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Original eopias In printad papar covars ara fiimad beginning with tha front covar and anding on tha last paga with a printad or illustratad impras- sion, or tha back covar whan appropriata. All othar original eopias ara fllmad beginning on tha first paga with a printad or illustratad impraa- sion, and anding on tha laat paga with a printad or illustratad imprasslon. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain tha symbol — ^- (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. L'exemplaire film* fut reproduit grice A la ginirositA da: S4minair« dt Qu4b«c BibliothAqua Lea imagas suivantas ont htk raproduites avac la plus grand soln, compta tenu de la condition at de la nattet* de l'exemplaire film*, et en conformit* avac las conditions du contrat de filmaga. 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The following diagrams illustrate the method: Lea cartas, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent Atre filmAa A das taux de rAduction diff Arents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atra reproduit en un seul clichA. il est fllmA A partir da Tangle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite. et de haut en bas, an prenant le nombre d'images nAcessaira. Las diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. Birata to pelure, m A □ 32X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 t ( 1 u ^ Bullion's Series of Grammars. ; - From the Report of the Oalway Academy to the Regents of the University y December y 1842. Galway Academy. — During the past year no change was made in the text books, except by the introduction of Bullion's English and Latin Grammars, his Greek Grammar having been adopted years before. We have no hesitation in coinciding with the opinion so generally expressed, that these grammars, as a whole, are decidedly the best in use, either in England or America. ALEXANDER WATSON, Principal. Cooper's Virgil, With copious English notes; designed for Schools, Academies, and Colleges. This work has maintained great popularity since its first publication; the notes being regarded as amply sufficient and clear The Piotorlal Spelling Book Has been prepared with great care. The engravings are all new, embracin;; a gre»t variety of subjects, and made expressly for this work. It is printed and hound in a neat and substantial manner ; no expense having been spared to render it well deserving the atten- tion and patronage of those to whom is entrusted the instruction of children. Relying on its merits for success, it is submitted to the public, with the hope that it will receive a thorough and impartial examination ; and with a belief that it will have a preference over the spelling books in common use. From Rev. JR. P. Lamb, to the editors of the Pen Van Democrat. Messrs. Editors. — Having formerly been engaged in the instruc- tion of the young, and having some practical knowledge of the mer- its of various elementary works, I would, by your permission, through the medium of your paper, express my decided preference for those prepared by Rensselaer Bentley. The Pictorial Primer, and Pictorial Spelling Biok, to those who are acquainted with them, need no other recommendation than their own worth. If there be another elementary work of the class fairly entitled to competition with these, T have not learned the fact. They are well adapted to engage the attention of children, and to secure, with a little care, a rapid proiiresv Many fimilies are so located that the small children cannot attend the public schools. The Pictorial Primer and Spell- ing Book should be placed in the hands of such children, and with ordinary intellects, they will hardly fail of soon learning to read with acility. From the Youth's Companion. This is certainly the most attractive Spelling Book among the dozens which have been published. Its author seems to have had them all before him, and with a skillful hand, to have combined their chief excellencies, adding others of his own. The School and Family Diotionary, AND ILLUSTRATIVE DEFINER; By T. H« Gallandet and Horace Hooker. This valuable school book supplies a deficiency in the course of instruction in our schools and academies which the most intelligent teachers have long wished to have supplied. It brings the great subject of learning the meaning of words, and of studying defini' tions, within the grasp of the youthful mind. In doing this, it avoids the common and pernicious error of defining one hard word by an- other equally as hard, and then the latter one by the former. The definitions are simple and clear, and followed by interesting and in- structive illustrations, many of which contain historical facts and valuably information — so that while used as zdejiner, the book may also he used (as we have no doubt it will be) as a reading book of a peculiar and advantageous kind. School committees and teachers neeJ only read the preface and examine the book, to see that it is destined to occupy a new and very important place in the depart- ment of popular education. Teachers and parents who have used the work, express the highest gratification at the advance of their pupils. F^om the JVew York Tribune. " In this work the authors have endeavored to simplify and make easy the correct appreciation and use of the words compiising the English language. This is done by adherence to the following prin- ciples: 1. No attempt is made to define the words tree, horse^ table, ft.c., of which every one who knows any thing must know the mean- ing. 2. The large class of the abstruse and tecnnical terms appertain- ing to the sciences, and which do not fall within the range of study and thought of the elementary learner, are also omitted. 3. The large middle class of words, with the meaning of which children are not necessarily acquainted, is inserted, and clearly, fully defined, with examples. By this method, the process of learning is very much shortened and facilitated. The book is elegantly printed Offer for sale a large assortment of School, Classical, and Miscella- neous Books, and Stationery, Paper, Blank Books, Quills, Steel Pens, &c., which will be supplied at wholesale, at the lowest prices. They also publish Rollin's Ancient History in 8 vols., Josephus' History of the Jews in 6 vols.. Goldsmith's Geographical View of the World, Polyglott Family Bible ; and have on hand a large and elegant assort. ment of Bibles of every description, and books suitable for Family Libraries. tlqnary, er. the course of ost intelligent ings the great dying defini- ;this» it avoids I word by an- former. The esting and in- leal facts and the book may ading book of ) and teachers see that it is in the depart- ho have used ance of their ify and make )mpiising the llowing prin- , horse, table, )w the mean- ns appertain - the ran^e of lIso omitted, tng of which clearly, fully f learning is ntly printed i '':' i«i ^>. .f": •' id Miscella- , Steel Pens, ices. They 9' History of the World, igant assort, for Family I ' i 1 15 A""' PRACTICAL SI or MODERN GEO OR A VIEW OF THE PKE8ENT STATE WORLD. SIMPLIFIED AND ADAPTED TO THE CAPACITY OF VOUTII CONTAINING NVMERnUg TABLES, KXIIIBITINM TUB DIVISIONS, SETTLEMENT, POPILATION, EXTENT, LAKES, CANALS*, AND THK VARIOt'H INSTITUTIONS OF THE UNITED STATES AND EUROPE, THE DIFFERENT FORMS OF GOVERNMENT AND PREVAILING RELIGIONS KMDELLtflHBD WITH NITMKROlTg ENGRAVINOS OF MANNERS, CUSTOMS, &c. REVISED AND ILLUSTRATED BY A NEW AND ENLARGED A TLA By J. OLNEY, A. M. FIFTY-SE VENTH EDI'tION. NEW YORK. PUBLISHED 'BY PRATT, WOODFORD & C"D: Sold by all the principal Booksellers in the United St%tes 1848. ■m I . r ■ -I ^ ADVERTISEMENT. The publishers of this woric, grateful for the immense pntronagc it hna re- ceived, now proaunt to the public a new edition, which has been thoroughly re- vised. During tlie past ten years, great changes have occurred upon the earth's surface. By the enterpriwe of individuals, either from motives of curiosity, or for the purposes of commerce, and by the ('(Torts of enlishtened governments, the most aistant parts of the world have been explored luid laid onen to view, mnd their natural productions, climnte and soil, niuile known. The manners and customs of savage imtions Imvc become well understood ; and the bounda- ries and extent of the viirious portions of land and water which com|K>se the face of the earth, have been accurately dofiiied. It has become necessary, there- fore, to malce some changes in the book, that it may conform to the improved state of geographical science, but the outline and general plan of the work re- main the same, so that teachers will still find it familiar, and the author has taken scrupulous care to have the facts agree ,vith the best authorities, and to make it correct in all particulars. The ^tlas has been entirely redrawn by Mr. Smith, an eminent gcograplicr in New Vork, and newly engraved in the best manner on steel. Several important divisions of the world are given upon on enlarged scale ; the United States have been niore conveniently classified so as to present each state entire. Maps of the West Indies, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, the British fsles, Central Europe, Michigan, and the newly set- tied portions of our own country, have, among others, been added, making it more full than any other School Atlas ; and the whole has been done without regard to expense. The utiaoi^t care has been taken to make tlja Atlas pr0- gresaive and clear, so that it shall lead oti the minds of young persons without confusion ; by means of appropriate symbols and numerals, the extent of the various countries In square miles ; the Population, Government, Religion, and the State of Society, are eKhibited on the different maps ; and on the Map of the World, the animals peculiar to any portion of the earth's surface. It is confidently believed, that it will be found to surpass every other School Atlas hitherto published. The price of the work is low, and every thing which expe- rience and care could do, has been done to merit the continued C( .Idence of the great body of teachers who have always preferred it for its simplicity and adaptation to the school room, and to recomuend it to the favor of all persons who desire to promote good education. •? Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1844, by D. F. Robinson, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of Con- necticut. €ASE TIFFANY & CO.— PRINTERS, PKAKL bTRXET, HARTFORD. PREFACE. The introduction of Geography into common schools, w a regular branch of education, haiot late years hocomo nearly universal. For- merly this science was taught only to the higher claHscH, it being thought by most teachers that the pupil must be well advanced in other branches before he could study this with advantage. Experience has however taught, that children can learn Geography at a very early age, and hence its introduction into the younger clnsscs at the pre- sent time. But among the books which have been published on tliis subject, although many of them are works of great merit, there are none suit- ed to the capacities of young beginners. Alost of thorn begin with definitions, wnich, to be understood, require n degree of knowledge on the subject, never possessed by the new beginner. Children, instead of being made to commit definitions to mem«iry, should, as much rh pos- sible, at the beginning, be taught by means ot the eye ; and hence the use of maps, pictures.and diagrnnis, in ttaching infants. The map is to (>eog* raphy, wnat orthography is to the an of reading. The scholar must not only understand its use, but must have an intimate knowledge of all its parts, before he can undertake the study of descriptive geography with advantage. When he has acquired apractii al und thorough knowledge of the map of a country, he has then laid the ground work for under- standing its description, and not before. Suppose a child should learn by heart every thing about the climate, srenery, and productions of Switzerland, for instance, and suppcise him to be intimate with the nau:ea of all iis mountains, lakes, and forest.-*, how much knowledge of the ceography of that countiy would he possess ? It is obvious that with- out knowing also the relative situation of these mountains, lakes, and forests, in respect to each other, together with their distances and bear- ings, such knowledge never could be applied to any practical use. The map, then, ought to be the first lesson in geography, tor (ly it? means, the child can locate his ideas, and can see, at a single glance, the situ- ation of the places, tho names of which he learns. Having been for a number of years occupied in the instruction of youth, and principally in the science of Geography, I have, in common with others, long regretted that no work well adapted to the instruc- tion of youth on this subject could be obtained, and my excuse for of- fering the present volume to the public in founded on that fact. A pracUcal knowledge of geography, instead of requiring y^ars, I am taught by experience to believe, may be obtained in a few months ; and I cannot but hope that others will find this opinion well f )unded. In preparing this work, I have endeavored to adapt it to the natu- ral progress of the youthful mind. Instead of introducing the beginner at once into Astronomieal Geography, and reciiiiiing him to spend weeks in learning definitions, and the description ot u e heavenly bodies^ I have commenced with the town in which he lives. From the town, the sphere of his observation is extended to the county, from the count; •1 I ?i PREFACE tu the 8tat«, &c Tliis I am confltlont will be found nor only the nniurul, but tli« philoHuphicul inuiliod of teaching Geogrnphy; f(ir on ■II HiihjectH the learner must make hiniHelf mauler of simple things, be* fore he can umlorHtand iho.se which are complex- In the preNo.1t iuMtunce, tl u punil begini with confidence and iilarritVf becauNe he not only knowa Hometmrig about IiIh own town, hut the tnih- ject itiielf ia highly ui;ereNtingto him. From ihuHe Himpie deHcripliiMis, the pupil in gradually led on, iiy a Heriea of the plainest and most impxr- tant qucfllions, to n knowledge of the grand diviHions of tha glohn. When hu has become familiar with these divisions, and can with(>tit h(<«itatioii point them out on the map, he is <|ualiHo(i > commence 'ho Seiund part. In this part, after a few general obiervai isonthedivi- liooH, liH is required to leurn on the map, the boundaries, names of rivers, towns, &c., and then he commences with a description of the several countries which it contninn. In every department of description, great care has been taken to select what is most important for the pupil to know, and to commit to memory, and to reject whatever ii of little use; for experience Iioh tuu|^ht methot long descriptions, however judi- ciously arranged, do not fail to tire and discourage the young pupil. Some of the more prominent features of the country are therefore all that should be required of the beginner. This v\(irk will be found to possess some peculiarities. The use of initial letters, in pnrticidnr, I consider of much consequence in ena- bling the pupil to determine the correct answers ; so that it is believed in going through the entire work, he will seldom require any assistance from his teacher. The Third part, treats of Latitude and Longitude ; and perhaps no part of the work is of more importance than this, and particularly as most books of this kind are deficient in this respect. The Fourth part contains an introduction to Astronomy and Physical Geography, io)»ether with problems on the Globes, also, an introduction to the study ol Ancient Geography and History. The numerous tables which the work contains, it is ho()ed will be found useful and correct. Some of them have been copier high land in- 5 the Connecti- iree or head; the are called brooks, er ? Is the water rds its mouth •"orth, Murray of Europe ? On nded by land, Harbor, New i OIOORAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. 15 n? Why not? ie in safety diu lips may lie ; asHamp- in Virginia. Are our roads here, the same as those Roads where ships lie at anchor ? Why not ? Can you explain the difference ? Q. What is a Canal ? A. It is a channel or ditch dug through a part of a country, and filled with water, to afford an easy and cheap conveyance of goods in boats and vessels, from one place to another ; as the Grand Western or Erie Canal, Middlesex Canal, Farmington Canal. , ' . V .. , ijMEj^H^^BH^Bi^^^^^taEap^^-r-^^^^T-^ """:,T-;.:^fe3||j^i!4 Ji i^^-'T/Tv; - •^.'♦//•k^'ik '.. '^^ < • ■ . ♦' >^ *- « g^^ •=^=^^ ' L-'&^^^f^^^ -'^\i-\\/M !■ Ml^: ;: (. 1 If 6E0SRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. Did you ever see a Canal ? Is a Canal the same aa a river 7 What is the difference between a Canal and a River 7 ■1 EXPLANATIONS NECESSARY TO THE USE OF UAFS. Q. What names are applied to the earth ? A. The Earth, on which we hve, is called the Globe, the World, the Sphere, &c. "' ■■ mmm The earth is round, or of a globular form, as is represented above. This is proved in various ways. Ist. When a ship goes out to sea, we first lope sight of the hull, or the body of the ship ; then of the sails, and lower rigging, and lastly, of the upper part of the masts. If the earth were not round, or spherical, the hull, or largest part, would be last seen. 2d. In an edipse of the moon, when the moon's sur. face is darkened by the shadow of the earth, the boundary of the shadow is always circular or round. 3d. Many navigators have sail, ed entirely round the earth and arrived at the same port from which they commenced their voyage, by an opposite course. These are convincing proofs that the earth is round. Q. What is a Hemiaphere 7 - ,, ^ . ' 'i - , , h A. It is half a globe. The word hemisphere is formed of two words, viz. hemi and sphere. Hemi means half^ and sphere means a globe or hall ; con. sequently when applied to the earth it means half of it. As the map of the world represents the whole of the earth's surface, what wUl one half of this map be called ? Why will it be called a hemisphere 7 Of how many hemispheres does the map of the world consist 7 Why 7 When the earth is divided into two equal parts from pole to pole, these parts are called the Sastern and Western Hemispheres, as you 0N8. OEOORAFHICAL DEFINITIONS. If ime M a river? ir? HAPS. ed the Globe, esented above, oes out to sea, ; then of the the masts. If sst part, would le moon's sur. jndary of the Ltors have sail, rt from which )• These are ■■ / ' z. hemi and or ball; con- As the map ce, what will hemisphere ? nsist? Why? pole to pole, HERES, as you [wiii see by looking on the map of the world. If the earth is divided I into two equal parts from East to West at the Equator, they are i' called Northern and Southern Hemispheres, as you will perceive j by examining the map of the world, exhibiting the Northern and I Southern Hemispheres. Will you show me the map of the world ? , How many Hemispheres are there on it ? What is a Hemisphere t ■ Which is the Eastern Hemisphere 7 Which is the Western f Iemis< phere 7 What do both Hemispheres exhibit a view of? Show me the Northern and Souttiern Hemispheres. Which is the Hemisphere 7 Which is the Southern Hemiephere ? these Hemispheres exhibit a view of? Northern What de the Equator on 1^ map of the world 7 How much farther is it from the Equatw to the North Pole, than to the South Pole 7 Why 7 This line or eircl'et is called the E^^uator or Equinaetial line, be. cause when the sun is on it, the days and nig^hts are of equal lengtii V3 all the inhabitants of the earth. CIRCLES. Q. What are the Tropics 7 A. They are circles drawn pa- ^rallel* to the Equator, at the distance of twenty-three and a half degrees north and south of it. The circle north of the Equator is call, cd the Tropic of Cancer ; the one south of the Equator, the Tropic of Capricorn. Can you rfaow me the Tropic of Can. cer on the map of the world 7 The Tro. pic of Capricorn ? Which of the Tropics ie nearest to he Eouatar ? Why? The word Tropic signifiea a return, because when the sun is on cither of rtiese Imee, it appears to stop, and retrace ks steeps. The Tropics show the sun's limits north and south of tlie Equator. On the 21st of March, the sun crosses fhe equator, and arrives at the Tropic of Cancer on the 21st of June, which is caiied the Summer bolstice. It then returns gradually towards the equator, which it crosses on the 21et of Septem ber, and arrives at the Tropic of Ca- * Parallel, a line which is equally dis. $ant from another line throughout its w^G length, tJma 'rr 18 OEOGRAPIflGAL DEPZNITIOIfS, ; i ' pricorn on the 21st of December, which is called the Winter Sol- ■dee. When the sun crosses the equator on the dlst of March, it ia called the Vernal Equinox; wh«fl it crosses it on the 2l8t of Sep- tember, it is called the Autumnal Equinoce. From the Slst of March to the 2l8t of September, you will perceive that the sun is north of the equator, and our days are more than 12 hours long ; and from the Qtst of September to the S>lst of March, the sun is south of the equator, and our days are leas than 12 hours long. Is the sun north or south of the equator to-day ? Which are the longest note, the daySy or the nights ? , Q. What are the Pblnr Circles ? ' > A. They are circles drawn parallel to the tropics, at the distance of twenty-three and a half degrees from the poles. . ^ Can you show nae the Arctic Circle on tlie map of the world ? Can you show me the Antarctic Circle ? Which of tljeso circles is nearest the equator? On the 2^1st of June, wh»n the sun is at the trc^c of Cancer, al} of that part of the earth north of the Arctic Circle has constant day» and that part south of the Antarctic Circle hos constant night. Th<» reverse of this takes place when the sun is at the tropic of Caph. corn on the 21st of December. Do the Equator, Tropics, and Polar Cir- cles extend north and south, or sast and west ? Do you see other lines besides thcsSf that extend east and west ? These Sines are cabled Parallsls of La,7ITUDk. PARALLELS. Q. What are Parallels of Latitude ? A. They are circles or lines^ that pass round the globe paral- lel to the Equator. Do you see any lines on the map that (Wtend north and south ? T^ese lines are called Meridians. " • MERIDIANS. Q. What are Meridians ? A. They are circles passing from pole to pofe, cutting the equator at right angles. Meridian is derived' from a Latin word, which signifies mid-day or noon. These lines are called meridians, because as the earth turns towards the sun in its diurnal ©r daily motion, all places through which i}te same msridiaapas3es>have fioQuotmid^' oil s. I the Winter So). Mat of March, it n the 31st of Sep- ron the 2l8t of ^e that the sun is 1 12 hours long; ilarch, the sun is 2 hours long. Is Which are the to the tropics, half degrees ap of the world ? of tlieso circles w pic of Cancer, a\) has constant day» istant night. Thi' I tropic of Capri- ^RALLELS. GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. 18 iMeridians. rERIDIANS. iny at the time the sun is over that meridian. Which has the groatctt number of meridians drawn on it, the Eastern or Western Hemia- phere ? Q. What ifl the use of the diflferent Lines or Circles on the Map 7 A. To point out the situation of places, and show the effect of the earth's motions. Q. Why are the Parallels and Meridians curved on the Map ? A. To represent circles on the globe, and thus give as true a picture as possible of a round body on a flat surface. Did you ever see an artifirial globe ? In what direction do paral- lels of latitude extend ? Meridians 7 LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE. Q. What is Latitude ? A. It is distance from the equator, either north or south. Places that are under the equator have no latitude. All placee north of the equator, are in north latitude ; all places south of the equator are in south latitude. Do we live north, or south of the equator 7 Are loe then in rutrtk, or south latitude 7 Can you point with your hand towards the equa. Cor 7 Can you show a place on the Map of the World that is in south latitude 7 Why is it in south latitude 7 Do we ever say a place is in east latitude or west latitude ? Why not 7 Q. What is Longitude 7 A. It is distance from any given meridian, either east or u)est. Most nations reckon the longitude from the metropolis of their own country, or from the national observatory near it. Thus, the French reckon from the meridian of Paris, — the English from the observatory of Greenwich near London. In the United States we sometimes reckon from the meridian of Washington, but generallj^ from that of Greenwich, the same as the English. Places under the first meridian — marked ° on the m«p— have no longitude, it being there that the Longitude begins. The greateflt longitude that a place can have is 180 degrees. Places that he on the right hand side of any given meridian, or from which the longi- tude is reckoned, are in east longitude ; those that lie on the left hand side, are in west longitude. Or, if the figures on the top anb bottom of the map increase from left to right, the longitude is easi; if from right to left, the longitude is west. Point to the meridian that jsasses through Washington, on the Map of the United States, and 2 Ill 20 GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS I teU thi$ irkod on the >f the mark. Dvv this 18 rnurKod on tne top ot the map. Why is it A. Boo;iiise it is the first meridian, or the one from which me ed ? we oftm) ruckt>ii our loiigitiido. IIdw is this hnt> or meridian mark, ed on the h>)ttoin of rh« map? Why is it marked 77? A. Because it is 77 dei^reon wtnt of the meridian of (»rt'enwich from which the Enijhah reckon thfir l«>;i<^itudo. Can yoi show me the meridian of Greenwich, or the one that appoarii to pass through Lviilon 'i What loni^itude hive places that are on thisi mH;!dian ? Why have they no lotiiTitude ? [ii what lonsritiidu is Ireland 7 Why is il in west lonifitudt' ? In what longitude is Hussia ? Why is it in east long^i. mde ? Do we ever say a place is in North or South longitude? Wliy not? Is this place in eaat or west lonijitude, reckoning from the rn(3ridian of Crieeriwich? In which is it if we reckon from the meridian of Washiui,'t()n ? Q. Ilow is La'itiide and Longitude reckoned? A. In (lot^reus, tninatos, '^.n\ seconds. Q. How many miles make a degree ? A. Sixty geographic miles, or sixty-nine aiii a half English miles. In geography mile^ are called minutes. Sixty seconds make one minute, and sixty niiimt^ts or miles, make one degree. How many degrees oi latitude are there ? A. There are 90 ; because we reckon latitude from the e'piator to each pole which is one quarter of the dis- tance round the globe, which is 3t)() degrees in circumference. And aa we reckon longitude from one given meridian, both east and west half way round the ^f\oh6, there are but 18l) degrees of longitude. If you know the number ((('degrees between any two places, by multi. plying them by sixty-nine and a half, you will have the distance in Enghsh miles. How many degrees is it from the Gquator to the first parallel of latitude north of it? If it is ten degrees, how many English miles is i 1? How many geographic miles? How many English miles in two degn;es ? In four degrees ? At the equator a degree of longitude is as long as a degree oj latitude; but as you go from the equator, either north or south, the degrees of longitude become shorter and shorter, tdl at the poles they terminate at a point, as you will see by in-wing the map ol the world. A degree of LrJtude is as long n. .ht >,i !>> us at thi ,>^aator. Q. What are Zones ? A. Tiiey are divisions of the earth's surface, made ^J iiv Ironies aavi/»o/ar circles. N S. OEOUHAPHICAL D G F I If I T I If S , 31 A^hy is it mark. me from which meridian mark. ? A. Because from which the the mpridim of y.'iiloii 'i What Why have they \y is il in west it in east lona^i. outh longitude 7 reckoning from reckon from the ne ana a half conda make one ee. How many icause we reckon ijuarteroftlie dis- imference. And ith euat and west of longitude. If places, hy multi. the distance in 1 The word zone sigiiities a belt or girdle i and i use Uivieions are called zanfit, hncnuse they eiicoinpass the earth like a girdle. , Q. II )w many Zones are there? A. There are five zones — one torrid,- 'wo tempe^ rate, — aiui two frigid zones. Q. VVIuit part o( the earth's surface tlocs the Torrid Zone em. brace ? A. That part of it which lies between th ^ Tropic of (>ancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. This zone is called the torrid, or burning tone, becavi -^e of the great and continued heut of the sun, which passes over it .wice du. ring the year. first parallel of ESnglish miles is Inglish miles in as a degree of rth or south, the at the poles they the map ol the )8 at the A^aator. urface, made I 22 GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS ■i i In the Torrid Zone there are but two seagons, the wet and dry. During the wet season^ it rains almost constantly for six months ; — and during the other six months, it seldom rains. There is no spring or autumn. The dry season is termed aummer^ and the wet eason winter. The Torrid Zone is distinguished for its productions, both animal and vegetable. Among the animals found in the Torrid Zone, the most remarkable are the elephant^ rhinoceros^ lion^ tiger^ leopard^ hyenOf crocodile, the camel, zebra, antelope, lama, &c. Serpents and insects of enormous size abound in the Torrid Zone, many kinda of which are extremely venomous. Among the vegetable productions of the Torrid Zone, the most oted are tea, coffee, sugar-cane, bread-fruit, oranges, apices, gums, &,c. The forests are clothed with a perpetual green, and many of the trees grow to a larger size than those of any other part of the globe. The inhabitants of the Torrid Zone are distinguished for the black, ness of their skins, and for their feebleness, both of body and mind. Can you show me the Torrid Zone on the map of the world ? Be- tween what two circles or Unes does it He ? Can you tell me how many degrees wide the Torrid Zone is ? Do you live in the Torrid Zone ? Is the Torrid Zone north of us or south of us ? In what zone are the countries that He between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn ? Q. What part of the earth's surface do the Temperate Zones em- brace ? A. Those parts which lie between the Tropics and Polar Circles. )N8. e wet and dry. r six months; — 'here is no spring d the toet •3a8on ona, both animal Torrid Zone, the :, tiger^ leopard, I, &c. Serpents Zone, many kindft i Zone, the most oranges, spices, and many of the part of the globe. shed for the black. )f body and mind. of the world ? Be- ti you tell me how live in the Torrid 1 of us ? In what jic of Cancer and iperate Zones em- le Tropics and GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. 23 The Zone which lies between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic circle is called the North Temperate Zone ; and the one lying be- tween the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic circle, the South Temperate Zone. These Zones are called Temperate, because they are situated between the two extremes of heat and cold, which ren> ders the air temperate and salubrious. In the Temperate Zones there are four seasons; viz. Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter. The vegetable productions of the Temperate Zones are not so nu. merous or luxuriant as those of the Torrid Zone ; the principal are grains, of different kinds, cotton, apples, pears, peaches, nuts, vines, grasses, and a great variety of plants. The animals of the Temperate Zones are less numerous and fero. cious than those of the Torrid Zone. The most noted among them are hears, wolves, panthers, foxes, bisons, deer, elks, &,c. But they abound with animais which are useful for food or labor, as th« horse, the ox, the cow, the sheep, the mule, ^c. The inhabitants of the Temperate Zones have fair complexions, and are distinguished for strength, both of body and mind, and for in- dustry, intelligence and enterprise. Can you point out the Temperate Zones on the map ? How many Temperate Zones are there ? In what Zone are we now 1 Is the Northern Temperate Zone north or south of the Equator ? Between what two circles is the Northern Temperate Zone ? In what Zone are all the countries that lie between the Tropic of Cancer and the. Arctic Circle ? 24 OEOORAPHICAL DEFINITIONS, Q. What part of the earth's surface do the Frigid Zones embrace f A. Those parts which lie between the polar circles and the poles. These are called Frigid^ or Frozen Zonea^ because the cold is so severe, that nearly the whole of these regions is covered with perpet. ual snow and ice. In the Frigid Zones there are but two seasons — a long cold winter, and a short summer. In the Frigid Zones there are no trees, a d but few vegetables of any kind, except moss. The principal animals are the white hear and reindeer^ the idbUy and the ermine. The inhabitants of these regions are distinguished for their dimin. utive size, dark complexions, and for their ignorance and imbecility. Can you show me the Frigid Zones ? What is the Zone called that surrounds the North Pole ? Which way from us is the North Frigid Zone ? Should you like to live in the North Frigid Zone ? Why ? Do the inhabitants raise corn, wheat, rye, &c. in the North Frigid Zone ? Why not ? ^ Questions on the different Zones. — In what Zone do you live ? If you were to go to the countries that lie in the Torrid Zone, should you find snow and ice ? Which Zone produces the greatest number of animals ? Did you ever see an animal that was brought from the Torrid Zone ? Did you ever see an animal that was brought from the Frigid Zone ? For what are the inhabitants of the .Torrid Zone distinguished ? For what are the inhabitants of the Temperate Zones distinguished? Ofthe Frigid Zones ? Which Zones produce the great, est number of useful animals ? In which zone do you imagine the people are most happy ? Why ? Which zone do you think produ. ces the greatest abundance of vegetables, suitable for food ? V^ hich the greatest number of animals proper for food ? Do the people of the torrid zone, probably, eat more vegetable or animal food ? How many animals can you mention in the torrid zone, that are proper for food ? How many in the temperate zones ? In the frigid zones ? Do you suppose each zone furnishes such food as is best calculated for the health of its inhabitants ? POINTS OF COMPASS. Questions. — In what direction from us did the sun rise this morn- ing ? In what direction from us did it set last evening ? Can you point to the North ? To the East ? To the South ? To the West ? W^at do the initials, or first letters of the words North, East, West, 8;id toouth spell ? NEWS. Can you point to the North-east ? South. eoat't South-west? North-west? NS. ones embrace ? polar circles 16 the cold is so ed with perpet- [)ng cold winter, w vegetables of ideevy the sahle^ for their dimin. 1 and imbecility. the Zone called us is the North ;h Frigid Zone ? &c. in the North do you live ? If rid Zone, should greatest number wrought from the as brought from he .Torrid Zone 'emperate Zones roduce thegreat- you imagine the rou think produ- r food ? ^^ hich Do the people of nal food ? How at are proper for the frigid zones ? best calculated GEOOBAPHICAL DEPINITrONS. m . rise this morn- ling ? Can you To the West? •th. East, West, ;h.ea8t ? South- Q. What are these differ- ent directions called ? A. Points of com- pass. Q. Why are they so call- ed? A. From the mari- ner's compass,* an in- strument used by sea- men to point out their course at sea. Q. Which are the princi- pal, or cardinal points of the compass ? A. North— East— South— West. What is represented by the cut ? What can you tell me about the mariner's compass t Is the compass used by any except sailors ? Did you ever see a compass of any kind ? Is there any difference between a compass used by surveyors and that used by sailors ? MAPS. Q. What is a Map ? A. It is a picture, or representation of a part, or of the whole of the earth's surface. Thi! top of a Map represents the north; the right hand east ; the bottom south; the Left hand west. *The Mariner's Compass consigt^ of a circular box, containinir a paper card tnarked with tiin 32 points of direction fixed on a ii);i;iiiet.ic needle that always jjointe north and south, except slight variations. TUv invention of tUisinapor- tAat iwmumeat is ajtenbed lo Flavius Gioiaof Naples, in 1.102. We can hardly 26 GEOGRAPHICA I- DEFINITIONS ' iii, A collection of Maps is called an Atlas. Latitude is expressed on maps by figures on the sides, and longitude by figures on the top and bottom. On the Map of the world, however, the degrees of longi. tude are found at the equator, and those of latitude round the sides of the map. n (,.. .. .;., ;r Questions. — Is a Map of the world a picture of a part, or of the whole of the earth's surface ? Is a Map of the United States a pic ture of a part or of the whole of the earth's surface ? Which part of a Map is North? East? South ? West? Point to! he North-eastern pari of a Map. South-eastern. South-western. North-western. If conven- ient, how should a scholar always hold his map in studying geography, so that it may correspond to the natural situation of the country it is intended to represent ? A. The top of the map should he to the north. As a map is a picture of that portion of thie earth's surface it is intended to represent, what would you call a {Mcture of this schooli. rocnn? , i^oUtfcad as^eofirapfis^ Q. 'Vbat is a village ? A. A small collectiMi of houses. Is this place a village ? Q. What is a city ? imagine the influence the Compass has exerted on navigation. It has enabled the mariner lo quit liis timid cour -if along the shore, and steer boldly across tlie unknown deep; has opened to him the dominion of tlie sea, and put him is; poeaessioA of '.^e terrestrial glolie, by eaabling him to visit everjf yait af it 1 0N8 GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. 27 le is expressed on 68 on the top and degrees of longi. round the sides of a part, or ited States a pic f Which part of a ^orth.eastern part jstern. Ifconven- idying geography, >f the country it is should he to the I earth's surface it ure of this school »S. ition. It has enabled teer boldly across tiie sea, and put him i£ t every pACtttf it. A. A large collection of houses, usually situated on I a river, or near the sea. Is this place a city ? How many cities can you mention ? Q. What is a Town ? ' ' of the «I^= A. A tract of land generally several miles in extent, ind not so thickly inhabited as a village, or a city. What is the name of this Town ? Can you tell me how maay liurches there are in this Town ? How many school.houses ? Is lere any large brook or river in this Town ? Any high hill or mounu lin ? Any pond or lake ? What is the principal employment of ^e peop'e of this town ? Q. Of what does a County consist ? .iA. Of several towns. ^ What is the name of this County ? How many Towns can you |ention in this county ? What is the town called in which the )urts for the county are held ? A. The Shire, or County-town, '^hich is the shire-town of this county ? The Shire-town contains ^ court house, in which the courts are held, and a jail in which Criminals are confined. When there are two towns in a county in which the courts are held, they are called half. shire towns. Are- A. Of several states united under one general gov- ernment. . . Can you tell me how many states there are at the present time that are thus united ? What is the capital of the United States! What is the chief ruler of the United States called 7 Who is th( Presideui of the United States ar this time 7 Who is Vice President! By what name are the United States often called 7 A. The repuk He of the United States. They are so called because they are unde; a republican form of government, or a government in which the peo pie choose their own rulers. The divisions that we have noticec above are all found in our own country.* But as we pursue thf * Country, 8 general term dignifying any division, state, kinjdum or re gion, as diatinguiished ftom another; as we say the countries of Europe AsiaiAfrica, dec. in lik IONS. GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS 29 oea the government ind house of repre. 3y assemble usually :o other business of illed the legislature, sant by the capital ? eets. What is the ["he State House, or this state? Whoii f time does he hold ere are in this state 1 ne general gov- Eit the present time the United Slates! jailed ? Who is th« 10 is Vice President! d ? A. The reput tause they are unde: mt in which the peo lat we have noticec : as we pursue tk , state, kingdom or re le countries of Europe study, we shall find in distant countries other divisions, as kingdoms, empires, &.C. ''"' ""'"' Q. What is a kingdom ? ^i - - A. A country ruled by a king. Can you mention a kingdom ? '. Q. Of what does an empire consist ? '" ' ' A. Of several countries, ruled by an emperor. Can you mention an empire ? When we look on a map we see two kinds of divisions marked on its surface. One kind is that formed by the Creator, and con. ■istsof land and water, as islands, seas, continents, &c. These are called Natural Divisions. The other kind is that formed by man, and consists of boundrries between nations, states, &.c. These are called Political, or Civil Divisions, Q. What are Political or Civil Divisions ? A. They are portions of the earth's surface which usually contain men of one nation, speaking one lan- guage, and subject to the same laws. Q. Of what then does Political or Civil Geography treat ? A. Of the various governments, institutions, man- ners, customs, &c. of the different nations of the earth. Which do you think is the most interesting, Physical Geography, which describes the continents, islands, oceans, seas, rivers, climates, productions, &c. of the earth, or Political Geography, which treats of the various governments and institutions formed by man ? i-; 4 What is Statistical Geography ? A. A description of states and kingdoms, with their extent, population and resources. Are Physi- iBal, Political and Statistical Geography usually treated of separately, |n our systems of geography, or in connection ? A. In connection. How many different natioi j can you mention ? Which of these do you think is most happy ? What makes a nation happy ? If all per- ions were disposed to do right ; or, " do to others as they wish others to do to them," what would be the consequence ? Which nation do jrou think is the most learned ? Which the most ignorant ? If we could travel among all the different nations, do you suppose we should find much difference in the complexion, dress and manners of the people ? Do all nations speak the same language ? Are the animals In all countries alike ? The trees and other vegetables ? Should you like to travel through the different countries of the earth, and see the mountains, rivers, and lakes; the trees, fruits, flowers and grain ; the men, the animals and birds, &c. ? Can you acquire a knowledge of these without going from home ? How ? i i!« I I!!ll lb 30 INTRODUCTORY L£880N8 lEntroTiurtorif JLtnuonn. :> What is the name of this Town 7 What Town is north o*" this ? What Town is east of this? ,^ '-. • , ^ What Town is south of th. ? '' What Town is west of this? " < Is this Town level, or hilly ? What is the chief occupation of the people! ' ' ' ' How many churches in this Town ** ,.■'*' How many pul)Iic schools? • •* Have you ever been in any City or Town besides this ? What is the name of this County ? How many Towns in this County 7 ;' ' Which is the Shire Town ?» ' ' '"■ \ Is this County level or hilly 7 ' ' What River in this County? What manufacturing establishments in this County 7 Do vessels sail into this County ? Is there any Canal in this County ? Any Rail-Road Who is the Chief Judge of this County 7 Who is the Sherifft of this County ? Have you ever been in any County besides this t .- '^•;■ What is the name of this State ? \ How many Counties in this State 7 ' What bounds this State on the north 7 „ What hounds it on the east ? What bounds it on the south 7 •■' ' v = What bounds it on the west ? "What is the capital of this State 7 Which is the largest town or city in this State 7 What Canals in this State ? Are there any Rail-Roads in this State 7 'What Colleges in this State ? 'Who is the Governor of this State 7 'Have you ever been in any State besides this ? What is the name of this Country 7 j What is the Capital of the United States 7 Who is the President of the United States 7 ; ' Who is the Vice President of the United States 7 In which Grand Division of the globe are the United States 7 With what is N. America connected ? A. With S. America. * Shire town, the town or city in which the courts are held, t SherifT, a man appointed in each county to execute the laws. INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. What do N. and S. America constitute 7 A. A continent 7 What is a continent 7 31 d? MAP OF THE WORLD. How many Continents are there 7 What are they c How is the Enstern Continent divided 7 How is the Western Continent divided 7 In what part of the Eastern Continent is Europe 7 m. w. What sea separates Europe from Africa ? m. What sea separates Africa from Asia* 7 R. ' > * ' What ocean lies between Asia and America 7 p. What is an Ocean 7 Did you ever see the Atlantic ocean ? What ocean separates America from Europe and Africa 7 ▲. What ocean south of Asia 7 What ocean surrounds the north pole 7 What ocean surrounds the south pole 7 Which is the largest, the Arctic or Southern Ocean 7 Is there more land north or south of the Equator 7 * Which is the largest, the Eastern or the Western continent 7 i. What large Island south-east of Asia 7 A.t Between what two oceans is Australia 7 i. and p. What iriands between North and South America 7 A. West IndiaT Islands. What Islands between Asia and Australia 7 A. East India islands. Does the eastern or western continent extend farther south 7 Which extends farther north 7 Which extends farther south, Europe or Asia 7 a. Does Africa or South America extend farther north 7 a. Which extends farther south, North America or Europe 7 ir.'A. What Isthmus connects North and South America 7 What Isthmus connects Africa and Asia 7 How many Grand Divisions of the Globe are there ? What are they called ? e. a. a. n-a. s-a. Which is the largest Division 7 Which is the second in size 7 Which is the third 7 Which is the fourth 7 Which is the smallest 7 In which Grand Division of the Globe are we ? What Grand Divisions does the Equator cross ? What Grand Divisions are crossed by the Tropic of Cancer 7 * Asia — pronounced A'-she-a. t New Holland is now called Australia. The eastern part is named New South Wales, and the western New Holland. t In'.ja. i! Mw 32 INTRODUCTORY LESSONS* What by the Tropic of Capricorn ? s-a. a. a. Through what divisions does the Arctic Circle para T On which side of the Equator does most of South America lie 7 On which side of the Equator does most of Africa lie 7 Is Asia in north or south latitude 7 Why in north latitude 7 Is Africa in north or south latitude 7 Why is it in both north and south latitude 7 In what direction from North America is South America 7 Eu- rope ? Africa 7 Asia 7 Atlantic ocean 7 In what direction from Africa is Asia 7 Europe 7 North Ameri. ca 7 South America 7 Australia 7 Greenland 7 In what direction from us is Europe 7 Africa 7 South America 7 What ocean lies between North America and Europe 7 Between Africa and South America 7 What ocean between Africa and Australia 7 . . What ocean east of Asia and west of America 7 What ocean south of South America, Africa and Australia 7 What ocean north of North America, Europe hwi Asia 7 * c How many oceans are there 7 , . .^^ Which is the largest ocean 7 Pacific. " , Which is the second in size 7 Atlantic. . ^ _' Which is the third 7 Indian. (In'-je-an.) ** , Which is the fourth 7 Southern or Antarctic. , Which is the smallest ocean 7 Northern or Arctic. Fow many degrees from the equator to each pole 7 How many degrees from one pole to me other 7 How many degrees is it round the globe 7 How many geographic miles make a degree 7 How many English miles make a degree 7 ' •4 j-i MAP OF NORTH AMERICA. In which hemisphere is North America 7 Does North America lie in north or south latitude ? Why in north latitude 7 What ocean bounds it on the north 7 What ocean lies east of it 7 v What gulf on the south ? What ocean bounds it on the west 7 * !'■ How is North America divided ? ■ ' • ' In what part is British America 7 Northern part. In what part are the United States 7 Middle. Where is Mexico 7 South-western part. V INTRODUCTORY LISSOM #• 3i In what part is *Ouatiinala 7 Southern part. Where are the tRussian poaaeaaions 7 n.w. What ia the capital of Britiah America 7 m. «■»,.»*■* What ia the capital of the United Statea 7 w. What is the capital of Mexico 7 m. What ia the capital of Guatimala 7 St..8. _______ In what direction from ua ia Greenland 7 To whom does it belong 7 A. To Denmark. What Bay and Straits separate Greenland from North America 7 Wnat Gulf south of the United States ? m. What Gulf in the western part of Mexico 7 c. , , . What Gulf east of Lower Canada 7 St. L. ■- What is a Gulf or Bay 7 . , What Bay west of Greenland 7 What Bay in the northern part of British Amenca T What Bay south of Hudson's Bay 7 j. What Bay north of Guatimala 7 h. - . What Bay west of Yucatan 7 c. - > .' H. What is a Mountain 7 What Mountains extend from Mexico to the Arctic Ocean 7 R. In what direction do they run 7 What Mountains extend through the eastern part of the United States 7 a. What is their course 7 What is a Cape? ' ' ^ ' What Cape south of Greenland 7 f. :, , What Cape south of Nova Scotia 7 8. ., ' ' What Cape west of Cuba 7 s.-A. What Cape south of California 7 St. l. ^"^ What Cape east of Bhering's Straits 7 f-w. What is tho most southern Cape of the United States 7 What Island east of Greenland 7 i. " To whom dues it belong 7 A. To Denmark. What large island east of the gulf of St. Lawrence 7 What islands between North and South America 7 Which is the largest of the West India islands 7 c. Which is the second in size 7 h. Which is the third 7 j. Which is the fourth 7 f-r. What cluster of isles east of the United Statea 7 b. N. W-I. * Gwah-te-mahMar. t Roo'-ahan. ' ! till'. ! l^ IJ 34 INTRODUCTORY LE880N8 What is a Lake? What is a Pond ? What six Lakes lie between the United States and British An'eri- ca ? w. s. H. c. E. 0. Which is the most eastern 7 o. Which is ths mopt western ? w. Which of these Laker '^z uie smallest ? St. c. Which is the largest ? s. What large Lake lies N. W. of Lake Superior ? w. What three Lakes N. W. of Lake Winnipeg 7 a. a-s. o-b. What Lake in Guatiniala 7 n.» ' f What river runs from Lake Ontario into the Gulf of St. Lawrence T What is It course 7 n-e. What two rivers empty into the Arctic Ocean 7 m. and c. What large river empties into the Pacific 7 c. - . . What two into the Gulf of California 7 o. and c. "^ • .: Where does the Mississippi empty 7 ^ '' I What is a Strait 7 What is a Channel ? What Strait leads into Baffin's Bay ? d. What Strait is the entrance to Hudson's Bay 7 h. What Strait between Newfoundland and Labrador 7 B. . What Strait between North America and Asia 7 b.. \ K a In what direction is North America longest 7 In what direction from ua is the Gulf of St. Lawrence 7 In what direction from the Gulf of St. Lawrence is Hudson's Bay 7 Gulf of California 7 Baffin's Bay 7 Which way from Hudson's Bay is the Gulf of Mexico 7 In what direction from the Gulf of Mexico is the Caribbean Sea 7 Which way from the Caribbean Sea is the Gulf of California ? In what direction from the Gulf of California is Baffin's Bay 7 Which way from Baffin's Bay is Behring's Strait 7 In what direction from Behring's Strait is the Isthmus of Durien ? What is an Isthmus 7 What does the Isthmus of Darien connect 7 ' . How many oceans border on North America 7 , > What three large Gulfs in North America 7 m. l. c. Through what part of North America does the Tropic of Cancer pass ? Through what part the Arctic Circle 7 • In what Zones does North America lie ? ' ' f^ in what Zones are the West India Islands? ' ' In what part of North America do you live ? • * MAP OF THE UNITED STATES, What is the name of this State 7 Its capital 7 In what direction is this State longest? * Pronounced Nic-ar-aw'-gua. rs. INTRODUCTORY LISSOIfS id Britiih An^eri- 0. Which IB tht 1 is the largest ? 8. w. L. Q'S. G*Bt jf St. Lawrence T M. and c. or? B. B. . ence ? 8 iludsoii's Bay ? xico ? Caribbean Sea ? f California ? affin's Bay ? unus of Durien T c. Tropic of Cancer ( :s, How many States are therp ? Territories ? What Division bounds the United States on the north 7 M-k. What Ooea rj lies east of the United States ? a. What Gult (« ; In what direction are the United States longest? * In M'hat direction from Connecticut is Maine 7 Vermont 7 New 'ork ? Rhode Island 7 Ohio 7 Texas 7 In what direction from Ohio is New York 7 Georgia 7 Louisia. »a ? tlllinois 7 New Jersey ? Vermont 7 Undiana 7 Maryland 7 ^ennessee 7 In what direction from us is the Gulf of Mexico 7 Lake Ontario ? febraska Territory ? Mexico 7 What is a Sound 7 What two Sounds east of North Carolina 7 a. and p. What Sound south of Connecticut 7 What harbor east of New Jersey 7 - What Bay east of Massachusetts 7 m. What Bay east of Lake Huron ? g. What Bay on the north. wester-^ part of Lake Michigan 7 What large river empties into the Gulf of Mexico ? m. * In answering the following questions, let the pupil point out the direction with his hand, as he gives the answer. t Il.le.noy'. t In-je-an'-na. 36 INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. ,','■ :;i :"» M Liiiiiii .1 Which are the three largest western branches of the Mississippi river ? M. A. R. Which is the largest eastern branch of the Mississippi ? o. What two rivers unite and form the Ohio ? a. m. What two unite and form the *Mobile river ? A. Tombigbee and Alabama. What two rivers unite and form the Apalachicola ? A. Chatta. hooche and Flint. What river forms the boundary line between South CaroHna and Georgia ? s. What river separates Virginia and Kentucky, from Illinois, India. na and Ohio 7 o. What river forms the boundary between Maryland and Virgi. nia ? p. What between New Jersey and Pennsylvania ? d. What river in the eastern part of New York ? h. What is the principal branch of the Hudson ? m. What is the largest river in the Eastern States ? c. What river empties into Green Bay ? f. What river forms the boundary between Maine and New Bruns. wick ? St..c. Between Texas and Mexico ? What river forms the boundary between Louisiana and Texas ? s. What three Capes east of Massachusetts ? a. c. m. What is the eastern point of Long Island called ? m. What Cape east of New Jersey ? A. Sandy Hook. What two at the entrance of Delaware Bay ? m. h. What two at the entrance of Chesapeake Bay ? c. and n. What three east of North Carohna ? h. l. f. What two east of Florida ? c. and f. ; What Cape south of Florida ? s. What Island south of Connecticut ? To what State does Long Island belong ? A. To New York. What Islands south-east of Florida ? b. What is the principal range of Mountains in the United States ? a. What Mountains between Mandan District and Oregon Territory? What seven States are intersected by the parallel of 40° N. lati. tude? What States by the parallel of 30° N. latitude ? ' How many States are longer from east to west, than from north to south ? » Mo-beel'. iS. INTRODUCTORY LESSONS, 37 of the Mississippi lissippi ? 0. L Tombigbee and cola? A. Chatta. Duth Carolina and rom Illinois, India, ryland and Virgi. D. H. M. f c. } and New Bruns. na and Texas ? s. }. M. I? M. Dok. [. H. c. and H. To New York. United States ? a, Oregon Territory? lei of 40° N. lati. than from north to • Through what States would you pass in travelling in a straight line from Connecticut to Maine ? From Maine to New York ? From New York to Virginia ? From Virginia to Louisiana ? From Louisiana to Ohio ? . ;. From Ohio to Georgia ? . . . - From Georgia to Texas ? From Texas to Maine ? Through what States would you pass in travelling on the coast from Mexico to New Brunswick ? What is the capital of the United States ? w. What is the capital of Maine ? a. Of New Hampshire ? c. I Vermont? m. Of Massachusetts? b. Of Rhode Island ? p. IConnecticut ? h. and n-h. Of New York ? a. Of New Jersey ? lOf Pennsylvania ? h. Of Delaware? d. Of Maryland? a. fVirginia ? R. Of North CaroHna ? r. Of South Carolina ? c. Of Of T. Of Of Georgia? m. Of Florida? t. Of Alabama ? m. Of Mississippi? A. Of Tennessee ? n. Of Of Kentucky ? f. c. Of Michigant ? ?j. Of Louisiana ? n-o. Of Texas ? Arkansas? l-r. Of Missouri? j.c. irois ? s. Of Indiana ? i. Of Ohio ? Wisconsin? m. Of lowat ? r. J Which is the largest State ? t. Which is the smallest State ? r.i. *; In what Zone are the United States ? Of Illi- M. Of Why? The initials of certain rivers in the United States spell HART- FORD ; what are their names, and where do they empty ? In what direction from this place is South America ? Can we go to South America by land ? Can we go any other way ? Hov. ? Which is the shortest route, by land or water ? Would you prefer to go there by land or water ? What Islands must we pass in sailing from New York to South America ? w-i. MAP OF SOUTH AMERICA. In what direction from us is South America ? What Sea north of South America ? What Ocean bounds it on the east ? What Strait on the south ? What Ocean bounds it on the west ? In which hemisphere is South America ? * In learning the following questions, the scholar should extend a rule from the centre of one of the given States to the centre of the other, t Mish'-egan. t I'-o-way. 38 INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. ' 1 What Isthmus connects it with North America 7 ». ' ' ' What is an Isthmus ? What are the Divisions of South America ? ' Which is the most northern Division ? w-o. Which is the most southern Division ? p. ' Which is the most eastern Division ? b. Which is the most western Division ? p. * What Divisions lie on the Atlantic Ocean 7 What Divisions lie on the Pacific ? What Divisions on the Caribbean Sea 7 n-g. and v. ' Which is the largest Division of South America ? b. What Division extends from the Atlantic to the Pacific 7 p. What Desert between ChiU* and Peru 7 Atacama Desert In what Division is the Desert of Atacama 7 b. Which is the smallest division of South America 7 What is a River 7 Which is the largest River in South America 7 a. Which is the second largest 7 p. What two Rivers unite and form the La Plata 7 p. and v. Which is the third River in South America ? o. What River empties into the Caribbean Sea 7 m. 1 J. M. What is an Island 7 What Island at the mouth of the Amazon 7 What Island south of Patagonia 7 t-d-f. What Strait separates Terra del Fuego from Patagonia 7 What is a Strait 7 What Island south of Chili 7 c. ' ^ What Island west of Chili, remarkable for the residence of Alex, ander Selkirk, or Robinson Crusoe 7 j-f. Which is the most northern Cape or Point of S. America 7 pt. 6. Whicii is the most eastern Cape 7 r. Which is the most southern Cape 7 h. Which is the most western Cape 7 b. pa G 01 g" m stt M Fi f^ 6 H g< If we were on the island of Joannes, in what direction from us would Point Gallinus be 7 Cape St. Roque 7 Cape Horn 7 Cape Blan-co ? Isthmus of Darien 7 Strait of Magellan 7 Bolivia ? Equador? Patagonia? Guianat? Peru 7 Chili 7 Brazil t ? Through what Divisions does the Equator pass 7 Through what does the tropic of Capricorn pass 7 In what Zones is South America 7 »Chee'.le. t Gee-an'- na. t Bra.zeel'. INTRODUCrtlT LESSONS. 39 D. Idv. ? B. acific ? p. ima Desert a? k. p. and V. i. agonia ? m. esidence of Alex. America ? pt. e. direction from us !ape Horn ? Gape [ellan ? Bolivia ? ili ? Brazilt ? ? 8? I Bra.zeel'. What are Zones 7 How many are there ? Through what Divisions Ices the 70th meridian of west longitud* pass 7 What are meridians 7 Which is the principal chain of Mountains 7 ^ • ' Where is Mount Sorata, the highest peak of the Andes 7 Where is Mount Chimborazo 7 Where is Cotopaxi, the highest volcano on the globe 7 What is a Volcano 7 What is a Mountain 7 Between what two capes is South America the longest ? Between what two the widest 7 St. r. and b. What is the Capital of New Grenada 7 b. Of Venezuela 7 c. Of Guiana 7 a. p. c. Of Equador ? q. Of Peru 7 l. Of Bolivia 7 c» Of Brazil 7 r-j. Of Buenos Ayres 7 b. Of Paraguay 7 a. Of Uru» guay 7 M. Of Chih 7 s. Of Patagonia 7 Why are there no towns in Patagonia 7 A. Because it is inhabited by Indians in a savage state 7 To whom does Guiana belong ? A. To the English, Dutch and French. Spanish Guiana is included in Ven(>7:uela ; and Portuguese Guiana in Brazil. Can we go from South America to Europe by land 7 Why not T How must we then go 7 What ocean must we cross, and in what direction must we sail in going from South America to Europe 7 /. MAP OF EUROPE. In what direction from us is Europe 7 What ocean lies north of Europe 7 a. What Grand Division of the Globe east of Europe 7 a. What sea south oi Europe 7 h. What ocean bounds Europe on the west 7 a. In which hemisphere is Europe 7 Is Europe connected with Asia or Africa 7 , What sea separates it from Africa 7 What large empire in the eastern part of Europe 7 R« What is an empire 7 What is a kingdom 7 What kingdom in the south-western part 7 p. What four Divisions of Europe Ue on the Mediterranean 7 s. P. i. a% What divisions lie on the Atlantic 7 p. s. p. b. h. o. d. n. What five Divisions encompass the Baltic Sea 7 o. d. s. r. f. Which is the largest Division of Europe 7 r, , Which is the second largest Division 7 a. Which is the third Division 7 x. Which k the smallest Division ? > '1 ' i 40 INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. What Divisions are intersected by the parallel of 40° N. latitude ? T. S. I. T. What by the parallel of 50° ? f. b. g. a. r. r. What by the parallel of 60° ? n. s. r. Through what Divisions does the first meridian* of longitude pass ? £• £• S* Through what the 10° of E. longitude ? n. d. p. q. s. a. i. Through what Divisions does the 20° of E. longitude pass ? n. s. P. R. A. T. The 30° E. longitude ? r. Which is the largest Island in Europe ? a-B.t . What large Island west of Great Britain ? i. What large Island west of Norway ? i. , ; ' What two large Islands west of Italy ? s. c. , ' What small Island between Corsica and Italy ? e. For what is Elba remarkable ? A. For being the place to which Bonaparte was banished in 1814. , . , , What large Island south of Italy ? s. What small Island south of Sicily, on which St. Paul was ship, wrecked ? m. v What Island south of the Archipelago ? c. " I What is an Archipelago ? What large Island in the eastern part of the Mediterranean ? c. What three Islands near Spai'' ? i. m. m. What four clusters of Islands north and west of Scotland ? f. s. o. w. What three Divisions constitute the kingdom of Great Britain ' A. England, Wales and Scotland. What does the kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland constitute ? A. The British Empire. • ^ »i - i What Sea east of Great Britain ? n. What Sea between Great Britain and Ireland ? i. What Sea between Sweiien and Russia ? b. What Sea in the northern part of Russia ? w. What three Seas south of Russia ? c. a. b. ' ^ What three Seas east of Turkey ? b. m. a. There are ten Seas in and around Europe ; what are their names ? «. A. B. M. A. M. I. N. B. W. What Gulf north of the Baltic ? b. What two Gulfs east of the Baltic ? F. and R. What Gulf east of Italy ? v. *Thc tirsl iiieridiuii is thatfruiii wiiicli the longitude ie reckoned ; uiarlied U on tile map. t Tlie iHlttiid conipriaing England, Wales and Scotland, is caiied Great-Britain. rs. f 40° N. latitude? of longitude pass? Q. S. A. I. itude pass ? n. s. E. le place to which t. Paul was ship. i literranean ? c. r Scotland? f.s. f Great Britain ' ^land constitute ? I •' >v( sire their names ? koiied; umrk«d U ilied Greai-Britain. ■I INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. What Gulf south-east of Italy ? T. ^ What Gulf south of France ? L. _, What Bay west of France ? b. What Channel betv/een France and England ? b What Channel between Wales and Ireland ? St. o. What Channel south of Walss ? b. What Channel between Ireland and Scotland 7 n. What Channel between Denmark and Norway ? s. What Channel between Denmark and Sweden ? c. 41 What Strait between England and France ? d. What Strait at the entrance of the Mediterranean ? g. What Strait between Corsica and Sardinia ? b. What Strait between Sicily and Italy ? m. What Strait at the entrance of the Gulf of Venice 7 Otrauto. D. What Mountains between Norway and Sweden 7 What Mountains between France and Spain ? p. What Mountains in Switzerland ? a. Which is the highest peak of the Alps 7 A. Mont Blanc, the high, est mountain in Europe. . ^ What Mountains in Italy 7 a. What Mountains in Austria ? c. What Mountains in Turkey 7 b. What Mountains between Russia and Asia 7 v* What Mountain in Sicily 7 e. What Mountain near Naples ? What Mountain in Iceland ? h. V. What is a Cape 7 What is a Promontory ? What Cape north of Norway ? n. What Cape south-west of Norway 7 n. What Cape south-west of England 7 l-e What Cape South of Ireland ? c. What Cape north of France ? l.-h. What Cape north-west of Spain 7 o. What Cape west of Spain 7 f. What Cape south-west of Portugal 7 St. v. \ Wha> Cape south of Italy ? s. What Cape south of Greece 7 » What large River rises in Russia, and empties into the Caspian JlSea 7 V. What River empties into the sea of Azof 7 •'d. What river rises in Germany and empties into the Black Sea 7 d. t i' i ! :\'. m 42 INTRODUCTORY LESSON 8i What two Rivers rise in Switzerland ? r. and r. ^ What two Rivers empty into the Bay of Biscay 7 «. and i.. What River empties into the British Channel 7 s. What five Rivers rise in Spain and empty into the Atlantic 7 a. 9, T. D. M. Which is the principal River in England 7 t» Which is the largest River in Ireland 7 s. Which is tb*? principal River in Norway 7 a% What is a River 7 What is a Lake 7 What two Lakes in Russia 7 o. l. "'■" * ' What three Lakes in Sweden 7 w. w. and Ma.lar'. What two Lakes in Switzerland 7 A> Constance and Geneva^ What is the Capital of England 7 l. Of Portugal 7 l. Of Spain? M. Of France 7 p. Of Holland 7 h. Of Belgium 7 e. At what place in Germany does the Federative Diet hold its sessions ? A. At Frankforuon.the.Mayne. What is the Capital of Denmark 7 c. Of Switzerland 7 B. Of Italy 7 r. Of Austria 7 v. Of Turkey 7 c. Of Greece 7 a. Of Prussia 7 b. Of Russia 7 St. p. Of s. Of Norway 7 c. Of Scotland 7 K. Of Ireland? d. •Jweden 1 In what direction from us is England 7 In what direction froin England is Norway 7 Prussia 7 Italy 7 Spain 7 Ireland 7 Ru8> aia 7 Portugal 7 In what direction are toe from Portugal ? Does Europe lie in north or south latitude 7 Why 7 In what Zones is Europe 7 What are Zones T In what direction from Europe is Asia 7 MAP OF ASIA. In what direction from us is Asia 7 What Ocean lies north of Asia 7 a. What Ocean bounds it on the east 7 p. What Ocean on the south 7 i. What Grand Division west of Asia 7 B. In which hemisphere is Asia 7 What Isthmus connects Africa and Asia 7 s. What Division embraces the northern part 7 s. What extensive Empire south of Siberia 7 &. What general name is given to the Divisions south of the Clilnrne Empire 7 India. What Division in the south-western part of Asia 7 a. What Division north of Araoia 7 t. What Division east of Turkey 7 p. What two Divisions east of Persia 7 a. and ■. . ?J8, INTRODUCTORY LE880N8. 48 I. *.- ? a. andL. s. he Atlantic 7 a> s, -lar'. nee and Geneva* ;al? L. Of Spain? :ium ? E« At what ts sessions ? A. At f Denmark? c. Of V. Of Turkey ? c. t. p. Of Ijvveden I nd? D. rhat directutn froin 7 Ireland 7 Rua. Portugal ? hy? uth of the Cliin««e iia ? A. What Division north of Afghanistan 7 i-t. What Division between the Caspian and Black seat 7 What What What What What What What What What What What What Sea between Asia and Africa 7 R. Sea between Arabia and Hindostan 7 a. , Sea or Bay east of Hindostan 7 b. Sea south of China 7 c. • . . Sea between China and Corea 7 t. . " Sea between Corea and Niphon 7 j. Sea in the eastern part of Siberia 7 o. ' Sea east of Kamtchaika 7 k. Sea between Nova Zembla and Siberia 7 K. Sea west of Independent Tartary 7 c. Sea in Independent Tartary ? a. Sea in the southern part cf Syria, or Palestine 7 d What Gulfs between Arabia and Persia 7 p. o. What two Gulfs west of Hindostan 7 c.c. What Gulf south of the firman Empire 7 m. What Gulf south of Siam ? s. What Gulf east of Anam 7 T. What Gulf in the northern part of Siberia 7 What Gulf between Cey-lon' and Hindostan 7 What Gulf at the northern extremity ot the Red Sea 7 of Suez. A. Galf What Mountains between Siberia and the Chinese Empire 7 What Mountains between the Chinese Empire and Hindostan. Which is the highest peak of the Himalaya Mountains 7 A. Chumularee, or Dhawala.Giri. It is the highest mountain on the globe. What chain unites the Altay and Himalaya Mountains 7 b.t. What Mountains ir. the southern part of Hindostan 7 g. ^ What Mountains in the western part of Turkey 7 t. What Mountain in the northern part of Arabia 7 r. What Mnrmtains separate Siberia from Russia in Europe 7 v. What is a Mountain 7 . , What is a Peninsula 7 \ What Peninsula in the southern part of Farther India 7 m. What Peninsula between the Yellow Sea and Japan Sea ? c. Whet Peninsula between the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea ol Kami. chatka 7 k. What Cape north of Siberia 7 n. e. ' What Cape south of Kamtchatka 7 L. What Cnpe south of Malacca ? R. What Cape south of Hindostan 7 c. 3 m INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. ! ! X. What is a Strait ? What is a Channel 7 What Strait betv/een Asia and North America 7 b* What Strait between Malay Peninsula and Sumatra 7 What Strait between Sumatra and Java 7 s. [See the Map of the IVorld.] What Strait between Borneo and Celebes 7 m. " , What Strait between Australia and New Guinea 7 T. [See the Map of the World.] What Strait between the Persran Gulf and the Gulf of Orman 7 A. The Strait of Orman. » . .. i What Strait is the entrance to the Red Sea 7 B. into What Rivers unite and empty into the Persian Gulf 7 e. t. it. What large River rises in the Chinese Empire and empties the Sea o( Arabia ? i. What two large Rivers empty into the Bay of Bengal 7 o. b. What River empties into the China Sea ? c. What River passes through the middle of China and empties into Che Pacific 7 k. What River empties into the Yellow Sea 7 h*h. ^ *; What River empties into the Gulf of Tartary 7 a. ' / What River empties into the Gulf of Anadir 7 a. What three large Rivers empty into the Arctic Ocean 7 l. o. t. What River empties into the Gulf of Obi 7 o. What River from Europe empties into the Caspian Sea T What is an Island 7 What Island south of Hindostan 7 c. What Island south of Malay Peninsula? s. What Island south-east of Sumatra ? j. [See Map of the World.] What large Island east of Malay Peninsula 7 b. What large Island east of Borneo ? c. What large Island south.east of Asia 7 a. [Se3 Map of the World.] What Island south of Australia 7 v. d. l. What large Island north of Australia 7 n-o. What cluster of Islands east of Farther India 7 P. What Island in the Gulf of Tonquin 7 h. ^ „, .. , What large If What two small Divisions south of Sene Gambia 7 s. l and &• - '11 '( I i nil i !'r i 'w h ' 'ill 46 INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. What name hnp been pven to the coaai between Sene Gambia and the Niger? Upper Guinea. What names have been given to the coast between the Niger and the River Nourse ? b. l. c. a. b. What Coluny in the southern part of Africa ? c. What small Division oast of Cape Colony 7 c. What is the interior of thp southern part of Africa called ? e. What do we know respecting Ethiopia ? A. But little except its name, as it has never been explored by any except those who in. habit it. Wha: names have been given to the coast between Caffraria and Abyssinia ? m. z. a. What Division in the eastern part of the Desert 7 F. i. I Which is the most northern Cape 7 b. Which is the most eastern Cape 7 o.^i^ Which is the most southern Cape ? o.h. Which is the most western Cape ? v. What is a Cape 7 What is an Island 7 Which is the most northern group of the African Islands ? a. In what direction from Morocco are the Azores 7 What Islnnds west of Morocco ? m. What cluster of Islands south-west of Morocco 7 c. What Islands west of Sene Gambia 7 c-v. W'bat Island west of Cimhebas ? St. h. • For what is Si. Helena distinguished 7 A. For boiiip the pince ti» which Niipolenii noiiaptirte wns Vanished in 1815 fie was (It'tHiiK-d on lliis iHhiiiii a pri8uiierot' war, till hisiilfalh, May 5, \i*il In AuilMiil, IH4(), tilt; Fmich L'ovt^rnniHil sent a ship, the Belle Puule, to 8i. He- lena lor the piir|M)He of brin(!iii$! the reniaiTiK of N»|»oleon to Prance. It arrived there Or.tolier Hth. On the 1,5th, \m tomb wat) opened, and liin tiody conveyed on hoard the HJiip ; and on the Mtth of October, 1H4<>, tlie Belle Poule oailed for France, where xhe arrived early in Dereinber, and on the l.'iih of the manie month his body was dep* iniied in the chui ch of the Hospital of InvulidH In Paris, with all the honors due to the greatest warrior of modern times. In what direction from France is Si. Helena 7 In what direction from vg is Si. Helena 7 What large Island south-east of Africa 7 w. What Islands in the northern part of »hp Channel of Mozambique t What two Islands east of Madagascar 7 m. b. What Island near Cape Guardafui 7 s. What Isthmus unites Africa and Asia 7 s. How wide is the Isthmus of Suez 7 What Strait at the entrance of the Red Sea ? b. What Strait at the entrance of the Mediterranean 7 How wide are each of these Straits t What lands are separated and what waters connected by the Strnit of Gil>ral'nr ' FroD. 6a r*daf«we. INTRODUCTORY LESSONS. 47 Sene Gambia and itween the Niger :a called ? B. (ut liitle except its pt those who in- een CafTraria and 1 Islands 7 i. ? c. vns hantshed in 1815 •> (liHlh, May 5, 18*21 elle Poll In, lo Si. He- (> Francn. It arrived lit IiIh hniiy c(>iivf.'y(;d itfile Pmilf (unllHl tor lie irnli of tlie oanie it of liivulids in Paris, times. 1 of Mozambique t an? lected by the Strait What Channel between Madagascar and Mozambique 7 m. What Gulf east of Tunis ? c. What Gulf north of Tripoli ? s. What Gulf at the northern extremity of the Red Sea 7 A. The Gulf of Suez. What Gulf south of Guinea 7 a. What Bay near the Cape of Good Hope ? A. Table Bay. What River rises in the Mountains of the Moon and runs north through Abyssinia, Nubia and Egypt into the Mediterranean ? n. What large River in Soudan ? n. • , Where does the Niger empty ? What three Rivers in Sene Gambia 7 s. o. o. What River separates Loango from Congo 7 i. What River in South Africa runs west into the Atlantic 7 o. What River empties into the channel of Mozambique 7 i. What Mountains in the Barbary States 7 a. What IVIountains extend through the middle of Africa 7 o. or m. What Mountains north of Guinea 7 k. What is the Capital of Egypt 7 c. What is the Capital of Barca 7 d. What is the Capital of Tripoli 7 t. Of Tunis 7 t. Of Algiers ? a. Of Morocco 7 m. What is the principal Town in the Cape Colony 7 ct. Wha.' is the Capital of Congo 7 St..s. What is the Capital of Abyssinia 7 a. In what direction from us is TripoK 7 In what direction from Tripoli is the Cape Colony 7 Abyssinia 7 Sene Gambia 7 Egypt 7 Morocco 7 Nubia 7 G. of Guinea 7 Fezzan ? Through what Divisions of Africa does the Equator pass 7 Through what the Tropic of Cancer 7 Through what the Tropic of Capricorn 7 In what Zones does Africa lie 7 Suppose you were at the Cape of Good Hope to>day at 12 o'clock, would the "un be north or south of you 7 Why 7 6p* ween what two Capes is Africa the longest 7 Between what two Capes the widest 7 How wide is the Sahara or Great Desert 7 - How long is the Mediterranean Sea 7 , In what direction from Africa is this place 7 . 'r- 1'^/;: What bodies of water border on Af.ica 7 What prevents Africa from being a contment by itself.' When and by whom was the Cape of Good Hope first discovered 7 When and by whom was it first doubled 7 48 OITIL OEOORAPHT. > ' II There are rve grand varieties of the human species, vix. : The European race, — the Asiatic or MongoHan race,— the Malay race, — the Nejjro, or African race,--and the Indian, or American race ; but they imperceptibly approach and are lusf in each other. 1. The European race lias regular features and fair com- plexions, and includes the Eu- ropeans and their descendants in Annerica, Turks, Tartars, Arabians, Persians, Hindoos, Abyssinians, Egyptians and Moors. 2. The Asiatic or MongO' lian race has a brown, or olive complexion, flat foreheads, small eyes, coarse, straight black hair, and wide months The race includes the Chi nese, Japanese, Mongolians Sil erian tribes, Nova Zem blans Laplanders, Green landers, and Esquimaux In dians. 3. The Malay race has a dark brown complexion, with large features, strong hair, broad nostrils, and great mouths. This race includes the inhabitants of the Maylay Peninsula, of the East India Mslands, and of Polynesia. CITIL OEOORAPHT tecies, vi«. : The he Malay race, — American race ; h other. pean race lias and fair com- iludes the Eu- ir descendants jrks, Tartars, ans, Hindoos, gyptians and tic or MongO' )rown, or olive at foreheads, arse, straight wide months, udes the Chi- , Mongolians, , Nova Zem- ders, Green- squimaux In- ay race has a iplexion, with strong hau', and great race includes )f the May I ay le East India Polynesia. < 4. The African race has a jet black complexion, woolly hair, flat noses, prominent chins, and thick lips. This race includes the Negroeri of Africa, the natives of Aus- tralia. New Guinea, and Van Diemcn's Land. 5. The Indian or American race has a copper color, coarse, straight black hair, high cheek bones, sunken eves, and stout masculine limbs. This race includes all the Indians dis- persed over the American con- tinent, except the Esquimaux. Notwilhstandinff 'hr numerous varirties in thehumnn sppciep, the Scriptures inform vi;* that they are the offspring of one common parent ; that the delicaie European and the swarthy Ethiopian are brothers descended fnmi th* same ancestor. CHmate, or rh ,1 STATE OF SOCIETY. The different nations of the earth are divided according to their habits of life, and state of improvement, into four classes, via* : Savage^ Half-civilized, Civilized^ and Enlightened. (n the savage state, men subsist principally by hunting, fishing, and the spon- taneous pniductioMci of the earth. Tliey possess but little knowledge of agricul- iBre, or the mechanic arts. They live in liuts formed of poles or stakes covered with bark or leaves, or plastered with clay. The most noted in this state pf so- ciety are the North American Indians. In the haJf-civHized state, men subsist by agriculture and pasturage, and un- derstand many of the arts; but science, literature, rnd foreign e >mmerce are almost unknown. They have established laws and religion, andsome of their finer mnnufnctureR they have carried to a high degree of perfection. The most Moted in this stale of society, are the Persians. In the civilized utate, men are acquainted with the arts and sciences, and de- r. ve their subsistence from agriculture, manufactures and f^ommerce. The moat noted in this state of society are tlie Cliinese. In tUe enlightened state, m"n huve carried the arts and sciences to a high de- gree of perfection, and are distinguished for their industry, intelligence, ingenu- ity and enterprise. A mons enlightened nations, the most noted are the people of the United States, the English, French, and Germans. ,. To which state ofsociety do you belong? Whyl ^ . GOVERNMENTS.;: > ; Government is the system, or power, by which the laws of a coun- try are made and executed. There are three simple forms of Government, viz.: Monarchy, Aristocracy, and Republican. .,--/ There are two kinds of Monarchies ; absolute and limited. An absolute monarchy is a government in which the will of the monarch is the law ; as in Turkey and Persia. Questiims on the Maps. — What is the government of the Russian empire 1 Of the Chinese empire 1 Of the I'urkish empire ? Of Persia? Afghanistan? A limited monarchy is a government in which the power of the sovereign is limited by law ; as in England. (Questions on the Maps, — Under what form of government is France ? Spain ? ^Sweden? How many countries of Europe have limited monarchies ? An aristocracy is a government administered by a few men, usually styled the inobili.) . A Republic is a free governn ent, in which the people choose their own rulers ; as in the United States. Questions on the Maps.— Under what form of government is Mexico ? Swit- zerland ? What other conniries have a republican governmeni ? The government among savage nations is usually that of patriarchs or chiefii, who are elected to oflice on account of their bravery, wisdom, and experience. They are generally called Independent Chiefs; as among the North American Indians, Arabians, &c. A Viceroy is the governor of a kingdom or country, who is appointed by a monarch, and who rules with regal authority Questions on the Jlfa/>«>— Under what government is British America? •Cape Colony 1 CIVIL GEOGRAPHT* 51 cording to their R CLASSES, via*: ling;, and the spon- twledee of agricul- B or stakes covered in this state of so- taiturage, and un- gn c immerce are and some of their ectioa. The most I sciences, and de- merce. The most inces to a high de- telligence, ingenu- tcd are the people RELIGIONS. The four prevaih'ng religions of the world are Christian, Mahomet dan, Jewish, and Pagan, or Heathen. Christians are those who believe in Jesus Christ as the Saviour of mankM* There are tliree great dlviMons of Christians, viz. : &onia.i Catholics, Greek Church, and Proresfanis. The Roman Catholics are ttiora who acknowledge the supremacy of the Pope. The Greek Church, in its forms and ceremonies, resembles the Roman Catho- lic, but denies the supremacy of the Pope. Protestants are those who disrlnim the Jurisdiction of the Pope, and take the Bible as the only foundation of Chrintian faith and Worship. Protestants are divided into various 8<*ct8 ; the principal of which are Epis- copalians. Presbyterians. ConffrpgaMnna lists. RapMfelieve in Mohammed, an impostor of Arabia, who flourished 600 years after Christ. The Jews are those who believe in the Old Testament and reject die New, and expect a Saviour yet to come. rapans, or Heathen, are those who believe in false gods, and woralili^-idoks, bersts, reptiles, &c. ''i^ . PART SECOND. iawsof aeoun. rchy, Aristocracy, f the monarch is Russian empire 1 t1 Afghanistan? )f the sovereign is I Prance 1 Spain 1 chies 1 usually styled the their own rulers; I Mexico 1 Swit- riarchs or chiefly , and experience. North American } appointed by a ritish America? 1 ' AMERICA, America is less in size than the eastern continent, but surpasses it in the number and magnitudeof its rivers, its numerous lakes, and its lofty and extended ranges of mountains. It is 9,000 miles in length, and on an average l,S0O miles in width, containing about 15 million square miles. It is distinguished for the variety of its climate, ite valuable productions, and for the freedom of its civil and religious institutions. The climate is generally colder than that of the eastern conti- nent. It is calculated that the heat is 10 degrees less than in the same parallels in the eastern hemisphere. It abounds in almost all the animal, vegetable and mineral pro- ductions. It contains a great variety of wild animals, and in cook paring those of the same species in the two continents, it has heen ound, in a migority of instances, where a difference in sixe hae kmn 53 AMERICA. ascerfninecl that the American animal is larger than that of the east- ern continent.* The birds are exceedingly numerous, and are said to he more beautiful in their phimaffe than those of Asia and Africa, but in their notes leas melod ous. The Condor of South Amer'ca, in size, strength and rnpacity, surpasses all others of the feathered creation. It abounds in i»old and silver mines, and produces an abundance of iron, copper, quicksilver, antimony, sulphur, nitre, lead, loadstone, and marbles of every sort. It has various kmds of precious stones, as diamonds, rubies, emeralds, amethysts, alabaster, &;c. It produces every kind of firain, fruit, pulse, herbs, plants and flowers, native to Europe, besides a great variety of others — as cinna. mon, pepper, sarsaparilla, cocoa, scarlet dye, mahogany, logwood, Bra'»il wood, sassafras, &,c. &c. Tiie population of America is usually estimated at 47 millions ; consisting of three classes, viz — Whites, Negroes and Indians. The Whites are the descendants of Europeans who have settled in America 'since its discovery. The Negroes are the descendants of Africans who have been brought from their native country. The Indians are the descendants of those who occupied the country at the time of its discovery, and are generally savages. History. — America is often called the new worlds because it is but a little more than three centuries since it was first made known to the I I * American Encyclupedia. AMERICA m hat of the east- d to be more ca, but in their fisize, strength irion. an abundance Jad, loadstone, recious stones, :.c. , plants and ers — as cinna- f^ny, logwood, t 47 millions ; Indians. have settled descendants auntry. The fie country at cause it is but known to the people of the eastern continent. The honor of this important event belongs to Christopher Columbus, who discovered it in 14IJ2.* DISCOVERY OF AJMLEEICA BY COLUMBUS, IN 1492. '" discovery of America excited a spirit of enterprise throughout tb: X 'zed world, unknown and unfelt at any time before, and drew auVcLiurersfrom all parts of Europe. In 1497, John Cabot, and \m Kon Sebastian, natives of Venice, in the service of Henry VII. kiaj^ o( England, discovered North America, and explored the coast from Newfoundland to Florida. In 1499, Aniericus Vespuciue, a native of Florence, discovered the "Columbus was bom in 1435, in the city of Genoa* at that time a re- piblic in the north-western part of Italy. Great exertions were made by the maritime powers of I^^tirope at that time to find a pae^^age by sea to the East Indies. The Portuguese had miide several attempt** to ac- complish this, by sailing down the wefetorn coast ol Africa. But Colum- bus, from long and close application to the study of geography, btioame persuaded that the shortest and mo«t dire(;t route to India would be found by sailing in a westerly direction. For he imagined tliat the east- ern coast of Asia ami the western shore of Enrop'^ were separated by an ocean of moderate extent. To determine this point, he resolved on a voyage of disrovery. He applied to the government of Genoa for assist- ance, but without success ; he also applied to the government of Portoi- gal, but his applications were here rejected ; he next applied to Ferdi- nand and Isabella, the sovereigns of Castile and Arrngon, who furnished him with three small veesek and 90 men. He sailed from I'ulos ia Spain, the 3d "f August, 1492, and discovered San Salvador, the most easterly of the bahama Isles, Oct. 12th, 1492. He made four voyages oi diacoveey to this continent, and died at Valladolid in louC^ aged 51'. ■| NORTH AMERICA. continent at Paria, near the mouth of the Orinoco. On his return to Europe, he published an account of his voyage, and acquired the utk de»erved honor of giving his name to this continent. In a short time the whole continent was discovered, and settlements made in various parts of it, by different nations uf Europe. South America and th© southern part of North America, were peopled by colonies from Spain mnd Portugal ; the eastern part of North America by colonies from England, France and Holland. America, at ihe time of its discovery, was inhabited by a rude, barbarous and wariike people, whom Co- Iambus and his followers named Indians. T*hey considered the Span- iardf ^ a superior race of beings, and treated them with all the kind iies£! i,iid hospitality of which native innoc&nce is capable. But their kindness was ill repaid. Impelled by a thirst for gold, the Spaniards eommitted the most horrid cruelties ujion them, and tn srme instan. ees destroj>ed whole nations^ Questions. — Between what two oceans does the western continent 3ie? How long since Ameriaa was discovered ? What name is given to the northern part of the co-ntinent ? What name is given to the souttt. em part? What isthmus unites these two portions ? What islands bo. tween North and South America ? Which approaches nearest to thf eastern continent, North or South America ? n-a. On which pert of the western continent do you live ? In what zones does the western continent Ke ? In what direction from South America is N«rth America ? ^orlh America* In extent of territory, North America ranks among the largest grand divisions of the globe. It is about 4,500 miles in length, and on an average, 2,500 miles in breadth. It is distinguished for the number and size of its rivers and lakes, and its extended ranges of mountains. Lake Superior is the largest collection of fresh water in the world, and the Missouri and Missis- sippi far surpass the rivers of the eastern continent. There are two great rang&s of mountains in North America. The western extends from the isthmus of Darien to the Arctic ocean, and contains several peaks whose tops are covered with perpetua) Si30w. The northern part of this range is called The Eocky Moun- tains; the southern part, The Cordilleras. The eastern range its caileJ the Alleghany, and extends through the United States, yuiV' xcng nearly parallsl with, the coast. NORTH AMERICA. )n his return to cquired the un. In a short timo nade in various nierica and the lies from Spain colonies from jf its discovery, pie, whom Co- lered the Span, th all the kind ble. But their , the Spaniards ^ seme instan. rfem continent ame is given to 3n to the southi- '^hat islands bo. hes nearest to ■A. On which zones does the tth America wt a»ks among It is about 2,500 miles lumber and id ranges of coJlection of and Missis- continent. forth America, e Arctic ocean, with perpetuai ? Rocky Moun- astern range its ed St&tes> ru3V' i i North America has almost every variety of climate. The part north of 50° is a barren and frozen region, and is covered with snow and ice a great part of the year. Between 50° and 35°, the country is subject to great extremes of heat and cold, and produces in most parts, grass, grain and various kinds of fruit. South Oi* 35° the cli- mnte is warm, and produces rice, cotton, tobacco, indigo, sugar-cane, and tropical fruits, as oranges, lemons, pine apples and figs. The mineral treasu/es of North America, so far as discovered, consist of gold, silver, iron, copper, lead, coal, &c. The gold and silver mines of Mexico are suppo'^oJ to be the richest in the world. Gold has recently been discovered in Virginia, North Carolina, Geor- ^a and Alabama, and large quantities are now annually obtained. Iron is abundant in various parts, especially in the United States. There are rich mines of copper near Lake Superior, also on the banks of the Copper-mine river, and others in various parts of the United States. Coal is abundant. The most remarkable mines of it are found in Pennsylvania. Tin is produced in Mexico ; and the lead mines of Missouri, Illinois and Iowa are among the most productive on ;' t globe. Salt is plenty in all parts ; the most noted pprin »8 are found in the state of New York. Sulphur and all sorts of marble are found in different places. The vegetable kingdom embraces a great variety of produc. tinns, many of which are peculiar to N. America. The forests con- tain pines of an extraordinary height, oaks of various spjcies, walnut and chestnut trees, ash, beech, birch, yew, cypress willow, elm, pop- lar, and other trees common to the other continent. Among those which are peculiar to America, are the magnolia, the tulip tree, the acacia and many other. In the forests of the warmer regions are the palms, mahogany, cocoa and cotton trees. Besides these native productions, the orange and lemon trees, the coffee shrub, the sugar cane and the indigo plant, have been introduced and cultivated with aiiccpsa. Indian corn, tobacco and the potato were found here by the Krropeans, and by them introduced into the eastern continent. The animal kingdom embraces a great variety of species. In the most northern regions are found th<^ musk ox, the reindeer and white hear. The vast prairies are peopled with immense herds of bisons, elks, moose, deer, antelopes, &,c., Carniverous animals, such as the black bear, grisly bear, wolf, cougar or panther, lynx, &,c. are numerous in the unfrequented parts oi he country. In some parts ofN. America have been found imberlded in the earth, the bones of re. markahle animals that are not now known to exist. A few years since nearly an entire skeleton of one of these animals was dug up near Newburffh. in the state of New York, and is now preserved in the museum in Philadelphia. It must have been several times larsrer than the elephant, as a tall man can walk upright under its bell)'. Bones of the same species of animals are found in various parts of the western states, and it is highly probable that at a very remote it NORTH AMERICA period, they existed here in great numberB. They are are caUed Mammoth or Mastodon. All the domestic animals of Europe, the horse, ox, sheep, goat, hog, dog and cat, were introduced into America by the first settlers, and some of them have increased to such a degree that they form large herds in a wi!d state. Among the birds of North America, the most noted is the wild turkey. It is peculiar to this country, and was first introduced into Europe in 1525, and is the original stock whence have sprung the tame turkeys. The mocking bird of the southern stales is celebrated for its wonderful power of song. It surpasses all other tribes of me- lodious ' ds in the sweetness of its notes. The humming bird is distingiT .eH for its beauty and diminutive size. There are numer- ous oihe/ birds peculiar to this continent ; and others, as the eagle, owl, crow, hawk, swan, goose, duck, &c. which in many resppcts differ from those of the same name in the eastern continent. The coasts and inland waters swarm with water fowl. Alligators are found in the southern rivers, and the waters are filled with sturgeons, pikes, trout, eels and salmon. The banks of Newfoundland and the neighboring coast abound in cod, Three thousand vessels, and one hundred thousand men from the United States, Gre» Britain and France, are annually engaged in the cod fisheries. Respecting the northern part of North America, nothing is known with any degree of certainty. During a few years past, several at- tempts have been made to sail round this part into the Pacific, or in other words, to find a north-west passage ; but all have been unsuc. cessful. Capt. Parry entered Barrow's Strait, and sailed to the 106® W. longitude, where he discovered a large island, which he named Melville, but was unable to proceed farther on account of ice. Mac- kenzie, Hearne, FrankHn and others, attempted to explore this yegion by land, but were not able to penetrate these fearful abodes of perpetual ice and snow. Questions. — What bodies of water border on North America ? Which ocean borders most on North America ? What is thediffer. ence between the length and the average breadth of North America? What prevents North America from being a continent by itself? Is North America longer from north to south, or from east to west ? MAP OF NORTH AMERICA. How is North America bounded T British America ? Capital ? Chief Towns ? U. S. and Territory ? Capital ? Chief Towns ? Mexico ? Capital ? Chief Towns ? Guatimala ? Capital ? Chief Towns ? Russian Possessions ? ■— — . ? — — — 7 Rivers ? Rivera. ? Ri\er6 ? Rivfers? NORTH AMERICA, 57 are are called hat they form as the eagle, VVhfre doea Mackenzie's River rise, in what direction does it run, and where does it empty ? Coppermine ? Liards ? Peace ? Atha- basca ? Slave ? Saskatchawan ? Churchill ? Nelson 7 Sev. em? Albany? Rupert? Ottawa? St. Lawrence? Columbia? Clark's ? Lewis ? Colorado ? Gila ? Grand del Norte ? St. Juan ? Mississippi 7 Missouri ? Yellowstone ? Arkansas 7 Red River ? CAPES. r > Wliai is a Cape ? Where is Cape Farewell 1 Where is Cape Charles ? Where is Cape Sable ? Where is Cape Lisburne 7 Where is Cape Prince of Wales 1 Where is Cape St. Lucas ? Where is Cape San Antonio ? ISLANDS. What is an Island 7 Wher j is Melville Island 7 Sabine 7 Dis- CO ? Iceland ? Southamptr n ? Mansfield ? Anticosti ? Cape Breton? Prince Eduard? Newfoundland? Bermudas? Baha- mas ? Greater Antilles, viz. Cuba, Hayti, Jamaica, Porto Rico 7 Carribbean Islands, viz. Santa Cruz, Antigua, Gaudaloupe. Domini, ca, Martinique, St. Lucia, Barbadoe^ "-enada, Tobago, Trinidad 7 Little Antilles, viz. Curacoa, Buen Ayre, Orua, Margurita ? Prince of Wales ? Queen Charlotte's ? Vancouver's or Nootka Island ?/'' STRAITS. What is a Strait ? Where is Davis* Strait ? Where is Iliidson's Strait 7 Where is the Strait of Belle Isle ? Wiiere is Barrow's Strait ? Where is Behring's Strait? BAYS. What is a Bay ? Where is Baffin's Bay ? Where is Hudson's Bay ? Wh»^re is Jarn«s' Bay ? ^ , . Wiiere \8 the Bay of Fundy 7 , Where is the Bay of Honduras 7 Where is the Bay of Campeachy ? INLET3. Where is Regent Inlef 7 Where is Northumbe 'and Inlet? Where is Chesterfie'd Inlet? Where is Cook's Inlet 7 58 VORTH AMERICA. GULFS. What is a Gulf 7 Where is the Gulf of St. Lawrence T Where is the Gulf of Mexico ? Where is the Gulf of California 7 * SOUNDS. What is a Sound 7 Where is Prince William's Sound T Where is Queen Charlotte's Sound ? Nootka Sound ? Where is Smith's Sound 7 Where is Whale Sound ? .■*l PENINSULAS. ' ■ ' What is a Peninsula 7 Where is the Peninsula of Greenland t Where is the Peninsula of Nova Scotia 7 . . Where is the Peninsula of Florida 7 Where is the Peninsula of Yucatan 7 , Where is the Peninsula of California 7 Where is the Peninsula of Alaska 7 MOUNTAINS. What is a Mountain 7 Where are the Alleghany Mountains t Where are the Cordilleras Mountains 7 Where are the Rocky Mountains 7 Where is Mount Fairweather 7 Where is Mount St, Elias Tj Where is the volcano of Popocatapetl 7 LAKES. What is a Lake 7 Where is Lake Superior? Where is the Lake of the Woods 7 • Where is Lake Winnipeg 7 Where is Athabasca Lake 7 Where is Great Slave Lake 7 Where is Great Bear Lakn T Where is Lake *Chapala 7 Where is Lake tNicaragua 7 wvisroNS. What are the Divisions of North America T Which is the most northern Division 7 Which is the middle Division 7 Which is the south-western Division 7 Which is the southern Division 7 Which is the most north-western Division 7 What is the length of the Gulf of Mexico 7 What is the length of the Gulf of California 7 What is the length of the Carribbean Sea 7 What is the length of Hudson's Bay 7 » Sh.pa'.lA. t Nic-ar>aw'-gua. UMITSD STATES 59 UNITED STATES. The United States are the most interesting and important division of the western continent. They are distinguished for the excellence of their govern- ment, — the rapid increase of the population, — and for the intelligence, industry, and enterprise of the in- habitants. In extent of territory, the United States rank among the first political divisions of the globe. They ire about 3000 miles in length from |^st to west, and 1700 miles in breadth, from north to south ; embra- cinor almost every variety of surface, soil, and climate. The commerce* of the United States ranks next to Great Britain. It extends to all nations, and to every clime. The chief articles of export,t are cot- ton, tobacco, wheat, flour, rice, fish, ashes, lumber, * Com' merce, the exchanging of the goods or produv. ions of one coun> try for those of another ; trade, traffic, t Ey.'-port, carried out of our country. 60 UNITED STATES. I'f'i i>mm III ^lilii and naval stores. The chief articles of import,* are woollens, cottons, silks, teas, coffee, sugar, spirits, spices and wines. By examining the map, you will perceive that the United States* territory is divided by the Alleghany and Rocky Mountains into three great natural sections or divisions, viz. 1. The Atlantic Slope, which extends from the Allegany mountains to the Atlantic ; 2. The M rssissippi Vatley, which lies between the Alleghany and Rocky mountains, and is watered by the Mississippi and its nunier. ous branches ; 3. The Pacific Slope, which comprises the region between the Rocky mountains and the Pacific ocean. Hence it will be seen, that the general features of the country is that of an immense plain traversed by two great chains of mountains. There is no country of equal extent so well watered as the Uni. ted States, by noble rivers and lakes, or so highly favored by nature with channels for internal commerce or mutual intercourse. With the Atlantic ocean on the east, the Pacific on the west, the gulf of Mexico on the south, and the lakes on the north, the United States contain some of the finest harbors in the world, and possess every advantage for commercial pursuits. In a country so extensive, and having so many varieties of ex- posure as the United States, the climate must of course be various. In a general view, the country may be regarded as comprised within three distinct climates. 1. That of the cold climate, embracing the Eastern States, the northern part of New York, Michigan and the western territories. 2. That of tho temperate climate, compns. ing the Middle States, with Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Ken. tucky and Tf^nnessee. 3. The hot climate, comprising the South. em States and Arkansas. Every (luality of soil may be found in the United States from ut- ter barrenness to the highest degree of fertility. Viewed as a whole, however, probably there is no region of equal extent better adapted than this, to support a vigorous, healthy and numerous population. The richest soils are in the western and southern states. The vegetable productions of the United States are exceedingly various. There are some, however, common to every section of the country. Maize, or Indian corn, and wheat, are cultivated from Maine to Louisiana, but succeed best in the Western and Middle States. The chief agricultural occupations in the Eastern States are graz- ing and the dairy. The Middle States are principally devoted to the cultivation of wheat and maize ; the Southern to that of cotton, tobacco, sugar and rice ; and the ^Vestern to maize, wheat and hemp. The vine has oecn successfully cultivated in various parts of the Union, and the mulberry-tree grows spontaneously, and has been extensively planted of late years. * Im'-port, brought into our country. UNITED STATES 61 nport,* are ar, spirits, United States' [ountains into HE Atlantic the Atlantic ; Alleghany and and its nunier. ises the region an. Hence it is that of an 1 tains, 'ed as the Uni. ored by nature ■course. With !8t, the gulf of } United States il possess every ^nrieties of ex. irse be various. as compriaod inle, embracing Michigan and iwate, conipns. Missouri, Ken. sing the South. States from ut. ■ved as a whole, better adapted ous population. tes. ire exceedingly y section of the cultivated from 2rn and Middle States are graz. ally devoted to that of cotton, lize, wheat and in various parts taneously, and Manufactures are numerous and extensive, and are rapidly in. creasing. They comprise almost every article used, and annually amount to about 350 million dollars. The fisheries form an impcjrtant branch of industry, and are car- ried on principally by the people of the Bastcrn States. The whale fishery is prosecuted in the northern and southern oceans, — and the cod, herring and mackerel fishery on the banks of Newfoundland and along the coast. Minerals abound in the United States in great variety and pro- fusion. Iron, coal and lime, exist in great abundance. Lead is found in inexhaustible quantities, from Arkansas river to Wisconsin. Copper exists in various parts. Salt springs abound in many parts of the Union and large quantities of salt are manufactured in New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Ohio and Illinois. Gold has recently been found in considerable quantities in Virginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama and Tennessee. CONVENTION AT PHILADELPHIA. History. — The United States were settled principally by rmi- grants from Great Britain. They were all included within the English patent, and claimed by the English crown. They were styled *' British colonies in North America," and remained in sub. jection to the English government till 1775. From the first settlement of this country, the English goveniTrent treated (he inhabitants of these colonies as a distinct and subordi- 62 UNITED STATES. nate clasa of suojects, and considered their interesta entirely auh. servient to the aggrandizement and prosperity of the mother coun. try ; and after the conquest of Canada, they began to exercise an undue authority over them, and to interfere in their civil concerns in a manner which excited the most seiious alarm. The English government claimed the right of taxing the colonie5i, although they allowed them ro participation in their legislative coun. cils. The colonies denied this right, and contended that ** taxa. tion and representation were inseparable ; and that they could not be safe if their property could be taken from them without their con. sent." After various oppressive acts on the pnrt of the English govern, ment, the colonists resolved to support their rights by force of arms. The first battle was fought at Lexington, on the 19ih of April, 1775. In 1776, 'hey declared themselves free and independent, under the name of "The United States of America." In 1783, Januory 20th, peace was settled between the two nations, when Great Bri. tain acknowledged the United States to be free, sotenign and in. dependent. In Mny, 17b7, a Convention of delegates from the several states met at Philadrlphia, for the purpose of forming a Constitution ade. quate to the exigencies of government, and the preservation of the Union. George Washington was unanimously elected President of this body of illustrious statesmen ; and after four months delibera. tion, they agreed upon a Constitution, which was adopted by the several states in 1789, and has been the source of unexampled pros, perity to the nation. Questions. — From what country did the first settlers of the United States principally come ? What were the United States called pre. vious to 1775? Why ? Can you tell me to whom Canada belong- ed before the English conquered it ? Where is Canada ? What right did the English government claim ? Did the colonies atiknowl- edge this right ? What did the colonies at last do ? When and where was the first battle fought ? Can you mention any other bat. ties that were fought during the revolutionary war ? Can you men. tion the namrs of any American generals ? How long did the war continue ? When was our present constitution adopted ? How long since 7 HISTORICAL TABLE. The following Table exhibits the settlement of the different States and Territories, the place first settled, and by what nation ; likewise the square miles of each State, taken from the best geographical ta. bles. The first thirteen States are those which united in declaring their independence, and are called the thirteen original states ; the remainder are placed in the order in which they were admitted into the Union. UNITED 8TAT1S ■ entirely lub. mother coun. exercise an v\\ concerns in g the colonies, gislative coun. that *Maxa. they could not lout their con- nglish govern, orce of arms. )f April, 1775. cnf, under the 783, January len Great Bri. '.rtign and in. several states institution ade. rvation of the d President of }nths delihera. adopted by the sxampled pros. I of the United ites called pre. anada belong, nada ? What mies aiOcnowl. f When and any other bat- Can you men. ig did the war i ? How long ifferent States ion ; likewise ographical ta. i in declaring INAL STATES ; ^ere admitted State; aettl Nation. Place. Sa9, • • • • ■ 1 14,273 30,.388 97,574 Tennessee, 35.791 105.602 : 261,727 422,8! 3 681,904 829,21(1 Kentucky, 73,077 220,955 4(H(,5II 5«i4,3I7 e"7.917 7<9,H28 Ohio, • • 45,365 230,760 581,4.34 937,903 I,5l9,4ti7 IV iriiiuan, • • . 4,:t)2 8,896 31,639 212,267 Iniiiana, « • 4,875 24,520 147,178 343,031 685,H(i() Illinois, • . I2,2H2 5.5,211 157,455 476,183 Mi.s.sonri, • • . 20,^45 66,58(5 540,445 383,702 Di-rrict of Columbia, « , 14,093 24,023 33,039 35,,834 43,712 Flnrid'i, • • • • . • • 34,730 54,477 Wisconsin, . . • a • • . . 30,945 Iowa, • • • • t • . . 43,112 Total, 3,929,827 5 3(«,925 7,239,814 9,638.131 12,8(56,920 I7,062,.5(i6 UNITED STATES. 67 ed, and a Judi. s. Which con* this state, or of ates consists of dians. id are generally rermans, Dutch, imerous in New ch in Louisiana, ints of African ites. ho occupied the Most of theae e whites, and as ive removed far- he present time Vlississippi river. United States, is :s the population 1830. 1 1840. 399,1(35 501,793 269,328 284,.374 280,632 291,948 610,408 737,«)<)9 97,199 108,8^(1 297,605 309,978 1,918,608 2,428,921 320,823 373,:i'M) 1,348,233 1,724,033 76,748 78,085 447,040 469,2>2 1,211,403 1,239.79', 737,987 7.33,4151 581,185 594,31'8 516,823 691,39;; 3tt9 527 590,75ti 136,6il 37.3,(i51 215,739 3.32,411 30,388 97,574 681,904 829,21(1 e«7,U17 779,828 937,903 I,5l9,4tl7 31,639 212,267 343,031 68."),8tif) 1.37,453 476,183 !40,445 383,70-2 3j,,H34 43,712 34,730 54,477 • • 30,945 . ■ 43,112 2,866,920 17,062,.')<)6 Questions. — Which was the most popuhms state in 1790 ? In J.800 ? In 1810 ? In 1820 ? In 183U ? In 1840 ? How often is the census or an enumeration of the people of the United States taken ? When will tiie next census be taken ? What was the total population of the United States in 17tJ0 7 In 1800 ? In 1810 T In 1820 ? In 1830 ? in 184(3 .? Religion. — In almost every country, there ra some religion estab.. lished by law, and the people are not only required to pay fcr ihe support of it, but to believe it, and if they refuse, they sufler great in- conveniences and persecutions. Bui in the United States there is no established furm of religion; every individual isieflto the free ea- ^oyment of his own religion, and is at liberty to worship God agree- alily to the dictahcs of his own conscience. The inhabitants are di~ vidcd into a great variety of sects, or dcnonainatiotis, as will be seeti by the following table. Summary of the pRiNcrTAii RsLiGiotrs DENOMiNAxroNS. Chiiiclies, M-iiiiUers, 1 J DCN'UM-IKA.TIOKS. or coiigte- Miniaiera. or Cftiniuu- Population. gUliuilH. nicatiU. Baptists, . . . - 7,b98 4,741 573,7021 " Freewill, 981 '647 47,217 { 5,000,000 " Seventh Day, 48 54 5,000 f » Six Principle, .16 10 2,117J Catholics, - . - . ; 51Si 562 1,300,000 t'hristians, ~ . - Loeo 800 150,000 ;mjo,ooo Cougregatronaltsts, 1,300 1,150 160,000 1,400,000 Dutch Reformed, 197 192 22,515 450,000 Episcopalians, . . - 950 1,0'j9 55,427 600,1«»K} Friends, >- « . - 500 100,000 tierniau Retbrmed, 600 180 30,000 Jews, . - - - 15,000 Lutherans, - - - w 750 267 62,266 54U,0«)0 Meiionites, - . - 200 30,000 Methodists, - - - - 10,971 906,363 3,500,000 Muruviatis, or [jRited Brethren, 24 33 5,745 12,000 Mornionites, - - . 12,000 12,000 Mew Jerusalem Clwrc*!, 27 S3 5,000 Presbyterians, - - - 2,807 2,2rf5 274,084 } ■ " Cumberland, 500 450 50,000. •' Associate, 183 87 16,000 ■ 2.175,000 ♦' Retbrnied, - 40 20 3,000 " Associate K Shakers, ..... 15 45 6,0U0 6,000 Tunkers, - - - . 40 40 3,000 30,000 Unitarians, ^ - . . 300 200 200,1)00 Universalists, - - - 6S3 317 600.000 Questions. — How many sects m this place ? In the United States How many churches have the Congregationalists in tke U. 'S« Tue Baptasts ? Methodists ? Presbyterians 7 4 ♦ 68 UNITED STATES. Table, exhibiting the Governor's term of office and salary, the times of holding the Election of State Officers, and the times of the meeting of the Legislatures of the several States. '■?! Btatea. MuiriK, N Huinpi^ltire, Vermont, Masauchuaetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Peiinsylvanin, Delaware, Maryliind, Virginia, N. Oarulina, S. Carolina, Georgia, Alaliarna, JMississippi, jLonislana, ! Arkansas, (Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio. Iniilansk, lllinuis, Missouri, Michigan, Gov t'rin Siilary Yrs, ] 2 1 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 2 3 4 4 2 $l,3Uii 1,2(M) 750 J, ail 400 4.0UO 2,000 4,000 1,333 4,2W) :i;m 2,000 3,aH) 3,500 3,500 3,000 6,000 2,000 2,000 2,500 1,500 1,500 1,001) 1,5(M) 1,500 TiiPf^ of holding Elections. 2d Monday In Sept. '2d Tueaday in March, 1st 'I'ussday in rfept. 2d Monday in Nor. 1st Wednes. in Aprii, 1st Monday in April, I at Monday in Nov, 2d Tuesday in Oct. 2d Tuesday in Oct. 2d Tues'Jay in Nov. Ist Wednesday in Oct 4th Thursday in April, Commonly in August, 2d Monday in Oct. ist Morntay in Oct. 1st Monday in Aug. lat Mon. & Tues. iVov Ist Monday in July, Ist IViondiiy in Oct. IstThursilay ia Aug. 1st Monday in August, 2d 'Tufcsday in Oct. Ist Moikday In August, Isl M(«iday in August, Isl Monday in August, Ist Monday in Oct. Times of the Meeting of the Li^gislaturea. Ist Wednesday in Jan. 1st Wednesday in June. 2d Thursday in Oct. 1st Wedne»day in Jan. \ Ist Tuesday in May, ( Last Monday in Oct. 1st Wednesday in May. lat Tuesday in January. 4th Tuesday in Oct. 1st Tuesday in Jan. 1st Tues. Jan. biennially. Last Monday in Dec. 1st Monday in Dec. 2d Monday in Nov. bienn. 4th Monday in Nov. Ist Monday in Nov lat Monday in Nov. Is Monday In Jan. bienn. 1st Monday in Jan. 2d Monday in Oct. bienn. 1st Monday in Oct. tienn. 1st Monday in Dee. 1st Moniay?'! Dee. 1st Monday tn Dee. 1st Monday in Dec. btenn. 1st Monday in Nov. bienn. Ist Monday in Nov. IwTERNAL Imfrgvements. — During a few years past the people of the United States have made great and spirited exertions to improve their inland water communication, by the construction of canals. Several of great extent have already been completed, and numerous others have been projected, and are now in a state of forwardness, designed to connect the remotest parts of the country with each oth. er. A great number of rail roads have been constructed in various parts of the Union, and a multitude of others are now in progress of constiuction ; and the spirit with which these improvements have been commenced, is constantly increasing. The canals in the Uni. ted States which are now finished, comprise more than 2,0I'0 miles in length ; and the rail roads already completed about 1,500 miles, and those of the latter now under contract or in progress, have been estimated at more than 3,000 miles. When the various works of this description which are now in progress, or in prospect, shall be completed, tne principal places in the different parts of t.'ie country wiU be brought comparauvely near to each other. :.!.!. ii Vj^iitfe^ ITNITED STATES. 69 md salary, the he times of the ' the Meeting of [legislatures. lesday in Jan. lesday in June, day in Oct. lesi'day in Jan. isday in May, ionday in Oct. lesday in May. lay in January, ilay in Oct. lay in Jan. Jan. biennially. iday in Dec. lay in Dec. iiy in Nov. bienn. lay in Nov. lay in Nov lay in Nov. ly in Jan. bienn. lay in Jan. ay in Oct. bienn. lay in Oct. bienn. lay in Dee. Iay?>i Dee. ity tn Dec. lay in Dec. btenn ay in Nov. bienn ay in Nov. ist the people of dons to improve ction of canals. , and numerous of forwardness, y with each oth- ucted in various w in progress of rovements have nals in the Uni- han 2,0(>0 miles 3ut 1,500 miles, »ress, have been arious works of 'ospect, shall be » of t!ie country The following is a list of the principal canals finished or in progress in the IJniied States. NA.MK8. _ Cumberland and Oxford Middlesex - Blacksioiie Fiirniiagton - - - Delaware and Hudson Erie - - * ' Cliarnplain Black River Rochester and Olean Osvvifso Chenango ISeneca - " " Cayuga - Chemung Ithaca and Oswego Morris Delaware and Raritan Delaware PiUdburgh and Erie Leiii};ii - - " Scimylkill Little ScUuyikili - Union - ■ ' Pennsylvania r. r. & o. Norihuniberlund West UrancU North Branch Beaver - " " Sandy and Beaver - Delaware and Chesapeake Chesiipeake & O. r. r. & c Dismal Swamp VVelden - - " y,uitee - " Savannah and Ogechee Mnscle rilioals La Fuutclie Orleans - Miami - - - Oiliu State VVabiidh and Erie Illinois 8TATIC8. PLACKB CONNUrTKD. Maine Mass. Mass. It R. [. Conn. &, Mas N.Y.iL Pa. New York New York New York New Yt-rk New York New Yt>rk New York New Yt»rk New YurK New York N.J. & Pa. New Jersey Pennsylvania Penasylv:iiiia Pei'.iisylvanirt PtMinsylvania Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Puniisylvania Ptinnsylvania Pennsylvanci I'a. and N Y Pennsylva'iii I'a. and Ohio Delaware Va. and Md. Va. and N. C. N. (Jarnliua S. (Carolina Georgia Alabama Louii.| '•itgtieid, Flousutonic, Motiawk and Hudson, - Utitii aMd Wclirni^ctady, Utica am! Syracutie, Aubdru and Syracuse, Auburn and Rnchadter, Loci^port and Niagara Fnlls. Buffalo and Niagara Falls. Tonawunda, New York and Erie, Ithaca and Owego, Troy and Ballston, - Sch«!nectady and Saratoga, Jersey Ciiy and Patterson, Jersey Ciiy and Trenton,- Camden and A inboy, Philadelphia and Trenton, Philadelphia and Columbia^ Maine Mui^a. & Maine. Mas^i.chusetts. Massachusetts. Mass, & N. Y. ! Mui^s. & R. I. I R. I. &. Conn, j €onn.& Mass. ' Connecticut. Conn. & Mass. Connecticut. New York. New York. New York. New York. iNew York. New York. New York. New Y'ork New York. New York. New York. New York. New Jersey. New Jersey. New Jersey. Pa. and N. J. Pennsylvania. Pa. Del. & Md rhiludelphia and Baliimore, Philadelphia and Norristown, Pennsylvania. Philadelphia and Reading, iPennsylvania. Central, » - * iPennsylvania. Lancaster and Harrisburgh, Pennsylvania. West Clitster, - - iPennsylvania. Baltimore & S.isqnehannah, Md. and Pa Williamsport and Elmira, Reading and Port Clinton, Little Schuylkill, Cumberland Valley, Wrights 'ille and Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania. New • i :-;lor. iiny. e;ice. iiiington. ccster. Hnven. \\ififA(i. w Milford. lectady. ;tudy. 36. 3use. GStor. ;ara Falls. ja Falls, ica. ike Erifl. I. . Saratoga, atterson. 'reiiton. loy. Trenton. Columbia. Baltimore Sorristown Reading, sville. irrisburg. Columbia, ightsville. Eimira. Clinton. Famaqiia. nibersburg Settysburg renchtovvn. er's Ferry, aehington. 16 'i5 4.1 147 42 47 58 36 26 35 16 84 50 23 60 20 23 47 340 29 23 oo 15 58 61 26 81 112 17 56 44 37 9 70 74 20 20 49 42 10 80 40 Winoliesier, - Richmond and Potomac, Riclimnnd and Petersburg, Pettrtiburg and Roanoke, Portsmouth and Roanoke, Roanoke and Greensville, Raleish and Giislon. VVilmington and Raleigh, South Carolina, Central, Monroe, - - - Georpiii, TnscuniDla and Decatur, Montgomery, Chattahoochee, Vicksburg, Jackson and Brandon, Grand Gulf and Port Gibson, >ev/ Orleans and Nashville, Clinton and Port Hudson, St. Francisville & Woodville, Memphis and La Grange, Mad River, Lexington and Ohio, Central, - - - . Detroit and Pontiac, Erie and Kp.lnmazoo, Madison and Lnfnyette, Lawrerioebnrf, Indianopoli», STATES. Virginia. Virginia. Virginia. Va. and N. C. Va. and N C. Va. and N. (;. North Carolina. North Carolina. South Carolina. Georgia. Georgia. Georgia. Alabama. AlabaniH. Missisiiippi. Mississippi. Mississippi. Lou. and Miss Louisiana. Louisiana. Tennessee. Ohio. Kentucky. Michigan. Michigan. Michigan. Indiana. Indiana. PLACES CONNECTED. Winche8t''r&, Harper's Ferry Richmond and Potomac R. Richmond and Petersburg. Petersburg and Blakeley. Portsmouth and Weldon. Hickford and Gaston. Raleigh and Gaston. Wilmington and Raleigh. Charleston and Hamburg. Savannah and Macon. Macon and Forsyth. Augusta and Decatur Tuscumhia and Decatur. Montgomery and West Point, Vicksburg and Jackson. Jackson and Brandon. Grand Gulf and Port Gibson New Orleans and Nashville Clinton and Port Hudson. St. Francisville& Woodville Memphis and La Grange. Dayton and Sandusky City. Louisville and Lexington. Detroit and St. Joseph's. Detroit and Pontiac. Toledo and Adrian. Madison and Lafayette. Lawrenceburg, Iinllanapolis. I]th 30 75 21 60 80 18 86 161 13S 200 25 160 43 85 54 8 8 500 28 28 50 l.'SS 9(t 180 30 33 150 YALE COLLEGE. Educ/ tion. — The United States are not so much distinjruifhed for eminence in literature and seienc ., as for the general diffusion of knowledge. There are numerous seminaries of learning throughout the country, and the means of acquiring a good common education are extended to all classes of society. ■m mm, m: 72 UNITED STATrjiS. COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES. The colleges marked thus, (*) are under the direction of Baptists ; thus, (t) Episcopalians ; thus, (t) Methodists ; thus, (§) Cftthohcs. Names. Where Located. Incu. 1794 Libra. 1 20000 Bowdoin college Brunswick, Me. *Waterville c Waterville, Me. 1820 7000 Dartmouth c Hanover, N. H. 177(1 16500 Vermont University Burlington, Vt. 1791 9200 Middlebury c Middlebury, Vt. 1800 7054 Norwich u Norwich, Vt. 1834 Harvard u Cambridge, Mass. 1638 53000 William's c Williamstown, Mass. 1793 7500 Amherst c ■ T; Amherst, Mass. 1821 15000 *Brown u Providence, R. I. . -' 1764 14000 Yalec New Haven, Ct. 1700 27000 tTriniiy c ^ ' - • Hartford, Ct. 1824 6500 IWesleyanu Middletown, Ct. 1831 10300 tColumbia c " New York city, 1754 14000 Union c ' Schenectady, N. Y. . '' 1795 1.3000 Hamilton c Chnton, N. Y. 1812 9000 •Hamilton Lit. Th. Hamilton, N. Y. 1819 4600 1 Geneva c Geneva, N. Y. 1823 5400 New York u New York city. 1831 New Jersey c Princeton, N. J. 1746 11000 Kutgers c New Brunswick, N. J. 1770 12000 Pennsylvania u Philadelphia, Pa. 1755 5000 t Dickinson c Carlisle, Pa. 1783 10600 Jefferson c Canonsburg, Pa. 1802 4500 Washington c Washington, i'a. 1806 3300 1 Alleghany c MeadvilJe, Pa. 1815 8000 I'ennsylvania c Gettysburg, Pa. 1832 2270 Lafayette c Easton, Pa. 1832 1350 Marshall c Mercersburg, Pa 1836 Newark c Newark, Del. 1833 1200 St. John's e Annapolis, Md. 1784 4000 §St. Mary's r Baltimore, Md. 1799 12000 §Mount St. Mary's c Emmetsburg, Md. 1830 3500 i ^Georgetown c Georgetown, D. C. 1789 22000 i •Columbian c Washington city, r 1821 4200 tWilliam and Mary's c WiUiamsburg, Va. 1693 5000 Hnmpden Sidney c Prince Edward Co., Va. 1783 8000 Washington c Lexington, Va. 18P. 2700 Virginia u Charlottesville, Va, 1819 16000 (Randolph Macon c Boydton, Va. 1832 ifimory and Henry c Glade Spring, Va. 1839 1000 of Baptists ; 5) Catholics. Inco. Libra. 1794 1820 177(1 1791 1800 1834 1638 1793 1821 1764 1700 1824 1831 1754 1795 18i2 1819 1823 1831 1746 1770 1755 1783 1802 1806 1815 1832 1832 1836 1833 1784 1799 1830 1789 1821 1693 1783 181-. 1819 1832 1839 20000 7000 16500 9200 7054 53000 7500 15000 14000 27000 6500 10300 14000 13000 9000 4600 5400 11000 12000 5000 10600 4500 3300 8000 2270 1350 1200 4000 12000 3500 22000 4200 5000 8000 2700 16000 1000 UNITED STATES. 7a Names. Where Located. (nco 1839 Libra. ♦Rector c Harrison Co. Va. North Carolina u Chapel Hill, N. C. 1789 9000 Davidson c Mecklenburg Co. N. C. 1838 1150 »VVak€ Forest c Wake Forest, N. C. 1838 4000 Charleston c Charleston, S. C. 1795 3000 South Carolina c Columbia, S. C. 1804 13000 Georgia u AtlieJiB, Ga, 1785 UOOtf Oglethorpe c Midway, Ga. 1836 t Emory c Oxford, Ga. 1837 *Mercer u Penfwld, Ga. Alabama u TuBcalooaa, Ala. 182^ 6000 tLa Grange c La Grange, Ala. 1831 1200 t^pring Hill c Spring H^l, Ala. 1830 4000 Jeflsrson c Washington, Miss. 1802 1522 Oakland c Oakland, Miss. 1831 Louisiana c Jackson, La. 1825 1850 J» fitrson c Bringiers, La. 1831 5500 ^St. Charles c Grand Coteau, La. Baton Rogue c Baton Rouge, La. 183r^ 300 Franklin c Opei&uGae, La. 1839 Greenville c Greenville, Tenn. 1794 3000 Washingt< ii c Wadiiiigton Co. Tenn. 1794 1000 Nashville u Nashviiie, Testn. 1806 8491 East Tennessee c Knoxvillc, Tenn. 1807 3307 Jackson c Near Columbia, Tenn. 183!) 1250 Transylvania u Lexington, Ky. 1798 12242 §St. Joseph c Bardetown, Ky. 1819 7000 Centre c Danville, Ky. 1822 2000 tAugusta c Augusta, Ky. 1825 2500 Cumberland c Prineetown, Ky, 1825 1050 * i Nameii. Where Located. Inco. 1829 Libra. South Hanover c South Hanover, Ind. Wabash c Crawlbrdavilie, Ind 1833 2Ut)b tind. Asbury u 1839 Illinois c Jacksonville, ILL 1829 2000 •ShurtleHTc Upper Alton, lU. 1835 1000 tMcKondree c Lebanon, Hi 1834 McDjnough c Macomb, Illi. ^1837 §St. Louis u St. Louis, Mo. 1829 7900 ^St. Mary'^8 c Barrens, Mo. 1830 6400 Marion c New Palmyra, Mo, 1831 2a0ii) Missouri u Columbia, Mo. 1840 JSt. Charles € St. Charles, Mo, 1839 Fayette c Fayette, Mo. ' Michii»an u Ann Arbor, Mi.ch. 1837 Marshall c Marshall, Mich. 3700 St. Phiinp'& c Near Detroit, Mich. i839 3000 THEOLOGICAL SEMINARIES. m ( 'i h^ ¥1^ )i:f' Name. Bangor Theol. ^vm. Thomaston Tlieol. liet.j Gilmanton Theol. Sem.j Theological Seminary, Div. Schoi>l, Ilarv. L. Theoh^ioal Institutton, Theol. Uep. Yale Coll. Theol. ln»t. oif Conn. Theol. In. Epi.s. Church, N. Y. Theol Sem. Theol. Sem. of Auburn, Hamilton Li*. & Th In. Hartvvich Seminarv, Theol. Sera. As. Ref. Ch Th. Sem. iVutchRef.C. Th. Sem. Pr. Ch. U. S. Sem. Luih. Ch. U. S. German Keformeil, . West. Theol. Sem. Tlieol ogi pa J School, Theological Seminary, Epia. Th. Schor, do. New York, N. Y. do. do. Auburn, iiarailton, Harlwii'k, Newburgh, N,Br'witk,N.J, l'rincct(wj., do. Gettysburg, Pa. York, do. Alleghany T. do. Canonsburg, do. Pittsburg, do. Fairfax eo. Va. F*r. Ed. CO. Richmond, Columbia, Lexington, High HiUb, Denouiiiia- li(>n'. do. do. do. do. dO'. do. S.C, da. dia^ Coug. Baptist, 'Cong. jCong. ICong. Unk. jBapii-Mt, |Cong. 'ong. [Prot. Epis. I Presbyt. jPreshyt. 'Baptist, jLuiheran, lA.s. Il.Ch. I Dutch Rel". iFresbyi. lEvang. L. G. Ref. Cb. I^-esbyj. Asso. Ch. lAsso. Ref. Prot. Epis. Presbyt. Baptist, Presbyt. Lutheran, Baptist* ope ma 1837 1835 1808 1816 1825 1822 1834 1817 ]H'3G 1821 18201 1816 183GI 1784 1812 1826 1825 18-28 1838 1822 1824 1832 1831 1835 ^11 Vol.. ; re in i? ^ Ivbia. 139 21 785 191 137 245 37 186 344 124 179 714 130 175 47 126 175 62 20 7,()0d 500 2,200 17,50© 1,800 4,000 200 4,000 7,260 12,00© 5.000 2,2.50 i,roo 4,000 7,000 7,000 6,000 1,600 4,000 4,000 1,600 3,730 1,800 UOOD UNITED STATES. Inco. Libra. 1833 2oee 1839 1829 2000 1835 1000 1834 1837 1829 7900 183U 6400 1831 230^ 1840 1839 1837 3700 1839 3000 11. -z "? Vole. 3 -■'?. in )•: -^.^ r.iebin. 16 139 7,000 i7 500 )f> 21 2,200 )» 785 17,500 16 191 1,800 55 137 4,000 !2 245 200 14 37 4,00© 7 186 7,260 G 12,00© 1 344 5.000 124 2,250 6 i,roo 6 4,000 4 179 2 714 7,000 6 130 7,000 B 175 6,000 47 1,600 i I 126 4,ooe 1 175 4,000 ) 1,600 62 3,730 j 20 1,800 30 i 1,000 Names. Mr. and Theol Sem. S.Mith Went. Th Sem. T.nne Seminary, Tlipol. Dep. Kon. Coll. Tlieol. Dep. W Res. C Tlieol^cical Srhn(d, rirnnvilleTbonl. Pop. Oliprliti Theol. Pep. Iiidiann Throl. Sem. Alton Theol. Sem. rnrlinville Theol. Sem. Tl'eol. Dep. Marion (ol PInrp. Knton, On. Mnrvville, Ten. Cincinnnii, Ohio, Hnmbier, do. Htidflftn, do. iColumitnH, dn. rirnnville, do. lOborlin, do. |S Unnnver, In. Fppr Alton, 111. Carlirville, do. N. Palmyra, Mo. Denominn- tion. luipriHt, Prehbyt. Presbvt. Prot. Kpis. Presbyt. I.nibrrnn, Pnptisi, Proshyt. Presbyt. Pniitint, PreKhyt. Frebbye. r«»m. oprr- ntion 1834 182! 1829 1828 ! 'l832 1834 1835 1838 VohT In Mhrn. 90 6,000 43 10,300 500 70O MAP OF THE UNITED STATES. How are the United States bounded ?• Capita) ? Eastern, or New England States. 1. 9. 3. 4. 5. 6. Maine? N. Hampshire ? Vermont ? Mnssachnsetts ? Rhode Island? Connecticut ? Capital ? Capital ? Capital ? Copital ? Capital ? Capital ? Chief Towns ? Chief Towns? Chief Towns? Chief Towns? Chief Towns? Chief Towns? Rivei'' ? Rivere i Rivers ? Rivers ? Rivers ? Rivers ? Middle States, 1. 2. 3. 4. New York ? New Jersey ? Pennsylvania ? Delaware ? Capital ? Capi'al? Capital ? Capital ? Chief Towns' Chief Towns? Chief Towns ? Chief Towns? Rivera ? Rivers ? Rivers ? Rivers ? * Ingivmg tiiu boundary ol a cuuiury, ihelearuer sJiouid hrsl luentiun the ditlt rem places ibai border upon ii on tlie nuitli, — ihun in ihe sanie munner on Uie tust, — liien on the south, — and then on the west. As lor example — '1 he Lntied Males are buuiidtd iSorih by Bnlish Ameri- ca ; Easi by Bniish Ameriea and llie Ailaniit ocean . i-hiuth by the Aflanlic oc»an. Gull ol Mexico, and iViexico; and W (;*! by tlie Gulf ui Mexico, AJexico and ihe Pacific ocean. j>!i.»ne is boun- ded iNurih by Canadu ; East by ^'evv lirunswick and lue Allaniic ;, South by the Ailaniic i ami N*. tsi by iNew liunipi>;liireaiid Canada. iNew Hampshire is bounded Morlb by Vermont and Canada; Last by Mauieand the Allaniic; ^oulb by Masisachuseus, anu NA'esiby Vermont and Canada. Vermont is buunded ISorth by Canada ; tj&'*X by I>iew hanipsbire; Si uth by New Hampshire and Massacbuseits, and Wes by ^ew York, &Ai. &c. ll is highly imponanl ihal the scholar should correctly learn the buundary b«lure he siudies tlie descripuun the cuuiiixy 4* . . - ■ I:R 76 UNITED STATES. Snulhtrn States, 1. Mnryland T Capital ? Chief Towns? ^^^ver^ 7 2. Virginia ? Capital ? Chief Towns 7 '. iv'»r8? 3. North Carolina ? Capital ? Chief Towns? Rivers ? 4. South Carolina 1 Capital ? Chief Towns? Rivers 7 5. Georgia 7 Capital ? Chief Towns? Rivers 7 6. Florida? Capital ? Chief Towns f Rivers T 7. Alabama? Capital ? Cliief Towns? Rivers 7 6. Mississippi ? Ciipital ? Chief Towns f Rivers 7 9. Louisiana ? CnF)ital ? Chief Towns ? Rivers ? 10. Texas? Capital ? Chief Towns? Rivers ? [Vestern States, - 1. Tennessee ? Capital ? Chief Towns ? Rivers 7 2. Kentucky? Capital ? Chief Towns 7 Rivers 7 3. Ohio? Capital 7 Chief Towns? Rivers 7 4. Michigan 7 Capital 7 Chief Towns ? Rivers 7 5. Indiana? Capital ? Chief Towns 7 Rivers 7 6. Ilhnois? Capital ? Chief Towns ? Rivers ? 7. Missouri ? Caiiital 7 Chief Towns 7 Rivers 7 8. Arkansas? Capital 7 Chief Towns? Rivers 7 9. Wisconsin ? Capital 7 Chief Towns? Rivers ? 10. Iowa? Capital 7 Chief Towns i Rivers f L Territories, i. Minisota? Rivers 7 2. Indian ? Rivers 7 3. Nebraska? i Rivers ? 4. Oregon i — Rivera 7 RIVERS. Where docs the Columbia river rise, in what direction does it run, and where does it empty 7 Clark's 7 Lewis 7 yellowstone ? Platte ? Osage? St. Peter's? Des Moines? Missouri? Arkansas? Red? Rio Giande ? Sabine 7 Mississippi? Y"azoo? Pearl 7 Pas. cagoula 7 Alabama 7 Chatahoochee 7 Flint 7 Suwanee 7 St. John's 7 Altamaha 7 Ogeechee 7 Savannah 7 Santee 7 Pedee ? Cape Fear 7 Neuse 7 Roanoke 7 Chowan ? James 7 York ? Rappahannoc ? Shenandoah 7 Potomac ? Monongahela 7 Little Kanawha? Great Kanawha 7 Tennessee? Cumberland 7 Green? Kentucky ? Ohio 7 Sciota 7 Miami 7 Maumee 7 Wabash ? Kaskaskia? Illinois? Rock? Wisconsin? Chippeway? Fox? Alleghany 7 Genesee 7 Susquehannah 7 Delaware ? Mo- hawk 7 Hudf^ii, or North river? Connecticut? Merrimack? Androscoggin? Kennebec? Penobscot? St. Croix? St. John's river? LAKBS. Where is Lake Michigan ? Where is Lake Ohamplain 7 UNITED STATES, 7f Rtver^ 7 Rivers t Rivera ? Rivera ? Rivera T Rivera ? Rivera ? Rivera ? Rivera 7 Rivera ? Rivera ? Rivera ? Rivera ? Rivera ? Rivera 7 Rivera 7 Rivera 7 Rivera 7 Rivera f Rivera 7 Rivera 7 Rivera ? Rivera 7 iun does it run, 3tone7 Platte? Arkansas ? Pearl? Pas. uwanee 7 St. itee 7 Pedee ? mes 7 York ? jahela 7 Little rland ? Green ? e 7 Wabash ? )eway 7 Fox ? aware 7 Mo- Merrimack ? ix ? St. John's f Where is Lake Georcre 7 Where are Oneida. Srnecn, and Cayuga Lakes ? A. In the interior of New York. Where is Lake Memphramajjog 7t Where is Moosehead Lake 7t Where is Lake Umbncroff 7t Where is *Winnipi8eoge Lake7t ' "; , souNns. Where is Lon^ Inland Sound ? 'Where is Albemarle Sound 7 Where is Pandico Sound 7 » .• . , Where Where Where Where Where Where Where BAYS. is Mobile Ray 7 is Chesapeake Bay 7 is Delaware Bay 7 is Massachusetts Bay 7 is Penobscot Bay 7 is Georgian Bay 7 is Green Bay 7 , 'i CA PES. Where is Cape Ann, Cnpe Cod and Cape Malabar ? Where is Montank Point 7 Where is Sandy IL»ok 7 Where are Cape May and Cape Henlopen ? Where are Cape Charles and Cape Henry 7 Where are Cape Hatteras, Cape Lookout and Cape Feai 7 W^here are Cape Canaveral and Cape Florida 7 Where is Cape Sable 7 * - ISLANDS. Where are Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard ? Where is Lonsr Inland ? . Where are the Bahama Islands 7 MOUNTAINS. What is the principal ran£:e of Mountains in the United States ? Throuerh what Statps do the Alleghanv Mountains extend 7 Where are the Cumberland Mountains 7 Where are the Catskill Mountains? A. In New York. Where are the Green Mountains? A. In Ver.nont. Where are the White Mountains 7 A. In New Hampshire. What Mountains between Mandan District and Oregon Territory ? * Win-e-pe-saw'-ke. t Se« Map of the Eastern States. I ; ri i! 1 1 1 ;ii| 1 ■\ .' 1 i h\ ■ ' 1^ 7« UNITED STATES. EASTERN, Oa NEW ENGLAND STATES. COMMERCE. The Eastern States are the most populous and commercial section of the Unitm. Thev are distin- guished for the infinite variety of their surface, and for their numerous lakes, ponds, rivers, and beautiful scenery. Alonf? the coaat, the land is mostly level. In the interior, it is di- vej-sified with hills, mountains and valle.vs. There are no plains of any considerable extent; but beautiful swells of land in erery form, are innumerable. The two principal ranees of mountains, are the White mounfqins in New Hampshire, and Green mountains in Vermont. IV^ •' Washington, the most elevated summit of the former, is the hi: " lind in the United States east of the Mississippi. These mountai;. abound in the most beautiful, wild, and sublime acenery, and afford a doliiThtfulramble during the warn) season of the year. The climate is variable, and subject to great extremes of heat and cold. It is generally healthy however, except during the spring months, when damp and disagreeable east winds prevail, particular, lyonthe sea. coast. The autumn is delightful, and the climate then is one of the most agreeable in the world. The soil is various, from barren sand to the richest clays and loams. It requires diligent cultivation to procure tolerable crops, is generally better fitted for grazing than tillage. The mosst important production \p grass. One of the leading pursuits of the farmer is the raising of cattle, horses, sheep and swine. Indian corn, or maze < :'i y» UNITED SrATES. 79 'ATES. lous and ire distin- ;e, and for beautiful n'or, it is di- no plains of every form, e moun^nins »nr. y , :,♦ ; the hi: • B maun mi:. , and afford of heat and the spring , particular. climate then It clays and n crops. •St important irmer is the ii or maze wheat, rye, oats, barley, flax and hemp, are extensively cultivated. Apples, pears, peaches, plums, &.c. are produced in great plenty, js- pecially in the southern part. The people of these states are extensively engaged in the whale fisheries in the Pacific, in the cod fisheries on the banks of New- foundland, and in the herring fisheries on the coast of Maine and i>ova Scotia. The Eastern States are not less distinguished for manutactures rlian for commerce. Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island and New Hampshire are extensively engaged in manufacturing cotton and woollen goods, hats, shoes, clocks, iron and tin vare, and vari- ous other articles. The exports from these states, in addition to the articles above mentioned, are lumber, pot and pearl ashes and fish. Perhaps in no other part of the world is knowledge so universally diffused among all classes, as in the Eastern states. The inhabitants are generally instructed ill the common branches of school education, and It is a rare occurrence to meet witli^ a person of mature years, who cannot both read and write, and who, besides, has not some practical knowledge of arithmetic. This is owing to the universal provision made for the education of all classes. The towns are divi- ded into small districts in which a school is established and supported A SCHOOL HOUSE. bylaw, during a part, or the whole of the year. One of the most common objects that is presented to a traveller in passing through these states is a school house, in which the young are taught all the branches necessary lo the transaction of the ordinary business of life. In addition to common schools, these states are well supi?lied with academies, high schools and colleges. Some of the latter stand at the head of the hteraty institutions in Ouf country. ''» . 1^ irl 'M 'i\ 80 UNITED STATES. * '.ft: The people of these states are intelligent, moral, industrious and enterprising. They rank among the first in each of the learned pro. fessions, and with the best mechanics, best farmers, and the best sea. men in our country. Questions. — What can you say of the Eastern states ? How many square miles do they embrace ? A. 63 016. What was their pop. ulation in 1840 7 A. 2,333,900. How mnny inhabitants were there at that time to a square mile ? A. 36. A e they as large in extent as Virginia ? What is the face of the country in the Eastern Sra:tes ? Which are the two principal ranges of mountains ? What is said of the climate ? What is meant by climate ? A. The kind of weatli. er that prevails in a country, or the temperature of the air. Which winds during the spring months are most disagreeable ? What is said of the soil ? What articles are manufactured ? What is the state of education ? What is the general character of the people ? Can you tell me when the first settlement was made in the Eastern states ? How many years since Plymouth was settled ? Where is Plymouth, and in what direction from us is it ? MAINE.* LUMBER TRADK. How is Maine bounded ? What is its Capital ? Maine is generally a cold, uneven, and healthy state It is principally distinguished for its extensive ♦This state was formerly united with Massachusetts, and was termed' the Dlfttrirt of Maine, but in 1820 it was erected into aa faidependent 8tal» and admitted into the Union. ! coast advar Th furnis south floLirii Tl on thi iiobsc adup MAINE. 81 strious and nrned pro. le best sea. low many their pop. were there in extent !rn States ? It is said of I of we a til. r. Which '^hat is said ^e state of Can you irn states ? Plymouth, i£ f m r 1 !^ gs p ^B*»?i healthy ctensive /as termect' identstals^ coast and numerous harbors, which afford peculiar advantages for navigation and the fisheries. The northern part is covered with forests which furnish vast quantities of lumber for exportation. The southern parts are thickly settled, and present many flourishing towns and villages. The soil is various, but generally fertile. The land on the Kennebec and between this river and the Pe- nobscot, is accounted the best m the state. It is well adapted to the various purposes of agriculture, and as a grazing country, it is one of the finest in the Eastern states. Agriculture and manufactures have received con- siderable attention ; but the people are principally engaged in commercial pursuits. Ship building, the lumber trade,* and the fisheries, are leading branches of industry. ' Chief Towns. — Augusta is a flourishing town, pleasantly situ- nitd at the head of sloop ot navigation on the Kennebec, 43 miles from the ocean. It is regularly laid out, contains a handsome State House, and possesses i'ninense water power for mill sites. Portland is pleasantly siiuated on a peninsula in Casco bay. It is well laid out and hande-omely built, and is the most important town in the State. It has a safe and capacious harbor, and is extensively engaged in commerce and the Psherie?. Bangor, on the Penobscot, 6o >iiiles from the ocean, is a large and flourishing town. It is in the midst of a fertile c -in.try, and is noted for the elegance of its buildings, and fur il:^ extensile trade in lumber. Tliomaston is an important place. It is the seat of the State prison, and is noted for its exports of lime, marble and granite. Bath, situated on the Kennebec, 13 triilos from its mouth, is a fiourisbing place. It is noted for its ship builiiingand trade. Gardiner has flourishing manufactories Hallowell is noted for its granite quarries, — Castine for its fine military portion, and its exceU lent harbor, — Eastport for its lumber trade and the fisheries, — Belfast for its fine harbor and extensive trade, — Brunswick as the seat of Bowdoin college, and Waterville as the seat of Waterville college. Machias, Saco, Calais, Orono, are noted for their numerous saw mills and trade in lumber. Old Town is the residence of a remnant of the Penobscot tribe of Indians. * The value of the lumber exported from Maine is more than $10,000,000 annuaUy. 1 y. li^ 82 UNITED STilTES. •M&S)\ Map of the United States. In what direction is Maine long, est ? For what is Maine distingu'shed ? What river forms part of the boundary between Maine and New Brunswick? St. c. Be, tween Maine and New Hampshire ? A. Salmon Falls river ? What river forms part of the boundary in the N. E. part ? St.-j. What other rivers in Maine ? What lake ? What mount ? Hills V Towns ? Which extends farthest north, Maine or Iowa? South? Which part of the slate is most populous ? Which most fertile ? At what time is the annual meeting for the choice of state officers held f [ e table, p. 68.] In what are the people of Maine principally engaged ? Map of New England. How many square miles does Maine comprise ? What was its population in 1840 ? What are its princi. Pk' rivers f s. a. k. p. St..c. St..j. What lakes ? What is the length of Moosehead lake ? Kennebec river ? Penobscot ? St. Croix ? What is the height of mount Kalahdin ? What counties in Maine? What are the shire, or county towns?* What bavs on the coast ? c. p. f. n. e. m. p. What islands on the coast ? What colleges in Maine ? Theological seminaries? Canals? Railroads? Can yoa sail from Augusta to Concord ? NEW HAMPSHIRE. \,.jt''' ••1^1 DARTJ/IOUTH COLLE(,E. How is New Hampshire bounded ? What is its Capital ? * Shire, or county towiis, are the tuwnsin which tbecuunty and higher courts ore tield M SEVf HAMPSHIRE. is Maine long. ?r forms part of k? St.c. Be. s river ? What ? St..j. What iillsV Towns? outh ? Which ile ? At what ers held f [ e pally engaged ? les does Maine t are its princi. What is the snobscot ? St. hat countie.s in What bavs on coast ? What I? Railroads? 'apital ? ir.y and higher New Hampshire is a mountainous, healthy, and fertile state, and is noted for its numerous rivers and lakes, and for its beautiful and picturesque scenery. It has but a small share of commerce, but is distin- guished for its agriculture, and flourishing manufac- tures. Chief Towns. — Concord is a pleasant and flourishing town, and is the centre of trade for the northern part of the state. Portsmouth, the only seaport of New Hampshire, is a large, well built, and flourishing town, pleasantly situated on the Piscataqua, 3 miles from its mouth. It has an exceiieui harbor, and contains a United States' navy yard. Dover is situated on the Cocheco river, 4 miles above its junction with the Piscataqua. It is the oldest town in the state, and is noted for its extensive manufactures. Hanover is be. iitifully situated on the Connecticut river. It is the seat of Dartmouth College, one of the most respectable and flourish. ii g institutions in the United States. Exeter is pleasantly situated on Exeter river, a branch of the Pisca- taqua. It is the seat of Philips Academy, and is distinguished fur its numerous manufacturing establishments. Great Fal!.«, Nashua, Sorneifi worth Mannlioster. and New Market, are thriving places, and noted fur their manufactures. Map of the United States. In w hat direction is New Hampshire longest? What river forms part of the boundary between New Hampshire and Maine ? A. Salmon Falls river. Between N. H, and Vermont ? How many miles of sea-coast has New Hampshire '/ A. Eighteen. What sea port? What can you say of Portsmouth ? For what is New Hampshire noted? Distinguished 7 Which ex- tend3 farthest nor'h. New Hampshire or Vermont? South ? When are the state ofTicers chosen ? Map of New Enrlanp. Kow many square miles does N'>w Hampshire comprise? What was its population in 1840 ? What the principal rivers? Lakes? Mountains? What is the highest summit of i,he White mountains ? How high is mount Washington ? What counties in New Hampshire ? Shire towns / What college ? What can you say of Dartmouth college ? What theological semin- ary ? What towns on the Connecticut river ? In what lake docs the Connecticut rise ? When, where, and by whom was New Hampshire settled ? [See page 63.] Can you sail from Concord to Burlington ? I li w^ I %'M-' im : I 84 UNITED STATES, VERMONT.* How ie Vermont bounded ? What is its Capital ? Vermont is a beautiful, picturesque, and inland state. It derives its name from the Green Mountains, which extend through its whole length, dividing it into east- ern and western declivities. It is a well watered, healthy, and fertile state, and is noted for its mines of iron^ copper^ and lead, and for its numerous quarries of marble. A large portion of the soil is fertile, and well adapted to grazing or tillage. Wheat is extensively cultivated on the west side of ihe mountains. Barley, rye, oats, peas, flax and potatoes, flourish in all parts of the state. Mnple sugar is made in quantities nearly equal to the home consumption. Horses, cattle and sheen are raised in great numbers, and sold for New York, Boston and Tvlontreal mar. kets. Chief Towns, — Montpelier is a beautiful and flourishing town, pleasandy situated on Onion river, 43 miles from its moufh. * The word, Vermont, is derived from two French words, siffnifyire Green Monntain— Verd, green, and Mont, mountain. The mountains were po called on account of the numerous evergreens with which they were covered. The soldiers from Vermont, soceh>brafed for hrav«»ry in the revolutionary war, were denominated " Green Mountain Boys." MASSACHUSETTS. 85 apital 7 inland state, tains, which it into east- le state, and nd lead, and d to grazing or est side of the 8, flourish in all es nearly equal p are raised in ivloatreai mar- ourishing town, noufh. k'ords, siernifyiig The mountains with which they fd for bravory in itftin Boys." Bennington is the oldest, and one of the largest towns in the state. It is celehrated for a battle fought here in 1777, in which the Ameri. cans, under Gen. Stark, defeated a detachment from the army of Burgoyne.* Burlington is pleasantly situated on Lake Champlain, and is the most commercial town in the state. Middlebury, situated on Otter Creek, 20 miles from its mouth, is the srreatest manufacturing town in the state. Windsor is pleasandy situated on the Connecticut river, and is distinguished for its beautiful and picturesque scenery. It is well built, and has considerable trade. Map of the United States. In what direction is Vermont long. est ? Which part widest ? What river separates it from New Hampshire ? What lake mostly separates it from New York ? From what does Vermont derive its name ? For what is it noted ? What is the principal employnrient of the people ? Which is the oldest town in the state ? For what is Bennington celebrated ? Map of New England. How many square miles does Vermont comprise ? Its p )pulation ? What are the principal rivers ? c. m. L. 0. 0. What lakes? What river connects lake Champlain with the St. Lawronce ? Lake iVIemphromago!;f with the St. l. ? What mountains in Vermont? What is the length of the Green moun- tains? What counties in Vermont? Shire towns? What towns on Connecticut river? Lake Chaiiiplain ? What ia the length of lake Champlain ? What collet^es in Vermont ? University? When, where, and by whom was Vermont settled? Can you sail from Burlington to Boston ? » MASSACHUSETTS. How is Massachusetts bounded ? What is its Capital * Miissachtjsetts is the oldf3st, most populous and im- portant of the Eastern States. It is dlstin'j^uisliod for t.he number of its literary institutions and for the intel- ligence, industry and enterprise of its inhabitants. In agriculture, manufactures and commerce, it is one of the first states in the Union. It abounds in flour- ishing towns and villages, noted for the neatness of their dwellings, the elegance of their churches, and the beauty of their rich and fertile landscapes. * See Oi'.ey's History of the United States, page 148. j'5 'f ! >i > J . !'« ' > t r\ ]X- •f' 86 UNITED STATES. 4 i |l It is generally an uneven, healthy, and fertile state. Its numerous rivers and smaller streams furnish every facility for manufacturing operations ; and its internal communication, by means of canals, railways, and ex- cellent roads, is scarcely equalled. A VIEW OF BOSTON. Cilics. Boston is a large, wealthy, and flourishing city, situated on a email peninsula in Massachusetts bay, and surrounded by a beautiful and populous country. It has an excellent harbor and an extensive commerce, and is noted for the elegance of its public buildings and the number of its humane and literary institutions. In the vicinity of Boston are many interesting places ; Cambridge, noted for its university, one of the oldest and best endowed literary institu. tions in the Union ; Charlestown, celebrated for the battle of Bunker Hill, and the noble monument erected in commemoration of it ; and Roxbury, for the increase of its population, the elegance of its coun. try seats and well cultivated gardens. Salem is a large, wealthy and flourishing place, 14 miles N. E. of Boston. It is chiefly built on a narrow peninsula formed by two in. lets from the sea, called North and South rivers. Its situation is low, but it is pleasant and healthy. It contains many handsome build, ings and is noted for its extensive commerce. Plyriouth, 36 miles S. E. of Boston, is a place of considerable trade, and is noted for being the first settled town in New England. The first English settlement in New England was made at Ply- mouth, Dec. 22d, 1820, by 101 Puritans, who fled from England ol account of religious persecution. The anniversary of the landing of the Pilgrims is still observed. MASSACHUSETTS 87 fertile state, arnish every 1 its internal ays, and ex- g city, situated rrounded by a harbor and an ce of its public institutions. In mbridge, noted literary institu. attle of Bunker ifionof it ; and nee of its coun. miles N. E. of ned by two in- situation is low, mdsome build- f considerable New England. made at Ply- m Rn^dand oi. the landing oi Una LANDING OF THE PILGRIMS AT PLYMOUTH. Worcester*, situated 40 miles W. of Boston, in the midst of a fer- tile country, is the largest, and one of the most beautiful inland towns in New Enjjland. It contains many elegant buildings, and ia a place of ^reat wealth and trade. Springfield is a beautiful and flourishing town, 87 miles W. of Bos. ton. It contains a number of elegant public buildings, and a large United States* Armory ; and is distinguished for its extensive inland trade, and numerous manufivcturing establishments. Northampton is one of the most beautiful towns in New England. Lowell, on the Merrimack, is noted for its extensive manufactures, and the rapid increase of its population. Newhuryport, at the mouth of the Merrimack, is remarkable for the beauty of its situation, and the regularity of its streets, and for its commerce. Marblehead and Gloucester are extensively engaged in the cod fisheries. Nantucket and New Bedford are largely concerned in the whale fisheries. Lynn, on the coast between Bostpn and Salem, is a pleasant and flourishing town, noted for the manufacturing of shoes. Pittsfield, Lenox and Stockbridge, are pleasant towns in the western pan of the state. — — — Map op the United States. In what direction is Massachu. setts longest ? What bay east of Massachusetts ? What three capb. ? A. c. M. What large river runs through it-* What river in the N. E. part ? What two islands S. E. of Massachusetts ? Which extends farthest north Massachusetts or Illinois ? For what js Massachusetts distinguished ? When are the state ofllicers chosen ? JM,»rrwi*-4 — '*' ----- • i ■■' - ' '■■ ' ■ ■ .. - . - - . - II n_ * Wooru'-ter !■( '■ u. i • tea m^i\ '■m m m Mr 88 UNITED STATES, 1. i.31 II II ' 'U'ii I :j;i Map of New England. What is the extent of MaMachuHettg? Population ? What are its prinripnl rivers ? Bays ? What mciin. tains in the western part? h. Of what chain are the Hoosack mountains a continuation ? g. What two mouniains near North- anipton ? t. h. What counties in Massachusetts ? Shire tov - n? What large mai fncturing toMn on the Merrimack 25 miles N. W. of BoHion ? Which is the first se»lled town in Massaihnsetts? When was Plymouth settled? Where is Lexingtoru inemornhlj' f„r the first battle of the Revolution? When was the battle fonglit? A. The 19th of April,1775. What towns on the Connecticut river' What canals in Massachusetts? Railroads? Through u hat large towt s does the western railroad pass ? w. s. w. p. What hterary institutions in Massachusetts ? How will you sail from Boston to Providence ? -*• '. ,<■ RHODE ISLAND. How is Rhode Island bounded ? What is its Capital ? Rhode Island is a small, pleasant and healthy state ; and is distinguished for its flourishing manufactures, and extensive commerce. MANUFACTtJRES AND COMMERCE. It is mostly a level state, and has generally a fer- tile soil, especially on the islands and shores of Nar* ragansel Bay. RHODE ISLAND. 89 MaMachusetts? ? What nioun. re the Hcjopnck lins near North. Shire towns? 25 milep JV. VV. Massachiisetis^ uietiiornhiV fur e baule fought .» innecticut river' ugh what large What hterary from Bob ton to ital ? eal thy State; lanufactures, erally a fer-- res of Nar- RhoJe Tslaiid, from whirh the Btate takes its name, is in the sonth- Pin part of Narraoranset btiy, and contains about 50 square miles. It IS celel)ratcd for its delightful and healthy climate, and is a noted re- aort of invalids from various parts of the United States. Chief Towns. — Providence is situated on Providence river at the hea(i of Nnrraganset bay, 35 miles from the ocean. It is one of the most wealthy and nourishing towns of its size in the United States. It has tin extensive commerce, and is distinguished for the e.xtent and variety ot its manufactures. Newport is finely situated on Rhode Island, and is distinguished for its Ixiauti'.ul situation, and the aaiuljrity of its climate. It has con- 8i(leral>le commerce, and one of the best harbors in the United States. HriHtol is a pleasant, wealthy, and commercial town, situated ubout liilf way hetwien Providence and Newport. Pawtucket, situated on Pawfucket Fnil^ ^ 'ps N. E. of Provi. (li.ice, IS one of the most flourishing ma ^r villages in the United States. Map of toe United States.? In what dii nun is Rhode Island lon!ie3t? Which part widest ? Which extends farthest east, Rhode 1^1, lid or New Hampshire 7 For what is it distinguished ? From what does the state take its name.^ For what is the Island of Rhode Island celebrated ? What college i.i Rhode Island.'' For what is Providence distinguished.'* Newport? When are tfie state officers chosen ? Map of New Ewqland. What is the extent of Rhode Island ? What its population ? What bay in Rhode Island i* What island in the southern part of Narragansett bay? What island south of Rhode Island ? B. What two points at the entrance of Narragansett bay ? Pt. Judith and Sekonnet point on the east. What five counties in Rhode Island? p. k. w, Newport county comprisps Rhode Island and several smaller islands in Narragansett bay an J the part of the st'ite east of the bay. Bristol county embraces the small part of the .■^laie north of iNarragansett hay. What canal ? Railroads? When, where, and by whom was Rhode Island settled? How will you sail from Providence to Hartford? CONNECTICUT. >iow is Connecticut bounded ? What are its Capitals ? Connecticut is a small, healthy and fertile state, and is noted for the extent and variety of its manufac- tures ; for its literary institutions, and for the intelli- gence, enterprise, and good morals of the people. i(;i ii In fii y-n ^^:'i m r,i, , < 1 ik'- IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) k A z % %^ 1.0 ■^ Ui2 |2.2 u lil Ul IIIU 11.6 I.I .ii Photographic Sciences Corporation A •^ i\ 23 WIST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 -i^:^ ^^^ 4 ■ I ;:■' 90 UNITED STATES. \m^ VIEW OP HARTFORD. Connecticut has generally an uneven surface, and abounds in beautiful scenery. It is well situated for commerce, and carries on a considerable trade with the West Indies, and with the Northern and Southern States, In prcportion to its population, Connecticut is more extensively engaged in manufactures than any other state except Rhode Island* The ingenuity and industry of the people, in this respect, have a repu. tation throughout the Union. At Middletown are manufactories of cotton, woollen, paper, combs, rifles, &.c. At Tariflville, are mauu. factories of cotton and carpeting. At Norwich, ere manufactories of flannel, cotton, leather, paper and iron. At Manchester and Vernon, there are extensive cotton manufactories. At Canton, is u celebrated manufactory of axes. At Enlieid, is a manufactory of carpets. liaru ford is distinguished for the manufacture of books, chiefly fur educa. tion. There are also in difllerent parts of the state, extensive nianu. factories of hats, clocks, combs, block tin ware, and other things. Considerable attention is paid to the culture and manufacture of silk, ftt Mansfler of children between 4 and 16 years of ajre. In 1843, the number of children was eighty.four thouwand, eigh hundred and thirty.peven. The amount of money distributed, dnring the yea^, was one hundred and eighteen thousand, four hundred and ninety-six dollars. Chief Towns. — Hartford is pleasantly situated on the Connecti. cut River, 50 miles from its mourh, in the midst of a beautiful and fer tile country. During a few 3-6 a rs past, it has rapidly increased in commerce, population and wealth. It contains a number of elegant public buildings ; among which are several beautiful churcUcS, a state house, and market. PtJBLIC SQUARE, OR GREEN, IN NEW HAVEN. New Haven is pleasantly situated on a bay of the same name, 4 miles from Long Island Sound. It is built in squares, with wide and handsome streets, and is not excelled in beauty by any town in the United States. One of the squares is occupied by the state liouse, the college buildings, several churches and other edifices, which, with rows of elm trees surrounding the spot, render it one of the most beautiful places in the country. The commerce of New Haven is considerable, and is yearly increasing. In addition to Yale College, the ciiy is celebrated for the number of its boardmg schools and smaller seminaries for the young of both sexes. Hartford and New Haven are the alternate places for the meeting of the state legislature. New London is situated on the Thames, 3 miles from its mouth, it has a considerable amount of shipping, and one of the best harbor* in New England.' r>. • 6 90 UNITED STATES \ Norwich* is finely situated at the head of sloop navigation on the river Thames, 14 miles N. of New London. It is a beautiful and romantic town, and is rapidly increasing in manufactures and popu. lation. Middletown is pleasantly situated on the Connecticut^ 31 miles from its mouth. It has a considerable share .of commerce, and is noted for the extent and variety of its manufactures. Litchfield is 30 miles west of Hartford, in the midst of a fertile and hilly country. The principal village is delightfully situated on an elevated plain, affording extensive and beautiful prospects. Wethersfield is a pleasant town, noted for the State Prison. Say. brook and Guilford are resorted to in summer, for sea bathing. Staf. ford is distinguished for its iron works and mineral waters. Berlin and Meriden are celebrated for the manufacture of tin- ware. Bris. tol, Plymouth, Watertovvn and Waterbury, for the making of wood, en clocks. Danbury for the manufacture of hats. Farmington is a beautiful town. SufHeld is noted for the Baptist Literary Institu. tion established there ; and Windsor for being the first settled town in Connecticut. Map of the United States. In what direction is Connecticut longest? Which partis widest? Which is the principal river in Connecticut ? What is its length ? For what is Connecticut noted? For what have the people a reputation ? What does the School Fund amount to? What can you say of Hartford? New Huven? When is elector's meeting held in Connecticut? |l(;ffl Map of Nev England. What is the extent of Connecticut ? Its population ? Which are the three principal rivers in Connecticut? H. c. T. What branch has the Housatonic? Naugatuc. Wha branch has the Connecticut? Farmington. What two rivers nnite at Norwich and form the Thames ? Yantic and Shetucket. What eight counties in Connecticut? l. h. t. w. n-l. m. n-h. f. What are the shire towns of each ? What large island south of Connecti- cut ? To what state does Long Island belong ? A. To New York. How long is it ? What three small islands at the eastern extremity of Long Island sound ? f. g. p. What island east of Long Island ? a. W hat city near the mouth of the Thames ? nl. When was New London burned by the British ? What are the principal towns on Connecticut river ? Housatonic ? What other tow ns can you mention in Connecticut. What canal? Railroads? Literary in- stitutions ? Which is the most populous city ? When, where, and by whom was Connecticut settled ? How will you sail from Hart- ord to Albany ? •Nor'-ry. MIDDLiC STATES. 93 TRAVELS ON THE MAP OF THE EASTERN STATES. How will you sail from Hartford to Portland ? What is the popu- lation of Portland 7 For what is Portland noted ? What is meant by commerce ? A. The exchanging of the gjods or productions of one country for those of another. For what is Maine distinguished 7 What is the chief occupation of the inhabitants of Maine 7 How will you sail from Portland to Concord 7 For what is New Hampshire noted 7 For what is it distinguished 7 What do you mean by agriculture ? A. The cultivation of the ground to raise various kinds of grain and vegetables. What is meant by Manufacture* ? A. Making things by the hand or ma- chinery, as cloth, paper, knives, &c. What mmntains in New Hampshire ? How will you sail from Concord to Windsor 7 How will you describe Vermont ? For what is Vermont noted ? What Mountains in Vermont 7 Which is the oldest settled town in Vermont ? For what is Bennington celebrated ? Which is the greatest manufacturing town in Vermont ? Which is the most com- mercial town 7 How will you sail from Windsor to Boston 7 How wiU you describe Massachusetts 7 For what is Massachu- setts distinguished 7 Which is the oldest settled town in Massachu. setts ? How many years since Plymouth was settled 7 What is the population of Boston ? When was Boston settled 7 A. In 1621. How many years since 7 For what is Boston nof^d 7 How will you sail from Boston to Providence 7 For what is Rhode Island distinguished 7 What large Island in the southern part of Narraganset Bay 7 For what is Rhode Island celebrated 7 What large Town is situated on Rhode Island 7 For what is Newport distinguished ? In what direction from Newport is Providence ? What is the population of Providence ? For what is Providence distinguished 7 How will you sail from Providence to Hartford. -? ' For what is Connecticut noted ? What is the population of Hart- ford ? When was Hartford settled 7 A. In 1635. How many years since ? What literary institutions in Hartford ? How will you sail from Hartford to New Haven ? Describe New Haven. What College in New Haven 7 What Canal in Connecticut 7 How will you sail from New Haven to Albany 7 ; ,^ V f MIDDLE STATES. i ^t tr ' Which are the Middle States 7 [See Page 75.] How many of them border on the Atlantic 7 Which one has no sea-coast 7 What 94 UNITED 8TATE8 lake borders on Pennsylvania ? Which is the niost northern of these states? Which is the most southern? Which extends farthest east ? Which extends farthest west ? Which is the largest of these states 7 How many square miles has Pennsylvania ? Which is the next largest ? How many square miles has New York ? Which is the smallefit of the Middle States ? Which is most thickly inhab- ited, or has the greatest number of inhabitants to a square mile 7 How many inhabitants to a square mile has New York ? What large island belongs to New York 7 Which of these states is long, est 7 Which is most nearly square 7 Which is most irregular in its shape 7 The Middle States contain 102,440 square miles, how much larger are they than the Eastern States 7 iliij \m M ., COMMERCE AND INLAND NAVIGATION. The Middle States occupy an important section of our country. They are distinguished for agriculture, manufactures, and commerce, and for their numerous and extensive canals and railroads. In general, the soil is fertile, and the climate mild and healthy. Wheat is the most important production ; but rye, oats, barley, Indian corn, buckwheat, beans, flax and hemp are raised in large quantities. The climate is peculiarly adapted to the growth of various kinds of excellent fruit. Apples, pears, peaches, &c. are produced in abundance. WXW YORK 95 These states are rich in minerals. Iron is found in most parts. Copper, lead, limestone and marble exist to some extent ; but the most important mine- ral is anthracite coal. In no part of the world is this valuable material found so abundantly as in Pennsyl- vania. Bituminous coal is found in large quantities in the vicinity of Pittsburg. Salt springs are numer- ous, especially in Nev^r York. The most noted are at Salina and Syracuse, where more than two mill- ion bushels of salt are made annually. The enlightened zeal which the state of New York has shown in promoting education, is deserving of the highes' praise. Common schools are established and supported by law in every town, and am- ple provision is made for the education of all classes of society. Be. sides the common schools, there are about one hundred academies and high schools. All the public literary institutions of New York are united in one body, under the name of the University, and are under the superintendence of a body of literary men, called " tha Regents of the University of New York." In Pennsylvania, considerable has been done for the establish, ment and support of common schools, and many parts of the state are well supplied with the means of elementary instruction. • In New Jersey and Delaware, public attention has been turned to the subject of common schools, and exertions have recently been made for their establishment in every town. NEW YORK. How is New York bounded ? What is its Capital ? In population, wealth and political importance, New York is the first state in the Union. Its territory is extensive and fertile ; and it is remarkable for the rapid growth of its cities, towns and villages. ' ' Its natural advantages for agriculture, commerce and manufactures, are unrivalled. Indeed, it abounds in all that constitutes the prosperity of a people. It has taken the lead in internal improvements, and is distinguished for its numerous canals and railroads ; 96 UVITID STATES ': :% ' i:;:. .4 NEW YORK. rr '^ for its navigable rivers and lakes ; and for the indus- try, intelligence and enterprise of its inhabitants. New York produces in abundance all the staple commodities and luxuries common to the climate. The principal of these is wheat. It is rich in minerals. Limestone, iron ore, marble, &.c. are found in large quantities. There are numerous and valuable salt springs ; the most important are at Salina and Syracuse where more than two million bushels of salt are produced annually. The mineral springs at Ballston and Saratoga are famous through, out the country. During the warm season, they are the resort of the sick, the gay, the fashionable, from various parts of the Union, and they give health to many, and pleasure to all who visit them. The falls of Niagara, between lake Erie and lake Ontario, are the most stupendous cataract on the globe. The river is three quarters of a mile in width, and falls perpendicularly over a precipice in two columns, to the depth of about 160 feet. The shock causes the earth to tremble for a considerable distance ; and a cloud of vapor rises over the spot which is sometimes seen 20 or 30 miles. During the summer and autumn, these falls are visited by persons from dif. ferent parts of the world. Cities and Towns. — Albany is situated on the w.-'st bank of the Hudson, i50 miles north of New York, near the head of tide water. In commerce, population and wealth, it is the second town in the state. It contains a handsome state house, and many other elegant buildings. It is a place of great trade, and is surrounded by a beauti. ful and populous country, and within a short distance are many thriving villages and towns. ' MKW YORK 97 NIAGARA FALLS. New York is situated on New York or Manhattan island, about 16 miles from the Atlantic, at the junction of tlio Hudson and East rivers. It is the most populous city in America, and one of the first commercial places on the globe. The city is principally built of brick, and most of the buildings have a neat and many of them an elegant appearance. The finest street is Broadway, which travers- es the whole city in a straight line from north to south, and is eighty feet in breadth. It is occupied chiefly by shops and elegant public buildings, and few streets in the world equal it for the splendor^ bus- tie and fashion which it exhibits. The public buildings are numer- ous; the most noted among them, are the Merchants* Exchange, the Custom House, City Hall, Trinity Church, Hall of Justice, i,\s(or House, &,c. The Croton water works, by means of which the city is supplied with an abundance of pure and wholesome water, are among the great works of the age, and stand as a proud monument of the enterprise, Hberality and wisdom of its citizens. There is no city, perhaps in the world, which possesses greater advantages of situation than New York, both for internal and external commerce. It is here that merchants and traders resort from all quarters — from the shores of the Adantic, the confines of the lakes, and the banks of the Mississippi, with a certainty that they can dispose of their own produce, and supply themselves with every article they require. It is here that strangers and travellers assemble as the place of departure to every part of the world. It is at present, and probably will long remain, in a great degree, the central point for the commerce of the United States. '.I 98 UNITED STATES W r. I • CITY HALL. Brooklyn, directly opposite to New York, on the west end of Long lalnnrl, has grown within n few years to an important city. It is rapidly increasing in population and trade. Its situation is high, and affords many pleasant sites overlooking New York city and bay. In the northeastern part, on a bay called the Wallabout, is the Uni- ted States* Navy Yard. Troy is beautifully situated on the east bank of the Hudson, 6 miles above Albany. Tt is regularly built, and contains many ele- gant buildings. It has considerable trade, and is distinguished for its manufactures. Hudson is well situated for trade, 38 miles south of Albany, at the head of ship navigation on the Hudson. It is one of the most im. portant places on the river, and is at present increasing in business and wealth. Newburg, Poughkeepsie,* Cattskill, Lansingburg and Schenecta- dy. are flourishing and important places. Utica, 96 miles N. W. of Albany, is a thriving place with an extensive inland trade. It is regularly built, the streets are broad, straight and commodious. It »s noted for its benevolent and literary institutions, and for the ex- pensive manufactories in its vicinity. The city is nearly the geo- graphical centre of the state. Rochester, on the Genesee river, is a place of great trade and wealth, and of astonishingly rapid growth. It is well built, and its streets are handsome and regular. It stands on the Erie Canal, 7 *Po-kep'-8e. HIW YORK 99 miles from lake Ontario. It it* noted fur its manufacture!, especially those of flour. Bufllalo is a large and thriving place, at the junction of the Ca. nal with lake Erie. It is the grand emporium of the lake commerce. Its harbor is thronged with steamboats and other vessels, and its streets with travellers, emigrants, and men of business. It is rapid. [y increasing in population and wealth. Lockport is a tlourishing place on the Cnnal, 65 miles W. of Ro. Chester. Geneva occupies a fine situation on Seneca lake. Auburn, situated at the outlet of Owasco lake, is a flourishing villoge. Can. andaigua, near the outlet of Canandaigua lake, is a place of consider- able trade. Map of the United States. In what direction is New York longest? How many states border on it 7 Lakes 7 What large river in the costRrn part 7 What branch hos the Hudson or North river 7 M. What two large rivers rise in the southern part ? What river rises in Pennsylvania and runs N. into Lake Ontario 7 G. What towns on the east bank of the Hudson 7 t. h. p. What towns on the west bank 7 n. c. a. Where is the military academy of West Point? A. On the west bank of the Hudson, 52 miles north of New York. Which are the three principal towns on the Mohawk 7 s. u. r. What town near the month of the Genesee ? R. What is the principal town on lake Erie 7 What is the popula. tion of Buffalo 7 What Uterary institutions in New York 7 At what time is the election of state officers held 7 For what length of time is the governor chosen 7 His salary 7 For what is New York distinguished 7 Map of New York. What is the extent of New York? Pop. ulation 7 What three rivers empty into lake Ontario 7 b. o. a. What three in the southern pan 7 s. a. d. Which is the longest river in New York 7 What lake is connected with lake Cham- plain? What is the length of lake George 7 Champlain 7 What lakes in the interior of New York 7 o. s. o. c. s. c. and Crooked lake. What river is the outlet of these lakes ? How many counties can you mention in New York 7 Shire towns 7 How many coun. ties on Long Island 7 x. q. s. What separates Long Island i nm Connecticut 7 What is the population of New York city 7 Albany ? Utica 7 Rochester 7 Rome 7 Syracuse ? Auburn 7 Owego T Buffalo 7 What river connects lake Erie and lake Ontario f What is the length of Niagara river ? What celebrated falls in it ? What can you say of Niagara falls 7 What large island in Niagara river jusi ab^ve the falls ? What battle was fought in Canada near the falls 7 Wnen was the battle of Chippewa fought? Saratoga? White Plains? Stoney Point? Brooklyn heights? PlattsburgT What canals in New York ? Railroads 7 Where is Crof^n aque. 5* l\ 100 UNITED STATES. '• .•'■■tSliii -VI ... M I " I .,'11 !i!' duct for conveying water to the city of New York 7 Its length 7 fSee map uf Central Status.] Where are the two state penitentia. ries of New York ? A. At Auburn and Sing Sing. Where are Saratoflfa and Bnllston mineral springs 7 How will you sail from Albany to Trenton 7 NEW JERSEY '*' How is New Jersey bounded 7 What is its Capitol f ! New Jersey is a small but interesting state. It is noted for its navigable rivers, canals, and railroads, and for its flourishing manufactures. The face of the country is diversified. It is flat and sandy in the south ; uneven and hilly in the mid- dle, and mountainous in the north. The central por- tions of the state are fertile, highly cultivated, and covered with handsome towns and villages. New Jersey abounds in valuable garden vegeta- bles, and in apples, pears, peaches, and other fruits of the finest quality, and it always finds a ready market for these in New York and Philadelphia. The great thoroughfare between the northern and southern states passes through New Jersey, and the advantage which the state en. joys as it regards distance and facihties in transporting goods to market, are not exceeded by those of any district of equal extent in our country. Towns. — Trenton, situated at the head of tide waters on the Del. aware, 30 miles N. E. of Philadelphia, is a handsome town, and a place of considerable trade and manufactures. New Brunswick is pleasantly situated on the Raritan, 14 miles from its mouth. It is the most commercial town in the state. Newark, on the Passaic, 9 miles W. of New York, is one of the most beautiful towns in the United States. It is distinguished for the manufacture of shoes and leather. '^rinceton, 11 miles N. E. of Trenton, is situated on the great road between New York and Philadelphia. It is a pleasant town, and contains a number of elegant buildings. Burlington is pleasantly situated on the Delaware river, 17 miles N. E. of Philadelpliia. It is well built, and has considerable manu. factures and trade. EUzabethtown is situated on Elizabethtown creek, in the :iiidst of a beautiful and fertile country. It contains several handsome build, ings and has considerable commerce* KIW JIR8ET 101 Piitterton \u situated on the Papnaic river, IS milei N. W of New York. It is a flourishinf; tOM n, and the seat of very important man- ufuoturing establiphmentr. The PasRoic Falls at this place, are the grcntest curit gity in the itate. The river is 40 yards wide, and falls perpendiculnrly 70 frH in one entire sheet, preventing a scene of singular beauty and grandeur. » Map of the United States. In what direction is New .Terpcy If ncrest '' Which is the most southern cape ? The most northern 7 nndy Hook. What bny eepnrntes Nevf .Tercoy from Dtln«nre T Wliat river divides it from Pennsylvnnin ' For vhnt xm New .lertey nored "^ What docs it abound in? What literary insiituiions in New Jersey ? Ma? of the CI^TKAL States. What is the extent of New Jersey ? Population ? What harbors on the const ? What is the length of Delaware bny 7 DelaM are river ? What counties can you men- tion? Shire towns? Cnnals? Railroads? How many towns can you mention in New Jersey? Which is the largest ? n. What is eaid of Newark ? Trenton ? When was the battle of Trenton foii^dit? What town on the Passnic, fifteen miles N. W. ot New York ? What noted curiosity at Patterson ? Which is the most ror'hern county ? Which the most southern ? What boy south of Staten Island 7 Raritan bay. On how many sides is New .fersey bounded by water ? How will you sail from Trenton to Harris, burg? PENNSYLVANIA.* How is Pennsylvania bounded ? What is its Capital 7 Pennsylvania is a large, healthy and fertile state, and is distinguished for its agriculture, manufactures and commerce ; for its fine roads, bridges ahvVianals, and for its extensive mines of coal. It enjoys a mild and agreeable climate, abounds in fruit, and may be * The colony of Pennsylvania was founded in 1682, hy William Penn, a distinguished philanthropist, belonging to the denomination oi FriendH. He obtained of Chares I. a grant of the territory now included in the state of Pennsylvania ; but believing thnt this gave him no just right to the country, he purchased the territory of the Indians, whom he consider* ed the just and lawful owners. Shortly after he planted his infant colo- ny, he met the Indians under " the great elm tree," at Kensington, and entered into a treaty of peace, which remained uninterrupted for th« space of 70 years. 102 UNITED STATES. E i *i 1 '' ''.'3 IIP* - - — — ^ ^( m ' ■ , ■ /» - ' ■ - ' T'^^ §3 '- ^w f' ^^' ~* ' >'■ / m \ <. ■ ill 1 1 !i & i ill "'I WILLIAM PENN FORMING A TREATY WITH THE INDIANS. » regarded as one of the most important of the United States. The middle portion oi the state is mountainous ; the remainder is generally level or moderately une- ven. The soil is fertile, and under a high state of cultivation. • Pennsylvania is the greatest manufacturing state in the Union. All the necessaries of life, and many of its luxuries, are to be found in this state, either the produce of its soil, or the labor of its citizens. Pennsylvania abounds in all the elements of wealth and power. Public opinion has given it a strong impulse towards manufactures and a gigantic system of internal improvements. New towns and villages are springing up in every direction. Its inhabitants, though composed of all nations, are distinguished for their habits of order, industry and frugality. The passing stranger, as he traverses the state, is struck with the noble roads, canals, railroads, and other public works, with the well cultivated ' farms, their commodious houses of stone or brick, extensive barns and other buildings of the same materials. Towns. — Harrisburg is pleasantly situated on the Susquehannah, 97 miles N. W. of Philadelphia. It is regularly laid out, and hand- somely built. The state house occupies an elevation overlooking the town, and is a large and elegant building. m PENNSTLTAlf I A 103 Philadelphia, in the extent, variety, and value of its manufactures, is tiie first city in the Union. It is pleasantly situated between the Delaware and Schuylkill, six miles above their confluence, and by the course of the river and bay, 126 miles from the ocean. Its com- merce is very extensive, and ships of the line can sail up to the city. It is laid out in squares, and is probably the most regular and uni. form city in the world. The streets are handsomely paved, broad, and pleasant, crossing each other at right angles, and kept remarka. bly clean. The houses are neatly built of brick, three stories high, ornamented with marble steps and window sills. The city is adorn. ed with many handsome public as well as private dwellings. But the greatest pride of Philadelphia, is the Fair Mount water works, by which the city is supplied with pure and wholesome water from the Schuylkill. Philadelphia is celebrated as a seat of literature, and especially of medical science, and is distinguished for its religious and benevolent institutions. It contains numerous schools and seminaries of learning. 6IEARD COLLEGE. and by the will of the late Stephen Girard, a large sum was left to found and support a college for the education of the poorer classes in society. Pittsburg is situated at the junction of the Alleghany and Monon- gahela, 300 miles N. W. of Philadelphia. It is one of the greatest manufucturing towns in the United States, and is the centre of an extensive trade. In general, the town is well built, but the use of pit coal in the houses and manufactories, gives it a dingy and disa. greeable appearance, from its dust and smoke. Its growth has been remarkably rapid, and it is noted for its brass and iron foundries, ! i| S!?i ":'' m\'} ^ 1 [ 1 iiii i^jji...! 104 VNITID 8TAT18, INTERIOR OF A COAL MINE. glass works, and for its inexhaustible mines of coal. By means of the Ohio, it has an easy communication with the Western Slates and New Orleans, and at the point where the two rivers uniie, may be seen a crowd of steamboats which are occupied in plying between this and the various towns below. Lancaster, 62 miles from Philadelphia, is a pleasant, flourishing, and wealthy town, and is regarded as one of the handsomest in the Middle States. It is surrounded by a rich and highly cultivated country, and carries on a large trade with the interior. Map of the United States. In what direction is Pennsyvania longest ? How many states border on Pennsylvania ? What river forms the eastern boundary of Pennsylvania ? What river passes nearly through the centre of the state ? What two rivers unite and form the Ohio? What city at their junction ? p. What can you say of Pittsburg ? Between what two rivers ia Philadelphia ? d. s. What can you say of Philadelphia ? For what is Pennsylvania dis. What Hterary institutions in Pennsylvania ? tinguished ? Map of the Central S-^ates. What is the extent of Pennsyl- vania ? Population ? What branches has the Delaware river ? s. l. What branches has the Susquehannah ? J. w. t. What branch has the Alleghany ? k. Monongahela ? y. Which is the longest river in Pennsylvania ? What counties can you mention in Penn- sylvania ? Shire towns ? Canals ? Railroads ? What towns on the Delaware ? Susquehannah ? Ohio ? Alleghany ? Wlipn did the massacre of Wyoming take p^ce ? Braddock's defeat ? Battle of Germantown ? What mountains ? What minerals does Penn. DEL A Wl RE. 105 gylvania abound in ? A. Coal, iron, lime, and salt springs. When, and by whom was the colony of Pennsylvania founded ? How will you sail from Harrisburg to Wilmington ? DELAWARE. DEEP CUT OF THE CHESAPEAKE AND DELAWARE CANAL. How is Delaware bounded ? What is its Capital ? Delaware is the least populous state in the Union, and the smallest in extent, except Rhode Island. The northern part of the state is generally hilly, and has a fertile soil ; the southern part is level, and unproductive. The commerce of Delaware is small ; but its manufactures are considerable. Wheat is extensively raised in this state, and the flour made here is of a superior quality. The tlour mills, near Wilmington, on the Brandywine, arc the best and most celebrated in the United States. The Chesapeake and Delaware Canal crosses the northern part of this state, uniting the two bays. It begins at Delaware Cify, 46 miles below Philadelphia, and passes westerly 14 miles to Rock Creek, a navigable branch of Elk river. It is traversed by steam boats, packets and merchant vessels. The Deep Cut is a passage through a hill 4 milea long and 90 fe«t in height, being t^ deepest •ii I! 1 mu ilj.,; i' Iii;t m f J 106 UNITED STATES cut of any canal in the world. The Summit Bridge which croMei the canal at this place, is a single arch 255 feet in length. Near Lewiston is the Delaware Breakwater, an im; ortant na. tional work, consisting of two piers, — an ice-breaker 1700 feet long, and a breakwater 2,800 feet long. The worit forms an artificial harbor of great extent and importance, and cost about three million dollars. VIEW OF DELAWARE BAY TownsJ- — Dover is pleasantly situated between the two principal branches of Jones' Creek, 10 miles from its entrance mto Delaware Bay. It is regularly laid out with wide streets, is generally well built, and contains a handsome State House. Wilmington is situated in the northern part of the state, between Christiana and Brandywine creeks, 1 mile above their confluence. It is the largest and most important town in the state, and is celebra* ted for its flour mills and other manufacturing establishments. Map of the United States. In what direction is Delaware longest ? What separates it from New Jersey ? What cape has Delaware? Which extends farthest south, Delaware or Ohio? Which state is longest, Delaware or Connecticut ? What can you say of Delaware ? Map of the Central States. What is the extent of Delaware! Population ? What counties has Delaware ? Shire towns ? What swamp in the southern oart ? What and where is the Delaware Breakwater '/ What is the length of Delaware bay ? What canal ? What can you say of the Chesapeake and Delaware canal ? What railroads ? When was the battle of Brandywine fought 7 How will you sail from Wilmington to Annapolis? r<> SOUTHERN STATES. SOUTHERN STATES. 107 Which are the Southern States ? [See page 76.] How many are there i Which is the most northern of the Southern States ? Which is the most western ? How many of them border on the Atlantic ? Which is the largest of the Southern States ? t. The Southern States, in extent of territory, far sur- pass the Eastern or Middle States, and are distinguish- ed for their valuable productions, numerous slaves, and for the amount of their exports. The Southern States, alon^ the coast, varying from 00 to 200 miles in breadth, are generally low, sandy and barren, except near the rivers and bays. This section abounds in pine forests, and is usually termed " the Pine Barrens." The interior is hilly and mountainous, and has a rich and productive soil. The climate, in the eastern and southern part, is warm and unhealthy ; in the interior it is mild and salubrious. ' ' • ■ ' -''■ Wheat, tobacco, and Indian corn are the principal productions in the northern part ; rice, cotton, and sugar in the southern ; and pitch, tar, turpentine, and lumber in the eastern part. I II 108 UNITED STATES. mi- The middle and western portions of these states are inhabited pnn. cipally by farmers, who have few slaves and small estates, depend. ing principally on their own labor for support. The eastern part, or low country, is occupied by planters. These Hve on large planta. tions, at a considerable distance from each other, and are supported 1 by the labor of their slaves. They are usually well informed, polite, and remarkably hospitable. Their incomes are large, and they have much leisure to indulge in amusements. Hunting and dancing are favorite diversions, and music is cultivated with much diligence and success. The women are generally well educated, and usually poa. sess refined manners and cultivated minds. Education however, is less generally diffused in the southern than in the northern states, and there is less of intellectual activity and of ' ae spirit of enterprise and improvement. Gold is the most important mineral. It is found inmost of the states bordering on the Atlantic, but more abundantly in North Car- olina, Georgia and Virginia. This metal is now found so ext^n- fcivelv, that if. has become an object of national importance. The government has established branches of the United Slates' Mint at Charlotte, in North Carolina, and at Dahlonega, in Georgia, for the purpose of coining the gold found in the Southern States. The gold region reaches from Virginia to Alabama. Coal and iron are found in various parts, but more abundant in Virginia than in any other of the Southern States. V MARYLAND. <- How is Maryland bounded ? What is its Capital ? Maryland, considering its extent and population, is one of the first commercial states in the Union. It is well watered by rivers emptying into Chesapeake bay, afTording numerous facilities for inland naviga- tion. In addition to these, the state is largely enga- ged in internal improvements. When these are com- pleted, Baltimore will be one of the most favorable positions for foreign and domestic commerce in the United States. * : The soil is well adapted to the growth of all sorts of grain, and a great variety of fruits. Its exports of flour and other bread stuffs, are immense. The sta- ple production is tobacco. It is divided into two parts by Chesapeake bay, called the eastern and western shore. The eastern MARYLAND. 109 part is generally level ; the western part is hilly and mountainous. 'fotcn*.— Annapolis is a handsome and regular city, pleasantly situated on the Severn river, two miles from its entrance into Chesa- peake bay. A VIEW OF BALTIMORE. t Baltimore is situated on the Patapsco river, 14 miles from its en- trance into Chesapeake bay. It has an extensive commerce, both foreign and inland, ana may be considered the best flour market in the world. It is divided by a small river into two parts, called the Town and Fell's Point. The latter is the principal seat of commer- cial business. It is finely built, chiefly of brick, and the streets are neatly paved. It contains many handsome buildings, and two splen- did marble monuments — one to the memory of Washington — the oth- er to the memory of those who fell in the battle of North Point, in 1814. The city has had a rapid growth, and is distinguished for the amount of its shipping. Frederick is pleasantly situated 42 miles W. of Baltimore, in a fruitful tract of country, and is well built. It has a considerable trade in flour and grain. Hagerstown is a flourishing place, and has considerable inland trade. Map of the United States. In what direction is Maryland longest ? What bay divides Maryland ? On which side of Chesa- peake bay is the largest division of Maryland ? What river sepa- rates Maryland from Virginia ? What river empties into the head no UNITED 8T ATS8. 'Hi mi' of Chesapeake bay? What literary institutions in Maryland 7 What can you say of Maryland 7 5 • Map or the Central States. What is the extent of Maryland ? Population? What is the length of Chesapeake bay? Potoinac river? What counties? Shire towns? Canals? Railroads? What towns can you mention? What can you sny of Baltimore? When Mas the battle of North Point fought? What town at the head of Chesapeake bay, burned by the British in 1813 ? H-d-s. What railroad passes through Havre de Grace ? How will you kH from Baliiinore to Washington ? DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. m: IS!\, >/" ALEXANDRJA.. iiin The District of Columbia is ten miles square, de- lightfully situated on both sides of the Potomac. The land is finely elevated, and beautifully diversifi- ed by hill and dale. It is not a state, but is under DISTRICT or COLUMBIA. Ill the immediate government cf Congress. The terri- tory of this district was given to the United States by Maryland and Virginia, in 1790, for the purposes of a national capital, and in 1800 it became the seat of the general government. UNITED STATES CAPITOL, Washington, the capital of the United States, is situated on the Potomac, 3J0 miles, by the course of the river and bay, from the ocean. The city is laid out on a regular plan, and when completed, will be one of the most beautiful and commodious cities on the globe. The Capitol, for the meetings of Congress, is situated on capital square, at the head of Pennsylvania avenue, and cununands a de» ■ightful view of the city and surrounding country. It is constructed ot free-stone, and composed of a centre and two wings. The length of the whole is 35U feet; depth of the wings, 121 feet; height to the top o( the dome, 12U feet. The Senate chamber, in the north wing, is a semi-circle of 74 feet in length, and 42 in height. The Repre- aentatives' chamber, in the south wing, is also a semi circle, 95 feet in length and 6U in height. About a mile and a half west of the Cap. itol, is the President's house, an elegant structure of froc-stone, two stories high, with a lofty basement, 180 feet long by 83 wide. Near it are four elegant brick buildings, occupied t^y tlie Secretaries wt Heads of Departments. [In August, 1814, Washington was taken by the British, under General Ross, who destroyed the Capitol, President's house, and tho pnblie offices. They w«re soon re-built however, with great spleo- 113 UNITED ST ATK8. I m III m ■ '.'i dor. The library of Congress was burnt at this time, and that of Mr. Jeflferson was subsequently purchased to replace it.] Georgetown is situated on the Potomac, 3 miles west of Washing. ton. It is a handsome town, and has a considerable trade. In what direction from us is Washington 7 After whom was it named ? Who was George Washington ? In what direction from Washington is Georgetown ? Alexandria ? Is Alexandria in the District of Columbia ? It is not : It was set off by act of congress, to Virginia in 1846. Which has the greatest latitude, or is farther north — Washington or this place 7 Is this place in east or west Ion. gitude from Washington ? In what longitude from Washington is Boston? St. Louis* Philadelphia? Detroit? Charleston ? How will you sail from Washington to Richmond ? VIRGINIA. MOUNT VERNON. How is Virginia bounded ? What is its Capital? . Virginia is the largest, and one ;f the most wealthy, populous and influential states. It is distinguished for its great natural resources, its happy climate, navigable rivers, and the amount of its exports. The vegetable productions are numerous. Wheat, tobacco, corn, &c. are produced in large quantities. The mineral treasures are boundless. Extensive gold mines have been discovered. Iron, copper, lead, coal, &c. are found. In the western part are salt springs, from which great quantities of salt are made. The princi- ill' :'' .1 A VIRGINIA. 113 pnl works are on the Little and Great Kanawha, where about thre« million bushels are annually produced. The Natural Bridge over Cedar Creek, is one of the greatest natu. ml curiosities in the world. It is about 100 feet in length, 60 feet KJde, and 250 feet above the surface of the water. There are sev. era! remarkable caves — the Blowing cave, Weir's cave, &.c. Towns. — Richmond is pleasantly situated at the Falls on James river, 150 miles from its mouth. The town rises gradually from the water, and has a fine, picturesqiHe appearance. Most of the houses are of brick, and many of them are elegant. Its public buildings are very commodious. The capitol is built upon an eminence, and has a commanding and delightful prospect. It has good schools, and con. vcnient houses of public worship for many religious denominations. Its inland, coasting, and foreign trade is extensive, and increasing. It has nourishing manufactures, and by means of the river and canals, the city is connected with a rich and highly cultivated back country, ahoimding in wheat, corn, hemp, tobacco and coal. Norfolk, the principal sea.port in the state, is situated on Elizabeth ri\"r, Smiles from its entrance into Hampton Roads. Its harbor is good, and it has more foreign commerce than any other town in the state. Alexandria is situated on the west bank of the Potomac, 6 miles south of Washington. It has an extensive trade, principally in flour. It is a pleasant, regular and well built city. Yorktown, situated on York river, 11 miles from its mouth, is fa. mous for the capture of Lord Cornwallis and his army, 19 th Octo. ber, 1781.* Mount Vernon is situated on the Potomac, 9 miles below Alexan. dria. It is memorable for having been the residence of Gen. Wash. ington. Map of the United States. In what direction is Virginia long- est? Does any part of it lie on the east side of Chesapeake bay ? How many states border on Virginia ? What two rivers empty into Albemarle sound ? r. c. What four into Chesapeake bay ? J. y. R. p. What branch has the Potomac ? s. What three empty into the Ohio? l-k. q-k. b.s. What river in the northern part unites with the Alleghany at Pittsburg ? m. Which is the longest river in Virginia ? What mountains in Virginia ? What are the principal towns ? What literary iiistitutions ? What can you say I of Virginia ? Map of the Central States. What is the extent of Virginia ? Population ? How many counties can you mention ? Shire towns ? * See Olney's History of the United States, page 176. ^'^ 1 114 UNITED STATES. V r i». 1 111; t 'b Canali T RailroadB 7 Which ia the moat northern county ? b. Moat aouth.weatcrn 7 l. What two countiea enat of Chcsupeake bay 7 a. if. In whot county ia Richmond 7 Norfolk 7 i'rcdpf. ickaburg 7 Wheeling 7 By what rivera ia Virginia bounded f When and where waa the firat aettlement made in Virginia 7 Whf n waa the battle of Yorktown fought 7 Which extenda farthest nonh, Virginia or Delaware 7 Whore ia the Natural Bridge 7 A. In the southern part of Rockbridge county, 156 milea west of Richmond. What can you aay of the Natural Bridge 7 What did Mr. .Tefltrson ■ay of the paaaage of the Potomac through the Blue Ridge at Hnrper'a Ferry 7 A. He said it is one of the most atupcndoua scpnes in natire. Where are the Hot and Warm Springs 7 A. In Baih county. Where am Madiaon'a and Weir'a caverns 7 A. In Rjck. ingham county. What can you aay of that portion of the statj; Iyin2 between the Blue Ridge and Alleahany mountains 7 A. It is cnlleji the "Great Valley Section," and consists of an elevated tahle-lanj from 1200 to 1500 feet above the levol of the sea, tioted for i's fcriil. ity and singular wildness and beauty. Where is the University nt Virginia 7 When does the annual election of state officers take place 7 How will you sail from Richmond to Wilmington 7 -If.' i.i:r \ II' '1,-fy !• : ; , NORTH CAROLINA. . How is North Carolina bounded 7 Its Capital 7 ; North Carolina is a large state, and is noted for its agricultural productions. It exhibits great diversity of surface, soil, and climate. The country for more than sixty miles from the coast, is a low plain wit!i many inlets and swamps from the sea. This is call- ed the low country, and abounds in pine forests. The interior is uneven, healthy and productive, and is the ; lost populous part of the state. The western part is mountainous, and remarkable for the purity of its air. The productions of North Carolina are varioi Wheat, rye, barley, oats and flax are cultivated. Indian corn h abundant throughout the whole state; and cotton is raised in considerable quantities. To- bacco, rice, and svi?ot potatoes abound, and the soil and climate are favor ab^o ^o th^ growth of the grape and mulberry. ijilii,, NORTH CAROLINA. 115 The coast is lined with sand banks and islands which render access to the bays and sounds extreme- Iv dilRcult. It; commerce is chirfly carried on through the seaports of the neighboring itatei. The cxjiorts are rice* cotton, tobacco^ jritch, tarjr'piin- tine and lumber. North Carolina nbounds in iron ore, and la remarkable for its rich mines of gold. The rej^non containing theec, rnihracea an extent <»*" 1000 square miles in this ?tnfe, and reaches from Virginia across the centre of the state through T^outh Carolina and Georgia, into Alaba. ma. The mines in "' "^ C rolina occupy above 20,000 men. GOLD MINES. *The cultivaiion of rice is necessarily limited to lands that admit of being overflowpd ; to swnrnps on hays, creeks and rivers, overflowed by the tide, and to inland swamps with reservoirs of water. Inland planta- iions yield from 60" to 1500 pounds of clean rice per acre ; tide pjanta- I li.s from , M^O to 1,500, and the best as high as 2,400 per acre. Rice is .sown in tide lands about the COth o) March; and inland swamps about the second week of April. The land is previously turned up with the plough or hoe, and then drilled by the same instrument into trenches. In these the rice is sown from one u. two bushels per acre. The tide plant- ers then flow the fields with v\af«T» l-e^fprng it on from two to four days. This kills the worm, and starts the grain, which appears five or six days afterwards. It is commonly hood three time« during its growth, and In the second hoeing, the grass is pirked up by the hand from the trenches, and the rice is then overflowed from ten tu twenty davs. As the water 8 gradually drawn off, the plants branch, and tui t^ Bumber of branch- 6 Ilf. 116 UNITED STATES. There are .". great number of milla lor grinding. They are driven by steam and water. In somo inHtniics, the gold is found in pure particles in the sand; in other parts it is found in mines, or in the form of ore. It usually exists in smnll grains, but is sometimes found m lumps of one or two pounds wrltfht. Towns. — Raleigh* is a handsome town, and is pleasantly situated near the central part of the state. Newbern is the largest town in the state, and has a considerable share of commerce. Wilmington is the most commercial town in the state. It is situa- ted on Cape Fear river, 36 miles from its mouth. The towns in this state are small, the inhabitants living mostly on their pi«5.ntations. Map op ..:e United States. In what direction is North Caro. lina longest ? What capes on the coast ? h. l. f. What sounds ? Rivers ? What are the prmcipal towns ? What mountains in the western part ? What is the distance from North Carolina to Gibral. lar ? What country in Asia in the same latitude as the southern part of North Carolina ? What Hterary institutions in North Caro. 'Hna ? What can you say of North Carolina ? Map of the Southern States. What is the extent of North Carolina ? Population ? What bays on the coast ? Inlets ? What counties can you mention? Shire towns? What other towns? Which is the most populous town? What railroads? Canals? What mines in North Carolina ? What can you say of the gold minee ? What can you say of the coast ((f North Carolina ? What large river in the western part ? t. Which is the longest river in North CaroUna ? How will you sail from Wilmington to Charleston? SOUTH CAROLINA. How is South Carolina bounded ? Its Capital ? South Oarolina is distinguished among the South- ern States, ilr the opulence of her planters, the in- telligence and refinement of her citizens, and for her internal improvements, and amount of exports. es depends the size of the crop ; each branch producing one ear of trora 100 to 300 grains. Three months after sowing, it begins to joint, bios- o .and form the ear. It is then overflowed till harvest, which com- meneesi n the end of August near the sea, and in September is general through tiie 8t«te. Rice was introduced into Carolina from Madaga«car in ]693. *Raw'.le SOUTH (Carolina. 117 CHARLESTON AND HAMBURG RAILROAD. The coast, for about 100 miles from the sea, is low, flat, sandy and unhealthy. The rivers are bordered with marshes, in which are produced large crops of rice. The interior is beautifully diversified with hills and dales, and has a rich, fertile soil. The western part is mountainous, and has a cool and healthy climate. The staple productions are cotton and rice, of which large quantities are annually exported. The culture of these is so profitable that wheat, corn, and other grains, are almost neglected. Tobacco thrives well. The fruits which flourish best are pears, pome- granates, water melons, figs, apricots, nectarines, al- monds, olives, apples, peaches and oranges. Towns. — Columbia is pl«»faRtly situated on the Congaree, near the centre of the state. It is regularly laid out, on an elevated plain. Charleston is situated on a point of land at the junction of Ashley and Cooper rivers, seven miles from the ocean. It is the principal market for the products of this state a^ well as a considerable portion of North Carohna. The plan of the city is regular, and many of the streets are handsome. Most of the houses are furnished with three piazzas to each story. It contains many elegant edifices, and its citi. zens are characterized by hospitality, gayety, and politeness. 118 UNITED STATES It sjw i'v ■■t\ ;'?! Ill Map of the United States. In what direction is'South Carolina longest ? What are its rivers ? Principal towns ? What hterary institutions ? For what is South Carolina distinguished ? What fruits flourish? Which extends farthest south, South Carolina or Arkansas? r ^ ' • Map of the Southern States. What is the extent of South Carolina ? Population ? South Carolina is divided into Districts instead of Counties. What districts can you mention ? In what district is Charleston ? What can you say of Charleston ? What bay on the coast? l. What sound in the c.uthern part? What entrance ? What town on Port Royal island ? What canal ? Rail. roads ? Which is the longest river in South Carolina ? Whete is Table mountain, the most noted curiosity in the state ? When was the battle of Monk's Corner fought ? Eutaw Springs ? Cowpens ? King's Mountain ? What fort at the entrance of Charleston harbor ? How will you sail from Charleston to Savannah ? -;«t.jwnF .1* H T GEORGIA. pi vSft •va =^^=S ^ 1^-* -^ ^3 :=^^ -,^. H ^ =1^=-^ ^ " ■ "^ m m 1 :=-=. - ■ — i < Juu«>idLlJ.caL3 mrr--r ^3 :_!_ _1,T ■ '1 ;l^l 1 j u^ Af/.lj"^ — '---sK^--^ as -r^ 'T^'j^^, ;■-■':"". If '-^i -1- •.«■.'- i .■'■J_^ :w;:i€^ 1 ^J ill i '■' ■■:-■"■ "^'*'=»'*^_: EiSui {r>_,^ ■*. -:• ^^^^K 1.^ II. '^jB ^^^^^1 ^- -^-^-4 ...^■*-?- ..--•fv't:.-^ COTTON AND RICE FIELDS. How is Georgia bounded ? What is its Capital ? Georgia is one of the largest states in the Union, and is rapidly increasing in wealth, population and power. The state is greatly diversified in respect to surface, soil, and climate. is-South Carolina f What literary nguished? What South Carolina or * extent of South ded into Districts ention? In what larleston ? What em part? What V hat canal? Rail olina? Wheteis ate? When was ngs ? Cowpens ? harleston harbor ? GEORGIA. 119 ipital ? the Union, mlation and n respect to The marshy grounds, overflowed by creeks and rivers, extending fifteen or twenty miles from the coast, constitute the rice plantations. Next to this portion, are the pine barrens, which extend from 60 to 90 miles from the sea. Beyond these barrens, the country becomes uneven, diversified with hills and mountains, and possesses a strong, rich sol.' This section produces cotton, to- bacco, wheat, cc n, and other kinds of grain. Melons, citron , figs, oranges, limes, pears, peach- es and other fruits are cultivated. A part of the soil is well suited to the grape vine. The staple production is cotton, but rice, tobacco, and lumber are important articles of commerce. The minerals are iron in great abundance, and also copper. The gold region extends in a broad belt through this state, and is becoming an object of great and increasing interest. The winters are mild and agreeable, and snow sel- dom falls ; but the summers are warm, and in the southern part, unhealthy. Towns. — MiLLEDGEviLLE is pleasantly situated on the Oconee. It is a flourishing town, and has a considerable trade. Savannah is situated on the river Savannah, 17 miles from its mouth. It is the largest town in the state, and has an extensive commerce. Augusta is a flourishing town on the Savannah river, 127 miles by land, above Savannah. It is well situated for trade, the produce of the northern part of the state betng collected here, to be conveyed to Savannah. Map op the United States. In what direction is Georgia long. est ? What rivers ? Principal towns ? What mountains in the north-western part ? What Hterary institutions ? What can you say of Georgia ? Map of the Southern States. What is the extent of Georgia? Population ? What counties can you mention ? In what county is Milledgeville ? Savannah ? Augusta ? What islands on the coast ? What swamp in the southern part ? Okefinokee swamp is of great extent. It abounds in alligators, snakes, frogs, turtles and immense Js..| ,•;<' i P^TW V ; ;^ i 1 1 HN 1 mmm ■11 M ■Blilil.JWri 1 fijiilf! L 120 UNITED STATES. swarms of musquitoes. What canal ? railroads 7 What rivers form boundary lines ? Which is the longest river in Georgia 7 How will you sail from Savannah to Port Leon ? FLORIDA. How is Florida bounded 7 What is its Capital 7 Florida is the most southern portion of the United States, and is remarkable for the variety of its vege- table productions, and for its numerous rivers, ponds, lakes and marshes. The soil near the rivers and lakes, is equal to any in the world ; in other parts, however, it is less pro- ductive. The climate is soft and delicious, rarely suffering from cold, and constantly refreshed by breezes from the Atlai. *i and the gulf of Mexico. Florida is noted for the majestic appearance of its towering forest trees, and the brilliant colors of its flowering shrubs. The pines, palms, cypress, cedars and chestnuts grow to an extraordinary size and height. The laurels, especially the magnolias, are uncommonly striking objects, rising with erect trunks to the height of 100 feet, forming towards the head a perfect cone, and having their dark green foliage silvered over with large milk white flowers, frequently eight or nine inches in diameter. The live oak, so valuable in ship building, grows here to a large size. After forming a trunk from 10 to 20 feet high, and from 12 to 18 feet in circumference, it spreads out its branches, in some instances 50 paces on every side. Many rich fruits, particularly lime?, prunes, peaches, grapes and figs, grow wild in the forests. St. John's river and some of the lakes are bordered with orange groves, and olives are cultivated with suc- cess. Fish abound in the rivers and lakes, and game is abundant in the forests. Florida was formerly a Spanish province. In 1819 it was ceded by Spain to the United States ; in 1822 it was erected into a ter- ritorial government, and in 1845, admitted as a state, into the unio* - Towws.—- Tallahasse is a new, pleasant and flourishing town, distinguished for its healthy situation, and for the beauty and fertility of the surrounding country. St. Augustine, the oldest town in the United States, is pleasantly situated on the eastern coast, about 18 miles south of the mouth of St. John's river. It is built on a peninsula, and consists of four principal streets. It is distinguished for its dry md healthy atmosphere, and has the advantages of refreshing breezes from the sea, and the fra- grance of orange groves. It is the resort of invaUds *"rom all parts of the United States. ALABAMA 121 Pcnsacola ia situated on a l)ay uf the same name, 50 miles east of Mobile. Its situation is pleasant and healthy, and it is rapidly in- creasing in p<>i)uIation and wehlth. Its harbor is one of the most safe and capacious in the gulf' of Mexico, and has been selected as a na- vai station by the government of the United States. Map of the United States. In what direction is Florida long. est ? What cluster of isles near Cape Sable ? What cluster west of Florida Reefs ? What cluster of the West India isles south-east of Florida ? b. What is St. Salvador, or Cat island noted for / What stream passes between the Bahr ma isles and Florida ? What bays on the coast ? p. a. t. What rivers in Florida ? For w hat is Florida remarkable ? Map of the Southern States. What is the extent of Florida ? Population ? What rivers form boundary lines ? p. c. St..M. Which is the longest river in Florida ? How is Pensaco'a situated ? Port Leon? St. Augustine? W^hat is said of St. Augustine? For what is Florida noted ? How will you sail from Port Leon to Tus- caloosa ? ALABAMA. VIEW OF MOBILE. How is Alabama bounded ? What is its Capital ? Alabama is a large and newly settled state, and is distinguished for the rapid increase of its population. jr ■^i M,Si ff3 V: 122 UNITED STATES • m 1 ■!)■' I ^V ':»'::! ; 3ii ^ ■♦ ■<■ ■■', It possesses great diversity of surface, soil, climate and productions. Along the coast, the lanrl is low, level, and well suited to the cultivation of rice. The middle is une- ven; the northern parts are broken or hilly, but very fertile and healthy, and embrace the principal settle- ments. Cotton is the staple production, and is raised in great quantities. Rice, corn, wheat, rye, oats, &;c. are successfully cultivated. The sugar-cane is be- coming an object of attention, and it is supposed that the vine and olive would flourish. Iron ore is found in several places ; coal abounds on the Black Warrior and Cahawba, and gold exists in the northeastern part. The climate is generally healthy, except in the southern part. MoNTGOMERV, Situated on a hi»h MiifT on the Alabama, at the head of steamboat navigation, is an important and tlourishinp; place. It is generally well built, and the centre of an extensive trade, par- ularly in that of cotton. Mobile,* on Mobile river, is a flourisliing commercial place. Next to New Orleans, it is the greatest cotton mart of the South. It is ?it. uated on a beautiful plain, is well built, and commands a delightful prospect. Tuscaloosa, Wetumpka, Gainsville, Florence, Huntsville, and Tuscumbia, are thriving town?, aud places of some note. Map of the United States. In what direction is Alabama longest? What bay in the southern part? m. What riverain Alabama ? Principal towns ? What mountains terminate in the northern part ? What hterary institutions ? What can you say of Alabama ? Map of the Southern States. What is the extent of Alabama ? Population ? What counties can you mention in Alabama ? In what county is Mobile? Tuscaloosa? Montgomery? Huntsville? Florence ? Which is the n)0st populous town in Alabama ? What two rivers unite and form the Alabama ? c. t. What shoals in Tennessee river ? Which is the longest river in Alabama ? What ' Mo-beel'. MI SSI SSIPPl. 23 rivers form boundary lines ? What railronrls in Alabama ? How dies Alabama compare in ei/.e with New York ? How will ycu gall from Tuscaloosa »o Natchez ? MISSISSIPPI. COTTON FIELDS. How is Mississippi bounded ? What is its Capital ? Mississippi is a lar^e, level and fertile state. Its lo- cal situation, the fertility of its soil, the temperature of its climate, and the value of its productions, render it an important member of the Union. The productions are numerous. The most impor- tant is cotton, and it employs most of the industry of the people. Rice, corn, sugar, wheat, &c. are suc- cessfully cultivated ; and plums, peaches, figs and other fruits grow in abundance. The southern part of the slate, for about 100 miles from the Gulf of Mexico, is mostly a level, sandy, pine forest, interspersed with cypress swarr ps, prairies, marshes, and a few hills of moderate eleva- tion. The remainder of ihe state is more elevated, and agreeably diversified, and noted for the fertility of the soil. Towns. — Jackson is finely situated on a plain, about half a mile square, near the Pearl river. It is a flourishing and healthy place, tad noted for its elegant state house and other public buildings. 6* 'PI '-1 m :3 .' ir.iffl!!!T J24 UNITED STATES. Natchoz has an olpviifM! siniMfion. and is the hrirost Am] one of the most Hourishinu fftwtis in rhe srarn. [i in surrounded by n popu. Ions, fertile, and hiirfdy cidiivaied (lounrry, and is the oentre of trade for the towns in the wesfern, part nf the state. Great luiinhers of steamboats and river criirt, are continnidly nrriviu:^ ai.J departing here. Its streets arc brtad. and rnativ of its binlditj'JS handsome. Vickshuffr, CoInrnbtiH, Grand Gulf, Yazno City, IMonticello, Woodville and Port (iihson are flourishing towns. Map of the United Statks. In what direction is Mississippi longest? Wliat are its chief rivers ? Principal towns? What rivers form boundary lines? m. p. t. What literary institutions? What can you say of Mississippi ? Map of the South-western states. What is the extent of Mississippi ? Population ? What counties can you mention ? In what county is Jackson ? Natchez ? Vicksburg ? Which is the largest town in Mississippi? What is its population? Whi;h is the longest river ? Its length ? Which extends farthest west, Mis. sissippi or Illinois? East? What towns on the Mississippi? What railroads ? When is the election of state officers held ? For what length of time is the governor chosen ? His salary ? When does the legislature meet ? Sail from Natchez to New Orleans. LOniSlANA. How is Lniii''i;ina Mounded "? What is its Capital ? liOuisi.-iim is n hru'"^?. iev(?). an I fortile state If pre- sents the apponrnDf'.p rS ;\\\ linmonse plain, divided in- to marshes,* prairii^s.f pine forests and alhivions.J The part bordorina; on the ^ulfof Mexico consists of low prairie latid and marshes, intersected hvMiu- merous bays and rivers. Aroimfi the month of the Mississippi, for thirty or forty miles, it is a continued swamp, destitute of trees, covered vs^ith a species of * Marshes, a tract oi low, wei land, a swamp. + Pra'i-rie, an extensive tract of land, generally level, destitute of trees and covered wuh tail grass. 'J'hey usually have a ferule soil, peculiarly suited tu the purposes of grazing and fteding immense herds of c:ittle. Many of the prairies are very large, extending further than the eye ran reach. In Asia, thcfee plains are called Steppes; in South America, Pampas. t Alluvions, level, fertile lands, lying on the margins of rivers, formed there bv means of the action of tiie water. LOUISIANA. 125 coarse rood four (»r five feet hi<:h. Tho most fertile and ciiltivjitnd portions r>i' tlio .staU\ .ire the alluvions on \he borders of the Mississippi, licd river and small- er streams. ' ^ The at^ricultura! and cominer«-ial rosonrccs of Lou- isifina are immense. Its staple j)ro([uctions are cot- ton, su^ar and rice. Oranges, lemons, figs and other tropical fruits flourish in the southern part. of rivers, formed BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS. A considorable portion of this din'e is lower than the Miseiesippi To prevent ire heini? overflowed, levce?, or ,ir'iuci;ii embankments o^ earth are raised on tr-e sides of tiie river, from fiv-e to fortv feet in lieit,dit. Tiicse sontetimea are broken away by the stream, and a vast extent of country is? deluged with water, and great devastaiion is produced. Towns. — New Orleans is situated on the Mi?i?ispippi, lO/i milep from its mouth. It is tli£> frrnnd commercial metropolis of the Missis. Bippi valley. The plan of the city is reErnlnr, and its suburbs are adorned with beautiful gardens and orange frrovcs. No city on tlic globe possesses so great natural advantages for a commerciai capitel. The Mississippi and its tributaries above this city, have an extent Ci more than 20.000 miles of waters, nlready n:ivi;.pucd by steamboats, and passinff through the richest soils and the plefssantest climate?, I'ta communication with tlie ocean is ea»y, boing accessible for i\:e 'iff: liiibi 126 ^rf: :.:h *i il'i" UNITED STATES. largest ships. Its hnr!)or is cons'niirly crowded with all kinds of mnritinie and river crnft ; and often may be seen at one time 1500 flat boats engaged in lading and unlading. Steamboats are commg and departing every hour, and fifty or sixty arc frequendy seen at the Invee together. It is rapidly increasing in population, commerce, and wealth, and bids fair to become the largest city of America, and one of the first commercial cities on the globe. Baton Rouge* is situated on the east bank of the Mississippi, 110 miles above New Orleans. It is a flourishing place, and is consider. tMi the most healthy situation on the river. Map of the United States. In what direction \j Louisiana longest ? What are its chief rivers ? Which form boundary lines ? 8. M. p. Which are the principal towns ? What literary institu. tions? What can yon say of Louisiana ? In what direction from us are the mouths of the Mississippi 7 Map of the SiIuth- western States. What is the extent of Louisiana ? Population ? Louisiana is divided into Parishes in. stead of counties. How manv parishes can you mention ? Which extends fanhest south ? In what parish is New Orltans? Natchi. focbesTt Baton Rousfe ? Whit lakes? Bays? When was the battle of New Orleans fouerht ? Which is the moat populous city or town in Louisiana? Which the longest river? Which extends fajthesf west, Louisiana or Missouri r East? How will you sail from Now Orleans to Galveston ? ■'' ' TEXAS. Huw is Texas bounded ? VVhat is its capital? Texas is a new, interesting and important State. It embraces one of the finest countries in the world. Its soil is of uncommon f'ertilitv — its climate, one of alter- nate spring and summer ; and its productions com- prise most of those of temperate and torrid zones. The face of the country is level on the coast, uneven in the inte. rior, and hilly and mountainous in the north-west. Near the rivers and streams, the land is well wooded, but farther back, it spreads out into vast prairies or savannas, which in the vernal season, are covered with thousands of flowers of everv size and hue. Texas * Ba'-tn ilozh'. t Nak-8-tosh'. WESTERN STATES. 127 contains a number of large rivers, and is very favorably situated for commerce, both internal and foreign. Hialory. Formerly Texas was a province of Mexico. In 1836, the people declared themselves independent, and adopted a repub. lican form of government, similar to that of the United States, and in 1845, it was admitted into the Union. Townt. — Austin, the present capital has been recently laid out. It ia pleasantly situated, and is rapidly increasing in population. Houston, the former capital, is the largest town in Texas. It was laid out in 1837, and now contains several elegant edifices and about 7000 inhabitants. Galveston, situated on Galveston island, is the principal sea.port, and promises to become an important commercial place. In what direction from us is Texas 7 Which has the highest lat- i'ude, Texas or this State ? Which do you suppose then has the vvarmest climate ? Which extends farthest south, Texas or Louis- una ? What river separates Texas from Louisiana ? What rivers rail you mention in Texas ? What towns ? Did you ever see a ;»prson who had been to Texas ? How many square miles ha i.> healthful and pleas- ant. l)cin«; milder and less suhjf ct to changes than in the Eastern or Middle States. These states contain the most extensive section of fertile land in the Union, r.iul the productiveness of the soil [^ts them for hecom- iiig the granary of the whole continent. The pro- ductions are various and abundant. The principal arc wheat and corn in the northern part ; cotton, hemp and tobacco in the middle ; and rice, cotton and sugar in tlic southern part. Fruits of most kinds grow in ahundancc. Horses, cattle and swine are raised in great numbers, and thousands of barrels of beef and pork are sent to the eastern and southern mar- kets. hi I'-'i 1 EMIGRANT?. There is probably no country in the world, of equal extent, so finely watered as the valley of the Missis- sippi. It is completely veined by navigable rivers, which afford unparalleled fjicililies for internal com- munication. The number of steamboats on the Mis- sissippi and its tributary streams, is immense. In ad- 1 '< ii.i 1:^1: ?:■:■'■ I -ill iHi 130 UNITED STATES. dition to these, a vast number of flat boats, or arks. annually descend these rivers, besides a multitude of smaller craft. The quantities of produce of various kinds, transported in these to New Orleans, is im- mense. Lead is the most abundant of all the metals in these states. The lead mines of Missouri and Illinois are the richest in the world. Bituminous coal is found in various parts. Salt springs are numerous; and no part of the Mississippi valley is remote from a plenti- ful supply of salt. The cause of education in most parts of these states is liberally patronised. The number of common schools is rajiidly increasing ; higher seminaries of learning, and colleges are fast multiplying, and the zeal that is manifested in their establishment, gives an assurance that this interesting portion of our coun- try will soon be as highly favored with the means of intellectual and moral culture, as it is now with natu- ral resources for the support and comfort of civilized man. The "Western States are remarkable for the remains of antiquity with which they abound. These consist of the ruins of forts or forti. fications, mounds of earth, or graves, walls, hearths, &c. To judge from these works, the nation that constructed them, must have been far more civiUzed, and much better ..cquainted with the useful arts than the present Indians. From the lofty trees with which they are overgrown, it is concluded a long period must have elapsed — per- haps 1000 years — since the desertion of these fabrics, and the ex. tinction of the people by whom they were erected. They are found in the vicinity of each other, spread over the great plains from the southern shore of lake Erie to the gulf of Mexico, generally in the neighborhood of the great rivers. Their structure is regular, and they have been supposed to warrant the opinion of the existence, in ancient times, of great cities along the Mississippi. The mummies, or dried bodies enveloped with coarse cloth, and found in some of the saltpetre caves of Kentucky, indicate the existence formerly of a race in these parts, different from that of the present Indians, and that had probably become extinct long before the discovery of this continent by Columbus, 11 I its, or arks, multitude of I of various 3ans, is im- ;tals in these i Illinois are al is found in Dus; and no •om a plenti- f these states of common ;eminaries of ing, and the hment, gives lofour coiin- the means of m with natu- rt of civilized lins of antiquity of forts or forti. &c. To judge must have been the useful arts I which they are (re elapsed — per. •ics, and the ex. They are found plains from the generally in the is regular, and the existence, in The mummies, id in some of the e formerly of a mt Indians, and liscovery of this TENNESSEE. 131 TENNESSEE. How is Tennessee bounded ? What is its Capital ? Tennessee is one of the most healthful, pleasant, and interesting states in the Union. It is agreeably diversified with mountains, hills, and valleys, and is noted for its navigable rivers, and for its beautiful and picturesque scenery. The state is divided by the Cumberland mountains into East and West Tennes- see. The climate is pleasant and salubrious, and the soil generally very luxuriant. CUMBERLAND MOUNTAINS. The great business of the state is agriculture. Cotton, tobacco, corn, wheat and hemp are produced in abundance, and are the staple commodities. Being remote from the sea, it is not exposed to sudden changes of ifiiiperature. The winters are mild, and it has been observed that ihe season of vegetation lasts three months longer here than in Maine. Ihe climate of East Tennessee is considered one of the most desira- ble in North America. The state is rich in minerals. A considerable portion of it is bed- [fjed on limestone. Gypsum, copperas, allum, nitre, lead, &c. are j found. Coal is supposed to be plentiful. There are several mineral ppringB, and many valuable salt springs. i H t - 1 V--l[ mH '' j'ii ' 132 UNITED STATES The mountains of Tennessee contain a great number of caverns. But few of them have been explored, and little more is known of them than that they abound in nitrous earth. One of them has been descended 400 feet below the surface, and found to consist of a smooth Hmestone rock with a stream of pure water sufficient to turn a mill. Among the Enchanted mountains, a name given to several spurs of the Cumberland ridge, are some very singular foot prints marked in the solid limestone rock. These are tracks of men, horses, and other animals, as fresh as if made yesterday, and as distinct as if made in clay or mortar. On the shore of the Mississippi is a similar impression of two human feet in a mass of solid hmestone. The tracks of human beings have uniformly six toes on each foot. Walls effaced stone, and even walled wells have been found in many pla. ces which are undoubtedly the work of a remote generation. A de- scription of the curiosities of Tennessee would fill a large volume. Towns. — Nashville is situated on the Cumberland river, 200 miles from its mouth, in the midst of a populous and fertile country. It is the largest and most flourishing town in the state, and carries on an extensive steamboat navigation. Memphis, the second town in the state, is situated on a fine bluff on the east bank of the Mississippi. It contains a United States' Navy Yard, and is a place of much commercial business. Knoxville, the principal town in East Tennessee, is situated on the Holston, 22 miles above its junction with the Tennessee river. It is a pleasant and flourishing place. Map of the United States. In what direction its Tennessee longest ? How many states border on Tennessee ? What are its chief rivers ? Principal towns ? Its literary institutions ? Map of the Southern States. What is the extent of Tennes. Bee ? Population ? How many counties can you mention ? In what county is Nashville ? Knoxville ? Memphis ? Murfrees- boro ? Gallatin ? Which is the largest town ? Its population ' Which is the longest river ? Its length ? What mountains feparatp Tennessee from North CaroHna ? What railroads in Tennesi?ee? What cnvinsities in Tennessee ? How will you sail from Nashville to Little Rock ? ARKANSAS. How is Arkansas bounded ? What is its Capital 7 Arkansas is a large, fertile and newly settled state, distinguished for its navigable rivers, and the variety] of its productions. ARKANSAS. 133 The eastern part is a low, level, and unhealthj- re- gion, covered with thick forests, and is liable to annu- al inundation. The remainder is more elevated, and enjoys a healthy climate. Arkansas has a large portion of land of great fertil- ity, which produces cotton, wheat, corn, rice and to- bacco, &c. with a great variety of fruits and vegeta- bles. Cotton and corn are the staple productions. The country is exceedingly well adapted to the raising of cattte. Wild animals and fowls are abundant, as the buffalo, deer, elk, otter, beaver, wild cat, catamount, wolf, bear, &c., wild geese, turkeys, quails, &.c. A PRAIRIE ON FIRE. The principal minerals are iron, lead, coal and salt. There are several springs, and about 150 miles northwest of Arkansas, are the famous hot springs. They are much resorted to by invalids, and'are efficacious in many disorders, although they exhibit no mineral pro. perties beyond common spring water. 1 he temperature in the driest season, is at the boiling point, but subject to considerable variation. The land around them is called " The land of peace" — and formerly tribes of Indians unfriendly to each other, on arriving at *his place, always suspended hostilities. Towns. — Little Rock is pleasantly situated on the Arkansas river, about 120 miles from its mouth. It is the centre of trade for a large extent of country. Its situation is healthy, and it is fast increaa. ing in population. m kit •fll !, 'I i J mM '-mi 134 UKITED STATES Arkansas has an elevated situation on the river of the same name, 60 miles from its mouth. It is one of the oldest settlements west of the Mississippi, commenced by the French in 1685. Emigrants from Canada afterwards arrived, but like all places whose inhabitants live by hunting and the Indian trade, its advancement was tardy. Its present population are principally descendants of French and Indians. Map of the United States. In what direction is Arkansas long, est? Whai are its principal rivers? Which is longest? Chief towns? Which is largest? What uprings on the Washita*? What can you say of the Hot springs ? Map of the Western States. What is the extent of Arkansas ? Population ? What mountains extend into the northern part ? What hills in the central part ? How many counties can you mention ? In what county is Little Rock ? Helena ? Ultima Thule ? When are the elections for state officers held ? How will you sail from Little Rock to Jefferson City ? MISSOURI. view of T0\ EPv rock on the MISSISSIPPI RIVER. How is Missouri bounded ? What is its Capital ? Missouri is a large and interesting state. It abounds in plains and prairies, and is remarkable for the num- * Woih-e taw'. MISSOURI 135 ber and magnitude of its navigable rivers, and for its rich and extensive mines of lead and coal. The climate is mild, and the soil exceedingly pro- ductive on the prairies and along the rivers. Indeed, a great proportion of the land is of the richest kind, producing corn, wheat, rye, oats, hemp and tobacco in great abundance. Cotton is produced in the warm- er districts ; and vast numbers of cattle are raised on the prairies. The principal exports are lead and furs. The moat remarkable feature in Missouri is its lead mines, which are estimated to cover an area of about 3000 square miles. They are in the eastern part of the state ; the centre of them is about 70 miles southwest from St. Louis. There are about fifty mines, which employ more than twelve hundred laborers, and produce three mU. lion pounds of lead annually. Towns. — Jefferson City is a newly settled town, on the M issou ri, 120 miles above its junction with the Mississippi. It is situated on a high bluff shore, in the midst of a beautiful and fertile country. St. Louis is pleasantly situated on the Mississippi, 18 miles below the mouth of the Missouri, and 1,200 miles above New Orleans. It is the largest and most commercial town in the state, and bids fair to become an immense city. Hunting and trapping parties are fitted out at this place, and great quantities of furs, deer skins, and buffalo robes are here collected. It is a flourishing city, and its situation for trade is one of the best in the world. Map of the United States. In what direction is Missouri long. est ? What are the principal rivers ? What are the chief towns and how situated ? Which extends farthest south, Missouri or Kentucky ? West, Missouri or Louisiana ? East ? What hterary institutions ? For what is Missouri remarkable? Whatraines? Map of the Western States. What is the extent of Missouri ? Population ? What mountains in the southern part ? What moun. tain between the southern part of St. Francis and Washington coun. ties? What mines near Iron mountain ? What counties can you mention in Missouri ? In what county is Jefferson city ? St. Louis ? St. Charles ? Booneville ? Liberty ? From what town do the Santa Fe traders usually start ? What four rivers form boundary lines ? How will you sail from Jefferson City to Louisville ? KENTUCKY. How is Kentucky bounded ? What is its Capital ? ' Kentucky is a large, populous and flourishing state ; and is distinguished for its mild climate, fertile soil. m ii 'i extensive manufactures, and for the intelligence and enterprise of its inhabitants. The face of the country along the Ohio, is hilly ; the eastern part is mountainous ; the remainder of the state is level or gently undulating. The principal productions are hemp, tobacco, wheat, corn, rye, barley, &c. Apples, pears, peach- es, plums and cherries are abundant. The domestic animals are large and beautiful, particularly the horse. There are numerous salt springs, from which are manufactured vast quantities of salt, affording a sup- ply not only for this, but for some of the neighboring states. At Harrodsburg, near Kentucky river, is a spring holding in solution Epsom salts. This is much frequented by invalids. Nearly the whole of Kentucky rests on a bed of limestone, usually about eight feet below the surface. There are every where apertures in this limestone, through which the waters of the rivers sink into the earth. The large rivers of this state, for this reason, are more dimin. ished during the dry season than those of any part of the Union, and the small streams entirely disappear. The banks of the rivers are natural curiosities. Many of them have worn very deep channels in the calcareous rocks over which they flow. The precipices formed by the Kentucky river are in many places awfully sublime, presenting perpendicular banks of 300 feet of sohd limestone Ancient fortifications and mounds of earth, are found in almost all parts of Kentucky ; and in Big Bone valley, 29 miles southwest of Newport, enormous bones and tusks of the Mammoth have been dug up from the depth of twenty feet below the surface. Kentucky is famous for its stupendous caves. One called Mam. moth cave, 130 miles from Lexington, on the road leading to Nash- ville, is said to be sixteen miles in length, with a great number of avenues and windings, and includes several apartments, the largest of which contains eight acres, and is overspread with one solid arch of limestone 100 feet high. From the earth at the botton of these caves are manufactured large quantities of saltpetre. Towns. — Frankfort is a pleasant and handsome town, situated on the Kentucky river 60 miles from its mouth. It has regular streets, and contains an elegant state house and other public bu-'d- ings. It is a place of considerable business. Steamboats of 300 tons come up to 'he town when the water is high. A chain bridge crosses the river, which is about 80 yards wide, to the flourishing village of South Frankfort. KENTUCKY. 137 MAMMOTH CAVE, KENTUCKY. Lexington* is delightfully situated on a branch of the Elkhorn river, 2'2 miles southeast of Frankfort, in the midst of the most fertile part of tne state. The town is regularly laid out, and handsomely built, and is distinguished for its manufactures, wealth and refinement. The surrounding country is beautiful, and highly cultivait^d, and adorned with many handsome villas, and rural mansions. Louisville, situated at the rapids of the Ohio, is the largest and most flourishing town in the state ; and in a commercial point of view, it is the first city of the west, commanding the trade of a great extent of country. It is regularly built and contains many fine buildings, and is distinguished for its increase in population, manufactures and wealth. Maysville is a flourishing town, and is rapidly increasing in popula- lion, commerce and manufactures. Map of the United States. In what direction is Kentucky longest ? How many states surround Kentucky ? What are its principal towns ? Which is the Idrgest ? Which is next in size ? What Hterary institutions ? What can you say of Kentucky ? For * Lexington derived its name from the circumstance that some hunters Were engaged on the spot in laying out a town in 1775, '.vhen a messenger arrived with the news of the battle of Lexington, and they immediately decided to commemorate that event by giving that name to the place. liM Olney's History of the United States, page 124. i:.:x 138 UNITED STATES. what is Kentucky famous ? What can you say of the Mammoth Cave? Maps of the Central awd Western States. What is the ex. tent of Kentucky ? Population ? What are the principal rivers } M. 0. T. c. G. s. K. L. B-s. What rivers form boundary Hnrs ? What mountains in the south-eastern part ? How mnny counties can you mention ? In what county is Frankfort ? Louisville ? Lexington ? Maysville ? Paducah ? In what direction from us is the mouth of the Ohio 7 What railroads in Kentucky ? When, where and by whom was the first settlement made in Kentucky ? How M'ilj you sail from Louisville to Cincinnati ? OHIO. fi* i f Ml 'I VIEW OF CI\CINNATI. How is Ohio bounded ? What is its Capital ? & Mi In extent, population, and political importance, Ohio is one of the first states in the Union. It is noted for the fertility of its soil, and the mildness of its cli- mate ; and its inhabitants are distinguished for enter- prize in agriculture, manufactures, commerce, and internal improvements. OHIO. 139 )f the Mammoth The southern part of the state is uneven and hilly ; the remainder is generally level. In some parts there are large prairies, particularly on the head waters of the Sciota and Muskingum. Ohio produces abundantly every thinf; .*'hich grows in the Middle States. Wheat is the staple produc- tion, and flour is exported in vast quantities. Corn, rye, and all other kinds of grain, grow here in great perfection. Scarcely any part of the United States is so productive, or aflbrds so many of the natural means for an easy and comfortable subsistence. Iron ore and pit coal are abundant, and there are numer- ous salt springs. The great fertility of the soil, t'.:e low price of land, and the nrld. ne88 of the climate, have attracted emigrants, not only from the East- ern and Middle States, but even from Europe. Indeed, its progress in population, power, resources, and energy, has no parallel in histo. ry. The first settlement was made in 1789. Then all was a wil- derness, inhabited by savages and wild beasts ; now with nearly three milHons of inhabitants, her cities, towns, canals, roads, coU leges, schools, and other improvements, excite the admiration of the world. T\)u>n8. — Columbus is pleasantly situated on the Sciota river, near the centre of the state. It was laid out in 1812, and has rapidly in- creased in population. Cincinnati is pleasantly situated on the north bank of the Ohio, near the southwestern corner of the state. The city rises gradually from the river, and is regularly laid out and handsomely built of brick. The streets are broad, and adorned with many elegant pub- lic buildings and private dwellings. It was first laid out m 1789 ; since which time its growth in population, wealth and trade, has been exceedingly rapid. Immense quantities of flour, pork, tobacco and other produce, are conveyed every yePT down the river in steamboats to New Orleans. It is the centre of trade tor a large ex- tent of country, and is distinguished for its extensive manufactures. It is the largest and most wealthy city of the Western States, and may be rc/garded as one of the most flourishing in the Union Map of thb United States. In what direction is Ohio longest ? How many states bordor on it ? What are the principal towns Which is the largest ? l:s population ? What literary institutions 7 What can you say of Ohio ? 7 M M Il ' 140 UNITED STATES Si '.:! !«: ! It s Map op the Central States. What is the extent of Ohio? Population f What are the principal rivers ? o. M. h. s. l-m. m. m. fl. c. Which is the lonijest river ? Its length * What cauuLs ? Railroads ? How many counties can you mention ? Which is ihe most southern county? After whom are the three north-western counties, bordering on Indiana, named? [rfce National Preceptor, page 59.] In what county is Columbus ? Cincinnati ? Cleveland ? Za'nesville ? Toledo ? Gallipoli? ? What is the length and great, ect width of lake Erie? Wher and vi here did the battle on lake Erie, called Perry's victory, take place ? How will you sail IVoin Cincinnati to Indianapolis ? INDIANA. How is Indiana bounded ? What is its Capital 7 ' Indiana is a large, level, and remarkably fertile state, distinguished for its rich prairies, navigable riv- ers, and for the rapid increase of its population. The climate is mild and pleasant. The forests are in leaf early in April ; and the multitudes of flower- ing shrubs put forth their blossoms, and give an inde- scribable charm to the early spring. GATHERING WHEAT, The most astonishing crops of corn, wheat, rye, o Its, barley, &c. are produced with but little labor. INDIANA 141 Vast quantities of pork, lard, corn, meal, wheat and stock are exported dov/n the Ohio and Mississippi to New Orleans. In the vicinity of Vevay, the vine is successfully cultivated by some Swiss settlers, and several thou- sand gallons of wine are annually made, and the quantity is yearly increasing. There are a number of caves in Indiana. One called Epsom Salts Cave, is on the bank of the Big Blue river. The entrance is in the side of a hill 400 feet in height. The whole floor of the cave is covered with Epsom salt, sometimes in lumps of ten pounds weight, and of the purest quaUty. About a mile and a half within the cave is a white column of satin spar, fifteen feet in diameter, and thirty feet high, regularly fluted from top to bottom. Towns. — Indianapolis is pleasantly situated on the west branch of the White river, in the midst of a very fertile country. It con- tains many handsome buildings, and is noted for the rapid increase of its population. Vincennes is one of the oldest towns in the Western States. It is pleasantly situated on the Wabash, 150 miles from its mouth. It is a place of considerable traiJ ?, and is accessible to steamboats the greater part of the year. New Albany is pleasantly situated on the Ohio, a short distance below Louisville in Kentucky. It is the largest town in the state, and is rapidly increasing in population, trade and wealth. Map of the United States. In what direction is Indiana longest ? What are its principal rivers ? Which is longest ? Chief towns ? What literary institutions ? What can you say of Indiana ? Of its caves ? Map of the Central States. What is the extent of Indiana ? Population ? Which extends farthest south, Indiana or Maryland ? Which extends farther north, Indiana or New Jersey ? How many counties can you mention ? In what county is Indianapolis ? New Albany? Madison? EvaYisville ? Vincennes? La Fayette? Delphi? Michigan city? Which is the most populous town in Indiana ? Where is Vevay ? In what county ? What is cultivated in its V cinity ? What canals in Indiana ? Railroads ? When did Gen. W ayne defeat the Indians on the banks of the Maumee river ? When was the battle of Tippecanoe fough: ? What two rivers unite and form the Maumee ? St. j. St..M. Wnat city at their junction ? What is the population of Fort Wayne ? How will you sail from Indianapolis to Springfield ? '. n 142 UNITED STATES. I i 1 Ir < m H I ,. M ' M .« ILLINOIS. How is Illinois bounded 7 What is its Capital 7 Illinois is one of the largest, most level, and fertile states in the Union, remarkable for its extensive prairies, and its advantages for inland navigation. This state is rich both in vegetable and mineral productions ; and perhaps no section of our country offers so many inducements to the farmer, the me- chanic, and the scholar, as Illinois. The staple products are corn, wheat, potatoes, to- bacco, lead, cattle, horses, and sheep. The number of swine fattened and exported is almost incalculable. Cotton is produced for home consumption, and ap- ples, pears, peaches, plums, grapes, &;c. arrive at great perfection. Coal and iron are abundant ; but the most exten- sive mineral is lead. The mines of this metal near Galena, in the northwestern corner of the state, are among the richest in the world. They occupy a large tract, and have produced in a year sixteen mil- lions pounds of lead. Salt springs are common. LOG HUT AMD WHEAT FIELD; MOUNT JOLIET IN THE DISTANCE ILLINOIS. 143 riinois abounds in prairies, those bcautiriil plains so common in the western country. In spring and summer they appear like neas of verdure. The grass, three or four feet high, and often overtopped by frngrant blossoms, is waved by the winds like the roUing billows of the dcean. Without a tree in sight, except the thick forest which bounds them as the beach limits the sea, they stretch away beyond the power of vision. They are usually as level as the unruffled lake, lind without the dreariness, present all the uniformity of the Arabian deserts. TotDng. — Sprinofield is pleasantly situated in the midst of a beau- tiful and fertile country. It contains a number of elegant buildings, and is rapidly increasing in population. C'licago is one of the most important and flourishing places in the State. It is the centre of a large and growing trade. Its harbor and wharves present the appearance of one of the Atlantic cities. Stenmboats, ships, and other vessels, are constantly arriving with eniiirrants, goods, &.C., and departing with the produce of the country. Alton, the great commercial emporium of the western part of the State, Quincy, Nauvoo, Peoria, Beardstown, Naples, and Jackson. ville. are all flourishing places. Map of the United States. In what direction is Illinois longest ? Which part is widest? What are its principal rivers? Which is longest ? How many rivers form boundary lines ? What are the chief towns? How situated ? What literary institutions? What is said of Illinois / What minerals ? What does Illinois abound in 7 Describe a prairie. Map op the Western States. What is the extent of Illinois ? Population ? What are the principal rivers ? w. l-w. o. m. k. s. i. R. What counties can you mention? W nidi 13 the most southern county^ In what county is SpriagHeld ? Alton? Chicago? Nauvoo, the IMormon city? Peoria ' Wliich is the most populous town ? Which is the most southern, town ? In what direction from us is Cairo ? Where is Galena ^ For what is it distinguished ? A. For being the metropolis of the great lead region. What can you gay of the lead mines around Galena ? What canals ? What can you say of the canal to connect the Illinois river with lake Michigan ? A. It is one of the most important works of the kind in tlse United States. What railroads ? How will you sail from Springfield to Detroit ? MICHIGAN. How is Michigan bounded 7 Its Capital ? IE distance. Michigan is a large, level, fertile and healthy state, distinguished for its advantages for commercial pur- suits, and for the rapid increase of its population. ; -1 '■i;*iii« 144 UNITED STATES ■f . - ': {.i lifer J:S\ A mi In most parts the soil is of surprising depth and richness, producing wheat, corn, oats, barley, peas, apples, pears, grapes, &c. in abundance. It is abun- dantly supplied with wild game, water fowl, and fish of the finest quality. The tide of emigration is fast setting into the state, and it bids fair soon to become an important member of the Union. MACKINAW. Towns. — Michigan is a new town, handsomely laid out in the midst of a fertile, healthy, and beautiful country. Detroit is beautifully situated on Detroit river, 18 miles from Lake Erie, and 7 from Lake St. Clair. It is regularly laid out, with spacious streets, on an elevation of about 40 feet above the river, of which it commands a delightful view. It contains many handsome buildings, and is rapidly increasing in population and business. It is advantageously situated for commerce, and is a place of importance in the fur trade. A number of steamboats and lake vessels are constantly plying between Detroit and Buffalo, Cleaveland, Chicago, and other places on the lakes. Mackinaw is a m:Utary post, situated on an island in the straits which connect Lake Huron and Lake Michigan. The town is on the south side of the island, and consists of two streets. It is much resorted to by fur traders, and during the summer months is visited by thousands of Indians. On a cUff, 300 feet above the town, is the fort. Its elevated situation aiTords a very extensive view of lake Huron and Michigan. Map of the United States. What lakes border on Michigan 1 MICHIGAN. 145 id out in the What strait connects lake Michigan and lake Huron? What river or strait connects lake Superior and lake Huron ? A. St. Mary's river. It is sixty miles long, and general width, three-fourths of a mile. What famous rocks on the south shore of lake Superior? What literary institutions ? What can you say of Michigan ? Map of Michisan and Wisconsin. What is the extent of Michi. gan ? Population ? What bays in and around Michigan ? How many counties can you mention ? In what county is Detroit ? Ypsilanti? Jackson? Adrian? Sault St. Marie ? What falls at Sault St. Marie ? Which is the largest town in Michigan ? What rivers in Michigan ? Railroads? What islands in lake Michigan ? Lake Huron ? St. Mary's river ? How much longer is lake Supe- riorthan lake Michigan? Which extends farthest south, Michigan or Connecticut ? How will you sail from Detroit to Milwaukie ? WISCONSIN. How is Wisconsin bounded ? What is its capital ? Wisconsin is a large and newly settled state. It is distinguished for the great variety of its natural scene- ry — rivers, lakes, hills and plains; and is noted for its fertile soil, great mineral resources, and for the rapid increase of its population. Its mines of copper in the northern part, and those of lead in the pouth-western, are among the richest in the world. Its forests abound in game, and its rivers in fish. In the numerous lakes and marshes, wild rice grows in abundance Tovns. — Madison is beautifully situeted on a peninsula between the 3d and 4th of the "Four Lakes." It is regularly laid out, and is noted for its central square, elegant state house, and the beauty of its surrounding scenery.* Milwaukie is the most important place in the state. It is well built — is rapidly increasing in population— and as it contains the only good harbor between Chicago and Green Bay, it is likely to become a plnce of great commercial imporfance. The other principal towns are Green Bay, Sheboygan, Racine, Southport, Prairie du Chien, Cassville, Fond du Lac, &c. Map of the United States. In what direction is Wisconsin longest? What rivers ? Chief towns ? Which part do you imagine is warmest ? Why ? What does it abound in ? Map of Michigan and Wisconsin. What is the extent of Wis- consin ? Population ? What lakes in Wisconsin ? What river connects lake Winnebago to Green Bay ? How near do Fox and HiiS :■' 'i^ 146 UNITED STATES Wisconsin rivers approach each other? What counties can you mention? In what county is Madison ? Milwaukie ? Green Bay? Prairie du Chien ? How will you sail from Prairie du Chien to Iowa oity ? IOWA. ' ; How is Iowa bounded ? What is its capital ? Iowa embraces an interesting tract of country — beautiful in appearance, and of uncommon fertility. It is noted for its extensive prairies, mild climate, its inexhaustible mines of lead, coal and iron, and for the rapid increase of its population. Iowa was organized in 1838 as a territory, and in 1846 admitted into the Union as a state. Several Indian tribes still reside in it; among which the Sioux are the most numerous and powerful. Towns. — Iowa City was laid out in 1839. It is noted for its beau, tiful sit'iation, the regularity of its streets, its promenade, and the fertility of the surrounding country. Burlington i? pleasantly situated on the Mississippi, in a fertile dia- trict, and has considerable trade. It was laid outin 1834, and is in a flourishing condition. Dubuque,* situated in the centre of the mining district of Iowa, is at present the largest town in the territory, and promises to be a place of great commercial importance. Map of the United States. In what direction is Iowa longest? What are its principnl rivers ? Chief towns, and how situated ? [See maps of South Western States and Wisconsin. 1 In what county is Iowa city? Burlington? Dubuque? In what lake does the Missis, sippi rise ? Which exr.ends farthest south, Iowa, or this State ? Which has the highest latitude, or in other words, which is farthest north, Towa city or this place ? INDIAN TERRITORY. In what direction from us is the Indian Territory ? This Territory embraces a large extent of coun- try, noted for its numerous rivers, its extensive for- .ests, mild climate and abundance of game. The United States' government set apart this Territory for the future residence of those Indians who have emigrated from the States east of the Mississippi. The present popuii lion is not far from 75,000. * Du.book'. INDIAN TERRITORY. 147 p ■••:■■■■)' ^^r -, ■--,, ,-= k 1) ^MMOi ■OHHMMiiy£>(^Vi^> r?i < 1) •r/;-::..^. ■•T 1^"^" \>V»>' 'v^. — . - El *■ INDIAN COUNCIL. The tribes that linve m.;de the greatest advances towards civiliza. tion, are the Cheroket?". « *aws, Creeks, and Shawnees. A imni- berof missionaries resif mg them and have exerted a happy in. fluence on their habits, .....i.ners, and moral condition. In what direction is Indian Territory longest? Which extends farthest north Indian territory or this State ? Which do you inia gine has the warmest climate? What Desert in the western part of this territory ? By what is this Desert traversed :* Did you ever see a Buffalo? An Indian ? What Indian tribes can yoit mention in the Territory? What mountains form a part of the boundary line be- tween I. Ter. and Mexico ? What peaks among the Rocky moun- tains ? In which part of the Territory should you prefer to reside ? NEBRASKA TERRITORY. In what direction from us is Nebraska Territory ? This is an extensive region, remarkable for its large rivers and immense prairies. It is inhabited by In- dians and wild animals, with the exception of a few posts held by troops of the United States. For the most part, this country is a plain more or less covered with grass, and in many places very fertile. The richest and most valu- able lands are found on the margins of the rivers, which are usually covered with well timbered forfistfj. At a short distance, however 7* 148 UNITED STATES m I€1 ILfes feot in circumfer- ence, 10 feet from the ground, and moie than 300 feet in height. Others from 200 to 280 feer in height, and from 20 to 40 feel in cir- cumference, are not uncommon. Game of almost every kind, is here abundant. Thousands of luif. ffiloes, deer, &.c. roam the forests. Beaver are numerous, and tlie rivers abound in the finest salmon. , Formerly, this extensive region was inhabited by various tribes of Indians. But durirg a few years past, great nuuibers ofwhites from the United fcstaies have emigrated thither, and formed settlements in various parts of the territory. The principal are Oregon City, Walla- metta, Walla Walla, Astoria, &c. Fort Vancouver, on the Colum. bia, 90 miles from its mouth, is the principal sent of the British fur trade, formed by th^ Hudson Ray Company. It is strongly fortified, and contains a number of substantial buildings. Besides this, the Company have several other trading posts. The territory of Oregon, for many years, was claimed both by the United States and Great Briiain. But a treaty was concluded July 17, 1845, establishing the 49th parallel of latitude as the boundary between the two governments. The navigation of the Columbia river was at the same time declared free to citizens of the United States — to the Hudson Bay Company, and to British subjects trading with the same. The capital is Oregon City, situated at the falls of the Willamette river, in a fine fertile valley, which is represented as the best grazing and wheat country in the territory. The Columbia river forms the principal harbor. Between Cape Disappointment and Point Adams, at its mouth, it is 7 miles wide. The channel, however, is narrow, and the navigation difficult. Pi 150 UNITED STATES. . >,\ INDIAN WAR DANCE. In what direction is Oregon Territory longest ? What rivers can you mention '' Mountains ? Tribes of Indians ? What settle, ments ? What capes on the coast? What larsfe island? VVhat p*^i)aratP8 Vancouver's island from the territory ? For what is Oregon distinguished ? UPPhJR CALIFORNIA. In what direction from us is Upper California ? Upper California comprises one of the finest por- tions of North AiT»erica. It is remarkable for the fertility of its soil, nnd the salubrity of its climate. It abounds in fish and game of every description, and is noted for the great Viiriety of its vegetable productions. Formerly it bel.>' c^ed to Mexico, but the inhabitants have declared heir independence and established a government of their own. The interior has been but part' illy explored. The principal harbor in the coast is the bay of Sr. Francisco, which is sufticientlv spacious to contain all the navies in the worJd. The inhabitants consist of about 6000 whites, many of whom are from the United States, and ■^0,000 Indians. Monterey is the capital, situated on a spacious nay of the same name, and is noted for its healthy climate. San Diego, St. Francisco and Pueble de los Angelos are the chief towns. "W hat large lake in the northern part ? What large bay on the coast? What can you say of the bay of St. Francisco? Whal river empties into it ? What is the capitai ? 1 NORTH AMERICA. 151 BRITISH AMERICA. In what direction from u» is British America T British America comprises an immense territory. In its natural features, it is exceeding diversified. Lakes, rivers, bays and gulfs occupy a large portion of its surface. Throughout the whole of this vast region, the winters are long and severely cold, and the summers short and exceedingly warm. British America is mostly inhabited by Indians, amorig whom the whites have established trading houses for ihe purpose of procuring fiirs and skins. Wild animnis abound, as bears, deer, beaver, moose, wolves, oxes ; and water-fowl are found in immense numbers and variety. The French originally settled Canada, and named the country Xew France. In 17.59, it was conquered by the British, and in 1763 it was ceded by the tbrmer to the latter ; and from thai time it has formed a pait of the British dominions. British America is divided into Canada, New Brunswick, Nova Scoria, New Britain, Newfoundland, and several islands in the gulf oiSt. Lawrence. CANADA.* In what direction from us is Canada ? What is its Capital T Canada is an extensive country, remarkable for the £[rardeur of its lakes and rivers, and for the variety of its climate and productions. The western part, formerly called Upper Canada, has generally a Ipvel surface, and a pleasant and healthy climate, though subject to extremes of heat and cold. In the settled portion along the St. Law- rence, lakes Erie, Ontario and St. Clair, the soil is excellent, and yields abundant crops of grass, wheat, Indian corn, flax. &c. The inhabitants are mostly of English descent, and many of them emi- grants from the United States. The eastern part, formerly called Lower Canada, has an uneven surface, being intersected by parallel ranges of mountains from the sea.coast. Much of the soil is fertile. Though the winters are long and severely cold, the summers are warm and vegetation is rapid, and the products of the soil rise quickly to maturity. The principal settlements are in the valley of the St. Lawrence. From Montreal to Quebec, the margin of the river, for about one mile in breadth, * In 1791, Canada was divided into two provinces, called Upper and liOwer Canada. These continued separate and distinct until Feb. 1841, when they were again united, as formerly, under one government. I nsS. ITT i \A mm 152 KORTH AMERICA presents the appearance of one continued village. More than three fourths of the inhabitants are of French descent called " Habitant," who speak the French language and are Catholics. The remainder are English, Scotch, Irish, and their descendants. The most noted curiosity in this part ol Canada are the falls of the Montmorenci, seven miles below Quebec. Near its entrance into the St. Law. rence, it passes over a rock, and descends in one sheet to the depth of 240 fent, presenting a grand and sublime spectacle. Towns. — Montreal is situuied on an island of the same name, in the river St. Lawrence, 180 miles above Quebec, and 200 belo'v lake Ontario. It is irregularly built, and is distinguished as the centre of a very extensive and valuable fur trade, and as the great channel of commerce between Canada and the United States. QireBEC. Quebec is situated on a promontory, at the confluence of the river St. Charles with the St. Lawrence, about 400 miles from the ocean. The city is divided into two parts, the Upper and Lower Town, by a line of steep rocks. It has a deep, safe and capacious harbor, siif. ficient to contain 100 sail of the line. It is so strongly fortified, both by nature and art, as to be deemed impregnable. Kingston is pleasantly situated on lake Ontario, 190 miles from Montreal. It ia regularly laid out, and noted for its safe and con. venient harbor, and flourishing trade. It is the principal statioa for the British shipping on the Inke. QUESTIONS. What lakes between Canada and the United States? w. R. s. H. Sue. !i. 0. What river connects lake Ontario to the gulf oi KORTH AMERICA. 153 St. Lawrence ? Its length ? What large river empties into the St. Lawrence near Montreal ? o. What river connects Lake Cham. plain to the St. Lawrence? s. [See map of New England Slates.] What other rivers can you mention ? What towns ? What part of Canada extends farthest south ? Which extends farther south, Canada or Vermont? In what direction from us is Quebec? Kingston ? If we were at Kingston, how many ways could we go to New York by water ? What noted curiosity near Quebec ? Whnt falls in the river Niagara ? Through what must the waters ot lake Superior pass to reach the ocean ? By whom was Cnriada first settled ? When was it taken and ceded to the British? When was Canada divided into two provinces? What were these provinces called ? When was it again united under one govern- ment 1 What proportion of the mhabitants of the eastern part m French? What are they called? What appearance is pre- sented in the valley of the St. Lawrence between Montreal and Quebec ? Which do you think has the coldest climate, Quebec or (his place? Why? What is the extent? Government ? Religiori ? State of society? How will you sail from Kingston to St. Johns in New Brunswick ? . , NEW BRUNSWICK. In what direction from ua is New Brunswick ? New Brunswick extends from Maine to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and is noted ior its extensive forests and valuable fisheries. The climate, like that of Canada, is subject to great e^itremes of heat and cold, but is generally healthy. It is mostly a level province, and has generally a fer- tile soil. The principal articles of export a.re fish and timber. Chief Towns. — Frederickton, the capital of New Brunswick, is situated on the river St. Johns, 80 miles from its mouth, at the head of sloop navigation. It is regularly laid out, and contains a number of elegant buildings. St. Johns, situated on the river St. Johns, 3 miles from its mouth, is the largest and most flourishing town in the province. It has a good harbor and an extensive commerce. Map of New Brunswick. What rivers in New Brunswick? What bay on the soun? What large island east? p-e. How many counties can you mention ? What is its extent ? Population ? What is the government ? State of society 7 •1 ^1 •'til 41 'S '<" t* M:« .fir I ,T. 154 NORTH AMERICA. NOVA SCOTIA. In what direction from us is Nova Scotia 7 Nova Scotia is a narrow peninsula, 300 miles in length, and is noted for its valuable minerals of c(jal, gypsum, copper and iron. It has a cold, damp climate, and in most parts a thin and unproductive soil. The principal exports are Jisit, lumber and plaster of Pans. Chief Towns. — Halifax, the capital, is situated on Chebucto hnv, near the centre of the province. It has a spacious and commodious harbor, and is the principal naval station of Great Britain in North America. Liverpool and Annapolis are places of considerable trade. What cape south of Nova Scotia ? What separates Prince Ed. ward's isle from New Brunswick and Nova Scotia? What sepa. rate Cape Breton isle from Nova Scotia ? The island of Cape Breton belongs to the province of Nova Scotia. What counties can you mention ? What is the extent ? Population ? Government ? What bay between Nova Scotia and New Brunswick ? For what is the Bay of Fundy remarkable ? A. For its tides, which rise from 40 to 60 feet, and so rapid that animals are often overtaken and drowned. NEW BRITAIN. ESQUIMAUX INDIANS, SNOW HX7TS, &.€, NORTH AMERICA In what direction from u» is New Britain 7 155 New Britain is a cold, barren and desolate region. It includes Labrador, East Mainland North and South Wales, and is inhabited by various tribes of Indians, among whom the English have erected/oWs and trad' ins houses j(or the purpose of procming furs and skins. Wild animals abound in these regions ; the principal of which are inooset deer, otters, hears, beavers, martins, foxes, hares, &c. During the short summer, the numerous lakes and rivers are cover> ed with sea-fowl, which come from the south. The method of travelling in New Britain, is in canoes of birch hnrk, which are so light that they can easily be conveyed from one itream to another. In these, the fur traders travel thousands of miles, with their furs and skins. The *Esquimaux Indians inhabit the coast, and are small, dull, and extremely filthy, living principally on seals and whales. The tKnisteneau inhabit the interior, and are Uttle known. What large bay in New Britain ? What bay south of Hudson's bay? J. What lakes ? Rivers, and wl.ere do they empty ? What islands in the northern part ? What Indians inhabit the northern part and coast of Labrador ? What ("'f-r tribes can you mention ? What animals ? What is the mode o\ ; ;ivelling ? What mountains extend through the western part? W^ I at missionary stations on the coast of Labrador? What strait betwet a Labrador and Newfound. land ? B. ir i >''^i #1 »•!•' * Es'-ke-mo. t Nis'-te-no. 158 i'1 NORTH AMERICA. NEWFOUNDLAND. BANKS OF NEWFOUNDLAND, COD FISHERY. In what direction from us is Newfoundland 7 Newfoundland is a large, cold and barren island, celebrated for the cod fisheries on its coast, which are the most valuable in the world. The interior of the island has never been explored. Its shore is bold and rocky, and abounds in fine harbors. It is estimated that more thnn 3000 vessels and 100,000 men are annually employed in the fisheries, St. John's, the capital, has a good harbor and considerable trade. Map of Newfoundland. What bodies of water around New. foundland ? What bays ? Capes ? What is its extent ? Popula. tion ? Government? State of society? What do you know of the interior? What bank east of Newfoundland? Its length? Width ? How are cod-fish taken, with a hook or seine ? PRINCE EDWARD'S. Prince Edward's, formerly St. .John's, is a fine, fertile and level island. It is inhabited by Scotch Highlanders, and people of French origin, called Acadians. What separates Prince Edward's Isle from New Brunswick and Nova Scotia ? What cluster of Isles N. E. of it ? What island east ? What is the capital ? Charlotte Town. NORTH AMERICA 157 CAPE BRETON. Cape Breton is generally a feriile and healthy island. It aboundi in timber and coal mines, and its coasts in fish. It is politically uni- ted to Nova Scotia, and sends two members to the House of Assem- bly. Sydney is the principal town. Map of Nova Scotia. What divides Cape Breton nearly into two equal portions? A. An arm of the sea, called the Bras d'Or. What is the extent of the island 7 Population 7 What towns 7 'I N BERMUDA ISLANDS. In what direction from us are the Bermuda Islands 7 The Bermudas consist of about 400 small islands ; most of which are barren and uninhabited. Only eight possess any importance. They enjoy almost perpetiinl spring. The trees never lose 'heir ver- dure, and the leaves only fall when new ones begin to appear. The air is 80 pure that sick people go there from the United States, for the" recovery of their health. Georgetown, on St. George's isle, is the principal town. Map of North America. In what ocean are the Bermudas 7 To what government do they belong 7 What is their population 7 Which has the pleasantest climate, the Bermudas or this state 7 ^i •nsiderable trade. ♦RUSSIAN POSSESSIONS. In what direction from us are the Russian Possessions 7 The Russian Possessions comprise a cold dreary region but little known, inhabited by Indians and Esquimaux, whose pursuits vyi hunting and fishing. They sell their furs to the Russian trade: j. and receive in payment, fire arms, tobacco and other articles. The Russians have established a number of trading factories along the coast, the principal of which is New Archangel. Questions. — ^What Straits separate the Russian Possessions from Asia ? What Cape east of Bhering's Straits 7 What Cape in Asia opposite to Cape Prince of Wales 7 e. What Sounds on the coast 7 Bay 7 Inlet 7 How high is Mount St. Elias 7 Mount Fairweath- er7 Which is farthest north, the Russian Possessions or this state 7 * Roo'-shan. if m K m m > II. iq * ^, • I. :| \1 'M '' ^k i ■ii?.: M* 158 NORTH AMEHICA. GREENLAND. In what direction from us is Greenland 7 Greenland is one of the coldest and most barren countries on the globe, exhibiting little except rocks, and mountains of ice and snow. It belongs to Den- mark, and is principally valuable for the whale fishe- ry on its coast. The Moravians have established several missionary stations here, for the purpose of instructing the natives in the principles of reli. gion, and imparting to them the blessmgs of the gospel. Formerly Greenland was supposed to be a part of North America ; but late discoveries render it probable that it is a vast island. GREENLAND, SEAL, WHITE BEAR AND BOATMEN. The principal animals are the white bear, seal, walrus, reindeer, fox, and dog. Thr latter are used for drawing sledges. Tl^e Greenlanders are small in stature, and are a weak, indolent, and superstitious race. The population is supposed to be 20,000. What cape south of Greenland ? What missionary station near cape Farewell ? l. What towns or settlements in Greenland ? What separates Greenlan-l from North America ? What sounds at the northern extremity of Baffin's Bay ? s. w. There is a vast mine of sea coal on Disco island What is the principal animal ? Did you ever see a white bear ? What can you say of ihe Greenlanders ? ■'! 'If NORTH AMERICA. MEXICO. How is Mexico bounded ? What is its Capital ? 159 Mexico and a lar^e, rich, and populous country, is noted tor the fertility of its soil, for its valuable productions, and for its numerous and extensive mines of gold and silver.* The surface is very irregular. The shores are low and flat; but the interior rises into a lofty plain, or table land, 6 or 8,000 feet high, and 1,700 miles in lencfth. The most valuable productions are maize, wheat, cofee^ sugary indigo^ tobacco, cotton, logwood, mahoga- ny, cochineal, and most kinds of tropical fruits. The climate varies with thr; elevation ; and the inhabitants desig. nate these variations by appropriate names ; the low portion near the coast, is called the hot country ; the middle regions, the temperate country; and the higher regions, the cold country. GREAT SQUARE, MEXICO. Mexico, when discovered by Europeans, was the seat of a power, ful empire, and inhabited by a brave and warlike people who were acquainted with many of the arts, and had made considerable advan- ces in civilization. Many remains of their monuments and buildings *The mines of Mexico produce annually about twenty millions of dol- lars. The three principal c>inea are Guanaxuuto, Zacatecas, and Catorce- '11 f\i' *: ul yjl |- "' IH i|. \i'-. ...,;:!« .I,:;*i ,;i" :t i" Iff^ pi !, ■ i I :i 160 NORTH AMERICA still exist. The most celebrated among them is the Pyramid of Cho. lula, 70 miles east of Mexico. It consists of four stories or terraces and is 177 feet high, and 1,423 feet broad. It is built of unburnt bricks. On the top of the Pyramid was a temple in which they offer, ed human sacrifices to the sun. This vast country was conquered by the Spaniards under Fernan. do Cortez in 1521. It was called New Spain, and remained a Span. ish Province till 1821, when the nation declared itself independent, and established a republican form of government. Towns. — Mexico is the most ancient, and one of the most popu. lous cities in America. It is situated near lake Tezcuco, in a deh'ghtful valley, which is 230 miles in circumference, and elevated more than 7,000 feet above the level of the ocean. It is regularly built in the form of a square, of four miles on each side. It is dis. tinguished for the width and regularity of its streets, the splendor of its public edifices, and for its mint, at which more money is coined than at any other in the world. Guanaxuato is a large and flourishing city, 150 miles N. W. of Mexico. The ground on which the city is built, is about 7,000 feet above the level of the sea,. It is distinguished for gold and silver mines. La Puebla is situated on a large plain, 70 miles S. E. of Mexico. The city is regularly laid out, and contains many elegant buildings. The ground on which it stands is elevated more than 7,000 feet above the level of the ocean. It is famous for its manufactures of earthen ware, iron and steel. *Zacatecas is situated in a mountainous country, 240 miles N. W. of Mexico. It is one of the most celebrated mining places in Mexico. Vera Cruz, the principal port on the Gulf of Mexico, is a place of great trade. It is unhealthy, and has a poor harbor. Acapuico is the principal port on the Pacific. It is distinguished far its excellent harbor, but is a miserable, unhealthy town. BALIZE SETTLEMENT. This comprises a small territory in Mexico, on the east side of the Peninsula of Yucatan. It is owned by the British, and was established for the purpose d cutting logwood and mahogany. It extends along the Bay c' Honduras about 150 miles, and is inhabited by Negroes and Inc^'ans, with a few whites. Balize, the capital, is situated on a river of the same name. It contains about 250 houses, built of wood. It is the only seaport in the Settlement, and its exports annually amount to about one million and a half of dollars. In what direction fr om us is Mexico ? What rive rs empty into the Zac-a-te''cas. NORTH AMERICA. 161 Gulf of California ? Pacific? Gulf of Mexico ? What mountains ? Volcano ? Lakes ? How many cities and towns can you mention ? What is the extent of Mexico ? Population ? Form of goveiiv ment? Prevailing religion ? State of society T | CENTRAL AMERICA, OR GUATIMALA. How is Guatimala bounded ? What is its Capital ? Central America, or Guatimala, is a rich, popu- lous, and fertile country, noted for its warm climate, numerous volcanoes, and for its beautiful and pictur- esque scenery. The most valuable productions are graiii, cochi- neal* honey, cotton^ sugar-cane, indigo, allspice, and tropical fruits. The bay of Honduras is celebrated for its logwood and mahogany. Cattle and sheep ar« abundant. i 1.; ^ i 1 ■' ''\ 'i It' fs empty into the CUTTING LOGWOOD LUMBER IN THE FOREST. This is generally a mountainous country, and is remarkable for its ^* Cochineal is an hisect, which atlords a most beautilul crimson unU It feeds upon the Nopal or Cucfus Cochinili/er, and is gathered by tlje natives. It is used m giving red colors, especially crimton and scarlet, and for making carmine. From Guatimala and Mexico, cochineal w annually exported, to the amount Jof two and a half millions ol uol- ars. ':-^l J- ^4:1 I ■' '■■■I » . i fit' i),,;liv IS;1 mm 162 NORTH AMERICA volcanoes ; more than twenty are constantly burning. Eruptions and earthquakes are common. This country was conquered by the Spaniards under Pedro de Alvarado in 1524, and continued a Spanish province till 1821, when it declared itself independent of Spain, and established a republican form of government. Totona. — St. Salvador is pleasantly situated in the midst of a fine valley, and is surrounded by a country of great fertility. Its inhab. itants are chiefly employed in the indigo trade. New Guatimala is the most populous city, and is situated in a delightful valley, nearly one mile abr 'e the level of the sea. Old Guatimala, the former capitel, was destroyed in 1830 by an earthquake. It is rebuilding, and oont iins several thousand inhab. itants. The other principal towns are Cartago and Leon. The chief sea ports are *Truxillo and Omoa. In what direction from us is Central America, or Guatimala ? What lake in Guatimala ? n. What river is the outlet of lake Nica. ragua ? St.j. What bay in the northern part ? h. Which has the greatest latitude, or which is farthest from the equator, Leon or thiB place ? Is the climate warmer or colder in Guatimala than in thi$ state ? What is the extent of Guatimala ? [See map of West In. dies.] Population 7 Form of government ? Religion ? State of society? . . ' " WEST INDIES. Where are the West Indies situated ? The West Indies comprise one of the most impor- tant and valuable groups of islands on the globe. They are distinguished for the fertility of their soil, tLe value of their productions, the amount of their exports, and for their numerous slaves. These islands produce sugar, cotton, coffee, indigo, allspice, gin. ger, cocoa, tobacco ; also, tropical fruits, as oranges, lemon? limes, pomegranates, citrons, pine apples, melons, &c. Maize, yams, and sweet potatoes are extensively raised for food. The mountains abound in valuable trees, as cedar, mahogany, lignum- vitae, &c. There are but two seasons, the wet and the dry. The climate is extremely warm and unhealthy during the summer months, from May till December ; but during the remainder of the year, the weather is serene and pleasant, and the temperature cool and de. iightful — thus constituting one of the most healthy and agreeable * Tru-keel'-yo rning. Eruptions 3 under Pedro de ce till 1821, when ished a republican 1 is situated in a ' the sea. ed in 1830 by an il thousand inhab. I. The chief see I, or Guatimala? itlet of lake Nica. Which has the ator, Leon or thit nala than in thit map of West In. ligion ? State of NORTH A MERIC A. 163 ■ - - SUGAR MILL. climates on the globe. During the months of August and Septem ber, these islands are subject to dreadful hurricanes, which often de extensive injury, also to earthquakes and violent thunder. More than three-fourths of the population are African slaves. The white inhabitants are mostly planters, and are generally wealthy, and noted for frankness, generosity, and hospitality. The West India islands are usually divided into the Greater and Little Antilles — the Bahamas, and the Caribbean islands. Except Hayti, they all belong to some European power — principally to Great Britain, France and Spain. A TABULAR VIEW OF THE IRlNCIPiL V:eS\' INDIA ISLANDS. Bahamus, Islands. \ Belonging to \ Sq. miles. \ Pop. Chief Town*. Great Antilles. Cuba Spain 43,380 900,000 Havanna. tHayti Independent 29,500 700,000 Cape Henrys Javnaioa G. Britain 6,250 380,000 Kingston. Porto Rico Spain 3,700 390,000 St. Juan. * The first land discovered by Columbus, Oct. 12, 1498. t Formerly called Hispaniola, or St. Domingo. 8 i^/« i' h w^i t'fti i it ■\',l ■ ','■•' ft r- I'ht 164 SOUTH AMERICA CarihheMn Inlands. I! " HI im Trinidad G. Britain IVUO 25000 Fort of Spain Gaudaloupe France r>75 127600 Basse Terre. Martinique France 37U 95000 St. Pierre. St. Lucia G. Britain 225 16000 Carenage. Barbadoea G. Britain 166 102500 Bridgetown. Tobago G. Britain 140 16000 Scarborough. St. Vincent G. Britain 130 23000 Kingston. Grenada G. Britain 110 22500 St. George. Santa Crus Denmark 100 31000 Santa Cruz. Antigua G. Britain «>3 35000 St. John's. TortoJa G. Britain m 11000 'Road Hprbor. St Thomas Denmarii 40 5000 1st. Thomae Cities. — Havana, the capital of the ieland of Cuba, is one of the largest and most flourishing cities in America, and is con^iderpd ^ the key of lii^ West Indies. It carries on au extensive commerce, and has advnit only one vessel at a time. It is strongly fortified, and adoraed with nunicrous churches and other elegant edifices. Kingston, the largest ckyof Jamai '.a, is pleasantly situated, con. lains many handsonje buildings, and has an extensive trade. In what direction from us are the West India islands? Which is the most northerly group of the West India islands ? b. Which is the most northerly island ? a. Which is the most easterly of th? Wesi India islands ? b. Which is the most southerly island ? i. Whic)i is the most westerly ? c. What towns on the island of Cuba ? [See Map of West Indies.] To whom does Cuba belong ? What is its population? Its capital ? What towns in Hayti? What ig its population ? Capital ? To whom does Jamaica belong ? Its capital ? To whom does Porto Rico belong ? What is its capital ? What cluster of islands lie about midway between Porto Rico Nova Kcotia ? b. South America is one of the richest, most fertile, and picturesque divisions of the globe. It surpasses all others in the size and grandeur of its rivers, and in the height and extent of its mountains; and is remark- able for the variety of its animal, vegetable and nf>in- eral productions^ SOUTH AMERICA. 165 It is naturally divided into three great sections — the western, middle, and eastern. The western consists of a bro&.d, mountain plain, elevated about 12,000 feet above the level of the liiea, crowned by the more lofty tops and peaks of the Andes. The middle sec tion embraces the interior from north to south. It is a great ex- panse of country, composed of marshy or sandy plains, furrowed by three immense rivers, and their numerous branches. The east. em section, embracing the eastern part of Brazil, consists of an thveiUA region, but of less extent than the western. South America is noted for the varieties of its climate. These nr^e p> ii t pally from the vast difference in the degrees of elevation beiwt>.n ; .iB highest and lowest lands. In the middle section, or low coumry near the equator, the temperature is that of perpetual summer. The trees, plants and shrubs ai6 constantly clothed in verdure — flowers blossom, and fruits ripen throughout the year. The llech^ ities and plains of the mountains enjoy a cool, delightful climate, and the temperature is that ofpetpetual spring. On the 'ofty and snowy summits of the mountains, perpetual winter reigns <^ severe as in the frozen regions of the north. The majestic rivers of South America leave far behind them those of the old world, both by the length of their course and in the vast amount of water they convey to the ocean. The largest of these is the Amazon. It is formed by a great number of rivers which rise in the Andes, the largest of which is the Ucayale. It flows into the Atlantic under the equator. The width of the mouth i» stated by some writers at 150, and by others at 180 miles. Boat navigation commences at Jaen, and it is said that vessels of 400 or 500 tons, may sail from the mouth throughout almost its whole extent. Its depth 1500 miles from the ocean, is stated at from 30 to 40 fathoms ^ The banks are covered with immense and impenetrable forests, where the foot of man has rarely or never trod, but where multitudes of wild and ferocious animals roam undisturbed. Here are found a great variety of venomous serpents, and birds of the most beautiful plumage and song,and apes of the most fantastic appearance. The waters swarm with alligators, turtles, and a great variety of fish. The second river in South America is the La Plata. Its majestic course is full as broad as that of the Amazon, and its immense opening atits mouth might be considered as a gulf. At the distance of 200 miles from the sea it is 30 miles in width. The vegetable kingdom in South America is noted for its variety and abundance. Among the trees, the most remarkable is the palm, of which there are eighty-seven varieties, which are equally distin- guished for their beauty and size, and for their various uses, furnish, ing wine, oil, wax, and sugar. Besides these, the cocoa, banana, cinchana and a multitude of others abound, common to the tropical and temperate cUmates. The potato, cocoa, vanilla and maize are native plants^ and the I m m ■i '.mi m] m 166 SOUTH AMERICA. M^jl soil yields a great number of medicinal plants and dye stnfft, and resinous trees. The plantations of Guiana yield all the productioni of the West Indies. Cayenne produces spices. «»nd Paraguay matte or tea. Almost every variety of grain is cultivated, and flowering shrubs exist in the p-eatest abundance. The most delicious fruits, as oranges, citrons, pine apples, pomegranates, pears, apples, figi, gre^pes, &,c. grow almost spontaneously in the greatest plenty. In the animal kingdom, the Jaguar, or American tiger, the puma, or cougar, and the ocelet, are the principal beasts of prey. The lama, guanaco and vicuna, of the sheep kind — the tapir and peccary, of the hog kind, are peculiar to the countries on the Andes. The alii, gator or caymen attains to a length of 15 feet or more, and there are numerous serpents of monstrous size. The birds are numerous and noted for the brilliancy of their plumage, and the sweetness of their song. The condor is the largest bird of flight known in the world. In the great grassy plains, or pampas, in the United Provinces and Brazil, roam numberless herds of wild horses and cattle, sprung from those brought to the country by Europeans ; the latter are so numerous that they are killed merely for their hides. The mineral kingdom abounds in the most precious productions. The diamond mines of Brazil are the most prolific in the world, and the extensive mines of gold, silver, platina and mercury, excel those of any other part of the globe. In Chili there is scarcely a mountain without gold, or a river without golden sand. Iron, lead, tin, cop. per, salt, &c. are abundant, but are little sought after. South America formerly was divided into provinces, most of which were under the government of Spain and Portugal. But these have become independent of these powers, and with the exception of Brazil, have established republican forms of government. Consider, able attention is paid to education. Several universities have been founded, and information has been extensively difliised by means of books and newspapers. The population* of South America is composed of Whites, Indians, Negroes. Mestizoes, Mulattoes, and Samboes. The higher classes of the whites are well educated and wealthy, but dissolute in their morals ; the lower classes are ignorant, indolent and generally vicious. S0T7TH AMERICA. :,U4 ■' New Grenada ? Venezuela 7 Equador ? How is South America bounded ? Capital? Chief Towns 7 ' Capital ? Chief Towns 7 ' Capital? Chief Towns 7 Rivers ? Rivers 1 Rivers ? * The Whites that are born in America, are called Creoles— those bom in Spain, Chapatones. The mulattoes are descendants of whites and negroes, and the mestizoes of whites and Indians ;— -and the Samboes of negroes and Indians. SOUTH AMERICA. Guiana 7 Peru? Bolivia 7 Brazil ? Paraguay 7 Uruguay 7 Buenos Ayres 7 ChiU? Patagonia 7 Capital 7 Capital 7 Capital 7 Capital 7 Capital 7 Capital 7 Capital 7 Capital 7' Chief Towns 7 Chief Towns 7 Chief Towns 7 Chief Towns 7 Chief Towns 7 Chief Towns 7 Chief Towns 7 Chief Towns 7 .^4 \<\ 167 Rivers ? Rivers 7 Rivers 7 Rivers 7 Rivers 7 Rivers 7 Rivers 7 Rivers 7 Rivers 7 ,5f RIVERS. Where does Port Desire river rise, in what direction does it run, and where does i* empty 7 Rio Negro 7 Rio Colorado 7 Saladillo 7 Dulce 7 Salado 7 Vermejo or Grand 7 Pilcomayo 7 Paraguay 7 Uruguay 7 Parana 7 San Francisco 7 Parnaiba 7 Tocantins 7 ♦Xingua 7 Tapajos 7 Madeira 7 Puras ? Javary 7 Amazon 7 Ne- gro 7 Caqueta 7 Putumayo 7 Napo 7 Essequibo 7 Orinoco 7 Magdalena 7 Cauca 7 ISLANDS. Where is the island of Trinidad ? Where is the island of Joannes or Marajo7 ' ' . Where are Martin Vas and Trinidade 7 ' '; ' Where are the Falkland Isles ? ' Where is the island of Tieira del Fuego 7 ' '* ' Where is State n Land ? Where is the island of Chiloe 7 Where are the Juan Fernandez Isles 7 >r •/ Where is the island of St. Felix ? CAPES. Where is Cape or Point Gallinas 7 • ■ ' .r .i Where is Cape St. Roque ? . , Where is Cape Horn ? Where is Cape Blanco 7 Where is Cape North 7 Where is Cape Frio 7 Where are Cape St. Maria and Cape St. Antonio 7 Where is Cape Corientes 7 Where is Cape Blanco 7 STRAITS. Where is the strait of Magellan 7 Where is the strait of Le Maire 7 Where is Cockburn Channel 7 *Zin' ■gua. l! S if t-r-n IK. s,il V, US'' it"' fxii ii m ■ 1*' m fflvH ■ 168 SOUTH AMERICA Where is Lake Titicaca ? Where is Si'ver Lake ? Where is Lake Oberava 7 Where is Lake de-los-Palos ? Where is Lake Maracaybo ? LAKES. BAYS. Where is Blanco Bay ? Where is the Bay of Paranagua ? Where is the Bay of All Saints ? Where is the Bay of Choco ? GULFS. Where is the Gulf of Venezuela ? Where is the Gulf of Darien ? Where is the Gulf of Panama ? Where is the Gulf of Guayaquil ? Where is the Gulf of Penas ? MOUNTAINS. How far do the Andes extend ? Where is Mount Sorata, the highest peak of the Andes ? Where is Mount Chimborazo ? Mount Chilian 1 Where is Cotopaxi, the highest volcano on the globe ? NEW GRENADA. How is New Grenada bounded ? What is its capital? New Grenada is a large, populous, and interesting State. It is distinguished for its elevated plains, lofty mountains, and for the great variety of its climate and productions. The population is comprised chiefly in the valleys between the mountains, which are extremely fertile, producing cotton, grain, cof- fee, tobacco, and the various tropical fruits in abundance. The moun. tains are rich in mineral treasures. The gold and silver mines yield about two millions of dollars annually. There are mines of copper, tin, and lead ; and on the coast is a valuable pearl fishery. The most noted curiosity in New Grenada, is the cataract of Te-quen da.ma, in the river Bogota, or Funza, 15 miles from Bo- gota. Above the falls, the river is more than 400 feet wide, but is suddenly compressed to 35 or 40 feet in width, and at two bounds plunges down a descent of more than 600 feet, into an abyss .a In whnt direction from us is Eqiiador ? What noted mountains IB Kiiund^r? Chimborazo, Cotopuxi, Antisana, and Pichincha« VVhiit cities in Equndcrr ? IJIvits? Which do you think would be the most ph'nfnnt place of resi«lence, thia Slate, or F^cjuador ? In wliai direction is Eqiiador lonursf ? If we were nt Oinnguns, cwuld we sail to any pince in this Store? How? Under what form of gov. ernrncnt is Kquador ? Whnt is the prevailing religion ? State oH wci«ty ? What is the extent 7 Population ? GUIANA. Plow is Guiana bounded ? What are its Capitals 7 Guiana is a level, warm, and fertile country, re- markable for the variety of its valuable productionsw The principal settlements are along the coast ; the interior is in possession of native Indians, Guiana is overspread with the most luxuriant vege- tation, abounding in the finest woods, in fruits of ev- ery description, and in an infinite variety of both rare and useful plants. The chief productions are sugar^ cofibe, cotton, cocoa, nnaize, indigo, &c. The fruit trees are in great variety, and the fruits they yield of the most exquisite delicacy and Havor. The orange and lemon trees are- in bloom 'broughout the yenr, and loaded with ripe and ripening fruit. Wild animals and beasts of prey are numerous. Among these the jaguar, and couger are the most powerful and ferocious. In the rivers are found the alUgdtor, the tapir, and the manati, or sea cow. There are numerous kinds of serpents ; of these, the boa, or aboma, is the largest. It is an an)phibiou8 snake, from 3U to 40 feet in length. It is perfectly indiflerent as to its prey, and destroys, when hungry, any animal^ that comes within its reach. The vampire bat i» also found in Guiana, and grows to an enormous size, measuring^ about thirty-two and a half inches between the tips of the two wings. It sucks the blood of men and cattle when they are fast asleep. After it is full, it disgorges the blood, and begins to suck afresh, until it reduces the sufferer to a state of great weakness. Guiana is divided into three parts ; — the western is owned by the English, the eastern by the French, and the middle by the Dutch. Cities. — Georgetown, or Stabroek, the capital of English GuJi^, na, is situated at the mouth of the Demarary river. Paramaribo, the capital of Dutch Guiana, is pleasantly situated og) the Surinam river,. 18 miles from the sea. 8* 172 SOUTH AMERICA. Cayenne, the capital of French Guiana, is situated on an island of the same name. It has a good harbor, which is well defended by a castle. In what direction from us is Guiana? How is Guiana divided ? What are its capitals ? Where are the principal pet'iements ? Who possess the interior ? For what is Guiana remarkable ? Wliat can you say of the fruit trees ? Of the animals ? Describe the Vampire Bat. What is the Governmpnt of Guiana ? Mow far is it from Georgetown to Monrovia ? What naval action took place N. E. of 'Guiana, and when ? I.)!,;* i-: ffl tPERU. How is Peru bounded ? What is its Capital ? Peru is a large country, distinguished for the rich- ness of its mines, its valuable productions, and the great varieties of its climate. The western part, between the Andes and the Pacific, 40 or 50 miles in width, consists mostly of sandy, barren plains. The middle portion, lying between the two great ridges of the mountains, con- sists of table lands, 8000 feet above the level of the sea. Perpetual spring reigns in this region, and vegetation blooms throughout the year. The part east of the mountains, consists of immense plaina, or pampas, covered only with grass. The most important productions are cotton, grain, cocoa, suirar, cofTee, and Peruvian bark. It has mines of gold, silver, copper, tmercury, and lead. Peru at the present time is divided into two States, called North Peru and South Peru. The capital of the former is Lima ; that of the latter, Cuzco. Citita. — ^§LiMA is situated on a small river in the midst of a spa- -cious and delightful valley, 7 miles from the Pacific. It enjoys a per- petual summer climate, and is distinguished for the magnificence of its public buildings, and the rich ornaments of the churches. It v/ae founded by Pizarro, in 1535. Callao is the port of Lima. Cuzco, 550 miles S. E. of Lima, was the ancient capital of the Pe- ruvian Empire, founded in 1043, by Manca Capac, the first Inca of Peru. It was taken by the Spaniards under Pizarro, in 1534. It * E»4e-kee'«bo. t Ber>bees'. X Peru is the only countiy in America that produce! mercury, or quick* «ilver. SLee'.ma. SOUTH AMERICA. 173 eontaineJ a magnificent temple of the sun, and other edifices, deco- rated with gold, and adorned with the idols of the various nations subdued by the Incas. The city still preserves many monuments of its ancient grandeur. In what direction from us is Peru ? What large river rises in Pe- ru and empties into the Atlantic ? What other rivers in Peru ? What mountains extend through the western part of V » »i. fmp. m 1^5 K nil 182 lUROPI. life. Commerce ie extensively carried on, promoted by well con- structed roads, railways and canals, and extends to all quarters of the world. Europe is the seat of arts and science. To her belongs the honor of discovering the most imp* ant truths; of producing the most useful inventions, the finest productions of genius, and the impro' . ment of all the sciences. Literature has reached a higher degree of perfection in Europe than in any other part of the globe. There are numerous universi. ties and colleges which provide for the higher branches ofeduca. tion. These are generally on a much larger scale than those in the United States. The common branches of education, however, are much neglected, and not so generally diffused among the greai mass of ^e peofiJe as in this country. A great proportion of the poor are unable to read or write. Germany, Ffance and England are most n^led for proficiency in Hterature and science, and PruBsia, Scotland, Switzerland, Denmark, Norway and Sweden, for the encouragement of elementary schools and the general diffusion of knowledge. GEOGRAPHICAL AND HISTORICAL TABLE, Pop. Began Countries. on Present Sovereign. Born. to Religion. gq.ni. 22 1796 reign. Russia, Nicholas I. 1825 Greek Church. Austria, 105 Ferl'i^>.>nd, 1793 1835 Catholic. Turkey, 46 MohaioudlL 1785 1808 Mahometan. France, 146 L>>5jii« 1 hilippe. r73 1830 Catholic. Sweden, 13 OKcar 11. 1799 1844 Protestant, Spain, 57 I«alf351a II. 1830 1833 CathoHc. Norway, 6 Oscar 11. 1799 1844 Protestant. Prussia, 94 Fred. William III. 1770 1797 Protestant. Great Britain, 141 Victoria, 1819 1837 Protestant, Naples, 152 Ferdinand II. 1810 1830 Cathohc. Portugal, 90 Donna Maria, 1819 1826 Catholic. Ireland, 203 Victoria, 1819 1837 Catholic. Bavaria, 111 Louis I. 1786 1825 Catholic. Sardinia, 146 Charles Amadeus, noo 1831 Catholic. Belgium, 216 Leopold I. 1790 1831 Catholic. Holland, 208 William I. 1772 1813 Protestant, Denmark, 72 Frederick VL 1768 1808 Protestant. Hanover, 87 William IV. 1765 1830 Protestant. Roman States, 162 Pius IX. 1788 1846 Catholic. Wurtemburg, 172 William L 1781 1816 Protestant. Saxony, 161 Frederic Augustus 1797 1830 Protestant. Baden, 167 Chas. Leop. Fred. 1*90 1830 Protestant. Tuscany, 174 Leopold II. i797 1824 Cathohc. Greece, Otho, 1815 1832 Greek Church. EUROPE. 183 by well con. all quarters of ngs the honor cing the most the impro". . OP in Europe rous universi. 2he8 ofeduca. an those in the however, are ong the greai )portion of the and England ;e, and Prussia, veden, for the ral diffusion of ^ABLE, Religion. Jreek Church. Catholic. klahometan. Catholic. 'rotestant, Catholic. 'rotestant. ?rote8tant. Protestant, Uatholic. [ilJatholic. Catholic. Datholic. Datholic. Datholic. Protestant. Protestant. Protestant. Catholic. Protestant. Protestant. Protestant. Catholic. Greek Church. ^a«»fioiw.— TTow many square miles do«3 Europe emhrnce 7 FSee \tap of the ' edf Which do you think has the best roads and bridges.^ In which are the people mo learned ? qUKSTIONS Olf THE MAP OP EUROPB. Portugal 7 Spain ? France 7 Belgium 7 Holland 7 Germany 7 Denriark7 Switzerland ? Italy ? Austria 7 Turkey 7 Grer ,3 7 Prussia 7 Russia 7 Sweden 7 Norway 7 England 7 Scotland 7 Ireland 7 How is Europe bounded 7 Capital Capital Capital Capital Capital Capital Capital Capital Capital Capital Capital Capital Capital Capital Capital Capital Capital Capital Capital Chief Towns 7 Chief Towns ? Chief Towns 7 Chief Towns 7 ChiefTi.wns? Chief Towns 7 Chief Towns? Chief Towns 7 Chief Towns 7 Chief Towns 7 Chief Towns 7 Chief TrwnH 7 Chief Towns? Chief Towns ? Chief Towns 7 Chief Towns 7 Chief Towns 7 Chief Towns 7 Chief Towns 7 River "* B P R Ri Rivers / Rivers ? Rivers 7 Rivers 7 Rivers 1 Rivers 7 Rivers T Rivers 7 Rivera 7 Rivers 7 Rivers 7 Rivers 7 Rivers 7 Rivers 7 RIVERS. Where does the river Ebro rise, what course does it run. and whera it empty ? Guadalquiver 7 Guadiana ? Tagus ? Douro ? Minho 7 Garonne 7 Loire 7 Seine ? Rhine ? Rhone 7 Saone 7 Po? Tiber? Danube? Drave? Save? Pruth? Dniester? Bog? Dneiper 7 Donetz ? Don ? Volga ? Ural ? Ousa ? Petchora 7 Mezene? Dwina? Onega? Duna? Niemen? Vistula? Oder? Elbe? Weser? Ems 7 Tornea 7 Glomma? Thames? Severn 7 Shannon 7 LAKES. Wliere are Lakes Ladoga and Onega 7 Where are Lakes Wenner and Wetter ? Where are Lakes Constance tind Geneva 7 A. In Switzerland. 'M '' ii 'fl fr ♦-I IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^O 1.0 1.1 1^128 |25 150 ■^~ R^H ■^ Itt |22 us IM 1^ : ||l.25||,.4|,.6 ^ 6" ► Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4S03 m \ "A v 4 % r % ^ t (Kffil'i I f 1 J ■> i I ! hit iM mm 184 EUROPE. GULFS. Where Where Where Where Where Where Where Where Where Where Where Where Where Where Where Where Where Where Where Where Where Where W^here Where Where Where Where Where a the Gulf of Venice? stheGulfofTarantol s the Gulf of Genoa 7 s the Gulf of Lyons? s the Zuyder Zee ? s the Gulf of Bothnia 7 s the Gulf off inland 7 s the Gulf of Riga? B the Gulf of Onega? 8 the Gulf of Salonica 7 8 the Bay of Biscay ? SuASi is' the Caspian Sea 7 s the Sea of AzofT? s the Black Sea 7 s the Sea of Marmora 7 a the Archipelago ? s tha Mediterranean 7 is the Irish Sea ? s the North Sea 7 s the Baltic Sea 7 8 the White Sea 7 STRAITS. is the Strait of Constantinople ?* are the Dardanelles ? 8 the Strait of Otranto ? s the Strait of Messina ? « s the Strait of Bonifacio 7 s the Strait of Gibraltar ? s the Strait of Dover ? k CHANNELS. Where is the British Channel ? Where is St. George's Channel 7 Where is Bristol Channel ? Where is North Channel ? Where is the Skagerrack 7 Where is the Cattegat ? * The Strait of Constantinople, the ancient Bosphorus, connects the Black Sea with the sea of Marraora. The Dardanellea connect thi» mi | of Marmora with the Archipelago. EUROPE. 185 Where Where Where Where Where Where Where Where Where Where Where Where Where Where Where Where Where Where Where Where ISLANDS. ... .. are the LufToden Islands 7 ' is Iceland? . , ' are the Faroe Islands ? ' . . m are the Shetland and Orkney Islands ? • *.' ^ are the Hebrides or Western Islands ? are the Isle of Man and Anglesey 7 are Guernsey, Jersey, Alderney, Sark and Wight T are the Scilly IslanJo 7 are Belle Isle and the Isle of Rhe 7 are Ivica, Majorca, and Minorca 7 ' v ' i are Sardinia, Corsica, and Elba 7 . , are the Lipari Islands 7 - is the Island of Sicily 7 is the Malta or Melita 7 " *'« ' is the Island of Candia 7 ^ ■ %' * ' ' . 4 - are Cyprus and Rhodes 7 ^ are Negropont, Scio, Samos, Patmos T are the Ionian Islands 7 • - are Zealand and Funen 7 ' • •' ; ' are Gothland, Aland, and 01and7 ' ^ ■.1- PENINSULAS. Where is the Peninsula of Crimea 7 Where is the Peninsula of Morea ?* MOUNTAINS. '-';,,•■' Where are the Dofrafield Mountains? Where are the Pyrenees 7 ^ , Where are the Alps ? Where are the Appenines 7 ' Where are the Carpathian Mountains ? Where are the Balkan Mountains ? Where are the Ural Mountains 7 Where are the Cevennes 7 " Where are the Sierra Noveda, Toledo, and Cantabrian Mountains ? ■vM ! VOLCANOES. Where is Mount Etna 7 Where is Mount Vesuvius 7 Where is Mount Hecla 7 CAPES. Where is the North Cape ? Cape Naze 7 Land's End 7 Lizard Point? Cape Clear? Cape La Hogue? Cape Ortegal? Cape Finisterre ? Cape St. Vincent 7 Cape Spurtivento 7 Cape Matapan 7 *Morea» the southern part of Greece. 186 EUROPE 11 .,] ml. ■ ^. .* , ' . BRITISH EMPIRE. In what direction from us is Great Britain ? What is its Capital ? The British Empire is the most extensive, and with the exception of China, the most populous on the globe. It is distinguished for its great political intiu- ence, for the extent of its commerce and manufac* tures, for its vast and powerful navy, for its well dis- ciplined army, and for the enterprise, intelligence and activity of its inhabitants. The British Empire comprehends the kingdoms of England, Sco'. land, and Ireland, with the principality of Wales ; Gibraltar and thu island of Malta in Europe ; the greatest part of Hindostan and the island of Ceylon in Asia ; the Cape of Good Hope, Sierra Leone, several forts on the coast of Guinea and the islands of St. Helena and Mauritius in Africa ; British America and Honduras in North Amer. ica; Jamaica, Barbadoes ami several other West India islands ^ English Guiana in South America ; New South Wales in Australia ; Tan Dieman*s Land, and other islands in various parts of the globe. In what direction from Great Britain is Hindostan ? Canada ? Cape of Good Hope ? Honduras ? Van Dieman's Land ? Guiana ? Malta ? Jamaica ? Gibraltar 7 It is said that the sun is always shining on some part of the British empiTe,— how can that be ? How is the kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland divided ? In what part of the island of Great Britain is England? Scotland? Wales? What sea and two channels lie between Great Britain and Ireland ? Which extends farthest south, Great Britain or Ireland ? North ! In what difection is Great Britain longest ? '' 'and ? ENGLAND. How is England boundcl ? What is its Capital ? England is a populous and highly cultivated coun- try, distinguished for its extensive commerce, numer- ous canals and railways, and for the extent, variety and value of its manufactures. The surface of England is agreeably diversified with hills and plains, and abounds in beautiful scenery. In some parts, plaint clothed in the richest verdure, watered by copious streams, and pas. turing innumerable cattle, extend as far as the eye can reach ; in others, gently rising hHls and bending vales, fertile in grain, waving EUROPE. 197 with woods, nnd inferppersed with flowery meadows, ofTrr the mopt deli£rlitfnl Inndscnpps of rural opulence nud beauty. The const ie indented with bays and harbors which present every fncility for foreign commerce. Canals and railways are niiniernis, and furnish an easy communication throuffhout all parts of the inte- n'or. for the vast inland trade of the kingdom. The cftiintry abounds in excellent roads and substantial bridges,, and is noted for the number and magnificence of the seats of the nobility and gentry. These prince! v mansions, surrounded \\itb lawns, parks or forests, however, contrast strongly wiih the miserable huts and hovels of the poor. AN ENGLISH GENTLEMAN'S COUNTRY SEAT. The climate is moist, cool and variable, but not subject to ex- tremes of heat or cold. Agriculture is carried to a high degree of perfection. The chief products are wheat, barley, oats, peas, beans, hops, &c. The mineral productions are numerous and exceedingly valuable. The most important are coal, copper, iron, tin and lead. England has several famous mmeral springs, which, during the warm season, are thronged by crowds of the fashionable, idle, gay, and dissipated. The hot springs of Bath, and Bristol, the waters of Cheltenham, Harrowgate, Tunbridge and Epsom, are among the most celebrated. England is justly celebrated for its hterary institutions, and learned men. The universities of Oxford and Cambridge are an honor to the country and Europe. The higher classes spare no expense in the education of their children, but until recently, httle or no provis- ion has been made for the instruction of the poor. Among her em- nent scholars, are Bacon, Boyle, Newton, Locke, Davy, Shakspeare, 9 'if .ii it .yi! fit 188 EUROPE. li m\^ Milton, Spencer, Pope and Dryden, who rank among the first of any age or nation. Tie government is a limited, hereditary monarchy. The sove. reign power is vested in a king or queen, and a parliament. The latter consists of a house of lords, who are hereditary, and a house of eomnons, who are chosen by the people. The established religion is Episcopacy, and the sovereign is the supreme head of the church. C'xaracter. — The English are intelligent, industrious and enterpri. sin^r, and strongly attached to freedom and their native country. The leaned are distinguished for sound sense and extensive knowledge, the nerchants for integrity and wealth, the mechanics for skill and industry, and the sailors and soldiers for bravery and discipline. Cities, — London, the metropoUs of the British Empire, is situated on both sides of the Thames, 60 miles from its mouth. It is the most populous city in Europe ; and in commerce, manufactures, and wealth, it is the first city on the globe. Among the public buildings, St. Paul's Cathedral, Westminster Abbey, the Tower, and the Bank of England, are noble edifices. The city is connected by six elegant bridges across the Thames, and one tunnel, or road under the river. LONDOir. It presents a striking contrast of wealth and poverty, of intelligence and ignorance, and of morality and vice. It contains a number of spacious squares and parks, and is distinguished for its numerous literary, scientific and charitable institutions. Greenwich, five mile«v below London, on the Thames, is noted for ts naval hospital for disabled seamen, and for its Royal Observatory, from which longitude is reckoned. Windsor, 22 miles west of Lon- lUROPE 189 don, on the Thames, is celebrated for its beautiful scenery, and its royal castle, the summerresidenceof the English sovereign. Liverpool, situated near the mouth of the Mersey, is the second town in the kingdom, in commerce and wealth. It is the principal seat of the trade with the United States, and by means of canals and rail, ways, is connected with all the great manufacturing towns in the in- terior. It is well built, and is celebrated for its immense docks, and its numerous Hues of packets to all the principal foreign ports. Bristol, situated on the Avon, is the third commercial town in Bng. land. The first regular line of steam packets between Great Britain and New York, was established here in 1838. It has numerous manufactures, and is noted for its charitable institutions. Manchester, the second city in population, is famous for cotton manufactures, Birmingham for hardware, Sheffield for cutlery. Kid derminster for carpets, Leeds, Wakefield, Norwich and Exeter for woollens, Worcester for porcelain, Oxford and Cambridge for their universities, Portsmouth and Plymouth for being the great naval sin. tions of the kingdom, York for its cathedral, Newcastle for its trade in coals, and Bath the most elegant city in the kingdom, for its min* eral waters. -i Map of Europe, in what direction from us is England 7 In what direction is England longest ? Which extends farthest west, England or France ? What cape south-west of England ? What towns can you mention 7 Map op Enoland. What is the extent of England and Wales 7 Population 7 What two capes southv. est of England ? What islands near Land's End 7 s. What islands in the British channel belong to England 7 Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney, Sark and Wight. How wide is the strait of Dover 7 What is the population of London 7 Manchester 7 Liverpool 7 Leeds ? In what direction from London is Oxford 7 Cambridge 7 Dover 7 Chester 7 Bristol 7 Southamp- ton 7 York 7 What places are connected by railroads ? What is the government 7 Religion 7 State of society 7 When was the batde of Hastings fought 7 Blackheath 7 Wakefield 7 Boaworth 7 How do England and Wales compare in size with Virginia 7 How many of the United States are larger than England and Wales 7 WALES. How is Wales bounded 7 What are its chief towns 7 Wales is a mountainous country, and is noted for its deep vallies, roaring torrents, and frightful preci- pices, and its picturesque scenery. The climate is cold, but healthy, and the valleys fertile. The chief wealth consists in its minerals. It abounds in coal, iron, cop> : m m '1 ^' I rm 11 i^A m If 4 i; it* I 190 EUROPE ,'■ t \\ • 1 ■■ ,) A per and lead. There are few cities or large towns ; but in all parts there are numerous quiet and pleasant villages, and the cuuiiiry is Bcatteied over with whitewashed cottages, remarkable for neatness, with vines, roses and honeysuckles around them. Wales was formerly an independent kmgdom. In 1283, it was conquered by Edward I. and annexed to England. The oldest son of the li ing of England is styled Prince of Wales. Character. — The Welch are the descendants of the ancient Brit- ons, who fled from England at the time of the Saxon invasion. Tliey are industrious, frugal, virtuous and hospitable, and strongly attucl.ed to freedom and their country. Cities — Caernarvon is a handsome and well built town, noted |or its good harbor, and ancient castle in which Edward II. was born. Pembroke is situated on Milford Haven, the most capacious and secure harbor in Great Britain. Merthyr Tydvil, situated in the midst oj numerous iron foundries and furnaces, is the most populous town in Wales. In what direction from us is Wales ? In what direction is Wales longest'/ What island in the Irish sea near Wales? How is An- glesey connected to Wales ? A. By the Menai bridge, consisting of inimense iron chains, connecting arches of masonry 560 feet a|)art. Which extends farthest south, Wales or Ireland ? What towns can you mention in Wales ? What bays on the coast ? What rivers rise in Wales ? Where do they empty ? SCOTLAND.* How is Scotland bounded ? What is its capita' ? Scotland is a cold, rough and mountainous, coun- try, noted for its numerous rivers and lakes, and fur the grandeur and wildness of its scenery. It is divided by the Grampian hills into two parts ; the Highlands in the north, and the Lowlands in the south. The former consist chiefly of bleak mountains, covered with a low shrub called heath, or heather, and well adapted for pasturage. The latter are agreeably diversified with hills and plains, and in general, highly cultivated. The chief productions are grain, cattle, sheep, fish, coal, iron and lead. The manufactures are important and flourishing. The prin- cipal articles are cottons, hnens, woollens and iron ware. The coast of Scotland is lined with numerous islands. The He- brides or Western Islands are about 3U0 in number, and contain * Scotland, anciently called Caledonia, was united with England in 1603. ■UROPI 191 with England in about 70,000 inhabitants, who subsist by fishing, raising cattle, killing sea- fowl, and gathering their eggs from the rocks. In StafTa, one of finoal's cave in staffa. these islands, is a remarkable cavern, of great extent, called Fingal's cave. It is supported on each side by ranges of columns, and roofed by the bottoms of such as have been broken off. On the north of Scotland, are the Shetland and Orkney islands. Many of these are barren, precipitous rocks, and present the most sublime scenery. Vast numbers of sheep are kept on these islands, and v/ool and fish are exported. Scotland abounds in lakes, called lochs. Loch Lo- mond, the largest, is about thirty miles in length, and is one of the most beautiful sheets of water in Europe. Loch Katrine is smaller, and is remarkable for the beauty and grandeur of its scenery. Scotland is noted for its excellent system of education, schools are established throughout the country, and the people, especHlly in the Lowlands, are among the best educated in Europe. There are four universities, viz. Edinburgh, Glasgow, Aberdeen, and St. An- drews, and these have produced some of the ablest scholars of modern times. Character. — The Scotch are a grave, serious and reflecting people. They are temperate, hardy, industrious, and enterprising, and are distinguished for their general education and morality. Many of them have been eminent in the sciences, and rank among the most celebrated philosophers, historians and poets of Europe. Cities. — Edinburgh is a large, well built and interesting city. It is situated about two miles from the Frith of Forth, on an eminence, and makes a grand appearance. The castle is built on a rock of I ■ 3 i m ip ; J; , 1 1 i '■'■ |||, " |i' i,:' life' A'iaiiiiifnj; III' 192 tUROPI great height, and looks down upon the city, commanding a most ex. tensive and beautiful view. It has few manufactures, and is chiefly distinguished as the seat of science and literature. It carries on a considerable trade through Leith, its seaport, situated two miles dig. tant, on the Frith of Forth. Glasgow, the most populous city in Scotland, is distinguished for its manufactures and commerce. It is well built, and by means of canals has an extensive communication with the interior. Greenock is the port of Glasgow. Paisley and Perth are noted for the manufactures of cotton and hnen, Aberdeen for its university and ship building, Falkirk for its cattle fairs, Carron for its iron works, and Gretna Green, as the place where runaway lovers from England are married, and Melrose fur its abbey. , Map of British Isles. In what direction from us is Scotland ? What rivers and hills separate Scotland from England? What channel separates Scotland from Ireland ? What rivers can you mention ? Towns ? Which is the largest city ? In what direction from Edinburgh is Glasgow ? Perth ? Ayr ? Dundee ? Stirling ? Dunbar? What islands north-west of Scotland? What moun. tains ? Lakes ? What is said of Loch Lomond ? Loch Katrine ? What places are connected by railroads? Canals? What is the extent of Scotland ? Which is the largest, Scotland or this state ? What is the population ? Religion ? State of society ? How will you go from Edinburgh to Dublin ? IRELAND. How is Ireland bounded ? What is its Capital ? Ireland is a beautiful, fertile and populous island, agreeably diversified with hills and plains. It has a mild, moist climate and is noted for its lakes, and ex- tensive peat bogs. Ireland is famous for its potatoes, wliich are excellent and abun. dant, and form the principal article of food for the poorer classes. Oats, barley, wheat, grass and flax are extensively cultivated. Gra. zing and the dairy are impor ant branches of industry, and produce the best beef and butter in Europe. Immense numbers of cattle are exported to England. The chief articles of manufacture are linens and muslins. Among the natural curiosities of Ireland, the Giant's Causeway is the most noted. It consists of several hundred thousand columns of basaltic rock, rising from 2 to 400 feet above the surface of the water. There are mines of lead, copper and cobalt. Iron ore is abun. E U Fi P E 193 iH|llil:ttill!il|Hllirl.i| r.Mlli ■J LISKl'i'il'r (ilirii!}!}!.':;! ■iifi!^;;:; giant's causeway. dant, and mineral springs numerous. There is a great deficiency ot wood. Turf is the common fuel. The coast has many fine har- bors, and is well adapted to commerce. The condition of the Irish peasantry, in most cases, is wretched in the extreme. They live in a state of abject poverty and iixnornnce, oppressed by the great landlords and their agents, compelled by the government to pay one tenth part of their produce to the f lergy of the church of England, whom they never hear and after supporting their own clergy, the Roman Catholic, they have but little left for themselves or families to subsist upon, except a few potatoes, and a small quantity of oat bread and milk. Industry is thus discouraged ; beggars are numerous, and the poor peasant has nothing to encour. age him, and regards poverty as his inevitable lot. Character. — The Irish are brave, quick witted, active, and hospita. ble. They are distinguished for benevolence, and politeness. The higher classes resemble those of Great Britain, and are exceeded by none in intelligence, military skili, and generous hospitality. Cities. — Dublin is situated on both sides of the LiflTey, about seven miles from the Irish sea. In extent and population, it is the second city in the British Empire. Many of its streets are broad, well built, and its public edifices are numerous and magnificent. It contains a number of fine and spacious squares, and its harbor is one of the most beautiful in Europe. Cork is the first commercial city in Ireland. It is noted for its safe, capacious, and strongly fortified harbor, and for its exports of salted provisions. f r ; m < 3 1 164 EUROPE V'lKW l.N DL'BLIN. — NI.LSON's MONUMENT. Limerick, VVuiertord, Belfast and Galway, are noted ft»r trade and linbii manuiuctures, Kildure tor horse races, and Baliinasloe fur cuiile faire. Map of British Isles. What separate Ireland from Great Britain ? What rivers in Ireland ? Lakes ? Which is the largest city? Its population? In what direction from DubUn is Cork? Limerick? Belfast? Waterfoid ? Londonderry? Newry? Gal. way ? Kilkenny ? Sligo t Dmgle ? What is the government of Ireland ? What is the chief ruler styled? Lord Lieutenant. Tho Religion? State of society ? What is the extent? Which is largest, Ireland or this state? What is the population ? How will you sail from Dubhn to Christiana ? 1 I mi !' SWEDEN AND NORWAY. The kingdom of Sweden and Norway comprises a vast peninsula, remarkable for its mountains, exten- sive forests of pine, numerous rivers and lakes, and for its valuable mines. Sweden and Norway were united into one kingdom in 1814. Al- ihough unde" the control of the same sovereign, each state has its own particular constitution, its own laws, and national legislature. Ml .VI; EUROPE. 195 What 1)0(1 icH of waur around this prraf prnijiHiiIn ? WImf is the width o( the isthmus that connects it to Rut^ain, or in other words, whnt is the distance hetwern the northern exfrenii'v of the Gulf of Bothnia ond the Arctic Ocean ? A. 201) niih-s. Whnt tnountnins between Sweden and Norway ? In what zones is tlie kingiluin of Norway and Sweden ? NORWAY. How is Norway hounded ? Wliot ia its Cftpi'nl ? Norway is a cold, barren, and mountainous country, and abounds In sublime nnd romantic scenery. Its chief wealth consists in its fisheries, mines of iron, copper, lead and silver, and in its immense forests of pine, which furnish large quantities of lumber for ex- portation. Norway is the most mountninous country in Europe cxeepf Swit- zerland. The soil is, genernlly, unfit fi)r cultivation. The climate issuhject to threat extremes. The cold is severe in winter, and the heat excessive in summer, hut of short duration. Near the coast of Norway, ia the terrific whirlpool, called the Maelstrom.* * It can he heard at a great distance, and is so violent that every thing which comes near it, is drawn in, and dashed in pieces. il f\ *it THE MAELSTROM. 9* * Mawl'strum. IP I' , I ' 1 1! J 1l ' Hi nil ' 1 4 ; 196 EUROPE. Character. — The Norwegians are honest, industrious, frugal, brave and hospitable, and passionately attached to freedom and ih^ir native country. They are generally well instructed in the common branches of education, and every man is his own tailor, carpenter, smith, &c. In conse(]uence of their temperance and tne purity of the ;iir, they live to a great age. Cities. — Christiana is pleasantly situated at the northern extrem. ity oflhe bay of Ghrirftiansfiord. It contains n university, a itailie. dral, and several churches, and is noted for its excellent harbor. It has much trade, chiefly in lumber and iron. Bergen, the former capital, is well built, and carries on a consider- able trade in lumber, tar and dried fish. It has a cathedral, castle, and several churches. It is noted for its sheltered situation ai,.J frc. quent rains. Drontheim, anciently the residence of the Norwegian kings, is well built, has a good harbor, and considerable trade. In what direction from us is Norway? In what direction is Nor. way longest ? Which has the greatest extent, Norway or this staip ? Population ? In what does the chief wealth of Norway consist ? What is the face of the country f Soil? Climate? For what is the coas! of Norway remarkable ? What is the character of the people ? Is Norway an indepeiideni kingdom ? When was it ceded to Swe. den ? What mountains between Norway and Sweden ? Which is the most northern cape? Southern cape'' What noted curi(»sity near Frederickshall ? A. An immense cavern which has been es- tima!ed at eleven thousand feet in depth. What towns can you menrion ■? Which is the largest? Rivers? Which is Idtigtjst? What islands on the coast? What is the Government ? ReiiL'iitn? State of society ? How will you sail from Christiana to Stockhoim? SWEDEN. How is Sweden bounded ? What is its Capital ? ^^Sweden is a large, thinly settled, and generally level country, abounding in lakes, rivers and lurosts. Its chief wealth consists in its mines of iron, sih'er, co-^'pcr and lead, and in its extensive pine ii>rests, v/nich furnish lumber, pitch, tar and turpentine for exportation. Sweden, like most northern countries, has but two seasons W|ning and autumn are scarcely perceived. Winter continues abo ii nine monihs, during which the cold is excessive. Suiuuier cuutiiiues ubout EUROPE. 197 three months, and commences so suddenly that the vallies which be fore were covered with snow, become green in a few da3'8. Seeds rapidly spring up and arrive at maiurity in the epuce of seven or eight weeks. Character. — The Swedes are polite, brave nnd hospitable, and are distinguished for their general education, morahty and lovn of tree, dom. Cities. — Stockholm stands on st.ven rocky ifelands in the strait which connects lake Malar with the Baltic. The form of the city is an oblong, and presents a view hijjlily beautiful and nimaniic. It contains a magnificent royal palace, uikI maii}' other elegant edinces. It lias a safe and commodious harbor, and an exteiisi' e trade. Gottenburg, situated at the moiiih of the Gotha, is next to Stock, holm in coninier.e populaticjn and wealth. It is a haiulsoine city, and is the seat of the Swedish East India Company, it has several manufactories, schools, and an extensive commerce. Upsal, formerly the metropolis of Sweden, i? noted fir its univer. gity, Carlscrona for being the station of the Swedish navy, Fahlun, for its copper mines, Dannemora for its iron mine, and Sala for its eilver mine. Tornea has a good harbor, and is a noted resort for the Laplanders, Norwegians, Swedes and Russians, to barter their furs and skins for other articles. In what direction from us is Sweden ? In what direction is Swe- den longest? Which part of Sweden do you think, has the warm- est chmate ? Why ? How many seasons are there in Sweden ? How much longer is winter generally than summer ? What are the principal rivers of Sweden, and where do they empty ? Chief towns, and how situated ? What lakes ? What is the extent of Sweden ? Population? Government.'' Religion? State of society ? How will you sail from Stockholm to Tornea ? I' m LAPLAND. In what direction from us is Lapland ? Lapland comprises the northern part of Norway, Sweden and Russia. It is a cold, and desolate re- gion, and thinly inhabited. Nearly the whole country is a mass of mountains, intermixed with lakes and marshy forests. It is covered with snow two-thirds of the year Lapland abounds in iron and other minerals. A few kinds of grain are cultivated, in the southern part. Among the various ani- nials, the reindeer is most valuable, and is to the Laplander wliatthe J 98 EUROPE. v:il h'r-'m LAPLANDER TRAVELLING. camel is to the Arab. It is his chief support. It serves /ini as p beast of burden. When harnesscfi to a slecige, it draws him and nisgiroda from plcU'e fo place, at the rate of 80 or 100 miles a day. Its milk and flesh s\ipi>ly him with food, and irssUin with clothmsr. In the northern part, during winter, the sun does not appear above the horizon fornbont t^even weeks, and in summer, does noi set tor the same length of time. '^m rn i t^|"i'' ; fi'ii mmm VIEW OF NORTH CAPE AT MIDNIGHT IN SUMMER. EUROPE. 199 Character. — The Laplanders are between four and five feet in height, strong, hardy and active. They are of a dark complexion, with black hair. They i e under no regular government, and remove about from place to j\f with their herds of reindeer. In summer, they live in tents, and i' winter, in low, rnde huts, formed of poles and stones, covered with birch twigs and earth, having a hole at the top for the smoke to escape. They are ignorant and superstitious, having neither writing nor letters, but only a few hieroglyphics. Their re- ligion is a mixture of Christianity and paganism. Notwithstanding the dreariness of their country, they prefer it to every other. Towns. — Kola is the capital of Russian Lapland, and Tornea of Swedish Lapland. Which is the most northern country in Europe ? In what direc lion is Lapland longest ? What ocean, sea and gulf, border on Lap- jnnd ? To what government does the eastern part nominally belong ? The southern ? Western ? Do these governments exercise any authority over the Laplandi rs ? Why not ? What constitutes the chitf support of the Laplanders ? What different uses do they make of the reindeer ? What towns or settlements? Under what kind of government do they live ? Their religion ? State of socie- ty ? Whv do the Laplanders prefer tdeir own dreary country to a]i others ? How will you sail from Tornea to St. Petersburg ? • '111 I RUSSIAN EMPIRE. In what direction from us is the Russian Empire ? In extent of territory the Russian empire surpasses all others on the globe. It embraces nearly half of Europe, more than one- third of Asia, and the north- western part of North America. Though of modern origin, its resources are unbounded, its power vast, and it holds the first rank among military nations. What part of Europe does the Russian Empire embrace ? What part of Asia ? North America ? In what direction is the Russian empire longest ? What proportion of the earth's circumference does the Russian empire encompass ? A. More than one half. What countries lie between the eastern and western limits of the empire? What title is given to the emperor of Russia? A. Czar, and some. times he is styled the " Autocrat," which means absolute sovereign. Which part of the Russian empire, the European, the Asiatic, ci North American, extends farthest south ? ;l I" mi 200 EUROPE ^S^ RUSSIA IN EUROPE. How is Russia bounded ? What is its Capital 7 Russia is the largest, and one of the most level countries in Europe, and is distinguished for its vast plains and majestic rivers. In a country so extensive, is found almost every variety of climate and production. The southern parts are mild and productive ; the northern are cold and mostly covered with immense forests of pine. The commerce of Russia is very extensive, and by means of its numerous rivers and canals, an internal communication is opened throughout all parts of the interior, reaching from the Black and Caspian sens, to the Baltic and Arctic ocean. The principal articles of export are tallow, flax, hemp, wheat, iron, timber and tar. Furs, gold, silver, iron, copper, of erreat amount and value, are brought from Siberia. At Kiatka, the Chinese merchants meet the Russians, and numerous caravans proceed into the interior of Tartary, while Persia is visited across the Caspian. Agriculture and manufactures, though yet in a rude state, are im- proving. The seal and sturgeon fisheries of the Caspian and Black seas, and of the river Volga are very extensive and productive. The raising of cattle is the chief business of the husbandman. There are valuable mines of silver, copper, and especially iron ; also gold and platina. Considerable attention is paid to education. The govern, ment of late, has made exertions to introduce schools for the in. struction of the lower classes. There are seven universities, and numerous seminaries, highly endowed and patronized, for the pro. motion of literature and science. The military force of Russia is great, and is the subject of anxiety and terror to Europe. The regular army amounts to nearly a mil- lion of men, besides a considerable navy, both on the Baltic and Black seas. The real strength of the Russian army, however, con- sists not so much in its numbers, as in the passive and iron vaior of its infantry, and the rapid and skillfi>l movements of its cavalry, the Cossacks, Baskirs, and other tribes of Tartars. Character. — The Russians are, in general, a well formed and courageous race of men, with tolerably fair complexions. They are divided into four classes: 1st, the nobility; 2d, the clergy; 3d, the common people ; and 4th, the peasants, or as they are more usually called, the serfs or boors. The latter are generally in a state of ab- ject r*)verty and ignorance, and are the property of the crown, or of individual nobles. fl m EUROPE 201 ii STATUE OF PETER THE GREAT. Cities. — St. Petkrsburg was founded in 1704, by Peter the Great It is situated on both sides of tlie river Neva, at its entrance into the gulf of Finland. It is a ina^nific^'nt city, and surpasses all otiiersof Europe, in the spk-ndor of us streets and edifices. Moscow, the ancient capital, is one of t!ie most populous cities of Europe. It is situated on the river Moskwa^ and is the centre of the iniernal trade of Russia, it was burned in IHI*2, to prevent its fail- ing into the power of the French. It has since been rebuilt, and is more nia;i;nifict;ni an! regular than before. It contains many s||tiidid palaces and public edifices. The [)rincipal curiosity of Moscnw, is its enormous bell, weighin"^ 443,000 pounds. It is the largest in the world, and has never been removed from the pit in which ii was cast. Odessa is a well built and flouri.shing place, and is the centre of trade fi)r all southern Russia. It is the second commercial city in the empire, and is noted for its exportation of wheat. Cronsiadt, situated on an island in the gulf of Finland, 20 miles from St. Petersburg, is noted for its extensive fortifications, docks, arsenals, &c. It is ttie principal station of the Russian navy, and forms the chief defence oi'the capital. Archangel, situated on the Dwina, four miles from the White sea, is noted for being the most northerly seaport in Europe. Rign, ^itu- ated on the Duna, five miles from its mouth, is distinguished for its extensive commerce, Zula, for its manufacture of fire arms, and Astrachan for its extensive trade and sturgeon fisheries. Novgorod, the great, situated near lake Ilmen, is one of the most ancient cities of Russia. It was once a powerful city, the proud capital ol the north, and held wide sway over the regions round the Baltic. It was said of it, " who can resist God and the Great Nov- ■ iiii m i; Mi -il ia\ ffk '■''(■■ ' i , ill m 202 EUROPE. gorod." It is much reduced, and few objects convey more melun« choly impressions of fallen grandeur. New Novgorod, or the little, situated at the Junction of tlie Oka and Volga, is the great commer- cial link between Europe and Asia, It is a handsome city, and is noted for its great fairs, for the sale of the various products of Europe and Asia. In what direction from us is Russia ? What five seas around Russia ? c. A. B. B. w. What two large rivers empty in the Caspian Bea? V. u. What into the sea of Azoff? d. Black sea? d. b. d. d. Baltic? V. N. D. White sea ? o. d. m. Arctic Ocean? p. Which is the longest river in Russia ? The next longest ? What lakes ? L. 0. r. T. What connects lake Ladoga to the gulf of Finland ? A. The river Neva. What gulfs ? What chain of mountains between Russia and Siberia ? What is their length ? Between Russia and Georgia ? Thtir length ? How many towns can you mention, and where are they situated ? When was Azoff taken from the Turks by Peter the Great ? When was Charles XII. defeated at Poltava, by Peter the Great .' When was Moscow taken by ihe French ? What is the government of Russia ? Religion ? State of society? What is the extent of Russia in Europe ? Population ? What is the population of the Russian empire ? How will you sail from St. Petersburg to Warsaw ? . POLAND.* In what direction from us is Poland ? What was its Capital ? Poland was formerly one of the nnost powerful kingdoms in Europe. It was divided between Rus- sia, Prussia and Austria, and in 1795, ceased to be an independent nation. * Poland was formerly a large, pf>vverful, and independent kingdom butformany centuries past.it has been remarkable furits miserable con- dition. It contained 284,000 square miles, and about 15,000,000 inhabit- ants. In 1772, it became distracted by internal dissensions. This fur- nished Russia, Austria, and Prussia, with a pretence for interference. They accordingly took possession of a large portion of the country, and divided it between them. In 1793, they interfered a second time, and dismembered a second portion. In 1795, they interfered a third time, and divided the remainder of the country between them. Thus by an act of the grossest injustice, Polrmd was blotted out of the list of king- doms. In 1815 the Congress of Vienna erected a small portion of the central part of ancient Poland — containing 47,000 square miles, and 2,800,0()0 inhabitants — into a state, by the name of the " Kingdom of Po- land," and placed it under the government of the emperor of Russia, EUROPE 203 Although Poland has ceased to constitute an independent and sin- gle state, still the country is distinctly separated from those which siiiroiinfl it, by national character, language and manners. It is still the land of the Poles, although its detached fragments have become Russian, Austrian or Prussian provinces. The present population isiihout l5,00(),(Km. Poland is one of the most level countries in Europe and derives its name from " Po/Ucn" a Sclavonic word, which meaus a plain. It loims indeed a pnri of thiU immense, unvaried jil.iin, which covers h; northern portion of all the countries of central Europe, and cx- jiiinfls in Russia to its greatest breadth, exceeding V2(M) miles. The climate of Poland is cold and moist, and the soil exceedingly fiitiie, and so well ad ipted to the g owih of grain that the annual >\port has been estimated at sixteen million of bushels. Character.— The Poles are divided into two classes, the nobles and |»easants. The former are tall, robust and handsome, brave, fiiUik, gay, courteous in their manners, and hos})itable to strangers. The latter are ignorant, indolent, servile, and but slaves to the iiolilrs. Warsaw, the late capital, is a walled town of great strength. It is favorably situated for commerce, and possesses an extensive inland tpiJe. It presents a melancholy appearance, exhibiting a singular coutrastof wealth and poverty, of luxury and want, which pervade everypart of this unhappy country. The Repub[.ic op Cracow. This small republic was formed in ISl.*!, by Russia, Austria, and Prussia. It consists of Cracow, the ancient capital of Poland, and a small surrounding territory. It comprises an area of about .500 iquare mil; s, and 100,000 inhabitants. Cracow, on the Vistula, is an ancient city. It is noted for its jr^al square, its cathedral, churches, monasteries and convents. Almost every building, however, bears the mark of ruined grandeur. .\ remarkable monument has been erected here, to the memory of Kosciusko. It consists of a mound 300 feet high, and 2*5 feet in diameter at the base. ill ;i whit in consequence, added to his title, " king of Poland." A Polish constitution was soon issued by the emperor Alexander, consisting of 165 articles, which, if faithfully executed, would have promoted the welfare of Poland. But these articles were basely violated by the Russians, and the most unjust cruelties were inflicted on the brave Poles. At length, (in the 29th of November, 1830, an insurrection broke out at Warsaw, and quickly extended throughout the kingdom and other parts of ancient Poland. A powerful Russian army immediately invaded the country, and after a short but severe struggle for independence, the Poles were subdued ; and by a proclamation of the emperor Nicholas, in 1832, Po- land was incorporated with Russia, and has since formed an integral part of that mighty empire. I 204 EUROPE The sail mine of Wieliczka,* the largest and most remarkahic in the world, is about seven miles soutli-east of Cracow. It belongs lo Austria. Us, r .M- ■ ii|;;- In what direction from us is Poland ? What was Poland former. ly ? What is it now ? What is the length of the Vistula ? What cities on it ? How will you go from Warsaw to Berlin ? PRUSSIA. VIEW IN BERLIN. How is Prussia bounded ? What is its Capital ? Prussia was formerly a small state of Germany ; but by fi^radual accession of territory, it has become one of the first kingdoms in Europe. It consists of two divisions, viz. the eastern, as re- presented on the map of Europe, and the western, situated on both sides of the Rhine, adjoining Holland and Belgium. Prussia is generally a level country, with numerous lakes, rivers, and marshes. The climate is healthy and the soil in most parts fer- tile. Grain and cattle are the chief productions. The most noted ♦We-lich'ka. Al EUROPE 205 mineral pr» >\.'..tion is amber, which is found on the shores of the Baltic. Its foreign commerce is not extensive, but its inland trade is con- siderable. The principal manufactures are linens, woollens, and articles of iron and steel. Prussia is particularly distinguished for its system of popular ed- ucation. Public schools are establislied by the government, throuj^h- out the kingdom, to which every parent is required to send his children. Chfiracter. — The Prussians are intelligent, brave, industrious, and fond of military parade. The army of Prussia is famous for its dis- cipline, and almost every man in the kingdom, is required Jo serve ill it as a soldier, for three years. Cities. — Bkrlin, situated on the river Spree, a small branch of the Elbe, is one of the most mf\gnificent cities in Europe. It is distin- 2;uislied for its splendid edifices, its numerous literary institutions, its university, and for the extent of its manufactures. Dantzic, formerly the e:rand emporium of Poland, is situated on the Vistula, five miles from its mouth. It is a large, populous, iveaUhy and strongly fortified city, and is noted for its extensive convnerce. Breslau, the capital of the province of Silesia, is a well built, pop- ulous and fortified city, distinguished for its manufacture of linen. Mag'-de-burg, situated on bolli sides of the Elbe, is one of the most strongly fortified cities in Europe. It has an extensive trade, and a greeit variety of manufactures. Kon-ings-burg, on the river Pregel, formerly the capital of Prus- sia, i^ a large and handsome city, noted for its inland and foreign trade. Cologne,* in the western part of the Prussian dominions is an old and rather decayed town on the Rhine, noted for its trade, and man- ufacture of Cologne water. In what direction is Prussia longest ? Of how many portions does it consist ? Which is the largest portion ? Which are the four prin. cipal rivers of the eastern portion ? e. o. r. n. What is the length of each ? Which one of the western portion ? r. How many towns can you mention in each portion ? Which is the most populous ? [See map of Central Europe.] What is the extent of Prussia ? Pop- ulation ? Government ? Religion ? State of society ? How will you sail from Berlin to Vienna ? AUSTRIA. How is Austria bounded ? What is its Capital ? Austria was formerly a small state, but its limits * Co-lone'. 206 EUROPI- M te-'^ ,■ f have been increased by treaty and conquest, until it has become a large, populous and powerful empire. The Austrian empire comprises nearly one-thirrJ part of what wns once culled Germany, the norihern part of Italy, styled the kingddm of Lombardy and Venice, the kino^dom, of Hutigary, and a consid- erable portion of Poland, now called the kinjidom of Gallicia. The whole empire, with the exception of the mountain borders, enjoys (he happiest climate, and is fitted to produce grain ofdifl'ereiu kinds, wine, silks, and other valuable productions in the high* .st pfr- fection The soil in most parts is excelle!it The kingdom of Lombardy and Venice, on account of its fertility and liigh culii- vati(tn, has been styled "the garden of Europe." The mineral productions of Austria are various. Hungary is dis- tinguished for its rich mines of gold and silver; lllyria for its mines of mercury or quicksilver ; and Gallicia, for those of salt. Besides these, iron, copper, lead and tin are found in various parts. The salt mine of Wie-licz-ka, seven miles south-east of Cracow, is the largest in the world, and has been worked 000 years. The prin- cipal mine is more than a mile in length, about 1000 feet broad, ana 1500 feet deep. The quantity of salt produced yearly at these mitu s, is valued at S800,000. The mine exhibits a spacious plain, wiih lofty vaulted roofs, supported by columns of salt, whicli have b( en left standing by the workmen. This mine formerly belonged to Poland, but in the first partition of that unhappy country, in 1772, it came into the possession of Austria. Character. — The inhabitnnts are composed principally of four dis- tinct races, Sclavonians. Germans, Hungarians and Italians, all differing in language and habits. In Hungary, Gypsies are numer- ous. The Austrians are generally industrious, patient and persever- ing, and noted for vivacity and fondness of music. Cities. — Vienna, situated in a fertile plain, on the south bank of the Danube, holds a high rank among the cities of Europe for sci- ence, arts, commerce and nfinement. It contains many elegant palaces, churches, and other public buildings. The Prater near the city, is a celebrated place of amusement, consisting of a grove laid out with promenades and avenues, Prague, the capitf 1 of Bohemia, situated on the Muldau, a branch of the Elbe, is a lar^^c and strongly fortified city, and contains sev- eral ancient palaces. It has the oldest university in Germany, founded in 1348. It has been the scene of numerous battles and sieges, and exhibits but the remnants of its former magnificence and splendor. Venice is situated at the head of the gulf of Venice, on 72 small islands, connected by 500 bridges." It was formerly the capital of a republic of the same name, and the greatest commercial city on tlie globe. Though much reduced, it is still one of the most magnificent and remarkable cities of Europe. It has canals instead of streets- boats instead of cars — and gondolas instead of coaches. UROPB. 207 THE RIALTO IN VENICE. Milan, the capital of tlie kit^doin of Lombnrdy and Venice, situ- ated in a ricli and beautiful plain, watered by the Po, is a nol)le and ma^Miificent city. Its cathedral is liie finest s()ecirnen of Gothic ar- clutecture in existence. Buda, the capital of Hunirary, is noted for its palaces p.nd baths; Pest for its university and several literary institutions. These two cities are united by a bridge of boats across the Danube, and together form the most important city in Hungary. Lernburg, the capital of Gallicia, is noted for its inland trade ; Brunn, the capital of Moravia, for its strong citadel and manufac- tures of cloth, velvet and plush ; and Toplitz for its warm spritigs. Trieste, situated on the gulf of Venice, in Illyria, has a spat iou« harbor, is strongly fortified, and is the principal seaport of the Aus- trian empire. In what direction is the Austrian Empire longest ' Of what does it consist ? What is the principal river in Austria ? d. What branches has the Danube? n. s. t. What mountains in Austria? How many towns can you mention ? Which is most populous ? What town in the northern part, memorable for the imprisonment of La Fayette ? o. In what direction from Olmutz is Prague, capital of Bohemia? Austerlitz? When was the battle of Austerlitz fought? What is the extent of Austria ? Population? Govern- ment? Religion? State of society? What mines in Austria? What can you say of the salt mines of Wieliczka? How will you Bail from Vienna to Hamburg? > l'. ri fill it.' I. '''•" , 208 1 U R P E . GERMANY. How is Germany bounded 7 What are ita capitala T Germany is an extensive country, situated ia the centre of Europe. It is distin^uisfied for its ereat political influence, the general tertility of its soil, and nealthiness of its climate, and for the number of its learned men, public libraries and literary institutions. The political system of Germany is very complicated. At present it comprises thirty-five states and four free cities; the principal of which are the following, viz. States. Tittet. 1. Austria, Empire, 2. Bavaria, Kingdom, 3. Wurtemberg, Kingdom, 4. Saxony, Kingdom, 5. Hanover, Kingdom, 6. Haden, Grand Duchy, 7. Prussia in the north-western part. The four tree cities art Hamburg, Frankfort, Bremen and Lubec. These states and free cities are independent, each in its own terri- tory, but for the purpose of nmtual dejence and protection, they have formed a union, styled " The Uerman-c Confederation." The states are bound to defend each oilier in case of foreign invasion, and pledg' ed not to make war upon each other, but to submit their diflferencesand disputes to the decision of the Federative Diet, a body composed of plenipotentiaries and delegates from the different states. I'he Diet meets at Frankfort-on-the-Mayne. The emperor of Austria is pres- ident of the Diet. The northern part of Germany is remarkably level. There com- mence those vast plains that extend through Prussia, Poland, and the couth of Russia. The southern part is hilly and mountainous. The products of German industry are of great amount and variety. Agriculture is in an improved state — manufeftiires an, numerous, and the working of its mines of gold, silver, ci:.j)\'>ec, ili\ zinc, Vr' Capital: . Vienna. Munich. Stuttgard. Dresden. Hanover. Carlsruhe free cities a^ieat source ot and coal, is an important branch of industr . j ^ fhe n> ^ imporfant lavaria, in the south-eastern piirt, is 01 states in Gernonny. It is noted foi the rapnl uknn. ment of the pple in general improvement. A school is estnblis; "d in every parish, to which every parentis obliged to send his children f' 'e. Dresden, on the Elbe, is one of the finest cities in Germany. It is noted for its public buildings, libraries and galleries of paintings. Lcipsic is the grand centre of commerce, not only for Saxony, but for all Germany. It is famous for its great fairs, held twice a year, at which immense quantities of books and other articles are sold. HANOVER. Hanover is a small kingflom. The northern part consists princi- I pally of an immense plain. In the southern part, are the Hartz ! . 1 I I 1 ij m i 1 1 IN •w^ 210 EUROPE. i'm iM n II mountains, noted for their picturesque scenery, extensive cavern? and valuable mines of gold, silver, copper, iron and lead. Brock;nished for its iniivcrsity ; and Enid'.n at the tnouth of the Ems, for beino; the principal port. THE FREE CITIES. The four free imperial cities of Germany, are Hamburg, Frank- fort-on I !-Mayne, Bremen and Lubec. I'liese are the reuinantsdf the lIan^e towns and imperial cities, that illustrious confeder;vv called the Hanseatic h-ague, which once comprised K-) of the nins; considerable commercial cities in Europe, and during the middle az'S acted a most conspicuous part in the im[trov' nieni of tlie Eiuopeaii system. Hamburo, situated on the Elbe, seventy tniles from itg month, is the first commercial city in Germany. Its manutacturcs are e.vteii- sive, and its port is visited by ships ot almost all nations. FRANKFORT-on-the-Mayne, twenty miles above the entrance of iluu river into the Ilhine, is noted for its fairs and extensive trade. It is the ceatof the Federative Diet, or Congress ofiht; German princes. Bkemkn, on the Weser, is generally well built, and has an eMcn- sive trade. LuBp;c, on the Trave, eight miles from the Baltic, has cousi'lerti':!? trade, and is noted for having been at the head of the Hanseaiit league. Into how many states is Germany divided 1 Which are the priii. cipal, and their capitals ] In what part is Hanover ? [oee inn|) ut Central Europe.] Bavaria'? Saxony 1 VVurtemburjj ( Meclden- burg'? Baden '2 To what government does Westphalia and the Rhine belong'? p. What is the extent of Bavaria'? Population' Government? Religion] State of society 7 Hanover'? Saxonv ? Which is the longest river in Germany ] What is the length of the Danube ] Elbe 7 How does the Weser compare in length with tliR Hudson river "? Is there any river in this state ns long as the Rhine 1 Can you goby water from Hamburg to Berne *? SWITZERLAND. How is Switzerland bounded ? What is its Capital ? Switzerland is the most mountainous country in Europe. It abounds in the most sublime and pictur- esque scenery, and is noted for the freedom of its political institutions. Cii 1-. EUROPE. 211 iive cavern? . Brocktn, a hraiicli fif [or its sii|)('r!) and Emd'.ii. [burg, Fihiik- reiiin dills (if confeilora"v 5 of" iIk' nids; he uiMdIi' iiuts I lie EufojH'itii 1 its mouth, IS irt.'s are oxtpii- is. iitianceof that ve tviule. his man princes. I has an t'xtcn- as consi'lercil'le llie Haiiseatic ch are the prin. f [oee tiinp ut Tij i Meckleii- phalia and the 1 Population ' ver 1 Saxoiiv ] le length of the length with the y as the Rhine 1 'apital ? country in } and pictur- edom of its Switzfrlanc) is composed of twpmy-iwo cantons, or distiic (s, carh of which is an ind»^pend«'ni state, l)ut for nuiional security iht-y aie united toi^'ether under the ntnne of the "Helvetic Re}iublie," and n;overned hy a jrei'f*>'al diet, or assfmbly. The diet meets «lterniitely [tt Berne, Zurich, and Lucerne. ?•'» ufehatel l:eJ( ii{;s lo Prussia. Switzerland is full of wonrler.s, stupendous mountains, diendful precipices, tremendous rocks. sliini)iir ;;hiciers, a\\ful chasms; ^Jont Bhmc, rearin;:: iismnjestic head far above the clouds, with here ard there a quiet lake antj peaceful valley. These are its charactcriatie leal u res. Switzerland has almost every variety of climate wnd soil. The vall ysare warnMjnd fruitful, and nothing; can be more delightful tlian tlie summer months in this country. '1 he chief productions are i-rain, wine, and varions kinds of fruit. '1 he riiisirijL,' of cattle is the principal occupation of the Swiss farmer. The mnuHfacture of cotton gocds is carried on to some extent, and that of watches is an important feature of national industry. Amon;^: the native animals of Switzerland, are the ibex, with it» husje hortis, the chamois, the Alpine marmcjt, the bearded vulture, and the Alpine spaniel. The latter are kept by the monks ot St, Bernard, for the preservation of those unfortunate travellers who are so often lost in crossing ih«; pathless snows of those danjjerous motmtains. Character. — The Swiss are well educatfd, hardy, industrious, brave, and temperate. They are honest in their dpalinjtrs, faithful o their word, and ardently attached to liberty and their country. BERNE. Cities, — Berne, situated on the river Aar, a branch of th« Rhiii 10 ijii \^u\ i Of' m ■ i .< « 212 EUROPE. contains many degant edifices. It is noted for the width and neat- ness of its streets, and the beauty of the surrounding country. Geneva is situated on the south-western extremity of the lake of Geneva, or lake Leman, at the efflux of the Rhone. It is the most celebrated city in Switzerland. The views from it embrace the most majjnificent mountain scenery, the towering points of the distant Alps, covered with snow, including Mont Blanc, its lofty nont reaching ab9ve them all. It is noted for its literii y institutions, and its extensive manufacture of watches. Basle, Bale, on the Rhine, is noted for its university, and for being ithe place where tlie art of making paper was invented ; Lucerne, situated at the noriliern extremity of a lake of the same name, for its picturesque scenery ; and Lausanne for its beautiful situation, and the refinement of its inhabitants. In the latter city. Gibbon wrote his history of "The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire." In what direction from us is Switzerland 1 What mountains in it 1 What lakes ? [See map of Central Europe.] What two large rivers ffise in Switzerland 1 r. r. How many towns can you mention ] For what is Switzerland distinguished 1 What is its extent 1 Whiti 56 largest, Switzerland or this state *? What is its population 1 Gov. ernmentl Religion 1 State of society 1 How will you go from Berne to Copenhagen 1 |i^4: : Ifv- ' -■' DENMARK. ^ -■■■'*' How is Denmark bounded ? What is its Capital ? Denmark is small, level and fertile kingdom, with a mild, moist but healthy climate. It is noted for it^ favorable situation for commercial pursuits, and its exports of grain and cattle. DeniYiark consists principally of the peninsula of Jutland and the islands of Zealand and Funen, with the duchies of Holstein and Lauenburg, in Germany. It has some foreijjn possessions, amon^ which are Greenland, Iceland and the Faroe islands. Great attention is paid to education. Common schools are estal> lished throughout the kingdom, and supported at the public expensr, in which the children of the poor, are taught the rudiments of tlicii native language. There are two universities on a large scale, one ui Copenhagen, and the other at Kiel. The former has one of the bi ; botanic gardens in Europe. Denmark has produced some celebraioi men in literature and science. Character. — The Danes are an honest, well educated, and indii.v trious people. The higher classes are fond of magnificence and shiw, and the lower are distinguished for neatness in dress, chcerfuliu:« and hospitality. EUROPE. 213 dth and neat- 3untry. of the lake of It is the most 3race the most of the distant its lofty iroiii stitutions, and , and for being ited ; Lucerne, le name, for its situation, and ibbon wrote his )ire." lountains in it 1 two large rivers you mention 1 extent 1 Whicl )ulation 1 Gov. il you go from )ital ? ngdom, with noted for it^ suits, and its Jutland andthr of Holstein and sessions, amons; I. chools areestab- ! public expense, udimentsoftiirii arge scale, one ai as one of the bet d some celebratoi cated, and indir,- ificence and shew, Iress, cheerfuhuM Cifttfi.— CoPEMHAflEN, situated on the eastern shore of the island of Zealand, is one of the best built cities in Europe. It has a good harbor, and an extensive commerce, and is noted for its vast docks and fortifications. Altona, situated on the Elbe, two miles west of Hamburg, is dis- tinguished for its commerce and manufactures, Elsinore is situated on the island of Zealand, twenty miles north of Copenhagen, at the narrowest part of the sound, or entrance to the Baltic. All foreign ships that pass this place, are obliged to pay a heavy toll, or duty, as a remuneration to the Danish king for the light-houses on the coast. ICELAND. Iceland is a large, cold, mountainous and dreary island. It abounds in natural wonders. Mount Hecla is one of the most celebrated volcanoes on the globe. Its eruptions are numerous and dreadful. It has been known to throw stones, lava and ashes from its crater to a vast distance. The Geysers, or hot springs, at the foot of the mountain, throw up columns of boiling water to the he'.ght of 100 feet, accompanied with a noise like that of cannon. The Icelanders are simple and hospitable in their manners j hon- est, temperate and industrious in their habits ; and belter educated than 'he common people of most European countries. They have no schools, but the children are taught by their mothers. Families usually spend their evenings in listening to reading. They enjoy but few of the comforts of li^, and subsist almost entirely on animal food, chiefly fish ; but notwithstanding, they are a contented and happy people^ Their commerce is small. The exports consist of sulphur, hides, eiderdown and fish; the imports, of grain, timber, and other necessaries. The Faroe islands, twenty-five in number, seventeen of which are inhabited, lie about midway between Scotland and Iceland. Each of these, is a lofty mountain. They produce agate, Jasper, and Beolites. Vast numbers of sea»foWl frec[uenl the rocks and precipices, tlie taking of which, furnishes a perilous employment for the in« habitants. In what direction from us is Denmark 1 Of what does Denmark consist 1 What is the strait called between the island of Zealand and Sweden ] A. The Sound. Between Zealand and Funen ? A. The Great Belt. Between Funen and the peninsula of Jutland 1 A. The Little Belt. What canal connects the Baltic to the North Sea 1 A. The canal of Kiel. What towns can you mention 1 What islands belong to Denmark 7 What towns in Iceland 7 Volcano 1 Which is largest, Iceland or Denmark 1 Most populous 1 What is the government of Denmark 1 [See map of Central Europe.] Reli- gion 1 State of society ? How will you sail from Copenhagen to Amsterdam 1 m r;i '5' i' " l4 i\ i 'i If 214 EUROPE. HOLLAND. How is Holland bounded 7 What is its Capital 7 Holland is a small, populous and commercial king, dom. It is distinguished for its numerous canals, ex. tonsive manufactures, and for the industry and per- severance of its inhabitants. Holland is the most level country in Europe, and resembles a large marsh that has been drained. The surface is lower than the level of the sea at high water, and to prevent its being overflowed, high mounds, or dikes, have been erected along the shore. The soil is remarkably fertile, and in a high state of cultivation} and producfis wheat, madder,* tobacco, hemp, flax and rich pnsiure. Cattle are \ nerous, and the butter and cheese are justly celebrated. The climate is cold and moist, but generally healthy. Canals a'e numerous and serve the same purpose as roads in other countries. In summer, the common mode of travelling is in covered boats on canals ; and in winter, when frozen, the people travel over them in sleighs and on skates. The Dutch were formerly the most commercial nation in the world, and Holland was styled the mart of Europe. Their trade, although much diminished, is still very flourishing and extensive. Character, — The Dutch are honest, patient, intelligent, and perse, vering, and remarkable f»)r their industr)', frugality and neatness. Every class of people, seems comfortable ; and a man, woman, or child, in rags, is seldom, or never seen. Bankruptcy is rare. «C'i7fM.— The Hague, thirty miles south-west of Amsterdam, is one of the handsomest cities in Europe. It is noted for the beauty of its 8ticets,the stateliness of its buildings, the pleasantness of its situation, and the politeness of its inhabitants. Amsterdam situated on an arm of the Zuider Zee, is the richest, most populous and commercial city in Holland. It is well built, and is noted for its stadt-house, or state house, row the rovnl pnlnce, which is one of the noblest edifices in the world. The city is inter* Reeled by numerous canals, and is the seat of extensive rnanufac- tnro:*. Rotterdam, situated on the river Maese, ten miles south of the Ilaf,nie, is next to Amsterdam in commerce, wealth, and population. It is noted as the birth-place of the celebrated Erasmus, and contains a statue erected to his memory. , Loyden is a handsome and flourishing town, distinguished for its university ; Harlem, for its grea* organ and manufactures ; Dort, the * Madder, a plant much used in dyeing red. lUROPB 215 ancient capital of Holland, is noted for the synod held therein 1618, styled the synod of Dort, which condemned the tenets of Arminius. Ml nal king* mals, ex* and per* ble8 a large lan the level owed, high cultivation ; rich pasture. y celebrated. lads in other is in covered e travel over ation in the Their trade, extensive. It, and per?e. lid neatness. , woman, or rare. 3rJam, is one beanty of its fits situation, s the richest, •ell biiih, and rovnl palace, city is inter* ve rnanulac- south of the d population, and contains [uished for its Bs ; Dort, the In what direction from us is Holland ? What river in the south, em part of Holland? How does the Rhine compare in length with the longest river in this state ? How many cities can you mon. tion in Holland? Which is the mos. populous city? [See Central Europe.] Which is largest, Holland or this state ? Which is most poptilous t How does the mode of travelling in this state differ from that in Holland ? Which has the greatest latitude, Amsterdam or this place ? In what direction from Amsterdam is the Hague ? Groningen ? Arnheim? Rotterdam? What is the government of Holland ? Religion ? State of society ? How will you sail from Amsterdam to Antwerp ; BELGIUM.* How is Belgium bounded ? What is its Capital 7 Belgium is a small, new and populous kino^dom, distinguished for the fertility and high cultivation of its soil, the mildness of its climate, and for the extent, variety, and value of its manufactures. Belgium is, in general, a level country, and one of the most beauti. ful and interesting in Europe. It is filled with cities connecte-l by spacious canals, watered by several large rivers, and contains nu- merous places, memorable in the history of modern warfare. Much attention has, of late, been given to the cause of popular ed- ucation. Schools are established m every village, an'- the common people are among the best educated in Europe. There are four universities, viz. at Brussels, Ghent, Louvjine, and Liege, all of which are in a very flourishing condition. 1 * Belgium, formerly called the Austrian Netherlands, within a few centuries has undergone many changes. In 1713, it was ceded by Spain to AiHtria. In 1795, it was conquered by the French and incorporated into the kingdom of Fiance. In 1811, after the downfall of Bonaparte, the Coniiress of Vienna annexed it to Holland, or the United Provinces, anH these two countries tbrmed the kingdom of the Netherlands. This union was effected by the " Holi^ Alliance,''^ without the consent of the t\vo nations, and it never obtained the cordial acquiescence of the Belgi- ans, who became so dissatisfied at length witn their political condition, thatthoy broke out into an open insnrrecti(»n in August, 1830, and on the 4th of October made a declaratins «re vines, olives, oranges, lemons, figs and grniti. 1 hecliief exports Rre wines, salt and wool. The Portuguese were formerly the most enterprising and commei^ cial nation on the globe. They ied the way in the great discoveries of modern times. Their rulers were distinguished fortlieir wise and liberal policy ; iheir soldiei-s for valor, and their sailors for skill ; but they have greatly degenerated from that enterprising spirit wiiich made them so illustrious, and now rank among tlie most feeble and inefficient of European niUions. Chirncteu — The Portug^uese are friendly and hospitable, but gen- erally ignorant and superstitious, and fond of music and dancing. Cities, — LrenoN is built on several hiUs, at the mouth of the Tagus. It IS the most commercial city in Portugal, and has one of the best harbors in Europe. A great part of the city was destroyed by an earthquake in 1755, but has since been rebuilt. It has a great trade in wines and fruits, with England and the United States. Oporto, the second city in the kingdom, is noted for its poruviine ; St. Ubes for its salt-works, and Coimbra for its university. In what direction from us is Portugal ? What are its principal rivers ? o. t. d. m. What mountains extend into the eastern part ! What cape in the south-west part ? What cities can you mention ' Which is most populous ? What is the extent of Portugal ? Popu- bfion ? Government ? Religion ? State of society ? Which is the largest, Portugal or this state ? How will you go from Lisbon to Madrid? SPAIN. How is Spain bounded ? What is its capital ? Spain is a large, warm and fertile country, and presents the most beautiful variety of mountains, vai- leys, streams and plains. 10* 220 EUROPE* *l>'i m: r^^ I-^ 1 Pew countries aro m )re. hii^lily f.ivored by nature, thxn Spain, an I inln-jtry m'\.iclc\Viir(i stuie. . Til? principal productions nri \vli(int, Indian corn, birley, hemp, ' silk, olives, grapes, oranges, loiuons, (&c. The c\wf exports arc wines, salt, wool, burilLi an I fruits. Tlicrc nee numerous mines of iron, copper, and le<»d. Oieat attention is given to the rainiiii; of merino sheep, so celebrate I f.>r the fineness of their wool. The number of shaop is estimate J at lil millions, alton led by 15 ihousund shepherds. One of the most not^d curiosities in Spain is Montsorat, which stands in a large plain 'JD miles iV. W. of Barcelona. It rixes in th*) form of a sugar loaf to the height of 3,')[)i) feet, and is inhabited by nu nero'js monk'? and hermits. Spain was f )rinorly, one of the most powerful and important kingdoms in Europe. She possessed immense territories in north and Soirh America. But of all tlie;se possessions, she now retains only Cuba nni Porto Rico. For a long time tlie nation has been distracted by civil dissensions and wars— education is neg* cted and industry paralized — and it is now In a degraded, weak and ignorant state. The Balearic Islands.-' Ivica, Majorca, Minorca, and some small- er isles belong to Spain. They ore inhaliited by a simple and peace- able people, and are noted for fruits and honey. Port Mahon in Minorca, has an excellent har'jor and is much resorted to by our naval force in the Mediterranean. Dancing is a favorite ammenjent, and in all large towns, bull- fights are common and attended by thousands of all ranks and con- ditions of both sexes. -, ,1 ' ■ , , - Character. — The Spaniards are tall, well proportioned, grave, po- lite, temperate and faithful to their word. The higher classes are distinguished for their noble and generous spirit, and high sense of honor. The peasants are ignorant, but courteous, polite, cheerful, and fond of music and dancing. j Cities. — Madrfd, situated on the Manzanares, a small branch of the Tagus, is a rnignificent city, distinguished for its 8(iuares and beautiful public walks. It has neither commerce nor fnanufactures, and derives its importance solely from being the seat of government. It is the most elevated capital in Europe, being about half a mile higher than the level of the sea. Cadiz, situated on the island of Leon, is the first commercial city in Spain. It has an excellent harbor, and is the centre of trade for America and the West Indies. Seville, in ancient times, the residence of the Gothic kings, and capital of Spain, is a large and handsome city, noted for its manufac- ttires and commerce. 1 1 1 fiMj 1 LV EUROPl ROYAL PALACE, MADRID. Barcelona is a lur^e and sir()n,3;ly tbriifiwJ city, diiitingui>lH;d for its conmierce, manutiicHjies antJ wealth. Gibruliai- is a celebrated pjv)iiK)iii()ry, at the southern exiremiiy of Spnin. It is aliout four miles in Ifii'jiih, Imlf a mile in width, and !5(RMeet hi^'h. It wr.s captured hy tlie Knglish in 1701, who have ever since retained possession of it. It hasa reuiarkabie fortress on it, so strrfi,'rilien(>d by niiture and art us lo bo tslcttiied tht uiosi for- iivdable in the world. . i . What do Spnin and Portn the ri(-'hest pnxluctions, grain, wine, oil, sillc anij varioiw fruits, wears a nu;lanoljoly asj)ect. A<»rirnltnr(;, rimnufrtt:tun;s and Ofwiniiercc aie nejjflected, cities are thran;^e(J witL he2;gar:9, th •. l>nildin:i;s are in a slate of decay,, and every tliiri;;; shows >Iku thifj l> -iAixiful r.o;ii)tiy is de;^raded, di^pn^sscd, arrtJ iiu»^uisliiii^' under the LkjJ irk.lueir.-e of a dospoiio <;'avernment. • . Character. — The Italians avo i^)litc,ch(^erfi>l, arid graceful in their m;mners^ and distii>;;ifishod for llwir skill in music, scivlplure aiui j>;iintin:^. Tln'y arc n.-iturally a>Mive, with slrong passions and nu uident in)a:!;i»>ntioii, anl amon;j; them have bee« son^e of the fiis: po^ts, polrticrans and hi.^turjans of Europe. Italy was onre the seat of a miijhtv empii-e, but it is now diviiird imonar several i'orernn'i'erfts, o^ which tlie fi^ll'owiftg are thie priu- eipai', via. 1. The ]an'j;dom of Nnp'es, or iho two Sieilio=v; Capital, Naples. 'J. The Roman st.'ifes, or States of the Cln;-rch, " Rome. i». The Grand Dnehy of Tuscany, " Florenci;:, 4. Th" kin:':di>iv of Sardiina, " Turin. 5 Tlje rtii-K^dotn of Loin'.jardy anr^ Venice, '^ Milan. m TiAPLES, OR THE TWO SICILIES. Naples eanipiises l\w soulliiM-n ))art of Italy, the island of Sicily and the Li)>nri istes. The climate is warm, and the soil fertile, ca- pable of prodiveing tbe fines! triiits, ve;;retables, wint, oil, suL'^ar, rni- ton, &e.tii abundance. But such is the oppressive chsvacter of tin: ^oven>ment, and the irwli^Iencoand rK'intiousne.ss of the peoplt^, thai industry i > ne^fected, and pnvevjy and beg<^ary are every where seen. Mount Etna, on the island ofSicily, h the most celebrated v.^Ictuit. in the world. It is two miles hig-h, and the sirfesof the nmuntain inv 'ertile. and covered with vineyards, and the lower parts :^re oerupip'; with town-; nnd vil}aj;{ s, liulde tit any njoment to l)e oveiwhelmei! 1)y lava. For ai^es its eruptions have been frequent, often destroy iiiy "whole cities and vdlno;es. Mount Vesuvius, i>ear Naples, is a rem nrk able volcano. It lin°, 'ntd many tremendous eruptions. One, which happened in A, D. 7!). overwhelmed Bercnlancum and Pompevi, tvv^o ancient cities if' rve v'A-\ni,'.y ofNaples. Tl«^s*, after lying c«rt«ealed usKley tLv^, sculp. gmin, wine, A<,'riruliuri', •on;jjf'(J witii liirijij sliDws liintjuisliiii'^ zo.fiil intlioir :ul|)luiv aiKi sions aii(,l au e of tlie firsi now divixM are the priu- tal, Naples. Rome. Flnreiice, Turin, Milan. nt] of Sicily lil fertile, ca- 1, sifL'ar, rni- aracfei' of the ! peoplt!, tliaj y where seen, rotfxl valriuiL' mninvfain aiv are ocru|ti{'(i ovei\vheliue(( 'n (icstroyiiii; •ario. It lios ed in i\. D. jient cities in for^nearly 1800 years, have been discovered, and whole streets hava been laid open, artd various works of art found in a remarkable stale of preservation. Stromboli is a volcano of the Lipari islands. It emits flames that may be seen at ni^ht more than 100 miles, and is termed " the lights house of the Mediterranean." NAPLES AJSD MOUNT VESUVIUS. Cities. — Naplks is the most populous city in Itnly, nnd is noted fo*" the surnassinK I Asia is the largest richest, and most populous di- vision of the globe. It is remarkable for liaving been the scene of some of the most important events that the history of the world can furnish. It was in Asia that our first parents were created, and there occurred the most noted transactions re- corded in the scriptures. There lived the patriarchs and prophets; and there appeared the Saviour, and introduced his gospel, which is ultimately to bless all nations. In Asia, likewise, successfully flourished some of the greatest and most powerful empires that the world has ever seen, — as the Assyrian, the Babylo- nian, the Median and Persian, This favored portion 232 ASIA. ft ::'i: of the globe was also foremost in civilization, arl3, science and commerce. Indeed edifices were reareil, cities built, and empires founded, while Europe, AfVi ca and America were uninhabited and unexplored. Asia is distinguished for its large and numejoi^s rivers, its salt lakes, its vast elevated plains anJ deserts, and for the variety of its climate and its ani- mal, vegetable and mineral productions. Asia excels all other parts of the earth in the do- liciousness of its fruits ; the fragrancy of its plants, spices and gums ; the salubrity of its drugs ; the quantity, variety and beauty of its gems ; the rich- ness of its metals; and the fineness of its silks and cottons ; ana produces, also, an abundance of all the necessai ies of life. , , Nature has spread over Asia, all the treasures of the earth, — but most abundantly in India. Her bounties are distributed by impercep. tible gradations through all its three zones. In the lurrid zone-' whose genial warmth converts the juices of plants to spices, balsam, sugar and coffee, with which Asia has enriched the West Indies— the sago, cocoa, date and umbrella palms reach a height of ^00 feet, and the white elephant attains a size surpassing that of all other quadrupeds. From this region the silk-worm was brought to Eu. rope, and hence to America. This portion conceals in it? bosom the most beautiful diamonds and richest metals, while its waves flow over the purest pearls and corals. The temperate zone has given to the other divisions of the globe, the melon, the vine, the orange and many of their most agreeable garden fruits, as well as the most productive kinds of grain, and the most charming flowers ; and unites in its productions, symmetry with rich. ness, particularly in its western regions. Here the oldest traditions place Paradise ; here lie the enchanting Cashmere, and the Guithsn of Damascus ; here blossoms the rose of Jericho near the cedum of Lebanon. The eastern countries in the same latitude, possess the tea shii?.!) and the genuine rhubarb. The camel, the Angora goat, the Thibe- tian sheep, the pheasant, and t^ie horse, are natives of this zone. In the north blossoms a few Alpine flowers, and from the icy soil giows the dwarf-like Siberian cedar, till at 70° vegetation mostly ceases. Here live the smallest of quadrupeds. The shrew-mouse of the Yenisei, sables, ermines, foxes, otters, &c. aflbrd the finest fur. The mineral kingdom furnishes rich ores, rare precious atones, and re. *F08 as teeth tAc on cam arepro^ dering fii '. h ASIA. 233 , arls, reareil, e, AfVi- lored. ins and its ai li- the de- plants, gs ; the tie rich- ilks and f all the earth, — but fT impercep. rid zone— ;es, balsam, ;st Indies— of 200 feet, af all other ight to Eu. imonds and i and corals. e globe, the able garden id the most y with rich. St traditions the Guillen 16 ceduiH of 16 tea sill tab , the Tiiibe. s zone, fn y soil grows (Stly ceases. 0U86 of t!ie St fur. The les, and re- markable fossil remains, especially those of the mammoth and ele- phant in high northern latitudes.* The' human mind for centuries, seems to have remained stationa* ry in Asia. Ancient forms are preserved most rigidly, and no advan. ces are, apparently, made in th<3 arts and sciences. The internal commerce is still carried on by C8«'avanst as in the most ancient times — before Abraham and Mosv, j — when merchandise was trans, ported from India through Bactria to Colchis, as at present to Cairo, Constantinople and Moscow- The foreign commerce is wholly in the hands of Europeans, — English, Dutch, French and Russians, and of Americans. • ■ ^ Questions. — For what is Asia remarkable ? Which grand divis- ion of the globe was first peopled ? Can you mention any events that occurred in Asia ? What great empires flourished in Asia ? Which division took the lead in civiHzation and arts, science and commerce 7 For what is Asia distinguished ? In what respect does Asia excel other parts of the earth 7 Did you ever see any thing that w as brought from Asia 7 If you could go to Asia, which part should you prefer to visit ? Why 7 Do any of the nations of Asia speak the same language that we do ? A. They do not ; neither do they use the same characters in writing and printing that we do. The B'-itish own a large part of Hindostan, and of course speak the Eng. lish language. In which country do you think you shouM prefer to live, the United States or Hindostan 7 Can we sail from the United States to Asia ? Will you describe the voyage 7 MAP OF ASIA. How is Asia bounded 7 Turkey 7 Arabia 7 Persia 7 Beloochistan 7 Afghanistan 7 Hindostan 7 Birman Empire *? Chinese Empire 7 Capital ? Capital ? Capital 7 Capital 7 Capital 7 Capital 7 Capital ? Capital 7 Chief Towns 7 Chief Towns 7 Chief Towns 7 Chief Towns 7 Chief Towns 7 Chief Towns 7 Chief Towns 7 Chief Towns 7 Rivers 7 Rivers 7 Rivers ? Rivers ? Rivers 7 Rivers 7 Rivers ? Rivers 7 * Fossil remains here mean those parts of animals dugout of the earth, as teeth, bones, tusks, &c. t A caravan consists of a number of merchants or pilgrims, who travel on camels. Their number often amounts to several thousands. They are provided with arms to defend themselves from the attacks of the wan- dering Arabs, and other tribes of robbers. 234 ASIA. I.Tartnry? Siberia ? Caucasufl ? Capital 7 Capital ? Capital ? Chief Towns? Chief Towns? Chief Towns 7 Rivers ? Rivers? Rivers ? i< .! ^ "* ■•■ • RIVERS. ■ ■ ■• ■; ^ .' Where doe? the river Jordan rise, in what direction does it run, ond where does it empty ?* Euphrates? Tigris? Indus? Ner- buddah? Kistna? Godavery? Ganges? Sampoo, or Brahma- piitru ? Irawady ? Salwein ? Meinam ? Mecon, or Cambodia ? Si Kiang ? KiangKu? Hoang Ho, or Yellow river ? Amour, or Saghalien? Anadir? Lene ? Olensk? Anabara ? Toongouski? Yenisei? Obi? Irtish? Ural? Sihon ? Jihon ? Where Where Where Where Where Where Where Where Where Where Where Wliere SEAS. 8 the Red Sea? a the Sea of Arabia ? a the China Sea ? 8 the Yellow Sea ? s the Japan Sea ? 8 the Sea of Okhotsk ? 8 the Sea of Kamtchatka ? s the Sea o( Kara ? s the Sea of Celebes ? s the Caspian Sea ? s the Aral Sea ? s the Dead Sea ? .> ^ • ( BAYS* Where is the Bay of Bengal ? Where is Borghni Bay ? Where is Lake Baika' ? Where is Lake Balk.ian ? Where is Lake Lsyk ? Where is Lake Lob ? Where is Lake Hurrah ? Where is Lake Van ? Where is Lake Oi'bsa ? Where is Lake ' alte ? \V here is Lake Kinka ? LAKB». * The Jordan rises in mount Hermon, in Syria, and runs a southed course, passing through the sea of Tiberias, or sea o Galilee, and erap* tie sinio the Dead Sea. Its length is about 160 miles ASIA 235 it run, ? Ner. Brnhina. rnbodia ? rnour, or ngouaki ? souther! , and einp* Where Where Where Whrre Where Where Where 0ULF9. 8 the Persian Gulf 7 9 the Gulf of Omnn? 8 the GulfofCutch? fl the Gulf of Cauibny 7 8 the GulfofSiam? 8 the Giilfof Tonquin 7 8 the GulfofTartary7 PSNINSULAS. Where \b the Peninsula of Kamtchatka ? Where is the Peninsula of Corea 7 Where is the Peninsula of Malay 7 Where Where Where Where Where Where STRAITSt sBehring'8 Strait? 8 the Strait of Sangar ? 8 the Strait of Corea? 8 the Strai* of Macassar ? 8 the Strait of Malacca ? 8 the Strait of Babelmandel 7 CAPSS. Where is North East Cape ? Where is Cape Chelagskoy 7 Where is East Cape 7 Where is Cape Navarin 7 Where is Cape Lopatka 7 Where is Cupe Romania ? Where is Cape Comorin 7 Where is Cape Fartak ? m MOUNTAINS. Where are the Altay Mountains ? Whereare the Stannovoi Mountains? Where are the Ural Mountains 7 Where are the Caucasian Mountains 7 Where are the Belur Tag Mountains ? Where are the Himalaya Mountains? Where are the Gaut Mountains ? Where are the Ramleah Mountains ? Where is Mount Sinai ? Where is Mount Taurus 7 Where is Mount Ararat 7 What is the length of the Altay Mountains ? Himalaya ? Ural T li I» < •I i-l III. 336 ASIA DESERTS. Where is the Grout Dfs^rt i»f Gobi or Shamo ? Where is the Snndy Desert 1 Where is flie Groat Salt Desert ? Where is the Arabian Desert ? Where is the Syrian Desert ? Where is the Desert of Khiva? Where is the island of Si)cotra ? Lacadives ? Maldives ? Ceylon ? Andaman? Nicobar? Sunda Isles, viz. Sumatra, Java, Banoa ami Timor? [See map of :he World.] Borneo? C.'loboa? Gilolo? Bouro' Coram? New Gninea? Sr. Andrews? Pelew Isles? Philippine Islands, viz. Luzon, Mindanao, Samar, Loyte and Negros ? — Pala. wan ? Hainan ? Bashee Isles ? Formosa ? Loochoo, or Leo Keo? Sulphur Isles? Benin Isles? Japan islands, viz. Niphon. Sikofk and Kiusof? Jesse? — Saghalien? Kurile islands? Behr ing's ? New Siberia ? Nova Zembla ? TURKEY IN ASIA. How is Turkey bounded ? What is its capital 7 Turkey comprises some of the finest and fairest regions of Asia. Within its limits, have transpired some of the most astonishing events recorded in his- tory. It was once the seat of the renowned empires and kingdoms of Assyria, Babylonia, Armenia, Lydia, Syria, and Judea; and here once stood the celebrated and flourishing cities of Babylon, Nineveh, Troy. Balbec, Palmyra, Antioch and Tyre. But ignorance, superstition and barbarism, now cover the land, and few traces remain of its former civilization except ruins. Turkey is agreeably diversified with hills, plains, mountains and valleys. The climate is delightful, and the soil remarkable for its fertility. It is famous for its wines, wheat, barley, silk and fruits, and for its manufactures of carf^ts and leather. The population consists of Turks, Greeks, Arabs, Jews, Curds, Armenians, Druses and Turkomans. The Turks are the ruling peo- pie, and resemble those of Turkey in Europe. !Htie§. — CoKSTANTiNOPLE is the capital of the Turkish empire, Syria ii for its fin( cities. I Mount L( mit, and Syria 1- the Assyr French a session. Cities.- nearly de It is a pla And cotto: ASIA 237 !8? Cf-ylon ? , Banca nml olo? Bourt)'' f Philippine grna ? — Pala. boo, or Leu viz. Niphon, finds ? Beiir- tal? and fairest transpired •ded in his- ed empires nia, Lydia, celebrated ireh, Trov. ignorance, ; land, and ion except lountains and arkable for its ilk and fruits, Jews, Curds, the ruling peo- irkiah empire, RUINS OP PALMYIIA. noted for its beautiful situation on the west side of the Bosphorus, or strait of Constantinople. [See Turkey in Europe.] Bagdad, once the renowned seat of the Saracen Caliphs, and one of the most magnificennt cities in the world, is situated on the Tigris, 300 miles N. W. of Bassora. It is the resort of caravans from India, Persia and Arabia, but retains little of its ancient splendor. Smyrna is a large and populous city, and is the chief emporium of Asiatic Turkey. It is the common rendezvous of merchants from all parts of the world, and carries on an extensive trade with the United States. Bassora is a n<»ted city, celebrated for its extensive commerce with India, Persia and Arabia. SYRIA. Syria is an interesting country. It has been celebrated in ail ages for its fine climate, fertile soil, valuable productions, and its fiopuious cities. It abounds in mountains, plains, hilJp, and f^rfilo vailnys. Mount Lebanon, as in ancient tinies, rears its snow^crowned sum- mit, and its sides are covered with majestic cedars. Syria has ever been famous in the history of war. On its plains, the Assyrians, Jews, Greeks, Parthians, Romans, Cnsaders, Turks, French and Egyptians, have, at different periods, struggled for pos. session. At present, it is under the control of the pacha of Egypt. Cities. — Aleppo, was formerly a large and populous city. It waa nearly destroyed by an earthquake in 1822, but is fast recovering. his a place of great trade, and celebrated for its manufactures of silk and cotton, and for its numerous caravans. 238 ASIA Damascug is delightfully lituated in the midst of a fertile plain, It is one of the oldest places in the world, and noted for its manufac. tures ol silk and cotton goods. It has an extensive commerce, by means of caravans, and is one of the best built cities of western Asia. The chief seaports are TripoH, Beirut and Saida. f ■ I ' ; PALESTINE. Palestine, or the Holy Laad, is one of the most celebrated coun. tries in the world. It was the residence of the ancient Jews, and the scene of most of the events recorded in the Scriptures. Instead of being that happy, fruitful and prosperous state, it once was, it now forms a part of Syria, and but few traces of its ancient splendor remain. Cities. — Jerusalem, the ancient capital of Judea, is situated about forty miles from the Mediterranean. It was once the metropolis of the powerful kingdom of David and Solomon, and had its temple built of the cedar of Lebanon, and ornamented with the gold of Ophir. It retains but little of its former splendor, and is distinguish. ed for being the resort of pilgrims from various parts of the Christian world. Bethlehem is noted for being the birth-place of our Saviour; Naz. areth as the place of his residence, and Cana for his turning water into wine. Jaffa, Gaza, and Acre are the chief towns on the coast. s'>^ In what direction from us is Turkey in Asia ? What are the two principal rivers? e. t. What bodies of water border on Turkey? What lake in the eastern part ? V. What cities can you mention? What is the population of Smyrna ? Bagdad ? Bassora ? Ama- siaV Trebisond ? What is the extent of Turkey? Popuhition? Government ? Religion ? State of society ? What does Turkey comprise ? What noted mountain in the northeastern part 1 a. What mountains in the southern part of Asia Minor? — In what part of Turkey is Syria? For what is Syria celebrated? -What citiee can you mention? What can you say of Aleppo ? Damascus? 1 v-» what empire did Syria formerly belong ? A. The Turkish era- pire. To what government does it now belong ? The ruins of what two ancient splendid cities are in Syria ? A. Balbec and Palmyra. — In what part of Syria is Palestine ? What can ynu say of Palestme ? Into what four divisions was it divided in the time of our Saviour ? [See map of Palestine.] How many cities can you mention? Describe Jerusalem. What noted river ? Where ie the Bead Sea ? What country south of Palestine 7 M'^!: ASIA 239 ARABIA. Mow is Arabia bounded ? What is its capital ? brated coun. t Jews, and es. Instead was, it now ent splendor ituated about metropolis of ad its temple the gold oi is distinguish, the Christian aviour; Naz. turning water on the coast. it are the two r on Turkey ? 'ou mention? sora ? Ama. Populitiion? does Turkey tern part ? a. -In what part ■What cities Damascus? 1 Turkish etn- The ruins of Balbec and t can you say in the time of cities can you Where is the Arabia consists chiefly of immense deserts, inter- spersed with fertile spots like islands. It has no large rivers or lakes, and in many places it is destitute of water. It is divided into three parts, viz. Arabia Petrmies. Chief Town. — Cabul is situated on the river Cabul, a branch of the Indus, and has a considerable trade with India, Persia and Tar- tary. 242 ASIA rt 1 ■ M S;-:'' m:. ORIENTAL SCENERY. In what direction from us is A%hunistan? What lake in the western part ? d. What river empties into lake Durrah ? h. What towns can you mention ? Which is most populous ? What city in the north-west part, capital of a small '"adepfindent state ? h. For what is Herat noted ? A. For its manufactures and commerce. What is the extent of Afghanistan ? Population ? Government ? Religion ? State of society ? What is the character of the Afghans ? BELOOCHISTAN. How is Bcloochistan bounded ? Its capital ? Beloochistan has seldom been traversed by Euro- peans, and therefore but little is known respecting it. As far as it has been explored, it is generally moun- tainous and barren. Inhabitants. — Beloochistan is inhabited by two tribes ; the Beloo- chees who subsist by plunder and robbery; * ^d the Brahooes, »» peaceable and industrious people, who inhabit the mountainous dis. tricts, and subsist principally on their flocks and hei .Is. Town. — Kelat is situated on the Maskid river. It is generally well built, and contains abo.it 20,000 inhabitants. In what direction from us is Beloochistan ? What towns can you mention? Which is most populous ? What is the extent of Beloo- chistan ? Population ? Government ? Religion ? State of society ? 5;iii.H.n ASIA. 243 INDIA. In what direction from us is Trulia ' India comprises two great pen insula s, nnd has, in every age, been celebrated for its iintneiise popula- tion, civilization, and for its profusion oi inagniiiccnt and valuable products. The western peninsula is called Hindoytnn, nnd the pastern, Farther India, or Chm- India. F'nch oftlicse is reniarkalile for it? majestic rivrrs, the heat of its climate, and yrrat fertility. India, in iis vciretable nnd mineral prodiictiona, i? one of the richest countries on the globe. It ahoiimls in animals of almost every kind. Elephants, tiger?, lions, &.c. are inmierous, — the conn- try swarms with serpents, and tl-.e forests arc lilled with birds of the most beautiful phmiage and song. Between what sea and bay is llindostan ? Farther India? Which is the largest peninsula ? What cape south of Hindostan? South of Farther India ? Did you ever see an atiimal that was brought from India ? HINDOSTAN. PROCESSION OF THE GOVERNOR GENERAL. How is Hindostan bounded ? Its capital ? Hindostan is the most beautiful country in Asia,i 11* r-i 244 ASIA I and has been famous in all ages for its civilization, valuable productions, and for its wealth and extensive manufactures. Hindustan is mostly a level country, and is distin- guished for its numerous rivers and the general fertili- ity of its soil, which produces two crops in a year. The climate in the northern part is mild and healthy; 'i the south it is warm, and the heat is of- ten oppr jive. Almost every variety of production is found here ; the most important are rice, cation, wheats sugar ^ in- digo^ opiuniy tohaccoj millet and various kinds o^ fruit. The Banian Tree is the most sitigjlar and beautiful production of Iniiia. The branches extend to the earth, and take root, and thus form new trunjis, so that each tree is a grove. One of these trees, on an island in the Nerbuddah river, has 3000 trunks, and 7000 per- sons may repoi under its shade. Hindostan has long been celebrated for its rfi«//ionrAs, which are found principally at Golconda. The British possessions in India consist of Bengal, Bf har and Be- nares, on the banks of the Ganges, of which Calcutta is the capital ; of other places on the coast of CoDmandel, of which Madras is the capital ; of the island of Bombay, Surat, and several districts on the Malabar coast, of which Bombay is the capital. m CEYLON. Cbylon belongs to Great Britain. It is a rich, healthy, and fertile island, and is distinguished for the variety and value of its productions, the most import- ant of which are cinnamon, ginger, pepjier, sugar, ^Mon, &c. It has valuable pearl fisheries, and is rich in precious stones and gems. CoLUMBO, the capital, is a handsome and well fortified place, but has a poor harbor. Inhabitants. — The Hindoos are indolent, spiritless, and sapersti- tious. They are mild and servile to superiors, but haughty and cru- el to their inferiors. They are the most ingenious manufacturers ot muslins, silks, shawls, &c. The Hindoos are divided into four c'asses or castes : 1. The Bra- mins, or priests; 2. The soldiers; 3. The merchants and iagrcultur- ASIA, 246 THE FOUR CASTES. ists; 4. The sudras or laborers. These castes are kept entirely distinc:, and are never allowed to intermarry, or even to eat and drink with each other. Towns — Calcutta, the metropolis of the British power in India, is situated on the Hoogly, an outlet of the Ganges, about 100 miles from its mouih. It has an extensive commerce, and is one of the most splenaid cities in Asia. Benares, the ancient seat of Braminical learning, is situated on the Ganges, 460 miles N. W, of Calcutta. It has an extensive trade in diamonds, gems, &c. and is a place of great wealth. Delhi, formerly the capital of Hindostan, and seat of the Mogul empire, is situated on the Jumna, a branch of the Ganges. In what direction from us is Hindostan ? What mounrnins pepa. rate ii from tne Chinese empire ? What mountains near the Mahibnr coast? What are the principal rivers? i. n. t. k. g. m. g. b. Whe; is Great Sandy Desert? What gulfs? c. c. m. What cities can you men ion ? V/hich is most populous ? In what direction liom Calcutta is Bombay, the capital of Western British Inrlia V Ma- dras, the capital of Southern British India ? Delhi, the former capi. tal and scat oi the Mogul empire ? Lucknow, capital of the province or kingdom of Oude ? H}drahad, capital of Golconda ? What is the extent of Hindostan? Population? Government? Religion" State c»i' society ? What noted tree in Hindostan? How many degrees east of London is Dacca ? When it is noon at London, what time is it at Dacca? — Wnat important island S(jufh of Hin- dostan ? — To what government does Ceylon belong ? What towns 246 A8I A. on it ? What gulf between Ceylon and Hindostan ? What two clusters of islands south-west of Hindostan? FARTHER INDIA. In what dirociion from us is Farther India ? Fartiicr India, or Chin Indians a large, populous and fertile region, noted for the richness of its nninerals, and the vahie of its vei>-etable productions. It compri- ses the Birmnn empire, the empire of Anam, the king- dom of Sinm, the !3ritish possessions in the western part, and the Malay peninsula. The firovernrnents of Farther India are hierhly despotic. The in. habitnp.iHgenei-iilly profess the religion of Buddha, or Gaudama, and pay t"""'*' atrenti.tn to 'he building of costly temples, which are tra!i(hly ornainenied with gilding, painting and varnishing. 1 . --^- y ■ ===*— ^^E^^ =-_ __ 1 "* I ^ n ^KK ttil Tff ffrU^^^iam i ^^^^^^H^^^^^^^^l WK^^fng ^^H^^^H ^BPP^^H^^^I HIBmSnlHI^B ^^^^B I^HHI HIS H^H^^^S ^^M ^^B H^^^Mi^f ^^p^ JJuig -^j^ FAIITHER INDIA. — TIGER HUKT. Farther India abounds in wild animals ; among which the most noted n re tfie tiger, rhinoceros, leopard, and ourang-outang. It is a;S0 famous for its elephants, which are used as beasts of burden. In what direction is Farther India longest ? In what part is the Birnian empire ? Empire of Anam ? Siam ? Ma'ay peninsu'a? British terriiories ? Which extends farthest south, Farther India or Hindostan ? M' A8I A . 247 p WF ;«• f Is'" '>M\ '•;' < \K "■'"/i.i BIRMAN EMPIRE. I'l what direction from us is the Birman empire 7 The Birman empire is of recent origin, and is one of the most important and powerful divisions of Far- ther India. The Birmans are a brave, warlike people, noted for activity, en- terprise and intelligence. AvA, situated on the Irawady, about 500 miles from the sea, is noted for its magnificent temples and palaces. Rangoon, the grand emporium of the empire, is situated on one of the branches of the Irawady. Its chief ornament is the great temple of Shoe Dagon. In what direction is the Birman empire longest? What rivers in it? Cities? What is its extent? Population? Government? Religion ? State of society ? EMPIRE OF ANAM. In what direction from us is the Empire of Anam ? The empire of Anam embraces the countries east of the Birman empire and Siam, and is noted for its fine climate, valuable productions, and numerous animals. The pe'^tple are active, inHustrious, and the late emperor has or- gafiized his army and navy, and constructed fortresses after the European manufr. Ht'E, is a large and strongly fortified place, and is one of the most c )mp1ete and remarkably military structures in Asia. Saigon, formerly the capital of Cambodia, is noted for its strong citadel, and the beauty of the surrounding scenery. What is the principal river in Anam ? What cities can you mention ? What is the extent of Anam ? Population ? Govern, ment ? Religion ? State of society ? SIAM. In what direction from us is Siam ? Siam is a populous, fertile, and highly cultivated kingdom. It has mines of gold, silver and copper, 248 ASIA. and is celebrated for the beauty and docility of its elephants. The Siamepe lire of an orange color, crenernlly mild, oonrteouf, but disinffemioiis, vain, and avaricious. They iiro fund ofhoat fiyhts, combats of ol«;ph!ints, processions and illuminations. Bankok, situated on the river Meinam, nmv be regarded almost as a city floating on the water. The houses are little more than large wooden boxes, extend iig in rows eight or ten feet from the bank, to which they are fastened by long bani!)oos. What cities in Siam ? What river? A. The Meinam. What gulf south of Siam? What is the extent? Population? Govern. ment ? Religion ? State of society ? BRITISH POSSESSIONS. The British Possessions include f wo long, narrow strips of territ.iry, in the wesiern part, — one south of the Brahmaputra, and the other south of the river Salwein. The principal towns are Arracan and Amherst. Of how many portions do the British possessions consifit? Which is largest ? What namb is given to the part north of the Birman empire ? fJlV • ! M t' MALAY. In what direction from us is Malay ? The Malay peninsula is mostly occupied by small independent tribes. It is noted for its extensive for- ests, numerous rivers, and excellent fruits. The inhabitants are noted for the ferocity of their character. Their chief occupation is piracy and robbery. The orang outang is found in Malay, and elephants, tigers, crocn. diles, &c. abound. Mal/icca is the principal place, and is possessed by the British. Singapore, on an island of the same name, is a city of great commer- cial importance, and also belongs to the British. What strait separates Malay from Sumatra? What towns? What is the government ? Religion "^ State of society ? — What name is often applied to Hindostan Farther India, and the islands on the csast ? A. East Indies. Whare are the West Indies ? ASIA* 249 CHINESE EMPIRE. How is the Chinese Enri|>ire bounded ? Its capitd? The Chinese Empire comprises China, Thibet, Co- rea, and Chinese Tartary and is one of the most ex- tensive and populous empires on the globe. CHINA. How is China bounded 7 Its capital 7 China is celebrated for the great antiquity of its government; for its immense population; for the va- riety of its manufactures and peculiar productions ; for the excellence of its inland navigation, and for its reserve and jealous policy towards all other nations. China has a mild, hetilthy climate, and a rich, fer- tile soil, wh'ch is under the highest state of cultivation. The [)roauctions arc numerous ; the most celebra- ted among them is tea, which is the leaf of a shrub, that growd from 8 to 12 feet hi^^h. THE TEA TRADE. The principal exports are teas, silks and porcelain^ or China ware. I 350 ASIA i i- II el 1' ■t H in ( •! f f& f.lj;!:. r"^^ f#i^.-«.--,/ 1 II /■ • - ■ . , ■» i 9 .• .is :^--rr'^ii at '' CT' r-'^^^-^;_^ ■iM^i^ h> ( ' i'll THE CHINESE WALL. One of the greatest curiosities of China, is the Chinese wai\ It is 1,500 miles in length, from 20 to 30 feet in height, and sufficiently wido for six horsemen to ride abreast. It is said to have been fiuisii. ed 214 years before the Christian era. It was built as a defence against the Tartars- Characteu — The Chinese are mild, intelligent, courteous, and ex. tremely industrious; nut generallv vain, timid, artful, and jealous of strangers. Towns. — Pekin, the capital of the Chinese Emi)ire, is situated in a fertile plain about .50 miles from the great wall. It is 14 miles in circumference, and is surrounded by a wall 30 feet high. It is on« of the most populous cities on the globe. Nankin was formerly one of the most splendid cities in C'lina, but is now much decayed. It is distinguished for the extent of its manufactures, particularly silks, crapes, and tiankeeve. It is famous for its Porcelain Tower, which is 200 feet high. Canton, situated on Canton river, is the first commercial city in China, and the only one to which Europeans and Americans are per- mitted to trade. The chief article of exj»ort is tea. In what direction from us is China? What are the principal rivers of China ? k. k. h. What bodies of water border on China ? What stupendous work of antiquity bounds China on the north ? Describe the Chinese wall. What canal extends from Hang-choo- foo to Pekin ? A. The Imperial Canal. What cities can you mention ? What it the population of Pekin 7 Nankin ? Canton ? '/:- ASIA 251 What is the extent of China? Population 7 Government 7 Reli. (ifiun 7 State ufsocioty 7 In what is the chief beauty of a Chinese Indy thought to consist 7 A. In the sniaihirss of her feet. These are bound up from infancy to prevent their growing to tlie natural size. Whnt article in common use nmong us is produced only in China 7 What is ten ? How much ten is annually exported to the United States nnd Great Britain 7 A. About sixty million pounds. At whnt port are foreigners permitted to trade 7 For what is China celebrated 7 THIBET. In what direction from us is Thibet ? This is one of the most elevated divisions of Asia. The Himalaya mountains, in the southern part, are the highest range on the glohe ; Dawala^'^'jri, the prin- cipal summit, is five miles high. Tt is a cold and barren country, but abounds in a variety of animals; the most noted among them is a species of goat, from the hair of which the Cashmere shawls are manufactured. The religion of Thibet consists in worshipping the Gran* . . ima, who is regarded by his worshippers as the vicegerent of Go '. Lassa, the capital, is distinguished as the residence of the Grand Lama, and is generally thronged with people from various parts of Asia, who come to worship his sacred majesty. Of what empire does Thibet form a part 7 What mountains sep. arate Thibet from Hindostan 7 What great desert extends into Thibet 7 What large rivers rise in Thibet ? c. o. b. i. What cities in Thibet 7 What noted character resides at Lassa 7 At Teeshoo Loomboo resides an inferior Lama. What kinerdom south of Thibet, subject to the Grand Lama 7 A. Bhotan. Where is Little Thibet ? CHINESE TARTARY. In what direction from us is Chinese Tartary 7 Chinese Tartary is an extensive country, consist- ing of an elevated plain, bounded by lofty mountains. It comprises Mantchooria, Mongolia, Soongaria and Little Bok- hara. Most of the tribes lead a wandering, pastoral life, and are worshippers of the Grand Lama. Horses are the wealth and strength of Tartary. Horse-flesh is a standing dish from one end of the coun- try to the other. Among the Kalmuks, or Songars, marriage is cele. I i -i 253 ASIA. I! \u brated on horse.back. On the day appointed for their nuptials, the bride mounts a fleet horse, and rides off at full speed. Her lover pur- sues her, and if he overtakes her, she becomes his wife without fur- ther ceremony. But if she dislike him, she is sure not to be overta. ken by him. Of what empire does Chinese Tartary form a part ? What rivers can you mention in it ? Towns ? What mountains separate it from Siberia ? What lakes in it ? In what part is Little Bokhara ? Little Thibet ? Mongolia ? COREA. In what direction *rom us is Corea? Corea is a large peninsula and but little known. It is said to be a healthy, fertile, and populous country. The capital is King.ki-ta'.o. Which has the highest latitude, Corea or this state ? What is the capital ? K, Between what two seas does Corea lie ? What is the government? Religion? State of society ? What strait between Corea and the Japan islands ? EMPIRE OF JAPAN. In what direction from us is Japan ? The empire of Japan consists of the islands of Niphon, Kiusof, Sikofk, and several smaller ones ad- jacent. It is a rich, populous, and remarkable empire, hold- ins^ no intercourse with any nation, except the Dutch and Chinese. The climate is mild and healthy, and the soil productive. Agri- culture is held in high estimation, and no portion of the soil, except the most barren v^as^es, is left uncultivated. The chief 'productions are rice, millet, wheat, barley, &c. It has vahiable mines of gold, silver, iron and copper; and most of the is- laudb abound in coal. Inhabitants. — The Japanese are the most civilized people in East. ern Asia, and are remarkable for their industry and ingenuity. They excel most nations in the manufacture of silk and cotton goods, and in Ja'-an and porcelain ware. Great attention is paid to education; and they have several schools for the higher branches, as Rhetoric, Astronomy, Mathematics, &c. ASIA 253 tials, the ver pur- lout fur- e overta. lat rivers :e it from ? Little tnown. )untry. lat is the hat is the between inds of [les ad- e, hold- Dutch B. Agri- 1, except . It has jf the i?- e in East. ty. They 3ods, and clucation ; Rhetoric, !. SEDAN CHAIR. Towns. — Jeddo is a large, populous, and commercial city, in the eastern part of the island of Niphon. It is the seat of flourishing manufactures, and contains many splendid edifices. Miaco, the ecclesiastical and literary capital oi the empire, is situ, ated in the interior, 160 miles S. W. of Jeddc. It has an extensive commerce, and is distinguished for the extent and value of its man. ufactures. Nagasaki, on the island of Kiusof, is a large and commercial sea- port, and the only place where the Dutch are permitted to trade. What does the empire of Japan comprise ? What strait separates Niphon from Jesso ? What cities in Japan ? Which is the capital ? J. Which is the religious capital ? Miaco. What is the extent ? Population ? Government ? Religion ? State of society ? Which extends farthest north, Niphon or this state ? What can yot*. say of the inhabitants of Japan ? At what port are the Dutch permitted to trade ? Why will they not allow any other European nation to trade with them ? In what kind of carriage do the ladies ride ? INDEPENDENT TARTARY. How is independent Tartary bounded ? Its capital ? Independent Tartary is inhabited by several tribes of Tartars; the two principal of which are the U?;- becks in the south, and the Kirgers in the north. tin' I ^^>i If. . 1 254 ▲ ■!▲ I m Wvl The climate in most parts is mild, and the soil gen- erally fertile. Agricultare and manufactures receive but little attention. This country was formerly the seat of the most powerful empire in Asia, under Ghengis-Khan, Ta- merlane, and others, and still presents many monu- ments of its ancient civilization. TARTARS EXERCISING WITH THE BOW AND LANCE. Character. — The Tartars are a wandering people, and rove from place to place, with their flocks and herds. Their employment con- sists in tending their flocks, hunting and exercising with the bow and lance. They are ignorant and superstitious, but brave, and remark- able for their hospitality to strangers and travellers. Chief Towns. — Bokhara, the capital of Great Bokhara, is 100 miles west of Samarcand, on the Sogd. It contains many colleges for instruction in the Mahometan law. Samarcand is situated on the Sogd, a branch of the Jihon or Orus river. It was ontu the capital of the empire of Tamerlane, and was a celebrated seat of science, but retains little of its former magnifi- cence. I:' It::. I In what direction from us is Independent Tartary ? What sea nest of Independent Tartary ? What sea in it ? Lake ? What ri' ers empty into them ? What outlets have they ? If they have no outlets, what becomss of the water ? What desert in the south- ASIA* 255 west part ? What name is given to the southern part ? What tribes can you mention ? What are the two principal tribes ? What range of mountains in the eastern part ? What is the population ? Gov. ernment ? Religion ? State of society ? What can you say of the Tartars ? What is a favorite amusement ? Which extends farthest south, Independent Tartary or this state ? SIBERIA. How is Siberia bounded ? Its capital ? Siberia is a cold, extensive and dreary region, in- habited by a number of barbarous tribes, who are subject to Russia. It is mostly a level country, consisting of vast plains, called steppes^ many of which are entirely destitute of vegetation. Siberia has rich mines of gold^ silver^ copper, lead and iron ; and abounds in wild animals, many of which are highly valuable on account of their furs ; particularly tho martin, sable, heaver, and ermine. Besides these, there are elks, wolves, hears, reindeer, ^^-.-ft'fr'''^^;,-,;, '•'TP' r'-'^'^h^ /1 1^ 1 I^V^^\^^oltffik ^^^^ i^ I^S |HM^5*5-^=?i^ --^ ^ Qhhh^^^S^^^ afej ^^^^^^S^5iB^?^^ ^ "^B TRAVELLING IN KAMTCHATKA. ^oxes, hares, &:c. In Kamtchatka, dogs are used for drawing carriages. i - ii, 1* 'S: r ' I \itu l»i it- ', ^ h' ■' lAi) ft ll: !1 25(5 ASIA. Siberia serves the Russian government as a place of banishment for convicts and prisoners of state. Men of superior talents and ex- alted virtues, have been sent to spend the remainder of their days in these cold and desolate regions, only for their adherence to liberal principles and just laws. Character. — The original inhabitants are ignorant, filthy, and barbarous, and subsist by hunting and fishing. Towns. — Tobolsk, the capital of Siberia, is noted as a place of banishment for criminals sent from Russia, and is the centre of the Russian fur trade. Irkoutsk, the chief to wr of Eastern Siberia, is the principal mart of commerce between Russia and China. It is the most splendid and prosperous city in Liberia. In what direction from us is Sibsria ? What bodies of water border on Siberia ? What peninsula in the eastern part ? What capes can you mention ? Rivers ? Lake ? Towns ? What tribes can you mention ? What is the mode of travelling in Kamtchatka ? What mountains separate Siberia from Russia in Europe ? From Chinese Empire ? What town south of lake Baikal, noted for its trade with the Chinese ? A. Kiatka. Of what empire does Siberia form a part ? What is its form of government ? Should you Hke to live in Siberia ? Why not ? CAUCASUS. How is Caucasus bounded ? Its capital ? Caucasus comprises the country between the Cas- pian and Black Seas, and lies partly in Europe and partly in Asia, and is inhabited by a number of na- tions, who are subject to Russia. It is a rough, broken, and mountainous country, en- tirely destitute of plains ; the climate in the valleys is mild and healthy, and the soil fertile. ^ - The Circassians and Georgians are the two principal nations in this division. The Circassians inhabit the northern declivity of the Caucasian mountains, and are a ferocious and barbarous people. The Georgians possess the country south of the Caucasian moun. tains, and are friendly and hospitable, and said to be the handsomest people in the world. These nations are celebrated for the beauty of their fem iles ; numbers of whom are sold by their parents as slaves to the Turks and Persians. TiFLis, the capital of Georgia, is situated on the river Kur. It is AVRICA, 267 SELLING A CIRCA ■'SIAN FEMALE. Strongly fortified, and contains a number of churches, and is the res- idence of the Russian governor. In what direction from us is Caucasus ? What three seas border on it ? Does it lie wholly in Europe or Asia ? What part of it lies in Europe ? A. The part north of the Caucasian mountains. In what part is Georgia ? What separates the Circassians from the Georgians ? What is said of the Georgians ? How do parents dispose of their daughters ? What is the government ? Religion ? State of society ? Africa. Africa is one of the largest grand divisions of the globe, and is remarkable for the heat of its climate, its immense sandy deserts, and for the ignorance and barbarism of its inhabitants. Africa is, and ever has been the land of mystery. Although it is separated from Europe but by a nar- row sea ; and notwithstanding its coasts ha\e been sailed round for centuries, and even surveyed ; still we know but little more of the interior than did the ancieuts, three thousand years ago. 268 A F R I C .:* • I, . In ancient times, Africa contained many kingdoms and states emi. nent for iheir wealth, civi'ization and power. Among these, Ethio. pia was much celebrated >— Egypt, the cradle of the arts and sciences, brought to Europe the firsi germs of civilization, — and Carthage ex. tended her commerce ove*' every part of the then known world. But these once flourishing regions have been frequently conquered, and every spark of science ha*' for ages been extinguished. Though the second in fize, it is at the present time the least known, least civil. ized, and the leaat imponant of the five grand divieions of the g.ahe. The surface of Africa presents strange contrasts. In n tme parts, it is excessively par^^hed ; in others, marshy or floodeci ; and by refer. ence to the map, it will be seen that it is penetrated 1 y no m'^nO d-as like those of Europe and Asia, and is over^preaJ by no c .^:ten8ive lakes, as North America. It conrtiins but few navigable rivers, and these of short extent, and no bays, -^Ifs or i .lets, like tiie other grand di. visions, which open a way into its imniense interna! li-gions, nn'i which might thus promote commerce and civilizaticu throughout 'he interior. But in addition to theiue disadvantages, we find ifs various parts separntt^d from each other, by arid deserf;=' % formidable v.ent, which caniot be traversed without the most imminent (Linger, and the severest siufferiniT. Hf nee we see the reason why Africa has re- mained so lontJ unexplored, and the progress of civihzation so much slower than u; i jy other quarter of the globe.* The n.'ost r* markable of the African deserts is the Sahara. This is a vast plain, but little elevated above the level of the ocean, and covered with sand and gravel, with a mixture of .-ea shells, and ap. pears hke the basin of an evaporated sea. Amid the desert there are springs of water, which burst forth and create verdani spots, called Oases. There are thirty-two of these, which contain tbimiains, and date ami palm trees ; twenty of them are inhabited. They serve as * Living in abundance, but separated from one anotner by deserts ; surrounded by copious and excellent food of spontaneous growth, but encountering obstacles in all their attempts at artificial culture ; enjoy- ing a climate which required no clothing to protect them from cold, nor dwelling to shelter them from rain, the Negro, or Ethiopian, and proba- bly also the CafTre or Troglodyte, never felt that stimulus of necessity which creates industry and reflection Enjoying a wild happiness of condition, they satisfied the demanc'.s of sense, and scarcely possessed any notion of an intellectual world. But they felt the presence of an in- visible power. They looked for its residence in the tree which gave them food — in the rock which shaded them -in the serpent which they dread- ed — and even in the monkeys and parrots which flitted around them. Some believed that a piece of wood, or polished stone, was the seat of supernatural power. They were delighted to think that their deities could be carried along with them in all their motions. This system, which is called Ketichism, and which is the rudest form of Pantheism, seems common to every climate and to every race; but it prevailed, to the exclusion of every other, in Africa ,and especially among the Negroes. stopping it not fo sand, i heat dri< disastroi 2000 pel place, d more ter surges ai every th: been sw In no ness con and heal The inh The con size — mt cus, a sp though 1 date tree stand thi mount A when w( northern the same wholesoi The a enumera three tim most vig is the on the maje to this di ros, zebi benefice) of which rica aboi swarms ^ The in rope an a States, E the centr complexi ness of t Negroes ants. By ref( AFRICA 259 Stopping places for the caravans, and often contain villages. Were it not for these, no human being could cross this waste of burning Band. So violent, sometimes, is the burning wmd, that the scorching heat dries up the water of these springs;, and then frecjuently, the most disastrous consequences follow. In 1805, a caravan, consisting of 2000 persons, and 1800 camels, not finding water at the U!?ual resting place, died of thirst, both men and animals. Stortns of wi.'.d are more terrible and destructive on this desert than on the ocean. Vast surges and clouds of red sand are raised and rolled forward, burying every thing in their way, and it is said that whole tribes have thus been swallowed up. In no part of the earth, do the eu'pire of fertility and that of barren, ness come into closer contnct than in Africa. Wherever moisture and heat are united, vegetation displays great vigor and magnificence. The inhabitants find abundant food at a trifling amount of labor. The corn stalks bend undt.' their load, — the vine attains a gigantic size — melons and pumpkins acquire enormous bulk — millet and hol- cus, a species of grain which is common over three fourths of Africa, though badly cultivated, yield a crop of two hundred fold ; and the date tree, which furnishes an impjrtant article of food, is able to with- stand the fiery winds of the neighboring deserts. The forests of mount Atlas are equal to the finest of Italy and Spain. The soil, when well watered, is luxuriant beyond what the inhabitants of more northern climates can well conceive, producing plants and fruits, at the same time the most nutritious, the most refreshing, and the most wholesome. The animal kingdom presents still greater variety. Africa can enumerate five times as many species of quadrupeds as Asia, and three times as many as all America. Among these are some of the most vigorous, ferocious, and beautiful varieties. The African hon is the only one worthy of the name. The unwieldly hippopotamus, the majestic giraflTe, and the largest of birds, the ostrich, are peculiar to this division. Among the other animals are the elephant, rhinoce- ros, zebra, panther, leopard, hysena, jackal, wolf. But the most beneficent gift of nature to the African is the camel, the constitution of which is in every respect adapted to the country and climate. Af- rica abounds in serpents of monstrous size and deadly poison, and swarms with insects of the most troublesome and destructive kinds. The inhabitants of Africa belong to two distinct races, viz. the Eu- ropean and African. The former includes the natives of the Barbary States, Egypt, Nubia and Abyssinia ; — the latter embraces those of the central and southern parts, distinguished by the blackness of their complexion, the short, crisped, woolly nature of their hair, the thick- ness of their Hps and the flatness of their noses. They are termed Negroes or Africans, and form the most numerous class of inhabit, ants. By reference to the map, it will be seen that Africa is more favora> 12 i ;\ 1'; m I r'i ■••■>' W^4 S60 AFRICJi bly situated for commerce than any other division of the globe. Pla. ced ahnost in the centre of the world, it enjoys an easy communica. tion with Europe, Asia, and America. It abounds in all the neces. saries and luxuries of life, and its inhabitants need only to be enlight. ened, and directed by the generous spirit of the gospel, to render them the most happy of mankind. Questions. — How does Africa compare with North America in dize ? What is its probable population ? How many square miles does it contain ? For what is it remarkable ? Have civilized na- tions ever known much about the geography of Africa ? What cele- brated nations once flourished in Africa ? What has become of them, do you suppose ? What do you imagine will be the situation of this nation three thousand years hence ? Did you ever see any animals that were brought from Africa ? MAP OF AFRICA. How is Africa bounded ? Morocco ? Capital ? Principal Towns ? Algiers? Capital? Principal Towns ? Tunis ? Capital ? Principal Towns ? TripoU? Capital ? Principal Towns ? Barca 7 Capital ? Principal Towns ? Egypt?' Capital ? Principal Towns ? Nubia? Capital ? Principal Towns ? Abyssinia ? Capital? Principal Towns ? Where is Fezzan ? What is its capital ? Where is Sene Gambia ? Its chief towns ? Where is Sierra Leone ? What is its chief town ? Where is Liberia ? What is its chief town ? Where is Guinea ? What are its principal kingdoms ? Where is Loango ? What are its chief towns ? Where is Congo ? What is its capital ? Where is Benguela ? Its principal towns ? Where is Cimbebas ? What cape has it ? Where is Cape Colony ? Its chief town ? Where is Caflfraria ? Its chief town ? Where is Mozambique ? Its chief town ? Where is Zanguebar ? Its chief towns ? Where are A,ian and SomauU ? Where is EthiofMa ? What towns in it ? Where is Soudan ? Its principal towns 7 Where is Darfur 7 What is its capital 7 Wh€ Wh( Whe Wht Wh< Whc Wht Whei Whel Whel AFRICA. 261 RIVERS. Where does the Nile rise, in what direction does it run, and where does it empty / Niger ? Senegal ' Gambia 1 Grand ? Gaboon 1 Zaire, or Congo 7 Coansa? Orange? Zambezi? Haines? Where Where Where Where Where Where Where Where Where Where Where Where ISLANDS. are the Aiores ? are the Madeira Isles 7 are the Ca*na'-ry Isles ? are the Cape de Verde Isles 7 are Fernando Po, Princes, St. Thomas and Annobon IsIm T is Ascension Isle ? St. Helena ? is Madagascar ? What towns on it 7 is Mauritius ? Bourbon Isle ? are the Comoro Isles 7 are the Aldabra Isles 7 are Seychelles and Almirante Isles 7 is the island of Socotra 7 CAFES. , Where is cape Bon ? Where is cape Guardafui 7 Where is cape of Good Hope 7 Where i? cape Verde 7 Where is cape Spartel 7 Cantin and Nun 7 Barbas and Blanco ? Roxo 7 Palmas 7 Three Points and Coast Castle 7 Frio and Agulhas 7 Recif 7 Delgado 7 Bassa 7 Ambro and St. Mary f DESERTS. Where is Sahara, or Great Desert 7 Where is the Lybian Desert 7 MOUNTAINS. Where are the Atlas mountains 7 Where are the mountains of the Moon t Where are the mountains of Kong 7 Where are the Snow mountains 7 Where is lake Tchad 7 Where is lake Demba 7 Where is lake Maravi 7 LAKES. OULPS. Where is the gulf of Cabes 7 Where is the gulf of Sidra? Where is the gulf of Guinen 7 262 AFRICA STRAITS. Where is the strait of Bahelmandel? Where is the strait of Gihraltar ? Where is the channel of Mozambique 7 EGYPT. MOSQUE or THE St'LTAN HASSAW. How is Egypt bounded ? What is its capital ? Egypt is celebrated for its great antiquity ; for the early civilization of its inhabitants, and for being the parent of the arts and sciences. But like most seats of early renown, it has lost its former greatness, and is now distinguished only for the magnificence of its ruins. Egypt is divided into two parts, Upper and Lower. Upper Egypt extends from Nubia to Cairo; and Lower Egypt from Cairo to the Mediterranean. The cultivated part of Egypt consists principally of a fertile vale, L5 or 20 miles in breadth, on both sides of the river Nile. The remainder of the coun- try is mountainous and barren. The climate in summer is extremely warm ; in winter it is mild and agreeable. AFRICA. 263 for the ing the 5t seats 5, and is of its Lower. ); and m. icipally on both le coun- irm ; in The chief productions are maize, ricCf wheats hur- ley, 265 Barca, the ancient Libya, is nominally dependent on Tripoli, though it seems to be the property of no government or people. The interior is mostly a desert, and once contained the temple of Jupiter Am- mon. The coast of Barca, once famed for its threefold crops, is still fertile, but badly cultivated. The sovereignty is divided between two Beys, one of whom re. sides at Dcrne ; the other at Bengn/i. Derne is situated about half a nnle from the Mcditerran»uiii. It was taken in 1805, by Gen. Eaton, a native of Brimfield, Mass.* In what direction from ua is Barca? What gulf weft ot Rnrca ? What towns in Barca ? What desert south of Bare i ? Wjiat coum- try in Europe opposite to Barca? What is the government ? Re. ligion ? TRIPOLI. How is TripoU bounded ? What is its capita) ' Tripoli, the ancient Tripolis, is the most civilized, but the weakest of the Barbary States, and abounds in the remains of antiquity. TRtPOLi, the capital, is a regular, well b»nlt and fortified city, and has an excellent harbor. In what direction from us is Tripoli ? What two i^uifs nurtli < i Tripoh ? What towns'? What division south of Tripoli' What is the government ? Religion ? TUNIS. How is Tunis bounded ? [ts capital ? Tunis, the ancient Africa Propria, and the seal See Olney's History of the United States, page 198. m i^H lA ' ^ 'IBB pH 'j: 1 H f *Ih1 [1 JkI li . ■ ) liif ' i 266 AFRICA. of the Carthaginian power, is one of the most power- ful states of Barbary. Tunis, the capital, is situated about six miles from the gulf of Tu- nis, and is one of the first cities in Africa. It has considerable trade, and valuable manufactures. Ahoin 12 miles N. E. of Tunis are the ruins of ancient Carthage, which was founded by Dido, 869 years before Christ. For a long time, Carthage was the emporium of northern Africa, the empress of the sea, and the •'■. midable rival of Rome. It was destroyed by the Romans under *' . pio Africanus, at the close of the third Punic war, 146 years B.C. In what direction from us is Tunis? What gulf east of Tunis? What noied cape north of it ? What towns in it ? What large island between Tunis and Italy ? What small island east of Tunis ? What ancient city once stood near the northern part ? What is the government ? Religion ? Population ? ALGIERS. How is Algiers bounded ? What is its capital ? Algiers, the ancient Nunnidia, is the most fertile ^»id healthy of the Barbary states, and is noted for the valuable coral fishery on its coast. It was con- quered in 1830 by France, and is now held as a co- lonial territory. Algiers, the capital, is a large and strongly fortified town. It lias a good harbor, and considerable commerce. Constantina is a large city of the interior, and occupies the site of ancient Cirta. It is 160 miles east of Algiers, and is said to contain many elegant buildings. In what direction from us is Algiers ? What mountains extend ir ' , Algiers ? What towns can you mention ? In the possession ," what government i? A'giers ? What is the population? Goverri. ment ? Religion ? What country in the southern part of Algiers ? What country in Europe opi)osite to Algiers ? MOROCCO. How is Morocco bounded ? What is its capital ? The empire of Morocco, the ancient Mauritania, APRTC Afc 267 It embraces the kingdoms of Fe«, Morocco, Tafilet, and Tarudant, and is noted for the fertility of its soil, and its abundance o^ fruits, grain, olives, &c. Morocco, the capital, is situated in the mitlst of a fertile plain, aljout 120 miles from the Atlantic. It is surrounded by a high wall, and contains mauy splendid temples and mosques, hat is much decayed. Fez, the capital of the ancient kingdom of Fez, is the most splendid city in the Barbary States. It is situated in a beautiful valley, and was once famous for its institutions of learning. In what direction from us is Morocco ? What bodies of water border on Morocco ? What towns can you mention ? What moun- tains? How long are the Atlas mountains? How high is mount Miltsin ? What tribes in the southern part ' What islands north, west of Morocco? a. West? m. South-west? c. What naval action took place near the Canaries, and when ' Which is the most northern town ? What noted fortress in Spain opposite ? Wiiat is the width of the straits of Gibraltar ? SENE GAMBIA. Sene Gambia embraces a number of small populous states, and in general, is a well watered and fertile country. The climate is intensely warm, and at most seasons of the year, extremely unhealthy to foreigners. Respecting the various tribes of Negroes, that intiabit this coast, little is known with certamty. The most numerous tribes are the Foulaks, Jalloopa, Felopa and Mandingoes, They are ignorant, superstitious and indo!ent, and are acquainted with but few of the arts of civilized life ; but their natural disposituins are mild and be- iievslent. The English, French, and Portuguese have settlements on the coast for the purpose of trading with the natives. The principal articles of export are gum, gold, ivory and Slaves. Sene Gambia abounds in almost eveiy species of wild animals. Elephants are extremely numerous, and furnish almost all the ivory of commerce. This region is much infested by venomous insects, dis. gusting reptiles, and clouds of locusts. Timboo is the capital of Foota Jallo, and is represented as one of the largest cities in this part of Africa. The Foolahs, or inhabitants of Ft ota Jallo, are scattered over great part of Africa. The great body of the nation hve about the sources of the Gambia and Rio Grande. Besides these, there are tribes of them south of Fezzan, and on the conhnes of Bornou; like. 12* m :";n !:■' N ■111 - 1 ■ !:! i ' ^^Hu^j^ 258 AFRICA. AFRICAN ANIMALS. wise on the Nigger and Senegal. They are said to be mild, humane, polite, indus/rioua and ho.s pita hie. Ill vv'iiai direciioii from ns is Sent; Gambia 1 What three rivers in Sene, Ganil)iu 1 Wli.it. towns'? What two capes on the coast? What small island between Cape Verde and Cape Roxo, once the greatest military siaiion of the Frencli ir) Africa 1 A. Goree Isle. What town siiiuued on an island at die luiuiih (if the Senegal, cap- ital of all the French possessions m Western Africa? St..L. What el.'.ster of islantls west of Sene Gambia 1 sierua i.eonk. The English settlement r)f Sierra Leone was form- ed in 1787, for the purpose ofcivilizini,^ the Africaiis, and of facilitating the ubolition of the slave trade. The colony contains about 17,000 inhabitants, com- posed chiefly of liberated negroes, taicen frotn captur- ed slave ships. Here are a number of missionaries, actively engaged in the be- nevolent emplovment of instructing the Africans in the elements ol learning and religion, and in the arts of civilized life; and fheir la- bors 'hiis far have been attended with encouraging siKreess. Freetown, the capital of Sierra Leone, is dituafed near the mouth of Sierra Leone river, and has an excellent harbor and aboui 13,000 inhabitants. m AFRICA. 269 In what direction from us is Sierra Leone ? Where i? Sierra Leone? What island on ihe coast ? 8. What ieJ the principal t«iun in Sierra Leone ? f. LIBERIA. VIEW IN I.IBKIMA. Liberia is an American co!ikI is ,i!u in 300 miles in length. The colony is in a !l(»uris!ii ;^' condition, and is exerting a happy influence on tlif iici^'liiionn.: trtl)e?;. It t iiuiii'S several populnus towns and viUaiii s. The inliuidtunis iur i: ili-*;ii- ous and actively enga;;i;ed in u;j;ri(;oltute and trade. NJoinox iu is ti.e chief town. Map OP LiBKRiA. In what direction from us is Lil'Ciia? V^'lifit rivers in Liberia 1 Whatcapes? What towns? Wliai ■ olniiit-- i L. M. M. Wimt tribes of Africans! UPPER GUL^ EA. Upper Guinea comprises a nu.rnb(3r of small king- ^ ! 11 ^ 270 AFRICA. % donis, the principal of which are Ashantee, Dahomey, and Benin. Ashantee is the mosi powerful, civilized, and commercial kingdom in the western part of Africa. The capital is Coomassie. Dahomey is a populous and fertile kingdom, inhabited by a savage, ferocious and warlike people. The capital is Abomey, which is merely a large collection of huts. Benin is scarcely known to Europeans, but it is represented as a fertile and well watered country, and said to be inhabited by an Indus trious and humane people. The capital is Benin. The coast of Guinea is divided into the Giain, the Ivory and Gold coast ; each portion being named from its principal article of com- merce. There are a number of European settlements or factories on tl ' Gold coast, estat)lished for the purpose of trading with the na- tives for yvld dust. Cape Coast Castle belongs to the British — Elmi- Ma to ihe Dutch — and Christianaburg to the Danes. Id \vI»;)i ilirection iVom us is Upper Guinea'? What mountains sepatate Upper GuiiMni from Soudan 7 What rivers'? Towns'? Gulu i \V futr i:s ihe i;i)veri)mpni of these tribes'? State of society '? t OWRH GUIiSEA. METHOD OF CARRYING THE NOBILITY IN LOWER 'iUINEA. Lower Guinea comprises Biafra, L( ^go, Congo, Angola and Beuguela. It is an extensive, fertile and populous country. The natives are rude and bar- AFRICA. 271 barous, and extremely stupid. It abounds in wild animals, venomous serpents, (fee. St. Salvador, the capital of the kingdom of Congo, is situated in the interior on the top of a highimountain. Its position is extolled as one of the most healthy in the world. The Portuguese have several settlements in Congo, for the purpose of carrying on the slave trade, the capital of which, and of all their settlements in this part of Africa, is Loanda. BiAFRA borders on the gulf of Biafra, and is almost wholly un- known. Its capital is Biirfi a. In what direction from us is Lower Guinea 1 How is Lower Guinea divided 7 What rivers'? Towns'? What is the govern- ment of th se tribes 1 CIMBEBAS. The country between Lower Guinea and South Africa has been called Cimbebas, from the name of a powerful tribe which is said to inhabit the interior. The inhabitants are said to be extremely ignor- ant and filthy, and have no other clothing than the skins of animals. ^outft Africa. South Africa comprises the country south of the tropic of Capricorn, and is divided into the Cape Colo- ny, Caffraria and the country of the Hottentots. Capk Colovy belongs to Great Britain, and is the most important possi>ssi()n of that government in Africa. The inhabitants consist of Dutch, English, and Hottentots. The soil is fertile, and profluces grain, wine, fruits, and good pasturage. Tlie farmers are called boors, and occupy extensive tracts of land. Near Cape Town is Table Mountain, so called from its singular sliapc. Cape Town is regularly and handsomely built, and is an import- ant station, beini,^ (he only place where vessels slop for refreshment, to and from the East Indies. In what direction from us is Cape Colony? What river in Cape Colony'? Towns'? Mountains? When was tiie Caj»e of Good Hope discovered? When doubled? To wjiat goverjuneiu doe? Cape Colony belong? WJiat is the government? Religion? State of society ? Thk Hottentots are divided into various tribes ; the principal of vvliich ore tlic Bechuana, Namaquas, Bushmen, Bdlclapees, and I f i n if l\ 111 'i 272 AFRICA. hr « I f!^ m' » «!' i ff' \ '' Zoulahs. They are, in ffeneral, an ignorant, stupid, and filtliy people. They build their nouses in a circular form, with the doors opening towards the centre, and thus form a kind of court, into which their cattle are collected at night to preserve them from the beasts of prey. • . HOTTENTOT VILLAGE. Caffraria is little known. The inhabitants generally resemble the other tribes of Hottentots in their manners, but are more hardy and enterprising. lEastrrn Africa. The eastern coast of Africa extending from Caf- fraria to Abyssinia, contains a number of separate kingdonns, of which we have but little knowledge. Mozambique embraces a large extent of country, and is nomuuillv subject to the Portuguese. The city of Mozambique is the capital of all the Portuguese p«««- sessions in this part of Africa. Population, 3.0U0. Zanguebar is sail' to be an unhealthy country, and to abounri in wild animals, serpents, crocodiles, &,c Melinda is the capital of a kingdom of the same name, wliich is partially dependent on the Portuguese. Ajan is a Mahometan state, and has a considerable trade in gold, ivory, and ambergris. Many parts of it are barren and desolate. SoMAULi is a fertile and populous kingdom, and is noted for ita frankincense and myrrh. AFRICA. 273 III uiiaf flirpctioii from us is Eastern Africa? Flow istherastern const of Africa divided? What river in Mo/.iOiibirnu' ] Zan^ue- Inir ? What small kinj:;doms or states in Zanijiiflmr ? What towns ? Wh'U town ill Soniauli, noted for its frank incenso. {rum Arabic and inyn li ? What is the j^overnmcnt of Eastern Africa? Slate of society ? ABYSSINIA. Abyssinia, the ancient Ethiopia, is a mountainous country, and has a fine, healthy climate, and a rich, fertile soil. The principal productions are wheat, and a small irrain called teff, halsnm, myrrh, &.c. AiT)ong the other vegetable productions is the pa^ //i/r?/,.s, so celebrated among the ancients, as the origi- nal material of paper. hihfihitunts. — The Ahyssinians are in the lowest state of civiliza- tion ; and in many of their customs, they are extremely harharous and brutal. They scarcely reward human life, and are fond of eating raw flesh, cut from the living animal, in its warm, palpitating state. They profess Chrisrianity, hut if is more in name than in reality. GoroAR is situated on a hill, surrounded hy a dtvy valley. It has a mean appearance, its houses heing built of clay, and only of one story. Axum, the former capital, is distinguished for its extensive ruins. Ill what direction tVom us is Ahyssinin? What river in Abys- sinia? Lfike? Towns? What mountains extend into Al^yssinia ? Whtt scpaiiites Abyssinia from Arabia? How wk\it is the strait of Babclinandt'l ? What ii the i!;overnment of Abyssinia ? Relgioin ? NTTRIA. Nubia contains j^everal kingdoms; the two prifu'i- pal of which are Srnnnar and Dongola. Nubia is most I v an extensive tract of sandy and rockv deserts, '^.ml but thinlv inhaf)Ited. The wiiid here moves the sand like the waves of the sea ; and so rapidiv thnf nothing can escap*^ if. The Shnnnm, or puisnvniift hhutt !rom fhe dfsert Mows here, which if received into the lunjifs. causes instant death. The climate is extremely warm, but generally dry 274 APRICl III;. r\ f and healthy. The soil on the banks of the Nile is rich and fertile. The principal articles of commerce are gold dust, ivory and slaves. Nubia is celebrated for its magnificent remains of antiquity. The most noted among them is the temple of Isambul, which la cut out of a solid rock, and is 86 feet high, and 117 wide. It is in a complete state of preservation, although it is supposed to have been built more than 2,000 years. InhahitanU, — The inhabitants consist of numerous tribes of Arabs, most of whom are noted for their treachery, intemperance and fero. city. Towns. — DoNooLA, the capital of the kingdom of Dongola, is situa. ted on the Nile, 280 miles south of Syene. It is a meanly built town, and is in a state of decay. It is now in the possession of the Mame* lukes, who have been expelled from Egypt. Sennaar, the capital of the kingdom of Sennaar, is situated on a branch of the Nile. It is a large, populous, and meanly built town, and has considerable commerce. In what direction from us is Nubia 7 What celebrated river passes through Nubia? What desert in the northern part '? What towns ? What cataracts in the Nile 1 What is the religion of Nubia? For what is Nubia celebrated 1 Describe the temple of Ipstambul. What poisonous wind in Nubia 1 i^^cntral Africa. The interior of Africa is very little known. It is divided by the Gebel el Kumri, or Mountains of the Moon, into Soudan on the north, and Ethiopia on the south. Ethiopia has never been visited by white men, and consequently its geography is entirely unknown. Soudan, is divided into -i great number of small kingdoms, most of which have never been explored by Europeans. Those parts which have been explored are well watered and extremely fertile producing all the luxuries of the vegetable kingdom, and abound in almost every species of wild animals. The inhabitants consist of Negroes, who are said to be more mild «nd humane than f hose living on the coast. The Niger le the principal river i n Soudan, and has excited an hI A^ A FRI C A 275 THE LION ATTACKING A COW. extraordinary degree of interest, by reason of the vaiious and con- tradictory accounts, relative to its source and termination. But it is now ascertained that it empties into the gulf of Guinea. In 1830, Richard and John Lander, two enterprising English travellers, set out for the purpose of tracing the course of the river to its mouth. They reached it a short distance from Sackatoo, and then descended it to its termination in the gulf of Guinea. Its course is through a rich and populous country, the inhabitants of which have made considera- ble progress in civilization. The pnncipal kingdoms of Soudan, known to Europeans, are Darfur, Dar Zuleh, Beghnrmiy Bornou, Houssa, Borgou, Timbuc- too. Bambarra, Kanem, Kuar, and Fezzan. Darfur is a considerable kingdom, and is inhabited by an industri- ous people, who are principally engaged in agriculture. Cobbe is the capital. Dar Zaleh is an extensive king'lom, but Httle known. VVara is its capital. Begharmi is a small kingdom dependent on Bornou. The capital is Babalia. BoRNOu embraces an extensive, fertile tract, and is the most power- ful and flourishing kingdom in Soudan. Kouka is the cap tal, and is said to be a large city. HoussA is a large kingdom, and is inhabited by an intelligent peo- pie, who have considerable skill in agriculture and manu'actures. The chief town and great emporium of the kingdom of Houssa, is Kano. 276 AFRICA •The Feiatah empire is of modern date. It is represented as a powerful empire, and is said to hold fl^jveral kingdoms in subjection. The capital ia Siickatoo. It was built in 1805, and is said to be a larjfe, poptilou.^ town. BoRoou is subject to the Feiatah empire. Boussa is the capital. TiMBUCTon is large, fertile, and powerful kingdom, and om of the most civilized n Soudan. Timbuctoo, the cnpi'n' of the king. dom, is situated about 10 miles fnim the Niger. I' i ■ '^he centre of commerce for Soudan, and is the resort of caravans from Egypt, Nubia, Barbaryand Abyssinia. Bambarra is a large, fertile, and powerful kingdom. Sego, the capital, is situated on both sides of the Niger, and contains about 30,000 inhabitants. Kanem is a powerful kingdom, lying north of Bornou. The capi. tal is Koriah, and is a place of extensive trade. KuAR is an extensive tract, lying west of Dongola, consisting most- ly of deserts, interspersed with a few fertile spots like islands. It is inhabited by the Tibbous, who are a wandering tribe, und possess all the regions south and S. E. of Fezzan. Fezxan is a large kingdom tributary to THpoli. It consists of an extensive oasis, or fertile spot, in the northern part of the Desert, sur- rounded on nil sides, except the west, by mountainH. It is chiefly im- portant as the centre of trade for the caravans which traverse the in. terior. The chief productions are dates. The capital is Mourzouk, and is the grand depot for the commerce carried on between the Bar- bary States and central Africa. I In whntrj !'(^'"!on from us is Central Africa 1 What lake in Sou- dai) ? W;'.;u iiversl Wlmt are some of the piincipal kin<,'-(loiiis ? What to v.isl Wiiat is the po])ulation of Fezzun 7 Mourzouk? Wiuit wc lis ?outh of Fezzun 1 What are some of the routes of caravans acro^ s the desert 'i What resting places in the desert 1 i'!,|: ^Cnctin KslautJfi. The Azores, or Western Isles, are nine in number, and belong to Portugal. They have a fine climate and fertile soil, producing wheat, maize, barley^ vines, oranges, &c. They are subject to earthquakes, My which they hn .e often been laid waste. Angra, on the island of ferceira, is the capital. The Madei ra Islands consist of Madeira, Porto Santo, and the Desert Isles. Madeira, the principal island, is distinguished for its toines, which are exported to various parts of the world. The capital is Funchal. These islands belong to Portugal. The Canary Islands are thirteen in number, and belong to Spain. * Clapperton's Travek in Africa. kJfLlC A* 277 I fruiU, and Canary hird$. Thfty are iiistini?uiflhed for their wit TeneriflTe is relebrnted for its lofty pei half miles above the level of the sea. The Cape de Vf.rde Islands »rp fourteen in number, and belonif to Portugal. They have nn unhealthy nlimate, and £,MMio'-allv a barren, rocky soil. The principal exports of these islands are salt iitid goat §kin8. St. Helena is a lofty and rocky island, and belongs to the Enclish, The is only one harbor, which is of difficult access and easy de- fence. This island is remarkable for the imprisonment and death of Napoleon Bonaparte. serpent, antelope and CROCliDILE. Madagascar is one <>f the largest islands on he globe. It has a healthy climate and a fertile soil, and is said to he rich in minerals. The crocodile grows to a great size in this island, and infests all the principal rivers, and has frequently I een known to carry away an ox. It is inhabited by a number of pet v tribes of diflTeront races — Ara- bians, Malays and Africans — most of whom are in a savage state, and buthttle acquainted with the arts of civilized life. The chief productions are rice, augar cane, cocoa nut, banana, and the common productions of tropical climates. Mauritius, or Isle of France, belongs to the English. It is a rugged and mountainous island, producing tropical /rwii* ; likewise ebony, and other valuable kinds of wood. Bourbon belongs to France. It is composed of two mountains; one of which is a volcano, and is in constant action, and serves as a light-house to mariners. ^ v^ ^^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I i^y^ 12.5 lalii |22 1^ 1^ 12.0 ■^K IL25 i 1.4 u ji^ ^ 3 ^^J*/ C^^' 'V Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14S80 (716) 872-4503 \ RV •1>' <^ O^ 278 OCEANICA. fy-'.i Where are the Azores 1 To what nation do they belong 1 Popu- lation 1 Where are the Madeira Isles 1 Canaries 1 Cape Verd Isles 1 St. Helena 1 Madagascar! Mauritius'? Bourbon] Which are the most valuable Islands? Ooeanica comprises the numerous isles of the Pa- cific, lying south east of Asia. They are divided into Malaysia, or the East India isles, Australasia and Polynesia. Most of the islands of Oceanica lie in the torrid zone, and are no- ted for their rare productions and delightful climate. The inhabitants consist of two classes, the Malay race, and the Papuans or Melanzian negroes. Tht former are intelligent and ac- tive in their disposition, and are in all sta^^es of civilization ; the latter are among the most savage and degraded of mankind. MALAYSIA, OR EAST INDIA ISLANDS. The Malaysiaor East India Islands, are those which lie between Asia and Australia or New Holland, and consist princiipally of five groups, viz. : I. The Sunda isles. 2. The Molucca or Spice Islands. 3. Celebes. 4. Borneo, and a number of small islands adjacent. 5. The Manillas, or Philippine islands. The soil in most of these islands is remarkably fertile, and produ. ces in abundance the richest fruits of the torrid zone, and the finest spices and gums. These islands are rich in minerals, and abound in wild animals, among which are the rhinoceros, tiger, orang-outang and crocodile. The climate is extremely warm, and generally unhealthy, especial, ly to foreigners. A TABX7LAR VIEW OP THE PRINCIPAL BAST INDIA ISLANDS. Sunda Isles, . , . Names. Possessed by Sq. miles. Population, Chief Towns, Sumatra. Banca, Timor, Natives, Dutch, Dutch, Dutch &, For. 180,000 52,000 5,600 6,000 4,500,000 4,230,000 80,000 100,000 Bencoolen. Batavia. Lifas. Pqpu- « Verd Which OCKAKICA. Moluccas, or Spice Islands. 279 Amboyna, Ceram, Gilolo, Banda Is'ls Dutch, Dutch, ' . Dutch, 450 4,000 13,000 45,000 130,000 Amboyna. Santanag. ePa- Borneo, i into Borneo | Natives, | 300,000 | 3,000,000 | Borneo, i and Celebes. Celebes, Dutch, 1 90,000 1 3,000,000 Macassar. ire rio- Manilla, or Philippine Islands. id the i rid ac- i Luzon, Mindinao, Samar, Negros, Spaniards, Spaniards, Spaniards, Spaniards, 70,000 30,000 800 .^00 1,300,000 900,000 84,000 75,000 Manilla. Mindinao. 1 ; the m ■ Which is the most eastern of the Sunda isles 7 t. Where is Ban* oa ? A. South of cape Romania. For what is it distinguished ? A. For its extensive mines of tin. Where are the Moluccas or Spice islands ? For what are they celebrated ? A. For the richest spices. What sea north of Celebes 7 c. What strait between Celebes and Borneo 7 m. What island north of Borneo 7 p. Which is the Iar> gest of the PhiHppine isles 7 l. What cape north of Luzon 7 e. What large island north of Luzon 7 f. What small islands between Luzon and Formosa 7 b. Which is the largest of the East India islands 7 b. What is its chief town 7 b. ty : ' Hn- AUSTRALASIA. Australasia embraces Australia, Van Diernen's Land, New Guinea, New Britain, New Ireland, Solo- mon's Island, New Hebrides, New Zealand, and nu- merous smaller islands surrounding them. AUSTRALIA, OR NEW HOLLAND. Australia is the largest island on the globe. It is noted for its mild climate, fertile soil, and valua- ble productions. It was discovered in 1606, by the Dutch ; but is now claimed by Great Britain, and has two colonies — Botany i-ay Colony, and €wan Riv«r Colony. Botany Bay Colony wai founded in i7«(7, and I ( II 280 OCEANICA i gretit numbers of criminals have been banished to it from Great Britain. Sidney is the capital and chief town of the colony. It has a good harbor and considerable commerce. The natives of Aus. tralia are small, and in features and complexion resemble the negro. They are said to be remarkably ignorant, but mild, harmless and kind. The most noted animals of Australia are the kangaroo, duck-bill, flying opossum, and a fipecies of dog that never barks. Of the birds, the emu, a kind of ostrich, the black swan, white eagle, the spotted grosbeak, and a great variety of parrots. VAN DIEMEN'S LAND. Van Diemen's Land is a healthy, fertile island, 170 miles in length, and about 158 in breadth. An Eng- lish colony was established herein 1803, and in 1818 it contained about 6000 inhabitants, about one half of whom were convicts from Great Britain and New South Wales. The natives resemble those of Australia or New Holland. Hobart Town is the capital of the colony. It was laid out in 1804, and now contains a number of elegant buildings. NEW GUINEA- Little is known respecting New Guinea or the ad- jacent islands. They are said to be populous and fertile, producing most ol the fruits of the torrid zone. The inhabitants are negroes, and generally resemble the people of Australia or New Holland. The natij made cor In whal What col Btrait sepj is the extj Zealand direction! 11 1 1 11 NEW ZEALAND. New Zealand consists of two large islands, separa- ted by Cook's strait. I'hese islands are mountain- ous, and have a mild, healthy climate. The natives are tail, well formed, and pussess uncommojfi sagacity and strength of mind. I'hey are canmbals, and when provoked, are extremely ferocious. An fc^nglish setiiemeui has been established here lor iuirvducing the blessings ot civihzaiiou luid Chruuaiuty* Great Ithaa of AU8. negro. isa and OCKANICA. 281 » The natives manifest a strong desire for improvement, and have made considerable progress in the arts of civilized life. QUESTIONS ON THE MAP OP THE WORLD. In what direction from us is AustraHa ? By whom is it claimed ? What colonies in it ? Towns? Capes? What animals? What strait separatee it from New Guinea ? Van Diemen's Land ? What is the extent of Australia ? What strait separates the islands of New Zealand ? If you were at Cape Otou, to.day at 12 o'clock, in what direction would your shadow fall ? POLYNESIA.* A VIEW IN OTAHEITE. Polynesia embraces the numerous islands of the Pacific l3ang east of the Asiatic islands and Austra- lasia. The principal groups are the Pelew islands, and the Ladrones, Carolinas, Sandwich islands, and Radick's isles, lying north of the equator ; and the Marquesas, Society isles, Friendly isles, and Navi. gator's isles, south of the equator. These islands have generally a fertile soil, and a mild, healthy cli. mate. The most important productions are the bread fruit, eoeoa nuts, bananas, oranges, &c. * l>erived from two Greek words, signifying many islanda. i'i I 282 OCEANICa i 1' ' ' The inhabitants are tall, well formed, and generally of amiable die. positions. They were formerly Pagans, and were accustomed to sa. crifice human victims to their gods. But in the Sandwich and Socio. ty islands, they have destroyed their idols, and have received christian missionaries. Many have been taught to read and write ; and num. bers have been converted to Christianity. Hawaii,* — formerly called Owhyhee, the largest of the Sandwich Islands, is remarkable for the lofty summit of Mouna Roa, 16,000 feet high, and also for Ktrauea, the greatest and most terrific volcano on the globe. Honolulu, on the island of Oahu, is the capital of the Sandwich Islands. It contains about 7,00B inhabitants, several hundred of whom are American and European. It has a good har- bor, and is visited for refreshments by the numerous whale ships of the Northern Pacific. Qt7E8TI0N8 ON THE MAP OF THE WOULD. In what direction from Mindanao are the Pelew isles ? Where are the Ladrones ? Where are the Caroline islands ? What cluster of islands in the Pacific about midway between Asia and America ? s. When, and by whom were the Sandwica islands first discovered ? A. In 1778, by Capt. Cook and Capt. King. Which is the most noted of the Sandwich islands? o. In what direction from the Sandwich islands are Radick's isles ? What islands north of Radick's isles ? What considerable island south of Radick's isles ? c. Where are the Marquesas and Washington isles ? Where are the Society isles ? What cluster of isles S. W. of the Society isles? f. Whrt group of isles N. W. of the Friendly isles ? f. What islands N. W. of Navi. gator's isles 7 What group of islands on both sides of the equator, near the coast of South America ? o. Where is the Low Archi. pelago ? Where is Victoria, and when discovered ? Where is the Antarctic continent .' When, and by whom discovered ? MENANDANIMALS. Map of the World. — Where are the North American Indians found ? Araucanians ? Negroes ? Hottentots ? The Camel ? Elephant ? Girafiis ? Hippopotamus ? Reindeer ? Bison ? Lion ? Tiger? White bear? Walrus? Kangaroo? Ourang outang? The Condor ? &>e. I :e placed in the centre, having ail the planets revolving round it, at different distances and in di^rent periods of time. The Sun is an immense spherical body, placed in the centre of the system, and gives light and heat to the planets, moons, asteroids and comets. It re- volves on its axis once in 35 days and 10 hours. This revolution is determined from the motion of the spots on its surface. A planet is an opalce body which appears to us like a star, and shines only by reflecting the light of the sun. There are two Icinds of planets, viz. : primary and secondary, to which may be added the asteroids. The primary planets are those which revolve round the sun and regard him only as their centre. The secondary planets, called also moons, or satellites, are smaller planets, which revolve round the primaries, and serve to give them light. There are seven primary planets : 1. Mercury ; 3. Venus ; 3. Earth ; 4. Mars; 5. Jupiter; 6. Saturn; 7. Herschel. There are eighteen secondary planets. The earth has 1 ; Jupiter 4 Saturn 7; Herschel 6. The asteroids are four very small planets, situated between the orbits of Mars Md Jupiter, called Ceres, Pallas, Juno and Vesta. _ J 286 INTRODUCTION TO ASTRONOMY 1 Diame- ter in miles. Sun 883246 Mercury 3224 Venus 7687 Earth 7928 Mart 4189 Jupiter 89170 Saturn 79042 Herechel 36112 BUN AND PLANETS Day ^vr Year or reoo- revohuim lutionround ontheaxit the nm. D.H.M. 26 10 unknown 23 22 23 56 00 39 9 66 10 16 1 unknownl83 F. D, H, M. 1 1 11 29 87 23 224 16 00 321 18 315 14 164 294 7 8 14 41 00 23 39 19 39 Dittanee from the Sun in milei. Bulk, the Earth being 1 36000000 68000000 96000000 144000000 491000000 901000000 1800000000 1380000 I 1000 90 COMETS.*^ Comets are large, aolld, opake or dark bodies, which revolve round the luo In very elliptical orbita. The number of eomeU belonging to our lyetem ii suppmed to be 540. The Jlgure of eometa li very different. Some of them emit luminous matter on all sides, resembling hair :* others have a long, luminous, transparent tail, pro- jecting from that part wnich is opposite to the sun. Their apparent magnitudes are also very different. Some appear no larger than the fixed stars ; others as large as Venus ; and others much larger. The velocity of a comet Is greater than that of a planet, and increases as it approaches the sun. That of 1680, when nearest the sun, moved with the amaa- liig velocity of 880,000 miles an hour. FIXED STARS. The fixed stars are those luminous bodies which appear in the heavens, flir beyond the planets, from which they are distinguished by their twinkling. They are called jlx«d ttara, because they always keep the same situation in relation to each other, and appear to have one proper motion of their own, The distances ofthe fixed stars from the earth, is almost inconceivable : light, which flies 164,000 miles in a second, would be more than three years in passing from one of them to the earth. These stars being at such an immense distance, cannot receive their light fkom the sun as the planets, but must shine by their own light ; and hence they are supposed to be suns to other systems, and to have worids revolving round them, inhabited, perhaps, by intelligent and immortal h&ings. The number ofthe fixed stars is unknown. With the naked eye we can sea about 2,000, but by the help of telescopes many millions can be discovered. THE EARTH. The Earth has two motions ; one round its axis, the other round the sun. It revolves on its axis once in 24 hours, and causes continual succession of day and night, and an apparent motion of the heavenly bodies from east to west. * The word cornet^ is derived tkom cMia, or eometa, a Greek word signifyinf hairy. INTRODUCTION TO ASTRONOMT 287 It eompletet Iti revolution round the tun once in a year, and oceailoni the difference in the length of the dayi and nif hte, and the agreeable variety of the leaaoni. The earth ii not a perfect inhere, but an oblate ipheroid, elevated at the equa- tor, and depreewd at the polea; the equatorial diameter being 34 milea longer than the polar. The earth ii ■unrounded by a thin, Invliible, elaitie fluid, called tir, which extendi to a conelderable height above it. The air, together with the cloude and vapors that float in it, ii called the atmoapktr$. The height tti which the atmoiphere extends, has never been Ailly aicertained, but It la suppoeed to be about 45 niilee. THB MOON. The Moon ii an opake, or dark body, like the earth, and ihinei entirely by light received flrom the lun. Ita diameter !■ 2,180 miles, and its distance from the centre of the earth 340,000 miles. Its bulk to that of the earth is as 1 to 49. The moon revolves round the earth, fVom change to change, in 30 days, 13 hours, 44 minutes. The surAce of the moon is greatly dlversifled with inequalities, which through a telescope have the apiiearanee of hills and valleys. When the moon is in coi^Junction, or in the same part of the heavens with the sun, it is called the new moon ; when it is in opposition, or 180 degrees dis- tant, it is called the full moon. The moon revolves on its axis but once in its revolution round the earth, and consequently its day is a little longer than 39 1-3 »f our days. ECLIPSES. An eclipse is a partial, or total privation of the light of the sun or moon. An eclipse of the sun is caused by the interposition of the moon between the earth and the sun, and consequently must happen when the moon is in conjunc- tion with the sun, or at the new moon. An eclipse of the moon is caused by an interposition of the earth between the ■un and moon, and therefore must happen at the full moon, or when the moon Is 180 degrees distant fVom the sun. The diameter of the sun and moon is supposed to be divided into 13 part*, called digito ; and an eclipse is said to be so many digits, according to the number of those parts which are involved at the greatest darkness. THE SEASONS. The diffierent seasons are occasibned by the axis of the earth, being inclined to the level of its orbit always in one direction, in its circuit round the sun ; so that one end of the axis is directed towards the sun at one season of the year, and/rom the sun at another. This also occasions ttie variation of climate, and the different lengths of day and night. From the 30th of March to the 22d of September, the north pole inclines to the sun, and it is summer in the northern hemispiierc and winter in the aouth- em : from the S2d of September to the 30th of March, the north pole declines from the sun, and it is winter in the northern hemisphere and summer in the »outhem. In the same manner it will be seen that during one half of the year the north pole is continually illuminated by the sun, while the south pole is in darkness : and consequently the days in the northern hemisphere will be more than 13 hours long, and those in the southern hemisphere, less than 13 honrs ; and during the other half of the year, the south pole is constantly in the light, and the north pole in darkness, and consequently the days in the southern hemis- Ehere will be more than 13 hours long, and those in the northern les than 13 oius ; thus causing the different lengths of day and night 288 PHYSICAL OIOORAPHT At tb« Miuator the dayi and nlgbti art alwayi equal being 19 houra each ; but u you proceed ttom the equator, tbey vary In length according to the latl- lude and leaMn. In laUiude 160 44', the day le 13 houn long : In 410 94' I li 15 houre In length ; In 610 18', it ti 19 houn; in 660 ao', u ii M houn ; In 07O 18', the long- est day !■ one month ; In 690 33', It !■ two montha ; In 770 40', U is four months : and at the poles, six months. [Bee the scale on the map of the world, representing the longest days and nights, also theiones and climates.] Qii««t/0N«.— What is the length of the davs and nights at the equator 1 What is the length of the longest day in80 34' f What is the length of the longest •ivlnl6044'1 In 840 12' 1 In 30© 48' 1 In 360 31' 1 In 41© 24' 1 In 450 3 J' 1 i 490 3' 1 In 540 30' 1 What is the length of the lonxest day In 670 18' 1 In 6iA 33' 1 In 730 6' t What is the length of the lowest day at the polert 1 What Is the length of the longest night 1 How many days and nights are there at the poles in a year 1 CLIMATES. Climate is a portion of the earth's surface contained between two small cir- eles parallel to the equator, and of such a breadth that the longest day in the parallel nearestthe equator is half an hour shorter than in the next more remote, in the torrid and temperate zones— and one month in the frigid zones. All places In the »ame latitude, are in the tame climate— but It must not be inferred flrom thence that they have the same atmosphedcal temperature, as this depends on various causes. Mountains, lakes, deserts, plains, k.c. have great effect on the atmosphere ; as high mountains under the equator are cover- ed with perpetual snow, and deserts are parched with constant heat. Q»««tioM.— How many climates between the equator and each polar circle 1 A. 24. How many climates between each polar circle and its pole 1 A. 6. In what latitude doe6 the flrst climate end 1 [See the scale on the Map of the World] A. In 80 44'. In what latitude does the second climate end ) A. In about 1640. In what latitude does the third climate end 1 Fourth climate 7 Fiflh 1 Sixth 1 Seventh 1 Eighth climate 1 Jcc. &c. Note.- It will be seen that the climates are placed in regular order on the acale as far as 4902', increasing in length half an hour as you proceed from the equator ; after which they are not laid down regularly till you come to the po- lar circle. Here you will perceive by the scale that the days in each climate, in- stead of being only half an hour longer than in the one nearer the equator, are one month longer as you approach the pole. WINDS. Wind is air put in motion, occasioned chiefly by means of heat. When any part of the air is aeated by the sun or otherwise. It expands and ascends towards the higher parts of the atmosphere, and the neighboring air rushes in to supply its place ; and there will therefore be a stream or current of air from all parts towards the region in which the heat predominates. This pressure of the air is what is called wind. The velocity of wind Is various. A gentle breeze moves about 4 miles aa hour ; a common brisk wind about 15 miles ; a high wind 30 ; a storm 60 ; a violent hurricane 100 miles an hour. There are three kinds of tropical winds, viz. : The general trade leinds ; the monsoon* ; the land and sea breezes. 1. The general trade windE blow from east to west, extending to nearly 30O of latitude on each side of the equator, nearly round the globe. 2. The monsoons are periodical winds, which prevail in the Indian Ocean, and blow six months in one direction, and during the other six months in an opposite direction. Their change at tbe vernal and autumnal equinox is ae- companied with terrible storms of rain, lightning and thunder. OLOBEt 289 in thi: 3. Th« Itnd and w>a brcfizea are periodical windu, whici) blow from tiie iand during the nlKiit, and from the m4-ii during the d. y. Winda are aflfiClf d by thKcoiintrlrMover which tliey parni, being rendered nee- liiential by tlie heat of deaerin, and the uiitriU eihalatiuim of lalcea and niari(n««. In AfVieaand Arabia, a wind blown rroni the deaerta called the 5aiM<(/ur 8i- mooMt which nrequenlly produces instant duath. On the weatern coiiRt of Africa Is a similar wind, called Harmaltant produ- dng a dryneaa and heat almost inHupportable. A warm, unpleasant wind Hrom Africa, prevails in the southern part of Eu- rope, called ttie Sireeeo, producing great uneasiness and debility in the system, the TIDES. The Tide la the regular elevation and depression of the ocean, which happens twice every S4 hours, caused by the attraction of the moon and of the sun. At the HMO and/«/< moon, the tides are greatest, and are called apring tid$$ ; at the flrst and last quarters, they are leaHt, and are called neap tide* ; and the hlf Iwst are near the time of the equinoxes. a Xntrotructfon to the use of the Cflobm. A Globe is a round body, whose surface is every where equally remote from the centre. There are two kinds of artificial gloties, terrestrial and celestial. A terrestrial globe is a correct representation of the earth, having the whole surface of the land and water upon it; also the botitidarios of stales and king- doms; the situation of towns ; the courses of rivers and mountains, &.c. delin- eated as they are upon the earth itself. A celestial globe is an artificial representation of the heavens, on which the Btars are laid down in their natural situations. The axis of the earth is an imaginary line passing through the centre of It, upon which it is supposed to turn. The poles of the earth are the two extremities of the axis, where it is suppor •d to cut the surface of the earth. The brazen meridian is the circle in which the globe turns, and is divided in- to 360 equal parts, called degrees. The quadrant of altitude is a thin slip of brass, divided into OQO, and is gene- rcJly uB«d to determine the distance of one place (torn another. 290 GLOBES* Pic- The hour circle is a small circle of brass, with an index or pointer fixed to tlw north pole. The horizon is a great circle which separates the visible half of the heavens from the invisible. The horizon is represented on the artificial globe by th« wooden circular fVame on which the globe stands. The ecliptic is the great circle which the earth describes annually in its revo lution round the sun. The ecliptic is divided into twelve equal parts of 30 degrees each, called signs. The names and characters of the signs, with the months in which the sun cn- ers ih^vn^ are as follows t Jforthem Signg. qp Aries, March 21st \i Taurus, n Oeniini^ S3 Cancer, 11K Virgo, April 19th May 20th June 21st Jttly 22d Aug. 22d Southern Signs. ^Si Libra, TTl^ Scorpio, $ Sagittarius, V5* Capricornus, ^ Aquarius, 3f£ Pisces, Sept. 23d Oct. 23d Not. 22d Dec. 21st Jan. 20th Feb. 19th The first six are called JVorthem signs, because they are north of the equator; the last six are called Southern ^igns, because they are south of the equator. The zodiac is abroad belt in the heavens, 16° wide, in the middle of which ht the ecfiptic. It comprehends the orbits of all the planets. QUESTIONS ON THE TERRESTRIAL GLOBE.* Which Grand Division extends farthest north 1 Atwhat place does Asia extend farthest north? '' At what place does Europe ? North America 1 Suppose the Arctic ocean was navigable, in what direction must you sail ia going from North Cape, in a direct line, to East Cape T What place is there 6n the globe, /rom which you can travel only in one di- rec'lon 1 What cape in Asia opposite to Bailings Bay ? Towards what two points of the compass must you steer in sailing from Spitz- brrcen tn Bhering's Strait, across the north pole ? Through what countries will you pass, and what waters will ^ou cross in travelling on the Arctic Circle round the eUibe, commencing at Bherrng'sStvait ? Travel in the same manner, on the tropic of Cancer, J^ginning at cape St. Lucas. The equator, commencing at Quito. The tropic of Capricorn, beginning at Rio Janeiro. The parallel or40O N. lat. bctiinning at Philadelphia. Tliere »re two routes from New York to Canton ; describe each. In what direction from Philadelphia is Cairo ? Pekin? London? Rio Ja- neiro? Calcutta? St. Petersburg ? Rome? Morocco? Uuito? Does Asia or North America extend- farther south ? Sooth America or Aus- tralia ? One of the tropics passes nea^ the centre of one of the continents; whick tropic, and what continent? What places are directly south of the north pole ? What waters will you cross in sailii>g from Boston to Okhotsk 1 From Okhotsk to Buenos Ayres ? From Buenos Ayres to Cincinnati ? Describe the limits of each zone. Which grand division of the globe lies mostly in the torrid zone ? In what zone is North cape? Cape Horn? CapeComorin? Cape Farewell? Cape Verd ? * These questions can be answered from the two Mtkjfs of the World; 0L0BE8 291 )tlM Tens the evo \gna, len- d Sd !d St b itor; chhi ail is ledi- Spitz- )88in iiait ? >eSt. 0J9- Aua- rhich F'rom velhl Which way must a ihip steer in sailing from New Yoric to the cape of Good Hope? From the cape of Good Hope to Batavia 1 From Batavia to cape Horn 1 From cape Horn to London 1 From London to New York 1 Is there more land or water on the surface of the earth 1 How much of the earth's surface is covered with water 1 What land do you find in the south frigid zone 1 What places are north of 90° of S. latitude 1 What sea in the western hemisphere, nearly in the latitude of the China sea T^ What four seas are intersected by the parallel of 40O ^^ latitude 1 Does Europe or Africa extend farther west 1 What places have no latitude 1 There are twenty-two seas on the globe ; what are their names and where are they? Which grand division of the globe has the greatest number of aeas in and around it 1 On which side of the equator is there most land 1 What places are south of IKP of N. latitude 1 There are two routes by which you can sail from Boston to Calcutta : mention each. Which is the most northern island on the globe 1 Which is the most sou« hern island 1 What is longitude 1 From which meridian is longitude generally reckoned 1 What is the greatest longitude a place can have 1 Why can a place have no more than 18(P of longitude 1 In what direction from Iceland is Cape Verd 1 In what direction from the island of Hainan is Owhyhee 1 In what direction from Spitzbergen is the cape of Good Hope 1 Is the eastern coast of Greenland, or the western coast of Africa farther east T What places have noon, or mid-day, at the same time 1 Suppose the southern ocean was navigable, towards what two points of the compass must a ship steer, in sailing from the island of New Zealand to St. Helena over the south pole 1 Which extends farthest east, Asia or Australia ? What are meridians 1 How many meridians are drawn on the globe you are using? What length of time does it require for the sun to pass from one meridian to> another 1 What is the difference of time between Quito and Rome 1 Is the time at Rome faster or slower than at Quito 1 Why ? What is the difference of time between London and Pekin 1 Supposing it 6 o'clock in the morning at Philadelphia, what time is it at Lon- don 1 Rome 1 Constantinople 1 What is the difference of time between Cape Verd and the gulf ^f Darien 1 When it is noon at Washington, what time is it at Irkuutsk 1 Rome 1 Quito 7 Behring's Straits 1 New Holland 1 Does South America or Greenland extend farthest east 1 Which extends farthest east, Europe or Africa 1 Which is farthest north, lake Baikal or lake Winnepeg? What places have the same seasons of the year? A. Those in the same lat. When it is summer in the United States, what season is it in China ? Chi T France? Australia? Spain? Patagonia? When it is winter at the CKy^ of Good Hope, what season is it in Englant^ In this place ? Why ? Why should not the ecliptic be drawn parallel to the equator 1 13* 292 PROBLEMS. i. ]9rotIemj3 PROBLEM i T0 Jind the Latitude tj t.iiy place. RrLB.—Brinf the given place to the bran meridian, and the degree above the place m the latitude. What la the latitude of Philailelphia 1 A. 40ON. Of Boston 1 A 48iO N. Cape Horn 1 London 1 Peltin 1 Cape of Good Hope 1 Parial Calcut- tat What placet have no latitude 1 PROBLEM II. To Jind the Longitude of anfplMO. RiTLB.— Bring the place to the brass meridinn, and the degree on the equator under the meridian is the longitude. What is the longitude of Philadelphia 1 7S0 w. Boston 1 New York 1 Pe- Itinl Lima? What places have the same longitude as New Yorlc 1 Stockholm 1 London 1 When it is 18 o'clock at Stockliolm, what inhabitants of the earth have the same hour 1 PROBLEM III. To find anyplace whose Latitude and Longitude are gtven. RcLB.— Find the longitude on the equator, and bring it to the brass meridian ; then find the latitude on the meridian, and under it is the place sought. What place has 77|0 W. longitude and 30O N. latitude 1 A. Washington. What places have the following latitudes and longitudes? Latitude. Longitude, 83(0 north, ISiOeast. ,.»v j 330 north, 8l|0west. '.. . 830 south, 48iOvest. 8840 north, 88(0 east. PROBLEM IV. Tiffind the distance between any two placet. RuLC— Lay the quadrant of altitude over both places, and the degrees be- rth, and differ 180° of longitude. Their hours, days, and seasons differ f^om ours. RvLB.— Bring the given place to the brass meridian, turn the globe half round, then count as many degrees south of the Equator as the given place is north, and you will have the Antipodes. Required the Anteci, Periscl and Antipodes of Hartford. A. Antsci are In the northern part of the Island of Chiloe. The Perlecl are in the Desert of Shamo in the Chinese Empire. The Antipodes are in the Southern Ocean aouth-east of the island of St. Paul. PROBLEM XI. To find hovo Many miles mahe a degree of longitude in any given parallel ef latitude. RrLB. — Lay the quadrant of altitude parallel totheeouator between any two meridians in the given latitude, which differ in longitude 15 degrees : the num- ber of degrees intercepted between them multiplied by 4, will give the length of a degree in geographical miles. The geographical miles may be brought in- to English miles, by multiplying by 116, and cutt'ng off two figures from the right hand of the product. Example.— How many geographical and English miles make a degree in the latitude of Pekini 294 QUESTIONS. ^ .. QUESTIONS, IZIROiaiNO THE PR0BLIM8 ON TBI TERRESTRIAL OLOBE. I. What inhabitants of the earth have the same length of days as those of Philadelphia 1 3. What inhabitants of the earth have the same seasons of the year as thosn of London 1 3. When it is 10 o'clock in tho evening at Stocitholm, what inhabitants have the same hnurl 4. What is the nearest distance between New Yoric and the Cape of Good Hope? 5. When it is noon at Philadelphia, what inhabitants of the earth have mid- night ? 6. When it is 10 o'clock in the morning at London, where is it 10 o'clock in the evening ? 7. What is the sun's longitude (commonly called the sun's ilace in the eclip tic) on the 15th of April 1 8. What day of the year is of the same lenjrth as the iSth of April 1 9. How much longer is the 5th of May at New York than at Quito 1 10. When it is noon at London, at what place is the surt rising and setting, and where is it midnight 1 II. Are the clocks at Philadelphia faster or slower than those at London, and bow much ? 13. What is the difference of latitude between Cape North and Cape Mata- pan? 13. What is the difference of longitude between Philadelphia and Constan- tinople ? 14. What is the distance between New York and London in English miles 1 15 What hour is it at London when it is 4 In the evening at Calcutta ? 16. At what time does ihe sun rise and set at Archangel on the 15th of March, and what is the length of the day and night ? 17. If the sun set at 7 o'clock, at what time does it rise, and what is the length of the day and night 1 - 18. How many English miles must I travel westward from London that my watch may be six hours too fast > 19. What place upon the $!lobe has the greatest longitude, the least longitude, no longitude, and every longitude ? SO. What inhabitants of the earth in the course of 13 hours will be in the same situation as their Antipodesi 31. At what places on the globe can two ships sail directly from each otlier, and still sail the same point of the compass 1 32. How many English miles must I travel eastward from Philadelphia, that my watch may be 7 hours too slow 1 33. Suppose a person could start from Philadelphia precisely at noon on Mon- day, and keep pace with the sun round the globe, at what place would he first be told it was Tuesday noon 1 34. There is a town in Norway where the longest day is five times the length of the shortest night, what is its name ? 35. When the sun is setting to the inhabitants of Hartford on the 4th of April, whose is it rising, and where midnight? 36. As the sun never goes north of the tropic of Cancer.— or but 33| degrees north of the equator,— how can you account for its rising, in our latitude, dur- ing the summer months, nearly in tlie north-east, and setting nearly in the north-westl :v ANCIENT OEOQRAPHT* 295 XXERCISI8 ON THE MAP OF THE ROMAN XMPIRK, WhatoountrieB in Europe bordered on the Mediterranean? h o. i. cu What countries in Asia 7 a-m. and s. What countries in Africa ? e. l. a. m. What country northeast of Grallia 7 o. . :. ly ' What country south of Germania 7 i. , - ,i '/ What country east of lUyricum 7 d. /• W hat country northeast of Dacia 7 o. ., .. ;/ . .. ...i.-r ^ . What sea between Iialia and Illyricum 7 a. What seas between Greece and Asia Minor 7 M. and p. What sea north of Asia Minor 7 e. W^hat sea or laka northeast of the Euxine 7 M. ' What sea east of the Euxine 7 c. What sea east of Egypt 7 a. ,, ,.f What sea between Sicilia and Africa? a. • . ^ Whatsea west of Gallia? a. v What sea betvi'een Britannia and Hibemia 7 r. What sea north of Germania 7 What ocean between Grermania and Britaimia 7 a. • ■-►■« What large island north west of Gallia 7 b. What large island west of Britannia? h. . ^ What large islands west of Italia ? c. and a > . What large island south of Italia? s. What islands north of Sicilia 1 jr. What island south of Sicilia ? h. ' ' What island south of the ^gean sea? C. What island near the east end of the Mediterranean 7 What islands on the coast of Hispania 7 b. > Why were these islands called Baleares 7 A. They were so called by the Greeks because the inhabitants were expert archers and slingers, be- sides great pirates. They distinguished themselves in the Punic wars, under Hannibal. It is said that the mothers never gave their children breakfast before they had struck with an arrow a certain mark on a tree. c. ■j^ What mountains between Hispania and Gallia ? p. What mountains between Gallia and Italia 7 Alpes. What mountain in Italia 7 Apenninus. What mountain in the northeastern part of Greece ? h. What mountain in Dacia 7 >;. What mountains in Gallia 7 c. J. v. What mountains in Asia Minor ? t. What mountains between the Euxine and Caspian seas 7 What mountains south of Mauritania ? a. What mountain between the two northern branches or gulfs of the Ara- bian sea 7 8. c. 296 ▲NCIIMT OEOORAPHT What strait* at the entrance of the Mediterranean 7 What strait between Gallia and Britannia 7 o. What strait between the Maeotis I^lus and the Euxine sea 7 What strait between the Euxine and Propontis ? Bosphorua. The one 'connecting the Maeotis Palus was called the Cimmerian Bos* phorus, and the other connecting the Euxine and Propontis was called the Thracian Bosphorus. The latter is sixteen miles long, and one and a half broad. The strait between the Propontis and iEgean seas, was called the Hellespont,— now the Dardanelles. It is 33 miles long, and from half a mile to a mile and a half in width. Its shores are lined with pleasant hills, towns and villages. The strait is celebrated for the love and death of Leander, a youth of Abydos, who swam nightly across it to see his beloved Hero, a priestess of Venus, at Sestns. On one occasion his strength failed him and he was drowned, and Hero in despair, threw herself into the sea and perished. Xerxes built a bridge of boats across this strait when he invaded Greece. In 1810, Lord ^ron r,wam across it, in one hour and five minutes. Where do the following rivers rise,— in what direction do they flow,— and where do they empty 7 Ancient names. I-be'-rus 7 Bn-tis 7 A*na8 7 Ta.gus 7 Du-ri-us 7 Ga-rum-na 7 Li-go-ris 7 Se-qua'.na7 Rhod-a>nu8 7 Rhe nus 7 Am-i-si-a 7 Vi-sur-gis 7 Al-bisf Pa.dus 7 Ti.be.ri8 7 Is ter ? Ty.ms7 Bo-rys-the-nes 7 Modem name$. Ebro? Guadalquiver 7 Guadiana 7 Tagus, orTigot Douro7 Garonne ? Loire ? Seine 7 Rhone 7 \ ' Rhine? > Ems? Weser? Elbe? Po7 ' Tiber? Danube? Dniester? Dnieper ? Which of these rivers is longest 7 Which was anciently most noted 7 Which is the principal river of Egypt? Does the Nile annually overflow its banks now, as in ancient times i When docs the Nile begin to rise ? A. About the middle of June, and continues to rise until about the first of September? The following Latin words used on ancient maps, are thus translated, viz. Fretum, a strait. Flumen, a river. Mons, a mountain. Montes, mountains. Chersonesus, a peninsula. Insula, an island. Mare, or pontus, a sea. Sin, or sinus, a bay. \ ANCIENT OEOQRAPHT 297 Where was PelojwnMui, nowMoie«7 Where waaTaurice, now Crimea 7 When waa Cimbri, now Jutland 7 ,V BoR> the half the Ifa ills, of >ved liled sea he 'and v.. ed7 low 86? tof Into what thiee provinces did the Romans divide Hispenia 7 t. l. b. Which of these provinces was^ost northern 7 Into what four provinces did the Romans divide Gallia 7 b. l. a. n . Which of these was most southern 7 How was Germania divided 7 c. 8. v. f. p. o. b. l. b. o. a. a. Which of these tribes or nations inhabited the most northern part 7 Which the most southern 7 How was Illyricum divided 7 r. n. p. ' How was Dacia divided 7 o. o. m.s. How was Greece divided 7 t. m. p. Into what provinces was Asia Minor divided 7 m. b. o. c. l. p. c. l. o. Where was Colchis, celebrated in fable for the expedition of the Argo> nauts from Greece, under Jason, in search of the golden fleece 7 Phasis was the capital of Colchis, at the mouth of the river Phasis, What two countries east of Colchis 7 What large country south of Colchis, Iberia and Albania 7 What noted rivers rise in Armenia 7 B. T. What country south of Armenia 7 What is the meaning of the word Mesopotamia 7 > A. Between two rivers. Between what two rivers was Mesopotamia situated 7 In what part of Syria was Phoenicia 7 Palestine 7 Where was Arabia Petre 7 Where was Chaldfloa 7 Babylonia? Assyria? Persia? Media? Where was Sarmatia 7 What can you say of it 7 It was an extensive country in the eastern part of Europe and northern part of Asia. It was inhabited by a number of uncivilixed, warlike na- tions, who were famous for painting their bodies to appear more terrible in the field of battle. In the third and fourth centuries of the Christian era, under the barbarous names of Huns, Vandals, Goths, Alans, &c. they in- vaded and laid waste the Roman empire. Where was Romk, and how situated 7 In what direction from Rome was Capua? where the army of Hannibal, after the battle of Cannae, became enervated by the pleasures and luxuries which prevailed in that voluptuous cit;^. Where was Cannes 7 Near the Adriatic, eaut of Capua. In what direction from Capua is Neapolis, now Naples 7 Where was Rhegium, now Reggio 7 settled by the Messenians B. C. 723, remarkable for its fertility and delightful scenery. In what direction from Rome is Tarentum, noted in the wars of Greece and Rome? Where was Brundusium, noted for its good harbor ? Where was Sipontum, founded by Diomedes, after his return from the Trojan war 7 Where was Corfinium, the chief city of the Peligni, and once styled the capital of Italy 7 It was taken by Cesar shortly ailer he passed the Rubicon. 298 ANCIENT OlOORAPHT. Where was Spoletium, that withstood the attack of Hannibal and hia army after the battle of IVaaymene ? Where wai Picenum, a country and city of the Sabines 7 It was taken by the Romans U. C*484. Where was Ancona, built by the Sicilians, and noted for its excellent harbor? Near this place is the famous chapel of Loretto, supposed by monkish historians to have been brought through the air by angels, Aur ffust 10, A. D. 1291, from Judea, where it was a cottage inhabited by the Virffin Mary. Where was Arminium, noted as a strong military post, and as the gate into Italy on that side 7 Near it, the river Rubicon eiiUiied the Adriatie, which Cfesar crossed. Where was Ravenna, an important cit^ of Cisalpine Gaul 7 From this city, Cesar set forward on that march which brought him to the Rubicon, and involved his country and the world in civil war. What and where was the Rubicon 7 It was a small river which separa- ted Italy from Cisalpine Gaul. It rose in th^ Appenine mountains and fell into the Adriatic sea. " To identify this celebratefl stream is a question which has long puzzled writers on comparative Geography, and is not even now perfectly settled." It is supposed to have enterea the Adriatic near Armenium, and to be known at present l^the nameof Rugone. In what direction from Ravenna was Bononia, now Bologna 7 Cremo- na, noted for beino; tho first place where the Romans established them- selves in Gaul 7 Verona, founded by Brennus, the leader of the Gauls, and noted for being the birth-place of Catullus, C. Nepos, and Pliny the elder 7 < .• ^ In what direction from Rome was Aquileia 7 This city was built by a {larty of Gauls B. C. 187, and soon after fell into the hands of the Romans, n the time of Cesar, it was ene of the most important military posts, and was considered "the bulwark of Italy on the northeastern frontier." All the trade and intercourse between Italy and the lUyrians, Panonians and other nations in that quarter, was carried on through this place. It was taken by Attilla,and sacked by the barbarian hordes under him. In what direction was Forum Julii from Aquileia 7 Mediolanum, now Milan? , ,^ .. ,__ Where was Parma, noted for its great antiquity 7 Where was Taurine, now Turin 7 The inhabitants opposed Hannlbnl soon after his descent from the Alps ; but the city was taken by him and plundered, after a siege of three days. Where was Lutetia, now Paris, situated 7 The Parisii, a Gallic tribe* built this city on a swampjr island in the Seine, before the Christian era. The name ** Lutetia" or " dty of mire" is said to have been given to it, on account of its muddy character. It was taken by the Romans, and fortifi- ed by Julius Cesar, and greatly embellished by Julian, the Roman empe* ror, A. D. 360, who resided there some time. In what direction from Lutetia was Lu^dunum, now Lyons, the place to which Herod the tetrarch, Herodias his wife, and Salome, it is saio, » U. C. means from the Building of the cUy of Rome, A. U. C. The year from the building of the city of Rome. Anno Urbis Conditct ▲ MCIlirT •lOOEAFKT 999 wer« bannhad 7 Vienna, a few milei louth, on the same river, ii the place to which it ia said, Pontiua Pilate waa banished. Where waa Maaailia, now Maraeillea aituated 7 Thia city waa founded B. C. 600, by a colony of Aaiatic Greeks, and formed at an early period, a flouriahin^ republic, celebrated for the wiadom of its inatitutiona, and aa a aeac of acience and literature. Where waa Toloaa, now Toulouse 7 Thia ia an ancient city. In the aiith century it became the capital of the Yiaigotha.* In 1814, it waa taken by the Engliah. Where waa nctonea 7 A few milea aouth of thia place, near the preaentcity of Poitiera, waa fought the deciaive battle between the Gaula, under Charlea Martel, and the Saracena, under Abderaman, in October, A. D. 732. Where waa Corduba, now Cordova, anciently the capital of theTurduli, and famoua during the middle agea aa the aeat of the Mooriah empire in Spain? Where was Saguntum^ faraoua for a aiege by the Carthaginians, under Hannibal, B C. 219, which waa the cause of the aecond Punic war ? Where was Numantia, remarkable for a desperate resistance against the Romans during a siege of fourteen years 7 Where waa Gadea, now Cadis, the great emporium of Spanish com- merce 7 This city was founded b^ a colony from Tyre, and was one of the most noted of antiquity. The mhabitants were a commercial people, and their ships were seen on every sea, which the navigation of their times had been able to compass. The Greeks named it Gadim, and it was also called Cotynusa. Where was Carteia or Caipe 7 Near this place, on the most southern point of Hispania, was Mount Calpe, now the Rock of Gibraltar, which was opposite to Mount Abyla, on the African side of the Fretum Hercule<> um, now the strait ofGibroltar. Acconding to tradition, these two moun- tainoLs rocks were once united, and Hercules, in order to open a communi- cation between the Mediterranean and the Atlantic, rent them asunder. Hence they are called the Pillars of Hercules. Where was Londinium or Londinum 7 This city, now called London, was built^ it is supposed, about the commencement of the Christian era. In what direction from Londinium was Durovemum, now Dover? F.horacum, now York 7 Alata, now Edinburgh 7 Eblana, now Dublin? Where was Athenas, now Athens 7 In what direction from Athens was Thebe? Sparta? Olympia? Delphi ? Delphi was built at the foot of mount Parnassus. The great celebrity of this place arose from the oracle of Apollo, who there declared the fates, and from the council of Amphictyons, which held there its alter- nate session. Where is Actium ? This place is noted on account of the memorable battle near it, at the entrance of the Ambraciangulf, between the fleets of Anthony and Octavius, September 2d, B. C, 31. Octavius gained the vic- tory, and thus became master of the world, or the Roman empire » Yislgotfas, means Western Geths, and Ostrogoths, Eastern Goths. 300 ANCISKT ttlOORAPHT Where wu Ilium or Troy 7 What can you May rMpectin^ it 7 Wbece woa Ephetua 7 What happened there when Paul preached in that place f Why did Demetriua and the other silverimitha oppoie Paul 7 See Act* lix. 84-29. Where is Damaacua 7 Thia ia one of the oldeat citiea in the world. Bee Genesis xiv. 15. It is a magnificent city at the preaent time, and has ever been distinguished fer its splendor and opulence. . Where was Ilierosolyma, now Jerusalem 7 Tyrus 7 Babylon 7 Ninua, called in Scripture Nineveh 7 Selucia, the great rival to Babylon 7 Pal- myra, the Tadmor of Solomon, and the residence of the immortal Zenobia, and the elegant Longinus 7 The ruhM of thia city are among the moat magnificent remains of antiquity. Where waa Thebn, called also Hecatompylos, on account of its hundred gates, and Diospolis, as being sacred to Jupiter 7 Memphis, once the me- tropolis of all Egypt 7 Near this place are the Pyramids. Where was Alexandria 7 Cyrene 7 Carthago 7 Cirta, the ancient capital of Numidia 7 Cassarea 7 Yohibilis, now Fez 7 Tingis, now Tangier 7 Abyla, now Ceuta 7 What portions of the earth were known to the ancients 7 Those lying around the Mediterranean Sea, comprehending the southern and largest part of Europe, the southwestern part of Asia, and the northern part of Africa. Did the ancients linow any thing of America 7 Britannia was anciently called Albion, the white island, probably on ae- eount of its white challty cliflTs on the southeastern coast. The northern part was called Caledonia, now Scotland, and was inhabited by the Picti, or Picts, so called because they painted their bodies. Little is known of Britannia before its conquest by the Romans, about 55 B. C. Do you think the country has undergone many changes since ita conquest by the Romans ? Gaul was an extensive country originally divided among three great nations, — the Belgae, Celte and Aquitani. These were warlike, barbarous and superstitious. Germania included the country between the Rhenus and Vistula and was noted for its vast forests. It was inhabited b^ many different nations, most of which lived a wandering, unsettled life. These were hardy, brave, warlike, fond of liberty, and distinguished for honesty and simplicity. Hispania, the most western country in Europe, was called by the Greeks, Iberia, and Hesperia. The first inhabitants were probably the Celts. The Phoenicians afterwards possessed severel places on the coast, and built Gades. The Carthaginians, attracted by the gold and silver mines, which abounded in the country, conqured the greater part of it They, however, were expelled by the Romans, who kept possession of it, during the existence of their empire. Italia was one of the most interesting countries of antiquity. The in- habitants were called Romans from their chief city and for ages, were dis- tinguished for their warlike achievements, and for their eminence in litera- ture and the arts. The Roman empire at its greatest extent was the most powerful that the world has ever witnessed. Gracia took the lead among all the countries and nations of the world. She added to he' military glory, that of carrying eloquence and the arts ta a perfection which has served aa a model to all succeeding ages.