IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 1.0 I.I 22 1.8 1.25 1.4 i4 M 6" — ► V] v^ ^3 % > 7 ♦f > . > '/ M Kiotographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 873-4S03 CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Hittorirai Microreproductions institut Canadian de microreproductions iiistoriques 1980 Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. D D D D D □ Coloured covers/ Couverture de couleur H'Jovers damaged/ C( Couverture endommagde Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaur6e et/ou pellicul6e I I Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque I I Coloured maps/ Cartes g^ographiques en couleur Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) I I Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ Reli^ avec d'autres documents Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ La reliure serr^e peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distortion le long de la marge intdrieure Blank leaves added du'ing restoration may appea.- within the text. Whenever possible, these have ^een omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajout^es lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela dtait possible, ces pages n'ont pas 6t6 filmies. Additional comments:/ Commentaires suppl^mentaires; L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a M possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exemplaire qui sent peut-Atre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite. ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la mithode normale de filmage sont indiquis ci-dessous. □ Coloured pages/ Pages de couleur □ Pages damaged/ Pages endommag^es n Pages restored and/or laminated/ Pages restaur6es et/ou pelliculdes y D D Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ Pages dicolordes, tachet6es ou piqu6es I I Pages detached/ Pages d6tach6es Showthrough/ Transparence Quality of prir Quality indgale de I'impression Includes supplementary materia Comprend du materiel suppl^mentaire I I Showthrough/ I I Quality of print varies/ I I Includes supplementary material/ Only edition available/ Seule Edition disponible Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., ont &16 film6es d nouveau de fa^on d obtenir la meilleuro image possible. 1 s 1 V d e b ri ri n This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est film6 au taux de reduction indiqui ci-dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X 30X y 12X 16X 20X 24X 28X 32X The copy filmed here hat been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: Th« Novt Scotia Lagiilstivt Library L'exemplaire film* fut reproduit grAce k la ginirositA de: Tha Nova Scotia Lagiilstiva Library The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Les images suivantes ont 6t6 reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition at de la nettetA de l'exemplaire film*, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en papier est imprimAe sont filmAs en commenpant par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la derniire page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration. soit par le second plat, salon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont filmAs en commenpant par la premiAre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la derniire page qui comporte une telle empreinte. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol — ^> (meaning "CON- TINUED "I, or the symbol V (meaning 'END "), whichever applies. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la derniire image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols — »> signifie "A SUIVRE ", le symbols V signifie "FIN ". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre filmis A des taux de reduction diffirents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul clicht, il est filmi A partir de Tangle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas. en prenant le nombre d'images nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ."f .'J ERECT TfflS M i!v. COAL-: / ■','i"jija J- ^'m h:-m ■:{:■ , 1 , , , 1 .III ^ ,. II,. Fnnn il,r I'HILOSOrHI04L tnkHhAUta^U QV •I 31BTT.— PARt !1. 1882. ^^^:W :.SJt ^ 'i^Ji ^g^ ^^mm '•rVj ,*.">' .* H /■. m ON THE RESULTS OF RECENT EXPLORATIONS OF I'liKCr TliEES CONTAIXIXG ANIMAL REMAINS IN riiK COAL-FORMATION OF NOVA SCOTIA. nv J. W. DAWSON, LLI)., F.R.S., C.M.G. /■. w,i ihf I'lllLOSOrillCAL Tl?Ai\SALTlU>S 01' THE KOYAL SOCIETy.— Part II. Ibb'S LONDON : PUULISUKD FOR TIIH KOYAL SOCIETY liV TKUIiNEU AND CO., LUDGATE HILL, E.C. 188'J. iv: \C y ;, O »• ini N : il.M:l:|-.iN AND SONS, IMNIKK.s IN OKI'IN.\K> TO IIFI,' .MAJK>1V, SI .VIAK•1IN'^ LANK. X '^'^^ ■■ >.' • G21 1 XII. 0// thi' lit'sulls i>/' .ReccDt K.qt'or.ii'htit^ nf Ei-rct 'freca rniitiiiiiinj An'imal licianiim in till' Ciidhfiii'inHtl'iu tif Xvi\l Scntid. liii J. W. Dawson, IJ..D., F.It.S., C.M.G. Received OetnlMT II, 1--<1,— Read January 12, 1882. [Pl.vtks 31)- 17.] TiiK occiiiTcnco (if remains of land animals in (lif interior of erect fossil trees is, so fur as yet known, conlined to certain horizons in the coal-lield of tlic South Jo_if;/ms in Nova Scotia. These remains wei'e first discovered liy Sir CilAKLlvS Lvr.l.L and the writer in the sununer of 18a 1. They were found in fraii'ineuts of the .sandstone fillinL; an erect Siijitlnria which had i'allen fnim the cliiV near Coal Mine lV)int. As oihc- erect trees occurred in the heds from whirh tiiis was supposed to have fallen, search was made hy the wiiter in suh.secpient visits i'or additional trees; hut up to 187(5 only three of those wlm-h hecame accessihli! ity the wastintf of the beds were found to yielil animal fo.ssils. These, however, atlorded many additional specimens, and sevei'al new species of Batrachians and ^liliipedes. The results of these explorations were puhli.shed at various times in the Journal of vhe Geoloj^-ical Society of London," in ,i work entitled ' Air-hieatlu is nf the Coal IVrmd,' and in 'Acadian tieoloyy;' and Dr. Sn:i)Di:i{ descriln I the new species of Millipedes in the ^lemoirs of the IJoston Society oi' Xatiual llisloiy. The lieds containing' the pruduclive tivcs heinj^' thus well known, and hein;^' exposed in a dill' and in a reef extending,' into the sea, it .set-med prohable that many othi'is lui^lit 'oe ohtained by (|uari'\ inn' opcrali'ins of no yreat dilllculty. In 1S78 the subject was broui^ht under the nolice of the (Jouiicil nf the Iioyal Society, and a grant of LTjO was made i'roni the Government Fnnil to aid in the extraction of these trees and the (oUeclion of their contents. With the aid of this yrant, a thnniui^h survey and examination has been made of the clilf and reef by Mr. Amikut T. IIlLL, C.ll, by Mr. W. 1>. Dawson', C.l"'., and by myself, with the kind aid of 15. 15. liAUXIIILL, Es<|., Superintendent of the Jon'^'ins Coal Mines. 15y the.so means, iilon;^' with the removal of fallen debris and sand from the outci'op of the beds, twenty additional trees were discovered and were extracted by cutting and blasting; alfordlng many additional • Vols, ."i., xvi., xviii., xlx. (;o.2 |„i J w KAWSON ON FHITT TKKKS CONTAINMNO ANIMAL speriiiifiis and mucli iiil'uiiiation rosnectitij; tin- coiidiliuiis of iucmiiuliit inn .il'tho 1,,m1s and tho iiiaimiT of iMit.iiultim'iit oi'tlic ;iiiiiiial romaiiis. Thnr apimal ivjinrts have Ivcn made t<> tlio Society, detailiiij; Uie jilaii and |in.Lrre9s 111' the work. I inav liiTe iiuirl\ state tliat. after |irelimiiiary (•li'ariii},' and eA|iusuie i>\' tlie aceessililo trees, mure espeiially in the reef extending; fioin (lie shuic .md uiiCDViicd at low tide, the pi-eeise iKisitieii ofeaeli was maiked on (lie |. Ian and Nectiun. The trees were then eaivfully taken (Uit and their eonteiit.s were t>Naniined. The portions coiitaiiiii'.i: animal remains were preserved in as laro;e pieces as pi issililo, and vere hoxed on the spot, the mateiial ofeaeli tree beinj; kept by itself. (In lieinj,' taken to Montri'al, thi' wh'ile of the material was cleatied and examined and carefully split np. I'aeh sinfaee heiiii,' seMitiui>ed with the lens tinder a stroiii; lif,dit. Thi' fissiis f(iiind were aiarked. keepiiij,' toffother t!ie hones lielolijjiiio; to eai-li skelcliai, and were exposed as far as possii)Ie with tine chisels and needle points. As the work procredcd. drawings and photoj^'iaphs of the more inipoi\aiit lioties were made, more especially in the cas(> of those which ran any risk ot lieini; daiiiai^ed in the di'velopmeiit of mi^ii- lioiuini^- or niiderlvin'' iVamnents. Thi' pieces lieloimiiiL; (o each animal wei'e then attached to caids or placed in se|iaiate drawers for stiidv. 'I'liis preliminary l.iljinir necessarily reijuiied nniih time, aiid though the aceessilile trees were exliaiisted in l^7'.i, the tiiial revision of the specimens and the niicid>eopic examination of the hones and teeth li.ave liceii completed only in the pn.seiit vear. I may add that, unless adiliti'iiial .speciiiu'iis ari' I'Xposeil liy falls oi" the clilf. fnrthcr ni;iteriil of this kind cm he ohtaincd only liv mininjf in the (l-iiich coal siiiiiiortinir t, ». o lie I he trees, and its rout. In the f 'llowin;; pap's I propose {<> notice as shortly as is consistent with clearnesK, the new ficls ul)taincd fiMiii the sludv of these interestiiiir fossils, undi'r the foljdwinn- heads;— 1. (lenjnnioal relations ol'the he^K eMnt.ainiiio- the fossil iferoiis trees. •_'. ( 'haracter and contents ..ft he trees '•>. Description of the iiiehuled animal remains. 1. (ii;o!,o(,ic Ai. Ui:[..\TiONs OK Tin: I'.i.ds. The heds in .[lustion l.elun- to Cn.up XV. of Division 4 of the section of the South dognins, tahnlated hy Sir W. K. hn,,.\N and the writer. ^^ The detailed sequence of the he.ls tnore immediately connected with the fossillfcr.ais trees, as noted in the course of the recent explorations, is as follows, in descen.lin- nrder ; the dii- of the lieds lieingS. ;]u W., at an an-le of ;!-J\ ' Acadian Geology,' pp. loO to I'.'-J. I UKMAINS IN TIIK COAL-KOUMATION OK NOVA SCOTIA. 1. r.V„,vy-n,./,/,„„,„mssivr,, ..MINI It mini. ,1„. f,„„| of (\m\ .Mill.. Point, wl.icli risrsl,,!. I,..|i;|,. u\-'Xl f,.,.t,||„. („p |„.inj;rom|...S.Ml nf Imnl l«..ll.l.T..l.iy ciiiii.iii^r tlK'simil.sl.)ii(. (h,.,. mMti„iMitl:icli,.,l lo |.liiii) 2. Shiilo and niiudnliiiii' '•\. Sil'ldstiiiii; tfrilV 4. r..«//. two tliiii Invi'fs mil] slialv iKiiliiiu' >>. I'lidi irlni/ tiiiil ijiiiij shdlr f). Cnllt ..'...'..'' 7. /'h7i /•(•/(()/ iiiid ^'my >liiilf 8. ,S.(m/vA„„., ^MMv mill inv-iiluily liiiniMiUcI, with vix'ct Cnlnwilrs and Stij- viiii-hi :„ .■<,/„, Ills,) MiifjMs Willi v(-,.iiil.|,. ,l,'.|,ri>». Seems to linvo beon di'posited liy enrrenis liavini: I lie dii linn of K. and W., or neiirly so . . 1». Siiiidsl.uir. ^vny urtjilliiriM.iis, ;,'iMdniiliM.„' inio tlie |llveedill;,^ witli sjnall coiuMvtions of in)nstniie. Krecl r„/,„„,7,..v ,uu\ Shi/mnria m nihi, also fnmds of Aliilfjiti i-Ik Imtcliilira 10. ,S'A.;/(, frray, with a few small coneretinns of iroiislono, the (extnru becoming finer downwafd (soft, ami ernmliliiiL,' when e.\|Hised to the weatlier). Many prostrate plants, inelndiii',' Siiji'lhiri" , Si;.i„i,i,i,i, Cihnm'hs SKrl.oi'H and C. Cislii, l,iiud,,jdilnii,,< Anidiiiiiiis, I'ui-diiili'.'t li'ifi-isiyuliii, Ti-ii/iiKDrdrjiil, Siihnioidiiilhnii Srlil,. trrii. sp., l,:'i.:d..,h'„d,-ni, 7V,-',„.„,sv. AImi shells of \,i I'li'liir.^ (■,( ili'iiiii riif and A', rliiiiiinhi.i, scales and enproliles of tiNlies, and niimeiMiis valves of ('iii'hiniiii I'liliiiliiiii and ' '. Iiiiii'di\i,'ilf.< 11. Sliiili', bl.U'k anil coaiy. Fossils as in bids almve, but mure nbiindaiit and friviiij; a earbonaeeons eharacti'r to the whole i NoTi:. — HrrrI Sii;illaria>, i-..»^i//(///;/ di, :phil,iiui rinniinn, slmid mi tlif iir.ct hid, mill jiiiii-lrillr I'ids II, 111, iiii'l '.' iil"'i-i, iiiid i^iiiiir iif llniii r.itiiid liilii lir.l S.] 12. ('"Ill, support ill!,' erect S.'i/i'll'iii'i. ']')i\s eual is laininiited, and shows lUitnerons impii'ssinns of ihe b;uk of llallriieil ,S'/(/(7/i(c/''' 1;5. Vndiri-hni, ffriiy, soft iibove, bieomiii'.' hiinlrr li^'low. Many ,'. Uiidiiiliii/, with Slii/iiiiiiiii roots ami rootlets «;23 Ft. inn. no r> 4 8 10 3 3 G G 1 G c 2 8 11 Q 7 •> 7 .{ :i Tola 8iul .slmlos, intofvciiing butwcon tlie l)L'ils !il)nve ;iii(l cniil-ifnniii, Nn. XN I., o{' the general section. The sandstones coiitiiin iiimicfoiis ihiTt tiiuiks id" trti's. The jTivat sandstone, No. 1 il the Intls iimnediately liolow it apjtear in the face of < 'oal Mine I'oint, wlilch lias lieeii |ii(i(liu('il \>y the resistanee of the oiitero|) of this hed Mii((ti,N.\.\ir. I I (i'24 1)1 i. J. \V. DAWSON ON' KIMXT TIIKKS COXTAINISn ANIMAh to tlio ciicrMiii-Imicnts dl" tlic m'.'. Kast ol" (liis tlic n.ast ivct .l.'s, still pu'siMitiii-r n lii;;li fliir ill wlil.'h tho Iicds cmp -Mil one l>y oiio to the suilluc. In front ol" tlit« |M.iut tlio <:r('!it sniidstuiif. No. I. and tin' minor hod, No. 8, extend in reefs seawmd, and owin"- to tin- "ivat rise imd fall of the tide in ('nniherland I lay a len^•tll of aliont 330 vanls of tliese reels is ('xposed at low tide (si'c map, section, ami view i«f tlii' eoast, Plates \(\ and 47). From informal ioii olit:iiiied liv 11i:M!Y Poom;. I''s(|., it would ap|iear that the elill reeedps at the rate of ahout -.') feet in 10 yi'jiis. so that trees are rarely e.\|U)secl in the liank, and those existiiiu' <'" the ivrf, ;ind which are the most nccessilile, re|iresent the clli'cts ol' denudation cMciidini;- over at least iivi' centuries. The relative positions ol'all the trees ohsi'rvtd are sei'ii in tlu" plan and sect ion, from ■which it would ap|ear that they occur in i.;roiips. 'I'here is reason to Itelieve. l)owev(>r, that these erect trees are onlv survivors of n mueii more dense forest, of which the ■weaker and more perislialilc trees had lieeii ovi'it hiowii. Tlu' positions uf the trees fxtracted hei'me 1S78 could onlv he indicated ;i|ipr'>xiniately. The mannt>r of accmnulatlon of the lieds enclosing the I'reet trees is rendiTod evident l»y their eharauti'r and cmiti'iits. and has )ieeii noti(*ed in my 'Acadian (ieolouy,' p. i;k), ct SCI/. The details ascertaiiieil hy the recent excavations may lie stated as follows : — The underclay. No. l:l. re|irescni> a loamy soil on which Siijilliirui' must have nourished for a lon^' time, iillinu' it with their roots and lontlets. The result was the accumulation of the cnal, No. 1-2, which is filled with ilattened ami carlionisi'd liark of these trees, as is the hlack shale coiistiiutiiiL;' its roof llark of [j<'i>lihijloiios'' is howevt'i' lai'LTely a.ssociated with that of Sii/iUiiria in these heds. Leaves of < nnlath-.s also occur in this coal, and its mineral charcoal shows under the micro.scope bast lilires of the inner hark of .Siiiillnriu. with scalariforni, uniporous, and reticulated tissues, jiroliahly hehm^Ini;' to the wnod <>{' Sli/i'llari((, l,r/)iilnjl,,i/ns. i'aliiiiiiJ<:i, and Curdnilcx.^' J,eaves of the latter u'einis, as I ha\'e shown {nji. cit.). constitute a lai'j^'e part of some thin coals at the .hij^'nins. and smue portion of the lio'iieous matter, which in former papers I have referred to other pia'ia, may. since the discoveries of ( iuA.Nn-'MfUY, po.ssiiily he referred to t'ordnilis. The more compact ]ioition of the coal when sliced shows shreds of epidermal tissue with u k^w rounded hodies, prohahly spores of I'erns or lycopiids.;}' ♦ l'ln,I,„,l.(,,i oCsdlnc l-,'ll'.'li-ll ]llllil(iliM|;iliists. t 'Acildillli Cculnfry,' ]). 1 T.S ; .,,„| |,;||„.|. ,„, "C',i;ll ActMI Ml 11 hit inll." ,Tnllr. (ico. SmC. X I cniiiiot iiiliiiit tliiit the liii-.jc trunks of silicilicii iui.l (Mlcilicil uoixl .if tlii' trrnns nvh.n/l,„ (Anninin\..,iil,.i,). sci iiliiiiiiliiiit in the Cdiil-r..! iiuition (if Novii Scutia, liflmiir,.,! t(i Cc/.z/Z-.s-. Tlicir tniin-Jii is tiKiiv iMMlml.lv n|iivMMit.Ml liy the IciitV twi.js of Wnlrhni or .|,v,«.-,»,;/, .< f.iuiiii with tlu'iii. It is also true that sumo rihhu.l tnrs wiili ilic iiiMikiu..rs of ,S/;////./,/.( im\p woo.j of the stnirinre iittrihut.'d l)y GliAM-'KriiY fiiiil Hi.sAi ,1 to (■,„■,/„•/,>■. Wii.Tc IJK' iliviiliii^r lines helwcm S^jilhirl,!, C.,,-.!.,:!.-^, mid IkuhwiLu wil! tiiiiiliy lie lixeil reiiifiilis snneuliiit iineertiun. As I have elsewhere iir^'ueil, however, it i.S evident tliiit iimler llie niiines SnjiU.u-ni uud C'i>/i/i/ ('/..>• are iiiduJod ci'V[itogimiou< and f.'ymiiosi)crnit)U.s trees of veiy dill'ereiil grades. I I i. HKMAINS IN Tlir, C'().\1,.|'()U.MATI0N OK NOVA SC'OTFA. C25 After !i ([uii't iiciiiimiliitiiiii uf ve;;t'tiil)lo iiiiittor, siiHiricnt to give six inclios of pure c(l or lict-ii ovcillowcd witli wuttT, ]in)lt!iljly luackisli, in wliirli Xuiiiililfii and KiitoiiiostijicaiiH cstahlislied theinsolvf.s, l)iit in wliicli lor a time very little sediment was deposited, the dead plants remaininjjf on flie surface of the suhmerged swamp, and possilily otiu rs (Iriftuil to the locality, formini,', with a little iiiie argillaceous matter, the material ol'carhDiiaceous shales. Jii the meantime the stronj,'er and lar,i;er tnuiks of the Sl;/ill(iri(i forest remained erect, and arouiid their bases there j,'radually accumulated layers of mud, constituting' the shale. No. 10, iucludiiij,' drifted jilants, while it is not unlikely that the ahundant remains of SphciKijiln/lluin and PiiiiiiilnrKr re|ircscnt aiju.itic vcifctatlon ^'rowing on the surfaces of the accunndating nuid. At this tinie the greater iium!)cr of the trees had either not yet become hollow (tr were too tall to receive any scdiineMt. A few, to be noticed in the se(piel, were littwever either wholly or in part lillcd with clay. ]5y gradual silting >ip, |iMs>i]ily iiidcd by u slight elevation, the area again became capable of supporting land plants, as evidenced liy the elect Ca/ainile.-< and Calnmo- iJiiidni which rise i'mia the surliice uf iIk' shale, and by tlu' Sflijimirid' in the succeed- ing sandy deposit. The siul'ace ImweVfr imw became subject to periodical or occasional inundations bearing sand, at lirst tine and ;iigillaceous, but al'terwards coarser. In the intervals of these inumlations the thickets of Calitmife.s and leriis which occupied the ground wert! tenanted by JJatrachians, Millipedes, and f uid SnailN. In the meantime the larger and stronger Sl(/lll< , whic-h had remained erect, while sand was aeennnilating iimund theii' trunks, lu'came hollow through decay, the strf)ng outer lind alone icmaining. w liilc the inner bark iuid woody axis lell to pieces and dropped into the bases of tlii' hollo.v c\linders. In this condition these hollow ti'ces would constitute deep wells and pits in the soil, their openings more or less masked with herbage or with slavds of Iwnk projecting id)ove the surliice. They no doubt served as ]>laccs of retreat to Millipedes and Land-Snails; but to the Kmuli reptiles luH'dles>,ly passing over the stwface ihey were pitiidls into which they fell, and bi'ing luiable to escape, perislnd. In coimexion with this, it shoulil be ohserved that the conditions of the case excluded all animals unaltle to civep or walk on land. Hence the assemblage of s[»ccies in these tiunks is of a special diameter, and includes none of those more a([Uatio forms nf I'atraehlans which have lieen discovered in the a(|Ueous dejtosits of the i)eriod. Further, tmly the smaller animals of the locality would be entrapped, larger specaes being little likely to falj Into ..jienings so i.arrow. How long anv of the hollow trees rcniaini'il open it is impossil)le to say; but there is, as mi^lit I'c expected, I'vidence of successive stages and dilfcrent modes in their tilling. Some shoit bases of tiees, restlnL;' on the coal and not extending udo the shale. !i.;e mere disks ol' mineral chaivoal, and may represent trees which had gone to decay e\en before the lirst sulinuigencc of the coal. Others seem to have been broken olf betbi-e the close of the deposition of the shale, and aie tilled with that 4 I. :2 020 DR. J. W. DAVSOX OX KltHCT TRKKS COXTAIXIXG AXIMAL material. Otliers ivmaiiu'd open till the (lei)osition of tlio overlvin,": sMiidstoiie, and ist have boon still ahout t'c^r hiirh, when tinally tilled. Thesp are the most ■ 1 1 I' ii- .1 :»,. : 1. i...ii ... mils sr nave ueeii sua iHMiui .» n.i "■,-,■•; •■■■- productive of aniii-.-.l remains. The no;,ual eharaeter of the deposits in such taller is represented in lig. 1. At the l)ase is a layer of mineral ehareoal rei)resenting Fli.'. 1. trees - c Si'ctii'U I't' I'lvrt trie. (n) Con\. (^) C'tialy sliiili'. (. ) (Imy sliulf. (■'! Siuiclslniip. (d) Artrillact'ous saiutstijue. (/) Miiiii-nl cliuroial. (;/) Ciii-Ihimik'i'dus (' ) T/aiiil siirfaco. hlKisit, with animal runiaiiis. (/') >aiuls|oin'. tilliiiLr uitfricii' ( if trunk. the dehris of the tnnik it> am 1 sduictimes containiiiL;- a sandstone cast of the pith. Above this is a variable (|uamiiv of niure or less indnratcd sandy nuitler, in layers, w lich, owinir to presstn'e, arc nt'tin CMUcave above. T lis IS I) lack cncd with or. It contains the greater part of the of Conhitti'fi or Iran'iiiciits o| stems animal remains, though a lew of thcsi' occur in the sandstone aliove. This deposit, which is the productive l;i\eiot' t fell into the hollow triii le se\era 1 trees, evideiitiv consists of matter which iiks or \\,is w.ished in lt\' iviiiis, while the t rees were still open le .surtace o f th at tl continuous deposit of ii. Al 1 io\i' this productive lavt.'!' ai avers or sometimes a llHl, llV Whlrji t he trees W(M'e tiiiallv tilled, and whicli coiittiins no orixanic remains e\ce[it I'lM-ineuts of drifted plants. Thus the productive portion )f each tree is f uind near additional sedimen". the o'l After the final llllini;' and the deposition of ^'itMier coiiipressil)ility of tiie inaiter contained in the trees ■.^^ r^ o.^.-. .-.■„r.>.-Y.^ RKi[AIX.S IN TlIK COAL-FOiniATION OV NOVA SCOTfA. r.27 caused tills to settle scniewliat, so tl.at a niniiel-slmpcd depression occurs over some of the tidier trunks (fius. | and -2). As opportunity occurred in tiie prooruss of the work, erect trees were extracted from other beds in the section, in the hope of discovering another fossiliferous fovest ; but with little positive result. \n a trunk, about lo inches in diameter, and standing in Section XXVI. of Division 4, .Mr. A. T. IIii.l had found in 187G several .shells of J'tipa vetnsta. This tree, which was unifonnly tilled with compact argillo-arenaceous matter, was taken out, and a few additional Pitixf obtained, but no other remains; and no other trees could 1)e seen in the bed (tig. -2). Another tree .standing in Section XXIV., and 2 feet in diameter, was interesting in consecjuence of its well- marked Stigmarian roots, and of its standing on the sloping edge of a partially denuded shale (tig. 3). It contained no fossils. Erect tree in Suction XXVI., Cdiitainiiii,' sliells (if I'hjhi'. and Kliowiug fiimu'l-sliapcil depression. ('0 Uudcrulay with roots nnd rootlets. (A) Siimlslnae and shale. (c) .Siiale. (J) .Sandstone. («.') Siiaio tilling tree aiul iinitaiuiiiL;- sliells of I'tipa in lower ]);irt. / Fig. ;i. ---;^.^>^.^^ -. , - -^ ~^ ~ - ^.^^^"^^^ ^^ ^ t> ' J ^ ''^^^'^^^S^^-^^T',,^ ^~^-. " ' ""^^^"^^^S^^^ ^^^^-^^^^*^ ^^ /- - "^^^^c^^^^^^ c "^^?^>. ^. ^J'^-iC: b ^.7 ''"^.j^ "^ ^^-^ / - ^<^"7^ "^^^^K'-Zj"^- - ■ ''^^ ^^ ^ ^'*^^<^^V. "^ ^^X"""- ^^ '^ -^^Sv/~"" "> ^- • ^;^ -^- r~^^ ^ I'ireit tree' in Srcliuii \.V1\^. (r() ^i'liiistono and shale. (/>) Sandstone. (i) ."^IimK'. (/) Sandstone. (c) Shale. (/; Sandstone. This tree had probably originally e.xlemled lo the shale (e), or nearly so. G23 mi. J. W. IJAWSOX OS KHECT TKKKS CONTAINIXG ANIMAL 2. ClIAUA* Ti:i;s A.NI> CoNTKXTS OF THE ErKCT TuKKS. It may 1)0 well in the first instance to pivsent in a siinimarv form tl«o cliaractoristics and contents of each tree extracteil, takinjj tlieni in order, tVoin tlie sliore clifV to the end of till? reef, 1,003 feet in all, and including those extracted prior to 1878 with the others. The positions of the several trees may be seen on the plan and section. No. I. Lvi:i.l/s tice nf ISal. which comes first both in order of time and ])osition. Uiameter, abniit 17 inches ; height, uiil(jtoa Acidlia- nitiii. I/i/liiii'iiiiii.^ W'liiii'iiii vY Li/i/h, and I'ujiu nliistn. No. •!. I'lxti'acted in I-ilo. Diameter, 1 foot 8 inches; hei_a;ht, feet ; distance from No. 1 abdiit 7;] I'ect ; surface obscurely ribla'd. Contained Dt'itdruriHiou AciiiJiiiiiHiii and Piijiii ritiist(t. No. 3. Extr.ieted in \s7\K Uianieter, 1 font S inches; hei^■ht, 2 feet G indies; di-laiice about "JO tret j'lnui No. "_'. Fiih'd with argillaceous matter, and a little niineivil cliarcial at ba>c. No animal remains oliMTVt'd. No. 4. Extracted in l>7ll. A crushed coaly bark cnvi'riny- a mound of mineral charcoal. No aiiiuml remains observed. Distant aliout ilO feet fmui No. 3. No. 5. E.vtraeteil In l>s77. Diameter, - ftet (i inches; li(i''ht remaininir, about 4 feet. Surfare with lliit ribs. Distance from No. 4, '.i:! feet, and from the fac; of the clili' in \>7'.i, JS feet. This tree was extrai-te(l under urfavourable cireum.-tances, owIhl;- to tju' interference of debris lioui the foot of the clilf, and high tides. Tt ailoiiled ]Mii'tioiis of a skeleton of I)i nil ri ri>i im, AvKiliaiiinn, bones of Ihiln,,,,in'is I.,/, Ill, J'lijxr, ami fr;iL;inents (jf Millipedes. On one smtaci was a [lali luuaiii^' round the eircumference, indicaliii'!; tiie efforts of an inijpiiMined ISat rachiaii to escape. A few much decayed buiies on this surface. appeared to iicl iw^ to Dii,, of which the upper part had been '■(' "'t'd by the sea, leaving' only the lowest l.iver. Afforded some much drc.yed bones. apj.aren'Jy of JLjIvrprtun. This tree was distant only a few feet fi'an No. .'). No. 7. I'Airaeted in \:u'.l Diviimt from No. a. (iH feet. :\Ierel\ the base remain- uvj:. Consists oK mineral clKovoid without fossils. No. 8. Extracted In I&7'.l. Diameter, 1 foot C, Inrhrs ; rehiainiiii^r ju'lght, 1 foot. CoiiM.^ted eniiivly u[' Murk carbonaceous matter with bones. It affortled several >ke!etoii,s ,,{' !fi/ln„,,,„iis and I >< ml rrriidoii, the first ob.served remains of U,ilrri>ri„„. .•uid man;, /'»y,,r .-uid .Mill!p,.d,.s. Tl,,' skeletons in this tree were le^s di-turlicd than in anv other I lia\e examined ; but owiu'" to the lom>- exposure o| il.o hase of tl,,. uxv, after removal of the upper part, (he material RKMAINS IN THE COAL-FOinFATIOX OF NOVA SCOTIA. G29 was very soft mid mucli inn„ncnrpa and fragments of plant.s. It also contained the whole of the animal remains above referred to. No. 13. E.xtracted in 1878 (tig. 4). Diameter, 1 foot G inches; height, 1) feet; f;-. 4. Tree No. l;!, .'IS il ii|i|i('iiriMl ulirii |i:ir(ii\lly (>x|ins('(I in tin' rirf. 630 DR. J. W. DAWSON OX VAIKCT THKKS CONTAININfi ANniAL distant 100 feet from X7'.l. Diameter, '1 feet; lieii^-ht, .'! feet G inelies; distant l.'i feet from No. i;!. Thoiiu'^h there wert' in tlie ]>ase of iliis tree ,'{ inehi's of carhonacoons matter and iiiineral . IHameter, 1 foot (I inehe> : lu'ioht reniainino", .'5 feet; distant 111 feet from No. 11. Consisted thnmu'hout of uniform oray .san inches; disraiit '.14 feet fnmi No. 1 j. At the hase had (i indies of productive matter containing' remains of seven individuals, ef e-enera, Smilcriictoii, Den- (1 rev I II toil, Jli/hr/ii'liui, IIijJiinKiniis^ and manv /'h/ki and Millipedes. No. 17. Extracted in 187S. Dianietei-, -2 feet: height remainino-, 2 feet. Close to No. U). 'J his tree had heen liUed in a somewhat peculiar inanner (lio-. .')). In FL-. .".. T ICC Xm. 1 ,, ^^,•IlMn allowing iiiaii rial lillm- the interior'. ('/; Gray sliiilc lilling l„wer iart. (/,) Carl.oHiurous mali.r cmlainiM- aiiiina! ivmaliis. (.•) San.lstono. the hottom were '2 feet of ni;,y slude without animal remains, as if at the time when .shale was in juniess ef depositiui, around the trunk s.mie tissinv or open- in,y had admitted a nuaiititv of IV of this material. Snh iiisi'i|ueiil ly, the usual tliin I th deposit of prodtictive carlM,naceous matter occuricl, and then the sandstone lining. This tree contained hunes of llijld by the final iniiption of sand. The intermediate conditions were those favourable to the entombment of land animals. Fifteen trees were mon; or less productive: a remarkable |iroport!oii when the combination of circumstances necessary to this result is considered. The greater \YMt of the remains have however been obtained from nine or ten of the tives catalogued; but sonu; of the others were only bases of trunks from which more |>i'oiliictive portions may have been removed by the sea. Tlie more pioductive trees arc intermixed with the others, and there seems iMIKCCl.XWIl. I M G:?2 UR. J. \V. D.VWSOX ON NIIIX'T TltllKS COXTAIXINC ANIMAL no local rostr'k'tioii in this miittcr, unless tlio scaivity of tlio orcot Irces to\\'ar(l tlio end of tlio rci'f mav iiulicato a nviri;iii of tlio forest in that diirotion. The I rocs raiitjo in (llanietcr froni a foot to nearly .'5 foot, tlio ordinary diainotcr he'vv^ about IS inclu's. The tiicnsuronicnts of diameter were made at a short tlistanee above the base, where the tiunhs became a|»proximately eyliiidrical. The oxtrenio diameter of the larjjfest tree at the liase was ."! foot. The measureiiionts of heiiflit refer to the actual condition of the trees. The maxinnim heie;ht of tri-es whicb iiad lost nothiui; by (lenudatinn i-= ',) feet ; but several of those now of less lH'ii,dit may, previnusly to the modern denuditioii of the beds, have been as tall as any of the others. 80 far as can be ascertained, all the trees nfl^mlinf^ amphibian remains as well as the others staiidinLj erect with tl;eni, belon:^ to the ^'onus Sii/il/drin in its wider sense, or to tlie fimily Sii/illKrld'. Tiiose retaininj^ markiuLTs have the characters of the broad- ribbed species of Siian rci nains. All tl le erect trees, so Tar as observed, had i-oots of the St lu'uiai'ia tviie It is desei'viiin- of remark in this connexion, that the circun istaiices (I f t 10 orowtli th and entombment of this f Mcst ent Ii'elv contradict those ti leories a^ Sfii/inan'a which suppose that these plants o'l the present instance the su to SiUL;li subject to inuiidat ions, nuist alio\( e the drainage level, otherwise the hollow tr ees nil ot water, N< remains of any ^piatic aiiiiiials were found in the trees lioldin,i,r amphibian remains, unless certain iiunnte aimulated bodies, doubtl leecl llllVcol les, can be r(>L;'ari (led pared Iiv Dr. Sciddku to iirst of the do caved niatel'i; 'isortliisch;ii.aeter. The vegetable mat tors present consisted, >r ii. iiients wiilch Ii;id liijli'ii int. interior of thi' trunk itself, and. second I V, o irao,;npum >n the otlio,- hand, having dropped asunder on decay of the soft parts, and having ])cen liable to distiirliaiice by water dripping into the truidd instead of decaying away. These portions of cuticle are unfortunately not laid out flat, so as to show the form of the animal, but nmch folded and crumpled ; and it would seem that wlicic the cuticle has been this jireserved the bones have been specially liable to decay. The bones are often much softer than the matrix and of a biownish coloiu', but in some instances they are quite white and in excellent preservation, (hi a few of the suii'aces they have been partially removed by the pcr'.'olation of water, Their cavities are usually occuj)ied with calcite, but some- times with pyrlte. Whi'u slici'd they geniMally show their microscopic structure in a good state of preservation, though the pri'.st'iico of hard grains of jiyrite in the softer bone often makes it diflicidt to prepare sati.'-factory slices. In a few cases boiios of small amphil)ia and shells of y\/y)i( cctnstn have been found included in the mineral charcoal which forms the lowi'st layers in the trees, as if these animals had crejit into the interstices of the fragments of decaying wood and bark. * ' Aoiidinn Gcnldiiv,' p. 17". -1 .M ;! 084 DR. .1. W. PAWSOX OX ERKCT TRKRS CONTAINING ANIMAL ;?. DrsdiinioN oi' tiik Animai, i I km a ins. As iilrcady stated, tlie cimunstiinofs attomling tlio entninhment of vertebrate animals in erect trees were o r siuli a latme as ti» exclude the more acpiatic lorins. Tl le si)ecies loiiiul in tl. assenil)Iai;e, representing" tl re|io-.il(iiies, tlieret'ore, constitute a specia 1 uikI peculiar le more tt'iiestrial types ot tlie batracliian or amphibian life jf tl Th le iH'rinc v\i .ftl bii. found in the twenty-lour trees extracted may be included in twelve species, of which two are of doubtlul character, u\\'m 1. llyh OlicinUS. 1 oiin li/.anl-like, wi th th I lOst erior liml IS somew hat li irge in proportion to the anttiior. Size, small, ^huidibular and maxillary teeth numerous, sma II, col Ileal, pouited atal teith minute. Abd omnia 1 seal es ovi d. ¥ our species, namely, If. f.i/clli, 11. Wijinani, 11. nuiUidt'its, II. httuh'KS. *2. Siiitit rpctuii.- — Form somewhat elongated and limbs short, !^^andibular and maxillary teeth Avedgc-sha[ied, with cutting edges. Palatal teeth numerous, some of them large. Abdominal scales oval. One species, S. ((cit'dcutat Ulll. :]. Iliil('rpit,nii.—Vn>t\\ stout with strong limbs. Mandibular and maxillary teeth ous iuiil .some o ftl leni .strong, not numerous, grodved at apex. I'alatal tectii nuiner large. Thoracic plate broad. Alnloniinal scales pointed or oat-shaped, Two s]iecies, II. Dkicsiiiii and If. Ii/nijlilcntulits. 4. Frit/ichia. — Ijody li/anl like. Limbs large and well ossilled. Mandibular * ' Aii-.lirfiitlicr.s of the Cuiil IVrioil.' RKMAINS IX Till'; COAL.FOU.NfATION OF NOVA SCOTIA. GH5 iiiul in.ixilliiry tt-etli coniciil, grooved at apex. Akloinhial scales slender and rod-like. One species, Fi Itsdiia ciivtiileiitat((. 5. Aiiililjjoihn. — A f^enus cliaractorised by stout cylindrical teetli, blunt at the jipices ; but otlierwise iniperlectly known. The Lalnjriuthodoiilki mo ri-presc'iitud in those tree^ by the ffenus Di-mlrerpeton alone. J)iii(hrr/)eton may be characterised as having a lizard-like form of body, with the anterior and posterior oxtremitios noarly e(|nal ; the skull somewhat elongate with small orbits, iind the nostrils placed at tlio IVniit. The cranial bones sculptured. The teeth plicated at the base, more espocially on their inner sides. A series of large teeth on the palate. The body was covered above with indtricated horny scales and had lappets or pendants at the sides. Tlie abdomen was protected by thin bony scales semi-elliptical or oat-shaped in form, and airanged in a chevron pattern. There was pnibablv also a thoracic plate. Two speries, D. Amdinnnin and 1). Ourni. (Jf the above s[)ecies six were moiv or K'sh perfectly known previous to the recent explorations, but additional material lias Ir'oh obtained illustrating some of their characters. In the following notes tliese new facl-i will bo stated, with more full descri|)tions of the new species. 1. Ilihuomus Li/i'Ili, Dawson (Plate '.V^, tigs. 1 to 1 4, and fig. 27 ; also Plate 45, fig. 140). [Journal of Geological Society of London, vol. xvi., 18.59, p. 208. 'Air-breathers of the Coal Period,' 18(J8, p. 4U. 'Acadian (Jeology,' 3rd edition, 1880, p. ^70.] This species is bv nuich the most abundant in the erect trees examined. It is the tvi.e of the .renus" //v/o«o;,Mr.s and of the fa.nily Micrvmuna. Its characters may '11 now be given somewhat com])letcly, as lollows :— General form li.ard-like, with the hind lin.bs rather larger than the loredunbs. Length when mature, 5 to o inches. Hea.l son.ewhat elon^rate ; bones of skull sn.ooth or with nncroseop.c strue, per- fectlv xu.ited, except at' parietal funnncn. Occipital condyle double, and apparently bon;. Teeth sin.ple, conical, nun.erous, about tbrty in each nuuuhble, and ne^tr y ..pm , excq.t that a few of the anterior ones arc ,ather larger than the others. Ihe teeth are anchylosed to the jaw in a furrow protected by an external bony plate^ Vertebra, with cvlindrical bodies, sligl.ly concave at the ends. ^\ hen pa tly exfoliated they appear hourglass-shaped, in consequence ot the n.ternal cartdage Wvin. the i-onu clf two cones attached by th^ir ap.ces. Zygapophyses con.sp.cuous abov<;; neural arches united to the bodies of the verteW.o, ami wuh broad ,.u..d spines: Dorsal vertebne with strong lateral processes. Cau.hd vert^bne api-ently simple and cylindrical. Nnn.ber of vertebra, in neck and runk about turty. llibs long and curved, with capituhun an.l tubercle, eartdagu.ous w.thu.. C3G DR. J. u'. DAWSON OX VAIKCT TKKKS CONTAIXIXO ANIMAL Anterior limb sUuhv, hnuwnis wit!, distinct kool ; radius and ulnii soparato: t..cH four or five. ' Posterior linil. witl. well-.level..i.ed femur, witli a trocl.anter and l.ifid artieulatorv Burface at distal end ; til.ia and tiUda shorter, separate ; toes five, somewhat lon-^ and slemler. ° Pelvis larn^e, principally composed of two larfje l.road trian^ndar iJio-ischiMc hones lad prohal.ly shorter than the l.ody ; thirteen vert.'hnu seen in one specin.en Lower surface protected with a thoracic plate and munerous oval bony scales with delicate hues of -aowth externally, and concave internally with thickened e.l.^c.s Lpper surface protected with inibric-ated horny scales. In' front two rows of lu^nv tubercles an.l pl.-.tes, with epaulettes c.n.posed of bristle-like fibres projecting fron. tho «km{l'late;Jl», fijr. 2; ; J'latc4a. fij,M4()). The dimensions of the lar-cst iruhvidual found are as follows :- ^^"'-^'' "^ 1'™'' about 2 centimetres. >. neck ... 1.0 • • • ,, 1 J ,. trunk. . . 7 • 1- , • • • ;. / „ „ posterior lunb tj heel .... 3 ,, niaiidilije 1.0 „ lib ,..j .•> nunierus i.( ,. ^ ■* u lemur . i.n ,-,. ^^ ). tiliia ,.., „ body of vertebra 2-5 ndllim'etres. leetli, five m 1 millimetre. A smaller individual gave the Ibllowing n.easurements :- ^^"^'*'' "^ ■""•"li''l" 7 millimetres. lib ... ,. ,. liuiiierus I. "^ ;. lenuu' . I- ' ., cJ^l'i'cnll ','r ""n'T'-" "■' '""" "'■ "*'"'""""■' '■''•■'" »!""- "dl-maAc,! cell» „n,l HKMAIXS IX THE COAL-FOllMATIOX Ob' NOVA SCOTIA. G37 2. Ui/loiionvm \Vi/mnm, D.wvsov (Plato HI), figs. 15 to 17). [Jounuil of C;o..l..gic;il Soci.ty, /..-. ' Air-IuvHtliPrs of tho Coul Period.' p. 52. ' Aciuliiiii Geolojry,' p. :578.] Ah coiuimivd with ihe last spwiivs tliis was smaller in siz^^ more olon<,'atf(l in form, hiul the teeth less miiiu'r..uH (ahout twcnty-tw(. ii. the maiKlil)le),aiul shorter and moro obtuse in form. There are six to seven in I millimetre. Length of sknll „ millimetres. „ mandihle. . . ■; ' i> .1 rib ;,.r, » ff^'iiiu- (\ „ Inimerus 5 This species is much more rare than the former ; hut rpiantities of minute bones, ])robalily belonging to it, occur in the coprolitic matter. Other characters of this species will be found in tiie memoir and work above cited. 3. Jlijlonoinus multidciis, s.n. (IMate 39, figs. 23 to 2(1). This animal is known only by pnitions of bones of the head and a few other frag- ments. The scattered bones of the extremities are inseparable from those of//. Li/c/li occurring with it. As compared with that species, the bones of this are smoother and more delicate. The teeth are more numerous and slender. The crushed distal end of a femur or humerus found near the skull indicates that the limbs were well developed. Length of mandible 11 millimetres. „ skull .... . . .about 15 ,, ,, fennu- „ 9 „ Teeth, five to six in 1 millimetre. 4. Jlijloiioinits haiclfits, s.n. (Plate 39, figs. 18 to 22). Of this species fragments of three specimens were found in three distinct trees. It seems to have been somewhat stouter built than //. Li/cl/i, but with the lindjs shorter in proportion. Its gt'ueric ailinities are perhaps somewhat doubtful, as it presents in some respects characters intermediate between Ilylonomns and lliih'rpetoii. Mandibidar and maxillary teeth broailly conical, about twenty in each mandible — three 038 DU. J. \V. DAWSON' ON' KUKCT THKKS CONTAI.VINO ANIMAL in 1 millimi'trv; niiti'iinr in.iiiililiular ttu'th Hotnowliit Iiir;;t'r tluiii tlio otliiTs, anfloii ncirtlruUttiim, Dawson (I'lato 40, fiys. 28 to 45). [irif/onoiii'is (ii'!(//nm»,»,s, and perhaps this animal was less gifted with jM-wers of walking on land than any of the other Mirrosanno. This would accord w.th the fact that its bones are much scattered, and occur chiefly in sandy layers, as if ir.trodueed in tunes of rain or of partial inundation. Some fragments indie it( thoiacic plate.s, and there are numerous abdominal scales of oval form. Above, the body appears to have been clothed with small tubercles and lorny scales, and to have had cuticular pendants like those oi' JJriHlrrrprton. In a large specimen the mandible mea.sures 2-2 centimetres, the femur 2 centimetres, and a rib the same. The ibilowing are measurements from a smaller specimen :— IlKMAIN'S IN TIIK COAL-l'OIiMATlOX OF NOVA SCOTIA. <»39 Lpii;,'th of iniindiblo l"'> cPiitiinetrp. H'lmir l";'> M ,, lmmoniH(;) l"-^ „ vcrtchni JVT) niilliinetios. lil I ofiitiinotre. Tlipro are live tcotli in -2 iiiilliiiictros. Under tlio inicM'osL-opo tlui hone hIiowh elongiitcd cells and a soinewliat fibroua Btnictinv, iind there is much cartila-'o asHociated with it. The teeth are composed of radiatint,' tnhes (if ivniy of reiuarisiilile coarseness, and with distinct lateral canaliculi ; hut the coarse tnhes do not reach tlic surfice to which only their terminal canaliculi extend, and there appears to he a thin superficial layer of dense ami hrilliaut enamel bavinif externally a microscopic vertical striation. The al)ove characters are taken from two speci.nens ajiproaching each other m dimensions. A third specimen was of much smalk size, and had longer and more slender palatal teeth. It was originally set apart as a second species, under the name ^S. ,iriilldciitiait,n ; hut as the bones secured are few, and it may po.ssibly be a young individual of the present species, I have thought it best to leave it undescribed in the meantime. C. ILjl'i'iiiiou Dnirsiiiii, Owen- (riate 41, figs. C>2 to 85). [OwKN, Journal of Cicojogicid Socii'ty, vol. xviii.. p. -241 . Dawsox, ' Air-breathers of the Coal Period," p. .la. ' Acadian Geology,' p. ;3S().] The specimen on which Owkk founded this genus and species was obtained by mo in 18(il. Unfortunatelv it consisted of only a few fragments of bone, the principal <.f which was a mandible, with some of the t.vth remaining, and a fragment of a, maxilla The trees subse.piently examined have atloidcd bones belonging to four additional individuals, and enable the loilnwing (h siiiptinii to be given. P.ones .,f skull sliohtlv striated, but not s.ulptured as in Ih-mJnn-pcton. Lower jaw with distinct ascending ramus <,r con.iu.i.l [..ocess, a feature not known in any other of these amphibia, but observed by ('(.PK in his genus BrarlH/chcfrs, which may be allied to Ihjhrpvtui,, but is known only by the jaws and teeth. Teeth, twelve m each ramus of the mandible, bluntly c.nical, slightly striated at the apex. Pulp-cavit.es large and lonrritudinally striate.l at the si.les, though the teeth are not folded. Maxilla turn.si.ed with similar teeth, one of which near the fn.nt is larger than_ the others. Pak.tal teeth numerous, small and conical, with a few large teeth at the sides. Verteb,-a. short, cvlindrical, well ossilic.l, with well developed zygapophyses_ and neural spines; ribs' strong and much curved, with well developed division ot the proximal ends ; pelvis imperfect, but api-arently large, with broad ilmm. Ihunerus naif the length of the mandible ; radius half as long as humerus ; lemur MDCccnxxxir. ^ ^* 040 DR. J. W. DAWSOX OX E RRCT TRKKS COXTAIXIXG ANI.MAIi very laro'e and stout, nearly as long as the mandible ; let( hones and plialanf^es correspond inyly stont. The thoracic plate is indicated only by some frajrments. The abdominal scales are narrow and poiiited (oat-shaped), smooth externally and with a ridg'e at one side within. The following- are dimensions of the largest specimen : — Length of mandible 4"4 centimetres. „ largest tontli f) millimetres. ,, fennu' .■5'."> centimetres. ,, til)ia "J ,, „ humerus 'J ,, „ radius 1 '5 ,, vertebra (> millimetres. ,. rib 3 centimetres or more. „ scales 5 to 7 millimetres. Under the microscope the bone presents a coarser structure than that of Ili/hmoimis, the bone-cells being large and of elongated form. The dentine of the teeth has coarse tubes with canaliculi, the appearance being very similar to that in Siid/criK'toii, though the tubes are scarcely so large. It seems evident that ILih'vprton Dairsoni was an animal somewhat stout and broad in foini, with a large and [lointed head and massive limits. It seems to have fed in part at least on Millijiedcs, as remains of these are found in eoprolite associated with its bones. For some reason alsn, the s[iecimens of this species seem to have been among the earliest introduced Into the erect trees, rerhajjs they sought their mvria- podous food near these hollow trunks, or were in the hal)it of breaking up decayed wood in search of Myriapods. 7. IJi/JcriH'foii JoH;iialatal teeth and in the abdominal armour, which consists t)f long slender rods instead of scales. This kind of protective structure, as is well known, occurs in IIuxLKv's genus < >/)hiiIrrpcfi>a—ii creature otherwise vciy dillci-ent — and in ('(U'h'.'s Saiiropli'iini, which in the ])arts known has much resemblance to the present genus.-' * Ci'i'tiiin spccii'M (if I'nronhihi.'i doscrihiMl liy llrxMV iiiiil I'laisoii woiilil sccni to I'Vcsciit forms of sciilcs iiiti'i'iiu'iliiilu Ijriwccii llif o!it-sliii|ic(l mid Vdd-likc Ivpcs. I N -1 (i42 ])[{. J. W. DAWSON OX KlfKCT TUllHS CONTAINlXd ANIMAL I have dedicatecl the ironus to Pnifessor AxTOX Furrscn, wlio Ins so al)ly ilhistrated the carhonlferou.s and peniiian I'atrat'hians of 13i)lieiiiia. Bones of tlie head very sninoth, having only a few microscopie punetures. Teeth conical, soniewliat ol)tnse, striated at the inner side of the apices ; there are ahont thirty in each ramus of tlie mandible, and about twenty-seven in the maxillary bone. As in the other Mivrus'iiiriiA, tluy are implanted in a furrow. Vertebne short and well ossitiwl, three in a centimetre, llibs sti-ong, curved, about 1 centimetre in length. Limbs robust, the bones better ossified than in any of tlie other species oi' Micro- saiiria. Humerus round, and with a distinct keel on the shaft. Femur with well- fornied articulating surfaces. Tues of hind foot probably five, central ones lono- and slender. Thoracic plate of moderate size and somewhat roundei'. Abdomen protected by needledike rods, which are very numerous, and were probablv arranged en chcri'on. Length of mandibl(.> (not (juite ]ieifect) . 2'1 centimetres. ,, maxilla 2 ,, "'> 1 humerus i> ,, lemur 2"4 ,. ,. radius and tibia . . . .abiuit I ,, „ toe of hind i'oot 7 millimetres. Eight teeth in 5 millimetres. Under the microscope the bone shows small rounded cells with numerous canaliculi. The cells in the hmb bones are a little longer than the others. The teeth are simple, and consist of dentine traveised by un)derately line ;uul somewhat tortuous tubes ; these are nnich cuar.ser than in llijhinomus, but liner than in IlijIvrpftKii. l>. Deialrcrpitvii JcKiUaumn, Owkx (Plate 40, figs. 4G to f)!; and Plate 44, ligs. 12a to l.",7, except iig. 1^31). [OWEX, Juurnal of Cculugicul Society, vol. ix. Dawson, 'Air breathers of the Coal Pei-i'id/ [.. 17; 'Acadian Cu'ology,' p. ;!(i2.J Portions of scvei-al sprciniciis of this species are in the new material, but do nut add much to the knowU-dge (,|" its (li.niKtcrs, which have \>rv\\ fidly given by Uwkn from the somewhat c()m[.Iete s].iTiiinns (il)tained by nie in iS.V.t. Some interesting fragments ol' cuticle were found in assm-iation with one of the skeletons, ^vhI(ll sli.,\v wyy well ih,. scaly covering of the back :ii,d the lappets and edge-scales of the si,l,..s. These l;ist ].rol)ably formed a border or margin lo the bony scales covering the altdonicn (Plate U), iigs. 4G to aj). IIHMAIXS IN TJIH CO AL-FO 11:^1. VTIOX OF XOVA SCOTIA. G43 A spocimcn of tlic skull was also obtained sliowin^r its internal surface, and exhibit- ing clearly the sutures of the several bones. Tiiis I have submitted to Professor (Vtl'K, and give a diagrannnatic representation of it (Plate 44, iig. 1:32), showing his interpretation of the several bones, which apparently accord in number and arrangement Avith those (A' Lilii/riiillii)i/iiiitl<(, but differ from those of the Micvomuria, in so far as (he crushed condition of tliese latter enable an oiiinion to be formed. Under the microscope, the bone of Di-iKlrcrp.ton j)resents large and somewhat rounded or oval cells with numerous eanaliculi tilling the intermediate spaces. The teeth have the dentine folded at the base, but sometimes only on the inner side. The tubes of the dentine are simple and fine, in this resembling those of Baplidas and other Labvrintiiodonts. The abdomen of iJciKlrcrjwtoii was ])roteeted by numerous broadly sub-oval scales, arranged en clwrroii, but I have not been alile to detect with certainty any thoracic jilate, though I have one specimen which I think may be a part of such a plate. Other characters of this species will be founil in the memoir and works above cited. 10. Dcndrcrpdoit Oircni, Dawsu.n (I'late 44, figs. 131, 138, 139). [Journal of Geological Society, vol. xviii., p. 4()9. 'Air-lireathers of Coal Period,' p. 32. 'Acadian Geuldgy,' p. oGS.] This s[)ecies is represented by four specimens in the new material, and these serve to establish its distinctness from the last mentioned, in its smaller size, its more delicate cranial sculpture, and its longer and nmre curved teeth. Its abdominal scales are also nari-ower and more ])ointed, aj)pr(iaching in this to the oat-like form of those of lliih'i'pcton. So far as knowi:, the scaly covering of the back of this species was similar to that of D. Actidiiiuitm. Other characters t'f the species will Ijc loiuid in the memoir and works above cited. 11. Spannhis, sp. (?) (I'late 40, figs. 52 to SC). Ill the coaly matter or minei'al chari'oal at the base of tiee No. 10, appeared a few fragments of an animal which may possibly b,'l(ing to the above-named genus of FlUTScii, tliouirh I am by no means certain of this identilication or of the real nature ot the animal. The skull is represented by a fragment of a maxillary or intermaxillary bone, with blunt conical teetli. It is siuodtli or marked merely with microscopic dots. There is also a IVagmetit which may be a palatal linm- stmlded with minute teeth. A few vertebiic associated with the alioxc bones are long and narrow, with large zygaj)o])hyses and long neural sj)ines. Length oi' bmly about 3 millimetres. I C44 mi. ,1. W. DAWSdX ON EinX'T THEES CONTAINING ANIMAL Wifli tlioso reninins are ii i\\v bony sojilos ditt'erent from tliosn of iiny other species found in these ti'ces, iuul more resemhlinj; scales of Ganoid Fislies. They are soine- wliat rectangular in I'orin, enanielicd on the surface and beautifully sculptured with waving lines. In the same tnuik weic found some teeth and bones referable to ITf/h n Driscii.'< were detected. The only new species found is a minute Pupa of different type from P. vetusta, and which I have named /'. Bii/shii These three species, with two described by Bhadley from the coal formation of Illinois (Pupa Vcniiilionensis and Daimonella Meeki) and a third from Ohio, recently described by Professor Whitfield [Anthracopiipa Oln'(H'n.' ., ,, 8> 1<5, -'• r,. JI>/lerpetou Dairsuiu. . C .. „ C, 8, 1). 10, IG, ll>, 21. 7. II. loixjidciitaUiiii . . . . •"' ., ). 1''' '7, 1 '•*. 8. b'vitschin eurtidentitta . . ;> ., ,> 1'.), 21. 1). AiidiJiiodith prithlemattemn . I ., ,> ' •'• * .N'llVCUllltT, ISMI, t- lllicl. ..Jji^l G4(5 DR. J. W. DAWSON OX i:i?KCT TRHIvS COXTAINING ANIMAIi 10. DeuJn'rpdon Acadtunma 11. D. Oirciii 12. Siarodus, s\k {'.) r.iibi/riiitliodivdiu. 9 specimens. Trees No. 1, 2, f), 8, 12, IH, TO, 24. . 4 ., „ .S IC, lii. fiiicrfdj Sedis. 1 specimen. Tree No. 1(». Total individuals, oo. The neo-ative result that, umU'r the c\ce[)tionally favmu-able conditions presented by these erect trees, no remains <>[' any animals of iii^her rank than the MIcfih^idKi-Kt and Lahi/rijilliixloiitin have lucii found deserves notice here. It seems to slu)\v that no small ([uadru|HHis of liinher orade inhal)ited the forests of Nova Scotia at the period in question. This is perhaps contirmed hy the remarkal)ly Lacertillan cha- racters assumed hy the Mirr"--<'i"ria of the period, which seem to have occupied the place now taken by the smaller tine re[)tiles. That there were lar^vr Labyrintho- donts than those touud in the erect trees we know from the liupjielc.-i iihintccpa of the Pictou Coal,-' and from the i'emark;d)le footi)rints of Saiiroi>'is Si/dncitsis'^: and Sauro/iHS muj'i'ijvr.X It is to he observed also that as some of the ami)hibian animals found in the erect trees are represented only by sinu'le specimens, there may have been still rarer species, whii-li niay be discovered should other trees be exposed. Nor must we forget that the fauna of those swam[>s and low-lyiuLi' plains of the carbonile- rous pei'iod, to which our knowledge is at present limited, may not fully represent that of the ujilands of the pLiiod. "With reference to the probaliiliiy of the discovoiy of adilitional remains in the beds to which this paper relates, I iniiy state that new trees will no doubt be exposed from time to time liy the u'radual wasting' of the clilV. Otherwise additional s[ieeiuiens can be procured only by regular mining operations carried on in the (J-inch coal and its roof. These wouM of eouise In- custiv, and the small amount of coal atVordt'd liy the G-inch seam woidd coiitribute vei-v little towards delVaying the ex[K'nse. * .Ti)uniiil ot Gt'oldgiial Socirtv, vols. X. iiiui xi.; ' Air-bi'Ciittn I's nf lla ('.i:il Pirioil;' ' Ac;iil. (Ji'uloiry,' p. :!.")'.'. t ' Acmliiui (i(.'ii1iit;y,' ]). i;."^. J ' Gcologii'iil ,M;ii^-:i/iiH',' Vdl, ix. RKMAIXS IN TIIK COAL-l-'OliMATION OV NOVA SCOTIA. 047 (KrccivKl Jfiiivli K, 1KS2.) ?>,oti' I. —On ITonnj Si-alc.'i (tud olhi'v A/ti)t'nda(/cs of Carhonifcrous Amphihlan.^. I have (liscussod tlicso ut some lengtli in my ' Air-brcatlievs of tlie Coal Teriod,' and as f'uw new fac-ts otriinvd in tlio more recent explorations, I have merely adverted to them in the text. It has however heeu sim-'fcsted to me that some more detailed reference to them wmild l)e desiralile. r Iiave referred to this kind of cnticnlar eo'-eriii_u- as heiiijjf fomid in connexion with the bones ef lfi//ni,o)inis I/ijalli and Dr/nlnr/i ion Acndidninn and J). Oweiii. It may have been present in otlier species, bnt of course was likely to l)e preserved only in rare instances. Tlie exampK's ligui'ed in Plates 40 and 45 may serve to <>'ivc an idea of the perfect manner in whicli it has sometimes retained its charactei's, though inifortu- nately, from the uneven and irregular surfice of the de])i)sits in the interior of erect trees, it is always folded and crushed, so that it does not retain its original form. It is to be observed that in the species referred to, the thorax and abdomen wore protected with bony plates and scales. The horny scales and plates seem to Jiavo been confined to the upper jiarts. The liorny scales and ajipendages are entirely different in a])pearancc from the bony ])lates and scales. The latter are tisually white or gray in colour, and present tuider the mii;rosco]ie true Ixmy structures. The ftrmer are black, shining, and coaly in appearance, and are inseparable from the cuticle along with which they are preserved. The ordinary liorny sctdes are semiciieular, imbricated, or scattered sparsely over the surface of the skin. They are of dilHrt'nt sizes, and the larger olten show minute round poivs, probably nnicous or perspiratory pores. These scales arc most con- spicuous toward the iipjier and anterior parts of the body. Klsewhere they often degenerate into microscopic tubercles implanted in the skin. Alo:\g the sides, and pei'haps near the margin of the up[ier scaly portion of the skin, there are in .some specimens largei' angular scales, a]>]iarently free at the margins, and fuming a sort t)f Vandyke edging, in I'ront the skin jirojects into long pendant lappets, terminated by similar angulai' points, and covered with oval .scales, not imbricated, and each having a pore in its centre. These ap])ear to have been present both in DoK.lrcrjictoii and IFl/hnxjiiiKs. In the lattei', as stated in the text, there were on the back and shoulders •Jiick ridge-like and conical tubercles, having their surfaces sculptured with furrows, and If. Li/clll has two rows of flat horny bristle-like [)rocesses forming frills or epaulettes. Portions of the scaly cuticle when caictully separated from the stone and mounted in balsam, are sometimes suHiciently thin to be studied as transparent objects. Viewed in this way, tuider a moderate power, the skin appears of a rich brown colour, and presents an areolar or cellular aspect, the scales appear dark brown, becoming illX'CCLXXXII. 4 o (US DR. J. W. DAWSOX OX ERECT TREES COXTATXIXCl AXIMAFi black at tliolr distal odo-os, ami tlu'ir pnres appi-ar as I'ountl transpaicnt spots ; viuwed its an opmpio (tl)jcot, the scaly skin nppoars black and sllinin^^ and the cd^-es of the scales seem to I)e veiy thin and to bend npward as if free from tli(> skin. The bristle-like appendages of Jli/loiiouius are also traiishteent, wIumi nionnted in balsam; bnt even undm- a high power show only a faint indication of lonyitndinal fibrons strncture (see woodcut, iigs. 1 to ;")). The tbicker jilates, when sliced, show, near the base, a few curved canals, probably vascular, l)ut the upper part appears ipiite compact, and u ider a high power merely shows fiint indications of tortnons fibres or tubes. Even the thickest show no bony structures whatever, and have throughout a carbonaceous or bituuiinous appearance. When burned, the cuticle and horny scales give a strong flame, and emit a bitu- minous and ammoniacal oilour, their cbemical characters being tliose of highly bituminous coal or jet. These portions of cuticle and horny scales are of rare occurrence, and ajipcar to have owed their ]ireservation to being end)edded in wet fragments of bark and other veo'etable matter, [lerliaps possessing a taiming quality; small loose liodies of similar character have been foinid wliich may have been horny plates detached I'rom the skin by decay, but it is impossible to say to what they belonged. One of these is a semi-circular plate, about half an inch in diameter, and studded with conical tubercles. It may have been the armature of the snout of one of the Mio-o.-idtiria, For additional descriptions and illustrations, see 'Air-breathers of the Coal Period,' p. 34, and Plates 1. 4 and 5 ; and ' Acadian Geology,' pj). "(".U-:??:!. P'^AU's A\n Ai'i'i'siiAnKs or iri/hninrnvs anp Bi'tiilirrjrltiii. Ei^f. 1. Oni!uiicnl;il lioi'nv prnpi'ssns of jr'//"»"//i''^' L. ('lUiclc niid M'!il(^s nf 7''/(''c' (•/)■ '■'» (trMiis|i:irpiit). X ]0. 4. The siinic Cniiacinc), X lO. ,. 5. Port loll 111' lliu Hiinie, X TiO, siiciuing cntiiiicnns pf!ri> nt (ii). UKMAINS IN TUE COAL-l'OUMATlON OK NOVA SCOTIA. (Ml) (Ucceived Aj)!'!! 10, 188:i.) I have nmc'li pleasure in appcMuling tlie following note, wliioli I coiisidLT a most important adilitioii to my paper, sliowing tliat two .species of Scorpions have been entombed with the other tenants of the eivct trees. Note II. — On Additional liciaalns of Aiik-uJates obtained bij Dr. Daw.son ./Vo>rt Siiji/lai'ian Slttniits in the Coal-Jicld of Nova Scotia/'^ Jhi Dr. Samuel H. Scuddkr. The fra,i,'ments sent to me for study, like those formerly received, consist in great part of myriapodal remains, often of single segments, and generally in a more or less ci'ushed and flattened condition. In tliis respect they are not ,so well preserved as some of tliose previously studied, and obtained from erect trees in the same locality. Although all the species formerly separated occur in this collection, very little can be added to the statements then nuide. Two specimens occur of Xi/lcbin.i sigiUaria', live of A', nintili.s; tlu'ee are somewhat doul)tfully referred to A', j'ractiis, eight to A'. Dawsoiii, and ten to Archiulns xi/Iubinides. A single specimen oi' X. Dawsoni, showing four or live continuous .';egments, seems to prove that the elevated transver.se ridge on each segment in this species was cmwned by a single series of minute warts or raised points, not very closely set. A few specimens of dill'erent s])ecies exhibit the marks which were liirmeily interpreted i\s /'onuiiiua rcpiKjiiaforia, but are now presumed to be the casts of Ijascs of sjiiiics,'' thus bringing these species into more definite and ])robable relations to the carboniferous myriapods of Mazon Creek, though they plainly belong to a distinct group. Whatever spines they had must have been very small, slight, ajid wholly insignilicimt in eomjjari.son with those of the bristling Archipohjpoda of the Morris beds. Careful search has been made for any other of those special features which di.stinguish the AirJiijioJiipoda from recent Di/tlopudn, but in vain, beyond the single but not uninipintaiit point that the ventral plates, in ^i)rhiu/us at least, are very bioad and ])iobiilily ahiiufst e(pially extensive in lateral expansion with the dor.'ial plates, a feature found nuwhere in modern Diplopoda. This is, peihiips, most clearly shown in two new species of AiyhiuJus, discovered among these remains, and tu which are leleired a do/.en (.r more specimens. One of these sj)eeies is of about the same si/.e with A. .fi/lnhiuidLfi, but has perfectly Hat segments showing only a very slight and nairow transverse ridge at the anterior margin, occupying not more than one-1'uurth of the segment. 1"he other is a smaller species, and lias shorter and nmre simple segments, made slightly concave by the * l''iir (li'sci'Iplious (if tlic iTiuailis [iro , ii.iisly iliscoMTtil, sei' .Mnii. Jio.st. Soc. Nut. Jli.-it., v.il. ii., pp. 2;u-2;3st, ."Kji-sc.ii (i,sr;5, isrc). t ilcin. J5i.sl. ,Suc. Nat. Jliat., vdl. ill., pp. 1 t'-, It^ (l''-^:^;- ■i o 2 OjO UK. ,1. \V. DAWSON ON IMMU'T TKHHS roNTAININO ANIMAl, "•entk' elevation of both tVout iiml liiiul inarj;-ins, but with nu iintcrior ridgf. In iieitlier of thesi; species could any trace of spines he fuund. Besides the niynoi>odal reniains, there are a dozen fran'uients that must prohahly be referred to Scnrnioiis. Of some of them there can be no doubt. The remainder are mere liits of iuteii'umeiit sliowin;,' the surface sculpture, but often with no natural borders whatever. In the chararler of the surliice th(>ro is such dillerence iis to indicate more than a siiiLile species. For thouj^'h we should certainly expect to find considerable ditVeriMiccs between the various ])arts of one and the sanu' individual, the diversity here is too i^reat, buth in amount and nature, to rendt>r it at all ]>robable that the dillerence may tairly br explained in s\icli a manner. The better fraifments exhibit ii considerable portion of the stouter part of the body, enough to show its general form at least, and these point also to the ])robable existence of two s[)ecles, of nearly the same siw, but dill'ering in form and sculpture ; the nioi-e fusiform-shai)ed species having a less roiiL;heiud surface than is found in the more parallel-sided form. The latter agrees tolerablv with tin' carbonilt'rous genus found near Mazon, 111., callod Ula-.onia bv Mkkk and Woirnir.x, and certainly belongs to the same grou|) of Scorpions; but in view of the nniark.ible addition to our knowledge of the car- Ixtniferous Sccjrpions in thr [iriiniist.d publication of the ri'searches of Mr. Pkach of the <'-eolo<''ieal survev of Scotland, furtlier study of these remains will best l)e postponed, In the nu-antime, they add another form of strictly land life to those already found in these reuKukaltle repositorios of lb>sils, and perhaps illustrate the utility of the bonv anil linrnv arnmur of the smaller liatrachians of the period, which mav have had to contend with tlioe active and venomous Arachnidans. The occurrence of seven species of Millipedes in a few decayed trees in one locality, in connexion with similar discoveries in other |)arls of the world, tends to strengthen the probabilitv of the siig^'esliMU, already made by 1 )r. DawsdX, that the animals of this Tvpe may have culminated in the I'akeozoic period. mi.MAINS l\ Tllh: ("OAIi KOIi.MATIOX OF XOVA SCOTIA. Go I (Kci'L'ivi'd ScptoiiiliLT I, \x^-2.) Xofe III. — Oil the Footjiriiils »/ Jintriichiaiia ohscri'cd in the CarboiiiferouH Rocks (if Xorn Sfotta. Tliony'li it is iiripossililo to identity with certainty the footprints of [);irticular species of the Uatnichians of the roiil-turiiiation, and tliou;;'h most of the animals whidi have left impressions nf this kind are much larL;-er than those found in tlie erect trees, yet to give completeness to this memoir, it may ])V. well to notice the indications of this kind which have heeu observed ; more especially as they have not [)reviously been hrouii'lit tou'ether into one view. P'or convenience, I shall refer the larger footi^'ints, prohahly those of Labyrin- thodonts of considerable dimensions, to tlie genus Sainvpn.s, already established by Lka, and the smaller impressions, due ]ierhaps to smaller Labyrinthodonts or to Microsaurians, and usually showing a longer stride and more slender toes, to the genus JIi/loj)Us. IVsides tliese, there are the curious trails named Diplichnites* and which may have been made by largi' unknown Her[)entif irm batrachiaiis. Impressions of both tvpes Hrst a]ipear in the lowest carboniferous or I loirrox series, corresponding to the " Tweedian series" of Tatk, the " calciferous sandstones" of McLauhx, and the carboniferous slate and Coomhala grit of Jukks. No bones of IJatrachians have as yet been found in tlu'se beds, but the I'ootprints indicate the presence at the beginning of the Carboniferous I'criod, ami bef ire the deposition of the lower carboniferous limestones, of both large and small species similar to those of the coal- formation. At the other extremity of the carboniferous system, footprints have been found on the sandstones of the uj)[)er coal-formation or ]»ermo-carboniferous series. J. ^(iitrujxts 'iiKjiiij'i'i; Uawson. [Geological Magazine, vol. ix. ' Acadian Geology,' ard edition, supplement, p. 02.] This is the largest footprint yet found in the coal-formation of Nova Scotia. The length of the hind-foot, on one of the slabs having the largest and most distinct impressions,! is six inches, and its greatest breadth about five inches ; the stride is from 1-2 to lo inches, the distance of the two rows of ti'acks being about seven inches, and the hind-foot covering the im[)ression of the fore-foot, which from other slabs woidd appear to have been smaller and shorter. The impressions show four ordinary toes, and a fifth outer toe armed with a hjng claw or si)ur, which sometimes trailed on the gn)und, and, when the foot was planted, was plunged into the mud. It was no (Unibt an aid to the animal in ascending inclined surfaces of mud. * All'. Joiiriwil of Science, IsTa. t t'dllcclid liy S.Whioiin Fi,i:mim;, Kmi-, C.K., ami imw in the .Mn^^cnni nl' liic (.Iculngical Survey, C52 l)[{. J. \V. DAWSOX ON VMKCT THKlvS CONTAINlNti AXIMAIi Very tint.' series of tootpriuts of several iiidivitliiiil.s of dillereiit si/e.s, and sliou'iiij^ dilFerent <':iits, and in une instance the nut of \valli)uin|,f in .soft, mud, liave I)een fuund in sandstone at Fillmore "s (Juairv, liiver IMiilip, Nova Seotia, and aio nn\v in the Museum of the Geoloj^ical Survey. In some of the series of tracks there is no mark of the belly or tail. In others the belly has left impressions marketl with lon;;-itudinal "■•rooves, as if there were abdominal furrows or rows of scales. Descriptions of the principal specimens will be found in the publications above referred to. 2. Sutii'oinis Si/diteiiniti, Dawson. ['Acadian Geology,' 3rd edition, p. 858, and woodcut.] This animal had shorter and broader feet, with five toes and no indication of the peculiar claw of the previous species. The breadth of the foot was about three inches, the width of the body abmt six inches, and the stride about eight inches. The original specimen was obtained by 11. Buow.v, Es(j., F.G.S., in the coal formations ut Sydney, Cape Breton, and is now in the Museum of the McGiLL University. Siiinv2)us autiqiiior, Dawsi:x. This species is based upim a series of foot])rints found by Mr. F. M. JoNKS, of Halifax, at Parrsboro, and now I believe in the provincial Museum at Falifax, where I have seen the specimen. The horizon is probably that of the lIuuTON si'iies. The footprint is about three and a-Iialf inches wide, and scarcely half as nuich in apparent length. It kIkiws four sulic(jual toes, and an outer toe diverging froui the others, and showing indications of a short claw. The shortness of the impressions in this species and in S. Sijdncnsis gives them a digitigrade aspect, while those of /S. tiiKjinj'cr have a plantigrade appearance, varying Imwever in diU'L'rcnt impressions. llijlv[)(is Loyani, Dawsox. [' Air-breathers of the Coal Period,' p. 5, fig. 1. 'Acadian Geology, Urd edition, p. 3.;3.'] The original specimen of this foot[)rint was fmuid by Sir W. E. LooAN at Ilortou Blutf in 1841, and was the fust evidence of the existence of Batrachians in the Car- boniferous Period. The s[)ecimeu obtained by Lucan is fully described in the works above cited. The impression has been made on a iirm surface, and shows merely the marks of four claws ti'd in Nova Scotia throughout the Carboniferous Period, and that very man v of the larger and important species still rejnain to be discovered. It seems rcmarkabU' that, nhilc remains of Fishes are so abundant in the carboniferous shales of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, nothing is as yet known as to the more atiuatic tvpcs of Ijatrachiaiis found so abundantly in the carboniferous strata elsewhere. This may either indicate a local paucity of these creatures, or may be a mere accident of preservation or discovei-y. Emt.axatiox of TiiK Plates. (Figures not otheiwise designated are of the natural size.) PLATE :]!i. ITi/loiiomns Liji-Ui (iigs. 1 to 14), Fiy-. l". Skull anil portion of skeleti-,i'l points. Fig. 47c. Lappets and pendants. Ends of smaller pendants. Magnified. Pendant. X 2. Two points and scaly surface. X 4. 50. Scaly surfiice. X 5. 51. P<-ndant. X 2. (figs. 52 to 5()). 47-" 48^' 49"' ■io Tootl X "),3. Four of the smaller teeth. 54. Tlu-ee bony scales. X 5. 5.3. Fragment of limb bone. .■)G. Vertebra. X 2. 1. (tigs. 57 to Gl). 57. T((Uli. X 25. ."iS. Section of tooth. X 5. 59. Fragment of thoracic yjlate (]0. Shaft of limb bone. Gl. llib. X 25. X Fiii-. 58a. Same. X 25. PLATE 41. ILllerpeton Don'soul (fius, G2 to 85). Fig. G2'''\ Section ot palate with teeth. Fig. G2a. Fig. G3"'-. Section of large tusk. Fig. G;3a. Same. Fig. G4''. ^tlandible and teeth. Fig. G4a. Same. Fig. G5''. Verteljra. End view. J'ig. GG''. Fragment of rib ? Fig. G7"'. Fenuu". Fig. G8'"". Humerus and vertebra. Fig. G9''*. Head uf humerus. Fig. 70-"'. lUb. Fig. 7 I. Scales. Fig. 72. Large scale. Fig. 73. liiiiies of foot. Fiji'. 74. Tuulh, X 25. Same. X 2. X X «; REMAINS IN THE COAL-FORMATION OP NOVA SCOTIA. Of)? Fig-. 75. Fig. 76. Fig. 77. Fig. 78. Fig. 79. Fig. 80. Fig. 81. Fig- 82. Fig. 83. Fig. 84. Fig. 85. Dentine of tootli. X 500. Cell of bone. X 500. Scales. X 2. Head of rib. Rib. Tooth, showing ribbed interior and smooth surface. Fragment of vertebra. X 2. Section of body of vertebra. X 2. Section of tooth. X 50. Fragment of humerus — riljs and scales. Mandible of a small specimen. X 5. PLxVTE 42. Ihjlerpeton lomjidentatmii (Hgs. 8G to 100). Fig. 8G''", 87""'. Mandible and teeth, 8Ga. Same. X 2. Fig. 88"''. Fragment of i)alate uith teeth. 88a. Same. X 2. Fig. 89'". Thoracic armour. Fig. 90*. Fragments of limb bones (these possibly belong to next species). Fig. 9r''. Limb bone and rib. Figs. 92^-, 93^^ 94". Yertebne. Fig. 95". Frngment of scale. Fig. 9G. Section of tooth. X 500. Fig. 97. Tooth. X 25. Figs. 98, 99. Teeth showing grooved points. X 25. Fig. 100. Cross section of tooth. X 25. Fig. 101, Scale. X 2. Fig. 102. Head of I'il). X 2. Figs. 103, 104. Palatal teeth. X 25. Fig. 105. Limb l)ones. X 2. Fig. lOG. Cells of bone. X 500. Fig. 107. Pib. Fig. 108. Teetli and mandible. X 8. Fig. 109. Mandible and thoracic plate. X 2. PLATE 43. Fvitschia ciirtidenfafa (llgs, 110 to 128). Fig. IIO". Poitiiin of mandilile. Fig. 110a. Same, X 2. Fig. 111"''. Maxilla and teetli. Fi^'. 11 lA. Same. X 2. 4 V 2 ()58 DR. J. W. DA^YSOX ON ERECT TREES CONTAINING ANIMAL Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Flo-. 112". Iliiinenis, ulna, and tarsal bone. 113". Femur, distal end. 114"'. Humerus? llf)"'. Limb bones. 11 ()■"■. Eib and limb bones. 117". Vertebra}. 118"". Portion of palate. 119. Tooth, showing grooved point. X 25. 120. Touth. X 25. 121. Section of tootb, X 500. 122. Cells of bone. X 500. 12.3. P)one8 of anterior limb. 124. liibs, vertebraj, and bony rods. 125. Various bones. ('') Maxilla. (6) Humerus, (c) Bony rods. ((/) Femur, (c) Rib. 120. Vertebra;. 127. Mandible, curved by pressure. 12S. Various bones. ((() Maxillary. (b) Humerus and limb buiies. PLATE 44. Demh'crpdon Arndaiwnn (figs. 129 to 130 and 132 to 137). Fig. 1211. Interior of skull and mandible. Fig. 1:!0. Maxilla, X 2. Fig. U12. Pl;in of constituent bones of skull represented in iig. 129. {X) Nasals. {F) Frontals. {SOr) Super-orbitals. {P) Parietals. {PP) Post-parietals. {Pt) Pterotics. (60c) Supfji-occipitals. {E) Epiotic. Fig. 133. Section of tootli. X 250. Fig. 134. Cells of lione. X 500. Fig. l;)3. Tooth. X 25. Sliowing plaited surface. Fig. 13G. Fragments of super-orbital and parietal, showing sculpture. X .J. Fig. 137. Five teeth. X 5. Dcndreqieton 0(''r«/ (figs. i:ii, i,38, 139). tig. 131, Maxilhiry, showing sculptiu-e and teeth. X 2. Fig, 138. Teeth. X 25. Fig. 139. Foot. X 2. irm REMAINS IN THE COAL-FORMATION OF NOVA SCOTIA. ('.59 PLATE 45. ILjlonomus LyelU. F!g. 140. Skin and liorny plates, tubercles, and scales of this species ; from a micro-photograph. X 5. The specimen represents a fragment from the slioulder. Erect Trees. Fig 141. Tree No. 13, as standing in the reef; from a photograph hy T. C. Weston, Esq., of the Geological Survey of Canada. PLATE 4G. V'ltii- of Cixxl-ininc J'<:inl, South Jo(j(fins, Nova Scotia; from a photograph by J. C. Wi:sT(jx, Es(p PLATE 47. Plau of Low-tide Beach off Coal-mine Point, and section to illustrate the position of the trees containing remains of land animals, by W. B. Dawson, M.A., Assoc. Mem. Inst, C.E. ■^ I /Ar 16. in -•^r] ' - . I; i>^-- *iA.i'-J.i vV'v^vl^ » 25 "^"^ :) ^1 18 19. ;> i: »^^^^v; w liO,.i^ 24. j) 57 60 ■■■^^;1 58'" 59 60 v.Vs* 'iTwiuau* i. '; 3MILERPKT0N i ii(i^<^ l-D) DENDREPJ ■ET>;H •■W-t,.51) ;'.PAROI;Uy ^?Z •..:■» ) AMBl.YOlAiN ( 57 u '■il.) /:■ /'////. 7)v///.s-. IHS-f. rial,- M 'v- 74- 1 •J; \ *'^.-» "«■..... »* T ■ i ■'.I ■, -■«*^ *-.^ I I :\ .. . :^X y I i I y HYl KV.K!''!' li DAW;' UN 1. /'."U- i Z'.lU- ■•>! "i 'Vi . / ' \ P/,il.rnn,.sASS2,PloU' V2. / ; I ) f 5 '•> ' ■ ,-1 •Jl '■ ;^: •.^^, ' /' »*■' r ^^^<>i f . "! - V \ Pflli.T!-""' ,.[^-'•1. ^'-'^ *•>• ■■it.. i\ ■■«**♦ -' I J, -^ ■^( % K H /,U1 s^:r>:iH!;^ %^ ^i:. }b> ■dt^p-^: ?•->' yj¥ -'•^ *.( I <,v /:'*• ■» i^'';-; V ^■•■ ;f- \ ^^i:-. KKi: UVU'i '^'^^''^ Dawson P/i il. Ttu Ns. 1882. Plafe 4 4 . 130 la-j ,7 •l-.-^ 131^ -, f I^Ji^i-^ "K. \ '1'^ i>ni\ ij: '» ■ » ■]i^-\: ji.nV;'' '^i| /»,.i. ■^•:^^> lil'Ki-.Ki'F.'i' 'N ACA !.'i,\:n'W I.' ' v.'iiMi, ft-u'.-' i.-i, [■■>'■. w.'i ' Wt'.il N'-wtii ui i »'' imj' ■■jtflt^'IIISWBIWDSS**.'' ■ /\( 11 S() /%//.7)v///.v. 1882. /'/(iA