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 1 2 3 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
A^"- 
 
 i. 
 
 Champlain 
 
 NOT Cartier 
 
 MADE THE FIRST REFERENCE TO %. 
 
 NIAGARA FALLS IN LITER \TURE 
 
 HY 
 
 I'ktkk a Fortbr 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 r 
 
COPVRIfJHT 
 
 1899 
 
 PKTISR A. PORTBR 
 
 T»t ii«ini raiH, NiauM r«iu, N >. 
 
THE FIRST REFERENCE TO NIAGARA 
 FALLS IN LITERATURE J^ j^ J^ J^ J^ J^ J^ 
 
 nii statement that Jne(|ueH Cartier, in IG.'lfi, was 
 the first white man to hear about the Falls of 
 Niagara, and to make reference to them, has often 
 heen printed: and never, so far as I know, has 
 it been controverted. 
 
 Curtier, on his second voyage to Canada, in that year, 
 ascended the St. Lawrence to Hochelaga, now Montreal. 
 
 Marc Lescarbot's Histoirc de la Nouvelle France describes 
 Cartier's voyages. Thi» work was first published in 1001), at 
 Paris, and on page 381 is found the frequently quoted reference 
 that has been regarded as the first mention of Niagara Falls in 
 literature. 
 
 The substance of this reference, as given by O. H. Marshall, 
 in "The Niagara Frontier" is as follows: 
 
 "He [Cartier] was told, that after ascend- 
 ing many leagues among rapids and waterfalls 
 he would reach a lake, one hundred and fifty 
 leagues long and forty or fifty broad, at the 
 western extremity of which the v/aters were 
 wholesome and the winters mild; that a river 
 emptied into it from the south, which had its. 
 source in the country of the Iroquois; that 
 beyond this lake he would find a cataract and '''^"'^J'/'"'^ 
 portage; then another lake about equal to the 
 f«)rn«er, which they had never explored ; and 
 still further on. a sea, the western shores of" 
 which they had never seen, nor had they heard 
 of any one who had. 
 
 " This is the earliest historical notice of our 
 great Lake Region." 
 
 This passage from Marshall has often heen (juoted; and all 
 the writers on the history of this Region have placed Cartier's 
 name first in the Bibliography of Niagara; and have made the 
 quotation from Lescarbot (given below on page 8) the starting 
 point of Niagara's printed history. 
 
 MiirHliall • 
 
 Ilistoriciil 
 
 writiiiKH 
 
 Allinnv. 
 
 IHH- 
 
 p. 27.^ 
 
 and a7»l 
 
Transla- 
 tion and 
 ItalicR 
 nine 
 
 1 hnve, myself, used these statements nnrl have quoted them, 
 verHying their general accuracy from the reference to Lescarliot. 
 
 But a careful reading of Lescarl>ot's hook shows clearly that 
 in this part of his work he is only (|uoting literally from 
 Champlain's " Des Snuvages," (which was first published in 1604, 
 fire years l)ef«)re Lescarhot's book appeared) and that Lescarbot 
 »«i states explicitly. 
 
 Lescarbot makes three references to Niagara Falls, one on 
 page .'{79, another on page 381, and still another on page 383; 
 but each one of the three is a literal quotation from Champlain's 
 "Des Suuvages"; so the descriptions are not Cartier's at all. 
 
 Hence the date of the first reference to Niagara must be 
 changed from 1535 to H5()4, and the honor of lieing the first 
 white man to tell anything whatsover about it, must be 
 transferred to Champlnin. 
 
 Here are the proofs of this. 
 
 I have, and in this article I quote from, the original edition 
 of Lescarbot's Histoire de la Nouvelle France (Paris, 1609). 
 
 I do not possess a copy of the original edition (F*aris, 1604) 
 of Champlain's "Des Sauvages." Very, very few persons or 
 libraries do. So I quote from the 6-vol. edition (Quebec, 1870) 
 of Champlain's works, edited by the Abbe Laverdiere; "Des 
 Sauvages" being in Vol. II. 
 
 Lescarbot's work is divided into three books. 
 
 Book two (Livre Deuxieme) has 48 chapters. The "Summary 
 of the Chopters" of this book reads: 
 
 "In this book are described the voyages 
 and navigations of Captain Jacques Cartier; 
 and a voyage made by Jehan Francois de la 
 Koque Sreur de Roberval, under King Francois 
 I. is incidentally referred to. Also the most 
 recent discoveries of Sieurs de Monts and de 
 Poutrincourt ; together with the voyages of 
 Sieur Marquis de la Roche, and of Sieur 
 Champlain : under the glorious reign of our 
 King, Henry IIII." 
 
Chapter 1, jj[ivtfs n summary of Cartier's two first voyages 
 to Canada. Cluipters 2-5, inclusive, give the history of Cartier's 
 first voyage (15M+). Chapters <»-H, inclusive, give part of the 
 history ol Cartier's second voyage (irj.'l')) following Cartier's 
 own description and adding to it. Chapters U-1 1, inclusive, give 
 part of Champluin's voyage in lOOM, following his descriptions 
 in Chapters 1-5V<| of his " Dc« Sauvages." Chapters ll'-lH, 
 inclusive, give more of Cartier's 1.135 vt)yage, following his own 
 description and adding to it. Chapters 19-lil, inclusive, give 
 more of Champlain's 1(>(j3 voyage, (pu)ted almost exactly, from 
 middle of Chapter 5 to the end of chapter ".>, of his "I»cs 
 Sauvages." Chapters 22-27 inclusive, give the hahnncc of the 
 historj' of Cartier's 1535— ♦• voyage, following his own description. 
 Chapters 2H— t-S, inclusive, tell of other French voyages, to 
 Canada, etc. 
 
 Cartier's own description of his second voyage to Canada, 
 (1535-30), was published in Paris in 154-5, under the title 
 
 "BRIIvF KECIT, & fuccinolc narration, de la 
 nauigation faic\e es yfles de Canada, Hochelage 
 & Sagucnay & autres, auec |)articulieres tneurs, 
 langaige, & cerimonies dcs hahitans d'icclles: 
 fort delectable a veoir." 
 
 And Cartier therein has no reference to Niagara Falls, and 
 but a very slight one to our Lake Region. 
 
 It is the basis of Lescarbot's description of Cartier's second 
 voyage as above. It is a little volume of -iH sheets, 8 vo., only 
 one copy l)eing known to exist. It was reprinted, page tor page, 
 in Paris, in 1H<>3, by Tross. 
 
 ^I. D'Avezac in his introduction to that reprint, referring to 
 the original edition of Cartier's book, says: 
 
 "No one knows of any other publication 
 of it excepting Lescarbot in his ' History of 
 New France' (Book III. chapters 5-H, 12-1,S 
 and 22-27), where Cartier's voyage is pieced 
 out by find intermingled with, non-consecutive > 
 
 fragments of Champlain's voyage." 
 
 NoTB — In the nbove qncitation Book III. should have reud Book II. There are Note 
 only 26 chaiiters in Book III. The context proves that D'Aveiac meant Book II. mine 
 
 I'ajjcXVI. 
 
 Transla- 
 tion 
 mine 
 
Lcacnrhot cd. KUM), Chnp. XIX.. Hook II., on pAKe M65, i« 
 entitled : 
 
 Tranaln- 
 tlon niinr 
 
 Ut'OTA- 
 
 Tlo.N No. 1 
 
 " Vi}yaffc (!u Sieur Chuplein dcptiin h I'nrt 
 de Suincte Croix jtififiics uu Smit de la ffrnnde 
 riviere, oti font renmrqtices leit rivieres, iles, <% 
 fuitres chafes (/u'il n dccouvertes audit vnya^je : 
 ct ftartictdierement la riviere, * le peiiple, tt le 
 pals des Ir<>(|U()iH." 
 
 And on pHge H(i(> in nitid Chnpter Li*Hi-arr)ot Hays: 
 
 "Still in a voyage of some 2(M) lengueH 
 between St. Croix and the above mentioned 
 fall, the said LaSalle has noticed some things 
 which Cartier has not observed. Let us 
 therefore hear what he [Champlain] says about 
 his voyage." 
 
 Without noting the quotaticm which follows, word for word, 
 (for it is very long, occupying Chapters XIX., XX. and XXI. of 
 Lescarbot's book, and there are some slight changes in the 
 spelling and orthography, and one or two short abridgments 
 and additions), let me say that Lescarbot's Histoire dc la Nouvelle 
 France. 1G09 ed., from the middle of page 360, in Chapter XIX., 
 near the beginning thereof, to the end of Chapter XXI., «)n page 
 385, is an almost exact copy of Chaniplain's "Des Sauvages," 
 from top o' page 28 in Chapter VI.. to end of Chapter IX. on 
 page 48, ed. 1870, Vol. II.; as per Lescarbot's intention, expressed 
 above, to quote him. But I quote the three references in Chapters 
 XX. and XXI. of Book II., in Lescarbot, that refer to Niagara 
 Falls, and seriatim 1 compare each one with Champlain's " Des 
 Sauvages," showing them to be mere quotations therefrom. 
 
 In Chapter XX., on page 379, Lescarbot, in narrating what 
 "the savages who were with us told us," says: 
 
 Niagara 
 Falls 
 
 Lme 
 
 Saut 
 
 " Et puis ils vienncnt dedans vn lac quipeut 
 tenir quelques (piatrc-vingts lieues de long, ou 
 il y a quantitc d'iles, & qu'au Vjout d'icelui 
 I'eaii y eft falubre, & I'hiver doux. A la fin 
 dudit lac ilz pafl'ent vn faut, qui eft quelque 
 
pt'U t'levc, nil il y a pcii «ri'nu. Imiuflli' Icronul: 
 lA ilz portent Icmth <.-an<>ts par terrc vim iron vn 
 (|iiart tie lifMir pour paiVcr IT fatit Do I A cut r> lit 
 flans vn a itrc la^,- (pii pt-ut tcnir (,iifl(|iu>H i.ac 
 foixante lioiicH «lc lonj,'. & tpic I'caii t-n .-ft furt 
 falulirc: vttans h la fin IIh vienncnt A vn di'tr >it Dftmit 
 qui coiiticnt deux licucs di- larjjc. ik. \i\ alfcz 
 nvant dans Ics torres: (pi'ilz n'avoicni (loint 
 pafle plus outrt' . vS: n'avoicnt vtu la tin d'vn /wu /« 
 lac qui eft a quclipifs (piinzo ou foize liei cs d'ou ""' 
 ils ont eftc, ni rpic ccux (|ui Ic'ur avincnt dit 
 cuflent veu homnu- (|ui I'euf't veu." 
 
 Now compare with the above Chainplain's ' Des Salivates." 
 in Chapter VIII.. Vol. II., page +2. where he t .-lis "what two 
 pavaj^es who were with us related." 
 
 "Kt puis ils vieniient dedans vn lae (|iii peat i,i- lac 
 tcnir (piel(|ues 80. lieues de long, ou il y a """"■'" 
 quantite d'illes; it cpie au liout d'iceluy lean y 
 eft faluhre & I'hyuer doux. A la fin dulit lac, 
 ils ijaflent vn faidt (|ui eft (piehpie peu eleuc.ou Umiiuto 
 il y a peu d'eJtu, h-upielle defcend. La, lis N'„^„ru 
 portent leurs caiiots par terrc enuiron vr quart 
 de lieiie pour palTer cc fault; de l?i cntreit 
 dans vn autre lac «|ui pent tcnir (piehptes KciutUric 
 foixante lieuc.s de long, & (pic I'eau en tft fort 
 falubre. Eftarit a la fin ils viennent a vn 
 deftroio^ (|ui contient deux lieues de larj.je. & hnrivUr.- 
 va alfez auant dans les tcrres. (Ju'ils n'i uoient ''" ^''"^"'^ 
 point palVc plus outre, & n'auoient veu la (in 
 d'vn lac (pii eft a quehpies (piinzc ou fcizc lieues i.i- Wu- 
 d'ou ils font eftc, iiy (|uc ccux (|ui leur auoicMt ""■■"" 
 di<5l euflent veu hoinine (jui Ic I'cuft veu. " 
 
 Translation of the two (piotations above, l)oth being ihc 
 same, from Publications of the Prince Society, Chaniplain's 
 Voyages, Boston, Vol. I., page 271. 
 
 "Then they come to a lake fome dghtv 
 leagues long, with a great many illands; the i-ake 
 
 water at its extremity being frefh and the winter 
 mild. At the end of this lake they pafs a fall, 
 
 (Jntariu 
 
 I'uIIk 
 
NliiKiirn 
 Kalhi 
 
 Niiifciirit fomi-whiit hiji{h ami with hut little wntcrflt)winj{ 
 over. HiTf thfy carry their canocH overland 
 about a ((uarti-r of a league, in order to pafn 
 
 i,nke HrJc the fall, afterwanlH enterinj{ another lake f(»me 
 fixty lea>rneH lon^, and eontaininf^r very )>ood 
 water. Ilavin){ reached the end, they come to 
 n ftrait two lea^aeM hroad and extending a 
 confiderahle diftance int(» the interior. They 
 faid they had never ji>;one any farther, nor fcen 
 the end of a lake fonie fifteen (»r fixteen leaKueii 
 diftant from where they had been, and that 
 thofe relating this to them had not feen any 
 (me wh(» had feen it." 
 
 Detroit 
 HIvrr 
 
 l.iikr 
 llnrim 
 
 Ol'OTA- 
 TION Nil. 2 
 
 UcHcarbot in Chapter XXI. , on page 3H1, in narrating "what 
 tw«j or three Algontpiins related" says: 
 
 NMayiira 
 
 I'allN 
 
 Lmc. 
 
 klvivrr 
 lien Al- 
 Utiume- 
 ijuttin vers 
 fe Sort . 
 
 klviere 
 vetiiint 
 den Iru- 
 qunlH. 
 
 Sunt. 
 
 (iruiid 
 Ihc <* In- 
 
 aai. 
 
 " I'uis viennent dedans vn lac (|ui contient 
 (|uelc|ues cent cin(|uante lieui's de long, & 
 quel(|ueM (piatre ou cin(| lieucs a I'entree dudit 
 lac, il y a vne riviere (jui va aux Alffounicqiiins 
 vers le Nort : Ivt vne autre (|ui va aux Jniqtiois, 
 par oil lefdits Atfr(nimt'(/tiins <t Inxjuois fe font 
 la guerre Ht vn peu plus haut :\ la bede du 
 Su dudit lac, il y a vne autre riviere (|ui va an 
 JrtKfitois : puis venant a la fin dudit lac, ilr 
 rencontrent vn autre faut ou, ilz p<»rtent leurs 
 canots: de la ils entrent dedans vn autre 
 tres-grand lac, <|ui pent contenir autant comme 
 le premier. Ilz n'ont efte (jue fort peu das ce 
 dernier, & (mt ouy dire i\u'h la fin dudit lac il 
 y a vne mer, dot ilz n'ot veu la fin, ne ouy dire 
 qu'aucun I'ait veue. Mais que Ift ou ils ont 
 efte, I'cau n'eft point mauvaife, d'autat qu'ilz 
 n'ont point avance plus haut, & que le cours 
 de I'eau vient du cote du Solcil couchant venant 
 h I'Orient, & ne f^avent fi pafle ledit lac qu'ils 
 ont veu, il y a autre cours d'eau qui aille du 
 c6te de I'Occident: que le Soleil fe ctiuche h. 
 main droite dudit lac, qui eft felon men 
 iugement au Noroiieft , peu plus ou moins, & 
 qu'au premier lac I'eau ne gele point, ce qui fait 
 iuger que le temps y eft tempere." 
 
•IvWre 
 
 1. 11 rtvi^rr 
 
 N<t\v compari' with tin- hImivc Ch(im|(lain'H " Och Sjinvn^c**" 
 in Cliaptvr I\., Vnl. II., pa^i-H 4ri and M\, where he narrati'H 
 what "two <»r three AlK<>n(|uinN t(»hl him." 
 
 ' I'uiM viennent (le(hinH vn hic (|ni ectntieiit 
 (|uel(|ne cent cin(|uante lieue>« de lonjt;: ^^ i|ueh|neii ^a rivi/rr 
 <|nalre <»n ein(| lieni'H h I'enlree <ln<lict lac, il y iinu^dr 
 a vne rinicre qni va anx AI){<iume(|iiinM vers ie 
 Nort. Hi vne autre (|iii va anx Irocoin; par oii 
 lef(li<5l Al)j<)nnu't|nins Si. Irocois I'e font la 
 (jiierre. I-^t vn pen plus hant h la hande du 
 Su dudict lac, il y a vne antre riuiere cpii vn 
 anx Irocois; puis venant a la (in dudict I 
 Wh rencontrent vn autre fault, oil iln porteat 
 leufH 'Pnctii; <lelft ilH entrent dedann vn autre 
 tr^'S );<[ran(i lac, (|ui pent contenii autnnt comnie 
 '" i»reinier. lis n'y «)nt efte que fort pen daii8 
 ce dernier, & ont ouy dire (|u'A la fin dudict 
 lac, il y a vne mer dont ils n'ont veu la fin, no 
 ouy dire (pi'aucun I'aye veu ; niais que la «)U ilH 
 ont efte, I'eau n'ell ()oint niauuaile, d'antant 
 ({u'IIh n'or.t point aduancc |)lus haui; & que Ie 
 C(»urs de I'e/iu vient du coftc du foleil couchant 
 venant a I'Orient. M: ne fvanent fi paffe Ie dit» 
 lacs (|M'ils ont veu il y n autre cours d'eau (pii 
 aille du coftc de I'fk'cident; que Ie foleil fe 
 couche a main droite dudict lac, (|ui eft, felon 
 mon iugement. an Noroucft pen plus ou moins; 
 rJt (|u'au premier lac I'eau ne jjelle point, ce (pii 
 me fait iuger (pu* Ie temps y eft tempere. 
 
 Translation of the two (piotations al)ove, both beinj; the 
 same, from I'uhlications of the Prince Society, Chanijilain's 
 Voyages, Boston, Vol. I., pa^e 274. 
 
 "Then they enter i\ lake fome hundred and 
 fifty IcagJics in length, and fome four or five ^j^^ 
 leagues from the entrance of this lake there is Kivcr-iikr 
 a river extending northward to the Algonquins. yllint'c 
 and another towards the Iroquois where the ofwtK" 
 faid Algonquins and the Iroquois make war 
 upon each other. And a little farther along, on 
 the fouth fhore of this lake, there is another The 
 
 ,. Ill • • Oenef«e 
 
 river, extending towards the Iroquois; then, Kivrr 
 
 N unrii 
 I'lillt 
 
NiUKuru 
 PaIN 
 
 The Indi- 
 ann culled 
 Lake 
 Huron 
 " Mer 
 donee" 
 
 after 
 which 
 they come 
 to Nin- 
 Karu HuIIn 
 
 We can 
 euflly re- 
 cof^izc 
 I.nkc On- 
 tario, 
 Lake Brie 
 anil Nia- 
 Karn Falls 
 although 
 this ac- 
 count in 
 excccd- 
 inKly 
 conmfed 
 and in- 
 accurate 
 
 arriving at the end of this lake, they come to 
 another fall, where they carry their canoes; 
 beyond this, they enter another very large lake 
 as long, |)erha])s, as the Hrft. The latter they 
 have vifited hut very little, they faid, and have 
 heard that, at the end of it, there is a fea of 
 which they have not feen the end, nor heard 
 that any one has, but that the water at 
 the point to whith they have gone is not 
 fait, but that they are not able to judge of the 
 water bevond, fince thev have not advanced 
 any farther; that the courfe of the water is 
 from the weft towards the eaft, and that they 
 do not know whether, beyond the lakes they 
 have feen, there is another watercourfe towards 
 the weft; that the fun fets on the right of this 
 lake; that is, in my judgment, north weft more 
 or Icfs; and that, at the firft lake the water 
 never freezes, which leads me to conclude that 
 the weather there is moderate." 
 
 QUOTA- 
 TI<»N No. 3 
 
 . I 
 
 Niagara 
 
 Falls 
 
 Lescarbot in Chapter XXI. page 383, in narrating "what a 
 young Algonquin who has voyaged much on this great lake" 
 related, says: 
 
 Orntifi- 
 fime lac 
 de trola 
 cets Heiies 
 
 Siiut 
 
 Kiiiere 
 lies Al- 
 goumc- 
 quina an 
 grand 
 Ihc 
 
 " De la ils entrent dedans vn grandiflinc lac, 
 qui pent contenir quelques trois cets lieues de 
 long. Avan<;ant quelques cent lieues dedans 
 ledict lac, ils rencontrent vne ile qui eft fort 
 grande, ou au deljl de ladicle ile, I'eau eft 
 falubre; mais que pafsat quelques cets lieues 
 plus auant, I'eau eft encore plus mauvaife: 
 Arrivant a la fin dudit lac, I'eau eft du tout 
 ialee: Qu'il y a vn faut qui peut contenir vne 
 lieiie de large, d'ou il defcend vn grandiffime 
 courant d'eau dans ledit lac. Que pnffe cc faut, 
 on ne voit plus de terre, ny d'vn cote ne 
 d'autre, fino vne mer fi grade qu'ils n'en ont 
 point veu la fin, ni ouT dire qu'aucun I'ait veue: 
 Que Ic Soleil fe couche a main droite dudit lac, 
 & qu'a fon entree il y a vne riviere qui va aux 
 Algouwcquins & I'autre aux Jroifuois, par ou 
 ilz fe font la guerre." 
 
 10 
 
Now compare what Chainplain in " Des Sauvagcs," Chapter 
 IX., Vol. II., page 47, narrating "what a young Algonquin who 
 had voyaged far on this great lake" told him, says: 
 
 " Dela ils entrent dedans vn grandiflfime lac 
 qui pent contenir (iue)(|ues trois cents lieues de 
 hjng. Aduanvant quelque cent lieues dedans 
 ledicl lac. ils rencontrent vne ifle, qui eft fort 
 grande, on, audela de ladifte ille, I'eau eft falubre ; 
 mais (|ue paffant quelques cent lieues plus auant. MaiKr^^ Us 
 I'eau eft encore plus mauuaife ; arriuant a la fin l""'"^^*'' 
 
 dudic^ lac. I'eau eft du tout falee. 
 
 jfS (|U1 
 
 yu'il y a vn P"-<'if'Hnt, 
 fault qui peut contenir vne lieue de large, d' ou il s'cmpdch'cr 
 defcend vn grandiffime courant d'eau dans le di(ft n!iure"i?i 
 lac; que paffe ce fault, on ne voit plus de terre nv •">hntc(ic 
 d'vn cofte. ne d'autre, Anon vne mer fi grnnde '"*""''* 
 qu'ils n'en n'ont point veu la fin, ny ouy dire 
 (|u'aucun I'aye veu. Que le foleil fe coilche a 
 main droite dudic^ lac, it qu'a fon entree il y a 
 vne riuiere qui va aux Algoumequins, & I'autre 
 aux Irocois, par ou ils fe font la guerre." 
 
 Translation of the two above quotations, both being the 
 same, from Publications of the Prince Society, Champlain's 
 Voyages, Boston, Vol. I. page 275 and 276. 
 
 " After this, they enter a very large lake, fome 
 three hundred leagues in length. Proceeding 
 fome hundred leagues in this lake, they come to 
 a very large ifland, beyond which the water is 
 good; but that, upon going fome hundred 
 leagues farther, the water has become fomcwhat 
 bad, and. upon reaching the end of the lake it 
 is perfeaiy fait. That there is a fall about a 
 league wide, where a very large mafs of water 
 falls into faid lake; that, when this fall is 
 paffed. one fees no more land on either fide, but 
 only a fea fo large that they have never feen 
 the end of it, nor heard that any one has; 
 that the fun fcts on the right of this lake, at 
 the entrance to which there is a river extending 
 towards the Algonquins, and another towards 
 the Iroquois, by way of which they go 
 to war." 
 
 Ninffnrn 
 FallB 
 
 Niagara 
 Falls 
 
 "Mer 
 douce" or 
 Lake 
 Huron 
 
 11 
 
TrnriHlii- 
 tiori iinil 
 Italics 
 mini- 
 
 The Reo- 
 Kraphicul 
 descrip- 
 tion is, not 
 unnatur- 
 ally. 
 
 vai^e and 
 confused 
 
 Tross' 
 reprint, 
 1863. 
 page 34. 
 
 Transla- 
 tion mine 
 
 Probably 
 
 Lake 
 
 Superior 
 
 Transla- 
 tion mine 
 
 Lastly Lescarbot, on page 88.5, in Chapter XXII., and near 
 the beginning thereof, after having quoted the entire preceding 
 three chapters of his own book from Chaniplain. says: 
 
 " We shall now relate what the said Captain 
 Cartier tells generally of the wonders of this 
 great river of Canachi, also of the river 
 Saguenay and of the river of the Irotpiois, in 
 oriier to compare his nccount with thiit which 
 the said Champhiin wrote, from which wc have 
 (/noted the foregoing accounts." [les paroles 
 ci-dessiis.] 
 
 Chatnplain never saw Niagara or he wonld not have quoted 
 such erroneous descriptions of it as the Indians related to him, 
 without adding where, according to his own observation, these 
 were inaccurate. The unequivocal statement of Lescarbot just 
 before he commences to (piote Chanipl.iin, that he is going to do 
 so, and his open statement of his having d(me so, just after the 
 long quotation, cover and settle this whole (juestion. If 
 anything in the way of circumstantial proof were needed on this 
 special point, the almost absolute identity of Lescarbot's 
 descriptions of Niagara and our Lake Region, in 1609, with those 
 of Champlain, which first appeared in 1604, furnishes it. 
 
 Cartier may have heard of the "grand saut" or Niagara 
 from the Indians in 15H.5, but it is absolutely unlikely that he 
 dill so, for in his account of that voyage, published in 1545, he 
 makes no reference, nor even a suggestion of one, to it ; yet 
 he does refer very briefly to the great lakes. 
 
 This is the earliest known reference to our Lake Region, 
 where Cartier, relating "what Donnacona and others told 
 him," says: 
 
 "And beyond the said Saguenay, runs the 
 above mentioned river, passing through two 
 or three vast lakes, beyond which there is a 
 sea of fresh water, but no (me had ever been 
 heard of who had seen the end thereof." 
 
 Lescarbot also gives the above on page 391 of his work and 
 adds the note "Compare what Sieur Chaplein says above, 
 Chapters 8 and 9." 
 
 13 
 
By the way, this work of Cartier's, of which the title is 
 quoted on page 5 of this pamphlet, was the first printed book 
 relating solely to Canada; so in it he evidently meant to tell 
 everything he knew, and everything he had heard, about that 
 country, of which he was the first explorer. 
 
 Champlain did hear of " vn sault, entre deux lacs," or 
 Niagara, and gives not only one but three different accounts 
 of it that he heard, in 1603, from the Indians; and the passages 
 from Champlain's " Des Sau\ages" above quoted are, in point of 
 time, the second, but as regards details, the earliest known 
 accounts of our great Lake Region ; making that book almost 
 as valuable historically as it is rare commercially. 
 
 And so: from the brave and adventurous Carticr, to whom 
 it has been erroneously accorded, we must wrest the honor of 
 being the first man in literature to refer to Niagara Falls ; and 
 we must award it, nearly 70 years after Cartier's book appeared, 
 to the subsequent Founder of Quebec and the First Governor of 
 New France,— the man who is by far the most picturesque figure 
 in all Canadian History— Samuel de Champlain. 
 
 -^.^^irx- 
 
 18 
 
IN THIS PAMPHLET: 
 The notes in the line outside of the body of the 
 type are by the Author hereof. The notes In 
 the line inside of the body of the type, and 
 alongside the quotations, ate by the author 
 quoted. 
 
 Of this edition 160 were printed 
 
 in