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Pnpmti a»i€r 0)4 directum ti the SuperiHUndaUoJWiUeT Poum Appendix 12>, fart VIII, Annul £eport 1914 6MT8— 1 OTTAWA OOTBSItMBMT PSIMTIMO BVRBAV IMS Mt5> Ottawa, March 31, 1914. J. B. ClIAI.LIE!), Esq., Superintendent, Water Power Branch, Ottawa. Sir,— I have the honour to submit a Report on Small Water Powen ft^oviM hf the underugned aa a reanh of inveaticatioiia carried on in the fidd dminc the puH iaeal rear. I hare the honour to be, sir. Your obedient servant, Jl m. beale. 69378— U fiMUt 99 OMKllTIk llithMluctioii , • I'AUT I. I.aki< l,iiiiii-c l)i'Vi'l<>|iiii>'iit, Alhertai (llu'ior ncvflopiiiirit. Hritixh ( uluiabia. . • •■ ^ Mount .SU'IiIm-ii .MiiifM l>fvclii|iiiM>iit .. ■■ 10 City of Arinstrontt. H.C, Dcvflnpinwit 11 S|M-iiiv'!* Hridni' l)fV(li»mMit, Nam, BritiA Colmnbto. ....... U Prairie Sc<>tioii 1* North of tlie Prairie. . . RaooBUModatiMia. •*• •.. • 1® PART n. The Power on tHe Farm W Souri'cs of PowiT Avniliililc in the West 20 Watt-r Power, lurK*' •■t'litral xtatiou MTvioc 2" Electrie Power Coat Data --^ Water Power, prirate ntntion 26 Other small Power poMibilitit-H 37 Steam engines • 27 Coat of steam Power . • *7 Oas enRineii .. ( iiisdliiit' anil oil ('iiK>>>ei*. • • • Cost of (iasoline Power • 29 Typical Farm Load Diagram 8* Power Cost Data. Ooiu'luHioiiit. "^7 mUioerai^ . . . .■ 3* Appendix, amount of power consumed farm machinery 99 IIXrSTRATlONS Lake Louise Dcvelopniei't, Power Ifoutie 9 Lake Louise Development, Interior Power House B Mount Stephen Mines, Field, British Columbia. Ccmcentration Plant operated by water power , H' Hmiicipal Plant, Armstmnir, British Columbia, pipe line 11 Municipal Pliint, Arniritrontr, Hritifli < 'uliimhiu, Pelton wheel and dynamo.. .. 12 Louis Creek, liritit^h Columbia, wooden undershot wheel driving saw mill.. .. 14 Small water power on the LaHonge River, Saskatchewan, opmited for acme time by R. C. Mission 17 Small water power on Crazy Cre^ near Taft, Britiah ColuBd>ia 19 Small water power on Fadear Credc near CahiHy, British Columbia. S3 6 SEPOBT ON SMALL WATER-POWERS. The water-power studies were made during an inipection trip which I mad* during the last three months of 1913, and the study of other •mall powert— oil, gasoline, etc.— has been made since my return to Ottawa. For convenience it has seemed advisable to divide my subject into two parts, the first deals with the »"P®^ tione made in the West, while in the second part the problem of " power for the farm" has been dealt with. It cannot be claimed that any definite solution of this problem has been reached, the various alternatives have been considered fully— perhaps too fully— with the idea of submitting all the available evidence for tluw intnwted to make their own deductions. It ihould be remembered that cost figures for small powers are extremely hard to obtain with any accuracy; original cost figures are but seldom available, and actual annual cost data never. Manufacturwra supply figures of the latter founded on cer- tain percentage allowances for overhead charges, and upon figures for fuel consump- tion founded on test; actually these charges must vary through very wide limits, depending on the requirements and skill of the purchaser. PABT L Disregarding the chronological order of inspeetion I will deal first with the actual plants visited, namely: — Canadian Paeiflc Railway plant at Lake Louise. Alta. «« « Glacier. B.C. Mount Stephen Mines Plant near Field, B.C. Municipal Plant, Armstrong, B.C. Private Plant at Spences Bridge, B.C. Small Saw-mill at Louis Credc, North Thompson River, B.C. LAKK LOUISE, ALTA. This plant is situated about r,„o-half mile from the chalet, and supplies cu^ rent for liphting the chalet and the station at Laggan. This is practically a new development, for very little of the „'.a remains. A concrete bridge, recently con- structed at the mouth of the lake, was desisnied with spillway sections between the bridge piers; only a small degree of regulation is desirable as this lake is situated m the Rocky Mountains park, and anything detrimental to the scenery must be avoided. Water is brought from lake Louise in a 20-inch wood stave pipe 2,800 feet to the power-house. The actual fall in this distance is 140 feet, a portion of this, however, is wasted in pipe friction. The pipe line is designed for 100 horse-power, and AouW mora power be required another pipe would be necessary. The turbine is a 24-in mountain side, but for the purpose for which it is required it would be incon- Toiiient to do so. The stream is being studied by the British Columbia Hydrographie Survey, and present information leads to the belief that there is practicably m winter flow, tfaa water-power being available only during June, July, August, and S> ptember. KerORT m small WATBt POWK98 11 Ur, John A. Thompson, manager of the Mount Stephen mines stated that the de t riu t B Mrt eott cpprraiiiMtely u fonow■^— i,TOO «Mt pipe line U.SOO liutalltd. Dun MO FtMM wh»ei (100 b.h.p.) l.tot t>.>oe He further stated that, in four months' steady operation, the MTimr on the stMin plant would amount to $4,000 or practically the capital invested. Snail Watei Puirtr tieipal Plant, Armr :iung, KC ^ line. AUtanoHo. Bx. This city has a thoroughly up-to-dnte municipal plant on Fortune's creek, 3 miles from the city. For nine months of the year the water-power of this creek supplies all demands, during the balance of the year a Diesel engine av.xiliary set supplies any deficiencies, and al^o acts as an emergency plant at all seasons. This plant is par- tienlarly interesting for, to quote the Electrical News of November 1, 1913 : ' The Mfsnne the electrio plant for the last year was approximately eleven thousand 12 DKPAttTMfTST OF THE IKTBKIOB dollaM, or over seren dollars per eapita. A very ooiiHiderahle rortio i of this is due to the general u.c of fans ai.d lioatiiif; appliam-es. Tiic system is .-iitirely solf-sus- tnimng and is beiuff oxtondod fo all agricultural districts within a radius of five •i.ilos the ranches Ih Ilk ,,ui. k to seize the ,.,.,.,irt.nuty of improving their property and renderiinf iiome lit.- i„niv ntlrM. tive to the y..unj{er generation. The water-power plant was purchased from the Armstrong Light and Power Com- pany, and completely n>n:odeUed. A new power-house has be. ii hullf. tlie un at. r po- tion ot tlie woorlon stave pipe 1! o has been replaced by a steel iiipe, ,ni-k.w. Swedish General Electric generator. Both generators ore three phase, flO cycle 500 volt tnachmes and can Ik" operate.] singly or in parallel. The switchboard' consists of one feeder ana two generator panels. The costs of this i)laiit have been supplied through the courtesy of the municipal authorities. The plant, as it now stands, has cost in the neighbourhood of W84I0O. of which $fis,.30O 18 for new equipment and engineering, the balance being the pur- chase price, ^ REPORT OX SMALL WATE8 POWBKB 13 Tlie folloviiif ara the iffindiMd Unas of OMt:—- Purchaie price of old plant (14,000 New eteel pipe line tl.OOO New power-houM (reinforced concrete) 28,800 Diesel oil enRln* (200 b.h.p.) 11,850 Oil tanke 934 Pclton water-wheel (150 h.-p.) 845 (lovemor , , 780 Qenerator (156.:i k.v.a.) 2,090 8wltehbo«rd 197 Total |IS,U« The monthly cost* are given a* — Interest and ainUng fund Mt( 40 Wagw 21» M «T» 49 That ia. $8,824.80 per nnnum. Such a plant as the above is difficult to criticise, especially as it is hardly a .■om- fdeted commercial proposition. Undoubtedly, an efficient electric light and powpr aerrice is a large factor in the derelopment of a city, and an indirect re/enue pro- dncer. Whtther the plant taken over from the Light & Power Company waa actually worth $24,000, in view of the large proportion of it that was replaced, does not ajqiear If we add the cost of the new water^wer equipment to the purchase price, and allow only t337S for a power-house stdBcient to house the wheel and dynamo (the oil-encine set takes up much the greater space in the $88,800 power-house), we obtain the result that a 150 h.p. water-power development cost $50,000. This, while not necessary uneconomical, must be considered expensive. The monthly costs as given indicate that the interest and sinking fund on $92,296 is rouKhi.v 5J i«r cent, no allowance is made, apparently, for repairs or depre- ciation; the runring cost is given as $310 per month for wages — when the Diesel engine is running the costs will bo much higher. It would appear therefore that the annual costs wi.l be considerably more than $8,824.80. The writer has not been Ma to thoroughly investigate the costs in every detail. 8PENCES nn)o«. B.C. This plant is situated about three-o1 i. few siniare yards in area. A t inel 200 feet long has beoi. driven through the rock, and delivers water from this pool to a 10-inch pipe which carries it to n concrete power-house below. The power-h'>use is 34 feet by 24 feet inside and substantiallv built. Water is delivered to a 48-ineh wood mounted Pelton wheel running at 250 r.p.m., vhich is supplied with a 10-ineh standard gate und double nozzle. The speed is regulated by means of 3-inch stream deflectors controlled by a stnndard Peltoii governor. This wheel is belted to a T"> k.w., 6 pole single-phase alternator ruiiuinir at 200 r.p.m.; the exciter is a 12^1 volt. 20 ampere machine, ruiiniiii^ at 1.S00 r.p.m. Power for lii;hting is transmitted tn Speuee"! Hiidire at ",.500 volts and is there transformed to 110 volts. }\'a(er supply. — Tiie B. C. llydrogranhic survey luis established a station on this errcl;. anil n'l-orils ure :iv.i ilali'e from V:'.y to I Ici'oniln'r. ll'l:! ( inc'ii-'\ i'). 'i'l c I iwo-t daily flow miles from Kamloops up the north Thompson river, and is an example of a primitive application of water-power. A flume of 15 seoond-feet capacity, about one-quarter to one-half mile lonp, brings water to a roiigh-timber undershot wheel (formerly an overshot wheel). Tlie wheel ia about 12 feet in diameter, and operates under a head of approximately 14 feet. The wheel is about 5 to 6 feet wide, and the larfie drivinp pulley is l.elted to a counter- .shaft from which ti:e saw-iuill uiaeliinery is operated, (■'^'•e plates.) The probable efficiency would he in tlie neighbourhoocl of 50 per cent. This wheel has served its [Uiil'o c fur a nuiiiier ..f years hut ir will, it is e.^iieded. fall into disuse when the < anadian Xoithern Railway is completed, as the up-to-date Kamloops mills will prob- ably be able to deliver lumber at a rate cheaper than the owner could offer. aMFowr on bmau watbm powmms 1* Mr E. M. Dann, of Kamkioiw, diTiaion rafhiMr BrHiah OoltinUa Hjrdrofrapliie Survey, has supplied a aeries of phetographs (with notM), at two j^rbsitivo iuniep' mcntH ill (lintrict und theite art* here rvprixiuccd. KIKrOUTH PACKIXO CUMPAKY. llr. Hcmy Dojrk, managing dinotar of this company, kindly auiipUed information concerning the wator-power plant at Mill bay, Naaa River, British Oolombia. The li.vdrogruphic layout is as follows: Lake No. 3 with an area of IJWO.OOO s<|iiiir<' tVi't is at all altitiiilc of l.oiiii fn t niiil draiim liy n sinnll cre^ into Lake No. 1. Lake No. 2 liaa an area of 1,700,000 square feet and is drained into Ldu No. 1 kgr ■ creek GOO feet long. I^ike No. 1, area 900,000 aqnare feet at an altitude of MO feet drains into a bay at soa-lcvel. The rainfall in this district is considerable, but runs off very rapidly so that, except during the rainy season, the natural discharge is small; the actual quantity of water available is not known but, so far, has proved sufficient to supply the power nqnired to run the cannery, i.e., lighting, freezing, and canning machinery— during the iaaion. The outlet of ench lake is uamw, good rock foundation is available, so that it is a comparatively simple operation to convert the lakes into storage basins. At the outlet (if Lake Xii. 1, a lo-tVnt ilain has Imh'ii eonstructed ; while on the creek between Lakes 1 and 2 nn IS-foot dam has been built with a 12-inch gate valve. It has been found that the small lake is drawn down 2 inehes iier working day, so when the water is only 4 feet above the intake, the 12-inch gate valve is oix.ied and the lake is raisctl 2 feet, sufficient to run the plant for twelve days. It is proposed to eonatruct a 10- i'oot dam at the outlet of Lake No. 3, and .store the water from thot drainage area also A 2,000-foot 8-ineh wood stave pipe line lirings the water to the eaiuiery, where there are, three l^^-iuch and one StMiich Pelton wheels, all of which are not used simultaneously. If the size and length of tlie pipe-lino are correctly given, the maximmn power available, allowing an 85 per cent efficiency for the wheels, would be about 00 h.p.; HO feet of the 880 feet (i,e., one-third of the head), being wasted in pipe friction, without undue friction loia from 60 to 65 h.p. could be obtaimd. If the wheels are designed for 850-foot head, their comUned horse power would be 1!)(). which would necessitate a pipe IS inches to 14 inches internal diameter, and would draw down the lake 6.6 inches per twenty-four hours' operation. If the wheels are desi({in d for .'W'O-foot bead, their {'onibined horse-p First dam *M PipeUne 1,490 Valve 59 U> vuuatii'd in the cannery duriag the RPaxon cnn !«• tnkcn up s«ffici<>iifl.v onrly til (111 all tho iie c e na iy work, such n« biiildinK dntiiB, In.vintr pi|)o, pti-., hoforo tho fish lx>(fiii to run. A sufficient niiiTil)rr of vnripil exnmplcs hi\i Wii (livrii licrc to iiidicnto tli<> \x>»- Bil'ilitics of wnte -powi r in mountainous districts, there are probably an immente number of -itc-t nvailaWe whiA will ht capaUe of eoononical derdopomt when tha power dornand iiermit!>. Tho power nvnilable being prop swell tho run-off. .\> wiiiii r i: uies on, tho springs begin to fri'cise solid, and during the severe wi atlu r, tiio How of all, oxti'Pt the larger stri'ams, is siispondoii. Thus a stream which may have a flood discharge of 600 second feet has practically no winter flow. In other words, a structure must be able to withstand a big flow carrying probably, lofjs, ico, etc; while, as a power iiroducor, it will probably be inoperative for at least four months of the year. Surf.ice rook is seldom available, tbe banks of the preek are alluvial, making for instability of dams or reiiiiiriujr extra ei, feet high (from the inipervinus clay foinidatiuu if it is to be found — to the crest), and timber suitalde for enn-trui tion work is not avaihilile. It is obvious, therefore, that uii!e-s tbe ,iu«er is only rei|uire.l temporarily, for a special summer industry, tbo fact tliat the power is not available during the winter will be a great drawback. It practically puts it out of tho running as a source of electric power for the farm. A water-power will only bo useful where a former or settler in a remote district ha.s sufbeient skill to build a dam and wheel in his sT>are time. The investment would bo slight and the power could be profitably used to cut lumber, saw up firewood, chop iUid grind feed, etc., in suiiicicut quantities during the open season to last the whole .\ei\r. A -ile on ibe Medicine rivi r was iii>|recti il. ami was oue uf tlie very few prairie >itrs wli.i-b CI. oil! be ciiii^i len d ccuiicinically li a. ililc; even biTi' tlie cuuiitry is not real prairie lnr there i> -muc timber, this li i-atii.n bcinir on the burilcrs of the foot-hill ooiuitry. At this site tbo settler, .Mr. Fritz Kinna, has built a power-house, and has constructed from wood and sheet-metal a 5-foot inward flow, vertical turbine, with ItMPOMT Off BMALL WATMM fOWBM 17 draft tut.e, cylinder me, etc Tliig ■tettlcr. n Norwegian, htm MperieM* of Umw .levcloimieiitg in Norwuy, and hai* built \iU turbiiio from pattonis obtained Iron Utnt tho workmanship was cxoollont. and thi- wlicel will probably prove quite ai efflel«Bt »• a honip-made overshot wheel. Kxrlusive of !ii» own time Mr. Knina ha» expended »160 in all, for lumber, bearintfs, »lmftinK and bevel giat» for the wlu-el and dri»inK shaft- it it probable that, anotbor two hundred dollars will complete tho dum. and that for an outlay of *3r,(K he will have from 10 to 20 hor>'<-i...wer for six month* **Th^'w aitet iiupected in the prairie region have been already reported upon in dealing with the indiTidual fwe«, one or two of these might, in the hands of a set- tler such at Mr. Kinna. prore worth dereloping; the remainder were quite unfeasible. In any ease -vhere no technical akW ean be anticipated, and where cond.t.ona of nise- cure foundations, pervious banks, heavy spring flood with floating ice are likely tc be met with, it will not be wise to encourage the derdopnent of wattriwwwp. AaXIWatwItMrar. U H»«|« Hiwr, S-k. Opi*»M far kksb yeaw fcy R. C. Mi*4i». NORTH OF THE PKAIRIE. Here the prairie conditions .nre modified in several important partieulart, the run- off is better regulated, large lakc«, muskegs and swamps equaliae the fluw to a consid- or'ible extent, and the country is timl)ered. Rapids and falls become more frequent, the rainfiiU is greater and materials for construction arc close at hand. Ti.-> popula- tion of this area is inconsiderable and scattered, until recently the Indian and fur- trader were in uiulisputed possession. Settlers are gradually moving northward, and soin.- .if the small power-sites will d.nibtlcss l.e used at some future time. In 1900 and 1910 I travelle.l extensively m nortliori^ Saskatchewan and Alberta, and saw many sites where a small power could be developed ; there was also one where the water had been successfully harne8se8iuii. A loniitli.v dixfURnioii of tho small powiT gituiition in the country north of tha priiirii':( W(jiild out of place here, tufficient haii hccii said, however, to drnw attmtion to the fact that there aro potiibilitie* which may be further contidered when the prob> aMe denand is leaa remote. HKOMMUIMTIOIIS. Kaowledge of tho diecharge ia eaaential in dealing with any water-power, large or •mall, and in the caae of amall ■treams, information in tUa regaid ia usually conspicu- ous by it» abamce. The arerage nntrained indiridual, aeting in perfectly good faith, makes most abaurd statemento regarding the flow of the stream in which he is inter- ^ted. During the open season, in estimatinfr the flow, he will get the cross section reasonably oc -urnte, perhaps but will estimate tiic llow at the swiftest place, and assume it to be nniforni aeross the section nnd, more often than not. will overestimate the velocity MO per cent or more. The winter flow is an unknown quantity, but if there is a stream under two or tlireo feet of ice, and the water rises to the surface when a hole is cut in tlwr ice, he will say " the stream s all winter, just about as much aa liefoie freeze-up,'' when in reality it is, perhaps, one-tenth of the fall flow. I would sutrgest that the possibility of small water-power developments be brooi^ to the notice of hydrograpliers, go that they may make estimates, at di£ferent seasoas, of creeks which may, in their opinion, be utilized in the future. It is not expected that any extensive work be done along these lines, as the expenditure of time and monejr would not be justified; it is thought nerertheieaa that onptHrtmiit^ ariae from time to time which might wdl be utilised. I would further repeat my remimmendation, that no small water-power development be aiithorizMl, without insixt-tion of flu- site by a (luaiititnl technical officer of the department. Apart from the question of flow, are those of head, area flooded, material for dnin, stability, etc.. all of which have serious bearing on the economic aspects of a site, and regarding v.liich the applicant has frequently very erroneous ideas; it will be seen, therefore, that considerable individual hardship may be avoided if the inspee- tion is insisted ui-on. Part fl of this report deals with power for the farm, discussing different sources of eiiervry. It is suppested that this br.anch endeavour to keep abreast of future devel- opments, so that up-to-dote iiiforinatioii will be available, enabling the officer in charge to give definite advice to an applicant, as to the comparative value of his proposed wnter-power plant PART II. powKii OX rm: farm. The use of power on the farm lins recent!,.- been attracting mu. li attention; the benefit of having mecliai;ical doviccN whicb will not only reduce the nunilier of hired men rciiuired. but which will be n^ai!.l!lle at, any hour of the day or night, is being Ti-idi'l.v niiverti^^el. In almost every cii-o el; I'trical cuerpry is the kind dealt with, sev- eral i'ook- ..iiid pniiiplilels m: tln^ vul.ject have been published, and tho technical press is r-(.iislinit!y referriiii: to one I'liiise or another, of the supply of current to tlio farm. Mr. Dnvid H. (\)i ppr. of the Conservation Commission of tho state of New York brought out, in 1011. a pamphlet on the use of water-power for the farm and country home, the Ont.Tri i i [y.lr., , ftr'r Cnmrnission ha.s dune much pioneer work on the farms of western Ontario. :,ik1 >fe>srs. Purcell and Espensehied, of the technical staff, recently gave valuable evidence before the committee of the Dominion House of Com- mons on Colonization nnd Agriculture. Tho sixth annual report of the Hydro-electric Mra«r O.V MMALL WATKB fOWBBM Conmiiasion contain* a wrnltli of vnluul>l«) information. PoMiMy the iubject of »gri- culturnl electricity i« most fully treatcil by Koostcr in liin book " Electricity for the Farm and Home," in thi» work he deals with the iieneral inlvantOBex of the power, (fen- eration, (liitribution and utilization of the olectricity. goinu quite fully into coots and demonttratet very convincingly the numerous and diverse applicntionn to which elec- tricity may be put. Th* MBwriu tiMt loUow ntuat be largeljr a ooraptlation from the above and other MNiieei. 8«M of tlie more epeeUle inferaMtleii Im been tabahted elfewiMRe. Wutt i ru««r. Onuqr Cicek, MvTaft, B.C. OvmHuw, (i(t. •>:<. I'.iia. A MDStl portkm iif |iuw«r lued by KofiaM Mill., I.td. Agriculture, the olde.-t industry in tho world, is the most ancient m its methods. Until quite recently the horse-drawn single plouph '-^d not been improved iipo'i, it is but the other day that the first effort was mad' 1 1 .s.. s ••••m-power to do some of the work hitherto done by man or beast. In G -rmatv '■' ■ plough first came into extensive use about fifteen years ago and, c - i biucv t.iui voui.rry has led in the field of agricultural technology; at the present timo miieh plojghinp is done by elec- tricity, which method, it is claimed, is faster, c) - i;'C! . u-avt^ ui utilized area in the field than other methods, and in applicable tx> f , xwuiid- K ster states that 20 DEPARTMENT OF THE ISTERIOB " by a proper rotation and leleotion of crops, and by the time saved betwem the har- vest of one crop and the sowins of the next, largely effected by the gpeedineas of the electric plough, the German farmer reaps with its aid two crops a year on much of his land, harvesting on an average 2,600 acres of crops from 1,600 acres of land." The use of this plough is, owing to its high initial cost, confined to the large farms, except where the owner rents it out or the outfit is purchased by a group of small farmers. The long-suffering agriculturist was for pcnorations the butt of the citizen, many opprobrious terms were coined at his expense, but his inertia is being over- come, and he is taking his rightful place near the top of the economic ladder. Probably the chief cause of the comparative mechanical inefficiency of the farm has been the intermittent nature of agricultural tasks. Ploughing, seeding, reaping, threshing, and other seasonal operations each lasting but a small portion of the year; the daily operations being numerous but brief. One of the greatest aids to invention has been the existence of a continuous monotonous task, i.e., " mechanical," for which a machine is soon found. Tne farmer's day, though monotonous according to some critics, contained so many varied duties that it probably never occurred to him to find a machine for an operation, unless it was particularly irksome, or required greater power than a team of horses could give him. Other reasons might be multi- plied — absence of capital — his isolation, which has made a mutual understanding uiih ni-iinecrs difficult; the fact, however, remains that the average farmer, parti- cularly in Canada, needs waking up to the greater possibilities of his land. It is not an easy task to reach and influence a farmer; he is isolated in position works longer hours than most men, and has little time to study. The inhabitants of his house woik just as hard, so that the only method of attack is by missionary work, coupled with .icles in the farm journals. Kecently, especially where electric power is available, electric appliance salesmen have commenced work in this field. At the convention in Toronto of the Electrical Association, one speaker attacked the nilvertisiiig matter used, statin? that the farmer did iMt expect liis women folk to be al>le to sit around, therefore the picture of a lady in neat attire, reading a magazine whilst the washer worked by itself, did not appeal to liini at all. The real argument according to tlii.-. -iieaker was to show the farmer where ho could increase his earning power. This is IjciuLr ilone in f]astem Canada, and it is the object of this paper to draw the western farmers" attention to what is being done, so that they will take advantage of central station service as soon as such is available for them. It is also hoped that the data on private station costs will be of use. SOURCES OF POWER AVAILABLE IN THE WEST. WATER-POWEB. Large Centftal Station Service. Power in Western Canada is at present an expensive commodity, as compared with costs in Europe, the United States and Eastern Canada. The Ontario Hydro- electric Commission purchases power in bulk at Niagara for $9 per h.p. year, and transmits it long distances; transmission lines are expensive, hut when a line is being tapped every few miles to snjiply a city, town or municipality, the line is reveiiue- eaming along its whole leiijrili, and '"au pay interest on tlie investment, without mak- ing the Ci]>t e\ces>ive to flie Viiri^iw ei.n^iniiers. The " iiie distribution of the load, and tlie multiplicity of purposes to which the poui'r is put, ini|iroves the load factor thus cIk jpciiiiig the iirodiietiiin. The llydn. i !rr:ric ('nminissinn b.TS a contract for iiji tn infl.ftOO h.p. with the Ontario Puuer (^ouipany and obtains the power at l.'i.OOO volts at the figure already stated of $9 per h.p. Tlie voltage is stepped-up to 110,000 volts for distribution to SBPOKT OW aUJkUj WATEJt POWBMB 21 tbe main itations such as Dundai, Hamilton, Toronto, ete.; a pressure as high as this requires expensive equiinnemt, lo that it ia stepped-down at the larger atationa to 13,200 or some other convenient secondary voltage, for tranamisaion to tte raialuMr tovnis or villages, where it is again transformeti for atill further diatributum, UW voltage finally being lowered to 110 volts for lighting and to 660, 220 or 110 Tolts for motors. The price of power naturnlly varies with the distance from Niagara; in Hamil- ton, the price is now $15 per h.p. year, in St. Thomas, $28, and at distant Seaforth, $40. The coat of rural electric aerrlce in these localities will bear a fixed relation to that of city supply. Tlio fiirnuT ia clinrgcd in two aniounts, one a "service charge," to cover the annual fixed charges on the capital e.xix nde uitliin trnnsniissioii di Uolismi says, no report of this nature can be considered final ; it will be modified by the increase of population, and by tbe progrros of hydraulic development and electrical trangmisaion. As time pro- gr esses, these different influences may bring the scheme* within the economic limits, outside of which it now lies. Small W»ter Power. Fadear Civek, near Cahilty. B. C. Typical overahut wheel for farm powrr. The above mentioned report contains a preliminary report by W. E. Skinner, Limited, Consulting Engineers, which deals in detail with the costs of transmission, etc., and contains also tables giving the comparative cost of purchasing power and of generating it in small quantities by steam or gasoline; these tables contain useful information, and will be reproduced in this report under their respective headings. The first of these is that on purchased power. KKPORT on SMALL WATER P0WBM8 8iM o( piMt in hone^wer. Cost of motor installed Coit at Eieetrie Po:< Cost of clectrii ity, 3,000 hours Attendance per year | •'^ ™ Interest, 5 per rent Di'preciation, 10 per cent Rrpiiirs, 8 per cent Supplies, 1 per cent lunmaM. 3 per cent Tans, 1 per ee«t Cost of 1 horse-power per hour. 2 a O 10 20 S cIs. 125 00 t cts. 150 00 t cts. 300 00 t rtk. 450 00 400 40 , 20 00 6 28 i 12 50 ! 6 25 ; 1 25 1 2 50 1 1 26 888 75 30 00 7 .W 15 00 7 50 1 M 3 00 1 50 1.028 98 80 00 18 00 30 00 15 00 3 00 6 00 3 00 2,023 00 50 00 33 10 45 00 22 50 4 HO » 00 4 .W 1 1 459 40 ' 229 65 ' 07655 024 75 154 15 ■05138 1.150 95 lis 09 •03836 2, 181 00 108 05 •OMSS (See below— Blue piice. Discount, and method of obtaining total cost.) ■10 oento per k.w. honr— Disoonnt » 75 00to 100 00 35pereeBt. 5100 00 to $125 00 40 per cent. 125 00 to 150 00 45 per cent. ISO 00 to 175 00 50 per cent. 175 00 to 200 00 55 per cent. aOOOOto 500 00 toper cent. fOO 00 uiit or 05 Mt Mtn* 3,000 hmirsx 2 horse-power X -746^ ^ S2 per cent efficiency. 5,458-5 k.w. hours X 10c. - «5«5M - M 75 per cent of 1545 85 or MOO M. aiiMwI cod- COST PER ANNUM. 2 HoKsi-rowcB Plant. 5.458-53 k.w. hours. t5U85 umud east without diieouBt. ttt 40 moBthly UU-dinoaat, 35 per east. 8,000»»«7"'»10»55perceat 80 MctUUt bill, 1130- DiMsoMt 45 per oest. 8 H(NiMt-rowni Plant. $858 75. 10 BOBM-fOWn PlANT. 4eperemtot3,000xJ0ji;748xl0e • ll.OJI 05. 87 MoHlUt m. m* aO-DtaeoMt 80 per ceet. 30 HoBM-voWBB Plant. «0peree«tot8.000»10ia0i 748 - »3.0» JfMtMv MB Ittl. -tHMMMWt 00 per e«it DEPAItTMmfT or THE rSTKKtOK The cos ts for purchased power depend on : A basic rate of 10 cents per k.w. hour, a discount proportional to the monthly bill, the use of all the power for 3,000 hours jter annum. On another page in Jud)re Robson's report, the cost in Slanitoba is fignretl at 19-27 cents for (rencration and distribution, and makes no allowance for any discounts; this would appear to show that the above costs do not apply. The outlay for apparatus necessary to Use foil power for 8,000 hoars per annum will be far beyond the means of the average farmer. The next big centre with a large supply of water-power is Calgary. The Dom- inion Water Power Branch has made extensive surreys on the Bow river, and tlw following particulars are taken from the report of Mr. M. 0. Hendiy, BJLSc, on this work. The Calvary Power Conipaiiy has so far developed an aggregate of 28,000 h.p. at Kananiiskis falls and IforslKH falls. There remnin four undeveloped sites to devel<^ which would cost in all .some i?3,S00.000 delivered in Calgary, giving a further 24,000 horse-power, these figures including a pro-rata charge for the cost of .storage; this storage has been thoroughly investigated, and a portion of the work completed, it is designed to regulate the ilow of the river and benefit all the power developments. Mr. Hendry estimates that this power will cost delivered in Calgary from 0-49 to 0-60 cent, per k.w.h. at a 60 per cent load factor, or roughly from $49 to $53 per horse- power year. The rates at present in force in Calgary are, fo* lighting 71 cents per k.w.h.. and for power: — Motor RatinR. CMiursc pi r Horse-Power year. 1_ 3 «1 89 4- 9 37 71 10-is 19- ,14 27-2:« 55 unci over W The " load factor " of a plant during a given period is the ratio of the average load to the full load capacity of the plant while running. The capacity of any plant will be governed by the "peak," i.e., the maximum load, and it is accepted that any increase in the load factor makes for the economy of the plant. Any power user, who refrains from \i>ing power when the demand on the central station is high, restricting his use of eneriry to the hours when the load is light, is entitled to and obtains a cheaper rate than that quoted to the unrestricted consumer. It is easily possible for a farmer to confine his use of electricity to " off-peak " hours, and take advantage of the cheaper rate. At the present time tliere cannot be said to be any other centres in Manitoba, Sa^atchewan or Alberta, except the Edmonton and Prince Albert districts, where water-power is an active contender in the power market, and there is no indication of anj* immediate development of sites other than those already mentioned. Sites on the Athabaska, Saskatchewan, Nelson, Churchill, and other rivers have been investigated in a preliminary way, but as these are all remote from the present centres of population, their economic value is prospective and a discussion thereon wmuIJ 1)0 out of place here. British Columbia has many water-powers, large and small. The Kooteiuiys have much power, there being extensive developments at Bonnington falls near Nelson. Vancouver is well supplied from the Burrard Inlet and Stave River sites, where a total of l.')(i,(KK) h.p. is available. Vancouver Island, too, is well supplied. Passing to other sources of power for large central stations, the questions of cost are problematic and vary so much with local conditions that a long and careful study on the ground, such as I have had no opportunity to make, would be necessary to develop reliable figures as to the cost of production in any given locality. Actual figures from municipalities are frequently misleading, in many cases power is sold more cheaply than the coat of productitm woul'* "istif,*, in order to induce MSP08T ffS SMALL WATBB rOWtMS bdurtriM to locto within the municipality. Fair allowance f""", '"J,'"^ fund, depreciation and wpain i. not alway. made, and some plants show a profit whe e in reality, proper accounting would wve.1 a loss. Actual expert es .mates for power plant^ in one locality cannot be adapt*! for «.other locality, where the condu.ons arc apparently only sliRhtly different. ... t The Department of ilinos has been studying the production of power If"™/^®" fuels in a most comprehensive manner, and has already issued a report upon tte ntm- zation of peat fuel for the production of power. A new report is already » ™ dealing with producer Kns in genen.l. a.ul deals m considerable detail with central rtatio^ in Germany and the use of electricity on farms; this bemg the case it » unnweMary here to go further into the subject, except to state that a wel -designed jSTriant n«ng peat, lignite or bituminous coal, with complete mstalla ion for STrSTvCS by-pioduct. can. under favourable conditions, produce power at a very '^'"L' m2-13 an investigation wa. made for the Dominion Water P"-" Branehby Mr tl E M. Kensit, concerning the best method of producing power for the neceMary Dumping for the supply of water to the cities of southern Saskatchewan. In this report. Mr. Kensit states that a well-deaigned ateam plant of from 3.000 to 5 000 kw capacitv, haviuR u lo;,.l factor of 35 per cent c«i «>• •P""*^^/" J^^^^ «nts i«r irw.h (0.518 cents being the cost of coal at $3.60 per ton), and total coat of t-584 cents. In Edmonton (see Eleetrieal News. June 1, 1914) the rates are:- " Domestic Lighting-7J cents for the first 100 k.w.h.; 101 to 400 l -W-h., 7 cents; 401 to 1.000 k.w.h.. 6i cents; 1.001 to 2,200 k.w.h. cents; 2,200 k.wh. and over, 5J cents. Minimum charge per month to be To cents. Discount ot o per cent, if paid within ten days from date of biU. No discounts aUowed on accounts of less than $1. .> Power-f. cents per k.w.h. for the first l.W k.w.h. ; 150 to 300 k.w.h., 6 cenU; aOl to .'i 000 k.w.h., cents; 5.00\ and up 2 cents i.cr k.w.h. Minimum char^ on motors up to 1.5 h.p.. 75 cents per h.n. per month on total connected load. Minimum charge on motors al^nc ir. li.p,, M cents per h.p. per mouth on total connected load. Ten per cent discount allowed on all accounts exoecling $1^ No bill issued for less than the following amounts: Single-phase connections T6 cents per month; three-phase connections, $3.25 per month. The existing rates in Calgary have alrea.ly been given. In a report made to that eity by a prominent engineer, it was statel that a steam, coal hrcd plant with a 50 per cent load factor, would give power at the generator terminals at a price falling from 0.S5 to 0.74 cents per kilowatt hour, as the size of the plant varied from 5.000 to 45,000 hor^se-power. ^^^^ Mirrless-Diesel oil-engines for power, the prc.^ent capacity is 900 b.h.p., but is being increased. This plant has given great sat^ faction and w th fuel oil at 14 cents p.>r gallon, and ™.»T*!TJ°f'^. p^r the operating cost per k.w.h. delivered at the switch board last December was ^■''^'MfKensit prepared a table for cost of pumping at the Elbow. Saskatchewan; this table includes transmission of power or haulage of fuel to this site and also the eoit of pumping machinery, the power is given in w.h.p. or water horse-power, and meuis the power tctnally naed in eJevating the wrter. 96 DEPAKTSIBST Of TBt ISTBMOH Type. Initial Inat. floallut. High duty pamiriiis engiiics. Caw m W.H.P. Vm«.' eU. Steam turbines and rcntrif. punipx' (w«T with steuiii res Produi er Kas witli elertrie trunisiiiiii- sion. 100 00 90 00 8S 20 110 00 121 00 187 00 I eta. WW W 00 63 W RmnarlM. 27 60 .15 «0 57 00 rrow8ne«t eoal at W 81 per toa. Cost oi fuel • 33-8 per cent aad 47-3 per cent respcrtively. Same fuel east Ix inic 52 per cent aad 67-6 per cent respeetively. j Natural Kaa at 25 cents per 1,0M ' cubic feet. Fuel cn,st 50 per eeat. and 66-7 per cent respectively. Purchased power. Diesel oil engines. $1 . 00 per ton at mine. Cost of fuel „.„. 18 87 per cent and 30- W per ecat gen. at mine) gen. at mine. ) respectively. W 00 Basc'd on an offer of 133 7S per a.B.r. I per year of :<00 days i.e. tW.M par whole year, tlelivered. loi uw at vu (48 ••;() = cost of (15 00-costof . at nr~"^ — -* - ' 83 00 129 00 wiiuie ^eur, neiiveieii. Fuel nil at 15 cents. Cost of fuel 51 ."a and 63 4(( resp. 10 per cent change in cost of oil changes cost of power 5-2 per eeat aad S-S per eeat reveetively. > Initial Inatallatlon, 1,375 w.h.p. Final Installation, 6,875 w.b.p. If the above figures were corrected for cost of pumping, '."le cost for power alone might be considerably less; also any change in locality that brought the plant nearer some source of power would bring about a great reduction in power CO«t; the figures, however, give one an idea of power costs in the west. PRIVATE STATIONS. Water-Power. Messrs. Koester & Cooper, in the woricg already referred to, devote oonsiderablc space to aelual small water-power plants and their cost, the following are examples: — (1) An Illinois farmer has a 15 h.p. water-wheel which generates power for lighting and general farm machinery, the plant cost $1,200 and is operated for $10 per year. (2) An Ohio plant which cost $1,022 will furnish current for 100 16 cp. lamps or their equivalent. (3) In New York state there is a 17 kp. plant which is estimated to have cost 11300. (4) In the same state a 3 k.w. generator plant cost 9618. In most of the above cases the farmer did much of the work himself, and the value of his time is not included. Briefly stated, some of the principal considerations for cheap production of reliable water-power arc: (1) That an actual fall be available; (2) that a con- T<-n!<>nt an-H -af--' site located Mc-ar to the place where the power will be used; (3) that the flow be adequate at all seasons of the year, and tiiat there be no excessive floods to endaager the stmeture or eomplieate the design. KtPOMT OS aUALL WATKM P0WBM8 Part I «f tiite i^rt hM cWt, at iolBcient length, with the pnMpMt* ««D wator-powew in the We.t, I wffl mere^ recpitulate to thi. extent. In Ae mountainous dirtricti the fl«t two ««««om «« frequently ^"Jfi"^^ third heing doubtful. In the prairies all the oondltiou s» difficult of ful^™^ whilst north of the prairies it is thought that, whm « demand arises, many araUaue (rite* win be lovnd. oma niALL Fown roaamom. This opens up many altematiyes each of which will have advocates. Conditiraa both of fuel supply and power demand will vary ""^^.^^S plant wiU meet one set of conditions, a shi^t diange in these will fendw a mal fonn of devdoinnent more suitable. ... Uost of the literature on private electric plants is of the trade variety, either from catabgues or trade journals; rea«.nably enough, therefore, each writer cr.es his own wares and the unbiased reader must bear this in mind, nevertheless a judicious study of the publications of reliable finna. will enable one to form a fair idea as to what outfit will prove most suitable for a given set of c«mditin owing to Ae expense of cutting and hauling, though a saw-mill might weB be driven by .team, the waste material being used for fuel. Oil or pas will generally prove mow con- venient used directly in an engine of the explosion type. . . . - The following table is taken from the report of W. E. Skinner, to which reference ha. already been made: — Cost of Steam Power. 8U.»fpUnt W-S- f ^ Co.tofpUntperH.r 220 00 1» 00 109 00 11 00 7 50 5 00 Interest, 5 per cent n 00 7 50 5 00 Depreciation, 5 per cent a u\ 3 00 2 00 Insurance, 2 per cent , j- j jq j qq Taxes, 1 per cent... jj ,5 Oq jq oq RepBira. 10 percent . j» j 61 80 42 00 28 00 20 15 12 CertOihin(j outfit will probably bum wood when trnrelling and straw when threshing so that the above figures will not apply. In considering the 6-h.p. and lO h.p. enirines, .%00 hours per year has been assumed as tlie uvcraffo serxice, iind it is thought that unless the engine is used in conjunction witli a storage battery for lighting, this time will be ample to do all the neceiMiy wood-cutting, hay-baling, feed-grinding, tte. Interest, depraeiation, insunmea, taxes, and repairs are aD ocmibined at 80 per etat. Siseofidaat « lOa.r. $ rtfi. $ ctB. f'lwt o( plant 1,.!J() 00 1,500 00 Inten-at.utc. (20pi>rcrnt) 21)4 00 ;)00 (H) Oil, waste, etc., (2 per cent) 2b iO 30 00 ^ , ^ ^ 21)0 40 330 00 Conl p«T H.T. per hour, pounds 30 Cu8i ut 16 .50 per ton for MO hovn.. 106 00 243 75 Attendanee 7S 00 75 00 Inddentab (above) 290 40 330 00 Cost per annum fgn 40 ' U8 75 Coet per H.r. hour 0- IMS 0- 1207S Thus, assuming tlie accuracy of Mr. Skinner's figures, and that the modifications are reasonable, we obtain the result that a C-h.p. steam plant will cost for 500 hours' service per year 18.6S cents per horse-power hour and a 10-h.p. plant approximately 13 cents per horae-power iiour. Tt will lie shown that the figures can be cut down considerably by using gasolene or nil engines, justifying the statement previously made thatisteam plants lor farm use arc not economical. Coniinj; to the e\plo.* S 6 10 IS Stoedpliint in HP . •inn no im 00 200 00 .300 00 Value of »pi«-e occupied ' 5 nO 7 50 10 00 16 00 Interest, 5 per cent , „0n 4 00 6 00 Repiki". » per T56 1 50 2 00 3 00 rSSTi^ tS^t!^:: : luo im 2 00 3 no_ g 00 13 50 IH 00 2" IWeort WW 1.3Wa> Total .■o.,p..r«nnum.,.....^..^. * 795 00 1.M9 70 1.684 35 2.257 00 On the same basis as that assumed when dealing with the steam plant- 9 6 10 30 Size of pliint in H.» • snn 00 433 00 Ofifi 00 1, TOO 00 Pric e instaUca • • aw uu « > ^, j Giisolenc piT B.H.P. hour, gallom t * v,y^. 20c. ("list iKT Kiillon . • RA A7 ISO 00 160 67 250 00 Cost per 300 hour. •■ « «« «• ^ MOO -WOO Atteniliincf . ^- «, m 20 200 00 Interest,. .f. (20 p.r cent) J 00 86 eu IM *» ^ Supplies (20 per cent) *» ^ «g 27 00 SpacACnMvea - - — 205 67 386 70 501 07 727 00 a%m oTlSM 1002 0727 Cort per B.B.r. boor «>•«»' " " If we compare the 6-h.p. si» W6 find the cost por h.p. gasolene steam to be 13 cents and 19 cents respectively while for the 10-h.p. th« »t»0 it 10 cent. ^ ' ReliaWe figures as to gasolene consumption per h.p hour ^^l^^^^^*^^ own estimates farther on in this report have been based on a «»«^"» « ?T Sth of an imperial gallon per h.p. hour, assuming full load conditions «»J efficiert SSi^oe. ThVfore^oing table, however, shows a widely yarymg -"'^^^P*^"' f " itToi^ sUte whXr the imperial or United States gallon is intended, the latter teSfiJ^siXof^ former. The above table probably deals with eng.nes des.gned i^rfougr'^S for direct drive, in which case the consumption of gasolene would be Sher than fTthe better cUs. engine, considered later, winch have been d^.gned for the more exacting duty of driving electric machinery, and which require very -^h more accurate regulation. In Bulletin No. 25, "Electric ^?^'' f^'^^.J^"^' Adolph Shane, i-.si.pd hv the Iowa State College, is the following: The s^of gaM- fene engines refe, .cl in these pages (2 to 10 h.p.). wUl operate ^^>^^J'^^ and nn eighth of . 'Ion of fuel an hour for each ho«e-power when Ml oad. At a third load these figures will about double." Tho«» mterested in th. 30 ItEI'ARTMKST Ot' THE IM'KHIitK qawtimi of fam power wonM do well to study this bulletin, alio " LiffhtinR Country llnnip* by Private Electric PInnts." by T. II. Aniriiio. niinoig. The following cost data hove all hcvn worked out on tho oonanmptio»- already st..toil. iinm.M.v. oiip-piRhth imporiiil jfulloii iht h.p. hour nt full loud. . . ^ ooit is taken aa TO cents per imperial KoHon — a fair nvemire price in the West. Tiie first table is adapted from a detaiU Tot.-il IiximI charKP iH) (Ja.irilonr p r.irly runninit I'vpi nx' '300 iliiys i ..........]].......... (141 Tiii:il yi nrly i xix ns.' l items 7 and 13) ... /I.'it 'I'litjil k.w. liimrM p<'r year I 'ii-t PIT k.» . hiiur. cents . '. '. . . . . . '. '. .[ '. '. . . '. '. . . U7i Ci»t per )i(>rs4--p4)wer hi iiir. rents tk.w. IOk.w. Mk.w. 1.400 2,aao 3.175 1 1..370 00 t I.92.'5 00 S 2,430 00 ■iO 00 2!> (Ml 30 00 1 . 3ilO 00 1,9.W 00 2,4«0 00 111 20 l.W 00 1<)6 80 41 70 .W .V) 73 HO 111 20 IM 00 i»a 80 10 370 10 M7 40 M M 2 SO s 00 IS IS IS 4H 5S 3 00 .1 no 8 20 000 00 1 . (WO (Ml 2.m 00 1. IIH (N) L',(I.V) 00 2,M27 00 15.000 00 .30.000 00 45,000 00 m 51 sil 5.;'„ It must !)(> borne in mind that the nhovo tipures can only bo approximate and that tlie co.st p<>r k.w. limir represents, n n l.-' thiit of manufacture; switching apparatus, wirinp, motors, lamp.s. machinery, etc., is absolutely excluded. These " gasolene-electric " sets are, according to the makers, intended to be used in direct connection with lighting and power circuits and not through a storage battery, though a storage battery can be used if desired. This, of course, means a particularly efficient governor control to insure a cinistiuit voltapc through wide varia- tions of load, if the sets are to be run without constant a'tentioii. The oil engine luis had a wide iiiiplieiition for niiiiiy years in (ireat Britain a.s well as the continent of Kurope. nian.v 1 to 2 h.\t. eiitjiiics beinj; in use for pumping diiinestH' water for eonntr.v lioiises ami farms. Tho coast defence stations were, many oi tliein. eiiiiipped with 1.") h.p. oil-intrines which drove the d.vnamos supplying the current for search-iii.'hts, tiiesi> oein;; but examples of a wide application. These fUKines were generally regulated i>y a "hit and miss" governor, the fuel valve is opened at the beginning of every admission stroke, or left closed, according as the speed is below, or above, normal; this method of r^ulation did not admit of such refine- ment as does the throttling governor which is now more generally used on all but the smallest sizes. Prices cannot be given accurateN-: trade discounts, freight, and many other con- siderations enter largely into their determination, not to mention the eonimercial rating of the individual customer, and liis accessibility. The oidy wa.v of obtaining an actitai net priee wn,.l.l !»> by ^^.tbinittihjj an aetuai rn,;,^^ itiuu and Vuniishii.K tho necessary refereiiee-^. It is tiiought, iiowever, th.it the c 's given below will be found to represent approximately the eo-t to tlii^ Westerner. Where eastern prices weie obtained a rough allowance has been niado for freight KKPOKT on KMALt WATKR PoWUM St The cct of gwolene engin« i" tlu- K,..t ..f fr..n, u t- W h p. varies from fTO to MO W^HhS; •acoiSiii. to manufacture and «i.e. the b.KRcr machme, being. Md «oal^il dMtrio Htt. Mid 1m» b««» wfMftod out from <»t« ooBTwwwiy by tiw OaaadiMi Oonorel Electric Convuiy. h.p. k.w ciMioa. (1) Siic o( I'ncinr (2) SiieodlyBumo (8) E»timmt«l c««t erwUnl in ( iilKHry (4) Deprwiatkm, lepain ami inUn.»t (20 ijur ct nt) (5) O Jkm ol (ael per bonr-power hour (•) CMt ol fufi per lO-honr day. . . . ^ a) Attendiinrc, oil. wiwtc iiml aupplies..... (8) D»Uy I'lpi'iiMv - (9) Ywirly runninn <'«p<'ns<' (300iUy>) (10) T<>t:il yrarly o»p4 iiM' i l ami 9) (U Ti)t:il Fiiirw-piiwir yc-nr- -r-^ (12) Co»t per h(ir>!<-pi>w< r lumr (IS) Codt per k.w. hour 4 3 IMOOj ! wi 40 I (Ml .1-0 mi m 00 • ! 4.S ' 720 00 144 00 sol 2 7.1 KIT, no »,«» m u.we oo 6 4.8 730 00 146 00 u W S 30 800 00 83A 00 IK. not) 00 6» Th..se coMs work out « trifle cheaper than thoM for the g„s„!..,„.. nn,l n.or,. th.n, o.-o p. r cent p^T h.p. hour cheaper for eoal-o.l ^^^^^X remembered, however, that thi. outfit i. n ohe.per "l^ uKr^ ii iU designed for vnrinbh. loads, could not fairly be expected to ho a. umform, in itt •otion. under extreme variations of load, as the more expensive ««. Tho .hove analyse, of cost assume a constant load for 10 hour, . d^. 800 d«. in theVoi On a farm, energy may be re.,uired at any hour between 6 a.m. and mid ^ffhf andtheload may vary from one-half h.p. to the max.n.um .apao.ty of the plant. „Ta ^O-Lw. glie electric^t. The fuel efficieno,- o any "'^cr set u... e. g^^^^^ old would hardly ho anv greater. Prohahly the mort satisfactory method of attack lrg^^prob':m; is to consider the power -^l^'--*' -^^J:!-!^^^^^^ i^^^^^ again we have to n»ko many assumptions based on comparatively little positive in """''The Electric Power Co.. Limited, of Belleville, has developed busin'i:!n7havrfu7nished the following notes: " F;'"^, ^^^^^T^*^" vary as to o'a.s of farming an.l tho n.otl.ods ol u..ng ol.M^tr o I«»lv For instance in localities where fruit-growing pro.l. .nunates, the farms should This company further states that oceupante of farms varying from 1..0 to .00 a. res are usually able to use from 2 to 4 h.p. to good advantage. The Ontario Ilvdro ele.-tric Power Commission's reports for 101. and l.tl.i tur nish viduabt Information, and on page 161 of the l^^J^^'j i^h: teHhS h;., -r un irivon This diagram shows energy used in trster and air heaters wnicn. tug^ d si^lble when power is furnished at -Jj* -"J^™*^ f"^ " ^^'^ ^ times, cannot be looked upon favouraMy when the electricity has to be privately generated. DBI'ARTMEIIT OF TKg ISTSRIOM ... ^„ I -i i 1 1 i Sai — 1 d -fj- N N 3 i c c i f c h — ■ ^\ il ? - -- 1 r « — < 1 C3 12 10 a 6 4 2 12 10 8 6 Time Typical Farm Load Diagram A4iapftd from Diagram on p 161 1 of Fifth Annual Report of the > ^Ontario Hyeparato engine. (4.) A frasolene-eleotric set could be purchased and run all the time, coal oil lamiis l oiiig iisod to save oNponse at very light loads. (.'>.) .\ pMon it kept as high as possible. MfVM* M MMAU WATM tOWKMa ( ■..K 1- .1-»M.. ..»-Wne wouM cot with WUng. f 2' *. engine would work nUut H hour, per d.y u.ing .p|m«iia»td)r J» " worth of KUHoU iu. iKf .I...V. IM> «•••"«" I" ' In •»• CaplUI lmr*«»«* Int.'rp»t tlepreclBtlon, «nd repnir* (»• P** ■'■ 1150 Runninc •«p«n»«i. tO c«nu iwr day for «JW •Mai Munwl CMt <*r PMTW • CMS IL-MMm. R. A. Lister and Compnny. Linuto for g hours, 17 for 6 CA.E III.-The ■»» firm hare fumiahod particulara of . "^^^ ^ Running cost (« hours per day •M«pt Aadayt). •• IntwMt at » par »«»»••••;•••• ••v^ ■*"■!'.'.*.*.*!! 12" Dqtreetatiw an« repairs, M pn eaw . _ $280 00 If the above allMw^me.., are Mitlieient. the eosts would bo very attractive, but if we aUow, a« in outfit U Case V (see below) about *:500 for gasolene and 20 per cent for fixed (jiaxfw we hare: — _ 1300 Dwrcdatlon. tataraat and repairs P"s=es that every operation shown in the diagram is per- tonned bv ele ■trieity. Imt aee„unt i. also taken of the faet that the battery and *rnamo Llv he used in parallel f. .n,,plv excessive power demand, or s.lo fil n,. --^J^^ ing; thu« a :!-b.,.. eM,nue i> in use the hatters wll ,,r..l,al,U .mv J h.p. . required enabling us to drive a 5-h.p. motor. Thus it will be seen that sueh a set ean look StS raximun. demands more readily than any other, or mxxM be supplied on ocoaaion: without a stora^re hull, ry the cn^mc d^d t" *" rSve^this Jower or a H«ci«l engine would have to be installed; with a storage bat- tery a 5-h.p. engine will be sufficient for all purpoaes. 34 DBPAKTMEST Or TUB lyTBniOB Also, for very light loads, the power can be given by the battery which work* more eflSciently at low discharge rates, the rnigine only being osed at or near its rated capacity- Two outfits are consider^ here and shoald he studied in conjunction with the load dinprani ftivon above. OhIIH a. — 'I'liis ia a 4-h.p. gasolene engine driving a 3-h.p. generator used in con- junction with a 62 chloride accumulator battoy as listed by the Electric Btorar v But- tery ("onipnny as No. 5t>63. This buttery discharfting at 110 volts will give: — SOampa. for 21 hours = lew. or 2.9» h.-p. 14 " 4J '• = 1.54 •' 2.0B •• It will require to charge it at 161 volts: — 14 amps. — 2.254 k.w. 10 •• = l.»l •• : : 3 h.-p, (maxlmun eharginv rata). 2.14 " (normal rats). If the cells are arranged for charging in parallel, a differ«it voltage, but an equi- valent quantity of power, will be required. The following table indicates the use of this outfit in handling the load: — Time. Farm Load. Knginc. Churge. DischarRe. 6 .30— 8 .00 Milking machine ami lights RunniuK. 8 OO— 9.00 'None 9.00—10.15 Grinder and i-utt«r. 10.30—12.30 Washing machine. . p. II). 12,30 1 :io 1 30- H Oi) 3 00— 3 30 3 30— 4 30 6 00— 6 .10 6..W 7 S() 7.30- 11 (K) Xono - jStopppd . . DritKKtK' iRunninK. Noni? .Stoppf'tl. . Buzz siiw Running. I.iiil.i^ Milking miK-liiiic anil liKhta I inhts. Slopped. N'onr . . 14 amps, 14 amp- hcmr.s None 10 umps, 20 amp- hours None. None. 134 amp-hours.. (4 amp6, 2 amp- hoars. 14 amps, 14 amp- hours. 4 amps, 14 amp- hoars. 30 amp-ho«n. Knj;im- runs SJ liours. Tims a 4-ii.p. cngiuo. in cmijun ,'tion with a .'J-k.w. dynuniD and battery will, by niniiins iiours, liandlc the normal daily load and give a total amount of 6-93 elec- trical hnrse-power for 2J hours, or No. S664. This battery discharging at 110 volts will give:— so ampr for 21 hour* - 3-30 k.w. or 4;« h P- ft » 41 •• = J.J1 •• »•«» hp- Charging at 161 volts tlie power required i«:— It ampa. = J.38 k.w. = 5 h.p. Considering the same loading conditions as before, we have:— Time. Farm Load. a-m. 6.30— 8.00. . MilkinK iimchine j unil linlits Charge. Discharge. 8.00— 9.00 None 9 00_10.15 Grinder ami cutti r ><>w 10.30— 12.30 Washing machine. Kunning Running 18 amps., 27 amp.- hours .\(>ni'. " 21 amps., 21 amp.- ^ hours. ... . 1 \ono 18 limps., 22 a iimp.- hours. 21 iimps., 42 iimp.- liours. N'""'' p.m. I .;iO :! Hr^'K 3.30— 4.30 Bum saw 6.00— S.30 iLights e 30_7.3e '"j^j^gh^'*'"" Stopped.. None 10 lUi'P - liours. " 21 amps. ! hours. « I4 amps. I hours. 7.30— U.OO ILights. U amps., hoars. . 4 amps., hours. l.')0 arop.- 21'0amp.- 2-0 amp.- , 14 '0 amp.' 14 '0 amp.- Engine run.. 4i h.,urs. ( hgc. >M amp.-h..urs. Di«l.. S8-5 amp.-hours. In this case a G-h.p. cngino. either gasolene or oil, in eonjunction ^/t;* «JJ*^- and battery will earrv the farm loud hy worliing 4i hours per day an. mH if :^mbYne with the battery to give 10 h.p. for 23 hours or 1. h.p. for 43 hours at the generator terminals. The following coate have been worked out for this outfit (1) for gasolene and (2) for coal oil : — (1) s h.p. gaso-en. epglB* 4J k w. dynamo erea-d at Calgary...... ♦ JJJ JJ Battery .in,l switchboard delivered and Installed "a litaf cost ot plant (exdualve of wiring, motor., etc.) interest, repairs and depreciation (20 ,f ""^ ' co^' o, gaso- aasolene per Morse-iiower, hourr^^lgal. at SOcents. cost ot ga u lene per 41-liour ilay ■ Attendarce. oil, waste, and auppliei Dally running coat Yearly running expense (300 dnyi) Total annual cost This ii nractically the same as for the smaller outfit; the capital costs are larger, but 2^uS«S^ «e we have a largely inc««ed m».n..m cap.- eity of plant 2,S20 90 694 «• 1 ei • <* 1 40 • 420 00 924 0« 38 DKl'.iRTMKXT Of THE lyTERIOR (2) 8 h.p. coal oil t ng ne. i tc | 730 00 Battery, switolibnanl. etc., as before 1.800 00 Capital coat of plant (excluiive of wirlne, motors, etc.) 2,5S0 OS Interest, repairs and depreciation (20 per cent) 506 00 Coal oil P'^r h.\< hour - }, gal. at 15 cents. Cost of coal oil per day (4J liours) 81 Attendance, oil, wa^te and supplies 39 Daily running cost , 1 20 Yearly runninK exiiense (300 days) 360 00 Total annual lost 866 00 T'uis is a ?aviiig of about .ftlO r .vcar on tho gasolene plant of the sam size, the (•list per k.w. hour is somewhat misleading as the lead-factor of the 4 h.p. 1 6-h.p. jilaiits arc dirtVn iit. Thi' actiMl wiirk doni" duriiijr the ila.v. shown in tin- dinKTarn is 18-h.p. hours, so tliat the load-factor for the 4-h.p. plant working 8J hours is IS -^34 or 53 per cent; while for the 6-h.p. plant working for 4J hours it is 18-4-27, or 67 per cent. The fiiirest wa.v is to consider the actual work done, in which i^ase this it 18 h.p. hours, or KU k.w. hours per day, and 4,0,50 k.w. hours per year, whence we have: — Cost per k.w. hour for 4-h.p. gasolene enftine and storage battery — 22 cents. " •• " «-h.p. '< •• '• •• = 22.8 cents. " " " 6-h.p. oil •• " " = 2t.4 cenU. With the outfits outlined above, an increase in use of current will reduce the co«t poT k.w. hour, as the overhead charges will not vary a great deal; while any deerasM in power used will have a contrary efTect. The load diagram upon which the above estimates are founded gives, I imagine, a greater load than the average: in the summer the lighting will be less; the milkinff load will be fairly constant all the year round but, in the season when work is being done in the fields, the use of saws, grinders, etc., will be materially reduced. The estimates given above are for the bare power-producing equipment: building for housing tho phiiit. all wiring, motors and cloctrical devices, being absolutdy excludod; those will increase the costs vcr.v materially. The Klictrii- I'owcr Conipan.v. Limited, of Belleville, states that "The cost of an installation covering a .'? h.p. contract varies considerably, depending largely on the extent to which the party wishes to use the current. A holder of the above-mentioned amount may use, at different intervals, the following: 2,000 watt electric range, toaster, electric iron, radiator (not water heater), vacuum cleaner, pressure pumping installa- tion, a general utility motor (1 h.p.) which can be used to operate the washing machine, churn, buffing machine, etc.; while at the bnm, n 3-h.p. motor can be connected to a countershaft and operate straw cutter, root pulper, milking machine, cream separator and wood saw. Together with the necessary wiring, this installation might cost $550. At the present time, it cannot he termed a representative installation as the usual investment will he approxiinati ly .f'J.'iO." Tiio fpicstion of the- power nccc>s;irv for silo-filling and thrc-hing is not quite settled. Mr. Purcdl, <]f the Ontiirio li.vdro-dcctrie Commission, has stated that a 5-h.p. motor will drive a small thresh(>r or silo-tiller, and that these will operate quite satisfactorily; whether these i^maller machines will ever become popular remains to be seen. The Electric Power Company, already referred to, state that " should small threshing outfits, which may be used at opportune time, and the carrier ensilage cutter replace the e outfit best suited 'o their needs and resources. I do not feel called upon to make an.v recommendations what is, largely, a theoretical study of the question. It is not clait that every alternative lias been looked into, nor that the figures given are accurate. 'I'hc assumptions have. <>{ necessity, been somewhat arbitrary- The data given have been ccllected with tircat care from all available sourc«>s and. it is thought, are free from any gross errors. An appendix is given containing a bibliography, and a collection of information ■s to power consumption on the farm. I have the honour to lx>, Sir, Your obedient servant, A. M. BEALE, Engineer. 'Recent figures supplied me by manufacturers place depreciation of batteries at 10 p«r cent and gasolene-electric sets at from 5 to 10 per cent according to hours of service. If con- tinuous service, of say 18 hours, is require(i, if no t)attery Is used, the engine will be running long hours and the depreciation will be hiRh and the gasolene consumption, owing: to the high proportion of light toad, will be InefTlcient. If a targ* storage battery is used the engine depreciation will be low ; but the Increased gasolene •fflclency will be counterbalanced by the electrical Inefficiency of the battery, also the 10 per cent depreciation on the expensive battery will amount to a considerable sum. The automatic set. It is claimed, avoids the above diaadvantagee, the engine dees not eperaU tor very lisht loads, while Of battery Is cheap and is Mily naed to tmHV a naati per- tlMi of the eoMvy used. 8o we have ircatw taadeia effidaBcqr and tower dapreeiatiea dtargm 38 UKl'ARTMKST OF Tilt: IXTEKIOR amjoffluraT. The followiiic list gtvM mbw of tlie loiuoei of inforaHitkm wt ww d to bgr tha writer : — Hydi o-Electric Power Commigglon of Ontario, Fifth Annual Report. Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario, Sixth Annual Report. E^rldlncc of Mesigra. Purcell and Espenschled before the Committee on ARrlcuUur* SBd C^OOt- latlon, Pai'liament of Canada, Session 1914. li' port on Projected Hydro-BUectric System for Manitoba, by H, A. Robeon, K.C. Bti'.lrttn No. St, Iew» Bute Colteca, Ames, Iowa. "Kleetrte Power eo Of Wtrm," hr AMi»^ Shnne. Bullet n No. -5. University of Illinois, Urbana, 111. " Lighting Country Homes by Private Elettric- Plants." T. H. Amrlne. Bullet n No. 146, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C, " Current Wbeeli — their u»e for lifting water for Irrigation." Bulletin No. 529, University of Wisconsin, MadiMn, Wla. " Theory and Teat of an Overshot W^iti-r Wheel." C. R. Weldner, C.E. " Electric'iy for the Farm and Home." By Frank Koester. " Wat' r Powrr for tlie Farm and Country Home. David R. Cooper, State Water Supply Com- mission, New Tork. Frequent referenci' is to be found ii. technical journals such as the Electrical Xi'irs ui,d the 2'raiisartion» of Electrical Societies. Many reputable manufacturinR firms have issued catalogues, pamphlets, bulletins or other advertising inatter, which contains much interesting information on one phase or another of the amall power qneirtion. Bgpoar on small watkm powkbs m ARimix. AMOUNT OF POWER CONSUMED BY FARM MACHINERY. Mr. Purcell, AssUtant Engineer Ontario Hydro-EUetrie Power Commiuvm i h-p. Will light fifteen 20 c.p., nine 82 c.p. or six 48 c.p. Tungsten lights. ■ jill supply energy for a pump of average lift, electric iron, waahing mMhine, coffee percolater, toaster, cream-separator, chum, buttermaker, gnndstone, cidwmill, fanning mill, etc., some cases more than one at a time. 1 h.p. The abwe, also small stove of firelees cooker type; some milking machines. lome circular saws, water heatrar for night load. 2 h.p. All above, any milking machine, most types of cutting box. 6-inch or 8-inch choppers of 10 bushels capacity per hour suitable for hones or cattle, oi 6 buibds for pigi. 5 h.p. Can do almost any operation required on the farm. " 8maU Water-power for the Farm and Country Home,"— David R. Cooper. 1 h.p. Will pump an water from a wdl of ordinary depth for ordinary farm-housa and building requirements. 3 h.p. Converts 6,000 pounds milk per day into cheese. 5 h.p Grin* 25 to 40 bushcOa feed per hour, grinds 10 to 12 bushels ear^m per hour. drivoa 80-inch circular «aw cutting 50 to 76 cords atovewood from hard oak in ten hours. 6 h.p Will drive grain separator and thresh 2,500 bushels of oats in ten he ■ will run a feed-mill grinding 20 bushels corn an hour, runs heavy apple grater, grinding and pressing 200 to 250 bushds per tour, saws all the wood four men can pile in cords. 7 h.D Drives an 18-inch separator, burr-miH and com and cob crusher and com aheller grinding from 12 to 16 buriieb of feed per hour and 8 to 8 buahda of good fine meal. 10 h.p. Will run 16-inch ensilage cutter and blower* and elevate ti» enailage into a ■ilo 30 feet high at the rate of 7 tons per hour. 12 h.p. Win drive a 60-ineh einmlar »aw, aawing 4,000 feet of oak or 6,000 feet of a day. *• BUetrieit^ for the Farm and fTome."— Frank Koeater. All costs are figured for power at 5 cents per k-w.h. l^chinwy United States, and to these must be added freight and duty. Power nqfuni for farm maduaajr 108-104):— 6 IL-P. Cnr B^r" V.V.V.V.V.V.V Jjj^P; 225;^^ 5 to 25 h.-p. KMngmxor lto26h.-p. Pump •Mr. Purc«ll conilders blower outnu prodigal of power, aad eMvstor. 40 DEPARTilEXT OF TBB ISTKKIOB Hay press (ISO-pound bales) — 14-lnoh by 18-lnch bale chamber; capacity 12 ton» per day, J h.-p. 10 •• IS •• •• ■■ 14 ■• * .. o, .. .. •• le " « " Feed grinder — 8-inch large or sroaU : capacity 8 bushels per hour. 4 h.p. jg .. .. « •• |« •• " 10 •• 10 .. H « " IS " •■ « " 10 « « - " SO " " 15 " Htuker — 6 roll; capacity, all th.-xt one m:m c:iii carry ?| •t^o6 " " 30Uto 400 bushels per hour 1* 4 " " ITS to 260 " " • " 2 •• " 100 to 200 " " . . * Combination chum and buttermaker — Capacity, SO caUons ] lOP " ' •i 200 " . too " ^ Pasteurizer — 600 ralloiM • ■ • ■ • • • • • * ^ '^ Cream separator — 3r,n gallons of milk per hour } ■■ ;; ;: • f .. 6:,o " " " ' „ •• :: :; i « 1,000 " •' " * Pumping 1,000 gnlloiis per day elevated 35 feet, $18.25 for energy. Thn'>:hiii;i SO to 200 bushels per 10 hours (threshing, cleaning and sacking) 8 to k.w.; 100 to 240 hiishols per 10 hours (threshing, cleaning and sackins;) 6 to 7 i<.w. ; ;;00 to bi)0 bushels per 10 hours (threshing, cleaning and sacking) 10 to 20 kw. The energy reiiuired per 100 bu=liels is: rye, 25 k.w.h.; wheat, 22 k.w.h.; oati, 19 k.\v.li. ; barley, 21 k.w.h., or an average of 11 cents per bushel. Fodder cutters, 1 to 2 kp. use Vso k.w.h. per 100 pounds; 10 head of cattle conaume 60,000 pounds of out beet, eta, per annom, enetgjr costing 50 cents per head. Uil-cake breaken, ten head use 9,000 pounds pat annum, oiergy costing 26 cents per head. Urain cnuher. tm head use 9,000 pounds per annum, energy cMting 27 cents per head. Cream separating and churning, ten cows give 30,000 quarts per year costing 11.50 for aiogy. Vacuum clemen, i h.p. machine costs $125; one woman working 260 hours cleans «08 000 square feet costing W8.19 yer year (interest, depreciation, labour, energy) ; 3 h p' machine costs $1,366, cleans 2,500 square feet in 1 hour 53 minutes, woAuig 166 hours per annum cleans 260,000 square feet at 91 cents per 100 square feet or «M8 p« year (interest, depreciation, labour, energy, etc.). Walking machine, 1 h.p., coste $16P complete, 260 hours per year, 780 washes, $36.41 in an. Horse qroomer. costs $76, 1 h.p. motor cleans four horses in 36 minutes, one man woricing 328J hours per year can do 2,190 groomings at $72.93 or 31 cents per grooming. KBPOKT O.V MMAU WATKB POWSM 41 Separator and chum, li h.p. motor, 1S3 hours per year, 237,900 pounds milk Bt 188, or 8.7 cento per 100 pouods; butter churn, O S onita p«r pound. i sage machine grinder costs $71, cnpacity 750 pounds rer hour, 4 h.p. motor lostiii! 145. Eighty hours )ier vcar, 0O,O(K) pounds at $60 or, 1 cent per pound. Stu T costs $220, 116 pounds per hour with two operator*, 617 houit per year for 60,000 pounds, or O-ST cents per pound. Hay hoist, 10 h.p., $163; rigging, $106; 2,460 pounds placed in thirteen minutes, or Bi eeatt per ton for power, and 10 cento for labour. Root euHef, 6 tons turnips per hour cost' $26.30 ; 2 h.p. motor, costing $86, in 52 hours cuts 800 tons beets and turnips at $3S.tf4 or 11 •» cento per ton. MilUna, S5 h-p. m<>t•* lOO.S Waoea per acre for thrs* men tn cMts.............. SO t4.> Total cost of idoustilna per acre in cants TT.* t*-i ltM-1 Average speed of 80 to 120 h.p. plough with four shares for 9 inch furrows, includ- ing time lost in tilting at end of furrows, is 315 feet per minute (about 3} miles per hour). Tree cutting, by hot wire (this wire is heated by the friction) : — Diameter of Scotch flr. Inches 7.6 12 19.2 Wnutes for hand sawlas 1-5 * 12 bot-wte* eutuaa 7 i-s 4-5 DIaraetar of beech, tnehea 7-6 12 19-2 10 Minutss tor hand sawins M <•* !>•* ~ hot-wire euttlrc l-s »-5 »0.J Stoam saws may b« even fastnr than hot wire on very big trees, but require four men and a team of horses, besides leaving a stump, whereas by the hot-wire method treea ean be cut even bek>w ground. General Electric Company's Bulletin. Household Uses.— One cent's worth of electricity at 10 cento per kilowatt-hour win operate :— A 16 o.p. Tungsten lamp for five hours. Alt ahetria vaslMr, eapacity 12 sheets, long muM^ to wwdi SO diaeta. A toaster to produoe 10 slices of toaat. A IS-indi fan for two hours. A kestiiig pad from two to four houn. A chafing didi twelve minutes. DKFAKTMgST OF THE IXTBRIOK A water heater to bring 1 qont w«t«r to WL A griddle eight minutes. A radiant grill for ten minutes. A 4-inch disk stove for twdT* minutes. A 6-p^nnd flat iwn «fte«i nJimtes. A vacuum desner long enoug to desn 460 square A pump to raise 100 gallons oi water 100 feet A sewing machine for two hours. A coffee percolator to produce '■ cups of eofbe. A domestic buffer and grinder tot U hours. A foot warmer i hour. A broiler six minutes. An electric curling iron once r dny for two we«a Siss or Monoas. MscUm. HOBMkWWSa OV MOTM. Hintmum. Maximaro. SUe most cnnimonly used. I '/« ','« 4 toj toll 5- 3» ! 1 Dairy twes.— One cent's worth of electricity at 10 omts per k.w. hour will separate 701 p ,umls milk, will churn 10 pounds butter, or milk fire cows if maiAine is caP*^ of milking sixteen cows at a time. This buUetin gives in aU sinna twenty ma for electricity in the dairy, socb aa bottle-washing, partooriainfe *& 3sn Of ICoffOM* Machine. noasa-fowaa ot mmm. Minimum. Uaxironm. Site most commonly aaad. riiurn 1 > 5 i 3 3 10 3 1 3 t General Farwi I7«e*.— With current at 10 cents per k.w. hour, 0.7 cents will thresh a bushel of oats. 1 cent a bushel of barley, and 1.6 cents one of wheat ; root-cuttiuK will cost 1.6 cents a ton ; $1.10 will pay for the current for a 60-egaf incubator hatchintc and $1.60 for a S60-egg incubator. The following are the costs per bushel tor grinding:— « Com on the cob, 4.1 cents; oats, 3.7 cents; cmahing 1 1 3 1 3 1 3 2 10 30 25 20 18 SO II 15 5 10 3 2 IS S 10 4 10 10 BiM mo(t eommoaly 5 15 IS to 20 U u 40 1 U s s s t » 3 5 2 71 S IfuT of ^ values given for minimum horse-power exceed 5 h.p. ; probably, now- ever.^iiBM urnng not more than 5 h.p. can and will be built if there is a demand fori CLASSiriED LISTS OF KBPORTS ^"'th^^;,!' 7"""^"' <'y Dominion Waitr Power Branch with the e,<,ption of the Annual Report*. ti4v* b*«n c*l»^:^^:i;>^^,^f; "^^"h".^:°^."y^,l^':,rrR a sL^aT^e^A-^ "VhiM^"'-^ ^"•-"'^ WATER RESOURCES PAPER No ' Engineer. Published 1915. and Saskatchewan by C H AttJoo7oTT o "I^^"'-*"- "o"'" «" Alborta ..atchewan Power Su'rveys"' I "rorse°oJ-p^;p'^:,.::i„^„"^'"**^ WATER RESOURCES PAPER No, 16._VVater Powers of e.n.H. a Pe cw^^l H M,ul,Hl°p*r''v'=°"'""'''« Encj.nee, to the V.in.ouver Power Co Power Con,mls.ion Pub^shed I9ll ^"8"'««'-- Nova Scotia Wattr