*"'* ^ Idem II, 320} u >n Hawkefw. III. 462. know- SECT. IV. tr. 290 NEW DISCOVERIES, &c. knowledge of going otherwife than before the wind. Their £iil3 are made pf the fame materials ay their cloathlng. „ , Hi ' '*'•' 'l.'.V . "*'i ' r' -^fit } i< ■' "<•>♦) vi 0/ the Difpofition and Manners of thu New-Zcelanders. i Their Si'UI in Hvjhaniry^ Cleanlinefs^ Fitrcenefsy Method of " attacking their Enemies , and horrid Pra^ice of eating human ' Flefi.. The Difeafes to which they are incidents Their Lan- guage, Mujic, Government, and Religion. '. r! '' • v . ROM the obfervations that were made concerning the ^'' ^employments of the tnen and women of this country, ft fl^ould feem that ^lie former till the ground, make nets, catch bit ds, and fifh with nets and lines. The women dig op fern roots, collet lobftcrs, and other (liell-fi(h, in the ftallow waters near the beach, drefs the viduals, and weave '' . ' I .,.(-..,,;.,,. cloth". '- - ;' The fame kind of clrcumcifion is pra(5^ifed here as at O'-Taheitee o,' ■ -" ^ ■ ^k^'-*- ""fi * fi I ''?"»• • .•>' V'--* ' , - - -• ' ' . • ' ." ■ *■ ' -< ."i,,'^ '" Refpeft is always paid to old men among them, who may be fuppofed to owe their confeqticnce to the long experience they have gained ; hut their chiefs arc /Irong, adlivc young men, in the prime and flower of their life p. • . t -"S'-.T- Zii:i'-'- •"::■■•:■ "1 ' ■ ■ ■.,'..:. ,-i ::::-^-r '^ At Queen Charlotte's Sound, Mr. Banks and dodlor So- lander going on (hore in fearch of natural productions of the country, by accident fell in with a very agreeable Indian family, which alForded them a better opportunity of remark- ing the peribnal fubordination among thefe people, than had * Hawkefw. III. 1^70. o See pagein. Forfter I. 23c. before '•*.' NEWZEELAND. 191 before ofFcred. The principal perfons were a widow, and a pretty boy about ten years old. The widow was mourning for her hufband with tears of blooii, according to their cuf- tom ; and the child, by the death of its father, was become proprietor of a diftrift of land. The mother and the fon were fitting upon mats, and thd reft of the family, to the number of fixteen or fcventeen, of both fexes, fat round them in the open air, for they did nof appear to have any houfe, or other fhelter from the weather, the inclemencies of which cuftom had probably enabled them Id endure with- out any lading inconvenience. Their whole behaviour was ikffahUy obliging, and unfufpicious. They prefented each pcrfon with filh, and a brand of fire to drcfs it j and prefled them manv times to ftay till the morning, which they would have done had they >»ot expected the (hip to fail "J. 7'hvt firft inhabitants that were feen in Dufky Bay were a matt and two women. The man f>.jod with a battle-ax, or club) in his hand, on the rocky point of an ifland, and called to captain Cook, and fome more who were paffing near him in a boat. The wom^n were behind him, each with a long fpear in their hand. His falutation was anfwered in th« language of 0-Taheitee, tjyo barre mat, ** friend, come hi- ther;" he did not, however, flir from his pc(t, but held z long fpeech, frequently fwinging round his club, on which he leaned at other times. The captain landed on th« rock alone ; great figns of fear were confpicuous in the poor native J however, heftood firm on the fame fpot. The cap- tain went up to him, and embraced him according to i^he cuftom of the country, by joining nofes, by which token of. avnity all apprehenfions on the part of the natives were dijP* pelled. The mav received the prefents that were made him, and the tw^ women joined company : one of them had fore "^ Hawkefw. III. 403, u % a pro- S V •" 19a NEW DISCOVERIES, &c. a prodigious excrefTence on the upper lip, and was in every refped remarkably ugly. An hour was fpent in converfa- tion, which was very lii'Je underflood by either party, and in which the youngeft woman bore by far the greateft fhnrc. The next day the gentlemen renewed their 'vifit. The natives received all the articles that were offered them with great indifference, except hatchets and fpike-nails, in return for which they parted with feveral of their orna- ments and weapons, but did not choofe to part with their fpears. A perfedl good undcrftanding being now eflablifhed, the next time the captain vifited them he found them clrnTed out in the higheft tafte of the country; their ''r-".'" ) combed, tied to iche crown of their head, and anointed with fomc oil or greafe ; white feathers were fiiick in at the top i fome had fillets of white feathers all round the head, and odiers wore pieces of an albatros (kin, with its fine white down in their ears. A cloak of red baize was prefented to the chief, in return for which he gave the captain a patoo- patoo, which he drew from his fidej it w?= a (hort club made of a fifh bone. A few days after, they were prevailed upon to venture on board the fhip, which they promifed to do the next morning. Whilft the gentlemen were on fliore ft fudden quarrel arofe between the man and the two wo- men, who were fuppofed to be his wives, the caufe of which could not be at all guefTed at j however, the women received a beating from their fuppofed hufband, at which a young girl ftruck the man, and then bega t to weep. The next morning the man and young womsn came down to the fnip, but before he went on board he broke ofF a fmall green branch from a bufli, and walked on with it in his hand, and itruck the fhip's fides with it feveral times : he then began to repeat a kind of fpeech, or prayer,^ which feemed to have regular cadences, and to be metrically arranged as a poem. NEW Z E E L A N D. 293 m m poem, which lafted two or three minutes, and when ovcr^ he threw the branch into the main-chains, and went on board. This manner of delivering folemn orations, and making peace, is praclifed by all nations in the South-Sea, as appears from the teftimony of various voyagers. Both the man and the girl had a fpear in their hand. Every thing they faw excited their curiofity : they were particu- larly plegfed to learn the ufe of chairs, and that they might be removed from place to place, but it was not pofTible to fix their attention to any one thing for a fingle moment. Of all the various prefents that were made the man, hatchets and fpike-nails ftill continued to be moil valuable in his eyes : thefe he never would fufter to go out of his hands after he had once laid hold on them, whereas many other articles he would lay carelefsly down, and at Jaft leave them behind him. They could not be prevailed on to eat any thing ; at length the man pulled out a little bag, and having, with a great deal of ceremony, put in his fingers, pulled them out dropping with oil, with which he was ab.out to anoint captain Cook's hair ; but this honour was declined, on ac- count of its ungrateful odour to an European nofe : however, the kindnefs of the girl was more efFcftually exercifed on Mr. Hodges the painter, for with a tuft of feathers which fhe dipt in the oil, flie plentifully bedewed his locks ^ In a fhort time an acquaintance was cultivated with a few more of the natives, who feemed to be the only inhabitants on this part of the country. Thefe coveted the pofleffion of every thing ' -ey faw, or could lay their hands on, except mufkets, which they would not touch, having learnt to dread them as inftr-ments of death, from the deftru6tion which they had feen them make among the wild-fowl. The courage of thefe people is very remarkable j if they had r Forfter, 137, 141, U 3 not f^ ^94 NEW DISCOVERIES &c" ^ot difcovered themfclves, and thereby made the firft ad- vances, they might, with great cafe, have Jcept themfelves concealed ; but a certain opennefs and honefty appear {Irongly to m&vk their chara>Sler, for had they oeen inclined to treachery they would have endeavoured to hav: c"ut off fraail parties that were frequently difperfed in different parts of the woods, in which they might have been but too fuc-« cefsful. At firft it was fuppofed that their ftrong prediledlion for hatchets was founded on the convenience of fuch an im- j f'-^ent for the purpofcs of civil life, but it was found at Iciij. ihat the frit=>ndly chief intended to employ them as we«pons of war, for he fignified by figns that he was going en an expedition to kill men, and meant to employ the batchet as an offenfive weapon. This man gave a very llrong proof of his courage, for after having feen feverai niufkets fired in his prefence, he became defirous of dif- qharging one himfelf, which being complied with, the young wom^n, who was fijppofed to be his daughter, fell proflrate on the ground before him, and entreated him, with the ^rongeft marks of fear, to defifl from his purpofe, but in vain i he difcharged the piece with the greateil firmnefs, 9nd repeated it three or four times \ ' ri-i'-!/; ;■; . A New-Zeelander came on board the Refolution when ^e lay in Queen Charlotte's Sound, with his fon and daughter} they were introduced into the cabin, where cap- tain Cook gave him many little prefents, and drefTed the boy in one of his own white fliirts : the boy was fo overjoyed at his finery that nothing could confine him to the cabin, he ip'uft dlfplay it to his countrymen on the deck ; this puerile vanity however ferved, for the firft time perhaps, to make ^im acquainted with misfortune. An old he-goat that ^ Foidit, I. i6z, 163, i()9, 174.. Cook, I. 74, 75, 8t, 82, loi. walked NEW Z E E L A N D. 295 walked the decks, to the great terror of all the New-Zee- landers, conceived a capricious kind of diflike to the ludi- crous figure of poor Khoauy which was the boy*s name, who .was loft in the ample folds of his (hirt, and aukwardly ,trotted about with perfect felf-complacency. The fturdy mountaineer aflailed the youth, and raifing himfelf on hi« hind legs, with one but of his head made the beau meafure his length on the deck ; the boy bellowed out his tribulations fo loudly, that his exulting conqueror was proceeding to fur- , ther chaftifement, when the people who were fpeftators in- terpofed, and put an end to the unequal conflij^. The unhappy Khoaa's pride was now humbled in the duft ; his fliirt was befmeared with dirt, and jn this woeful plight he flunk into the cabin, feelingly telling his misfortune by his tears ; the ftern father, '* unufed to the melting mood," was enraged to fee the ineftimable prefent begrimed with filth, and in the ungovernable fally of his anger, beftowed many hearty blows on the poor fufFerer, Happily this tragical event produced no lafting ill-confequenc€s, for the fliirt was . waflied, and brought to its former purity, and what is more, the boy was waflied all over, moft probably for the firft time in his life j but the provident father dreading another mif- chance to the precious veftment, carefully rolled it up, and taking o(F his own drcfs, made a bundle of it, in which he placed all the prefents which he and his fon had received ^ The difpofition to fteal and fecrete every thing they could lay their hands on, was prevalent in all that came on board the (hip in Qiieen Charlotte's Sound j feveral of them were difcovered in conveying away a variety of things that lay conveniently for their purpofe, upon which they were igna- niinioufly turned out of the floop. They felt the whole weight of fhamp which this treatment brought on them, and ^ Forrter, I. 50lf U 4 u' their fi^e NEW D r S C O V E R I E S, &c. their irafcible temper, impatient of receiving indignities, however merited, took fire at fuch treatment; fo that one of them uttered threats, and made violent geftures in his canoe". One time a woman ftole a jacket from one of the failors, and conveyed it to a young New-Zeelander. The owner finding the ftolen goods upon him, took away his property without ceremony, for which he received feveral blows with the fift, which the Tailor with great good-nature palled by, imputing them to jocularity; but as he was advancing to his boat, he was faluted with feveral large iloner thrown at him by the New-Zeelander ; this was more than the fpirit of a feaman could brook, he therefore returned, and began to attack the aggrcflbr in the Engiifh manner of boxing, and prefently obliged him to flieer off with a black eye and blocdy nofe v. A boy, about fourteen years of age, w^s prevailed on to drink about a glafs of Madeira wine, at, which he made a great many wry faces at firft ; a bottle of very fwect Cape wine being brought upon the table, a glafs was filled out to him, which he reliftied (b well that he was continually licking his lips, and defired to have another, which he likcwife drank off: thefe potations began to elevate his fpirits, and his tongue ran with great volubility ; he capered about the cabin, infiftcd on having the captain's boat-cloak which lay on a chair, and was much piqued at a refufal : he next defired one of the empty bot- tles, and this requeftlikewife proving fruitlefs, he went out of the cabin highly offended. On deck he faw fome of the fervants folding up linen which had been hung out to dry, and immediately feized on a table-cloth ; but this being -taken from him, his paffion rofe very high ; he ftamped, threatened, then grumbled, or rather grunted awhile, and at Jail became fo fiillen that he would not fpeak a word ; this « Forftpr, I, SI 5. V Forfter, I. ajfi. boy NEW Z E E L A N D. 297 boy was a very juft fainplc of the impatient temper cf thefe people^. Among the natives who vifited the fliip, feveral had very cxpreffive counttnaiices, particularly fome old men with grey and white beards, and lome young men with great quantities pf b»ufliy hair, which hung wildly over their faces, and increafed their natural favage looks. What is very extraordinary, the enquiries after Tupia, and the con- cern Jhewn for his death, v.hen captain Cook vifited them in the Refoliition, v/erc more earneft and cmphatical here than at O-Taheitee : fo much had this man's fuperior knowledge, and his abilities to converfe in their language, rendered him valuable and beloved even by a people in a ftate of barbarifm : perhaps with the capacity with which he was endowed, and which had been cultivated no further than the fimplicity of his native manners extended, he was better qualified for leading the Isew-Zeelanders into a ftate of civilization fimilar to that of his own country, than their more enlightened European friends. They appear to live in a perpetual ftate of hofpitality with each other, from the following circumftance which happened in Queen Charlotte's Sound : a family of the natives was on board the Refolution, when a large double canoe, well manned, appeared mnking to the fhip from the north- ward. The natives on board, with great earneftnefs fignified, that thofe that were approaching were enemies, ' and were very importunate with the officers to fire upon them, and the head of the family jumped on the arm-cheft which ftood on the quarter deck, and with a flick made a number of warlike motions, and then addrefTed thofe in the canoe very vehemently but folemnly, at the fame time braft- difhinga large hatchet of green nephritic flone, which till then he had concealed : the canoe, however, approached. ^ Fojfter, I. 210. without i I ,-198 NEW DISCOVERIES, &c. without feeming to notice this harangue^ nd the d«ciaimer was at length prevailed on to be filent. It was t-hen the other party's turn to fpcalc, and one in the canoe pro- nounced a long and well-articulated fpoceh, with great va- riety of cadences. He appeared by turns to queilion, to boaflr, to threaten, to challenge, and to perfuade : fometimes he would run on in a moderate tone, then all at once break, out into violent exclamations } after which he made (hort paufes in order to recover his breath: having finifbed his oration, he was invited to come on board by the captain : he feemed at firft to hefitate, as though diftruAful, but his natural intrepidity foon difperfed his fears ; he afcended the . i>de of the fhip, and was foon followed by all his party, who traded with the greateft eagernefs for iron-wares. Notwithilanding the exprelHons of enmity that had been ex- changed between thefe two tribes of Indians, they faluted each other very cordially with the ufual application of nofes; or, as the failors exprefTed it, they nofed each other : the fame compliment was alfo paid to every' perfon on the quarter-deck by thefe well-bred ftrangers. Thofe in the canoe came from the oppofite fhore of the northern ifland, called Terra Whittee ^, ^ ^^;(''^|i[V another time the natives, at the requeft of the gentle- ^tdtvs^ performed their various methods of attack and defence ; one of their young men mounted a fighting ftage, which they call poravay and another went into the ditch. Both he that wa» to defend the place, and he that was to aflault it, fung the war-fong, and danced with frightful gefticu- Jatlons J thefe were pradifed as means of working themfelves jup into thaC mechanical fury, which, among all uncivi- X For/ler, J. ^25. • v:ft lized NEW Z E E L A N D. ft99 lized nations, is the necelTary prelude to St battle; for, fays doiSlor Hawkefworth, ** difpaOionate courage, a ftrength of mind that can furmount a fenfe of danger, without a flow of animal fpirits'by which it is extinguiflied, feems to be the prerogative of thofe who have proje£ts of more lading ima- portance, and a keener fenfe of honour and difgrace than can be formed or felt by men who have few pains or plea- fures beftdes thofe of mere animal life, and fcarcely any pur- pofe but to provide for the day that is paffing over them } to obtain plunder, or revenge an infult. They will march againfl each other indeed in cool blood, though they find it neceiTary to work themfelves into paffion before they engage : as among us, there have been many inftances of people who have deliberately made themfelves drunk, that they might execute a projedl which they formed when they were fober, but which while they continued fo they did not dare to undertake y." ;, : . ■,.',• Their battles, whether in boats or on ihore, are generally hand to band, and the flaughter muft confequently be great, asafecond blow with anyof their weapons is unneceffary, if the firft takes place. Their truft, however, feems to be principally placed in the patoo-patoo, which is faftened to their wrifts by a ftrong ftrap, left it fhould be wrenched from them ; and this the principal people generally wear fticking in their girdles, confidering it as a military orna- ment, and part of their drefs, like the poniard of the Aflaticy and the fword of the European. They have no defenfive armour ; but befides their weapons, the chiefs carry a ftalF of diftindion, in the fame manner as our ofHcers do the fp-jn- toon. This is generally the rib of a whale, as white as fnow, with many ornaments of carved work, dog*s hair. y Hawkefw. 11. 344. and 300 NEW DISCOVERI£S, kc, and feathers ; but fometimes it is a ftick, about fix feet long, adorned in the fame manner, and inlaid with a fhell like mother-of-pearl. Thofc who bore this mark of diftin»Stion were generally old, at leaft paft the middle age, and were alfo more marked with the amoct than the reft. 'One or more perfons thus diftinguifhed always appeared in each canoe, when they came to attack the Endeavour. As Toon as they were within a cable's length of the fliin, they ufcd to ftop, and the chiefs rifing from their feat, put on a drefs xvhich feemcd appropriated for the occafion, generally of tlog's fltin, and holding out th-ir decorated flafF, or a we^jpon, directed the relt of the people what they (hould do. When they were at Vo great a diftance to reach the fliip with a lance, or a fl-one, they prefumcd that they were like- wife inacceflible to any weapon. Here then the defiance was given, and the words were almoft univcrfally the fame. JIarstiiaiy harc7nai hiirre uta a patos-patoo oge^ '* come to u?, come on fliore, . and we will kill you all with our patoo- j»atooi5." While they were uttering thcfe menaces they Ciime gradually nearer and nearer, till they were clofe along- lide, talking at intervals in a peaceable Ihain, and anfwering any qiicftions that were afked them ; and at intervals renew- ing; tiitir defiance and tlireats, till being encouraged by the app^irent timidity of thofe on board, they began their war- tong and dance, as a prelude to an attack, which always fol- lowed, and was fomciimes continued till it became abfolutely Dccefiary to reprefs them by firing feme frnall {hot; and I'onictimes ended after throwing a few ftones on board, as if content with having offered an infult which the others did not "dare to revenge. Their war-dance confifts of a great variety of violent motions, and hideous contortions of the Ijmbs, during which the countenance alfo performs its part, '^I'iic ton^^ue is frequently thruft out to an incredible length, and NEW ZEELAND/ 301 if id an(3 the eye-lids Co forcibly drawn up, that the white ap-- pears both above and below, as well as on each fide of the- iris, fo as to form a circle round it : nor is any thing negledted' that can render the human (hape frightful and deformed.* At the fame time they brandifh their fpears, (hake their dartf, and cleave the air with their patoo-patoos. This horrid dance is always accompanied by a long, which is wild, but not difagrecubic, and every ftrain ends in a loud and deep figh, which they utter in concert. In the motions of the dance, however horrid, there is a ftrength, firmnefs, and agility, that is truly admirable ; and in their fong they keep- time with fuch exadtnefs, that a hundred paddles ibuck againft the fides of theircanoes at once, produce but, a fmgle' found at the divifions of their mufic "•. They feemed to take" a pride in their cruelties, and (hewed their vilitors the man- ner in which they difpatched their prifoners, which was ta knock them down with their patoo-patoos^ and then to rip: them up*. They made no fcruple of declaring their prac- tice of eating their enemies. The bones of a man were feeii' with the flefli oft", and though every circumftancc concurred to make it evident that thefe people were canibals, for they were found in one of their provifion-balTcets, the flefli that' remained appeared to have been drefled by fire, and in the griftles at the end were the marks of teeth which had gnawed them ; but lo fix the fa6t on the fulleft certainty, Tupia was diredlcd to a(k what bones they were; to which the Indi.ms,' without the leaft hcTitation replied, the bones of a man : they were then afkcd what was become of the flefb, and they replied that tl.ey had eiitcn it ; but, faid Tupia, why did you- not eat the body of a woman which we faw floating upon the- water? The woman, faid they, died of difeafe : befides, fiie was our relation, and we eat only the bodies of our enemies. I Hawkefw. III. 4«!!8. ' Pafkinfon, 116. wno >?•. 3oa NEW DISCOVERIES, &c. who are killed in battle. Upon enquiry who the man was whofc bones were found, they faid, that about five days be- fore, a boat belonging to their enemies came into the bay, with many perfons on board, and that this man was one of feven whom they had killed. On aflcing if they had any human bones with the flefh remaining on them ■ thiiy an- fwered all had been eaten. Upon the gentlemen afFe£ling to difbelieve that the bones were human, and faying that they were the bones of a dog, one of the Indians, with Come ea- gernefs, took hold of his own fore-arm, and thrufting it to- wards the company faid, that the bone which Mr. Banks then held in his hand had belonged to that part of a human body : at the fame time, to convince them that the fle(h had been eaten, he took hold of his own arm with his teeth, and made fhew of eating. He alfo bit and gnawed ? bone which Mr. Banks had taken, drawing it through 1 ')uth, and Shewing, by figns, that it had afforded a delicious repaft *. Of the human head they eat only the brains. Some heads were produced by the natives in proof of what they had af- ferted j the hair and flefli of which were entire, but the brains had been extra(^ed ; the Hefh was foft, but had by fome method been preferved from putrefa<^ion, for it had no difagreeable fmell. Mr. Banks purchafed one of four; but they fold it with great reluctance, and could by no means be prevailed on to part with a fecond. Probably they may be preferved as trophies, like the fcalps of America, and the jaw-bones of the tropical iflands. Among thefe heads fome feemed to have falfe eyes, and ornaments in their ears, as if alive. That which Mr. Banks bought was evidently the head of a young perfon, about fourteen or fifteen years of age, and from the contufions on one fide appeared to have received many violentblows, and a part of the bone nearone a Hawkefy^. II. 382. of V N E W Z E E L A N D. 303 of the eyes was wanting. When the Rcfoluiion vifited this country three years afterwards, Tome of the lieutenants going on a trading cxcurlion, faw the entrails of a human corpfe laying on the ground i they were hardly recovered from the furprize occafioned by fuch a fight, before the natives fhcwed them feveral limbs of the body, and exprefTed by words and gcl^urcs, that they had eaten the reft : the head, without the lower jaw-bone, was one of the parts which re- mained i this likewife appeared to have belonged to a youth of about iifcecn or fixtcen years old, and the (kull of this too was frav^u(ed near one of the temples, apparently with (he ilrolce of a patoo-patoo. On enquiring further into this inte* refting fad, the natives informed the officers, without any referve, that they had killed feveral of heir enemies without being able to bring any of the dead away befides this youth ; at the fame time they acknowledged that they had loft feveral of their friends j and pointed to a group of women who were feated apart weeping, and cutting their foreheads with fliarp ftones, in conformity to the eftabliihed cuftom of expreffing forrow. The licad wus bought by lieutenant Pickerfgill for a nail, and brought on board the fhip; fome of the native3> who faw it there, fignified by their geftures that it was delicious food, and exprefled a ftrong defire of being in poffeifion of it. In order to be fully convinced of the exiftence of a race of anthropophagi beyond all poffible doubt, the owner of the head cut ofF a fmall piece of fiefli from the cheek, which they would not eat raw, but fignified a great defire to have it drcflcd j it was therefore broiled on the fire, after which they devoured it with great relifh before th© whole fhip's company. This had fuch an efted on fome of thofe who were fpedators, that it operated like a dofe of ipecacujinha ; but the fenfations of Mahine or Oedidee, who has been before mentioned '', bcfpoke a heart truly philan- *> Page 151. thropic ; 3(?4 NEW DISCOVERIES, &c. thropic J he became motionlefs at the fight, and feemed atf if transformed into the ftatue of horror j no pencil could paint half the emotion that appeared in- his countenance. When roufed from this ftate of filent diftraiflion, he burft into tears, and continuet? to weep and rave by turns. The firft ufe he made of fpeecp was, to exprefs his concern for the unhappy parents of the v-dlim : he then vented his in- dignation on thofe favage?, told them 'they were vile men, and that he neither was, nor would be hereafter their friend ; he would not fufter them even to come near him, and refufed to touch the knife with which the flefli had been cut ; he continued feveral hours in this ftate, of agitation, and fo long as he remained on board the (hip, fpoke of the tranf- adlion with great emotion ' j but a more fatal inftance of the ferocity of this nation remains to be related. He did not fail to fpeak of this event, when he arrived at 0-Taheitee ; great was the curiofity which his tale excited, to fee the head of this boy, which Mr. Pickerfgill had preferved in fpirits : they agreed in giving it a peculiar name in their language, calling it te-tcie-ai, which appears to be equivalent to men- eaters. This led Mr. Forfter to make enquiries among the chiefs, and moft intelligent of the people, concerning this extraordinary circumftance, from whence he gathered, that a traditional report is current among them, that in an indefinite but remote period of time, there were men-eaters upon their ifland, who made great havock among the in- habitants, and were a very ftrong and robuft people, but that this race had been long fince cxtin6l ; which account was afterwards confirmed by O-Mai when in England ''. The licentious intercourfe between the fexes, which was pradlifed in other of the South Sea Iflaads, was by no means c Forfter, I. 511. Coak, i. 244. <» FctHcr, U. 77. tolerated • - 'J .1/ NEW z E E i A isr D. 'p^^ tolerated here, " The women," favs doctor Hawkefworth^ ^* were not invincible, but the terms and manner of their com- |>liai\ce was as decent as thofe in marriage among us, and ' according to their notionb, the agreement was as innocent. When any of our people made an overture to one of their young women, he was given to underftand, that the con- fent of hisr friends was necefTary, and by the influence' of a proper prefent, it was generally obtained. But w! adtly in thefe terms. ** Any of thefe young ladies will think themfelves honoured by your addrefTcs, but you mud firft make her a fuitable prefent, and you muft then come and fpend the night with us on fliore, for day-light muft by no means be a witnefs of what pafles between you '." .,',-.■ ■ _ _»- The lower garment worn by the women is always bound faft round them, except when they go into the water to catch lobders, and then they take great care not to be feen by the men. Some of the lhip*s company, when the Endea- vour lay here, happened one day to land on a fmall iHand in Tolagd Bay, and furprifed fcveral women at this employ- ment } and the chafte Diana, with her nymphs, could not have difcovered more confufion and difcrel's at the fight of A^seon, than thefe females exprelTed at their approach. * H^wkefw. Ill, 45(« Some w f'' 5d6 NEW DISCOVERIES, &c. Some of them hid themfelves among the rocks, and the pelf crouched down in the fea, till they had made themfelves 3 girdle and apron of fuch weeds as they could find, and when they came out even with this veil, their modefty fuffered much pain by the prefenceof male fpcclators ^ But when captain Cook viftted Qiieen Charlotte's Sound in 1773J in the Refolutiun, accompanied by the Adventure, he found that the morals of the natives, both male and female, had not been at all mended by their intercourfe with Europeans. The crews of both (hips, who had not (eti^ any women .from their leaving the Cape, fince which fix months had elapfed, found thefe New-Zecland ladies very agreeable j ^nd they had not to do with coquets : inflead of behaving with the fame delicacy and referve whieh had marked their conduct, as well as that of the men, on the former vifit, both fexes had abandoned their native principles, and the men promoted a fhameful traffic, going through the fliips offering their daughters and fitters promifcuoufly to every perfon's embrace -, and for a fpike nail, or fome fuch valu- able, would compel the women to proftitute themfelves. Some of'the women, it is faid, fubmitted with reludance to this mercenary intercourfe, and but for the authority and menaces of the men would not have gratified the defires of ^ fet of people, who could with unconcern behold their tears, and hear their lamentations. It does not appear that their married women were ever fuffered to have this kind of inter- courfe with the failors. The ideas of female chaftity which prevail here, are quite difcrent from ours j for here a girl may grant her favours co a plurality of lovers, without any ftain on her charadler j but if fhe marries, conjugal fidelity is rigoroufly expeded from her. The cuftom of painting their cheeks with ochre and oil was alone fufficient to deter ^ Parkinfon; 100* the K E" W !Z E E L A N D. 307 the men of any delicacy from fuch intimate conne6tions ; fuperaddcd to this a certain ftench announced them even at a diftance, and abundanct; of vermin not only faftened on their hair, but alfo crawled on their cloaths, and thefe they occafionaily cracked between their teeth : indeed it is aftonifhino; that even the moft: fordid members of a civilized fociety Ihould have any other tmotions raifed by fuch objects, than thofe of loathing and abhorrence. However, one of thefe women had a tolerable fet of features, and fomething foft and feminine in her countenance, which, but for her fafhionable greafe and paint, would have rendered her agree- able enough. This girl was regularly given in marriage by her parents to one on board, who had found the means of recommending himfelf particularly to the good opinion of thefe iflanders, by treating them with marks of attention and regard, which even in the rudtft ftate cement the bonds of afFeflion. The girl maintained her plighted faith inviolate, and conftantly rejeded the addr Tes of other feamen, pjo- feffing herfelf a married woman (tirrn tanc.) Whatever attachment the Englifhman had to his Zcr' nd wife, he ne- ver attempted to take her on board, furefccing that it wc uld be highly inconvenient to lodge the num> rous retinue which crawled on her garments, and weighed down the hair of her head J he therefore vifited her on fliore, and only py day, treating her with abundance of the rotten part of his biCcuit, which, though rejected by the failors, was eagerly devoured by all the natives s. The inftances of the brutal manner in which the New* Zeeland women are treated by the men, which have been already given, are not the only ones. A boy, about fix or feven years of age, demanded a piece of broiled penguin which the E Forfter, I. 303, 51O1 X 2 his 3o» NEW DISCOVERIES, &c. his mother held in her hand : as (he did not immediatety comply with his demand, he took up a large ftone and throve h at her. The woman, incenfed at this adtion, ran to pwnifh him ; but (he had fcarcely given him a fingle blow when her hufband came forward, beat her unmercifully, and dafhed her againft the ground for attempting to corre. of 3i8 NEW DISCOVERIES, &c. of going with us ; and when we propofed it to him, he Je* clined it, preferring the wretched precarious life of his coun- trymen to all the advantages of which he faw us poflefTed. The force of habit no where appears more ftrongly than in fuch inftances where it feems of itfclf alone fufficient to counterbalance the comforts of a civilized life ".'* In Poverty Bay the natives were fo eager to traffic that they fold every thing they had, even to the cloaths from their back, and the paddles from their canoes. They fat no value upon nails, but were much pleafed at being prefented with linen. The articles which they moft prized being 0-Taheit'ian cloth and glafs bottles'". Do(Slor Solander purchafed here a boy's top, fliaped exadtly like thofe which children play with in Eng- land ; and the natives made figns, that to make it fpin it was to be whipped °, The trade carried on at Mercury Bay^ was chiefly from the fides of the fhip in their canoes, and the Indians fre- quently received the commodity which they had agreed to take in exchange for that which they were in pofleflion of, and then with infulting jeers, rowed off without fulfilling their part of the barter, Whilft captain Cook was on board, thefe provocations were no otheiwife puniflied, than by firing a (hot over their heads to intimidate them ; and once or twice when that proved ineffc»nual, a mufket with fmall fhot was difcharged at the offender ; tlv. fliot perforated the Ikin, without doing him any lafting injury ; but one poor fellow, more daring than the reft, on whom thcfe inftances of power had no effect, continued practifing the like frauds in the moft daring manner \ capt:iin Cook was then on fhore, and the fecond lieutenant of the Endeavour then command- ed, who did not poflefs the fame fpirit of moderation j he Farftcr, II. 47$, ^ Hawkefv*'. IIi 295, 3l7f « Idem 319. difcharged .T> NEW ZEELAND. 3^ difchargcd his mufket, loaded with ball, at the unhappy de- linquent, and fhot him dead on the fpot, unii'>7q riibstub During the firft vifit to Queen Charlotte's Sound, the people there were moft gratified by receiving paper, but after they found that it was fpdUed by being wet, their af- fedlion for it ceaft^d. Glafs bottles, which they called tow- haw^ were particularly valued ; and whenever they fawany of them, they always pointed to them, and then moved the hand to their breafl, pronouncing the word inaibj by whick they ufed to cxprefs their defire of pofTeHlng any thing. Perhaps this value was caufed, by their having nothing ia which to keep liquors, a fmall kind of cabibafh or gourd excepted, which grows only in the northern ifland, and is extremely fcarce in Queen Charlotte's Sound. Naik were much more coveted on the vifit in 1773, '^*" ^^^V ^^^ beea on the former one in 1770, as they had then found out their durability, and the ufes to which they might be ap- plied. Upon the top of a hill in Qiieen Charlotte's Sound, cap- tain Cook eredted a kind of pyramid with fome loofe ftones which he found there, and left in it fome muflcet balls, fmall fliot, beads, and other things, which the company hap- pened to have about them, and which were likely to ftanJ the tcfl: of time, and not being of Indian workmanfhip, would convince any European that fhould come there, and remove the ftones, that other natives of Europe had beeu tlKre before him. Two pofts were likewife ere£ted in this found by captain Cook in 1770, on which were infcribed the (hip's name, the date of the year, and the month. The natives readily confented to this, and promifed Tupia that they never would pull them down i the captain then took foimal .■-.W.:-.-:: "§20 NEW DiSCOVERiES, &Ci -formal pofleflion of this and the adjacent country, in tHe ^ name and for the ufe of his n-*.jefty king George the Third *". ' 'Among the prefents which captain Cook diftributed in 1773^ ''Iwefc a number of brafs medals gilt, about an inch and i three quarters in diameter, which had been ftruck on pur- 'f -pofe to be left as a rtiemorial of this voyage at the places • -which might be viftted : on one fide was the head of his pre- • fcnt majefty, with the infcription, George III. King of Oreat Britain, France, and Ireland, &c. On -. the reverfe, the reprefcntation of two men of war, with the *iiames Resolution and Adventure over them ; and the cxerque. Sailed from England March MDCCLXXII. Some of thefe medals were didributed in Duflcy Bay, Queen Charlotte's Sound, and the diftrifts in its neighbour- • hood «. i.. •_ . , • , • ■ ' '" 'ir:-:^ Much pains were taken not only to leave ufeful Europearl roots in this country, hue likcwife to flock its wilds with animals, which in time might become beneRcial to the na- tives, and to future generations of navigators. In Dufky Bay, captain Cook and Mr. Forfter left five tame geefe, in hopes that they would breed and run wild ; a fpot was chofen unfrequented by any inhabitants, and which afforded plenty of proper food for thefe birds, in confequence of _ which trarifailion it received the name of Goofe Cove, and it is moft probable that this aft of beneficence will be ef- feftual to flock the country in a courfe of time with a breed of thefe fowls ". When the various occupations which were purfued whilfi: they were on fhore were at an end, a , fmall part of the (hip's company, in the courfe of a few days^ cleared away the wood from a fpace of more than half ani ^ HAWkefvv-. IT. 402. B Forfter, Ii tt^. l» Iden 176, 177. acrt< ^rtW ZEfetANI^. 321 iysi an ik'eird, which fifty New Zeelanders, with their tools of flonc, tould not have performed in two months : this fpot they fowed with a quantity of European garden feeds of the bed: kinds ; though but little permanent advantage can be ex- |)e£led to be derived to the natives by this zd: of kindnefs^ as the (hoots of the furrounding weeds muft foon choak and tdeftroy the plants fo raifed } and in a few years this culti- vated fpot Will be no longer difcernable, but will ^urn to its original chaotic ftate ^ Captain Furneaux^ i||^e Ad- Venture^ who lay in Queen Charlotte's Sound twa^onths, caufed feveral fpots of ground on the top of a rock to be dug, and a variety vf garden feeds to be fown, which fuc- ceeded fo well, that before he failed, they frequently had fallads and many diflies of European greens at table, not- withftanding the feafon of winter Was then far advanced,' being the latter end of Mayi Thefe gardens, if attended to by the natives^ may prove extremely beneficial ; for fix months after, when the Refolutioii agaiii vifited this found in November 1773* everything in the gardens^ except the potatoes, had remained unmolefted by the natives, and was in a very thriving ftate ; a proof that the winter muft have been very mild^ The potatoes had moft of them been dug up, fome however then remained, and were growing. Here were raddiflies and turnips (hot into feed, cabbages and car- tots very fine, and abundance of bnions and parfley in good brder : the peas and beans were almoft entirely loftj and feemed to have been deftroyed by the rats K One of the natives was fliewn this plantation, and the man feemed fo Well pleafed, that he began to hoe the earth up about the );>lants'. Whilft he remained here, captain Cook tranf- |)1anted the young plants in four or five different parts of this found i he chiefly endeavoured to raife fuch vegetables i F«rfterl. 179. k Forfter I. 493. Ciok I. xjfi* 1 Cflok I. itx. as 3J4 NEW DISCOVERIES, &c. . fts haro ufeful and nutritive rcrats, and among them parti* cularty potatoes ; he likewtfc fowcd corn of fei'eral forts, bvins, kidney-beans and peas, and* devoted the latter part of his (lay in a great meafure to thefe occupations '°. He put on ihore here the only ewe and ram remaining of thefe which he brought from the Cape, witlv an intent to leave them in this country, hut the next day th^y were, both ;fdund dead, oc.:afioned moft probably by eating, fome poi^ fonou8> plant: thus the endeavour to l^ock thi»; country ivith a breed of flieep, which had b^en purfued with fq .much. care and trouble, was overturned in a,mor4fcr.t. Two fbw& and a hoar, with three cocks and «wo h^nsi, were turned, out into the d.eepei^ recefs of the woods, in a roarfhy fpot-^ not likely to be vifited by the inhabitants} fb that .there is a probability, that the Southern Ifle will, in time, he fiocked with hogs and fowls ", Two goats bad been left here, but whether they had efcaped the. improvident greedi- nefs of the natives, is quite uncertain, for they gave very different accounts of them, and they were never feen by apy .of the people of the (hip afterward;. It is indeed quite im- poffibJe to pofl^Cs thefe favages with any notion of foregoing aprefent gratiBcation, for the fake of a great and pern;w- . nent advantage in future. Their lives are fpent in wander- ing depredations, and it is not to be fuppofed that a qua^ , drupfid will be tolerated aipong them, when their own fpe- ^\<}les isalmoft extirpated hy their butcheries : but notwith- ,;:ftanding this fpirit inherent in the natives, which tended fo fetally tp counteraift every attempt to ferve them, yet various were the methods taken to do the moft effential fervice to this country. Achief who came on board the (hip from the northern ifland, was prefented with feme garden fteds, two JPAU>g pigs of each fsx,, aij\d thf ce pair of fowls, and^rpat m .. k E W ^ P E L -4 N-^.; Vi ^ ^ ^ains wetc uken to convince him o£ the. value of the;, pce^ ifents, and that itw:«s his intereft to iceep|. the. bogs and jfo3|yl# fo^ breedings and to pl<:nt the leed^.^ the tneaouig of wl^9^ befeemed to comprehend. ■ .;.>, ,, , . .^ „ ,., .^ .,, .-jfi ..o ■ ' ' The ferocity oF thefe people is vdry eyideht frodn fche in* fiances which have. been alrei^dy given, hiit nnorJe naelan*- ^holy ones remain to fix that char.adVer, upon them. The two Ihips commanded by the captains Coolc and Furr ^eaux^ having parted, company oS the eafiexn coai): of £ahiin6tuoi; ahd hot happening to join again, cap* tain Furneaux^ fome time after the departute of captaia Cook, arrived in Queen Charlotte's Sound, itt December" 1773. While he lay here,' the Gutteri in which Were two hiidibipmen and eight Teamen, was fent up- a creek to pro? fcure wood and water, which not returning, occaiioned Tome anxiety about their fafety. The hext dliy an officer wad fent in another boat in fearch oF them. Tlie firf^intima- tions which they received bf the fate oF^ their ciomrad^s, was the fight of the rullock-parts of the cutter^ and fome ihoes, one of which was known to have be]<}nged to amid^ Jliipman who was of the party; prefently a piece ofmeiiC was found, which was at lirft fiippofcd to be fome of the falted meat belonging to the cutter's crew, but on a clofer examination it was found to be frefii. Several baffeets hf in the beach tied up, which they eagefly cut open j vn'i found them to contain roafted fieih and fern roots, w^icli ferved thiem for bread : on further fearch many (hbe^ were found, and a hand, Which was immediately knpWn^ to be* long to a forc-caftie-man, it being rftarked With the initial letters of his name by an O-Taheitiitn tatiow inlkumenti proceeding onward to the next bay, a great many peoplt appeared on the beach, and three or four canoes ; on the ^ \ t approach. :-t- 32f NEW DISCOVERIES, &c. approach of the boat, they retreated to a fmall ifland ; on the beach were two bundles of celery which had been ga- thered for loading the cutter} a broken oar was (luck up- right in the ground, to which the natives had tied their ca- noes. They fearched in vain in every part of the beach for the cutter, but a (hocking fpedlacle fuddenly opened upon ' them. Here were fcattered, the 'heads, hearts, and lungs, of feveral of the unhappy men who had been murdered by the natives, and dogs were fcen devouring their entrails. Horror chilled the failors blood at the fight, which urged them to a fierce defire of revenge. They fired and killed feveral of the favages, and deftroyed all the canoes that lay on the beach. The New Zeelanders have been totally ini- mical to all the Europeans that have vifited them ; Abel Janfen Tafman loft four of his men in an anchoring place, ivhich he named Murderer* i Bay, The natives took one of the dead bodies into the canoe with them, and therefore had certainly tafted the flefh of an European fo early as 1642**. And in 1772, M. Dufrefne Marion, having two French iloops under his command, put into the Bay of JJlandi in great diflrefs, where himfelf, together with twenty-eight of his crew, were furprized and murdered. M. Crozat, who commanded the other (loop named the MacafTar, under M. Marion, very narrowly efcaped the fame fate, and when with great intrepidity he had made good his retreat to the ihips, the natives attacked them in more than an hundred large canoes full of men, in which rencounter they feverely felt the efFe£l9 of European artillery. At lafl: M. Crozat, feeing it impo/Tible to fupply the (hips with mafts, unlefs he could drive the natives from this neighbourhood, went to attack their hlppah, which was one of the greateft and ilrongefi;. He put the carpenters in the front to cut down jd-. * Palrymplt II. 72, J- the l£*^ -^ NEW ZEELAND. 3*^ the palllfadoes, behind which the natives ilood In great numbers on the fighting ftages which have been already de- fcribed. His people drovje them from thefe ftages, by keep- ing up a regular fire which did fome execution ; the car- penters then advanced, and prefently cut a breach in the fortification. A chief inftantly ftepped into it with a long fpear in his hand. He was {hot dead by M. Crozat's markf- men, and prefently another occupied his place, ftepping on the dead body. He likewife fell a vidlim to his intrepid cou- rage, and in the fame manner eight chiefs fucceffively de- fended, and bravely fell on this poft of honour. The reft feeing their leaders dead, took to flight, and the French pur- fued and killed numbers of them. M. Crozat offered fifty dollars to any perfon who fhould take a New Zeelander alive, but this was abfolutely impradicable. A foldier feized an old man, and began to drag him towards his cap- tain, but the favage being unarmed, bit into the flefhy part of the Frenchman's hand, the intenfe pain of which fo en- raged him, that he ran his prifoner through with a bay- onet. In this hippah were found great quantities of drefi!es, arms, tools, and raw flax, together with a prodigious ftore ' of dried fifh and roots, which feemed to be intended for winter provifions. After accompliftiing this enterprize, M. Crozat' compleated the repairs of his (hips without further interrup- tion, and after a ftay of fixty-four days, proceeded on his voyage p. How far thefe bloody deeds were excited by the ^ behaviour of the Europeans cannot be determined; the whole tenor of thefe Indian's condu(Sl feems to acquit them of treachery and cruel malevolence j it is therefore greatly"* to be fufpe£ted, that they took umbrage at fome afFront,* perhaps, unwittingly committed, and revenged it with that ' palUonate fury which hurries on the favage intQ excefles,' ''^'' "iii V Forftcr II, 464, Y3. CHAP, /] ^& NEW I^ISCOVERI'ES, &c^ '•.v,a « ^i H|ui_ ri:)j;)a -M ,g ji j^ p^ -^j^^ oi ji-^i^^b i. diiw^ -^.'■-'- 0f N 8 ^v Holland,' '^^'i' w^^i &raM;i;b;dvv.'.., ■;, !;? E C T. I. ptfirifihn ifihiCoUniry ; //j Prodaifions, Of the hhaJfl- tdniSf dhdthnr Manner if Lhing, /^iU«0 1 uilds its neft upon trees : thefe wonderful inre(n:s form their nefts by bending down feveral leaves, each of which is as broad as a man's hand, and gluing the points of them to-> gethcr fo as to form a purfe. The vifcus ufed for this pur- pofe is an animal juice which nature has enabled them to elaborate. Thoufands of thefe bufy infegenei'»lly at the root of a tree ; it is formed like an irregularly ijided cone, and fometimes is more than fix icet high, and nearly as much in diameter. The outfide ot thcfe is of well-tempered clay, about two inches thick, and within are the cells, which have no cpdning outward. Between thcfe two dweHijigs, one of which is their fummer, arid thw other their v/mter refidcnce, there is a oommunica. tic»n by e large avenue, or covered way, leading to the ground, and by a fubterranean parage. The ftrutSlures on the ground are proof againfl any wet that can fall, which fhofe on the tree are not, from the nature and thinnofs of their cruft or wall. The fifli here are of kinds unknown to Europe, except the mullet, and feme of the (hell-iifh. ILJpon the ihoals and reef are great quantities of the iineft green turtle in the world, and oyflers of various kinds, parttculurly the rock oyfter and the pearl oyiler, |n the livers and fait creeks are aligators \ ^ -.n; •, This extenfive country appears to be very thinly inha^ bitcd i the natives never appeared in larger companies than thirty together ; the inland parts are, moft probably, quite itninhabitfd, as no part of the coaft which was vifitcd had arty appearance of cultivation, and the miferable natives ^rew their fubfiftenc^ from the fea. The only tribe witl^ fvhichany intercourfe was eftablifhed, confifted oftwenty- f>nerperifon$, twelve men, feven women, a buy and a gir}» ^be wonnien were never feen but at a diftance, for when the mep crofied the river to >the 'flilp they kft them behind, T^be men are pf ^ middle fiz9, and in general well-made, ^iean-limbed, and nms^tkab\>y vigorous, active, and nimble ; |hei( counte^aiices wei!e not fthqgether without expreifion, hi;' 'ir'-f ii:.fi1w '-h-vo'^ 'io^Si:v~h.rii%'b ^'i ui bn'-';!--; ' Hawkefworth III. 627, 'f'. 9n4 NEW -HOLLAND. 'i/f 3Jf jiind their voices are remarkably foft and dflfeminnte. They dncruH their bod icii with dirt, which m-Ams them ap>p)/y,'and regularly tnade. Thteyvadeivod th&thhgs that were given them, but' were iwfenfible tx> all tifeltgns that were m^de them that fomethin^'was'firpeded in return. Many of ^he trinkets that had de^n gfv«n them>W%re -after- wards fouAd ihrowki fiegligently away In i^e Vroods, like the playthings <^f children that pleafe &h)y 'Vrhih ^ey'di'e |i«W. The bodies of rrtArk«d 'Witfh forge fca^s. ^hich appeared to be the remains of v^ounds which they had t i'ifl'^wecf 33« NEW DISCOVERIES, &c. io^iiSled on themfelves with feme blunt inflrument, and which they flgnified by figns to have been memorials of grief for the dead \ There was no appearance of a town or vil- lage in the whole country j their houfes are formed without art or induftry j fome of them were juft high enough for a man to {land upright in, but not large enough for him to extend his whole length in any direction : they are built with pliable rods, about as thick as a man's finger, in the form of an oven, by flicking the two ends into the ground, and covering them with palm-leaves and broad pieces of bark ; the door is nothing but a large hole at one end. Under thefe houfes or fheds they flccp, coiled up with their heels to their head, in which pofition one of them will hold three or four perfons : towards the northward, as the cli- mate becomes hotter, thefe (heds were conftruded much flighter : one fide was entirely open, and none of them were more than four feet deep, Thefe hovels were fet up occa-. £onal]y by a wandering hord, in any place that would fur- nifli them for a time with fubfiftcnce, and left behind them when they removed to another fpot. When they mean to continue only anight or two at one place, they fleep without any fhelter except the buflies and grafs, the latter of which h here near two feet high. They have a veflcl to hold the water they fetch from fprings, made of bark, only by tying \jp the two ends with a withy, which not being cut oft' ferves for a handle. They have a fmall bag, about the fize of a moderate cabbage-net, which the men carry upon their l?ack by a firing which paffes over their heads. It generally contains a luipp or two of paint and rcfin, fome fifli-hooks and lines, a iheJl or two, out of which their hooks arc made, a few points of darts, and their ufual ornaments, which is an inventory of the whole worldly trcafure of the 8 Hawkcfw. ni. 63X. richefl NEW HOLLAND. 353 rlcheft rran among therri ^ Their fifli-hooks arc very neatly made, and foine of them are extremely fmall. For ftriking' turtle they have a peg of wood, which is about a foot long, and very well bearded : this fits into a focket at the end of a flafF of light wood, about as thick as a man's wrift, and about feven or eight feet long. To the ftaff is tied one end of a loofe line about three t*r four fathoms long, the other end of which is fattened >.c the peg. To ftrike the turtle the peg is fixed into the focket, and when it has entered his body, and is retained there by the barb, the ftafF flies off, and fervcs for a float to trace their vidtim in the water. It aflifts alfo to tire him, till they can overtake him with their canoes, and haul him afhore. One of thefe pegs was found buried in the body of a turtle, which had healed up over it. Their lines are made of the fibres of a vegetable, and are from the tfiicknefs of a half inch rope to the finenefs of a hair". They are unacquainted with the ufe of nets in fifh- ingj, and can only catch fifli by ftriking them, or with a hook and line, or groping for them in the hollows of the rocks and flioala, which are dry at half ebb. They bake their proviftons by the help of hot flones, like the inhabi* tants of the South-Sea Iflands. They produce fire with great facility, and fpread it in a wonderful manner. To pioduce it tiny take two pieces of dry, foft wood ; one is a ftick about eight or nine inches long, the other piece is flat. The ftick they fhape into an obtufe point at one end, and preffing it upon the other, turn it nimbly by holding it be- tween both their hands as we do a chocolate-mill j often fliifting their hands up, and then moving them down upon it, to encreafe the pre/Ture as much as poflible. By this me- thod they get fire in lefs than two minutes, and from the fmallcft fpark they encreafe it with great fpeed and dexterity. t Hawkefw. III. fijj. u Ibid. « Wc ^ NE.W r>I5Q(t>Y'ERtB9,. &c. •*» Wa- have often ftei?,'* %s captain Co6k, « oneofth^m jruib ajqng. the ihori9» to sill app^^r^llce with nothing in his han^, who-ftoo^ihg d((>wi» for * moment^ at the diftance of we,ry fifty or one hundred yards-, left fire behind him, as wc coyld feej fiifttvy th« finokie, and then by the flame among tfce drift woodi and othw litter which was flattered along thi? ptsice. We had th? quriofity to cxarnine one of thefi^ planter* of fir^ whe^ h? f4?toJff, and we faw hjm w^ap up a fniaU fpafk In dry, grafj, which; when be had r.un a littt^ way, haying been feiifto^ by the- J»ir thJit' Ms motipn. proh. d|ucec . begaji to bla?je; he thejn laid it down in d place con- veoient fpr his pu,rpQfe, IpwFcft of t^ humjin Ijpecies. ; [., • . ; .. // " SECT. II. M'-:., Jfccount of Captain Cook'i Navigation along the Eajtern Coaji of Ney^ Holland, in the Endeavour Barky in 1770* to which he gave the Name of New South Wales, and of their wonderful Deliveranee from Shipwreck, with feve- ral Particulars refpe^ing the Country^ and the Manna's and Difpofttion of the Indians who inhabit it, t .. fT^ H E moft fouthTn point of land difcovered by captain -*• Cook, he fuppofes to lie in 38 deg. 58 min. foyth l^tiHi^e, and 150 deg. eaft longitude, to which he gave the name of Point Hicks, but he cannot determii^e whether this point jioins to Van Diemen's Land or not. He made this coalt on the 19th of April 1770. The canoes here were found very much to rcfembie the fmallcrfort in New Zee- land. Some of the Indians made a very finguLr appear- a nee ; for their faces feemed to have been dufted with a white powder, and tDeir bodies painted with white ftreaks of the fame colour, which paffing obliquely over their brcails and backs, looked not unlike the croCs belts worn hy OUf %: Vf ^iS NEW DISCOVERIES, &c; our foldiers. The fame kind of breaks were alfu dts^WH round their legs and thighs like broad garters ; each man beld in his hand a weapon like a fcymeter^ abotit two feet »nd a half long. The place where the (hip had anchored vras abreaft of a fmall village, confifting of Stbout iix or eight houfes ; and while the boat was huifting out, thtiy faw an old woman, followed by three children, tome out of the wood; fhe was loaded with Hre wood, and each of the chil> dren had alfo its little burden^ When (he came to the houfes, three more children, younger than the others^ came out to meet her^ She often looked at the ihip^ but ex- prefled neither fear nor furprize. In a fhort time (he kindled a fire, and four canoes caihe in from fiA^irigi Thd men landed, and having hauled up their boats, began to drefs tbeir dinner, to all appearance wholly unconcerned about their new acquaintance, though they were within half a mile of them. It was remarkable, that none of the people that had been feen, had the lead appearance of cloathing, the old woman herfelf being dellitute even of a fig-leaf ^^ Their language is diiferent from that of the South Sea iflanders, being quite unintelligible to Tupia. .,,.'- >, . .' '■:■«? . When captain Cook firft landed at Botany Bay, (6 called from the great quantity of plants which the gentlemen col- ledled there, (fee the map) 34 deg. fouth, 152 dcg. 37 min. eaft. Two of the natives came down, each armed with a lance about ten feet long, and a (hort ftick which appeared to be ufed as a machine to aflift him in throwing it. They feemed determined to defend their coaft, though ^4|je party that landed were forty in number. ** I could not," fays captain Cook, " but admire their courage, and 't'J.'-U 5,3 w Htwkefw. ni 49!i« being K t W HOLLAND. 337 Iseihg very unwillmg that hoftilities fhoulJ commence with fuch inequality of force between us, I ordered th« boat to lie upon her oars. We then parlied by figns for about a quarter of an hour, and to befpeak their good-willj I threw them nails, beads, and other trifles, which they took up and Teemed to be well pleafed with. I then made figns that I \vanted water, and by all the means that I could devife, endeavoured to convince them that we would do them no harm. They now waved to us, and I was willing to inter- pret it as an invitation; but upon our putting the boat in, they came again to oppofe us. One appeared to be a youth about nineteen or twenty, and the other a man of middle age. As I had now no other refource, I fired a mufket be- tween them. Upon the report, the younjjeft dropped a bundle of lances upon the rock, but recollecting himfelf in an inftant, he fnatched them up again with great hafte. A ftone was then thrown at us, upon which I ordered a mulket to be fired with fmall (hot, which llruck the eldeft upon the legs, and he immediately ran to one of the houfes, which was diftant about an hundred yards. I now hoped that our conteft was over, and we immediately landed: but we had fcarcely left the boat, when he returned ; and we then perceived that he had left the rock, only to fetch a fhicld or target for his defence. As foon as he came up, he threw a lance at us, and his comrade another. They fell where we ftood thickeft, but happily hurt n /bo Jy. A third muiket with fmall fliot was then fired at them ; upon wKIch one of them threw another lance, and both immediately ran away. If we had purfued, we might probably have taken one of them j but Mr. Banks fuggefting that the lances might be poifoned, I thought it not pruJtni to venture into the woods. We repaired immediately to the huts., in one of which we found fome children, who had hidJcn themfelve* Z behmd wmm 5^8 NEXV DISCOVERIES, &c. behind a (hield and fome bark : we peeped at them, butleffi tiitm in their retreat, without their knowing that they had been difcovcred j and we threw into the houfe when we went away, fome beads, ribbons, pieces of cloth, and other prefents, which we hoped would procure U5 the good-will of the inhabitants when they fhould return : but the lances we found lying about, we took away with us, to the num*- bcr of about fifty. They were from fix to fifteen feet long, and all of them had four prongs in the manner of a fifh-gig, each of which was pointed with fifli bone, and very fharp, Weobferved that they were fmeared with a vifcous fubftance of a green colour, which favoured the opinion of their being poifoncd, though we afterwards difcovered that it was a miftake. They appeared by the fea-weed that was found flicking to them, to have been ufed in ftriking fifli. Upon examining the canoes that lay upon the beach, we found them to be the worft we had ever feen. They were between twelve and fourteen fcct long-, and made of the bark of a tree in one piece, which was drawn together, and tied up at one end, the middle being kept open by fticks, which were placed acrofs them from gunwale to gunwale as thwarts ".'* But this boldnefs of the natives was foon fuc- ceeded by an univerlal terror, created by the experience which they had had of the tfFocI: of fire-arms, not only by the fmall fhot which had been difcharged at the two cham- pions, hut likev ife by the number of birds which they h&d feen kilieJ by means of guns. Here was fcen a tree, the fruit of which, in colour and flnpe, refembled a cherry. There arc but two kinds of timber-wood here, both of which are as large, or larger, than the Englifh oak, and one of them has not a very dificrent appearanco. This is the ^ Hawkefw. 111.(59^,49.1. litt the th( fam^ M -'•' NEW HOLLAND. m fame that yields the reddifli gum like fanguis draconis^ mid the wood is heavy, hard, and dark-coloured, like lignum vita. The other grows tall and ftraightj Ibmething like the pine j and the wood of this, which has Tome refemblance to the live oak of America, is alfo hard and heavy. There are a few flirubs, and feveral kinds < f the palm ; mangroves alfo grow in great plenty near the head of the bay. The country in general, as far as it was obfcrved, is level, low, and woody. The woods abound with birds of exquifite beauty, particularly of the parrot kind : here are alfo crows, eicadtly the fame as thofc in England. About the head of the harbour, where there are large flats of fand and mud^ there is great plenty of water-fowl, moffc of which are fpecies entirely unknown. One of the moft remarkable was black and white, much larger than a fv'an, and in fhapti fomewhat refembling a pelican. On theCc banks of fand and mud there are great quantities of cyfters, muffels, cockles, and other fliell-fifli, which feem to be the principal fubfiftcncc of the inhabitants, who go intolhoal water with their little canoes, and pick them out with their hands* They were not obferved to eat any of them raw, nor do they always go on Ihore to drefs them, for they have frequently fires in their canoes for that purpofe. They do not, how- ever, fubfill wholly upon this food, for they ciitch a variety of other fifh, fome of which they ftrike with gigs, and fome they take with hook and line. Ail the inhabitants were flark naked ; they did not appear to be numerous, or to live in focicties, but, \\V.c other animals, were fcattered about along the coaft, and v.\ the woods. Of their manner of life little is known, as no connection was formed v^ith them, fof they never would come near enough for a parley ; nor did they touch a fmglc article of all that was left at their huts, and the places they frequented, on purpofe for them to take X 7. away. M NEW DISCOVERIES, &c. away y. At the fight of thefe Indians, Tupia, with an aii' of fuperiority and compafHon, {hook his head, and faid that they were iaata enos„ " poor wretches.'* A midfhipman, who had draggled alone into the country, faw an old man and woman, and fomc little children j they were both grey- headed with age ; the hair on the man's head was buihy, iind his beard long and rough ; the woman's hair was cropped iliort, and both were ftaric naked. More to the northward is Hervey's Bay, in which was found a true mangrove, fuch as grows in the Wefl-Indies, and the firft of the kind met with in thefe feas. In the branches of this mangrove were many iiefls of a remarkable kind of ant, as green as grafs. When the branches were difturbed, they came out in great numbers, and punifhed the offender by a much fharper bite than the fame kind of animal is elfewhcre known to give. Upon thefe mangroves were alfo feen fmall green caterpil- lars w ^reat numbers : their foreheads were thick fet with hairs, and they were ranged upon the leaves fide by fide like a file of foldiers, to the number of twenty or thirty to- gether. On touching them, the hair on their bodies was found to have the quality of a nettle, and gave a much more acute, though a lefs durable pain. More northwardly was found a fpccies of the buflard, as large as a turkey, one of which weiglicd feventeen pounds and an half. It was gene- rally agreed, by the gentlemen who ate of it, to be the belt bird they had tafted fince they left England, and in honour of it they called the inlet Bujiard Bay, It lies in latitude 24deg. 4 min. 151 deg. 42 min. caft. Here areoyflers in great numbers, and of various kinds j among others the hammer- oyfter, and abundance of fmall pearl oyfters. And captain Cook fays, *' that if in deeper water there is equal plenty of y Haw-JfeCv. III. 5C5. fuch N E W H O L L A N D. 341 fach oyfters at their full growth, a pearl-fiftiery might be eftablilhed here to very great advantage «." . ;> . > Thir/fy Sounds 22 deg. lomin. fouth ; 150 A^g, iSmin. eaft. Upon the branches of gum-trees here were found ants nefts, made of clay, as big as a bufliel, fomething like thofe defcribed in Sir Hans Sloan's Natural Hiftory of Ja- maica, Vol. II. page 221, tab. 258, but not fo fmootb. The ants which inhabited thefe nefts were fmall, and their bodies white. On another fpecics of the tree was found a fmall black ant, which perforated all the twigs, and having worked out the pith, occupied the pipe which had contained it ; yet'the parts in which this infe«£t had thus formed a lodgment, and in which they fwarmed in amazing numbers, bore leaves and flowers, and appeared to be in as flourifhing a ftate as thofe that were found. Here were ajfo fuch a fwarm of butterflies, that for vhe fpace of three or four acres the air was fo crowded with them, that millions were to be feen in every dire(Rion ; at the fame time that every branch and twig was covered with others that were not upon the wing. Here was alfo found a fmall fifli of a Angular kind 5 it was about the fize of a minnow, and had two very ftrong breaft-fins. It was found in places quite dry, but did not feem to become languid by the want of water, for when it was approached it leiped away, by the help of the breaft- iins, Za nimbly as a frog. And when it was found in the water, it frequently leaped out, and purfued its way upon dry ground'. From the great difference in the needle when brought on fliore, and from other obfcrvations which were made, captain Cook thinks that there is iron ore in the hills. Along the coart of New Soutb-IVales^ the fea in all pans conceals (hoals, that fuddenly project from the a Hawkefw. III. 520. ' "If 3 a Idem, 529,530. ihore 34» NEW DISCOVERIES, &c. . (bore, and rocks that rife abruptly like a pyramid from thd bottom, for an extent of twenty-two degrees of latitude, more than thirteen hundred miles. Oft' Cape Tribulation^ which lies 16 deg. 6 min. fouth latitude ; 146 deg. 39 min. eaft longitude, our intrepid, and hitherto profperous adventu- rers, very nearly efcaped the mifcries of fliipwreck. Oa the loth of June, 1770, at eleven o'clock at night, the ftiip fuddenly flruck againft a coral rock, and became immovable, except by the heaving of the furge, which beat her againft the crags of the rock upon which fiie lay, and caufed fo vio- lent a concuffion that it was with the utmort difficulty any one on board could ftand on his legs. At the dawn of day land appeared at eight leagues diftance, without any ifland in the intermediate fpace, upon which they might be let on ihore by the boats, and afterwards proceed to the main, if the ftiip fiiould go to pieces j the wind, however, died away, till it became a deui calm, by which the fhip efoaped inftant and inevitable dcftru<5tion. At eleven in the forenoon it was high water, but (o much fhort as the day- tide of that in the night, that notwithftanding (he had been ■lightened near fifty ton, flie did not float by a foot ajid a half. Thus difiippointed in their expedlations, they pro- ceeded to lighten her ftill more, by throwing overboard every thing that could any ways be fpaied. The water now began to ru(h in fo faft, that two pumps could fcarcely keep her free* At five in the afternoon the tide began again to rife, and with it the Ic^k incrcafed fo much, that two more pumps were manned, but only one v.'ould work; three of the pumps, however, were krpt going, and at nine oVlock the fliip righted j but by this time the leak had gained fq confiderably, that it was imagined flie muft go to the bottom lis foon as fhe ceafed to be fupported by the rock. So that the floating of the ihip was anticipated, not as an earnelt 9f -^ N E W HOLLAND. 3+3 of deliverance, but as an event that would probably preci- pitate the dcftrudlion of all on board. The boats were not capable of carrying all on fhore, and when the dreadful criAs of the fhip's foundering fhould arrive, all command and fub* ordination would be at an end ; a conteflfor preference was then likely to cnfuc, that would encreafc the horrors even of fhipwreck, and terminate, moft probably, in thcdcftruc- tion of every foul by the hands of each other; but if any fhould furvive the fate of the (hip, a fate yet more ro(elan> choly awaited them : without any lading or cfieclual defence ^gainft the natives, in a country where even nets and Rrc^ ^rms would fcarcely furnifh the means of fubfiftence, there they would be condemned to languifh out the remainder of Wfe in a defolate wildernels, without the polfcffion, or even hope, of any domeftic comfort, and cut ofF from all com* merce with niankind, except the native favagcs who prowled the defert, and who arc, perhaps, fome of the moil rude and wncivilizei upon the earth. To thofe only who have waited in ^Vate of fuch fufpence, death has approached in all his wilu. •: terrors. Every one faw his own fenfations pi(£lured in the countenances of his companions. About twenty minutes afteii ten o'clock the (liip floated, and was heaved intc. deep water. It was fome comfort to find that ihe did not now admit more wat( r than ihe had done upon the rock j and though, by the gaining of tlio leak upon the pumps, there was no lefs than three feet nine inches water in the hold, yet the men did not relinguifh their labour, but iv M the water as it were at bay : but having now endured e\<;ejSive fatigue of body, and agitation of mind, for more than twenty-four hours, and having but little hope of fu. - ceeding at laft, they began to flag. None of them couIm wprk at the pumps more than five or fix minutes together^ and then being totally exhauded, they threw thetnftlvcs Z 4 down IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I ■- m 2.5 2.2 :: 1^ lllllio 1.8 IL25 i 1.4 i 1.6 % <9 /2 m %i ^ /^. 4V^ 7 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAi(« iT? -IT WEBSTER, N.Y. 14t>8C (716) 872-4503 • 314- NEW ©ISCOVER'XXS, &c. down upoil the deck^ though a ftreamof water was running oitieiitjirom the pumpi^ between three t>r four inches deepi. Whtv -thofr who fucceeded them had worked their fpcH, abd'^; werei-exhaufted in their turn, they threw Hiemfelyea doimin the fame rmnner^ and the others ftartiog up again renewed their'iabour. At eleven o'cloek a breeze from the feat fpringing up, the ibip was got under lil, and ftood for the land. The exafl fituatton of the leak, could not be dif4 coveied» and therefore it was ioapoiTible to ftop it within^, andk was as impoffible to continue that degree of labour by wjpiich the pumps had been made to gain upon th« leak. In thi$ iltuation a happy expedient was adopted ; it is called' fotberhig the (hip } it was done by taking a large budding failjit on which a quantity of oakham and wool, chopped fnudl,-and mixed together, was ftitched down inhandfuls its lightly .aspoifible ( and over this the dung of iheep, and^thep filth was fpread } when the fail was thus prepared^ it w^ hauled under the fliip's bottom by ropes, which kept it ex*f tended } and when it came under the leak, the fusion which carxipd in the water, carried in with it. the oakham aiid wool from the furface of the fail, which in other parts the waten was not fufficiently agitated to waih ofF. This application fuccf^eded ib happily, that one pump was able to reduce the watCJT from the leak : and fo fufceptible are mankind of fud- den joy when ever fo partially relieved from imminent danger^ that fi^arceiy greatcrtranfportcould have been, felt,, if they had been arrived in port, than this relief occa* , fioned. At fi^K in the evening the fhip was brought to am anchor, for the night, in feventeen fathonr water, at the^ diftance of. /even. leagues from the ibore, and. one from the ledge of rocks upon which fhe had (Iruck. . The n<:xt even* ing file came to.an anchor within two milesof tb« ihprc, no. h^irbour having beeq difcQvered. The \^ay fpllQwing was more iJi ^1w»-kH -^ uroDitious, it:^i Dropitioi ^mm. ■:* ,'3* N E-W H O L L^AIff D, * Vf 3^1 % propittousj a harbour wa'/dircovered about two leaguerto leeward, moft excellendy adapted to the^urpo^: far whiek ft was wanted ; and What was no lefs fortunate than remark^ able, in the whde courfe of the voyage po place had been (een which would iiave afforded the fame relief 40 the fhip in the fituation iht then was. Three whole days in- tervened before a favourable wind arofe to carry thein fnt It isremarkabl'e, that the fea-breezes blew frcih all this time, and it Was calm only while the (hip lay upon the rock, except once ; and even the gale that at length wafted her to the fhore, would cer- certainly haye beaten he^to pieces, if it had blown whilftihe! had been fo entangled'. At length thefe buffeted heroes fat their impatient feet oA land, after having given the greateft poffible proof of a manly, inflexible firmnefs; for,' fayi captain Cook, f^upon this occafion I muft obferv^, both itt juftice and giratitude Co the ihip's company, and the gentle- men on hozrd'y that although, in the miJft of our diftrefs, every one feeraed to have a ju'ft fenfe of his danger, yet no paffionate exclamations, or frantic geftures, were to be heard or feen ; every oilc appeared to have the moft perfeft po(^ feffion of his mind, and every one exerted himiblf to tlie ' utmoft, with a quiet and patient perfeverance, equally diftanV from the tumultuous voice of terror, and the gloomy ina^i-'' vity of defpair ^.'* Their change of fituation was now vi- fible in every countenance, for it was moil fenfibly felt in every breaft. '^|ity had failed no lefs than three Tiundrcd aod iixty league'^', without once having a man out of the chains heaving the l«id, even for a -minute, which |)erha({is iKyer.ha|>pep«4 to any other vefiel. They had b^n little ^ ' lefs I > V- |46 NEW DJS GOV ERIE Sj &c. U& than three tnonths entangled among ihpals and rocks, that every moment threatened them with deftru the, ^jajn keel W99 confiderably injured in many places } a great quantity of the ^;. ; - "-T* - — Ihcathing '«/,' IP^^ * V N E W H O L L A N D. « 347 AeatKing was l;9rn offi and Teveral planks wero much da- maged i two of them, and the b^f of a. third, under the mdin ^hannfl, near the koel, were, for the length «f fiic feet,, fo worn, that they were not ^bove the eighth part of an inqh, thick, and here the worms had made their way quite into the timbers ; yet in this condition (he Jnad iailed many hundred leagues, where navigation is as dangerous as in any part of the world. How much mifery did thoie on boavd efcape, by being ignorant that fo confi^rable a part of the bottom of the fhip was thinner than the fole of a (hop, and chat every life on board depended upon h ilight and fragili^ 9^,,\]iztskr, between, them and tb& unfathopmblft. ' The river, which afforded them relief in this extreme enlergency, was named Endeavour River, The bats here have a frightful appearance, being nearly black, and full as large as a partridge. Here is an animal of a new fpecies ; it i^ of a light moufe-colour, which in fize atid fhape; very much refembles a greyhound : it h^s a long tail ; inflead of running it leaps upon its hind legs like the gerhua, or mux jaculus. The head, neck, and flioulders, are very' fmall,in proportion to the other parts of the body ; the tail is nearly as long as the body, thick near the rump, and tapering to- wards the end ; the fore-legs of this individual, which was ? young one, were only eight inches long, and the hind- legs two-and-twenty : its progrefs is by fucce/five leaps, or" hops, of a great length, in an ere»Sl: pofture ; the fore-legs are kept bent clofe to the breaft, and fcemed to be of ufe only for digging ; the'fkin is covered with a fliort fur; the head ?ind ears bear a flight refemblance to thofe of a hare. This animal is called by ihe natives Kangaroo ''. (Seeanexadl f^prcfentation of this animal in the plate.) Here was found r..>vV ■,'■1',' c Jiav/kefw. III. 57?. w a plant. *».' ^$ NEW DISCOVERIES, &c. a plant) called in the Weft-Indies Indian kaU^ which ferved the fhip*8 company for greent. Alfo many nefts of white ants were feen, which refembled thofe of the Eaft-Indies, end are the moft pernicious infeft: in the world, A wolf was faid by one of the midHiipmen to have been feen, and this accpunt was ftrengthed by what Tupia faw and de- fcribed. On the fhore were found coclcies of fo enormous a fize^ that one of them was more than two men could eat. Very few Indians were fecn her?, and thofe that were difco« vered fled immediately at the approach of their ftrange guefts ^ , after* fome time, however, an intercourfe was brought about. Here were ovens dug in the ground in the fame manner as at O'Tabeitti, ^The natives here are of the common ftature« but their limbs are remarl^ably fmall t their ^in of 4 darlc chocolate colour, which is occafioned by their fleeping ii^^ dirt and fmoak, to avoid the mufquettos, which on this fpot are almoft infupportably tormenting. Their hair is black but not woolly } ihort cropped } in fome lahk, and in ptherj^ curled. They paint fome part of their bodies red j and ons of thofe that were feen had his upper lip and his breaft, painted white. Their features were good, their eyes lively, their teeth even and white, their voice foft and tunable* They repeated many words after the gentlemen with great facility. The difpofition to malce the human form, in fomo, refpcft or other, different from its natural appearance, \^^ prevalent over the whole habitable world ; thus one of the , natives feen here was diftinguiflied by an ornament of a very ; ilr^tcing appearance; it was the bone of a bird, nearly as, thick as a man's finger, and five or fix inches long, which < he had thruft into a hole, made in the griftle that divides the . noftrilsj of this many inftances were feen in the New-He-p . brides *, and only one in Kew-Zeeland ; but upon examj^ t ^-f' ••'• • 4 Hawkefw. Ill .575. See page 418. nation ,*'■.■ *■■' '¥■ ,f N E W H O L L A N IX' T-Vt 349 nation it was found, that among all thii people^ this part of the nofc was perforated, to receive an ornament of the fame kind *. The practice of piercing the middle cartilage of the nofe, and thrufting a ftone through it, is perhaps peculiar to the weftern iflands in the South Sea, which have been vifited by Europeans, and prevails there among both fexes. That the ideas of beauty, and of perfonal orna- ments, (hould be very diflimilar in different parts of the world, may be eafily fuppofed, and that fome Indians fhould pride themfelves in the extent of the lobe of their ears, and therefore ftretch them till they hang upon their fhoulders^ is no more ftrange than that the tribes of American Indians fhould be fond of ftretching out the cartilagenous part of their ears in an horizontal direction, by perforating them, and forcing them out by means of ftonea or wires, until they extend in fome inftances, fo far as for their extre- mities to be brought to meet at the top of the head ; but that any human beings (hould voluntarily forego the enjoy- ment of a free unobftru<^ed refpiration, for the fake of in imaginary ornament. Would be quite incredible, if it were not a known fa£t, proved beyond contradiction ; for the^ bone which is thus thruft through the cartilage of the nofe, fo entirely flops up both noflrils, that no air can be drawa in by their means ; the lungs are therefore fupplied from the mouth, which for that purpofe mufl be kept conilantly open, Thefe people therefore, whilfl they wear thefe bfeath- floppers, muft be incapable of any fwift motion, as well as any violent and continued exerfion of (trength. But may not (his fupprefHon of the breath, when unemployed, tend to give them a better wind when the impediment is re- moved, and they fet about fome atflive cxercife f probably they do not fleep or eat with them on. The cuflom for vvo- |Den to wear an ornament at the nofs, is of great antiquity ' , "• ■ in ...« / * ill the £aft^ and is at thib time prlfViced In Arabia an^ Perfia. Sir John Chardin, in a poftJramoas vrbtk which hj» bete |;iv«n to tht world by Mr. Hartter, fajrs, «» It is the cuftdm in almoft all 1 the Eaft, for the ^^men to weiar rings in their nofes in tht hfi noftril, dnd Inerer fiw a girl Or young woman in Arabia, or in all Ferltai who did hot wear a ring after this manner in ho^ noftrtl. Thefe rings are of gold^ and have commonly two pearls and 6nt;ttiby between, placed in the ring •/* Dr. RufTel defcribes'the ttro- men of fome of the villages about Aleppo, and all the Ai-abs and Chinganas, (a fort of Gypfies) as wearing a large rfilg of filver or gold through the external cartilage ^hf the right noftrtl ^ Egmont and Heyman, in liice manner, defcrlbre this *ing, which was compofed of a piece of coral, as wdrii by the Egyptian women in their right noftril ^. Thefe people had alfo holes in their ears, though nothing was tKih hanging to them ; and had bracelets upon the upper arm made of plaited hair ; fo that they feem to be fond of orna- ment, though they are abfolutely without apparel. One of them, to whom captain Cook had given part of an old (hirt, inftead of throwing it over any part of his body, tied it as a fillet round his head. They feemed to be much pleafed, and in no hafte to depart, but feeing fome of the gentle- men examining their canoe with great attention and cu- riolity, they were alarmed, and jumping immediately into » it, paddled away without fpeaking a word. The tUrtlef caught here is faid to eat better than any dreffed in Ertg-V land. All the natives were ftark naked. After fome time an intimacy took place, and the Indians came oii board the fliip with great cordiality. Some of them weW very defirous of having a turtle which they faw thercj' « Harmer's Obfervaiions, II. 390^ if''*)»",0 •-our, offered them hts knife, the only thing he had about him, which bc,thougUt would be acceptable to them. They '»*« . **• Htwkefw. Ill . 58 J. V, .„• , V received i^. rectiyei it, and having handed it ^om one ^o tlie fitfier^ re- turned It to him a|;ain. He then nizah in oftlbr to leavi tHeni, but this they Aemed hot difpoied Id p^rtiilt. S^fTI, hovi^eve^, he difTenibled his fears, and Cii doWn igiun.' Thejf conHdered him with great attention and tiHriofllt^, particu- larly his cloaths } and then felt his hands 4'hd fact, arid ^i- tisfied^hemreives, that his b6dy vrii df iht fame tektur^ with their own. They treated him ^tth tH^ greafeft civi- lity, and having kept hidn about half an h6tfr, they tii4d^ figns that he might depart. He did not Wait' for a fecbhd difmiiSoh, but when he left them, not tal:<'ng the dir«f^ Way to the (hip, they came from their 6re a'nd dlre£(ed hinfi ; to that they well knew whence he cime '. At another tiihe ohVTof the natives, by deflre, threw His lante, which y/ii about eight feet long. It flew with ai furprizmg fwifti^^fs arid Reaathefs, and tliough it was never more thiA four teei from the ground, it entered dfeie^ly into^ a tree St fifty paces dlftance ^. Mr. Banks todk a female animal of the Opoffitm tribe, and two young ones, which much refembled the r^- markaBIe animal of that kind defcribed' by A^. de J^u^dii by the name of Ph'ilangtr. Several fpecies of ferpehts ^e're ttcti heri, fonie of which stre vehbibd'us' and fdto^ hsfnnlt!%. The land-fowls here are crows, kites, hawks, ctfckatcei white and black j a very beautiful kind of paroqu'et } fdUi^ parrots, pigeons of different forts, and feveral fmall bit'di^ not known in Europe, ' The water fowl are, h^rns, Wh'i!fci ling duck, wild geefd, and curlews. The face tt the COUri- try is agreeably dlverfiSed by hill and valley, lawh'^ iri^ wood: the foil of the hills is hard, dry, aiid ftoney ; tha^ of the' plains is iaiid' arid' clay. The* whole couhtry, both Hill and' valley, wood and ptain', abounds v/itH' aitit-fiiirs^, fonie of which are fix or ei^ht feet high, and twice as much .^' ^ J i:5V4l'- » Hawkefw. UI. JI4. - ■'^■''^^^^\. H«wkefw. IIL 580. A a la ,£_•. »' 354 NEW DISCOVERIES, &c. in circumference. The trees here are the gum-tree mat>- grove. The country is well watered by fine rivulets and fprings. On an ifland ofF this coaft was found the neft of an eagle, and of fome other bird of an enormous fize } it was built with flicks upon the ground, saxd was no lefs than twenty-fix feet in circumference, and two feet eight inches high. Rocks and (hoals in this part of the globe are more dangerous than in any other \ for here there are reefs of coral rock rifing like a wall almoH: perpendicularly out of the unfathomable deep ; always overflowed at high water, and at low water dry in many places. And here the enor- mous waves of the vaft fouthern ocean, meeting with fo abrupt a refiftance, break with inconceivable violence, in a furf which no rocks or dorms jn the northern hemifphere can produce. The danger of navigating the unknown parts- of this ocean, was greatly encreafed to our adventurers, by their having a crazy (hip, and being fliort of proviflons, and every other neccffary i ** yet," fays captain Cook, " the diftlnc^ion of a firft difcoverer, made us cheerfully encoun- ter every danger,, and fubmit to every inconvenience } and we chofe rather to incur the cenfure of imprudence and te- merity, which the idle and voluptuous fo liberally beftow upon unfuccefsfui fortitude and perfeverance, than leave a country which we had difcovered, unexplored, and give co- lour to a charge of timidity and irrefolution V Whether this country did or did not join to New Guintay was a point which captain Cook refolved to fettle, and to do this he braved fuch dangers as would have appalled the ref€3utid| of any man whofefpirit for difcovery had not abforbed all regard to perfonal fafety. He found the two countries to b^ divided by a narrow Tea, which he called Endeavour 'Straits, ...o;.. vi »H«wfcefVrorthlir. 607. --.-X v!';'Mi:->c, ^ ' York ■^"■t^m ■iV ;>tt'i -.■.-■■.^-i..fT..-,T,. N E W G U I N E A« ''H * T 3SS York-Capi is the moft northern promontory of the coun- try, 142 deg, caft longitude ; 10 dcg. j; min. fouth lati- tude. On a fmall ifland captain Cook took poJefnon of the whole eaftern coalt, from the latitude of 38 dcg. to 10 dcg. ^nd a half fouth, in right of his majcfty king George the Third, by the name of Neiv South IVales^ on which account the ifland received the name of PoJfeJJion ljland\ here the few inhabitants that were feen, both men aad women, were ftark naked. Endeavour Straits, beforemcntioned, are ten leagues long from north-eaft to fouth- weft, and about five leagues broad. The north-eailern entrance of this pafTage is formed by New Holland, and the fouth-eaft by a congeries of iflands, which have been called The Prince eflFa/es*s JJIandSf and which probably extend quite to Ntw Guinea. M. de Bougainville, who came }uft at the en- trance of thefe ftraits, to the moft fouth-eaftern parts of New Guinea, called that fea The Gulph of the Louijiade, the ftraits fince navigated by captaMi Cook being not then known to exift^ ..I.,;.)- i^j.' ■ ■3:s nn--- J->^' '.*.'< J f'-(. . , fl <« 1. ...nb^^' ir:.-.: -C HAP. XII.. 0/ New Guinea^ New Britain, New Ireland, and New Hanover, withfevcral other IJlands dij- . f covered by Capmitt CdLrterct in 1767V J^;>.X "1 -' ' '^ lU^V^ V\\ • ^ ■■^ovui. ^TEW-GUINEA is a long and narrow ifland, very im- "*■ ^ perfedly known j it was fuppofed to be connected with NeW'Hsllandf until captain Cook difcovered the ftrait A a 2 which p^ NEW t)1^6'dvi^1ll£S, &c. ivhicH fep^rates them. Neiv-Guine^y Including Patua, its jiofth-weftern part, (which, according to Bougainville, is f^arated from it by' a flrait; but that Teems nothing more than a cpnledliura] notion) reaches frorii thd equator to the twelfth degree of fouth latitude, and from 131 to 150 deg. ^afl: longitude j in one part it does not appear to be above ' j^fty miles broad. It was firft viAted by an European ihip 111 1539. Saavedra, a Portuguefe, who made the difcovery of the north- weft part of this country, died it Terra de J^atiuas, or Papos. Van Schouten, a Dutch difcoverer, af- terwards gave the name of New-Guinea to its fotith-wcftern fl* Admiral Roggcwein alfo touched here, and before him Pampier, ift January, 1700. Captain Cook made the 'coaft of New-Guinea, in latitude 6 deg. 15 min. longitude "i^8de^. eaft, on the 3J of September, and landed in the ' ipinnace, accompanied by Mr. Banks, doctor Solander, nine of the Hiip'screw, and fervants well armed, and leaving two jG;amen to take care of the boat advanced fome little way up the country; but coming to the fkirts of a thick wood, they judged it prudent to proceed no further, left they fhould fall into an ambufcade of the natives, and thtir retreat to the boat be cut off. Having advanced about a quarter of a mile from the boa^, three Indians juflied out of the wood with a hideous (hout ; they threw their darts, and fliowcd fuch a hoftile difpofition, that the party, to prevent the dcftruftion of thefe people, returned to the boat, as they had no inten-f tion forcibly to invade their country, cither to gratify their Appetites or curiofity, and it was evident nothing could be done upon friendly terms. When they got on board the boat, they rowed along the fliore, and the number of Indians alTenibled feemed to be between ftxty and a hundred. They made much the fame appearance as theNew- Hollanders, being ilark naked, and their hair cropped fhort. All the while they were t ^n NEW G U I N^ At -J y^ 357 were fliouting defiance, and throwing fomething out of their hand which burnt exactly like gun-powder, but made no report ; what thefe fires were, or for what purpofe intended, could not be guefled at ; tl>ofe who difcharged them had in fhetr hands a fliort piece of ftick, poiEbly a hcrflow cane, ^hich they fwung fideways from them, and immediately fire and fmoke iflued, exiBJy refembling the difcharge of a muiket, and of no longer duration. This wonderful phae- nomenon was obferved from the ihip, and the deception was To great, that the people on board thought they had fire- arms ; and even in the boat, if they had not been £o near as that they muft have heard the report, if there had been any, they ihould have thought they had been firing volleys. After looking at them attentively fome time, without taking any notice of their ilafhing and vociferation, the failors fired ibme mufkets over their heads. Upon hearing the ballb rattle among the trees, they walked leifurely away, and the boat returned to the ihip. Upon examining fome weapons which the natives had thrown, they were found to be light darts, about four feet long, very ill made, of a reed or bamboo cane, and pointed with hard wood, in which there were many barbs. They were difcharged with great force, for at fixty yards diftance they went beyond the party, but in what manner they were thrown could not be exaiSlly feen. But the general opinion was, that they were thrown with a Jftiick ijpi thiS ma;;^nerpradifed by the New-Hollanders '°. The land here is very low, as is every other part of the coaft, but it is covered with a luxuriance of wood and her- bage that can fcarcely be conceived. Here the cocoa-nut. J..: ■■KAi • I.' •■ m Hawkerwanh HI. 657. Aa 3 plantain. w .. ;J?tt*,,ifJfe. K. 3^? NEW ni S C O V £ Kl E S, &c. plantain, and bread-fruit, floUrifti in the higheft per- N^w-Brjtain was thought to conncions of the country enumerated by captain Carteret, the French officer adds, that five or fix wild boars were fcen. They killed fome large pigeons of great beauty ; their plumage was green and gold ; their necics and bellies of a grcyifh white, with a fmal^creft on the head } here are alfo turtle-doves, widow-birds, larger than thofe of the Brafils, parrots, and crown-birds } and he, as well as the Englifh traveller, defcribes a bird, whofe cry exadly refembled the barking of a dog. Enormous ants, he relates, fwarmed in fuch numbers about the thatch-palm and cabbage- trees, as to oblige the people to quit feveral trees after they had felled them» The French .ht^ori^n 4 H^wkcrw. I. 5]T. ' Idemi 5^1. defcribes '■u- A : •^f 362 N E w" D I*S C O V E R 1 1 S, Sec. > „i',v ',.■, .•:. ^-.^ ..■ ■ -r\^-< .?!■ ■ ^v"»<-;- y Idem. 499. ■•»? •lliMrkeTw. I. iiJi. .fV<'' ■ AnA>n*s Voyaje, all. ' • -.Xv U; .'V, i»>rji«w 1,001 "( ..]"^V''vi.':S>CI Oil; : •**' J -'•>>, -wi ..".^^ ,fi.d J JH ? jX^ '-^^ Y ^ "^.-^ '^. ^*^<^ i«iir^r NEW DISCOVERIES fh t*i/ u^iJj <13^ CONCERNING THl in a;£ WO R L D, &c.^ : w t PART n. Containing tht Voyages made by CavtaiS CoOKf and thf Hon. CoNsTANTiNE John Phipps, {nowLoKO . MuL GRAVE,) to the Frigid Zones, and towards ikiFotEs, CHAP. I. Captain Cook*s Jttempts to difcover a Southern Contintnt^ in 1 773* , , X774» <»»<^1775« ,. j*..~>s TH £ objects of this expedition being of the higheft importance to geography and fcience in general, every poflible attention was paid to the equipment of the (hips, and gentlemen of diflinguilhed abilities, in different arts and fciences, were engaged to embark on the voyage. Thefe were Mr, William Hodges, a landfcape painter, whofe department it was to make drawings and paint- ings of fuch places in the countries they fhould touch at, as might ferve to give a more perfcd idea thereof than could be formed from written defcriptions only : Dr. John Rein- hold Forfter, and his fon Mr. George Forfter, were appointed to colledt fuch fubjeds of natural hiftory as (hould occur on the voyage : the Board of Longitude agreed with Mr. Wii- Jiam Wales, and Mr. William Bayley, to make th« aftronor B b mical I m 370 NEW DISCOVERIES, &c. jjiical obli»rvations j the former on board the Rcfolution, and thcTattcr on board thi Adventure. Beftdes thefe, do6lor Sparrmao, a gentleman *^ho had Audird under the great Linnaeus, embarked it the Cnpe, td co-^pcrate with the McfTra. Forftcrs in their rcfearchcs into nature. Two floops were fitted out for this <*xpcdhioii. Captain Ccok was on board the Refolution, and had under his command captain Furncaux, in the Adventure. The two ifloops failed from Plymouth Sound the 13th of July, 1772, and anchored in TaHe-l)ay, at this Cape of Good Hope, on the 30th 4>i Odober following. v'^.Uv »••»■'• :^ SECT. I. - .■ •• ;, ;..,,;!. Jccount ofihejirjl {iUempt 0/ distata Cook, in the Refolution, accfimpanied by Captain Furneaux, in the Adventure, todif' cover a Stuthern Continent : from his leaving the Cape of Good Hope, to his arrival at New Zeeland. «■ AA N the 22d of November, they fet (ail on their cruife. V-/ Captain Cook dire£led his courfe due fouth, and on the loth of December foiiowing, being in latitude 50 deg. 40 min. fouth, faw the firft ice. The mafs was about 50 feet high, and half a mile in circuit, flat at top, and its fides rofc in a peipendicular diredlion, againft which the fca broke exceedingly high ». In the afternoon of the fame . day, another large cubical mafs was paifTed, which was about 2000 feet long, 400 feet Ijroad, and at leaft as high again as the main top gallant maft head, or 200 feet. According to the experiments of Boyle, and Mairan, the volume of ice is to that of fea-water nearly as 10 tog, confequently by the known rules of hydroftatics, the volume of ice which rifes . above the furface of the water, is to thatwhich links below it as . .tt0 9ifupporing therefore this piecetoljeentirely of a regular .^ IJgure,. its depth' under water muft^have beeiQtttSoo kety and ' - ../ ito ^ nomj this *' asl whe fnov the If tF noticl %ht[ • betv t •> FIRST SOUTHERN the floops would not drive away, as it was calm. At length they beard th9 jingling of a bell at a diftance, which found was heavenly mufic to their ears ; they immediately rowed towards it, and by continually hailing, were at laft anfwered by the Adven- ture. They hurried on board, overjoyed to have cfcaped the danger of periftiing by flow degrees, through the in- clemencies of weather and famine «. The fhips then changed their courfe to the eadward ; large iflands of ice Vt'sre hourly feen in all directions round the floops, fo that they were become as familiar to thofe on board as the clouds iSind the fea. Whenever a ftrong reflexion of white was feen pn the flcirts of the flcy near the horizon, then ice was fure to be met with : notwithflanding which the ice itfelf is not entirely white, but often tinged, efpecially near th; furface of the fea, with a moft beautiful fapphirine, or rathe: berrylline blue, evidently refle«Sled from the water. This blue colour fometimes appeared 20 or 30 feet above the fur- face, and was probably produced by fome particles of fea- water which had been da(hed againft the mafs in tcm^eftuous weatlfer, and had penetrated into its interflices. ,„,Ih great iflands of ice were frequently obfcrved ihades of cafts of t ■ ' i * * 1 - ■ - *.'■'' • * • e ror% 1. 991 :oo. - ' ' white, ^IRST SOUTHERN COURSE. 3;3 white, lying above each other in ftrata, fometimes of fix inches, and at other times of a foot high. This appearance feerns to confirm the opinion concerning the increafe and accumulation of fuch huge mafTes, by heavy falls of fnow at different intervals : for faov^ being of various kinds, fmall grained, large grained, in light feathery locks, &c, the various degrees of its com{iadne{ii^ account for the different colours of the ftrata ^ The 25th being Chriilmas day, was fpent vixh the ultial cheerfulnefs among the officers and paiTengers, but among the failors, notwithftanding the furroonding rocks of ice» vith noife and drunkenn^fs, to which, according to Mr. Forfter, they feein to. hj^ve particulariy devoted the day f. The next morning the ihips pafled through a great quantity of packed or broken ice, fome of which looked dirty or'^ de- caying, I^ands of ice flili furrounded them, and in the evening the fi^n fetting juft behind one of them, tinged its edges with gold, and brought upon the wbole mafs a beau- tiful fuffufion cf purple •'. *' Although,** fays captain Cook, ** this was the middle of fummer with us, I much queflion •* if the day was colder in any part of England K** During their whole fummer continuance in the frigid zone they had no thaw, for the mercury in Fahrenheit's thermometer kepft generally below the freezing point. The chafe of penguins proved very unfuccefsful, though it afforded great fport j thefe birds dived fo frequently, continued fo long under wa- ter, and at times (kipped continually into and out of it, mak- ing way with fuch amazing velocity in a ftraight line, that the fov/Iers were obliged to give over the purfuit ; but not before they had come near enough to one of them to wound it J but though they followed it clofely, and fired above ten times with fmall {hot, which was obferved to hit, yet they 'Ferilerl, lOl. v.:; f* C V*l. I. 102. B b t^lhM, iCeolftl. 31. wcri; ( 3JV 1? iWm sk^^if iUiis,yui^ v/ere at laft obliged to kill it AVithi ball. When they ^ook it ' up, they perceived its hard gl6fly plumage had ccxhftahtly tuxhed the {h'ot aftde : this plurnage is e:^trerriely tHitlt, ahcf cohfifts of . iohg narrow feathers whicH He above each 6th et*" as clofcty as fcales, and fecure thefe ampfiiblbiis birds Jtgainff %iie wet, in which they almoft cohftantly live. fHeif very tnic|f^ iK!p, and iheir fat, feem wifely appfopriated to thetn by' nature to refift the perpetual winter of thefe inhoifjiltatile cli- raa'tes. Tljeir broad belly, the fituatiori of their leet far be-*- hiii^, and tKeir fins .vhich fupply the place of wings, irt con-» ilfii^ed with e^tial wifddffl t6 facilitate the pr6^i-e(? Gf iheir otherwife liimpifh bodies through the Water. That which' was Ihdt weighed eleven pounds and a half. THfe blue pe- trejls which every where abdiind in this iiHrtieHfir ocean, now fettled in flocks of feveral hundreds on the i^ooth fur- face of the water} thefe were hot vlrorfe fitted dut againft the cold than the penguins. Their plumage was amazingly abundant, and increafed their bulk in a great proportion, and two feathers Inftead of one proceeded out of every root^ lying within each other, and formed a very warm covering.* As they are almoft continually in the air, their wings arc very flrong;^ and of^reat length to fupport them. *■'■■■ • . , Jdnua y 2, J 773- Captain Cook fearched for cape Clr- cumciilon which is laid down by Bouvette in 58 deg. 53 min. fouth long, xo deg. 6 min. eaft, but as he faw no ap- pea^rance of land, though the weather was very clear, he fuppoftsit to have been nothing but mountains of ice fur- rounded by loofe or field ice ^. January 9. Three boats were hoifted out, and in about five or fix hours took up as much ice as yielded fifteen tons of good frelh water. The fait wa- ter which adhered to the ice "was fo trifling as not to be • , ,, .;0i. ,,..<-■, I' tailed. .■■: t k Cook I. 35. FIRST SOUTHERN COyR^fi. 375 taftqi, and after it had lain qi\ decic a Qiqrt time^ engrely drained oft', and the water which the ice yielded was per* fedlly f\yeet and well tafted. Par; of the i^e was lyoken i^i piece* and piut into callus j fome was melted in th^ cop9?i> 4nd fiUed up the ca^ks v^ith the water, and forei^ v.'as kept Qiji deck for prefent ufe; this water had a purer tafte tUarv wiy which was on board, the oj?ly fault it poffciTed, accoi;di;)g tp Mr. Forfter, was that the fixed air was expelled from it, hjr which means almoft every one who. ufed it was afilitSled witU iwcUings in the glands of the throat '. Mr. Wales the aftrc^ norper, in his remarks on Mr. Forfter's work °>, douhti^ whej- Jthey water prqcured from ice caufes fuch forenefs and fwfejlr ings, and aflerts that diforders o,f thefe kinds vycrc by. f\^ means aeneral on board the Refolution. Certain it is, th^ -the fixed air might eafily have been incorporated into thip fluid, only by pouring it from one veflel into another, back- wards and forwards, for a Cbort time. Here wasa difcovery made important to fcience ; that nature forms great mafles of ice in the midft of the wide ocean, which are deftitute of any faline particles, but have all the ufeful and falubrious qualities of the pure element. Crantz, in his hiftory of Greenland ", relates, that the ftupendous mafles of ice found in the northern feas, called ice-iflands or mountains, melt- ed into frefli water j though he did not imagine that they originated from the fea, but t|>at they were firft formed in the great rivers of the north, and being carried down in- to the ocean, were afterwards encreafcd to that amazing height by the fnow that fell upon them j but that all frozen fea-water would thaw into frefh, had either never been af- ferted, or had met with little credit j neither did captain Cook expeft fuch a tranfmutation °. January 16. They crofled the arrarcSlic circle in long. 39 deg. 35 min. ealt, 1 Cook I. 37. Forftci- 1. 107. m Pagc 22. n JJook I. ch. 11, § li, iz. » Sir John Pringle's Difcourfc to the Royal Society. B b 4 which 37^ NEW DISC O V BRIE S, &c. r v/h\eh h^ till then remaimed impenetrable to all (otjattMn v\g!M>n; The next day thirty-eight ice ifiands, great and ' fvftsujil^. were feen, befides loofe ice in abundance. /\ftex having reached 67 deg. 15 min. fouth, captain Cook ordered the ibips to put about, and flood north eaft by north, an immenfe field of folid ice extending to the fouth ward as far S' the eye could reach from the maft head, which rendered it impoffible to advance farther that way. Here were feen many •whales playing about the ice, and for two days before 'fcveral flocks of brown and white pintadoes were feen, which they named antardic peterels, becaufe they feemed to be nsltives of that region. January 31. Pafled near two iflands of Ice, 50 deg. 50 min. fouth, 56 deg. 48 min. eaft, one of which appeared to *be breaking or falling to pieces by the crackling noife it made, which captain Cook fays was equal to the report of a four pounder p. This was the laft ice feen till they returned again to the fouth- ward. Land was difcovcred by M. de Kirguelen and M. de St. Allouarn, two French navigators, in 1772; its north- ern extremity is fituated about 48 deg. fouth, and 64 deg. 20 min. eaft frorh Greenwich. In the fame year feveral fmall iflands were difcovered byM.de Marion, another French navigator, who unhappily loft his life in the Bay of Iflands, at New Zeeland, as has been related *>. They lie about the la- titude of 46 or 47 deg. 30 min. and the long. of37deg^ 46 deg. 3P min. and48 deg.3c eaft from Greenwich} all of which were of inconfiderable extent, high, rdcky, deftitute of trees, and aloraft entirely barren. It was fuppofed that the French had difcovcred the North Cape of a great fouthern contiuenti but, though the land which they lit on was not found by captain Cook, yet his track proves beyond a doubt, that their diftovery is only a fmall ifland, and not what they imagined it to be %,, February 8. TbcRefolution loft fight of the Adventure, find the two floops continued feparated for the reft of the cruife, • Forfter I. io8. f Vol. I. 47. 9 Page 324. » Forfter I. 1 10— 1 12. but FIRST SOtff ft E^K' C OUH S iX 377 but- afterwards met in Queen Ctitrldtttf's Soand, ^' N^iT Keeland ; then failing together for 0-Taheitec, aiid^ihtr iflaridff within the tropics, in coming round the fame -mkk near to Cook's Straits they again feparated, and never m^ve joined during the voyage. Captain Fumeaux feeing no ]^(^ * babiiity of forming ajun£Hon witb his conTort, having arrived a fecond time at Queen Charlotte's Sound, fome little time after "" theRefolution had left it> after refreshing his crewr, deter- t mined to return to England, and reached Spithead in July 1 774. v To rekurn to the Refolution, February 17. A beautiful phenomenon vvas obferyed in the heavens, it confiiled of, , long eol.unins of a clear white light, (hooting up from th«,,.v horizon to the eailward, almoft to the 2^nith, and fpreading* gradually over the whole fouthern part of the fky. Thefe^^ columns were fometimes bent tideways at their upper extre- ...^ mity, and though in moil refpe£ls ftmilar to the northern lights, aurora borealii of our hemifphere, yet differed from them in being always of a whiti(h colour, whereas ours aflume va- rjou? tint;, efpecial][y thofe of a fiery and a purple hue. The ftars were fometimes hid by, and fometimes faintly to be feen through, the fubAance of thefe fouthern lights, aurora aujiralis^ which till then had efcaped the notice of voyagers. The fky was generally clear when they appeared, an4 the air • ^ Charp and cold, the thermometer ftanding at the freezing point, (he Ihip being then in 58 degrees fouth*. February 24. Be* ing in 62 degrees fouth, they fell in once more with a folid v^ field of ice, which obflru<^ed their fur .her progrefs inth^C ^ (dire^ion. .-. .. ,'.■-, -. ■ a> i,.^^..,^ lioiis which had fupplied their table with variety, in prefer- ence to that of the common failor, was now fo far confumed^ that they were become nearly upon a l^vel ; efpecially as the ictmen were inured to that way of life by conftant h'lilbit almoftfrom their infancy, and the others (meaning doubtless the pafTengers) had never experienced it before. Thehoptof meeting with new lands was vanifhcd ; the topics of common converfation were exhaufted } the cruife to the fouth could not prcfent any thing new, but appeared in all its chillrhg horrors before us; and the abfence of our confort doubled every clanger, Wc had enjoyed a few agreeable days between the tropics; we had feafted as well as the produce of various iflands would permit ; and we had been entertahied-' with the novelty of various objects amohg different nations, but according to the common viciflitudes of fortune, thefe agree-* able moments were to be fucceeded by a long period of fogs and frofty weather ; of fading, and of tedious uniformity," ■, ^ ..*■-■ . • . . ■ V ' : i- "■- ■ J 1 ;\ fJiii* „■■'■* - V . - , .J *, - r . ■•' December 6, 1773? 'were fn the latitude of 51 deg. J3 min. fouth, and longitude 180 deg. confequently juft at the point of the antipodes of London, being the firft European, and moft probably the Rrfl: human beings who had reached* that point, and perhaps they will be the laft, A notion prevails, that Sir Francis Drake viftted the antipodes of Londdn,. which the legend exprefles, by having pafled under the middle- arch of London-bridge, but nothing can be more grofs than this miftake, as his track lay in the high northern latitudes. Indeed he did pafs the periaci, or the point of 180 deg. long, on the fame circle in north latitude, near the peninfula of Kampifihatka** December 12. The firft ice was ften Hi w ForAer I. 594. x Forfter I« 528, SECOND SOUTHERN COURSE. 381 62 deg. 10 min. fouth, 172 weft, which is ii^ degrees more to the fouthward than the firft ice feen the preceding year in the Atlantic Ocean. Captain Cook concludes there can be no land to the fouthward under the meridian of Ntio Zetland, but what muft lie very far to the fouth, from the great (well which came from the fouth- weft when a firong gale blew from the north-weft r. December 15. In 66 deg. fouth^ 159 weft, the further courfe to the fouthward was interrupted I on account of the ice, among which they were in a manner embayed, which obliged them to tack to the northward, and foon after they got clear of all the loofe ice, but not with- out receiving feveral hard knocks from the larger pieces. The weather remained foggy, and feveral ice-illands ftill lay in their way, one of which they were near falling aboard of, and> if that had happened, none would have furvived to have re- lated the circumftance. The (hip pafTed within her own length to windward of this huge mafs, fo that every one on board was in the moft dreadful Aifpenfe for a few minutes *• • Several penguins were feen on fome little ice>iflands, and a few antarctic peterels on the wing «. The next day the wea- ther clearing up, they ftretched to the fouth-eaft ; it was foon' fucceeded by thick hazy weather, with fnow (howers, and all ' the rigging became coated with ice. Dec. 20. They crofled ■ the antarctic circle a fecond time, in the longitude of 147 deg. 46 min. weft. The next morning icc-iflands were feen very ' high and rugged, forming at their t6ps many peaks, whereas ' thofe that had been feen before were flat at top, and not fo high } many of thefe were between two and three ' hundred feet in height, and between two and three miles \a '>■ circuit, with perpendicular cliffs or fides, aftonifhing to be-* < hold. Mpft of their winged companions had now left them, "t the grey abbatroiTes only excepted, and inftead of the other y Vol, I, 252, a Forftcr I. 51 x. » Cook I, 254. birds f$l NiiW blSCOVERjE^, &<;. birds they were villted by a fewr anttt&ic pcterpl^, two «f . -which were (hot. Thefe birds 9re of the fijle Qf » larg^e pigeoq, the feathers of the head, b^ck, and part of the upper fvde of the wings are of a light brown ; the bejiy and Hide of the U'ings white, the tail-feathers are alfo white, but tipped with brown. Another petcrel was (hot afterwards, fmaller, and entirely of a grey plumage } thefe birds were fuller of feathecs than any hitherto feen. A few chocolate-coloured alba- trofTes were feen in thefe parts, all which birds kept among the ice, " from whence," fays captain Cook, " we may with reafon conje^urc, that there is land to the fouth ''." Decem- ber 22. They had penetrated to 67 deg. 31 niin. being the highcft fouthern latitude they had reached j long. 142 deg. 54 min. weft ; twenty-three f.nall ice-iflands were this day feen from the deck, and twice that number from the maft- head j and yet the weather was fo foggy, that they could not fee above two or three miles round them. On the 25th the v/eather was clear and fair j upwards of ninety large ice-iflands ■were in fight. This being Chriftmas-day, the captain in- vited the officers and mates to dinner ; and one of the lieu- tenants entertained the petty officers. The failors feafted on a double portion of pudding, regaling themfelves with the brandy of their allowance, which they had faved for this occafion Tome months before-hand, being folicitous to get very drunk. The fight of an immenfe number of ice-iflands, among which the ihip drifted, at the mercy of the current, every moment in danger of being daflied in pieces againft them, could not deter the failors from indulging in theii: favourite amufement; as long as they had brandy left, they would perfift to keep Chriftmas, tho' the elements had confpired together for their deftru6lion« Their long acquaintance with a feafaring life had inured them to all kinds of perils , and their heavy la- t Vol, I. 258. fcour^ SECOND SOUTHERN COURSE. 3% bour, with the inclemencies of weather, and other hard- ihips, making their mufcles rigid, and their nerves obtufe, had comnnunioated infenfibility to their minds <=. At noon, by an obfervation of the fun's altitude, they found that they had juft returned out of the antar£^ic polar circle. During their ftay in the frigid zone they had fcarcely any night ; fo that within a few minutes of midnight the light of the fun was fuificient to write or read by. The fun's (lay below the ho- rizon was fo very ihort at this time, tha: a very (Irong twi- light continued all the time of his difappearir.g <>. January 3, 1774. Being in 56 dcg. fouth, 140 deg. 31 min. weft, the wind being weftvi^ardly, obliged them to ftecr north eaftwardly, the captain was therefore obliged to leave a fpace of fea unexplored to the weft, containing near 40 degrees of long, and half that of latitude =. (See the map, by which it will appear that this fpace was afterwards ex- plored on the return of the Refolution the next year, and ]ikewifeby captain Furneaux in the Adventure, much about this time.) January 20. Being in latitude 62 deg. 34 min. fouth, 1 16 deg. 24 min. weft, they were becalmed ; when two ice iflands appeared in ftght, one of which feemed to be as large as any that had been feen ; it was fuppofed to be full two hundred feet in height, and terminated in a peak not unlike the cupola of St. Paul's church f. January 15. The wind increafed very much, and in a ftiort time blew a tem- peftuous gale ; at nine o'clock at night a huge mountainous wave ftruck the (hip on the beam, and filled the deck with a deluge of water, it poured into the cabin and extinguiftied the lights, leaving the gentlemen who were fitting there for a moment in doubt whether they were not entirely over- whelmed, and fmkin^ into the abvfs. Indeed, the fituation I ! 6 For&r I. 535, A Forftcr I, 536. e Cook I. 261. f Cook I. 264. of I \. • it its m ' wV'^ w T HI RI> SOUTHERN COURSE. 389 ifland ; the (hags have poft in the higheft cliffs ; the pen* i guins fix their quarters where there is the moft cafy com- ;« munication to and from the fca ; and the other birds choofe j. more retired ftations. We have fcen all thefe animals mix » together like domeftic cattle and poultry in a farm-yard, without one attempting to moleft the other : nay I have often obferved the eagles and vultures fitting on the hills among the Ihags, without cither the old or young of the latter being difturbed at their prefence. It may be aflced how thefe birds of prey live ? I fuppofe on the carcaflcs of feals and birds, which die by various caufes, and probably in no fmall numbers, as they are fo numerous '.'V ,- i ' The firft object of this cruife was to difcover an cxten- five coaft laid down by Mr. Dalrymple, in his chart, i(i which is the gulph of St. Sebaftian j afterwards it was defigned further to explore the fouthern part of the Atlantic Ocean. This coaft has been laid down between 40 and r 53 deg. weft, in the lat. of 54 and 58 fouth, but no fuch land was met with ; and captain Furneaux, in the Adven- ture, the year before, pafFed acrofs that part wliere the caftcrn and weftern ihores are laid down, without feeing land : it appears therefore, that cither this gulph does not cxift, or that it is not rightly laid down, either in the Eng- lilh or French charts ». January 14, being in latitude 53 deg. 56 rain, fouth, long. 39. 24 weft, land was difcovered; its mountains appeared of a vaft height, covered with fnow ^nd ice, in moft places quite to the water's edge : towards the fouth end feveral low iflands were feen, which appeared to have for verdure upon them, and were therefore called the Green- IJlatids, This land, which was at firft fuppofed to be part of a great continent, was found at length to be An ifland of 70 leagues in circuit, between the latitudes of 7 wftiiiK r Cook IL a ,6. u Cc3 • ForAerll. 523. 53 deg. w 3^0 NEW D 1 5 C O V £ k 1 E S, &c. ^ 53 frhere elfe, which he imagines could not be if there was not land of confiderable extent to the fouth j but the rifquethat is run in exploring a coaft in thefe unknown and icy feas, is fo very great, that he concludes on the beft grounds, that no man will ever venture farther than he has done j and that the lands which may lie to the fouth will never be explored. Thick fogs, fnow ftorms, intenfe cold, and every other thin^ that can render navigation dangerous, muft be en^- countered, and thefe difficulties are greatly heightened by the inexpreffibly liorrid afpeft of the country j a country doomed by nature never once to feel the warmth of the fun's rays, but to lie buried in everlafting fnow and ice. The ports which may be on the coaft are in a manper wholly V. ■, . filled f ..A~ THIRD! -SOtJTHEim COURSE. 393 filled up with frozen fnow of :VaA thkkneft s bpt if any be fo far open a& to invite a fliip into it, ihe would run a rifqueof being fixed, there for evert or of coming out jji an ice~ifland. The .iflands and floats on the coaft, Here the %s\ta tyrant meditates his wrath; 'i Here axtiit his winds with all-fubduing froflj ^t<>ul(}« hb fierce hail, Mid tre^fures up bis fnows ^, iiy.'/ F^bruai;y ]<;. Bore away to the northward, having crofled the meridian pf Greenwich, in latitude 57 deg. 5omin. On th(? 19th crofled the place wh^e Cape Circumijion is laid down by Bouvet, without having the leafl figns of land, tho* the weather was favourable to difcovery. Captain Furneaux likewife pafling between Georgia and Sandwich-land^ crofied the meridian of Cape Circumdfiqn in the lat. of 57 deg. 50 min. fouth, without meeting with any land. The fplicitude of ail on board to arrive at an European port, was now rifen to the moft impatient height j their voyage had then lafted twenty-- feven months, after leaving the Cape of Good Hope, fince which time they had not touched at any European fettle- inent,. but had been fevered from all entercourfe with their country, their friends, relations, and domeflic endear- ments. Whilfl thus cut off from all the pleafures of fecial intercourfe, ancT general fociety they had been expofed to « Thomfon. fuch THIRD SOUTHERN COURSE. 395 fuch a continued feries of impending dangers in their fouth- ern cruifes, as was fufEcient to appall the moft intrepid fpirit, nor were their internal hard/hips lefs fevcre than their outward perils were imminent ; they had lived chiefly on f^lt provifions, not having palTed more than fix months out of the whole twenty-feven on fliore at different iflands, and this fmall proportion made up at very different inter- vals of time i thefe periods afforded the only opportunities for procuring refreftiments, and during a part of this, and cfpecially the laft year's cruife, no frefh provifions could be obtained at feveral iflands. The account whicl^ captain Cook gives of their fituation at this .period, is as follows : " My people were yet healthy, and would cheer- fully have gone wherever I had thought proper to lead them, but I dreaded the fcurvy laying bold on them, at a time when we had nothing left to remove it. I mufl: fay further, that it would have been cruel in me to have continued the fatigues and hardfhips they were continually expofed to, longer than was abfolutely neceffary. Their behaviour throughout the whole voyage, merited every indulgence which it was in my power to give them. Animated by the condule Bay^ in the cape of Good Hope, which they found was only the 21ft, according to the reckoning of the people on (hore, they having advanced a whole day by failing round the world to the eaftward «. On the 27th of April, captain Cook failed from the cape, and in his way to England touched at St. Helena^ the weftern iflands of Jfcenfton and Fernanda Norenha^ Fayal, and on the 29th of July made the land near Plymouth, having been abfent from England three years and eighteen days, in which time it is computed that they ran over a greater fpace of fca than any (hip ever did before ; fince, according to Mr. Foriler, taking all their tacks toge- ther, they form more than thrice the circumference of the globe. Thus was completed a voyage which will immorta- lize the conduftor of it, being not only the moft cxtenfivc, but the moft inftrudive one -, in it he not only difcovered, but furveyed vaft tracks of new coafts j hereby difpelled th« illufion of a terra aujlralis incognita, and fixing the bounds of the habitable earth, as well as thofe of the navigable ocean, in thefouthern hemifphere. But being the ableft navigator which perhaps any age or country ever produced^ is not cap- tain Cook's ultimate praife; his humane and judicious atten- tion to every means which might poffibly conduce to the healthinefs of his crew, give him an eminent place amortg . the diftinguiflied few who are true friends to mankind, anid his endeavours were fuccefsful to a prodigy. With a com- . pany of one hundred and eighteen men, he performed a voy- . - age of upv^*drds of three years, throughout ail climates from 52 degrees north, to 71 degrees fouth, with the lofs of only - one man by a diftemper. Even in the moft healthful climate. e Forfter II. 546, 547. and /■^ 398 NEW DISCOVERIES, &c. and the befl condition of life, an inflance of fo fmall a num- ber of deaths, among fo many men, within fuch a fpace of time, can harc^ly be produced. From whence it plainly ap- pears, that marine difcafes are not caufcd by any malignity in the fea air i and a voyage round the world may be under- taken with Icfs danger to health than a common tour in £u- lope *". From the bills of mortality in Europe, it is computed that three men out of an hundred annually die, according to which it might have been expc6led that at lead ten men would have died on this voyage j it is not therefore to be fup- pofed, that on another voyage, although the means of pre- serving health are provided as amply and ufcdas (kilfully, that the crew would be equally preferved. The means by which this important end was obtained, were no lefs Ample than ef- ficacious. The captain took on board a quantity of malt, of which was made fweet wort. To fuch of the crew as (hewed the lead fymptomsof the fcurvy, and alfo to fu'' as were thought to be threatened with that diforder, th given, from one to two or three pints a-day each man, or in fuch proportion as Mr. Patton the furgeon found neceflary ; which fometimes amounted to three quarts. Captain Coak pronounces this to be one of the bed antifcorbutic medicines yet difcovered. Sour krout was provided in a large quanti- ty ; it being both a wholefome vegetable food, and highly antifcorbutic, and does not fpoil by keeping } a pound of this was ferved to each man while at fea twice a week, or oftener, as was thought neceflTary. An ounce of portable broth ta each man was boiled in their peas three days in the week. Rob of lemon and oran^/^ was ufed; fugar in the room of oiJ, and wheat for a part of the ftore of oatmeal. Befides. thefe falutary articles of diet, certain regulatiom were efta- bliihed on board the fliip, which contributed very eflentially to promote the heakhinefs of the crew. They were at three 'Sir John Pilri^le'i Dif«o>trf? d»livcr« THIRD SOUTHERN COURSE. 39.) watches, inftcad of watch and watch. The laft is the gene- ral pradtice at Tea } that is, he divided the whole crew into three companies, and by putting each company upon the watch by turns, four hours at a time, every man had eight hours free for four of duty, by which means they were not fo much expofed to the weather, and had generally dry cloaths to Ihift themfelves when they happened to get wet. Proper methods were ufed to keep their perfons, hammocks, bedding, cloaths, Sec. condantly clean and dry ; equal care was taken to keep the (hip in the fame (late bctwceii decks : once or twice a week fhe was aired with fires, and when this could not be done, fhe was fmoaked with gun-powder mix- ed with vinegar and water. The captain alfo frequently caufed a fire to be made in an iron pot at the bottom of the well, which was of great ufe in purifying the air in the lower parts of the (hip. The (hip's coppers we* : kept conftantly clean. The fat which boiled out of the beef and pork was never fuf- fercd to be given to the people, being thought to promote the fcurvy. Fre(h water was taken in wherever it could be procured, even though it was not w'arited, as that frefh from the (hore vi'as confidered as more wholefome than what had been kept fome time on board the (hip ; and of this neceflary article there was always plenty during the voyage for every ufeful purpofe. - ' Captain Cook prefented to the Royal Society a paper> defcrib- ing at large the means which he ufed to preferve the health of his feamen,for which invaluable information he was voted their annual honorary medal. On this occafion Sir John Pringle their prefident, delivered an oration, tn which he pays captain Cook the moft elegant and deferved eulogiums, concluding with " Permit me, gentlemen, to deliver this medal with his unperifhing name engraved upon it, into the hands of one who will be happy to receive that trufle, and to know that .S Ctpttto Cook was then finkd.on hU pr«fent voyage. < ':• this 4C0 NEW DISC OAKERIES, &c* ' this refpedable body never more cordially or meritoriouny he* ftowed that faithful fymbol of their efteetn and afFe£lion ; for ifRome decreed the civic crown to him who faved the life of a fingle citizen, what wreaths are due io that man, who having himfelf faved many, perpetuates in your tranfadions the meana by which Britain may row, on the moft diftant voy-> ages, r>referve numbers of her intrepid fons, her marinen } who, braving every danger, have ib labolrioufly contributed to the fame, to the opulence, an 1 to the maritime empire of their country.* *» ' ' CHAP. 11. ■1 • li • An Account of Captain Phipps's [now Lord Mulgravc) Voyage towards the North-Pole, in 1773. THE idea ot a paflage to the Eaft Indies by the North- pole, was fuggeftcd as early as the year 1527, by Robert Thome, a merchant of Briftol, who addreffed a paper to Henry VIII. on that fubje£t ; but the propofal fell to the ground. In the reign of Queen Elizabeth, Sir Hugh Willoughby made the attempt with three fhips, anno 1553. H^ proceeded to the latitude of 75 deg. north, but being obliged to winter in Lapland, he and all his company perifhed mlferably. Three years afterwards, captain Bur- roughs, afterwards comptroller of the navy to Queen Eli- zabeth, failed on the fame defign, and advanced to 7S deg. To him fucceeded captains Jackman and Pell in 1580, in two (hips i the latter of whom, with his fhip, was never heard of. The Dutch began to purfue the fame objed: in 1595, and fucceffive voyages were made, all which tended rather to prove the impradicability of the fcheme than to bring forward any important difcovcry. In 1607 Henry Hudfon was equipped by a company of London merchants to difcover a paflage by .the North-pole to Japan and China. VOYAGE TOWARDS THE NORTH POLE. 401 China. He penetrated to 8b deg. 23 min. and was then ftop- ped by the ice. Two years after another fljip was fent out by the Mufcovy compafty of merchants of London, in which Jonas Poole was inafter ; he made the fouth-part of Spitf- bergenon the i6th of M'-y, 1609; but with his utmoft endeavours he could not advance further than 79 deg. 5D4min. In the year 1614, another voyage was under- taken, in which Baffin and Fotherby were employed, but without any fuccefs j and in next year Fotherby^ ' n a pin-^ nace of twenty tons, with ten men, but in this voyage the ice prevented his getting further than in the laft. John Wood, with a frigate and a pinkj failed in 1676, but returned without efFefting any thing. Moft of thefe voyages having been fitted out by private adventurers, for the double purpofe of difcovery and prefent advantage^ it was natural to fuppofe that the attention of the navigators had been diverted from purfuing the more remote and lefs profitable obje<3: of the two, with all the attention thaf could have been wiflied. ** But," fays captain Phipps, *' I ^m happy in an opportunity of doing juftice to the memory of thefe men, which, without having traced their fteps, and experienced their difficulties^ it would have been im- poifible to have done* They appear to have encountered dangers, which at that perit>d muft have been particularly alarming from their novelty, with the greateft fortitude and perfeverance; as well as to have jfhewii a degree of dili- gence and ikill, not only in the ordinary and pra6):ical, but in the more Scientific parts of their profeffion, which might rhave done honour to modern feamen, with all their advan- tages of later improvements. This, when compared with the accounts given of the Hate of navigation, even within thpfe forty yearsi by the mofl eminent foreign authors, affords the mofl flattering and fatisfatSor y proof of the very early ^xiftence of that decided fuperiority in naval affairs, which has carried the power of this country to the height it has now attained."^ D d This mm 402 NEW D I S C O V E R I E S, &c. ' ' This great point of geography was fufFered to remain without further inveftigation from the year 1676, till 1773, when the Earl of Sandwich, in confequenc ; of an appli- cation that had been made to him by the royal fociety, laid before his Majefty, about the beginning of February, a propofal for an expedition to try how far navigation was practicable towards the North-pole j which his Majefty was pleafed to direct fhould be immediately undertaken, , with every encouragement that could countenance fuch an enterprize, and every affiftance that could contribute to its fuccefs. The Hon. Conftantine John Phipps (now Lord Mulgrave) was appointed to condudt this undertaking, and the Racehorfe and Carcafs llombs were fitted out for the expedition ; the command of the latter wac given to captain Lutwidge. After pafling the iflands of Shetland, the firft land they made, was Spitsbergen, in lat. 77 deg. 59 min. 1 1 fee. long. 9 deg. 1 3 min. eaft. The coaft appeared to be neither habitable nor acceffible. It is formed of high barren black rocks, with- out the leaft marks of vegetation ; in many places bare and pointed, in other parts covered with fnow, appearing even above the clouds. The vallies between the high cliiFs were filled with fnow or ice. " This profpeft," fays captain Phipps, *' would have fuggefted the idea of perpetual winter, had not the mildnefs of the weather, the fmooth water, bright fun-lhine, and conftant day-light, given a cheerfulnefs and , novelty to the whole of this ftriking and romantic fcene." - The -current ran along this coaft half a knot an hour, north. The height of one mountain feen here, was found to be fifteen hundred and three yards. The harbour of Smeeren- berg has good anchorage in thirteen fathom ; clofe to this harbour is an ifland, called Amfterdam Ifland, where the 'Dutch ufed formerly to boil their whale oil j and the re- mains 01 o VOYAGE TOWARDS THE NORTH POLE. 403 mains of fome conveniency eredled by them for that pur- pofc arc ftill vifible. Once they attempted to make an efta- blifliment here, and left fome people to winter, who alj pe- riflied. ' The Dutch fhips ftill refort to this place for the latter feafon of the whale-fifhery. It lies in 79 deg. 44 min. north, 9 deg. 50 min. 45 fee. eall. The moft remarkable views which thefc dreary regions prcfent, are what are called Icebergs. Thefe are large bodies of ice, filling the vail ies between the high mountains. Their face towards the fea is nearly perpendicular, and of a very lively light-green colour. One was about three hundred feet high, with a cafcade of water ifluing out of it. The black mountains on each lide, the white fnow, and green- coloured ice, compofed a very beautiful and romantic pic- ture. Large pieces frequently broke off from the Icebergs, and fell with great noife into the water j one piece was ob- ferved to have floated out into the bay, and grounded in twenty-four fathom j it was fifty fct t high above the fur- face of the water, and of the fame beautiful colour as the iceberg from which it had bee: parated. The ftone feen about Smeerenberg i« hiefly a kind of marble, which diffolved eafily in the marin' acid. There were no appearances of minerals of any kind, nor any figns of ancient or modern volcanoes. No infefts, or any fpecies of reptiles werq feen, not even the common eart' -worm. There were no fprings or rivers, but great plenty of water was produced from the fnow which melted from the mo .- tains. Captain Phipps has been very accurate in de- fcription of the few animals which thefe inhofpitable re- gions cherifli. Here is the fea-horfe or morfe (thetrichec- tusrofmarus of Llnnasus j) it is found every where about the ^oaft of Spitlbergen, as well as generally wherever there D d z is x 'i >1 •i 4^4 NEW DISCOVERIES, &c. is ice, though at a diftance from the land. It is a greg0« ribiis animal, not inclined to attack, but dangerous if at- tacked, as the whole herd will join their forces to revenge any injury received by an individual. One of thefe ani- mals being fired at and wounded by fome people in a boat, diyed immediately, and brought up with it a number of others, who made a joint attack upon the boat, and wrefted an oar from one of the men, and had well nigh ftaved or over- fet heij but another boat comipg up, they difperfed. The Ardtick fox (Canis Lagopus of Linnaeus) found oi^ the main land of Spitfbergen, and the iflands adjacent, dif- fers from our fox not only in colour, but in having its ears inuch more rounded. It fmells very little, and its fleih is good food. The polar-bear (Urfus Maritimus of Linnaeus) is found in great numbers on the main-land of Spitfbergen, ^Ifo on the iflands and ice-fields adjacent. This animal is much larger than the black-bear; The feamen ate of their flefh, though very coarfe. The rein-deer, (Cervus Tarandus of Linnaeus) the flefh of this animal is excellent venifon. Thp whale, fin-fifh, eider-duck, puffin, fulmar, northern diver, the fea-fnail, coral-fifh, the prawn, found in the ilomach of a feal caught near the coaft of Spitfbergen. Three Angular fpecies of crab, which have not been be- fore defcribed, two of them found in the flomach of a feal. A fmall worm found adhering by its fnout to the infide of the inteflines of an eider-duck. The fea May-fly and fnail flime-fifh, found in innumerable quantities about the Ardic-feas, peopling as it were this almoft uninhabited ocean. MoFrEK Island, lat. 80 deg. long. 12 deg. aomin. 45 fee. e3.§. This ifland is nearly of a round form, about two miles in diameter, with a lan.e, or large pond of water in the middle ; which was all fiozen over, excejpt thirty or ' ' forty up VOYAGE TOWARDS THE NORTH POLE. 40^ forty yards round its edge, which was water, with loofe pieces of broken ice, and fo ftiallow that they walked through it, and went over upon firm folid ice, The whole ifland is covered with gravel and fmall ftones, without the leaft verdure or vegetation of any kind, Three bears were fee|i, and a number of wild ducks, geefe, and other fea-fowl, with birds nefts all over the ifland. Here was feen an infcription over the grave of a Dutchman^ who was buried in 177 1. Seven Islands, 81 deg. 21 min. Thefe iflands Teemed to be furrounded with ice. On the 30th July, in lat. 80 deg, 31 min. north long. 18 deg, 48 min, eaft, captain Lut- widge of the Carcafs, and the matter of the Race-horf^ afcended an high mountain on one of the feven iflands, irom whence they commanded a profpe£t extending to the caft and north -eaft 10 or 12 leagues, over a continued plaiii of fmooth unbroken ice, bounded only by the horizon. They alfo faw land ftretching to the fouth-eaft, laid down In the Dutch charts, as iflands. In returning they found the ice had clofed fo much fince their going, that they were forced frequently to haul the boat over it to other open- ings. The weather e3(ceedi|igly Hne, mild, and ufually ^lear. Dr. Irving, with fome of the ofllicers of the ftiip, viftted an ifland which lay in 80 deg. 27 min. 3 fee. They found feveral large fir-trees laying on the (hore, lixteen or eighteen feet a- bove the level of the fea. Some of thefe trees were Seventy feet long, and had been torn up by the roots j others cut down by the ax, and knotched for twelve feet lengths. This timber was no ways decayed, or the ftrokes of the hatchet In the leaft effaced. There were likewife fome pipe- ftave9 w » r «■* 406 NEW DISCOVERIES, kc, tt^ves und wood faihioned for u(e. The beach was formed of old timber, fand and whaler-bones. The ifland is about icven mile? long, flat, and formed chiefly of ftones, from eighteen to thirty inches over, many of them hexagons, and ^mmodioufljr placed for walking on. The middle of the ifland is covered with mofs, fcurvy-grafs, forrel, and a few ra- nunculus's then in flower. Two rein-deer were feeding on the inofs, one they killed, and found it fat, and of high tafte and flavoyr. They fdw a light grey-coloured fox, and a creature fomewhat larger than a weazel, with (hort ears, long tail, and a ikiA fpottcd white and black. The ifland abounds with fmall fhipes, fimilar tothejack-fnipein England. The ducks were then hatching their e^gs, and many wild geefe feeding by the water iidc, .. Among thefe Iflands the two fhips became fuddenly fail ii) the ice, on the 3ifl: of July, being in latitude 80 deg. 37 min. The feven iflands and north-eaft land, with the frozen fea, formed almoft a bafon, having but about four points open for the ice to drift out in cafe of a change of wind. The paf- fage by which the (hips had come in by the weftward, became clofed up, and a ftrong current fet in to the eaftward, by which they were carried fliill further from (heir courfe. The labour of the whole fhip's company to cut away the ice proved inefFe£lual ; their utmoft efforts for a whole day could not move the fhips above three hundred yards to the weftward through the ice, whilfl: the current had at the fame time driven them far to the north eaft, and eaftward. Appearances remaining thus threatening for four or five days, the fafety of the crews began to be all that feemed poflible to be efFefted, As it had been forfeen, that one or both of the fliips might be facrificed in the profecution of the voyage, the boats for each Ihip were calculated in number and fize, to be flt in any f paergency to tranfport the whple crew. L^riven to this ftate .^::'^'^' ■■■ - -' of s ■■» M: *->«>l i^^n^ JiACi:i£oliSJE a/nd^ C '«.■: h. r .^ m J»tUf» Sett^ y '^773 '^"^^ Mneu^ei/4/?t. /ne-JCJS 4ti.^Z€it7. &o'jy. ^yK * ' -^ ,Tr ff • \ n * »- , • '>-. '(• ' -* ' t, ... 1 t ^ n'- f ^, t'. . . ' Twr VOYAGE TOWARDS THE>lORTM POLE .407 of defperation, on the 6th of Auguft the boats were hoifled ouf» and every method taken to render them fecure and comfort- able : but the next day the wind blew eadwardly, and the fhips were moved about a mile to the weftward. But ftill they were not fo far weft by a great way as when they were firft befet with the ice ; however, on the 9th of Auguft, the cur- rent had vifibly changed and ran to the weftward, by which both the ice and the (hips had been carried confiderably in that direction. On the loth, a bride wind at north north eaft accompliflied their deliverance, and freed them from the dread- ful profpe£l of perifliing by the winter polar cold. Having found it impraflicable to penetrate any further towards the north pole, they made for the harbour of Smeerenberg, which lays on the north-weft fide of Spitft)ergen. In profe- cuting this voyage, the moft northern point of latitude which they reached was 81 deg. 36 min. and between the latitudes of 79 *^^g' 50 "*•"• ^"'^ 8' ^^g* ^^^y traverfed 17 deg. and a half of longitude ; being from 2 deg. eaft, to 19 deg. 30 min. eaft. The following are fome of the moft curious obfervations made on the voyage. ' , On th^ 19th of June, by a meridian obfervation at mid- night, tne fun's lower limb o deg. 37 min. 30 fee. above the horizon, lat. 66 deg. 54 min. 39 fee. north, long. deg. 58 min. 45 fee. weft. In lat. 67 deg. 35 min. captain Phi{^ founded with a very heavy lead the depth of feveh hundred and eighty fathoms without getting ground ; and by a ther- mometer invented by lord Charles Cavendifti for the purpofe, found the temperature of the water at that depth, to be 26 deg. of Fahrenheit's thermometer, the temperature of the air being 48 deg. and a half. June 24, in lat. 73 deg. 40 min. a fire was made in the cabin for the firft time. On the firfl: Qf July it was found fo warm, that they fat without a fire ,wum .n, '\';^'^,^*'MSs'^; in thl*^ 4«8 NEW Dis<5ovi:jiiEs, arc; in kt. 78 drg. 1 3 min. 36 fee. In 78 deg. o min. 50 fee. at (oui in the morninji, lord Charles Cavendiih 't tbermometer was 31, that of the air 40 and a half. At two in the foreaoon at 1 15 fothoBis^ the water was 33 deg. at the (uriace 40 deg* and in the air 44 deg. and three quarters. July i6th, the greateft height of the thermometer was 58 deg. and a balf^ at eleven in the forenoon » and at midnight 57 deg. in lat« 79 deg. 50 mm. long. 10 deg. 2 min. 30 fee. eaft. Oo the igthof Augufty at eleven in the evening, anappeatance ofduflc was obferved at Smeerenberg. On the 24th of September, ftars became vifible. The fight of a fiar, £iy« captain Pbipps« was now become almoft as great a phenomenon as the fun ac midnight had been two months, before, when wefirilj;ot with- in the Ar<^ic circle. The iky was in general loaded wiih hard white clouds, inibmuch that the fun and horizon were never entirely clear of them* even in the cleared weather. The firft Venetians who explored thenorthern extremity of the European continent, were ftruck with the greateft aftonlih-* ment at the continual appearance of the fun above the hori- zon, and relate that they could only diftinguifh day from night by the inftinft of the fea-fowl wl>ich went to rooft on fhore for the fpace of four hours. Pietro Quirino failed in April 1431, and in January 1432 he was fhipwrccked un- der the polar circle ". A bright appearance near the hori- sson was always the herald to Hgnify the approach of ice ; and this the pilots called the blink of the ice. And the fame appearance was feen on captain Cook's voyage towards the fouth pole in 1773 and 1774. Dr. Irving tried the fpecific ^gravity of ice on board the Race-horfe. A piece of the moft denfc cold ice he could find being immerfed in fnow water, tbermometer 34 deg. 14 fifteenth parts funk under tfhe furfaceof the water.* In brandy, juft proof, it barely floated 5 in re»5tified fpirits of wine it fell to the bottom at once, and diflblved immediately. ; * :-^^ '^ :-s... r-l^ix" » Navigazloni ct Viaggi raccolti da G. B. Ramufio, Venet 1574. • See p. 3/1. T H E E N D« ' / •■ ( r / / ,/ ;>y<- f ■■; •.;';■■ ■< H ■ ', k: ^■ji,*-. ,',A %vV' ) 1/ 'y . -4 ■'■■ ''.-■ /