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Un des symboleii suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols — »> signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbols V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc.. may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent dtre filmds d des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clichd. il est filmd d partir de I'anglo supdrieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 S [From the Phoobkdinos and Thansaotion's ok thb Royai. Society of Canada, 1888.] PUESIDENTIAIi AdWRESS. Fem.ows up the Fiovai, Society, L.iPIes and rrENTi,EMEN : — ^Fy first duty on this occasion in to oxproBs to you, my fbllovv nioinlicru, tlio grutoful acknowleclgmcnt and tlianks which I owe for the honor you have bestowed in placing me in the high position of President of the Royal Society of Canada, an oflice whoHO chiiractoi' will he si'fficiently shown by the more mention of the names of those whom j'liu Melected lo fill it in former yecrs: Sir William Dawson, Dr. Ohauveau, Dr. Sterry Hunt, l)r. ])aniol Wilson, .Monsignor Hamol. It would be dillicult to select five other names of living men moi-e iminiately iissiHdated with the intellectual, educational and induHtrlid development of Canada, engraven in cleai'er lines in the records ol' our literature and science, or more deeply impressed upon the hearts of those classes of our people who ai-e most thoughtful, intelligent and enterprising. I might well, then, shrink from taking this chair and attempting to discharge the duties that pertain to it. If 1 had lliought that your selection was made solely on the ground of my personal fitness, or as an acknowledgment of work done or expected to be done in my individual ca])ac- ity, I should have hesitated to assent to your choice, or to attempt the tusk which acceptance involved. But the considerations that led to my acquiescence wore of a ditforent kind. I felt that we were working together lor the success of this Society not as an end in itself, but as a means, an organiza- tion, whereby wo might be ciiabled, in some measure, to contribute our part in accomplishing the country's good, by promoiing literary and scientific research and discovery, educational im])rove- ment, industrial dovolop-nent and genoi'al intellectual activity throughout this Dominion; that, as fellows of this Society, we were charged with this work, and each bound to take cheerfully the part that might be allotted to him ; that we were here, moreover, not only in our iniiividual capacities, for what we might do with our own hands, but also as the representatives of othoi' active hiborers in the several departments of knowledge scattered through the various provinces; and that once a year we might, one and all, come to the common meeting place, not merely to give account of the results reached by our personal efforts, in the way of trying to push forward the boundaries of the known, or to clear the way for discoveries by others, but also to bring in our hands the offerings of co- workers, our associates, in our respective districts, or in our special subjeclH of research. For these reasons I was led to regard youi' choice of a president from the extreme eastern part of our long and wide ((umtry as a choice deliberately made, in pi'rsuance of a wise and safe policy, often ;'eforred to in our deliberations, that aims not only at recognizing cverj- department of literature and science, and every form of intellectual activitj', but also as offering, to the fullest possible extent, fair reprcsenta- tJDn and encouragement to every province and every part of the Dominion. I trust that this policy, aTid the principle upon which it is based, will long continue to guide the deliberations of the members and Council of this Society in the selection of ollicers, so far as compatible with efficiency, as well as the action of the several Sections in the nomination of members. Those remarks naturally suggest a fact of another kind, viz., that a large amount of the executive business during the year, when the Society is not in sosion, and when it is inconvenient foi' distant members of Council to attend, has necessaiily to lie perfoi'med by a small number of those who reside within convenient distances if Ottawa or ^Montreal ; respon tibilities and labor thus devolve upon the few that should otherwise bo spread over the many. This is especially the case in regard to the pul>- lication of our I'roceedings and Transactions, which necessarily involves a serious amount of irksome labor. If we, the distant members, cannot lighten it in any way, it may be permissible to say that, while not insensible of the unavoidable disadvantages which limit our pai-ticipation in the Society's 2 oporationM in many wayH, wo j-ot hiivc hut ono fooling in royacd to tlio laborious and tiiorouglily offloiont and Hatisfactory inannor in wiiicli, tlirougli many ditHeultios, tho work of puhlication luw boon cai'riod on. Wo ai'o gralcfiil fbi' lliib to our iiclivo inoinliors in Montreal and Ottawa, wlioso pain.staicing oll'urts to niaito the roHoarclios of othoiH pro.sonlabio to tho i)ublio aro apt to bo ovcr- loolced, and ospociaily to our aotivo Soerctary, who is styled honomrij, on tiio sound pi'incii)lo, I pre- sume, tliat tlio groator tho labor tho groator tlio honor. Wo have also the comforting aHsuranco, exprossod in many tangible ways, and not as a more sentiment, thai by seeking to maintiun 'he activity of tho distant provinces, the Society has tho surest giiaranloo against tho tendency to centralization which seemed to some of us from tho first to menace it, and the best prospect of success in carrying out its aim of permanent usefulness to the whole Dumininii. Wo tirst assembled as a Society in the llailway (Jommilteo I'oom in tho Pai'iiamont b.iildings, on May 25th, 1882, and have come together annually since then, so tint wo have now entered nj)on our seventh year's work. Tho ix'cord of iho preceding six years is conJaino 1 in our five volumes of Proceedings and Transactions, a perusal of which enables us to ascertain to what extent tho objects sot bolbro us aro being accomplished. From tho nature of our organization, which necessitates our being divided off into distinct Sec- tions, which assemble in sei)arato rooms, wo aro apt individually to be but imperfectly cognizant of tho lull extent of work that is being actually accomplished by tho Society as a whole. If it be so among ourselves, how much more is a paucity or total absence of knowledge of w'lat wo are doing likely to prevail among those who are merely onlookers. When wo are hei-e assemiled together, tho members of all Sections, and favored by tho presence of fi'icnds who manifest an interest in our pro- ceedings, I do not know that the liour can be s]ient more profitably than by adverting to some of the work of the members during tho past 3'ear, now completed by the publication of the fifth volume of Transactions. Before proceeding to do so, there ai'e some matters relating to our organization, and to the opera- tions of tho Society as a whole, that claim r.ttontion. A few changes have taken place in our mem- bership during tho year : one, in tho second Section, by tlio resignation of Jlr. Charles Sangster, and another by tho retirement of Mr. Charles Lindsaj-. In the third Section we lost, by the death of Dr. Herbert A. Bayno, at a comparatively early age, a member who gave much promise of usefulness. There were likewise two retirements in the fourth Section, Messrs. J. M. Jones and D. N. Sw. Cyr. One of the vacancies in the second Section was tilled, in accordance with the recom- mendation of the section, by election to fellowship of John Chai'los Dent, author of "The Lust Forty Years: Canada since the Union of 1841," and other literary works. Tnc other vacancy still remains. The number of the third Section has been completed by the election of JI r. Henry T. Bovey, the active Secretary of the Canadian Institute of Civil Engineers, and a contributor to our Transactions, l^'or the two vacancies in the fourth Section, candidates liavo been nominated, and the Society will be called to elect before our adjournment. Professor Alphonse Le Eoy, of the University of Liege, and member of the Royal Academy of Belgium, has been addeil to our still short list of corresponding members. As our organization is of a limited membership, composed of twenty fellows in each of the tour Sections, giving a total of eighty, it is essential that all should be active workers. The Council have accordingly thought it expedient to call attention again to the rule which sets forth that: "Any member failing to attend three years in succession, without presenting a paper, or assigning reasons in writing satisfactory to the Society, shall be considered to have resigned." Last year there were forty-three fellows in actual attendance, that is, exclusive of those who, although not present, sent papers. There were likewise twentj' delegates from atfiliateil societies, and eighteen reports from them have been printed in our Proceedings. At this early stage, the attendance at our present annual meeting is not yot complete, but bids fair to eijuid or exceed that of jn'ovious years, both in the number of follows and of delegates from associated societies. The report of Ihc Council, road today, onilN our utfention to the i-apidly acfumulating stores of oxcliango l)()()k-H, and odicr publieatioiis, that are being daily hnmglit by the mails from those literary and Hciontitic societies throughout the world with which we aro in correspondence. Thoso treasures are already of Hufflcienl extent (o form the nu.deus of a reference library, but there is as yet no suit- able house accommodation for them, nor central i)rendse.s where the Society's executive work can bo conveniently carried on. The supply of this want cannot bo longer deferred. The matter might bo considered one oi'delail for the t'ouncil, but it is nocos.sary to l)onr in mind that the Council require Homctliing more than a mere foimal approval of their report, where the action necessary to carry it out involves a permanent expenditure of funds not as yet placed at their disposal. It is hoped that, before the adjournment of this annual meeting, ari'angements will have been made to secure the rcqui- site accommodation, ami to have a catalogue of the Society's library jirepared and printed. Members will recollect that (ine part of our work, as originally outlined, was the formation, in the literary Sections, of a i-eading commitlee, whose duty it would be to report upon the publications of the year. The next point in the Council's report is not only of sci sntitic interest, but of piactical impor- tance to us as a commercial anns, wo tinil thut fbi-ty-Hvo pii])ors liiivo bi!on printod out of sovonty Ihiit woi'o I'oud. .Many wore no doubt rotiiiruvl by tho uuthoi's for tho ))urposo of boin;^ furthor claboralod or ])oi'foctod by lulditional work, n course often siijjjgostod by tho (lisc-ussioiis that follow tho reading of papers in tho Sections. Althoui,Hi ci\ir publications are not to bo valuiMl by their nioro nuniboi', or tho space thoj' occupy, yet it was thought well to call attention, a year ago, to tlie throalened pro|i()ndiM'anco — not unlooketl for — of papers in the fourth Section, (ioological and Hiological Sciences, over those of other Sections and especially tiio Kiench and English Sections nf Literal uro and llislnry. In our now volume, "lis discrepancy has well nigh disapi)eared, for, of papei's in French liiteraturo and History we have eleven, more than doubio tho number of tho previous yeai', emulating indeed the fertile com])osi(o Section of lUoIogy and (icology in bulk of s|)aco. In our present year's prugriinimo there is a fui'ther increase to fourteen French literary ])apors and eleven Fnglish ones, sn that a))par- ontly tho conti'ibutions of Hnglish literature have doubled, ano ( lazes, Ijcgondre, Tremblay, Do (Vlles — need I extend tho list'? — whilst researches of the most painstaking kind have been undertaken in regard to our earliest Canadian history by Abbe Yerreau, Abbe Tanguay, M. l>eaudry, and others, lending us bai'k to the very beginnings of Kuropean life in Canada, to the oi-iginal families, tho individuals who laid tho first foundations of civilization in the country, and to whom the present generation proudly trace back their lineage. In these records, which are being made available to our bistoi'ians, wo have precise, accurate materials for history such as few countries possess, and such as any countiy may be justly proud of. The early history of European life in Canada is not a simple record of peaceful settlement, undis- turbed industry, and merited repose. Tho storms encountered by tho first voyagers in ci'ossingtho ocean, tho wearisome toils of forest-clearing and farm-making of the first settlers, soon gave place to the exciting warfare of human strife. I'ajjors in previous volumes of our Transactions have elucidated and illustrated several phases of tho disUirbed state of society in early times. In tho pro- sent one we have an elaborate paper of so\ enty-seveo jiuges by Abbe Casgrain relating to a jioint in our history that has peculiar interest, and has of late years excited much popular attention — tho fate of tho people fiimiliai'ly known as the Acadians, the early French inhabitants who had established viUages in the impei'foctly defined tract then known as " Acadie," and now embraced by Nova Scotia and a largo part of New Brunswick. Tho cause and policy that led to tho expulsion and dispersion of ■ f tlio>peal on behalf of literature. M. Napoleon Logondre's "La cloche," " La lileuse," " Ija noco au village," commend themselves to us, not only as works of literary art, but as affording picturesque and pleasing illustration of traits in our Canadian history anil glimpses of the social life and habits of our [''rench jieoplo. Then, wo have tho graceful and elegant poem, " Jlosanna," 1^- >r. Pamphile Lo May, " Hommago a Sa Tr6s Gracieuse Majeste Victoria, roine d'Anglotorro et imperatrico des Indes." Messrs. Paul do Cazes and Legendro discuss freely, in sepai-ato papoi-s, the subjoct of tho French Language as used in Canada, its degree of purity, corruptions, and tendencies to change. iB 6 Both of thoHo pnporN nro written in a Icm-mo and pi'nctical form ho n^ .t bo imoful in nn (xlucntioiinl Honso, while thoy are also not only intcliigiitio to pliiioio^isls, but of inloront to all who care toobiorve tbo iniitationHof iiviiij,' ianj^uafio, IhocauhOH thai orij^iniito, ami tlio iiillin ii os tliiil contri)! them. Tiu'ro is IK) riH)in fur fear that the Krciuli hifij^'iiagc will lie aliowoil eiii.cr to die oiil or (U^^'onorate for want of cultivation in a country whore it i» wpokon of with such feivour mk in one of theMO papcra ; " Pour inoi, je nie Huis ini))08i' un dcvuir, Jo mo m\\h assi;,'n«' uiio liiche (|iio je rem[)lii'ai dans la moniire do mcs inoyens : c'est de di'foiidro, loujoui's, pnrlout, contro lou^, la lan^uo de iimn pays, la langue de nui intNro patrie; c'etit de travaillor do toutOB moH I'orcott ^ iCpnndro, a fairo ooniiaitro, a fairo aintcr, dans toute Ha gloriciiso hciii:';<, la laiiguo daiiw la(|ii('!lc dos voix (dioroH m'ont accueilli il mon horci'iiu, la langue (jui a clianltl lis roves de ma joiiiichho, la langne i|ui me consolora, je I'cHpciie, i\ mes dornior; moments I" M. A. D. Pe Cellos, in his jiapor "La crise du I'dgime parlomonlairo," marshids heCore us an array of facts in tho jjolilical hihlory of Kiigland ami the nations of iMiropo during the last two hundiod years, in such a way as lo reconcile us with the actual ccuulition of our own I)()mini(/n, and to lead U8 10 iiopo that our rulerH will continue to bo guided by the wpirit of the words of Bossuol, which ho quotes : " Tia vraie tin do la ])olitii[no est de rondre la vie commode ot le peupio houreux." Tlio strictly historical papern, in addition lo Ahln' Cangrain's already leforrcd lo, are M. P. J. U, Heaudry's account of the old Kroncli fort now known as Crown Point, on Lake Chamnlain, containing useful malorials for history in ciirelul select ions from odlcial rocordH of family evonts and transactions of various kinds, made at the time, fvom the year 1732 'o ITliO, and Ablid V'erieau's contribution, " Doh commcncemontH do Montreal '' (I(i3r)), which furnishes a chapter in early history that reads with interest in the light of sulisei|uent events, and of the importance, as a centre of com- merce and civilization, of the city of Montreal. In the second Section, Knglish Literature and History, Mr. John Lesporanco gives a paper on the Analytical Study of Canadian History. He points out that the period during which the prac- tical study of Canadian history lias (engaged our attention docs not go hack lieyonr. Stewart, the Secretary of the Section, viz., Mr. Ganong's critical account, with illustrated chart, of the circumstances alteiiding Cartier's first voyage to Canada in tlio year 1534. Although not the tii-st navigator to enter the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Jacijuos Cartier was the iirst to leave an account of his exjiloratioiis or observations on 'he Indian tribes of the region. The special purpose of this paper is lo trace with more exactness certain parts of the course respecting which the several v((rBioiis of the original narrative ditfor, and to identify more clearly the numerous places visited and described by the eai-ly voyagers, few of the jilace-names originally given having survived. Those engaged in historical or geographical woik will know how to value a practical contribution such as this. Sir Adams Archibald explains and illustrates an episode in coast history that brings us two centuries ncaror to our own time, in his account of the liist siege and ca;)ture of the great Fionch fortress of Louisbourg, Cape Breton, in 1745; it contains full and eiicumstantial details of the many remarkable circumstances connected with that event, and points out its influence in shaping the fortune of North America. That there is a charge upon us to give hood to literature and history beyond those pertaining I I I I (<> Kiiropoaii HOttlcmont mid civili/.ittion, wo aro nnnimloil ly Kovomi paporH in lliin Swtion. Pirnt, woliHVo Mr. Jdliii HoiuloH jmpor, onlillod "Somo VVulxiimki Hoiikh." TIik poopio eiillcil Wuhuimki coinpriHo MiLiuiicsorNovtt Hcotiii, I'linco Rdwunl IhIiiiuI urul .Vow Uninswick, the AhuniikiN of St. KraiifiM, and the Pen.djscdt and I»a8Hanm(| noddy [ndiaii^* of Maino. It appoaiv* thai thoso HonKs iii'<' no wiHoi-onncctod, oitlioriii Huh«tnii(!oor MyU', with tho I nidi lions of the Northinon, and arc .•(|ually in«U>pondont, for thoir niniplo and torn hi n^ beauty, of tho iiifliic-ni'0« of i-Vench or Kngiish HctlieiH. Mr. I{oade foilowH this paper with one on the K>'neral Hul.Jecl of Aboriginal American poetry, trealin^r it in aHciontitic form, in relation to (1) Mr. Herbert Speneer'n "developing man," (2) Signor VignoliH thooiy of tho Mtngos in man's npiritiial development in its hearing on the origin of pooti-y I'.mong rndo tribes (I'rof. I'osnet ti'acing all literature back to choral songH of war and poaco), m well as (in its cultivation by more advanced races. I)r. Franz Boas, who has already made valuable contributions to our iuiowlodge of tho poetry and music of North Ameiican Indian tribes, from information gained through intimate intercourse with the aborigines, c(ui(ribntos a eketch of tho mythology and traditions of the Central Kskimo, whose legends and myths are numeidus, from liicts collected during bis stay in HafUn Land in tho years imi and 1884. From the facts ho far as ascertained, concludes that tho more ancient forms of customs and traditions are found west of Hatlln Hay, that the Hskimo migrated byway of Ballln Land to (freenland and Labrador, and that the lake region Wbst of Hudson Bay was the early homo of the Eskimo; but thoir ethnology needs further study. Mr. Lucien Turner, of tho Smithsonian Institution, Washington, sends us, through Dr. llobort Boll, a paper on the native inhabitants of tho Ungava District, Labrador— composed of Indians anil Kskimo— two peoples widely separated in speech and customs. Tho personal charactori.stics, food, ilwellings, habits, social relations, customs and suporstitiiuis are given, with a few examples of folk- lore, interesting stories that form reading quite us entertaining and artistic as much that rivets the attention of railway travellers, and forms a largo bulk of ])oj)ular literature. Information is given respecting the several ]>ooplos, and the nature of tho respective districts iidiabited by them. Dr. George Dawson contributes notes and observations on the Kwakiool people, that is, people speaking tho Kwakiool language, of tho northern part of Vancouver Island and adjacent coasts, made during the summer of 1885; he adds a vocabulary of about seven hundred woi-ds. Such contribu- tions are of spi^cial value in view ol' tho facts that those west coast tribes, together v.itli thoir ideas and their lore, are passing away before our eyes; or, where they still show evidence of continued vitality, they are losing their old heliofs ar.d ways. Whilst engaged in his geological examimitions ofthe northoin part of Vancouver Island and its vicinity. Dr. Dawson was in intimate association with the people, and now gives, from bis observations and notes, an intoreslinguccount of their mode of life and habits of thought, their territory aiul tribal subdivisions, their arts, customs, traditions supcrstition.s, folklore and religion, ami of their actual .social condition. JIo also suggests moans, that may, with prospect of success, bo adopted for tho improvement of thoso people, who do not appreciate moral maxims, and whoso mental state does not enable thom to rightly understand religious dogma. Tho problem of their elevation is fundamentally an industrial one ; they art} willing lo work, and industi'ies established among them, giving employment, would prevent thoir drifting to the larger settlements and towns. It will bo soon that the o.xceptionally great opportunities presented to us for the c(dloction of ethnological facts at tho ])resont time, whoi- new country is being explored, and tho advance of European settleinont is displacing the aboriginal inhabitants, or disturbing their primitive modes of life and thought, are being availed of by our mombors and correspondents. At present wo cannot fully realize tho value for future use of such information, obtained by competent observers, from actual observation and contact with these native races. In the third Section, Mathematical, Physical and Chemical Sciences, Mr. Macfarlane, the President of the Section, devoted his Address chiefly to what must be regai-ded as tho great triumph of modern ■n clu'iniHtry in \ln imliiHltiuI uxpcct, ono tlinl Iium contribiUoil to tlio woiIiI'm woitlth to nn oxtont fur IpovoikI wliut is i^oiioi'ully known — tlio I'lili/.ulion ol' Wiisto. 'I'lio hinlory ofcliuinicKl Icclmolo^jy Cor tliu ItiNl thirty vciu'h in ui^rtuntiully tlio lii^tiiry of llio ulili/.itti j,'aMO.s of Iho iron workf* of Ibo Clyde is anotlior oxaniplo on a groat ncalo. Tliu oliniiniition of iiho^plionis IVoiii iron and hIooI by nioann of u biiHio Hlag, liatt not oidy improvod the qualities and clieaponod tho prioo— tiiun extonlant-food phosphates, com- bined nitrogen, and j)otash salts — carried out of our towns aii"iMned in the lahni-Mturii's of our piiijlic anaiyHtH. 'Die piipcr of Mr. Antiiony Mrliill, ^ivus Honic idea of llio eialinratc niiltiri^ of liie inveNJi^alionH needlul fur obtaining leintM h.ulll(ieiilly pre('i--e I'ven lo enable ilie aiiiilyHl to reaidi a HiiliKtiietory (■on(■lu^illn in regard to what nuiy MOcni to many lo lie a very -iinplo matter, llie purity of our morning enp of ooflTee. Mr. Marfurlano and Mr. KIlis follow thin up wiih iifcouuts of melliod-* of Milk Analy^^iM, and then roniON I)r. I{ullan'« papiM- on the I)ig>'Hlihilily of I'crtain variclie.- of Hreail, an experimcnial uludy of what IniK long been known to experts as " Ihe alum iineHlioii,' Those wlio have watehed the liislory cd'lho adulteration of arliele.s of food and drinlv sirnf (he ilaya wlion Dr. lla.t."r. liullanV rosearcdios that llio r. Harrington's pa|)er will again call attention lo l>''' subject. ITe give i a series of tabulated experiments on the flow of the saccharine sap of the ash-I-ivved maple, maibi on two trees growing not far from Metirill (Jollcge, Montreal, showing Ihe season of sap-flow, and the effects of temporaturo, etc.. ii;ion it, from day to tiay. .Mr. A. l*. (/'oleman's paper on Ihe .Microscopie Petrography of the Drift of (■tuitral Ontario ap))eals to the geologist on behalf of a form t ;' investigation that may have been too much neglected, and indicates scope foi' still more extended obsorvalion. .Mr. Bovey, the active Secretary of the t'unadian Institute of t'ivil iMigineers, has eommunicaled, through Dr. .lohnson, the results of an investigation as to the .Maximum HcMiding Alomonts at trie Points of Hujijiort of continuous Girdors of n S|)ans. Mr. Hovoy's name having been subsciiuentiy added to our membership, we may confidently hop.o that this important papoi- will be followed by the results of other mathematical and physical losearchcs tending to practical utility, so important in a country like ourd actively engaged in works ol construction. The fourth .Seclicm, Geological and Biological Sciences, is opened by Abbe Latlamme's biographical sludy of Dr. Michel Sarrazin, a contrilmtion towards the history of seionce in t'anuda in the oarly part of the eighteenth century. To m;iny I he name of Sarrazin has hitherto been known only as having furnished the generic term Sarrai'cnia to Ihe curious and well known pitcher plant of our swanijis. The renowned French liolanist Tourneforl, who did so much, in his " [nstitutiones Hoi Herbaria'," to establish plant genera, before the time of Fjinimu's, dedicated this genus to his friend, Dr. Sarraziii, of (Quebec, and Ihe present paper, prepared with such evident care, and from the only existing authentic records, will be ap|>reciated by men of science in g.'neral, as well as by the medical profession in Canada, of which Dr. Sarrazin was not only a very early but also a very eminent member. 10 Tlie guoiogic;i' lUvpei'H boar testimony as UMiial, by their number and importance, to the abundance of work th;.t is being done in this department of researcb. Wb have, i!\dooil, ii> the able and ever active stati' of (he Cieologicul Survey oi 'aniula, undordirootiDn of Dr. Solwyn, assiuanco of a perennial growth of gcologicii' Ivnowledge, apart, from tlie valualilc contributions tiiat are annually made by those of our members who are not connected with the Survey. Mr. Gilpin, Government Inspector of Klines of Xova Scol la. gives an account of the Faults and Foldings of one of our Nova Scotian Coal Fields, that of Pic(,ou, whicli, though comparatively limited in extent, being now but a fragment eight miles long and three wide, yet exhibits, on an unusu;;' licalo, tliree of the great features of geology: a development of large seams of coal, a system of immciiKO faults, an equal measure of denudation. Sir William Dawson, whos'_ prolonged and eminently successful researches in regard to our fossil floras have made the subject poculiaily bis own, gives notes on Fossil Woods and other plant remains from the Crelaeeous and Laramie ftn-mations of the western territories of Canada. The paper is the result of exan.inations of slices of about sixty distinct trees, most of them in situ, fi'om the horizons of the Helly Jvivcr, Fort l'ierr(! and L;iramio groups, and forms another valuable contribution to our knowledge of fossil plants. Piof. Hailey gives bis n()tes on the Pbysiographj' and Geology of Aroo.stook Coanlj', jlaine, in connection witii regions of New Hrunsw:;k and tiuebec with which be had jireviously compared it. He records ii number of valuable observations that will bo appreciated bj' geologists, and. in addition to the positive results obtained, shows what is, in a scientific point of view, second in im|)ortai'.eeonly to'aetual discovorj-, viz., what work there is still rconi for in Northern .Maine. Mr, Peter ^IcKellar's paper on the Correlation of the Animikie and Iluronian ro^^ks of Lake Sujierior, communicated Ly l)i'. Kdl, deals with a subject that has received tho attention of geologists at ditferent times, and was referri.d to in the address of the President in opening the proceedings of the Section fo:' the present session. J>r. Franz Eoas, whose account of thi, m3'ti>o'..)gy and traditions of the Central Eskimo h: s been already referred to, in connection with the wo> « of the second Sec'tion, descrioes, from his explora- tions made in 1883 and 1SS4, the Geography and Geology of HaHin Tjimd, the large island forming the west shore of Davis Stri'it an I IJartin Hay, separated from the American continent by the narrow Fury and Ileela Strait and by Hudson Strait, and forming the north-eastern boundary of the Hudson ]5ay basin. Its area cannot bo loss than 215,000 square miLs. Its plains are occupie' by two large lakes, the surplus water of wliieh, received during the warm season, is sufficient to feed their )utlot throughout the winter. Several interesting ph.onomena (])oculiar to northei-n shores) are illustrated : the action of breakers in chanicing the outli;>es of the coast is prevented In ice-boutid seas; land-ico attaobed to the coast does not form where strong currents exist; in arctic regions, where the surface is covered with ice, erosion is very limited, while the rocks f,ro rapidly disintegrated by the process of freezing. Mr. Lueien .M, Turner, in like manner, describes the physical and geological character of another tract, the Ungava District, Labrador, which is contained by the waters of Hudson Bay on the west, oi'liudsoii Strait on the north, by the we.. torn slope of the Labradar coi..st range on the east, ana by the height of land, about 54° N. lat. on the south. Mr. Turner's description does not show it tfl ijc a land of much promise. Fully threo-fourths of the area is bare rock, nuiinly Laurentian. Disintegra- tion is a noticealile feature of the higher altitudes, while the lower and older rocks are polished by glacial action of apparently so recent an age that their smooth s'n-racos indicate 1/it the faintest traces of weathering. The climate is severe, the vegetation dwarfed. Ice action is moi-e specially caken up 'n the two papers communicated by Dr. Bell, from Prof. Spencer, formerly of King's College. The ti''st is on Glacial Hrcsion in Norway .md in High Latitudes and gives an account of Dr. Spencer's visit in 188(5 to the three largest snowfields in Norway (one With au area of 580 square miles), all of which send dow n glaciers to within 50 to 1,200 feet of the sea. After giving a series of interesting descriptions and observations, Dc. Spencer arrives at the con- 11 elusion that tlio potency of laud-gliiciorM to act as groat eroding agents is not only not proven, but most strongly negatived, whilst the work of floating or sen ice is in some forms enormous, its erosive power deponiliiig upon Uh moving with a velocity never acquired by ghciers. The second paper, on the Theory of Ghwiul Motion, deals s])ecially with Prof J. D. Forbes's theory, which excited much discussion forcy years ago, that : " A glacier is an imperfect fluid or viscous body which is urged down slopes of a certain inclination by mutual pressure of its parts," as Forbes illustrated sirtiply by a barrel of pilch, with its end out, lying in the sun Trof. Spencer, after a full considoratiou of facts and arguments, favours this old fluidity theory as the most acceptable explanation of the motion of glaciers. The Petroleum Field of Canada has engaged the ])en of Dr. Bell, President of the Section, who gives its interesting histoi-y, describing it as situated near the south-westei-o extremity of tlio province of On* .io, and on rocks of Devonian age overlaid by a considerable thickness of drift. The gum- beds arc located in wet clayey land in the townships, ailjoi-iing each othei-, of Knniskilien and Down, v.'here the drift clay is from seventy to eighty-five feet thick. An essential condition of the retention of tlie petroleum is that the natural subterranean reservoir must be covered by an impervious stratum, Mich as a considerable thickness of shales, clays oi- mn-ls, to hold it down, while another necessary feature is a sufficient body of poi'ous or fissured aad channelled rock below, for stoi'ing the accumulated oil. The anticlinal theory of the accumulation of gas and petroleum was favoured by the late Sir Will'am Logan, but originated, it is believed, with a distinguished fellow member whose presence we miss at the present meeting, Dr. T. Storry Hunt. According to this theory, the fissures, and spaces between beds of deep seated rocks being tilled with water, the oil and gas, following hydrostatic laws, accumulate at the highest points, or the domes, along anticlinal folds. In his paper, Dr. Bell has brought together a large number of us> .ul and important facts in regard to the peti oleum accumulutions, the methods of search, and also the details of several boring, pumping, tanking and refining oncrations, the last process (refining) being now almost entirely conducted on the spot, at Petrole. , uy native Canadians. The productive resources of a country do not consist alone of its material wealth — its mineral treasures, the fertility of its soil, the fish in its waters — but also, and to an extent that controls all the others, in the ability of its people to convert these into profitable com- modities. It is gratifj'ing, then, to note the fact that, at Petrolea, our Canadian workmen have by their own ingenuity developed each branch of the petroleum industry to its present perfection, by carefully studying the necessities of the case, and that an excellent mechanical education has thus boon art'ordeil to a large number of intelligent men, who are not only engaged in this industry at homo, aut whose services "re now sought in Russia, India, Australia, California, wherever there is petroleum to be secured. Mr. Geo. F. JIatthow, of St. John, an indefatigable worker, continues his account of the Fauna of the St. John group, giving a description of a I'emarkable trilobite found by Mr. W. D. Matthew in the grey shales at Portland, New Brunswick. This magnificent trilobite, probably the largest hitherto discovered, having an estimated surface are", of 117 square inches, is lionoure I with Her ilajosty's title, Pau'doxides reg',na, as t!iat of a sovereign who, during the many years of her reign, has greatly fostered science and art. In the Biological Division of the fourth Section we have Dr. C. Hart Merriam's paper on the Habits of Bats, in which he answers in the aflf rmalive, for the Hoary Bat, the question which he puts ■ Do my Canadiiiii Mats migrate? the evidence consisting of the factof the absence of the species from its breeding range in the late fall and winter, coupled with positive records of us occurrence during that portion of the year m many places far to the south. Two other species are probably migratory. Di-. T. Wesley Mills, in his suggestive paper on Squirrels, introduces us to a phase of Biol-gj', now existing only in its earliest stage, and which may be regarded as the starting point of a new line of enqi'Jry, fur, as lie truly says, there must bo a possible science of comparative psychology, as there is of comparative anatomy and physiology. The study of animal intelligence is possible, 12 intore.HlinfT, and inipoilnnt, wliothor wo ?'egaril man as dorivod from some lower form and his intcl- loctual as well as his i)liysiual boinj^ the result of evolution; or whether wo consider that man stands wholly apart in origin either as to body or mind. In the latter case, the study of the lower ibrms of mind affords a useful contrast with its highest development as seen in man ; in the former we aim at the construction of a ladder by which wo may climb from the simplest manifestations of con- sciousness to the highest performances of the most gigantic human intellect. The present paper relates sp'jcially to feigning, and to the modilication of intelligence by hibernation, and by contact with mankind. Prof Penhallow gives : Review of Canadian Botany, from the first settlement of New Franco to the end of the oi,i;htcenth century. This will prove of service to working Iwtanists, and of interest, from varying points of view, lo many others. Young as our country is usually looked u))on, it is nevertheless old enough to have been connected in an especial manner with the beginnings of modern botar.y in I'lurope, and wi'' the rather later developments of hoi'ticuiture and arboriculture in Fiance and Britain. In the early part of the eighteenth century, J)iervillo took Acadiaii ])lants to Tournefort, and Petei' Kalm of Abo in Sweden, enc:iui'aged by Tiinnu'us, undertook his joui'nej' to America, reaching (Quebec by way of Philadelj)hia, Albany and Lake ('ham])lain, and, after an absence of nearly four years, returned to Abo to cultivate his American discoviries. Kalm may well be accounted the father of Canadian botany; his name is commemorated in the three northern Kalmia^, only two of which are known to grow within our Caiuidian boi'ders, although all are credited to ns in recent floras. Kalm was followed by Andrd Michaux, in 1785-86, and lie i-eachod Quebec and Montreal in 1702. Lastly, towards the chise of the eontuiy, we have the Scotch botanist, Menzies, natu'-'dist of Vancouver's Expedition, whose collections were made on the north-west coast of America and a few in the environs of Halifax harbour. They are kept in their original cases, very neatly arranged, on small sheets of paper, in portable pigeon-holed cabinets in the Herbarium Hall at the JJoyal Botanic Garden of Edinburgh. Mr. (leoi'gc U. Hay, of St. .lolrn, N.B., and Mr. A. 11. MacKr.y, of Pictou, N.S., give a List of the .Marine Algu' of the Maritime Provinces, which will prove useful to students of these plants, wlioso life-histories o'l'er an illimitable field for study. Prof. Fowler presents, in tabulated form, a statement of the facts relating to distribution of those members of the so-called Arctic Flora, that is plants growing witbir the Arctic Circle, that are also inhabitants of New Brunswick. The large number of such s])ecies suggests enquiry as to the causes or conditions that have rendered New lirunswick a suitalile asylum for them on their assumed northwaid .etreat during the period of amelioration of climate succeeding the glacial epoch. The exjdanation is found so far, in the influences of the Gulf stream, the Arctic current and its attendant fog.^, the surface contour of New Brunswick, its rugged north and northwestern portion, is inter- sected by I'ivors, with deep glens, shady ravines, cold bogs, springs and lingering snows — all tending to furnish conditions such as the little northern jilants require. Mr. Payne's Observations on the seasonal develojimcnt of ])iants at Capo Prince of Wales, Hudson Strait, throughout the growing season of 1886, form a woi'tby sup^jlemont to Prof Fowler's suggestive paper, and have besidos an interest entii'oly their own, as the first series of systematic observations of the kind made with any great degree of care on this continent that have been placed on record. More than a ([uarter of a. century ago an .utempt was made to secure observations on the periodical phenomena of plants, their times of leaiing, fIo>vering and fruiting, at suitable points throughout ('anada, and a certain amount of material was accumul.'itcd. It may be well ! our Fourth Section to consider the propriety of reviving this subject, and considering whether \\ could not carry out some sim])le system of seasonal olisorva- tions at leading centres in the Doi nion in correspondence with those now recorded at the Botanic Gardens of Edirdturgh, frlasgow, and St. Petersburg, and al other suitable points of observation in Northern Furo])o ainl Asia, so that defiruto vernal, rostival and autumnal linos might be carried around the whido northern hemisphere. The observations should bo made, by preconcerted arrangement, 18 and, aH far uh posaiblo, on the came foims of the samo species at the dift'erent points of observation. Facts tlius obtiiinod would form niui-li needed data for treating the influences of climate as a separate factor in the discussion of questions of distribution and origin. Such information would also prove of great practical value to Ihrmers, gardeners, foresters, pornologists, graziei-s, shepherds, and intend- ing settlers. A.t the double risk of proving teilious to ra^' hearers, t»!id unsatisfactory to those whose researches are so briefly referred to, 1 have thus lulvertcd to the work of the Society's past year as embodied in the Ti-ansactions. This s!iin|)le will indicate the nature and extent of the researches in v.'hich our members are engaged. When wo consider that, in many cases, a single paper is the result of months or even years of labor', wi; may be liiirly salistieil so far with what is lieing done. It may be that some of those inclined to assist in our work have hesitated to place their laboura at disposal of the Society on the i>lea that the Transactions arc not read. It is true tliat papers of immediate interest find more ready response in the scientitic and literary periodicals devoted to their special branches. Our Transactions form a publication of n dillorent kind, ilesignod to a large extent for papers of a more or less tinished character and adeiiuately illiHlratcd, such in liict as are likely to be of permanent utility, cither tor the information they contain or as a groundwork and guide for further research. To serve this latter use, they must often he loaded with references and technicalities, which, necessary as they ai'c for the student, arc altogether dislaslcfiil to t!io ordinary reader. It is this feature partly, and another, the tame exactness of composition often necessary for the clear statement of scientitic fads, that give the lieav}- character attributed proverbially to the Transactions of such societies. Whorevei- ilie real function of our publication has become known, its usefulness is I'ccognized. We are not unmindful tliat, in the past, much has been done by our local societies, considering the limited moans at their disposal, to brii:,i;- together in their several publications information relating to the country, notablj- among which may be named the Literary and Jlistorical Society of (Quebec, the Natural Ilistoiy Society of Montreal, the Canadian Institute of Toronto, and the Institute of Natural Science of Nova Scotia. But nevertheless it is a fact that hitlierto info"niation in regaril lo many ques- tions in Canadian history, literature and science has had to be looked for through tin; scattered papers of periodicals and j)n>ceediiigs of societies, published in many countries, in ilirt'erent languages, in works so riumerous as to be licyond the capacity of even the largest libraries we could hope to see established in this country. And thus, even the most livvoin-ably situated student, with all the assist- ance that colh'ge and library could give him, felt, after ransacking eveiy available source, that his monograph might still be incomplete. One object of our Transae'ions is to remedy this evil by otfer- ing a repository for the i-eception )f everything presented in a properly digested form that maj' be deemed of permanent value in relation to Canadian science, literature and history. 15y the continued coiineration of intellectual workers in the several depaitments we may hope to form .". book of refer- ence for all time — a record of Canadian research, lo which the student, seeking for the latest infor- mrtion on any Canadian subject, may turn with some confidence that his needs will be supplied. The Council announced to us yesterday that the amount necessary to defraj- the expense of our publication was this jear placed in the regular estimates. Can I give utterance to a better wish for the welfare of theEoyal Society of Canada tlmn to reiterate the hope expressed by the Council that the secui'ity thus given of the jiermanence of oni' puhlication will act as an incentive to members to renewed efforts to make it in every way worthy of this great, progressive and rapidly developing Dominion. Georoe Lawson, Dalkousie College, Halifax.