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D.\UVEAU, PUINTEll AND PUBLISHER, No. t'O to 6:i, Mountain Hill. 1886 ,|^^. « i r«. ' ■ GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE VIEWS. GEOGRAPHY. MARIE DE IVINCAENATIOK : ^ tRwttlines of Quebec August, 1986. I do not JTZ t™do windZ !, ^'"■'"'' ^« leagues fi-om the shore. ^ ''" "'^r are 80 ' ^- '^''""•« Jo 'he monsoons prevail? rr'^il^V'n.rZ^t^ S"^ - euriousiy J^n^-dSrihr^srl^ "-'- ^^ trade winds prevailjT.t north of ,h""', ""' '■<'fi"''"' southwest winds, aceomnVZ i i *■" '""' paiallel, Oetober to April. These wTnds™, ""'""^ f"™ «nd the change flom one 1„ "'■" ""''"' '""«««"«. nttended by violent storm" ""'°" *° """'her is point and sometimes f,^='m'a„'„^h:;°""""«« ''<"" »"« tuti^aS"' '•""' '^"''^ *'"« --" -0-- and what are \ — 6 — m Innd, Mow trado winds, P" the diurnnl "tl ])artly by J' with in tho to rostoi'o Ihe i'o due oust; d the north, ^0 south, to trade winds. [iihiplo, nenr iable winds des bliolters America, so they are 80 e curiously tweeri the J'o is little he regular it painllel, t'vail from inds from monsoons, another is winds ai-e ti'om one what are 5 miles an 15 ni' 9(\ niilos, a brisk galfi; at the rate of 30 miles, a high wind; and at th . rate of 100 miles, a hurricane or tornado. Hurricanes arc generally whirlwinds, confined to a narrow path, with a progressive motion, sometimes of only 10 or 15 miles an hour. Hurricanes are more frequent and destr.ictivo in the West Indies, and on the shores of China and Farther India, than in any other part of tho world. In China they are called typhoons. 5. What are sea and land breezes ?— the simoon and the sirocco ? The islands and shores within the tropics are re- freshed by sea and land breezes ; the sea breeze, or wind from tho sea, always blowing during tho day, and the land breeze, or wind from the land, duri.ig the night. In Africa and Arabia a hot, pestilential wind, called the simoon, or samiel, and the Immsm, blows at certain seasons from tho parched deserts. In Italy it is modi- fied by passing over the Meditorraneam, and is called the sirocco. RAIN. 6. Where is rain most abundant? Eain is very unequally distributed to the different parts of the globe. It is generally more abundant the nearer you approach the equator. Under tho equator the depth of rain which fiills an- nually is about 96 inches; and as you go toward the poles it diminishes, till at the latitude of GO'' it is only 17 inches; but the number of rainy days increases with the latitude. . 7. In what part of the world are the rains regular ? In the torrid zone the rains, like tho winds, oceur regularly at certain seasons of the year. Tiie rainy — 6 — borMnr'^^f^^i^'i ^n^'-^t^'S Jnsts from April to Octc in ho V- V'^ '^^' ''^"V^^"'"' ^^'^'^ ^^^^«^^'^- to April. trno "i^"'^""''^^ V-ord there is an extensive r)erm> n. l""" ('"l '^^'J^''^'^'^ '^''"^^« ^^^^^^ producing peipolmjcjilm and ])oi pel nal rain. ^ lu which it never rams. TEMP.ERATUEE. 8. On what does the temperature chiefly depend? aho^ d stance f.-om the eqiiatoi-, and its elevation above the level of the sea. i.Jrj?r^''''^/?"^'- y''''^'' ^''^^^^ the equator to the poles he cold increases; and in proportion as you ascend above the level of the sea tie ^cold increS 1. ui! u ?''''^^ ^°"^ ^"^^^ countries are hot and iin- Jiealthy, but countries elevated fa'OOO or 8000 feet above IW 1!';ffi^^'7!f '^''^'1^"'''^^^ '^^^^'^ '^t the height of fnVi 1 I ' ^""^ ^^'^ '^^'"^'^^ '^ the same as in the 9. What is the line of perpetual snow in the dif- lerent zone. Under the equator mountains more than 15 000 feet high Jire covered with perpetual snow; and the line of perpetual congelation continually descends as you p-o toward the poles. In latitude 4.0'Mt is about 9000 feet above the level of the sea; in latitude 50o, about 6000; and in latitude GO", only 3000 feet. THE SEA. ^ 10. What is the sea, and how does it aifect tempe^ The sea in its widest sense, embraces the five oceans and all the gulfs and other large bodies of salt water directly connected with them, ■^ pril to Octo- bor to April, -n extensive , producing I'ge districts fly depend? nds chiefly Is elevation ator to the ;ion as you 1 increases. lot and im- feet above le height of as iii the in the dif~ 15,000 feet i the line of } as you go ibout 9000 50", about 3Ct tempe- s the five (lies of salt — 7 — It is commonly estimated that the sea covers about three quarters of the surface of the globe. One great use of the sea is to equalize the tempera- . ture of Ihe globe. AYater has a great capacity for heat, and by the currents of the ocean the water heated within the tropics is carried to the borders of the frigid zones. 11. How are warm regions made colder, and cold region made warmer by the sea ? The sea at the distance of 4 or 500 miles around t^e poles, seems to be constantly covered with ice, and mountains of ice, called icebergs, rising sometimes 100 feet above the water, are often tloated by winds and currents far within the temjierate zones. The vapors raised by the heat of the sun from the ocean form clouds, which are carried by winds to far djstanfregions, wi e they give out their heat to the ai]-, and their water to feedVivers. plants, and animals. Another great use of the sea is to facilitate inter- course and commerce between distant nations!, bulky and heavy articles being carried across the sea in ships Avith great rapidity and at little expense. TIDES. 12. What are tides ? Tides are the regular rise and ftill of the water in the sea twice eveiy 25 hours. The tides are caused chiefly by the attraction of the ^loon, but partly by that of the sun, and are highest when the sun and moon are on the same side of the earth. The height to which the tide rises in any place de- ponds much on the shai)e of the land against which the great tide wave strikes; the highest tides in the niiddle of the Pacific ocean being only 5 feet, while in some tunnel shaped channels, as in the bay of Fundy and part of the British channel, thev rise to tho height of 40 feet, and even higher,' — 8 _ CURRENTS. eei ™J? '"'"" '"™<'"o° <'««« the great current of the acr^f,'hVX.ifi7''i:d*L?''''''.' tf' ^''"^^ " o"™"* '•a'ly from oa- toV^st but moHffi.rf"""''.^''"^' S™"" of its oourse by thr4\nf .? *i f '? ''•ffe™nt ports current. aettinV^nVo'rrheVl^t'; """ '^ •"^«- Good srpT^" "' '''"'■^'' ^ft"'' doubling the cape of west, pa88es (hrono^h^Thl P -f""^'' *'"' t^ere tu.'ns and Yucatan ro"fd tW Sf''"'" '*■?]. '"''«'™ Cuba straits df Florida lnri„l„,r'"'?S""^ through the States(wh,.;e\'tfsc:,tth::^eXtr)tK fe.urnsiralCtSrttlS/-'''^''-''''-^'^^-- cuJit^?"' '■' '^' «<'"''^« of different branches of this teS™":Sofher:outir",* ™"r ^^ '"*» '""^ M.di. and through theSrVt" if Wn"^,,""* ?'""'°'' "'' ^'azil, and oth,.rs\ti lareeo,Lrt fi^ff" "y '"5° ">« Paciiie to form immense wh?vtn?,li ""^ *"; P'^''"' ^'•'•'"'fa as of the ocear S°ml crli'l ""'.'"'"""g 'argo portions currents mekincfnna,™^ '""'''' "'"""" ''^ *'d*'« and ous, often draw ,?g ."n^hi ,s .nTd'S' ' "l^''^ "aagor- rocto. The most cc'ebrnJl i c .J^ '""S 'hem upo.i the on. the coastTf Norvt p a?d A?rvh'r "•'' ^^ '»''■'"" between Sicily and Itofy, ^''arybais in the straits VEGETALES. The nuZt"' ™°' '' ^^S^'^t'o" -"ost luxuriant? The number, s,.e, and luxuriance of vegetables are 9 — irrent of the 96 a current oeane, gene- fferent ports id by other the cape of this current there turns Hwen Cuba hroiigh the the XJriited Niwfound- theast hy a anary isles, hes of this the Modi- of Brazil, 10 Pacitic; urrents as poi-tions tides and ydangei'- upoi) the laelstroni he straits ant? ables are Igrcntesi the torrid zone, and diminish as you go toward iLo poles. Among the most remarkable vegetables of the torrid zone are. the saqo palm, which yields a juice so thick and nutritions that it is used for food ; the bread-fi nit- tree and plantain, which produce a fruit resembling bretid ; the teak of India, which is used for ship build- ing, and surpasses even i he oak in firmness and durabi- lity ; the mighty Baobab, which grows on the banks of the Senegal, and attains a circumference of 60 and TO feet ; and' the gieat/^w pahn of India, one leaf of which ' will cover ten or a dozen men. The torrid zone also yields the most fragrant spices and the most luscious fruits. 17. Name some of the most noted vegetable of the temperate zones. The lower latitudes of the temperate zones y-eld the vine, from the fruit of which wine is mada; the mul- berry on the leaves of which the silk- worm feeds ; the olive which produces sweet oil ; wheat, barley, and other nutri'ious grain and cotton, which is now more extensively used for clothing than any other material. In the higher latitudes of the temperate zones, wheat grows vvithditflculty, hnt oats, hemp, and^/Zax- are raised in perfection; the pastures are rich and verdant with grass; the forests yield the oak, the ash, the elm, &c., and the apple, pear, cherry, currant, gooseberry, c&c, are abundant. 1 8. Describe the vegetation of the frigid zones. In the frigid zones, and in some countries even as low as the parallel of 60°, nature assumes a gloomy and desolate aspect. Tha pines andyzrs atfirst rear their tall heads and cover the hills with their constant mantle of dark green, but as you advance toward the north every species of vegetable which yields food to man en- tirely fails ; and nothing appears but dwarf trees, bushes and mosses, — 10 — ANIMALS. Of Ih; SS r:.""'''' "-' "«t«^' -'i»al. and bi,.ds depth of.nci.,tt;:^^%^^^^''o cl,vell, i„ t^^ '»K'W, while in tLir-oatlZi' ' i'^ """'"'' »'"' 'he a™ , .early to dcvoufllfZy-rT''''''^'''''''^ ""'i^'^'ors them. ' ''' '''^'^^' '^nd aviYG nation before The largest birds are the osfrirh +K. the condor; and small birds of I Wir \^ ^^f ^^^^i/, and beautifal pinmao-e, bat less nip''''""'^ exqnisiiely than the ijirds of he I^BmTerate'ol^"^ '» «^-'^- "otea forests. tcmiDeiate zones, abound in the 20. AYhat is said of the corals ? the t^mptStltnesV'' ""''''' '^'^^'^ -"o found in a.?,;;^t7:i:^rr:r^""^"^*^-^--^--us and other valuable d?n'es?S^^^^^^^^ ^^^' ^«^, perfection, nearl,^ to th" S^^of 6^0 '''"' ^" ^ , 23. ^ abundii Gold foot of [down 1 louth J. n 1866 'ure, wj 'alifoi'i] lave be la Beam The 1 'Olivia. •f all th ines. Jouth A] 24. W ^i ~ 11 — J.z/^^^i^^ appi'och the 60rh degree of Iatitnr]« iu become tho\^r„''„ t^^cS ^i^rrt-T'^r '■''^: luseful domestic animal ;„ this cllmato'M. S? ts animals as in >''o chvells in the '^ioceros and the clies along the >ne are the Iton, ounce, and the ^' and alligators '« of venomous while /oc?/s;'5, imense armies nation before 'assowary, and id exquisitely n their notes ibound in the h which have f the animal, 'ing to each von islands, ihe Fi'iendly > in constant ibstance. are found in orferocious ^9i dog, cat, ind in gi-eat ^2.^ Kame some of the largest animals of the frigid In the frigid zones the quadnmcd ^^■^c^^>\c.^ n • sumo a fierce and formidable TaracirT?^^''' '"'■ \whiie bear roams over the fields of ^.! ^° ^''"^^ boldly to the attack of nvfn tT^f % '"'' "^"^ ^'"«hes 'rises amid the iclberA w^t^A « ''''^''"'' ^^* ^^^-^^^''^^^ the mighty X^rXTh^^^^^^ ^^^^'^i and METALS AND MINERALS. 23. Where are gold and silver foim^ • [abundance ? ^ *^^°d ^n greatest fn 1866, a mas's of gowf S tet'Tonr'' "^r'™""' pure, was taken from a quartz^min; „!"%,""'' "'''"''y California. Canada aIsr™sLZ„ 'JIm'"^'-'''''""''''" iave been worked sinc^ sCe me^a StTf '''''f ia. Beauce. ' ^^ ^^' ^^anjois de The richest silver mines atP 1hf^.^ ^<> ir . Bolivia. Since the discoverv of Im! • ^^^^^^ ^"^ ^f all the silver in the world h if "'^' "ine tenths ^ines. Silver mines arTfound In Tf/'T *^^«^ outh America. ^ ^^^ *^® states of .^;o^^ are the most p^niaoti^e mm^ erf i... — 12 — ft' also those of Yan-Dieman, the Celebos anTpFr ^'"-'^ ' Townships. ^ ^ « ^^y and in the south-eastern! Copper is found in JSTorway, Sweden PhiH w i consin, and other countries: bit the TrV « ' ?''" supply is from the mines of Cornwa, in E Uand't Acton, near DrummondviUe rCanmlo ^ o^i ^H mines of a very good quality ^^^"^^'^') ^^'^ copper] found ?'^'^"" "" ''''' *^"' '^^ l other parts of the world are, in &h Ai£ ^ Mo.fnt Aconcagua, in the Andes (23,000 fee ) n Af " ^lZmVT''^'''» 5. ^^'"'■'h aJ^,^ ^^ h„^, 21,000,000) 'i„d''''^,'«, 20,000 000 (EnSanS "/""" 234,000,0oi' """ """ °f the bS4 "Ln^ ">« Tuvki^r F P^P"'"*'"" »f 43,000 000- P J^elgiiim is the most fj.,'^7 i ' ' earth containing Zt^^OofZiZlit""""'^ - *io ot ",400 square miles,' that ^jSt",'?' »" >»> extent ,3The^pop..ati„„„,eheI,on>i„1^I ^^o a^s,„^.^ „i^. '^» ^oro than a ^'33,000,000 ■J^G,000,000 92,700,000 87,078,000 25,424,000 i according to parts of the ^nd Amoi'iea, ^onHidorinfr ;P"lon8, ,ineo "V^t Asia has '^'^^'fi 5, South nti'ies in tho Jjoiis in the i'^'iiabitants, ^he whole ^a'ns about <^8,000,000, popuJation 'and alone ' Empire, ^e I'm any, ^es, about 6,000,000; '■yon tho an extent are mile, ^da is 3.- — 15 -= 32. What are tho different forms of L'ovornm^nf throughout tho world. feoveinment 00 ab60lAite, the sovoi-oigu nowor is linl,! hxr Vi*^ monarch, with ,ut any .uhe,' .Sric io Vha,f tt lundamontal laws of tl.A Qf..f« r . "*^ monarchy. bc^J^ tt tnltnta ^^wHt'S 33. What is meant by a i-opublio ? ^JZ " ri'"''"''' ;*'» "ation govei^ns itself by delo- &/whI"i]:'''™'' "^'"''^of '-^publics: t^e'^S: RACES OP MEN AND STATBS OP SOCIETY the,t ?""'" """^ '""■'""'"' "^ «"> h'"»'«> «]>eaos aro £wh*:r^rh?:t.Snr]fe^e!^^^^^^ h« o:a,va,.d cha..act.nstica a.-e not tho B^,„e i'to.y Naturalists commonly reckon five vavicfio^ „r tu e^ryae:r-:ri:s,^Vyi^'^^^^ to each race. es^^ecully by the color peculiar IfK rpu. r*. "c v.;iucau>ian race is white 2nd The Moago.ian, olive yell ow ■ . - JC _ . J« the i^^A.«.,.. . ""'^ «^ ^he comforts coloi'ecl. ^'^^^'•<3nt race, of '"^«P«i/i08e, and ^^0 isles of the '''«««, (^^affre^ «»8 Of Xorth ''^^ t^ie rest ''^''decJ as to '"."^'•ly be S flaJiicivi- '^, « lung, ^^i hence ' comforts '"" " ;.'"■ >•««■• of our il'"" 4 millions of T " '■"mpnted ,| „ ;, '"*••' "f Omar ^"''omedans """'- »"" 'no,o .l,,!'/:,"'" '.';;? more eli,fionofB,,d?r""^V'''"''«"d! 4 r';f/;;"™'n«3 "'0.0 rdS« m''^'"' "^ ' ''»^. S;:':?''^'"!' of Z ''"jL'>^o i% ZZ.'ofZ^''^ "' »"<•''- iI'U"o;"/';''«''' '-.^- W,.n,e 11,0 e IrT-^'''"' """•l"'-fy ''"'"'"'' .g.o^« prevail ? ^-""•- -he-e the.e different reli "««'' "«t.on» on the iace ol'jL^S.f 4 tho i\ surf mar at n emp Spai epoL in A poraHou8 donomf- i«ofKono-thoism? ' ^^>okH of fho Old ' ^o^'^i.. and the "/'"•year of our ;^;'/'ectofOn,aj. ^J20mi]iioiisof J JirahmaniVm ' *^«<; abounds f «";«, mch aa ^"ddhism or " r^i'^/iipoftho '" i" Thibet. ifferent reli. leEurcpeaa ^' ■ unitsm is 3stoi-n pai-ts i"d than in ^ ^n almost ;*« of Asia fio ^j-oater the earth — 19 ^ iJ^lhl^^'^l'TSF'"'''''^^ '" ^^® northern part of Europe. thotoHd Ti. '^ «ottlomentH which exint throu^^hout oolong to to the Greek sehiwrnatii; chiuch Cathohcity ts the reli^rion of the central and Routh- F -orK'^"^ ^T^^' ,"(/^'^'«"<'. l^oland ; and of the ^oln 'TfP""' V ""[^,^;>''"g»o«c settlementH on the H M n ^ !uY ^'^'^^^'^''J ^''«'-o are millions of Catho- other countries mentioned as Protestant ; besides the arrmoTr '"'',V", ''"-"^'^ ''^'^'^ of 'nu^fons tha? rt,retlaTro?(i^etnicr ''''' ^'•^^"' ^^''^'^ ^"^ the globe'f '-'"^'''"^'"^ ^^*« "^««<^ commonly spoken on 8uWHc^'onh"r.^?' of hingnages are spoker. on tho mnn n?of ^ ^''''^^' ^*^^'^ '^^*^^'^« «'• ^^^^lo^'tS of which rnan makes use to exprens his thoui^dits, are esf ima od at no less than two thousand. ThS mist un\l ^-InU^ Z:^^'r. ^'^ ^"^'^^^'' ^-n^! (German Ka^ bpanish Portu-niene and Italian lan^uaircs whi hlvl Tri'!'^r'T^' the Chinese, Tu?kiKn [ P, 'sfan '" .n' ' ^i^'l Malayan in Oceanica. The civ 'ized portions of America ffonorally make use of tl . Pn ropean languages. The Indians of Korth Anc i^ Bpeak the Algonquin, Huron, Sioux, fc '^ origin r^^''"'' '^'' ^^'^ J^uropean languages derive tl 3ir Thera are throe great branches to whloh ih^ i. . giiagos of Eurcpe mSy bo traced frLt«Tf ^' arc derived the V^ugli^, cJ'nTa^M^^^^ Baru.h langin.gcs; from Latin, he JVeruh Italian. tt"l W-"' ^^''l"!"--/ ^;-- ^h« Slavonic al^e der^'e. tic J.ussian, Polish and Bohemian idioms Besldl theno there are tlie modern Greek the TurJdMh the Celtic in Wales. Briftnnx. on,j rluZ^... -^J»k'«h, iian and Biscayan m the Pyrenees mnxr h^ i mentioned, ^y'onees may bo also ""''''S VU™ ^"''^^ ^iriES IN THE WORLD. habL±"L'i^„l"- -'>-» h-o itants and moi one million of '•4' in- ^ }l London ^ ^qq nnir'^ ' Ju f" v'^^'^(^^'\^ \ 46. Kume the cities f^ ^^-*"**^'^^^'^^^^'^^^ 600,000. '''*'^'' ^^*^^ one million down to O^0,U0U St. Petfil-fthn,..„ /?n-.'nnJ ^H-/ -/^ ^mi..^^ ,u;R-; • ^f^'O^O .^t. Petersburg 6G7 OOO 47 Kampfi. V . ,^ ''^•■H^'^^-t^^iow.. 500,000 •*'. i>ametJie cities from 'lOnnm.i • . ^ liom ouUjOOO down to 300 000. ^ *l ^i-uf^'^l ]^B "! Po/ulution of 400,000. hill SOofoO^rhlb'tr''^ ^'"*^- '« population of| II Bris Huli Kew Poi'lj ^^ St0]v( Duno Edijil BeJfui Lille, I^oijor Kante Boj'fiei Toulou Ini^ Aleppo Beyrou -f^amasc Smyi-na Erzoroo Tabi'ecz Candahr A^ra, Le( .^^f^mpTc PRINCIPAL >RLD. •ne miJIion of in- .;..!.. 1,800,000 tinople. 1,075,000 ....j,^^l,OOO,OO0 Qillion down to lelphia. 674,0001 ersburg 6G7,OO0 ta 616,000 •ar#^^|oo,ooo ^ •fi<^^%5()0,000j ^ .4*>>Apoo,ooa '^ow.. 500, 000 1 a, Tic ^V h'V^ W •n '^ ^^i'tiruore, ^a W I>acca, ll_ F/ wn to 300,000. '0,000. enkaiia: " • >-\>- ■u i^ouis, Mo.* CJlgO. JLiJ/o, An^ Koiion, Av Mantes, t Bordeaux, i/ Toulouse, ,j^ In A^ia : Aleppo, I J^eyrout, J^amascus, [ Smyrna, Ej-zoj'oom, population of I Agra, *.|P00.. JAego :- ^ P^Ssa, I^otterdam, I J, tt'^"''^^^^ J '^ ^, yf ,oaloiia, J^acharost, Yarifand, - 1 ^awnpore, -Bareiily^ Baroda, Surat, ^ojein, i^oona, 0.saka, Ban,<>-a/oi'o, -Bankok. 22 L"o™bL^'^'^»"<'--\?-.,Tun ^ n A-merica ,7 />^ |^JvijI •ton, /^VlMo^4, 0. • C T„-»v,„ a. Kahia-Bl Salvador doo, anca or Three-Rivers. ioonn ^'■'^^'■^^'^^^'^"' Toronto, cap. P.-o. ^4% osfL''- ^-^ •^•- ^-^OO '"'" ot.John KB.. 30.000 ^ooniasio. iinila. antiago, [on to video, 'ahia-Blanca or alvador. ncipal cities in 19,000 ■•:;-♦ 1-^,0G0 P.^.S. 28,1)00 5,fi00 TERRESTRIAL GLOBE. 1. Whrt is the terrestrial globe 1 The terrestrial globe is a ball repre8enting the earth with the continents and season iti snrfoce TI^^b So turns on an axis the extremities of wh eh are c^ 1 Kl l^oles. The poles rest in a circle called a meridian th^ ^onitr i.. ."k T'^- ^'^'''^ ^'^" be brought to the 2. What are the circles of the globe v^oiu OS. Jiacli of tho Icssei- ciic es divides tin, ojinl, mtouvo unequal parte: they are the two Tropics nnd ItolZerelrcier'"- ™" i"'""""'^ "^ '"«'"^«' - Every circle is divided into S ^0 equal Darts collprl degrees, each degree is divided intoITu LStes n each minute into 60 soooiuIm tt.jp •.' '*"^^ hond« 1800 and one qua.Z'of acirei: si"'" ,"°'"^'"- 3. "What is the horizon ? noiizoa. That oitole where the earth and sky seom to moot, an.l ^.j, — 24 bas f{) r its '•Jor and poJ( !'-^'-i^st:f;;>.^'iee;-,;;-::::^e.^ tile nieiidinn T}>n ^ ^'''^ Points and L • ^'^'n- 4- -iV l".t a,-o tl,e meridian, ? ' "^' "»""'«• -iiio meridiai,^, n,.o fK <"-o connnonlv mavht , "j ">«'-'Vluin «l ,f' "m'''*^. dians, one th^o^^ltlTi^g'-'bo tV y ni/^'^ 'ovvunis the east „ ■ h ' ' ""'' » '^iianire nf . "''•>' but Wo mav :nn;. J " "'O"' chan.ro. f, ("""Hon i"g it. ""y-°""'«y from pole to^":?,?^ ;; '»<"-i'iian ; 5. What is the equator ? The equator is « " 6. What .8 the ecliptic ? ^ It^- \ ^%f ^'^'^in,^ and • ^^e i-alionaJ or ^ ^Gni,Hp]j,., . ^''\fovit, poe' d terminate at ']. contains the ^''"g months. P'-^s^ f/-om polo ' «»d wostorn ;^«o ^vilo^ the ^ ^^ i« then Jg under it- f "^!e. Tnof^' '^3^^onrmorf. .t'0''i'e.sj)ond-' ^i^ht. EvGvy ' of position ;■ inej-i(iian ; «out chajur^ i«tant fi'om ^a"al parts re. a the^iii-st annual re- ^0 places — 25 -- t':'iJr^s^a\trn^^ Er23o' 2^ ^r"?^'^'^'?^ including 30o The sun traverses these twelve sifrns in 7. Whatare the colures ? passes through the equinoctial^ poiZ Arie^and L^tolT 8. What are the lesser circles ? po7ar'ch-cto' Titn' •' "^ ** *^° tropics and the poiai ciicies. ihe tropics are aie 23o 28' fmm ti>o equator; the polar ci/cles are situated at the sami r.» r,f *^1T *^'r'««- '''"' ^hole surface offte t?r! Ses ifto Li ""'^^5* *™P'«« and polar troDir «ni^ tL > *«"?.<»•?*« ^ones lie between the LTroVtre's^v^tr^ -- ^-^^^^^^^^^^ 9. What is the zodiac ? The zodiac is a circular band of 16o divid^^d infn two equal parts by the Ecliptic. ' ^ '""^^ Ihe term zodiac, is derived fi-om a Greek word du'esSn^th^r ''^'"^^^^ -gn's wSl^Tn^ Of anTmar ^^ '"^ i-opresenting the figu.^ • 10. What are the signs of the zodiac ? T^ri/i «>/->.. 4.1. • The northern signs where the Sminff and thn, Ollrw rv\t\ sun appears in Hiiser, are Aries the Eam, which the the -- 26 -^ 11. What are the Southern ? from X'^sV'^f KA'>i'='' tJ;?, T parses through Libra the Balance Pfiemrfi,^ ?r*'L ^""^ ^Ist of March: the Archer; Sicornu^^tt^p^r^'P'".' Sagittarius Water Bearer : pLe "the F „he8 Th'. f^"""!"' ">« th a„ tumna, sign, and the thte^-.a.T'jLtrtei'^^r 12. In what does the syste. of Pto.e.y consist" duHn'thr: s ::n?£^ptn"''"?r ^'- -''° "- their revolutions; the eartTknrt Jl "'?? 'he centre of vol ving around the r,, n ft „ .*''® "t''®'" P'^nets re- 13 What causes the succession of day and night ? rev^l„^ioTo;r etttot?''^''' '^ -"--J "^ t!-' hours from west to eSt ' """^ "^"'y twenty-four -K rc^rn'Lx^aSur''^'' rt°^ '^^ mid-day for fhcm whe * T '^'"''^S the shade!^ It i^ enlightened par^ The 11^ T i" ^^^ "n-'ddle of tho begin to enter the shade »^!'-' ^'"' """» ^hen they -e in the ceZ^T^:-^^'^^''''' "^- "^o^ -R /> ff in-us the Bull, which the sun on ; and Yirgo ►asses through 'Ist of March: i; Sagittarius A-quarius the three first are > winter signs. ay consist ? »er who lived, 3 earth to be lich the sun, the space of ►ved until the lat of Coper- Copernicus >f light and he centre of I' planets re- at different nd night ? sed by the wenty-four pai-t of iti^ at the rate appears to ide. It is idle of tho rhen they ►v^hen they - 27 - ' 14. What constitutes Iho year ? The earth not only turns on its axis once every twenty-four hours ; it also revolves around the sun in the space of 365 days 5 hours and 48 minutes, or one year. This second revolution constitutes the j^ear. The remaining five hours and 48 minutes amount, in four years to a whole day, which is added to the month of Feb. making leap year. The earth in its daily motion turns with the rapidity ot 18 miles in a minute; in its annual motion it flies with the velocity of 18 miles a second. 15. What causes the seasons ? The variations of the seasons depend upon the axis of the earth being inclined towards a certain point of the heavens. In consequence of this position, the earth in its annual revolution receives the rays of the son perpendicularly at tho Equator, then at the Tropic of Cancer, and six months later at the tropic of Capricorn. When the rays of the sun fall more di- rectly on the Northern hemisphere it is summer for that half of the globe ; when on the contrary they fall more directly on the North hemisphere, it is winter for us and summer for the south. 16. What is the position of the earth in the course of its revolution around the sun ? The axis of the earth is inclined 23o 28' directing the north pole to the polar star. It is in this position that the earth makes its diurnal as well as its annual motion. n ^ ^_ /-'It. Show the position of the globe for the inhabi- // tants of the poles ? ^U By elevating the north pole to the south, the wooden horizon represents the horizon of the poles. When , the sun's rays fall directly upon the Equator, at the I The sun continues to increase in declination towards I — 28 — |o Z:Xt,^:%^^, To"rX «" " -'">- the Then it begins to daJLf^vhU^fl equinoelial lino, daily coa?so amm^i tho holn ° '"" ^?n'in"«8 his months, iKivinc ,-oai,l tL °"' ."""'■ "ftor six af I)ea.-s' for thf nol'th no e am?7"" "l"'""^' ''t <'»■ i£o south polo in tho sa^mt'„rn„or'^""" *" ^""«'''^° .sphot?:. P"'""" <'^"'« «"»'« >^ o^'lod tho parollel 13. What is the right sphere ? ^^l^^utZ:Xrf^r "' "- om-th whoro the polos beino- in th» T"^i> "le zen'*h and nadir of th'e glob:'fo';. thoso';b''o"Tv:"at ^tti' '""^ P"''""" days and nights are of e*",aUongth ''"'"^'■- '^^e » 19- What is the oblique sphere ? ' cuto'LtXTbt'oirill /h" "'',;"^ '""> ho-'-n earth, o.^cept those v^oJiTOn h! '"habitants on the poles, have this position of fl>t v ''^'""°'' ""d at the mg the poles for any aUt Kl« Tv. ™ '• ^"'' '" '''''™*- « placed' obliquely Vhe length „/f^ ?^ 9"^ «"«' nights varies continnatlv ,« f ^ '^ '¥"■ ''"^8 and and evening twilight •'^' " "* *^«"' morning JO. What do you mean by the declination of the f^^!r:^^^ Ty ''^^"T"' ^- the be either north oi- south hnf if decimation may because the sun ner^;eX^„«drol^L?^° ^^ ' the sun? ' "^^ ^"" -^ean by the right ascension of _ the^flrsttgrrfA^f *',™" '^ "s distance from from we-t - ^ ■ '?' ''eel^oned around th we,t t„ oust, on the equinoctial. '* [V :> reaches tho noctiul lino. )ntinues his ■, after six inox, it dis- enlighten le parellel irth whore and nadir, «o position itor. The le horizon Its on the ind at the in elevat- the earth Jays and morning •n of the Prom the on may 230 28', 3. nsion of ce from #• — 29 — 22. What is meant by the meridian Altitude of the sun ? Tho meridian altitude of tho sun is its distance from tho horizon, at mid-day, for anv place on any given day. Tho greatest meridian altitude is one quarter of a circle, or 90o. The sun is then in the zenith. 23. How, do we find tho places where tho sn^Ag' vertical ? The sun is vertical for all these places whoso lati- tude is equal to the declination of the sun. As the sua never goes beyond tho tropics, it can only bo vertical for the inhabitants of the torrid zone. 24. How can we ascertain the difference of time be- tween two places ? The most simple, manner to find the difference of time between two places, is to reckon the meridian lines that separate them, allowing four minutes to one* deo-ree or 16^ to an hour. Tho sun rises earlier tor that place which is situated to the east of the other. 25. How can the hoiu- of the sun's rising and set- ting be found ? To find the hour of tho rising and setting of the sun, bring the given place to the zenith. Then, having found on "the ecliptic the degree of the sun for the given day, bring the degree to the meridian, and set the index to twelve. Turn the sun's place to the eastern part ot the horizon, and the number of hours passed over by tho index will be the time of the sun's rising ; m the same manner, the sun's setting will be found by turning the sun's place to the west. 26. How do you find the length of twilight at any given place ? TT^„:„„ f^^^^A +1,/% \yr\^^t' r^f ihn BAttino" of the SUU for XXllVlllg luunr^ uxiv u'j-Ut '^1 •"• o "... , , that place, continue to turn the globe till the sun 8 \ — 30 — on the b,«s9 meridia, over th« ? ff ll'^-^'r sowed place. The index will the^ 1'""''* ."'^ ">o given twilght ends, wliicheubJeterff ''"''; ^^<"' "^^ning tho beginning of mo™tg Sg™t™ ^'"'"' ^'" S'^« . °f-Se pra^cet'Kh^er^ ---ding to the latitude rtrA:S"=^^^^^^ . ' ^^,'o„ge. -ran7:X7n Waf :ft^:X? Anlpors"? '' """"' ^y '^0 Antooi, Pe,^oeoi and *XX1>'at e^h'toxr''^ "^« ''■■''-'"- horizon ; but their latitude and 1? ''•^5 * <=°«'">0'' daj^, and nights are all oont."™ '°°S'l«de, seasons, >. /Antoeci live in the sn mi . ^ .'" ^a^^ other. The \"and in eq„„ SegreesTlatrde"'?^*' "^ ">« "'"•"'«"! ■■ other in south llitude conse^L^r"l» "»'•*, the ^ same hours, but contr:;/™;^^"^ ^''^^ have the ^^i^SiSS^i^^^fef^f^ofia&a, ^_ VJ^ul Qmyar^Mu3^_''_!:.. ^^^y ^^ave the same seasons ■ / A^/- -;;€ i / X -^ /^ •t ^ of the qua- 3ly screwed •f the given en evening ^e, will give pngest day, he latitude 10 m <-idian ving found length of ;he longest "oeci and diametri- 1 common , seasons, her. The meridian, lorth, the have the latitude, e seasons ) 1 . / ^y. / cy ' s-i / -.. :^^0 .{ , f^^^ Jl I' O-^v ft I X