IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) A -.*' 1.0 1.1 iw 12.0 us ■a IL25 IH 1.4 I m II 1.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation w •SJ r\ <^ V 23 WIST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MSEO (716)872-4S03 CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHIVI/iCIVIH Collection de microfiches. Canadian tnstituta for Historical Microraproductlons / ln»tltut Canadian da microraproductions historiquaa • ■ . Technical and Bibliographic Notaa/Notaa techniquas at bibliographiquaa Tha inttituta haa anamptad to obtain tha baat original copy availabia for filming. Faaturaa of this copy which may ba bibliographically uniqua. which may altar any of tha imagaa in tha raproduction. or which may aignificantly changa tha usual mathod of filming, ara chackad balow. EColourad covara/ Couvartura da coulaur nn Covara damagad/ D D D D Couvartura endommagia %-'^^: Covara raatorad and/or laminatad/ Couvartura raatauria at/ou paliiculia □ Covar titia miaaing/ La titra da couvartura manqua r~n Colourad mapa/ Cartaa gtegraphiquaa an coulaur Colourad ink (i.a. othar than blua or black)/ Encra da coulaur (i.a. autra qua blaua ou noira) rn Colourad piataa and/or illuatrationa/ D Planchaa at/ou illuatrationa m* coulaur Bound with othar matarial/ RaliA avac d'autraa documanta Tight binding may causa shadows or distortion along intarior margin/ La r« liura sarria paut causar da I'ombra ou da la diatoraion la long da la marga intiriaura Blank laavas addad during rastoratlon may appaar within tha taxt. Whanavar possibla. thasa hava baan omittad from filming/ II sa paut qua cartainaa pagaa blanchaa ajoutiaa lors d'una rastauration apparaiaaant dana la taxta, mala, lorsqua cala itait possibla, caa pagaa n'ont paa «t« filmias. Additional commants:/ Commantalras supplAmantairas: ^;i^r;.: L'Institut a microfilm* la maillaur axamplaira qu'il lui a *t4 possibla da sa procurar. Las details da cat axamplaira qui sont paut-Atra uniquas du point d« vv!« bibliographiqua. qui pauvant modif iar una imaga rapro(}u>t«, ou qui pauvant axigar una modification dana la mit^tf^ie normala da filmaga sont indiquAs ci-dassous. rn Colourad pagas/ D D Pagaa da coulaur Pagaa damagad/ Pagaa andommagias Pagas raatorad and/oi Pagas raataurAas at/ou palliculias Pagaa diacolourad. stainad or foxad/ Pagas dicolorias, tachatias ou piquies Pagas datachad/ Pagas dAtachAas Showthrough/ Transparanca Quality of prir Qualiti InAgala da I'imprassion Includas supplamantary matarii Comprand du matirial supplAmantaira nn Pagaa damagad/ r~~| Pagas raatorad and/or laminatad/ |~n Pagas datachad/ r~p\ Showthrough/ |~~| Quality of print varias/ |~~| Includas supplamantary matarial/ Only adition availabia/ Saula Mition disponibia Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Lea pagas totalamert ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, una pelure, etc., ont AtA filmies A nouveau da fa^on A obtanir la mailleure imaga poasibla. Thia item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est film* au taux da riduction indiquA ci-dassous. 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X 30X y 12X 16X aox 24X 28X 32X I Itails I du lodifisr r una mage Th« copy filmed bM has b««n rcnroduecd thanks to tha flanaroaity of: N«w Brunswick MuMum Saint John Tha imagaa appaarlng hara ara tha baat quality poaaibia eonaidaring tha condition and lagibiiity of tha originai copy and in kaaping with tha fiiming contract spacif icationa. L'axamp^aira fiim* fut raproduit grica i ia ginAroaiti da: Naw Bruniwick Musaum Saint John i.aa imagaa auh^antaa ont 4ti raproduitaa avac ia piua grand aoin, compta tanu da ia condition at da ia nattati da i'axampiaira fiimA, at it eonformit* avac iaa conditiona du contrat da flimaga. Originai copiaa in printad papar covara ara fllmad beginning with ttia front eovar and anding on tha laat paga with a printad or iiiuatratad impraa- tion, or tha back covar whan appropriato. Ail otitar original copiaa ara fiimad Itaginning on tha firat paga wKh a printad or iiiuatratad impraa- •ion, and anding on ttia iaat paga with a printad or iiiuatratad impraaaion. -^' Tha iaat racordad frama on aach microficha shall contain tha symbol —^ (moaning "CON< TINUEO"). or tha aymboi V (moaning "END"), whichavar appliaa. Laa axamplairaa originaux dont ia couvartura an papiar aat imprim4a sont filmte an commandant par ia pramiar plat at an tarminant aoit par ia damiira paga qui comporta una ampralnta d'impraaaion ou dllluatration, soit par la sacond plat, aalon la caa. Tous laa autraa axamplairaa originaux aont film4a mi commandant par la pramMra paga qui comporta una ampralnta dimpraaaion ou d'iiiustration at •» tarminant par la darnlAra paga qui comporta una talla ampralnta. Un daa aymbolaa auivanta apparattra sur la damlAra imaga da chaqua microficha, salon la I caa: la symbdo — »• signlfia "A SUiVRE". ia ' aymbola ▼ signlfia "FIN". ■.h :■'■■ ■• rrata :o nelure. J 32X Mapa. plataa, charta, ate, may ba fiimad at diffarant raduction ratios. Thoaa too larga to ba antiraiy included in ona axpoaura ara fiimad beginning in the upper left hend comer, left to right and top to bottom, aa many framea aa required. The following diegrama iiluatrata the method: 12 3 Lm cartea, planchaa, tableaux, etc.. peuvent Atre filmte A dee taux da rMuction diff Arents. Loraque la document eat trap grand pour Atre reproiduit en un aaui ciichA, il eat filmA A partir da I'angle supArieur geuche. do gauche A droite. et do heut en baa. an prenent ie nombre d'imegea nAcaeaaire. Lee diegrammea sulvants illustrant ia mAthode. 1 2 3 4 S 6 EXTRACTS or -,,f ■ ,(• LECTURES ON POLITICAL ECONOMY, ■S^tr Y'^'.'rXl W DELIVERED DDRINa THB IN THB HALL OF THE MECHANICS' INSTITUTE i*' ■-': ^Vvi?*'\' "V ', ■ si^HHiF s,i^\ ■-;,'■. -■■',-< '.:■ 184 5» -; ■r\'-.;;E'^rf.*i,;'n^ '.|.vi' BXVBACT8 or LSCTURE8 OH POLITICAL ECONOHY. P%9t portiQii of tbfl lUetiuM w^ieh u^.npt eompriMd in W» Bniylieatipp wtf de4iml«d to • firrvy of the bittorj of tbt leioiiee, aad tbe aaalyaii of ibe worika of itli 1mAb| ^xponlon.] -' O.0|t object u not lo orach to give a detailed history of al| that political economy ^aa done in the present* or a minute spe- cification tii all the features it exhibits in the past, as to bring some of its principjes^o bear upon our own circumstan- ces. This Province possesses many advantages which mark it out as a sphere that may yet afibrd an arena for important events. It lies within propitious parallels of latitude, — it en- Joys a salubrious and pleasant climate^ — ^it stsmds in close con- nexion with a continent of almost boundless extent,-^it pos- sesses many harbours exceedingly commodious aj*.i safe, — it is permeated by more than one river that is navigac;^ dong fi considerable extent of it8.coui|ie,r-the sixe and exceLence of its tirobbr prove the future capabilities of the soil. Scientific men assure us that it w rich in no ordinary degree in the most valuable a^iner^il prpducts,'^marl, lime, coal, iron and lead. It is peopled by races of industrious habits and enter- prising character, and it is being settled at an era of the world when the intellect of manhind, more than at any previous pe- riod, maniffpts a disposition to rapid and vigourous progress. These are gre^ advantages. It seems to be a matter of much moment that they should be improved. It appears to be a subject calculated to evoke the wannest aspirations of the in- habitants of this Province, that Uiese auspicious peculiarities \x^ ahould be fostered by moral, civil and economical institutions, the best adapted to develope them. We propose to submit to your attention some of those principles which we esteem suited to promote the welfare of this fine country. The first topic which we advert to is "t .-r INSTITUTIONS OF RELIGION. This qnestion, as we intend to look at it, falls directly with- in the pale of economical science. The relation: which reli- gion should hold, in reference to the political arrangements of a country, is atopic which every citizen is entitled to discuss, and which is ^ to be brought before any audience within the bounds of that country. The subject resolves itself into the simple questions — is it right and expedient that the state should give its support to one particular mode of doctrine, or should it leave the matter to the unbiassed exercise of the private udgment of its subjects 1 We are distinctly opposed to the connection between Church and State. We are decided In our belief that the truest interejsts of a country will be best pro- moted by allowing its citizens to erect those instittitions which appear to them most in harmony with their peculiar bfirinions. We deprecate the notion that the state shduld introrott in any circumstances except when particular opinions conduct neces- sarily and evidently to practices incompatible with public safety and order. In making this statement we do not so much design to refer to the past, as to the present and the future. We do not concern ourselves with the past history of ecclesiastical institutions ; our object rather is to define what they should be in the time to come. It may be a true allega- tion, that in other lands and in other times, establishments have been productive of good, or at the best, have not led to great practical evils. But this admission, even were we to make it, would not warrant the conclusion that therefore they' should be perpetuated in all countries and in every time. Institutions are, in most instances, questions of time and place. What may suit one period will not suit another. Swaddling bands are proper and necessary to the child — they would be an in- cumbrance to the full-grown man. It may be that at an early period in the history of out religion, the countenance of civil p9wer did something to prop it up. But the question before titations, submit to ivn suited irst topic :tly with- bicb reli- ements of [> discuss, nthio the r into the ite should or should e private ed to the ecided In i best pro- )ns which opinions. lit in any ict neces- public I not so and the listory of ine what e allega- nts have to great make it, should itntions What bands e an in- n early of civil before V us is not ofie of antiquity, bnt of present use. It is just this : IVonld it be politic and right to introduce the enactments of old countries and past times into this young settlement,-- wonld the civil and religions interests of the people of this Pro- vince be furthered by a preference given by the Stite to one or more of the creeds which prevail among themT We reply to this question with a distinct negative. To introduce a State religion into this Province, would materially prejudice its interests. Such a measure wontd go to per^tuate the fal- lacious opinion that It. is competent to thef State to take (honey from the whole comitiunity, and to iapprdprtate' it id'ithe ad^ vancement of a set of opinions #hlcfa are held only by a few. It would provoke bitter enmity in tbJe bosioins of those who did not attach tbemselves to the creed which w'air t'^bs fiivottred, and so provisibn would b6 made by which one forfhibf Christi- anity would be regarded as an object of ddlundl and envy — it cons^qnence mpst sincerely to be deprecated. It would fur- nish a system of mechanism by which a government might at- tain the most unjust objects, by securing for them the support of sarcedotal agents. It would create a rallying-point, around which a petty aristocracy might congregate, who, aided by the combined intfuence of Church and State, would infeet Man- ners, poison morals, and obstruct the free action of the pro- gress of improvement. It would assist in giving existence to a class of men, who, under the guise of the ministers of Christ, might be concealed partizans of the State in every controversy between it and the people. It would give countenance to the egregious fallacy which has been so often advocated and so mucfi acted on, that true religion needs to lean upon an arm of flesh. It would give bir^b, in this fair land, to that melan- choly jumble which so frequently presents itself to the view in other countries, where the sembkncle of religion in the State, and the reality of politics and intrigue in the Church, arouse such malignant feelings in the masses, and induce so many of the thinking class to believe that religion itself must be only a solemn farce. If this country, favoured in so many respects, is to advance with desirable rapidity in genuine piety, in knowledge, in liberty and in wealth, its legislators, we believe, must arrive at well-defined ideas on this fundamental topic. — \/ They must proceed on the notion that the time has gone past, wh?Ji it was competent for the government to impose its pecu- / liar dogmat upon the commnnity, and to interweave tbeip with the atracture of the conatitution. They ahould endeavour to thinit atleaat aa well of the power of religion, aa they do of th^ power of other aectiona of the community. If agriculture, trade, manufactnrea, medicine and law can run their courae i|nd proaper without the patronage of government, it ^oqld be im- preaaed upon their mmda that there ia even leu ne«d for intra- mieaion ia behalf of that ayatem of trutha, whieh ^re «o invul* ■erable ia tbemaelvea, ao fenced by Providence, ao aeconded by propheay, and in regard to which we have aaanrancea a? many ancf ao loud, that the gvtea of hell ahall not prtBvpiil againat them. We consider that the recognition of this prroportlon in Eng- le highest [e spheretf |»f civllixa- Ig .of this [eqnlsitesi tt of 9iM- Kly. Att efBcient meahs toward this end wonld tee m to be a modtrate tax ttpM property. With a view to controul the affaini of education, in addition to local trustees, it wonld appear ad- visable that a uniral board should be appointed — and that this board might exercise a proper degree of influence, it should consist of a considerable number of persons, — they should boi men of acknowledged integrity and talent,— and every care shotild b^ taken thai the persons nominated should be such as the general feeling of the eommnnity pointed out as the most proper for the ofllce. Something of this sort has been at- tempted in Nova-Scotia, and, we believe, has been followed by the best results. If anything of the kind exists in this Pro^ vinde, it must have the faculty of hiding itself, for we bate not heard or seen any symptoms of its presence. As one means toward a ebuntry possessing a good system of goiural instmc* tion,, it appears necessary that it should have a good method of coXUgiatt education. The teachers who are to convey in- struction into each class and district, should be formed, or at the leiist, should ireceive some tinge from the University. The ikUeMpte which h4ve hiAerto been made in these two Provin- ces to attain this object, have not been attended with signal riutcess. 8iz institutions, claiming to be considered colleges, distract the attention, aiid fritter aWay the resources of these Colonies. In other words, two poor new countries, with a straggling population, of which only a very trifling proportion can devote itself to literary pursuits, support a grater num» ber of collegiate foundations than Ireland with its eight mU- lions, or than Scotland with its population of three millions. "iThe feelings of sect and party have surely been more consult- ed in such regulations, than the interests of science. The sums annually granted to these different institutions, coHected into one fund, would furnish an amount quite sufficient to en- dow one excellent college with a board of from twelve to twenty learned professors. At present the bursaries being in SOlne cases more numerous than the pupils who attend, it is inotorions that these endowments, originally destined for poor scholars, have been applied to enable the sons of tM gentry to defray their expences, in creating a politics) interest for the college, and in bribing persons to attach themselves to the CThtirCh of England. If this Province desires to escape from this barrow and pernicioui inflaence of & smftll junto, if i» wishes rtv int|rod«ce within its bounds men of high talents and larg« acquirements, if it hopes to secure for the rising gene- ration the benefits of a broad system of collegiate instrucifon, one of the first objects to which its legislators will apply themselves, will be, to procure, an University worthy of the name. Such an establishment, while all its regulations should be imbued with the spirit of genuine Christianity, should be free from the hue of any particular sect. Its direct object should he to initiate the youth in the knowledge of Hie arts and sciences, not to train (hem' up to be the partisans of an exclusive set; of opinions. In anything that has been done as yi^.t in thjs Proviucei the interests of the upper class have been chie^;i^ consulted, — those of; the community in general cannot be said, to jbave been rt^pr^sentecl. This has been owing partly, lov the position of the collegiate establlshnoent to which we refer<—p9rtly to the narrowness of the constitution which bejong^ to it These circumstances might eventually be al- tered b^ changing the site of the institution, — at all events by impartii)^ to it a more liberal character, and by applying to it (lue ^pctrine that a coUe^^ which is paid out of the genc^ral purs^ of jdie c(Hiutry, should represent all the sects, or, wbai would be ! inueh better, should represent none. A college, strong 4|i science, strong in literature, and uncontaminated by the poHatioi;! of a.seqt, would gre^atly promote, not merely the intellect bttt the moral character of this country. Another re? gulation, that would lead to beneficial results^ would be the erection of one or morf Normal schools. In this brancb, also, the influence of sect should be carefully guarded against. The teacher of such a school, in order tp efiect real good, should be. something more than the mere tool of some coterie of small re- ligion. He tfhould, if possible, be a man who could give a tone to things, rather than one who would take his cue from the field-marehal of a sect, with his bevy of female adjutants. — The influence of one good training-school would be felt exten- sively, and almost immediately, throughout the Province. — In the course of one or two years it would be able to supply well- disciplined teachers to most of the principal stations. In a pe- riod of Orom five to ten years, every part of the country would distinctly feel its beneficisJ influence. The cost would be tri- fling when compared with the advantages. A salary to the principal would be the chief item io the expense, and this even talents s^nct ising gene- instracifon, will apply rthy of the ions should , should be irect object of the arts tisans of an een done as } have been eral cannot >een owing nt to which ition which, ually be al- II events by iplying to it the general ts, or, wb^ A collegf.^, minated by merely the Ajtiother re- »uld be the ranch, also* un9t. The shoald be Df small re- uld give a s cue from djutants. — felt exteu- vince. — In ipply well- In a pe- ltry would uld be tri- ary to the d this even would be in some degree compensated by the fees accruing from tb^ number of pupils, who might be expected to repair to such an academy. With a tax levied for educational purposes, •— with an euliirhtened central board of instruction, — with a collegiate establishment reared upon a broad basis, — with a Noniial' (School vigourously conducted, this Province, within a period of frdm ten to twenty years, might be placed upon vL footing that might enable it to brook a comparison with any portion of the old or of the new world. To produce this result, it would scarcely be necessary that larger sums or greater ef- forts than are now devoted to the purposes of education, should be appropriated. The object might be accomplished on the present ratio of expenditure and effort, provided only that they were placed under skilful and vigourous direction. We now proceed to^ |braw out a^few remarks in regard to AimcttfiL^riTBE. 0: It stands first anfiong the material elements which enter into the prosperity of a nation, AH the other sources of wealth are finally tr&ceafole up to this fountain. In the language of Holy Writr— "The profit of the earth is for all: the King himself is ( the name of long kai],~^he distinctive badge of the land, the sonsy Scotch thistle^ flourished in almost undisputed luxuri- ance, — and in the Northern parts of the country, the mode of tillage appealed even -more loudly to the feel- ings of the picturesque and the ludicrous. A steady attention given to agriculture, changed the aspect of things ivithin a period of less than half a century. The new era m Sk^dttish agriculture dates from the institution of the Highland Society, an event which took place soon after the rebellion, ia 1745. ' By this association, agriculture connected itsetf with the rankj the wealth and the talent of Britain. A series of use- M practical works, beginning with Kames* Gentleman Fanff- -er, was published, — annual and quarterly meetings were hdd, —•a professorship of agriculture was instituted, — communica- tions were formed with foreign countries, — seeds, plants and trees were imported,~>stad8tical accounts were drawn up,— - numerous prices were appointed,-*-cheini8try was invited to apply its analytic processes to the investigation of soils and manures, — periodicals were published, and these and ether means were so sueeessfully employed, that in spite of a terri- tory of inferior average fertility, and notwithstanding a cli- mate which has been described as a steady alternation of Irain 11 ipwards of \g tferoogb S partly by At this pe* led at very >akl obtain kI, sii^ai indiiMnffi* nway larg^ lesoripcion coiisidera-* It the time ad was nn' original fe* ipply their !ak surface moors and epartment, twa by the t land, the ited laxuri- intry, the the feel- steady of things lew era m Highland >ellion, in itsetf-with iesofnso- an F«mv- vere hdd, mmunica- ants and wn ap,— - nvited to soils and nd other >f a terri- ng a cH- n of-k'ain and snow, 8 vand has for the last thirty years been reputed to be the bee. iled country in the world. It is possible, with<- out an undue stretch of fancy, to conceive a progress even more rapid, and a result even more splendid, in regard to this country. Settled at a period when the theory of agriculture hefpsBM to be well understood, when the tools and apparatus are so much better suited to their purposes than formerly,-* possessing such large tracts of excellent alluvial soil along the banks of the riverSt^^Hiuch wide regions of good interval and upland, widi so much flat country for the production of grain, and so mueh high ground for grazing, why should not New- Brunswick spring rapidly forward into a rich sfbd fertile eoutti- tryi The great objection which is usually alleged-r-the shorts taess of the summer aind the sererity of the winter-*^s more ap* partot than solid. If the summer is short, it is warm, and du- ring its continuance, enough of heat is given out to ripen the ordinary grains. Besides, past experience shews that in the aettkment of new countries, similar objections have been brought forward, and have aflerwards been shf wn to be fiitile. When Gsesar conquered France and Germany, he stated these countries were scarcely habitable because of the snow and frost. He declared that the vine dnd other fruit-trees of Italy were unknown, and could not endure the rigour of so severe a climate. The same opinions have been formed in regard to .other countries, and have been shewn to be equally fallacious. The removal <^ the timber, draining of morasses, and the cultivation of the soil, will decrease the quantity of moisture, ^diminish the size of the rivers, and abate the intensity and length of the winter. New manures, and improved modes of tillage will shorten the period necessary for vegetation. These tne^odfl combined will probably do much to remove the only atrong objection that has been advanced to the rendering of this Province a favourable sphere for agricultural operations. The most efficient means which a community can employ to «tiraalate the industry of its rural population, is to supply a good market for its produce. This means, of course, is depend- ent upon the degree of perseverance and skill which is exhibit- ed in pursuing the eth» trades and employments, and on the amount of capital which is thereby amassed. In addition to this most obvious means* the following methods are competent to the tliinking men of a country, and their adoption in other IPPPPWJPW^^Pfwp IS I ! .1 ; ■ I !i;l cdoiitries has been ii vid We now advance a few ri^marks in relation to " TRADE. As the general subject is much too wide for our limits, we confine our attention to two topics, — the one is the question, whether trade should be free, or hampered #ith restrictions, — the other is, whether credit should enter into the transactions of a system of commerce conducted oii healthy principles. In regard to the former of these topics, the following state- ments may be made : — The theory of trade, as admitted by all expositors, is this, that its advantage consists in this fact, that one district or country is enabled to procure the products of another district or country, at a less price than it can produce or fabricate them for itself. Viewed in this light, it is a branch of the great subject of the division of labour. By this means, a country whose climate does not adapt it for the production of wine, sugar or coffee, can receive these commodities from another region, which possesses natural facilities for creating these objects. By this means a country which does not pos- sess certain sorts of timber or minerals, can obtain them at the lowest prices, from another country which contains these articles in abundance. By this means, a countryt m m Id n associa* leeds,'— to ery effici- D agricul- luced into the happi- rofessor of trions dit- dressed to ns. It re* the cottTse ^ a degree e districts aber; this iimitedpe- >t< to allow ng means r failure of limits, we question, ictions, — usactiotts iples. |ing state- ed by all fact, that ducts of produce a branch ^s means, taction [ti^s from 1 creating not pos- [in them Icontains [country, wbkh, from "its dimate, position, or the peculiar charac- ter of its citiliMtion, is not able wd produce certain ma- nufactures, or cannot do so to advantage, is enlabted to procurie them at the lowest rate from another country, which is exactly suited to fabricate such articles, with the greatest pos- sible ease. It is obvious that th's is just the case of division of labour, which we see exhibited within the bounds of one country; district, or workshop. We 'canuot contemplate this circumstance, nor observe the diversities of climate, situaticm and civilization, out of which it springs, withont being led to the conclusion that the hand of providence is plainly to be seeik in the arraingement The simple question before us, is this :--^€{kottld nv^n interfere with this plan^-is ili right or politic in tkem^ to restrict Ujiis natural adjustment of things 1— We willingly admit, that a country may throw itself out of the condition in which it cani avail itself of what seems to be the order of nature. It may bring itself into a condition so highly artificial, that a sound theory has no bearing upon its actual state.' Or it may be so closely connected with other countries that are in this artificial state, that, owing to such relation, it cannot profit by the true theory. Thus a country may involve itself so deeply in debt, by a series of improper transactions, that it cannot avail itself of free trade, because it looks to the duties accruing from restrictions, to pdy the imerest or princi- pal of its debt. Or, again, a state, from a jealousy of some other power, may consider that it is for its advantage to irppose duties upon all goods which it receives from that quarter. Or, again, a country may be under the ascendancy of a powerful class, which, having interests separate from those of the gene- ral community, so a4jnsts the imposts, as to promote its own objects, to the exclusion of a regard for sound theory, or an '" attention to the good of the whole. Or, again, a country may have connected with it anflmber of young colonies, and may consider it to be for their mutual benefit to give a preferende in its markets to the produce of the" colonies, and to claim in their markets a similar privilege for its own commodities. It is easy for a country to place itself in any of these circum- stances, and, by so doing, to contravene, the theory of free traffic. But the problem is not, how an artificial state of things may be brought about, but it is this : What is the order which seems dictated by the natural structure of things, and whether 5Wipg!fiRWPW»iwv^flPiPi^w«wp"iP"iP" fft m it be for ibe bieit tolbllow that ord«r. We are f«r from iMtiimft that countriea which» by a long ooufse of irratioBal condncti have induced a facUtioos cooditioni can proceed upon the natural theory in this matter. Our poaiUou ii this : that where nature has not been contravened, free trade is the system the most geiierally profitable to a whole country, or to the whole world. It enables men to avail themselves of all the facilities which climate or position gfive to one country over anoUien— • It puts it in their power to purchase the different commodities of the' globe, as near as rotiy be to the price which they cost the raisers. It introduces the greatest amount of weakh^ by bring* ing into a country, at the lowest rate, objects which it oouJd not produce at all, or which it could not produce but #ilh Ihe great- est diUcalty. It stimulates the largest .amount of indiMtry and enterprise, by giving rise to the>opinion that no hiitdrance Will be interposed to th^ results of ^ertion in dbtaining l&e best prices for goods. It saveis a great amount df time^ which is at present wasted in devising artificial restrictions, or in Ufidi»> going their influence. It puts into useful circulation an im- mense mass of capital, which at present is pent up or tbrown away in supporting excise offices, custom-houses, and pre- ventive services. The money that would be saved to a com- munity in this direction would form no inconsiderable share of the whole of its iacome^t would do away with « great amount o^bmd Jheling which at present festers in the heart of society, and stimulates much opposition to the authorities of every land — it would remove a large share of those bitter jea- lousies which prevail among nations, which seriously impede their mutual transactions, and which so often lead to long and ruinous wars. The theory of free trade moy^be regarded as recog- nised by all enlightened economists. Its practical application is resisted by ignorance^ by the.felse position into which countries have thrown themselves, by the fa<^of claMes having interests separate from those of the whole community. StIU, the opinion is advancing rapidly. Some countries, before Ahey will be able to realise it, will probably have to pass through severe convul- sions* This Province is admirably placed so as to arrive at the true conclusion, without having to go through such an ordeal. There has been some bad administration, but it has not as yet advanced so far but that it may be easily repaired. In order to obtain the benefits of this doctrine, it should be careful not IS tmsMtiagi I conducti upon the thatwlMre system the » the whole ke facilities anotheiv*— »mniodities ley cost the It hy bring:* itoooSdnot hihe great* idustry and idrance will Qg the best which it at or in Ufider- itioii an iia- p or thrown ^t and pre- 1 to a com- arable fthare a great the heart of ithorilies of bitter jea- isly impede long and tdaarecog- >plicatioii is h oottntriea ig interesta the opinion will be able ere convul- irrive at the an ordeal, not as yet In order careful not to be entangled in any of those false ways, which would lead t« into an artificial state from which it could not go back. It should be very careful not to bring itself nndvr obHgatioBS, t» liquidate which would force it to impose restrictions upon trade. Such fetters upon enterprise produce a far greater amount of evil, than any apparent or immediate benefit which they seeur to procure. In order to come at the advantages of free trader this country should aloo most cautiously avoid falling under the influence of classes, who have, of imagine that they hav« interests different from those of the whole community. There aria many countries which have been entirely ruined in this numner, — and there is scarcely any country but has suflered severely by this circumstance. Such classes lying conUguoua to the government of the country are often able to represent certain^ events as for the benefit of the people, when in reality fhey contempkte the profit of the individual at the serious in- jmj of hundreds and thousands^ Finally, in order to come partially or wholly at the system of free trade, this countryi must so regulate her foreign policy that she may not be too deeply involved in th6 transactions of other countries which are themselves in a false position j and which would be apt to draw colonic into the Same artifidiBil cokidition. %hWe now proceed to comment upon the question of CREDIT. -a?/ ntuim aoi 'We are of opinion that it would not be difficult to find'it a de* t^iirtttre from the \lord ofOod, and that it would be possible to ei^ect an argument to the effect, that Credit, in all its forms ahd degrees, is at variance with the theolo^ of the NeW Testa^' ment. Our present position excludes us from this line of -de-^ monstration, and preventing us iVom shewing the systein to be unscriptural, permits us only' to view it in its relations to eco>- nomiciil science, and the temporal interests of nations. Th^ natural order of procedure would seem to be thiS', that each' in^ dividual engaged lit trade or business, should act' bpon his icy#n resources, and %hen he has aceumulated'eB|>i%6l, that hir/ sboiild hitnself direct its a)yt>licattbii'tb' the ol^eiits'lt^hiidli seed dalctthtted to give the best retttrns. This plh^ ' b{>p«M8 ^to y thilt which is fitted to evok« the gVeatdst ahlbant -^f ittdwinry^ and to give that in^st^y the most heloilthy and j^i eiGsct this.obj«JCt,:he;e>l- deavours to make a revetiue from his money, il'o acfiomp)iAh this, be lends it to some person, who, notpossefsing^^jlpitAUar having less than bethinks sufficient, is wildngto-iPi^y'li' per centage on the money which he borrows* Or, what happens as frequently^a man, actuated by an inordinate desire of gain, and considering the profits of his own b'sn9M 0^i^M8in«S9tobe too slow, takes advantage of the wishes of some speculator, .who hopes to realise great advantage by embarking in a hazardous venture, and obtains friam him a lugher pejr centage thanfiiis own business will yield. On tbe other hand, if there iaia natu- ral disposition to lend, there is as nktural a disposition to bor- rpw. ,:^, springs out of the same or similar motiyes. In/^he natnra^l order iof events, no man would be able to engage ^ in frade, until b^ibM saved sufficient capital from which to fttart. By laying, hold upon the above-mentioned circumstances, he can set up fof. b^mi ^If without such a- preliroiuary. He lends ^jlmsejU'^P the «;isbe9|,«sf UijC in|doleut or poyetojqisi.capitalfB^y^j^r cep^sr j|iis I teraas,, ^nd j^pmmences V^iness on. borrofwjed mpney. In the steps, to which we have already alluded, so^etyvhjp^,|\^c c.eived mnch damage. . It has, been ij^i|redi-^,;^l)§;|«i9S(j4)f,tb^ services o^ the i^ai^,' who, retiring^ frppi^ ^ctiv^ iifi^ (^^is^, ^p/^n the iniQqme ^hj^^ ^e deri^ves from l|endingf]ij,s J^9!l^^r. rl^kf^ been injured by the coniJpQt ^ t^!? «ove«pp8,niftni ^hftif qjP.l^^ bib surp)in«^;^9I^tal ;iu promoting fi systjeupirof wi|d,f p^^^^iqp^ ]Et b<<>'>ii of conduct ; every tarn etimes he is remunerate ly in collect- him. He is y for others, his transac- called upon lich happen ' the class of worat effects L of the evil lannfacturer n, there can- I pressure in system, they br the work >rrowed mo- :ompetition, nanufacturr ions, at very luent crisis 9 of the la- what hap- intense at eaking op- tagnation, viug state. , that even loes not al- our. Be-. re kept in Ifavourable on which |al debt of larfare, the .1 country found itself involved in a debt of 800 millions, sterling. We do not comment upon the train of events by which such a consummation was brought about. Thirty years have now elapsed since the close of the war. These have been years of almost unbroken peace, — a period of tranquillity to which the history of the world does not afford a parallel. During this long term, Britain has been under the administration of a buct cession of wise and patriotic statesmen. A system of minute and impartial economy has been applied to public affairs, commerce has been increased to an enormous extent, manu- factures have been improved in a proportionate degree, the mode of agriculture has been remarkably changed for the bet- ter, by the discovery of new processes and tools, science has augmented the sources of wealth by numerous splendid inven- tions in chemistry and mechanics, — in a word, a long train of circumstances have conspired to place the country in the most auspicious circumstances for liquidating or lessening the debt. Yet what is the fact ? The people are amused from year to year, by assurances that a nostrum has been found out, by which the incubus will be speedily taken off, or they are de- ceived by the stale an^ pernicious sophism, that the debt is a benefit, because it provides a security for the stability of the Constitution; but the evil itself remains much as it was. lu- ependent of the direct pressure which it lays upon the coun- try, it is not'easy to calculate the indirect mischief which it produces, and the amount of wealth which it shuts out. The people cry out against the duties upon grain ; their rulers as- sent to the justice of the complaint, but how can the thing be helped,' say they, we require these duties to meet the interest on thie debt. Economists prove that free trade is the true and the beneficial theory. The rulers reply — ^your reasoning is correct, but we cannot adopt it, because we need the customs and excise to meet the claims of the fund-holders. Thus the country moves on with a set of regulations far behind the phi- losophy of the age, not because it is ignorant, but because it cannot profit by its knowledge, Thus, the surplus which the interest of the debt consumes, probably excludes an amount of wealth very much greater than itself. The question obtrudes itself upon the attention of the economist, — if thirty years of such a favourable complexion have been able to do little more for the nation, than to keep the debt where it was, by what pos- 00 ■ibie circmniuuicev can it be cleared oITt This query givea rise to the inoet melancholy forebodings, and the following train of events occurs as no unlikely retult. The inflatnce of the aristocracy and of the great capitalists declinesr-^e pops- lar element gains strength in a ratio as rapid or more rapid than that in which it has been advancing hitherto,— 4bc. cla> roour for reduced taxation, loud at present, becomes more vio- lent still, — the counter checks by which it was met, hava loat their efficacy, — these causes of internal dissension are fomaut- ed from without, — who would feel surprised if amidst the fnrloua ^collisions which so likely a course of events mfght engeilfler, the feeling should grow and become irresistible, that sinoe all expedients had failed to remove or mitigate the weight, the time had come when the people woald employ the only remain^ ing resource, by sternly demanding the repudiation of the debt. Thus a departure from the principle, owe no man any^ thing, having first entailed an enormous debt upon a nation, and having afterwards subjected it to the pressure of burdens which became less and less tolerable, might eventually lead to a state of things, in which the frame-work of society would be torn in pieces, and out of which a series of revolutions might emerge, that would alter the whole aspect of afiairs in Britain, in Europe, perhaps in the world. It seems peculiarly desirable that the merchants and public men of this Province, should adopt, in regard to this qu-^.'^tion, a more healthy set of opiniona and practices, than hav^ hith'^rto prevailed. The matter very closely concerns not only the opulence, but the morals and the respectability of the community. A country whose public and private afiairs were regulated on the doctrine, that to contract debt, whether directly or in its more disguised forms, was at once impolitic and immoral, would possess within itself one source of prosperity, of which the ramifications are number- less, and the benefits stupendous. It would ezyoy the blessing of cheap government, because the taxes woul. -c dt-^^ilied to the payment of present nec;. , aities, and not t 'N> ':.\ 'Ution of past profligacy. A government that was c^^..,^ »vould pro-> voke little discontent, and in that fact would possess authority and strength. Business being conducted on the resourc- cf of those who engaged in it, would produce results widely diii<. ent from those which flow out of it at present. The life of 8^ »>^ rchaPti wouM become calm and easy, because his fair fl lucry givei i following nflaence of -»chepopn> more rapid >,— lb'.. cl«- • more vio- t, hav» lo(M are fomeut- Uhefarioua t engtfllier, tat aiBoe all weight, the nlyremaiv- tion of lUe man any< n a nation, of bardena ally lead to J would be dona might 1 in Britain, y desirable ice, should ofopiniona oatter very als and the ublic and o contract a, was at itself one number- blessing af»plied to V, iUtion ould pro- authority resourc- ts widely The life e his fair profits would not be snatched from him by excessive competi- tion, and the other results of borrowed capital. A smaller nufflbM* would be temptet to forsake me healthful toils and the •ur* retnma of agriculture, to embark in the demoralising traasactioos of a gambli ^0^ comroctce. Thus (he quantity of the fiml necessaries of life would be greater, and the quantity of secQndary articles would be sm-xUer than at present. There would be more wholesome food, and less needless luxuries. A greater amount of capital and labour would be devoted to the raVivittioB of the soil, by which the wealth, salubrity and hap- .-^ iV' sa of countries would rapidly increase. The trader, ena-. F?. V *. . io pursue a plaia path, would afford a better remuneration » to that whole class which depends upon him, he would also be able to allow himself and them, much more leisure for health- ful recreations and improving pursuits. There would be a far stronger tendency to that equality of position among men, which politicians have lauded as the natural state oi' things, but which the present aspects of society would seem tc repre- sent as the most unnatural of all. That disposition in things to run to extremes^ producing inordinate wealth in one Hirec- tion, and poverty as excessive in others, would be checked.— The gross amount of capital in the community would be inde- finitely augmented, but it would have an inclination to distri- bute itself in a more equable manner. An immense quantity of capital and labour is uxuted on the present plan. Thus in every society many more are engaged in business, than are necessary to conduct it properly. These are abstracted frotn occupations where their services would be useful, and are em- barked in employments where they do -more mischief than good. Again, the over-production of certain objects, which is all the while taking place, and which fully develops itself at intervals of a few years, occasions an enormous waste of the re- sources of society. Articles are destroyed in quantities, be- cause they are not worth the duties chargeable upon them, and a vast amount of other goods is sold off at prices greatly below what it cost to produce them. Of the thousand ship- wrecks which take place every season, and which deduct so large a sum from the wealth of society, a large proportion may be easily traced to the influence of credit. The competition is excessive, — those who have vessels must keep them at sea, but they arc unable to maintain them in a sea-worthy condition. . .'ii ,»«*'-jWtiiWi<»K*J ^ ttnd to aflbr<| them efficient and well-paid crews, and hence a ituitiber of these disasters, i^gain, credit defrauds a comrou- Dtty by the litigation which it induces^ Of the mnltifarions law- snits which occur every year, and which consume so much time, effort and money, a great share is connected, in one#ay< or other, with the practices of borrowing and lending. Further, credit wastes capital, by enabling so considerable a section of society to live without labour, or to live with Httle labour. The amount of wealth expended in this manner, if directed into use- . fnl channels, would put a g^eat deal of industry in movement, and communicate a strong momentum to the progress of man- kind. But it is to the philanthropist that this baneful system ex- hibits the darkest aspects, and presents the most formidable ob- stacles. He finds one class inaccessible to his arguments, be- cause they are steeped in the habits of luxury and indolence, which blight the moral nature, and crush the intellect. He finds another class equally unapproachable, because their souls are distorted by the covetous propensities which specula- tion has fostered. He encountfrs a third class, which he can- not influence, because they are engaged in a round of conduct, which subjects them to racking anxiety and over-exertion, and which drives them to a variety of expedients, in devising which the best powers of the mind are squandered. He meets with a fourth class, and it by far the most numerous, which repels his approaches or neutralises his endeavours, because it is paralysed and degraded by excessivie toil, fluc- tuating wages, and the debauchery, Hstlessness, and recklens- ness to which these things give rise. Wherever the moralist looks, he perceives that the false system of life, of which cre- dit is the chief cause, has robbed men of the inclination, or the ability, or the time to think. We do not tindertake io de- fine the steps by which the evil should be remedied, or tlf sketch out all the results that would accrue from a new system. To name and to expose the inherent vices of one method, is, , we trust, to do something, to introduce a more excellent way. The mind of humanity begins to awaken to the importance of the subject. A few more such general crises, as those through which the mercantile world has already passed, with the mi- sery which they occasion and the searching enquiries which they will induce among economists and moralists, will proba- bly lay the question open iu all its extent. The matter wjU 98 nd hence a s a commn- rarions law- le 8o ranch in one#ay« ;. Further, I section of l)our. The ed into use- . movement, ess of man- I system ex- nidable ob- inlents, be- indolence, ;Ilect. He ;anse their ch specula- ich he can- of conduct, [ertion, and devising ered. He numerous, ndeavours, toil, flnc- reckleis- e moralist hich cre- nation, or ake io de- ed, or to w system, ethod, is, lent way. rtance of through the mi- s which II proba- tter w|ll then become a popular topic. Preachers will denottuce in from the pulpit, — and tracts for the times will shew it to bf- of more moment to the well-being of men, than the position of an altar, the carvings of an oaiel window, or the form of a sur- ' plice. MANUFACTURES. The theory of manufactures is simple. They stimulate iu' dustry and create wealth, by imparting an additional value to articles, which without «nch a process are of little value or use. Since the time that the free towns of Europe sprung up, and since the idea began to prevail that the fabricating of commo- dities was not unworthy of the patronage of governments and the attention of free-born citizens, the progress of manufactures has been rapid. Many of the leading branches were intro- duced into Britain, from the continent of Europe; The Flem- ings, who fled from their country during the persecutions to which it was subjected, under Philip II. of Spain and his vice- roy the Duke of Alva, brought with them into England their industrious l^bits and their skill in the manufacture of U.ien. The French Hugenots, who left their country iu consequence of the revocation of the edict of Nantes, helped to establish or improve in England the manufacture of silk. 'During the six- teenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centnries, these and many other branches took deep root in Britain, and, receiving a pro- per encouragement from the government of the country, became the nerves and sinews of her prosperity; and, seconded by the agricultural and commercial industry of her people, contributed in raising her to the high rank which she holds among the nations. About the commencement of the present century, the application of steam and powerful ma- chinery has given a stronger impulse to the progress of manu- factures than any event that has happened since they first drew the attention of rulers. When this important department is under the conduct of just financial views, it imparts a very ex^ cellent stimulus to every other line of business. On the con- trary, when it is exposed to all the influences of violent specu- lation, it engenders a state of society, than which the civilized world has seen nothing worse. If this branch could be regu- lated on the principle that the artisan and the labourer should «« ease and depravity and idiocy which they induce, are essential to the prosecution of these interests, then happy is that people that has not heard the dismal sound of the hi^mer and the loom. Where manufactures are conducted on healthy princi* pies, their tendency is to create a fair steady market for agri- cultural produce, and, by necessary consequence, to commu- nicate a constant and proper stimulus to the cultivators of the soil. But where they are urged unnaturally forward by unbri- dled speculation, and where, as in Great Britain, the agricul- turist is oppressed by heavy taxes, which prevent him from raising provisions at the cheapest rate,— «in such a case, there are two causes at work to produce collision between the tw«, interests. There is, on the one hand, borrowed capital em- barked in business, forcing down the wages of the mechanic below a fair average. On the other hand, there are heavy taxes, forcing up the price of agricultural produce, and remov- ing it still farther from the reach of the artisan. When such factitious circumstances interfere with the proper course of things, an opposition is produced between the two depart- ments. The farmer looks apon the manufacturer as one who has an interest to prevent him from obtaining a fair value fo^ his produce. The manufacturer regards the farmer as one who is concerned in sustaining an iniquitous system, which 35 precludes fatm from-purcbaaing bread dt a price wbicb he can afford. The conntry is split into two great factions. Discon- tent takes every advantage of the conflicting statements.-^and an order of events groins np, which gives occasion in the mean* time to- an insurrectionary spirit, and which may ultimately lead to a revolution in a country. The proper season at which to introduce any branch of manufacture into a country seems to be, when it has reached that point of progress that it can fabricate the article a$ cheap as it can import it. To introduce it sooner, is to violate one of the great fundamental principles of trade, and to hurt the interests of a country. To delay longer Ihan thJBv is to fail to profit by a resource which is suited to stimulate tlii»^ industry and increase the prosperity of a peo- ple. The tendency of affairs is, to anticipate the right moment. In the legislation (^ eveiy country, we see ah inclination to force and hurry and to go before the right time. Scripture in' forms us, that " God balanceth the earth alike." This is truev not only of the matter, but of the climate and productions of the globe. Commerce is best regulated when it has regard to thi« natural law. Every conntry contains articles peculiar to itself, or has a facility in producing them which gives it an advahtage ovdr every other ia that particular branch. Trade is conductecl on the most beneficial footing to all mankind when this original constitution of things is allowed to take its course. , To demand protection for any one branch, id equivalent to a confession that the country has not reached that point at which it can produce it as advantageously as it can be produced elsewhere. Everyr farthing that is granted in the shape of such protective duties^ is so much taken from the purse of a countryi and so much deducted from the aggregate of the wealth of the world. All such restrictions, go to rear up an exotic and artificial system/f which can only benefit a class ; and, inasmuch as that class v0- affected eventually by all that concerns the public, cannot bene-^ fit even it as much as it is apt to suppose. A community is in the circumstances to acquire the greatest possiblequantity of wealth when it is engaged in producing those articles only, which it can furnish at cheap or cheaper than any other country. A com- munity is in the worst possible condition to amass wealth, whenH- it is carrying on the various branches of manufactures, by means of protective duties which shut out foreign goods. In this latter sltuatipii, a large amount of its prosperity is con- H I! { H •6 •amed by tftit firiM ayitefn and thci re|;alaUont #hicb it cr^atei. Wheii we Mtend to the commercitil regalations of different tooBlrieii, we perceive ifaat thd world ia greatly more ^nlight-' emed on tliii aulgect than it dnce waa. It moat, however* nrake niany atepa in advance* before k can rid itaelf of the many dra#-backs njvon liberal p'olicy which still exiat Theae opi- ttiona have taken poaaeaaion of the achoola of all enlightehed econoniiats.-'-bnt they art hindered from passing into opera^ tion.by the fklse positions in which coiintries have placed thetn* selves^ or by nation&l jealousies, or by narrow, politics in rulers, or by thiB ascendtaey of claases lind factions. TAXATION. The only points of importance tliat this snt(ject suggests, are these tuta: firM, what should be the amOuntt-^second, what should be the dharacter or manner of tazatioii. The former ia easily answered, by saying, that theiighti^ir the pressure the better. It is the duty of every government to regulate its atfailTi on principles of such Mrict economy as that its subjects may ftel but little the eipeUse of maintaining it. £very people hai a Hght to complain when the amount of its tales is higher than is nettossary b Sttstaiu a government^ conducted on an ^ononiical footings The second poilat does not lie so near the snrfhce. It is not sO easy to detenaine the direetUm in which taxation ia beit applied. The notion that haa hitherto prevailed is, that taxes are best regulated when they are presented to men in the most dtig^issd form. H^ctt the system of tudifiet taxation haa been that which has found most favour in the eyes Ofstatimmen. It is, in our opinion, liable to very serious objec-^ tions. It sanctions the doctrine oi veiling the truth, which is a bad principle f
- iry w.tbe propopri^ion of their abiU^ jto pay tai^fs. Th9 onjy o^|}Cti missionary >f the poor, ompulsory more vex- timeut and le adopted Iwhich ob* ill supply will teach leir bread. [wing that |o possess for such lerations, ommuui- lentiment :orations jdent, but led as the lal. The expres- ill have the explicitness to inform men that there is tt raV« path by y iiich poverty qtay be avoided, and as plain a' path by which it may be come at. If, despite such counsels, a certain portion of the community do fall into this state, then the inttitutieiis should follow up the doctrine of the teacher of morals. They should by no means pamper the disease. The food and rai- ment which they supply should not be luxurious. In ev^ry case where it was practicable, the defaulter should fa% required to do something for what he received. Tbe sot, the slnggardt and the idler, who prefer beggary to labour, should be taught by the discipline to which they are exposed, that they have made a false choice. The poor-house should no more be without its terrors than the bedlam or the prison. With liberal institutions that reflect in the fullest degree compatible with order, the doctrine, that each man should maintain his own creed, and should neither be forced nor cajoled to support the creed which is not his, — with semina- ries of education that made provision for the instruction of the highest and the lowest grades of intelligence, which appealed to the sympathies of all, and which with a righteous jealousy resisted the cramping influence of bigotry and sect, — with a system of agriculture, which allowed its true rank to this useful and wholesome pursuit, and which hastened to foment it by the last inventions of art and science, — with a plan of commerce which was not embarrassed by narrow restrictions, not hampered by the selfishness of particular classes, not ex- cited to fever and depressed into languor by tbe introduction of borrowed capital, — with a set of manufacturers, which took up each branch of industry at the moment when it became profitable, and no sooner, — and in which the order of nature was not disturbed, by the improper interference of legislation, —with a mode of taxation that would lean its weight in an equal manner upon the subjects, and would supply them with a scale by which the conduct of rulers could at once be ascer- tained and checked, — with vigorous institutions for the pre- vention or mitigation of crime and pauperism, — with a system of such principles acting and reacting upon each other, it would be practicable for this Province to move along a path of 50 •dviacfi M «t«jRdy, M» progrettive, tad to i^enMiit and beaa- tifii],.«s 10 be ft canunent upon that elegant fancy of the ancienta, whioh represented Mercvry, god of commeree, with six winga, two OB the shooldere, two at the waUt, two at the anklesr-or BO aa to verify that atill more gorgeous figure of holy wril;i which, looka up into the planetary ayatem for a fit illuatration of the career of virtae, and brings down from high heaven thS trope, which compares it to the shining light that shineth mor? and more unto the perfect day. i< H . p^ii^Kii^* wy< ^ ; t i m »fy ■ j ^ tnt and bean- 'the ancienUi, tth six wioga, » anklesr-or >f holy writ, it illustration h heaven thS ihineth nor?