IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) V // :/ ^ 1.0 I.I \1A ilM m M 1 2.0 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 ^ t^n _ *>• V] ^, ,jr,l 111;; lo Aft .il' (' ■ll!.'l'r.SS ill III,. V,.;|, |x,^|; 1, Hl'HKHT II. liAN( K'Oi'T, III III- mlir,. ,,|- t|,|. I, ilir.'iriiiii iif c, 'n-r>>v III W ;iv|iiii-i, Ml h'i,//i/s l;,:s,rral. co^^te:^ts of this volume. CHAPTER I. ALVAKADO'S IlFLIv — THIC (;IiAUAM AFFAII!. 1S40-1S.H'. P-iliE Governor's Policy — Spirit of Foroignci's — Fears niid Riiinora^Pailre Ittal's Wiiniing — In tiio Junta — (larnui''s LHnnnciation— 'I'lic Horse- race — Theories — Castro ami Vallejo — A Foreign Plot — Diary of a Crazy ^lan — The Arrest — Documentary Pecord — Alvarado's Procla- mation — In the South^Kxagj^erations and Falsehoods — Lists of Names — Arrest of Craham and Morris — In Prison at Monterey — Tliomas J. I-'aridiani — Trial --The Voyage — At Sta P>:irl)aia — At Tepic. — EtTorts of Piritisli Cons^id P.arron — Action of < iovernnient — R(>tuni of NinetcenExiles — Castro's Trial in ^[oxico — The Dana'iile and St Louis at MontiMcy — Visit of the C'liragoa — English Claims — Couiniodore Jones ami tlio American Claims , 1 CHAPTER II. MISSION A.N.VALS AND INIiIAX AFFAIKS. lJS;iG-1840. Condition of Missions in ISHG — Secularization — Acts of Authorities IS.IG- 8 — Chico's Policy — Secularization of Five Missions — Xcw Missions Proposed — Tlio Revolution and its EtTcct — Spoliation — Alvaradt»'s Etibrtsfor Reforni^Iteglaniento of Ib.S!) — Hartnell as Visitador Gen- eral — Roglamento of 1S40— Duran's Views— IlartncU's Second ^'isita Resignation — Mission Statistics — ['resident and Piefect— Ecclesias- tical — Garcia Diego as IJishup— Stipends of Friars — Pious Fund — Indian All'airs — Troubles on the San Diego FVontier — Ranciif)S Plun- dered—Sonoma I'rontier — Vallejo's Policy — Figlits and 'I'reatics — Small-pox — South of tlio Ikiy — Horso-llueves — I'he Cliaguanosoa — Seasons and Earthquakes 42 CHAPTER III. COMMEnCE, FINANCi:, AND AlAlUTtME AFFAIKS. 1 sac- 1840. General Remarks— Statistics of Trade— Xew Mexican Traders — Otter Skins— Smuggling — Chico's liando — Action of California Congress — (vu) Vlll CONTEXTS. Vessels of IS.IO — Rogiil.'itiDii.s— ll.iwaii.ui Tr.'ule— Cattle Driven t|jU-40 79 CHAPTEll IV. FOnEIGN I'.r.LATKlNS ANU PIONEEKS. 1830-1840. Foreign Tnflnenre in the Revolution — Interference as a Current Topic — Attitude of Diirerent Classes — French Relations — Humored Cession of California to England — Quotations from American Papers — Pfili.' • in ls;!7-S— Horse-thieves— Restrictions of 18:«t-40— The Fxiles- Pi oueers — I'crsonal Items — Autliorities— Statistics — Some! Iiing aboi the Old Settlers — Their Character and Iniluence — I'rDinimut Nann .-, — N«nv-coMiers of ISoG— 10 — !Most of Them Transient Visitors^Immi- gration — Annual Lists— Chronological Items — The LaiifKiiiuc and her Rasscngers at liodega 107 CHAPTER V. SUTTKPv'.S VOKT — VISITS ANU HOOKS. 18;)G-1840. John A. Sutter's Farly Life — Comes tcj California via Oregon, Honolulu, and Sitka — Reception at .Monterey — I'urihases on Credit— Trip lip the Saerauieuto — Nueva IRlvecia Founded — Relations M'ith Sunoiua —Annals of 1839-40 — Indian Policy — Cattle, Beaver-skins, and Brandy - Sutter's Plans — Plielps' Visit — liecruits — Sutter a Mexican Citixen— !;iljli()graphy of Foreign Visits — I'he Penrock — Ruschenber- gcr's Narrative — The (S»//)/(»r— Belcher's Narrative — Survey of the Sacramento — Slacum's Visit — The I'l /;//■< — Petit-Thonars' Voyage — Forbes on California — Tin; Arlrmiac — Laplaci', Camjiagne — Phelps' Fore and Aft — Farnham's Life in California — J. F. B. M Vl-1 CHAPTER YI. THK UUS.SIANS I.\ CALIFOnXIA. 1831-1841. Vearly Vessels— Resume — Report of 1831— Kldebnikofs Mission— Vic- toria's Policy- -Figucroa's Diplomacy — Vallcjo's Mission to Ross — U'langell and Beechey — Annals of 1834-0 — Kostromitinof Succeeded by Rotehef— Warehouse at. Sauzalito — Wrangcll's Plan of Extension — liis Failure in ivltjxico, ls30— Resolve to Abandon Ross, 1838-9 — CONTENTS. Ix PAoa riopo.«e(l Siilc to TTudsoii'.s I'ay riiiiip;iny— AlTuir of tho Lnu.iannr, j.^Kj — Vallcjii anil Kupiiaiiof — rropoaiil Salo to Vnllcjo — Laiul ami BuilJingH — AliHiird TiiMtiiii'tiniiH from Mexico — S«lu to SiUter — Con- triii't ami DcimI— \o l-aml I'liicliasiil— Kussiaii 'I'itlu to Kdsh— 'I'lio Mulili'ow Claim of Latur Vi-ars— IX'iiaiture of tliu Colonists — How the Debt was Taiil, 1845-51) l.'iS CHAPTER VII. I'OLmCAL AIFAIKS AM) (iKM UAL CONDITION'. 1S4I. I! vents of tlio Y(>ar— Small Part I'laycil by Califoniians— Ajiatliy in Poll- tiis — A Soason of ])rou;,'lit — At tiio ('a[iilal — (JoviTUor Alvarado — Jinu-no Acting llulcr— No Session of tlii; .lunta Dupartamcntal — Xo Excess of Government — Administration of .Inaticc — Mission .Aflaira — Contimicil Spoliation — Mofras" Statistics- Piieblf) of San Juan do Arj^iii'llo — Tlio F.isliop's Arri\al--Indian All'airs — A Time of I'eaco — Military Items — Alvnrado and \'allejo— Policy and Motives of the Comaudantc Ccneral — Unfoiimlcd C'liai'L'es— Action in ^IcNim — Pa'conciliation— Castrg or Pnuhjn — Vallejo's Plans for lleform. .. , 100 CHAPTErt Till. COMMEllCLVL AND MAIIITIMK AFKAIIiS — TlIK IirDSON'S BAY ro>rrANY — VlSns ANU BOOKS. 1841. Trading Tlegulations — Coasting Trade Suspended and Restored — Now Mexican Caravan — Stnnggling — \'all('jo's Plan — ( )ttor-liniitiniT — Whalers — List of Vessels — Statistics of licvenue — {''inancial Admin- istration — Hudson's I5ay Company in California — Visit and .loiitiK!! of Sir .Tames Douglas — The Furdinntors Licensed — Purchase of I.ivr stock — Proposed Trading-pust — Itac's Ksiablisiiment at Yerb.i liuena — Visit of Sir George Simpson ami Chief Factor McLonghlin — Tho Company and Sutter — Simpson to Vallejo— Maji — Simpson".-; Xan'a- tive — tjuotutions — Warner's Lecture on California — Pcircc's V'i.^it and Journal 'JO'J CHAPTER IX. SCTTEH'S rORT — U. S. EXl'LOr.ING KXrKMTION — DCFLOT DE .MOHtAS, 1S41-1S4'.). Progress at New Helvetia — The Fort — Indians — Industries — Vioget's Map — Sutter's Land Grant — Visitors — Purchase of P.oss — Views of Peirce and Simpson — Sutter's Troubles — Debts — Trade and Tra]iping — V^allejo and Sutter — Threats of Revolt — Letter to Lee^e — U. S. Exploring Expedition— The Fleet — Published Kcsults^Ojierations in California — Ringgold on the Sacramento — Emnious' Overland CONTKN'-IX. PAclR Trip from Oregon — Map — Wilki's' Nuriiitive— Serious Defects— Quo- taticjiiM— Fhilliit Jap. 'J*J(i '^ CHAPTER X. FOKEICIX KKl.AlliiNS AS'I> IM.MI(iKATin\. I SI I. Hopes ami IMaiia rif Foreign Nations— I'nitcil States— Manifest Dfstiny — Willies anil Warner— Forcij^n Opinions — Ihitisli I'rojects- -Simp- son's \"u ws — Aspirations of Fran(;e — Mofras on a (/atiiolic I'rotecto- rate— Sutter as a Frenclnnan— Advantages of Yanlieo Metlioda — ]>ej,'inniiig of Overland Iininigrivtion — Kxcitenient in the Frontier States — Inirtleson I'arty from .Missouri -liidwell's Diary — Narratives of IJelden, Clules, and Idiiipcr — Crossing,' tiie Desert and Sierra— List of Names— Arrival and lieeeption — Foliey toward Foreigners — Vallejo's Acts — Dr Maisli — The Worknian-llowland I'arty from New Alexicu — Wilson's Narrative — llowlanil's List— Oilier Parties — Mrs Walker and Mrs Kelsey — List of New-comers for 1841 — Items about Old Settlers ioi} OHArXER XI. ALVARADO, VALLDJO, AND MICIIELTORKNA. 1842. Prudon at ^lontevey — Alvarado's I'lots — l>ustam.nnte or Santa Anna — The (iovenior's Despatches — Departure of the Coniisicniailos Casta- fiares ami I'rudon — Too Late — Manuel Micheltoreua Appointed (iovtrnor and Comandanto General — His Instructions — Raising an Army uf <_'ouvicts — The Journey — ]>atallon Fijo — List of Oliieers — Arrival at San Diego — At Los Angeles — Vallojo Turns over the Mil- itary Command — Alvarado Disappointed bu iubmissive- — I'roclania- tiou -Miehcltorena Assumes the ( Jo\ ernorsliip at Angeles in l»e- eember — Junta Departauieutal — Tribunal de Justieia — Discovery of Gold 2Sl CHAPTER XII. COIIMODORK JONKS AT MONTEUEV. 184-2. English, French,. Ind American Schemes — Jones' Instructions — The French Fleet — Fnglisli Fleet — Rumors of War — Cession of Calil'ornias — Monroe Doctrine — The Uuitcd States and Cyanc at Monterey — Cap- ture of the O'liijiuxcoana — Jones' Position and Motives — Occupation and Restoration of the Capital— Authorities in Manuscript and Print — Jones at San Francisco and Sonoma — Reports — Arrival of the Jiidc and Yorktovni — In the South — Michcltorena's Valor — Mex- ! 4, CONTKNT.S. \- PAflK iaiii liiiiiiliast — Reiiorta to ^^v^il;o — CliiiniB ftir D;iiiiii;,'t'.s — Tin- Tuhmo uikI 4II1 r/ - .loiK'M at Los .\ni,'(k'.s r>iicaii('j.'i';i iiml 'riioiii|i-'(in in Mi'X- Ilmi — Wi'listi riiiid Aliniiiitt' in W'aHliington—In C'lHigii'ss- 'I'lio I'lcss — Junii(iarciii l)ici;(> jit S'uita 15iiil)ara — (liaiid i'',|iisL'o- ])al I'lans — 'I'lio I'ious Fund in Mexico— Santa Anna 'ralccs it iVoiii the Uisliop — Iiio(u'ii(M'atu(l in the National 'J'i'ca8ui'y--'rhe Result — Iniliiui AH'airs — No Hostilities ami Few llnniora— (Jonunercial and Mai'itinio AH'airs — List of Vessels— Financial Items — Foreij ,. I's — List of I'ioneei's and Visitors for tlio Year- Part of tiio I'arin 'H Company Return Overland — "Minor Items — New Mexican Ininii;;ra- tion— r>ililiiii,'rapliy of llS4'2 — Robinson's Life in California — Visit of the Kiiii/s <}i-/ihan — Bidwell'a Journey — Marsh's Lctte? ♦ dones — Peirce's Letter ii.lO CHAPTER XIV. MICHELTORESA's KULK — roUTICAL AKKAIKS. 1843. The Governor at Los Angeles — Financial Troubles — Warfare .ayiainst Destitution — A Junta of Aiigelinos — Aid from Citizens, from Vullcjo, and from Jjiniantour— Syniptonis of Controversy — Miclieltorena with his Jjalallun Comes to Mtjnterey — Reception— Rumors of Revolt — Graham's Oiler — Junta of Officers at Monterey — Prefectures Sup- liresj-.ed — Absence of Records — Swearing of tiie T»ases— Vot(^ for Santa Anna — Junta Departamental — Fllections— Castanares for Congress — Indian All'aiis — Kxpedition to Mendocino or Clear liaUe — The Clii>- los at Angeles and Monterey — Exaggerated Accusations S.IO CHAPTER XV. MISSIONS — COMMERCF.— MARITIME AFFAIRS. 1S4.'5. Anticipation of a Change — Policy of Governor and Padres— ^lichcltnrena's Dooreo Restoring the Missions to the Friars— Motives - The Change Eflfectcd — Mission Lands — Missionary Personnel and Officials — The Bishop and his Financial Troubles — Tithes — Garcia Diego and Vallejo — Patroness of the Diocese — Friars not to be Politicians — Scandal Prevented — Commercial Regulations — Smuggling — Fear of Losing the Boston Trade — Whalers — Minor items— Custom-house Oilicials — Finance — Falliug-off of Revenues — List of Vessels 3(JS xu CONTENTS. CHAPTER XVI. FOKEIGX KELATIONS ANU IMMIGRATION. 1843. PAGE Mexican Eirorts to Prevent American Immigration — Almonte's Letter — Sant;v Aima's Onlor — A Diplomatic Cuntrovcrsy — Tliomjison and Bocanegia — I'Jiglish Sclicines of Colonization — Wyllie to Hartnell — Forbes' Plan — Larkin ami Foriies, Consuls of U. S. and England — Foreigners Kiiuily Treated in Calfornia — Sutter's Estalilisliment — False Pretensions— Immigrants of the Year — Hastings Company- Troubles with Indians — Cliiles- Walker Company— A New Route— Narratives — Names — Ste\'.ien Smith and his Steam-engiiio — Has- tings' Book — Ignorance, Prejudice, and Deception — List of Pioneers of 1S43 ;?7'J CHAPTER XVII. MTCHEI.TORENA's KUI.E— I'OLITK'AI. AITAIR.S. 1844. Eci.inomy — Abregoand Pico Sent to Mazatlan — Aid from Valujo, lailiin, and Limantour — Ihnnors of Itevolt — Arrest of Alvarado — A !Ne\v (Jeneral Expected— liising of the Cholos — Arrest of Castafiares — War with the United States — Preparations for Defence — .Militia Organized — Larkin's Letters — Indian Afiairs — Presidio on tlie San Joaquin— Junta Departamental — Candidates for Governor — The Cap- ital — ^lonterey and Angeles — Santa InC's as a Compromise — Casta- fiares in Mexico— Ilis Book — Warning against Foreigners — No J!e- sults — General View of Miclieltorena's Character and Adn.inistra- tion 401 CHAPTER XVIII. MISSIONS AMi lil.SHOPHU; — TliAl E AND FINANCE. 1S44. Dnran's Report on Snntliern Missions — Local Items — Lost Shi op P;.drcg and Vallejo — Secularization of San Luis Obispo— (irant of Lainh; to the Church — Authorized Sale of Mission Estates to Meet War lOx- penses — liishopric — EcclesiasticuTl Seminary at Santa Iiu's — I'asloral Visit to tlic Xoith — Commeicial liegulatious — Uetail Trade— Protec- tion of the Boston Merchants — Whalers Allowed to Trade — Verba liiiena and Sauzalito — Pevenuc Otticers^.san Francisco and !■ anta Barbara -Financial All'airs — List of Vessels on the Coast in 1844. . . 421 CHAPTER XIX. IJIMIGUATION AND KolilMGN RELATIOVX. 1S44. John C. Fn'MUont— His Early Life— First I'lxpudition, 1 842 -.'i— lie port- Second Trip, 1S43-4 — The Overland Lnmignint llouto to Oregon — L CONTEXTS. xiii V\r,K Tvo'.n Oregon to California — Across the Sierra liy a Xcw Koute — Kciurn I'last — Fri-mont's Jjook — Map — Value of Fn'tniont's Survey - l'rtjiulio(j of I'ionecrs — KuLsey Coiiipimy of Initniu'rants— Xaincs — Tlio 15:'.le Atl'air — Stevens' Conipuny — List — The First Wagons — Ily the Truckco Route — Foreign Jtolations — Sutter's Aflairs— Annexa- tion .Schemes — U. S. Consulate — iMiglish Colonization — Wyllie and Ilartuell— Hudson's r)ay Company — Wandering SUetehcs— Alpha- Lciical List of Pioneers 4;)4 CHAPTER XX. BEVOLUTION ACiAINsT MICUELTORENA- 1S44. Preliminary R(j3um»5 — Motives of the Ficliels — Feeling against the T5a- tallon — riots and Warnings — Fronunciamiento of the Canada deSan ^Miguel — The Covernor'a Proclamation — Campaign of Laguna Scca, or Santa Teiesa — Narratives — The Treaty — Castro at Mission San Josc — Micheltorcna's Proclamation and Reports — His Treachery — Ficsolvcs to Break the Treaty — Aft'airs in the South — Rising at Santa Jiarliara — i'olicy and Motives of the Foreigners — Sutter's Contract — Preparations at New Helvetia — Vallejo's Protests — Occui'rences at San Francisco — Weber'a Arrest 4.")5 CHAPTER XXI. rXprLRION" OF OOVKUNOR MICUELTOHENA. 184,-). '' lip Governor Breaks the Treaty of Santa Teresa — Foreign Interference — Fears of Californians — Sutter Joins Micheltorena at Salinas — Cap- ture of Manuel Castro — Alvara.i9 CHAPTER XXVI. LOCAL ANNALS OF THE SOCTII. 1S41-1845. Population-Ran Diego-Last of the Prcsidial Company- Municipal Af- fairs— Eancbos— Mission San Diego— San Lnia l!cv-Pa,lre Ib.arra— Wasting-away of the Kstates-Sau Juan Capistraiio-l'ueblo of San Juan de Argiiello-San Dieguito, San Pascual, and Laa I'loros-Los AngclesDistriet— Statistics-City and Sulmrl.s-Local Kveiits—lVn- fectufc and iMnnieii)al (ioveniinent -Criininal lU'cord— Ilanehos— San JY'dro-Saii Gabriel— Deca.lcnce under Majordomoa— San P.er- nardino-Agua Mansa-San Fernando-Mission liented-Santa IJurhara Distriot-Presi.liu and T,nvn-Sul)-pref.-jt and Juices do I'ax-Kanehos-Mission- Inventories and Rcntiug-San lUuuaven- tura-Santa ]nes-l'adro Moreno-Thc College-Purisima-Padic Abella— Sniall-pox— iJuin and Sale gj^ CHAriEll XX"\1I. LOCAL ANNAI.S OF Tllli NORTH, 184 1-1 84,-). I'.^pnlation of the Xo.'th an.l of California-Monterey District-l'^-onts at the Cap'.tal-ISIilitary Itenis-Prefecture-Municipal Allairs- List of Kanehos— San C;lrlos-Sun Luis Obisho— A New Pueblo- Sale of Kx-niission Property-San ^liguel-San Antonio- Soledad- San Juan de Castro-Santa Crux-^'illa de liraueiforte-San Frar • eisco District- Population— Kvents—PuoMo JIatters-Sub-pref.'c) - ure-Military-Growth of Verba ]5uena-Xew Custon,-ho„se-I,an,l (.rants in the North-Mission Dolores-San IMael-Solano- Pue- blo of Sonona-P.oss and Bodega-New Helvetia-San JosO Mission -Padres Mnro, Gutierrez, and Quijas-Santa Clara-Padre Meivado —Pueblo of San Jost5 oil) J'lONKKR PtwasTKU AND Lnuex. ' Ibaiiei^ ' to ' Quivcy ' 0.S8 r I I W ^ HISTORY OF CALirOPvXIA. CHAPTER I. ALVARADO'S RULE— THE GRAHAM AFFAIR. 1840-1842. Govi:nNou's Folic v— Spirit of Foreigners — Fkars and Rumors— Padre Hi;ai,"s Warning — In the Junta— Oarner's Deninciation — The nitusE-RACE — Theories— Castro and Vallkjo — A Foreign Plot— Diai;y of a Crazy Man — The Arrest— Documentahy Record— Alva- RADo's Proclamation — In the South- Exaggeuations and False- hoods — Lists of Names — Arrest of Graham and Mounis— In Prison at Monterey — Thomas J. Farnuam — Timal — The Voyage— Ar Sta Bakdaiia— At Tepic— Efforts of British Consul Barron — Action op Govi:i:nment — Return of Nineteen Exiles — Castro's Trial in Mex- ico—The 'Dana"de' and 'St Louis' at Monterey — Visit of the 'Curai;oa' — English Claims — Commodore Jones and the Ameuican Claims, We liave now reached a period in the annals of Caliibrnia Avhcn the doinijs of forei'j^ners become a more important element than those of natives or jNIexi- cans, though the territorial ownership of the latter was not 3'et disputed. Indeed, matters pertaining du'ectly or indirectly to +he subject of foreign rela- tions i * ,vo thirds of the space in this volume, which l)rings the country's history in all its phases down to 1845. Though the preceding volume brought politi- cal annals down to 1840, the chnmological limits assigned to this volume are 183G-45, since several chapters are devoted to developments of earher date than 1840, one on the Russian establishment reaching back to 1831. This overlapping, as already explained, Vol. IV. 1 2 ALVARADO'S IIULK-TIIH (;RAIIA:M AFFAIR. is iin.av(>i(lal)l(?, oxcojit l)y the sacrifice of syninic^trieal 8ul)j(,M-t-:L^i-on|)ini]^; and in this instance it will jirove obviously a convenience to the reader by throwing to- gether a large amount of matter pertaining to foreign aft'iiirs, and preliminary to a narrative of the so-called conquest of 184G-8, to be given in another volume. The Pioneer Kegister is continued in this volume, to bo completed in the next. Th( and arrest and exile of Isaac Graham and his com- panions in 1840 belong properly to the subject of foreign relations, to be treated separately for this as for preceding |)eriods; but as the narrative is nuich too long to be included in the chapter on that general subject for 183(5-40, and as the topic is one of the most prominent in the annals of the year, I [)refer to present it here in a separate chapter, the last of seven devoted to the ])olitical history of the hall-decade, before proceeding to consider general institutionary matters of the same period. The Graham affair is one which presents unusual difficulties to the historian. It is now, and probably will ever be, impossible to give a version that can l>o regarded as accurate in eveiy particular. ]Mucli I'alse testimony is before me on both sides respecting cer- tain phases of the matter; while on other phases the record, if accurate, is unsatisfactory. The veision l.icst known to the world is the partisan one published by Farnham, Wilkes, Hastings, and others who have followed those wa^iters — a version otossIv exaen unable to enforce the restrictions required by tlie laws; indeed. Governor Alvarado could not consist- ently oppress a class of men who had don(- so much to |)ut him in power, even if he could afford to make enemies of any in those troublous times. Many wlio exercised a sort of leaderslii[) over the foreigners W(MC not satisfied with tlie results of the revolution, or with their failure to make of California another Texas; while Texan history served also on the other hand as a vrarninui; to the Californian authorities. Thi^ for- eigners, lawless and boisterous by nature and educa- tion, regarding all Spaniards as of an inferior and despicable race, took advantage of existing circum- stances to become not only independent in their actions and annoy ingly familiar in manner,^ but loud, boast- 1 'I was iiisxiltcd.'said Alvarailo to Alfred RoLinson, Life in Cnl., 170-S4, 'atcviwy turn Ity t!iu ilrunkcn followers of (Jraham; iiixl wlicu walldii;^ in liic {iiirdcn, tlioy would conic to its wall and call to nic iu terms of the f^'ri 'ittst fauiiliarity: "llo! IJautista, come here, I want to speak to you;"' liautista lievo, IJantista there, and liautista everywhere.' Anyone familiar witli the .spirit of English and American sojourners in a forci;^'n land, and uilli ilieir opinions of all that is Spanish since the ilays of Sir Francis ])rak(', may easily iuKigine the airs put on by these fellows. Earn!. am. Life, hi ('«/., (ii!, elc, A\rii;cs as follows: 'Alvarado became suspicious! (if the forciL'uers wlio had aided him in the revolution, and sought every means of aiuioyiug them. Tliey miuht depose him as they had done l-^chcandia. And if vengeance wci-e always a certain consecjuent of injustice, he reasoned well. The vagaboml li.id ]irom- ised, in ilie day of his need, to l)ostow lands on tiiose who had saved his necic auil raised him to power. This he found it convenient to foi-gct. bike Sjianiards of all ages and countries, after having bei n well served by \\\a fricnih, he rewarded them with the most heartless ingratitude.' "Anotlier cause of the general feeling against the Americans and Jjritons in t'.iiii'oriiifi was the fact that tin; .sefioritas, the dear hiilics, in the jilcnitude of their ta.sto and sympathy for f(jreigners. preferred them as husbands. Ileucc' Jos.'- Ca.'jtr(> was heard to dechnv a little befoi'e the arrest-, that such indignities con!d not be b jrno by Castilian blood; " for a Calilbrnian cavaliero cannot woo a seilo- ritii if opposed in his suit by an Anicrieau sailor, anil these herclies iii\ist bo chared from the land." Such were the causes f)pcrating to arouse the wr.-itli and ripen the patriotism of the Californians. The vengeance of ballled j^al- m ALVARADO'S RULE-TIIE GRAHAM AFFAIR. '19*. f'ul, and even tlireatcnin<]f in their talk. These circuni- stiinces wei'e non-interference in tlio matter of pass- ])()i'ts, the aid some of them had rendered to Alvarado, their increasing number and that of their natural allies the trappers of the interior, the well known dis- sensions between the Californian leaders, the danger of new revolts in the south, and the threatening atti- tude of the Lnhans in different parts of the depart- ment; and the same circumstances which made the foreigners bold and impudent rendered the Califor- nians tinud. Alvarado knew that the southern op|)o- sition to his rule was not extinct. He was beginning to rejjfard Valleio as a new and formidable foe in the north ; and the latter had constantly insisted that dan- ger, exaggerated perhaps in the interest of his military schemes, was impending from foreign encroachments. The governor and others knew that the presence of tliesc lawless, uncontrollable strangers was not desira- ble. It was feared, and with much reason, that they would either seize upon a favorable opj)ortunity to take j)osscssion of the country with aid from outside, or that they mii^ht at least enable some one of the hostile factions to overthrow the administration and plunge the country again into civil strife. The fear was real and wide-spread; but under such circumstances it is not unlikely that undue importance was attached to par- ticular rumors, nor impossible that in certain quarters pi'efexts were even sought for ending the suspense by bringing the matter to an early issue. lanti'y l)it at the car of Capt. Josu Castro; tlio fear of being brouglit to justice by Giahaiu tugged at the liver of .VIvarado; and love, the keenest, anel hate, the liittercst, in a soul the smallest that wad ever cnti^.led to the breath of life, burni-lie 1 the little black eyes and inllanied tlie little thin nose of one Cov]ioral I'iuto. These were the worthies who projected the onslaught on the forcign< rs. 1'lieir i)lan of operations was the s-lirewdest one ever concocted in California.' 1 give more space to Fariiham's ravings than they would otlierwiiiC deserve, because he was in Cal. at the time, and had better oppor- tunities to learn the tiaith respecting the (jraham all'air than about other niatters whieli he attempts to treat. Ilis views arc echoed by Wilkes, Xar- rotivc, v. ISO, etc., by Hastings, Emiijrant Oiiide, 118, etc., and by some others. There is, however, nothing to show any oppression or treachery in the treatment, or any general spiiitof hatred or jealou.sy in the feelings of Californians toward foreigners in these years. There was fear, and it was well founded. A COXSrillACY REVEALED. At tlie cud of ^NFarcli or early in April IS-K) Padre Suarez del Real of San C;irl<».s warneil .Vlvai'ado in a letter of an intended uprisinuf of American residents, suhsequently statinj^^ that the plot was revealed at the confessional by a foreiijncr su])])()sed to be at ihe ])oint of death, and claiming Ibr that reason exemption iVoni bein"' obliu'ed to make ale. (.)sio, IJ/,4. ('(iL, MS,, 40S-'J, thinks (Jarner's testimony was elieited l)y tliicats of shooting him. Alv;irado, Valloi'^> and other Californians in their later stateUKiUis iinjily tiiat Oarner gave !;.., testimony voluntarily to prevent trouhle, lieing friendly to the Californian leaders, anil being l>y tliem regarded an a reliable man. Farnham, Wilkc , and Hastings, followed by Robinson, C'ul. dolil J'li/ioii, Gi-"J, and others, represent that f all. )!' tho ly ut- 1. hail Cali- lerous n tliat statc- e ami ire on aliain, visit so be- . ■'i ill fci'lino' jiLjaiiist liiiii, 1)iit, as IxDliiusoii tv\U us, a contract I'oi- a iiuw cuiiti'st with a liij^h-uiettkd racer from San iJicgo, a dot^uni.'nt signed by (Jraliain ami anotliur Aineri(!an, was "coiistruod into a plan lor overturning' the ^^ovei'innent."" Anothei" inoti\e as- cribed to Alvaraihj i'.i his course against the tbi-ein'ners uas a desin." to iid hiniselt' of (jrahani's I'amiharities, interference, and importunities ahvady alhided to, thougli by those who take this view the imjjortunitie.s arc classiiied as 'demands lor justice.' Sure it is that (jrraham, wliethei* a conspirator or not and not- v.ithstanding the eulogies that have been heaped U[)on liini, was a rough ami disagreeable I'clhnv, on getting rid ol' whom California or any other community inight well congratulate itself, lie was a leading s[>irit among a crowtl of turbulent and reckless men, himself as wild and iin[)rincij>led as the worst, with no good qualities save personal bravery and ])erliaps a measure of the trappers' prodigid generosity." ' 'As ridiculirtui as tjiis may appear to tlie reader, ncvcrtlielcsa it is a fact towliieli I tan testify from iiiforiiiation I rceeiveilon the spot shortly after its occuneiice.' J,'(il/iiiKiiii'i< JJfc in (''., If^O. Fariiliani says '('rahaiiis animal clialleiiue for the spring laces in JS4() was easily ituiislriied into a disynised attempt to feather Ilia friends for the pnrposo of overthrowing Alvarado'n goveninient. ' Life la CuL, 07-^>. '■'J'hi.i, however, is tlie way Faniham puts it: 'A hold, open handed man, iu'vt 1 eoneealing for an instant cither his love or hatred, hut with the frank- ness and generosity of those great souls, rough-hewn hut niaji'stieally honest, ulio lieloiig to tlie valley states, he told the governor his sins from time to time, and dciiiaiid('d in the authoritative tone of an eMer and all'eetionato liiother, that he should redeem his pledges. The good old man did not reiiieinber that a .Spaniard woilld liave lost his nationality had he done so. A Spauianl tell the truthl A Spaniard cvir grateful for services leiiderctl him! lie siiould have knocked at the tombs (jf ('olumlnis and ('orti's, and every other man who ever served that contcmptihio race, lie aski'd for justice, tiiid reeoivcd — what we shall presently see.' To show (jlrahanrs opinion of a Spaniard, Wood, WundcrtiKj Shrtchc.'i, "JiJS-SO, asked him in 1.S14 if lie was going to a party given by ( !ov. Mieheltoreiia. ' What, 1! no, indeed ! a corral is iKjt big enough to hold me and one of them.' Weeks, 1!< iii'iii., M>1., lUIl 7, says (iraham was the worst of the foreigners, and the cause of all tlie troubles by his boastful, quarrelsome spirit. 'Ho tliought he could play hell and turn u^) jack.' Came to California with the re[)utatioii of bully and assa.ssin. A/riini'/o, nut. C(il., ilS., iii, KiO, .\n .Vmerican, later a pnjminent citixeu of California, saj's of (Iraham in Xew Mexico, that he 'was noted for being a buiniiK'r, a blowdiard, and .a notorious liar, without an atom of honesty in his composition.' He had to leave Tennessee for crimes committed there. ilralMiii and Siithr, MS,, 1-2. I have before mo an undated dncument (of 1845 or 1S4C) signed by '20 citizens, only one of Spanish blood, denouncing ALVAMADO'S llULK-TIIE lillAIFAM AI'FAIR. Tlioro nru two other tlioorios rcs|)C'ct'm!^ tlu; oiltfiii of tlKMiiovcincnt tli.'it merit [)assiii;^ ii(»tii'o. Oik; is that favored by Dr Marsli, one of the foreigners ar- I'estetl, niiinely, that Castro, desiring Vidlejo's phice, helievod tliat in the existing state of feeling on the Texan i-everses, to oxilo the foreigners would he the surest way to gain favor in Mexico and therehy gain his point. Alvarado was easily nersuaded to I'avor the scheme/ The other theory is that the leading members of the foreign colony, including Spcnce, Lar- kin, and otheis who had been long in the country, were among the chief pronK)ters of the movement. It is ch.'irgcd by Morris and others that th(>se men acted with a view to get rid of (jiraham and others as business I'ivals, to gratify certain personal i)rejudices, and to discourage further increase in the foreign l)0[)- iilation. I impute no such motives to those men, but suppose rather tiiat they ai)proved Alvarado's policy more or less I'ully as best for the ccmntry. There are indications that Spcnce favored the movement, that Larkin made but slight effort at least to prevent it, and that it was not opposed to any considerable ex- tent by the better class of foreigners.** Graham as a breaker of the peace, corrupter of morals, quarrelsome, rovolu- lioniiry, duellist, assassin, and ailiilterer. Dor. Illit. Cnl., MS., iii. 'J7(i. '' Mrir.'.'i'.^ Lcll(r to Cnm. Joiicii, M.S., p. lO-l.'i. There ai'e ffcveral vague nllusions Ijy diU'crcnt wituesso.i to a conuccliou lietwecn thi.s ali'air and t!io (juarrcl with ViilK'JD. Tlio latter says, however, ///.-•/. C(d., MS., iv. l'_'7-H, tliat altliou'rli some jjeople tried to uiuko out that the ali'.urwas designed a.i a lilow n.L'ainst him, be never attached much importance to that versi in. \';'.- Ucjo claims that, h:i viur; been absent on an Indian campaign, he did not know nrich about the ail'aii- until it was all over; but wc shall see that he knew ni'ii'c of it than h' is disposed to admit. ** In IS17 L:nkin was severely criticised by foes in easu rii papers for hi.? ooiiduct throu'jhont this ali'iir, f id lie obtained from Ex-gov. Alvarado a for- mal statement that lie (Larkin) id not known of the arrest in advance, that he tried as a private iiidividua' nsueeessfully to learn Alvarado's motives, and tliat ho did much to aid tlu -Lsoners lioth before and after their exile. Liirkiii'.-i Dor., MS., v. D'J-.'}. A this is true enough. Larkiu's conduct in the affair was prudent and praise irthy; yet he could not be persuaded to ado])t the extreme partisan view, id I have no doubt fully approved Alva- rado's action at tlie time, so far a.s lost of the exiles were concerned. Mor- r'(ii' Dinri/ of a Crrr.;/ Man, or an . count of the Grulinm Affair of IS/fi, MS. Albeit V. Morris was an Englishn' i, and one of the prisoner.s scut toS. Elaa, of whom I shall have more to sav later. His MS. diary, or .autobiography, was in my possession for a time about 1870 — I have lost the memorandum ''**. WAS TIlKRi: ANY PLOT? Whether Gralunu and liis companions were really eiiL^a'^ed in any deliniti' plots of nvolt in IH40 must remain a matter of doubt Kvidenee of sueh [ilol.s at the time in a lej^al sense was wt.'ak; and now t'le evidence before us — thou^di soniewhat resL'm))lin,^ that in favor of him who hud ten witnesses that had not secsn him steal a sheep against «)ne who did see the act — is on its face stron;^- a;4ainst the existence of any such plots. The accused jn'otested to a man their innocence, and naturally did not recant in later years when set.-kinjjf dama^'es. Other forein'uei's, and most Callfornians, state that tliey knew nothinj^ of any conspiracy; and writers, • '.uost without cM'cp- tion, have declared the charges unfounded.'' Had 111,'UO I-J7-S, a.! ii cnoAV KlR'W ict in ctl to Alva- Mor- MS, Lias, p'ly. idum pliowini; uiiili'i' wliat circiinistniioos — nnd this ig a n'siiiiK^, with many literal (liiulutioiis iiiailo hy W.iltt'f M. Fislicr at that time in A'l cliiscly wiittiii jia^cs. It is a nanativo of great ori,'inality, ii)tL'ic'-,t, ami iuiiioitanec. 'I'lio atit'ior n(U>|its tlie Hulniijiut of 'crazy man' from the fact tliat lie was aeetist il of insanity hy souulioiiy not named, against whom he is veiy hitter. Jlo S' ems to jiave licen an I'ceeiitric cliaraeter, l)Ut a man of eonsiderahlo ahility. lie is severe ai^'ainst the oliler forei;;n resi.'ents, whom ho denounces as tiaitors and apostates, more S]iani>h than the Spaniards, L'aml)linj^ and 'fandangoing' wiih the Califoniiaiis t ) gain tlieir favor, and ijhHting for the ('X]iulsion of later coni' rs, whose i.Jhienco witli the natives tlley feared. He avoids i.'i\iiii^ names, hut points el 'ariy at Larkin among others, Ilartnell was anotlier o])jeet of his wratii. a.i I apparently one of tlie two who had testified in eoiirfc to his insaniiy. He claims to have hail proofs that the arrest of himself ami companions was oriie -cd hy Aharado at tho persuasion of these foreigners, ]fe Ktatcs that otlier lorcigncrs nided per.sonally in tlie arrests, and tliat still otliers had themselves arrested as a mere form to avoid thepossiljlu vengeance of the victims. Jolin Chamherlain, Manolr.i, M.S. , ,")-14, also says Larkin, Spi'uce, and ( larnerwcrc in the jdutwitli Alvarado and Castro. Wiggins, I'ctniiiU. , .M.S., G-(i, alludcstoaeli(pie of traders i:i Monterey who were jealous of (irahamand others, andwislied to drive them from tiie country. Anolicoin tlie .Mexican iia- jicvs, dated .Tune "JO, 1840, and which I find in A' (Yet' /iV;/., Iviii. .'$71 , has tiielol- lowing; 'According to letters which we have het(jre ns from Kstevan Mnnras and l,)avid Iv Spcnee, the former a Spaniard and tho latter a Scotchman, liotli i'e'-]uctalilc and faithful .sulijects residing near the port of Monterey, we learn t!i'.;t tlie Yankees, after hohllng several mcetingsat Xatividad, where is a clis- tiilii'y, dcteriuined to take possession of that heautiful and fertile country Av'.ucli tho Xew Orleans promoters of the Texan insurrection have .'iistly .--tvled the paradise of .America.' On Jan. Hi, IS-ll, F. 1). Atherton writi's from A'alparaiso to Larkin: 'IIow much was Alvarado inlhienced by S[ieiice in the atlair? A good deal, I am nfrai.l.' Larh'in's Doc, MS., i. IIS. In later year.^ Larkin pronounced the afl'air an outrage; hut at tlio time he made no ])rotests. '■•Of the men who were sent away we li.-.ve definite narratives from only (indiam (ill Farnham's work), Morris, ami .Meadows. Of tliose arrested Imfc )irown, Henry Lee, and an anonymous writer ill the .b'/a (';•(/:; Se.itiiwt of Feb. -April IS(!!». 'Iheio is also (piit(; .'i mass of indirect testimony from these men through ditlcrcut sources. Xouo 10 ALVARALO'S RULE— THE GRAHAM AFFAIR. there been a veritable project of revolt formed and discussed by hair a dozen men, as charged by Garner, I see no reason to suppose that the evidence would present any other than its present aspect; yet I ex- press no opinion on this particular point. In a gen- eral way, I do not deem it likely that the successful revolt at Sonoma in 1846 was the first one plotted in California by foreigners; and I have no doubt tliat Graham and the crowd that frequented his dis- tillery only awaited an opportunty to control the country. At any rate, they formed a turbulent and undesirable element of the pojndition, and they were feared with reason by the Californians. Alvarado believed they were plotting mischief, and determined to Q'ct rid of them. And now, after saviuLT «o much admit any kuowlutlge of n, conspiracy. Wm II. Davis, Gllinpscs, MS., ,1'2-S, one of tiiijsc aiTcsiL'il at .S. F., gives a gooil general account of the all'iir. Ho tliinks there was no deJinitely arrani;etl plot, l)ut that Alvarado was ia- Ihienccd partly by lear.s and current rumors, and also hy orders from Mexico requiring strict precautions. He erroneously rejjrosents the Aniei icans r,a having lieen the only ones arrested, except in a few cases hy mistake;, and falls into many errors in details. Farnham and Alfred Itohinson were in Califoi'uia at the time, and ex])re.s9 the opinion that there was no jilot. C'apt. (Siliord of the L'lia wvulc fn>in Vera Cruz to the .same efl'ect in 1S40, getting his informati')n ])rol)al)ly from Farnham. A7A,s' /?('i/., Iviii. .'571. Several versions went by tlic JJoii Qiiixoli to the Hawaiian Island.s, and were published in tlie llotmhiln l'(!i)- 9/f^.io/« of June 'JO, 1S40. One says: ' (loverinnent had been informed t'.i.it about "20 foreigners had the intention of taking the country, and by (pu.-- tioning some who were known to have been at vaiiancc willi some others for a considcraljle tinu', trying to force tlicm out of the country, tliey succeeded in proving the facts songlit after in a manner sati.'^factory to themselvrs, and to the astonishment of llio pe(^ple, botli foreigners and natives.' Another has it that ' darner took a, do not believe that the danger existed beyoiul the imagination of Alvarado and Castro. ARREST OF FOREIGNERS. U filiout Aviiv it was done, it is time to tell what was (lone, and when and how. ^\ln•CS3 U-fUU ili;il)ly Doii il tliiit llUCS- icirf for S, Jlllil Irt lias fed ;-.t 1)11 the ISC his Wo LT ;iinl WilS (I, b'j- (>f tlio ( ali- MS., Clin- vos ill ]•-'_'- illhts. rotic'l, ■liuvo It was on the 4th of April that the danger was dis- cussed iu a mectin'. Jufr, MS., V. ;i->. 12 ALVARADO'S RULE— THE GRAHAM AFFAIR. 2nt((n dc rijleros}'^ Similar iaforuiation wa,s imparted to the juiita.^^ Thus GaiTier's revelation must liavc been made April 5th or Gth, and the arrest of Graham and his compan- ions at Natividad was made early in the morning of the 7th. By the 11th thirty-nine foreigiiers had been secured/* thouuch the work was not vet comtdetc. The measure was j)lanned and executed with moi-e sicill and promptness than it was customary to use in Cali- fornia. iMeanwhile Vallejo, willing to forget his griev- ances for a time, or hoping that the danger so often predicted by himself would bring Alvarado to his senses, engaged heartily in the movement, and did all that was asked of him, issuing orders, forwarding arms, and finally — after taking steps to watch tlie trappers and other foreiu^ncrs on the Sacramento, whom ho suspected of complicity in the |)lot — going in person to the capital.^' He also ordered Jose Antonio Aguirre to put at tlie disposition of the government his bark the Joceii Guqnizcoatui, or Maid of Guipuzcoa, then lying at anchor at Yerba Ikiena, v;hich was at once made ready for a voyage under Captain John Snook. ^^ '4 '^ April Ttli, gov. to comandiuitcs and prefects. Doc. Il'txt. C'al., !M-^.. iv. 10, .">J-(i; Jj, iJo, ., MS., ix. 107. -Jtli); xiv. IS; JJcp'. Sf. /'■'/>., .MS., v. -J-T. The .sjiiiit of his conimuuieatioiisKliows no doubt oft iiercality v.^' tlie daii;;er, and iiodisap- ]>r.)\al ot .\."s pnlicy. ]t would seem that a jiarly was .?ent under Lazaro Fiua t > arre^jt certain foreii/ners north of the bay, but there is no other evidcneu t!;a'>. any arrests were made in that re.ition. 'i'liere was trouble with the sol- iliera and Imlians at Sonoma that delayed V.'s departure until April IGtli, at least. lie r('ae!ie(l .Mmiterey bet'oro April 'jritli. •'■April Ihh, V. to .Aguirre. ]'a/l>Jo, ])»,:, MS., ix. UO; Depf. St. Pap., MS., V, 4. April Ujtli, order to capt. of the port at S. I'', to procure a crew fur the bark. She was intemled to sail for Acapulco. Valhjo, l)oc., MS., ix. III!. The sum paid fur the charter of the vessel according to documents of later date was eiilier §1.(K)0 or 87,000, it is not clear which. Dcpt. Her., M.S., xi. Gl, GT-S; Jhpl. Si. I'tip., Hot. C-w. ami Trcas., MS., iv. 48. .")4. The ves- sel was f'lrnurly the AV/r/' U'illiitni.i of 'JOvl tons, which under C.ipt. .1. Stevens arrived at Sta 15. from l>oston Feb. Sth of this same year. In March she waa 4l;. SENT INTO EXILE. 13 •ted Xcitliini,'' apjioars in the records of the time — I shall present information from othcsr sources a little later — • respecting proceedings at Monterey in connection with the prisoners from the time of the first arrest on April 7tli to the 22d, when ^Mvarado dated his report to the minister of the interior, and his instructions to Castro, V iio with an escort of fifteen or twenty men was to guard the prisoners on the voyage to San Bias." On the 23d the governor informed the junta that his efforts to insure the public peace had been successfid and the foreigners had been embarked. The Giiijnizroana sailed from ]Monterey on April 24th, though the date of Vallejo's despatches to the minister of war is April 25tli.^** A few days later Alvarado is- ».i? I, MS., la- spirit lisap- I'tMia tlcnco ho sol- Itli, at Pap., crow ix. Ills of MS., c vrs- .0\C113 o waa sold to Ac'uirrp, and put under the Mexican fla^, licr name being cliangcd. Agiiinc had togo to S. Bhis tito1)tain a Icjial register. Documents of sale and change: of Hag in i'ld'eji, J)or., ]\IS., ix. -ll, G'l, ~'.i, 77, SO. .Sonic of the liOi/i r U'lV/ro^.s' own men scorn to have been among the exiles. Tlic editor of tho ,sy« Cniz Sr-iithiil, April 17. IStll) says the vessel iiiially settled on tho mud liats of tho Saci-anicn^o, and was torn to pieces hy Chinamen in ISDt. '^ April :JJ, ]M[K A. to nii:i. of int. The report is hut a brief statement that a private letter unnouncL'd a conspiracy; Piefect Castro was ordered to use cnci-getio measures; a force of trusted citi/ens was organizoil; all foreign- ers who had entered Cal. illegally and were not married had been arrested to the number of 00; an accomplice revealed the plot to Castro; the judge of 1st ins'.aucc investigated tho matter; 45 of tho prisoners were cmliarkcd; and Castro with a force would guard them, and report details to the govt. J)e/>f. Ji'i-., M.S. , xi. ()7-8. Castro's instructions rerpiired Iiiin to touch at Sla ]!.irl)ara, take on l)oard t!io prisoners tliere, and sail at once for S. 151.13, whci-o t!ie prisoners were to be landed and taken with the aid of the authorities to T(;pic, whence Castro was to proceed to ^lexico and report fully, losing no time in getting leady to return. He was also to report on the general eon- ditiiin of the eoiiutry, and work with Castillcro to obtain the military aid so imicli needed. Alvarado, In^ruccioiirs al Pvfficlo Cattro jiara nu via'/c li Jfcv.'co roil lo>i pri>ioi>r,-os cx'rnvjcron, IS'/.), MS. April 'J2d, Capt. J. M. C'.ivarrubias and Alf. Victor Linares, with a sergt and 1 1 men from the Muu- terej- company of anxiliaries, were ordered to accompany ('astro. J)//,/. ,s/. Pap., Pi'ii. Mil., MS., Ixxxiii. '2; but I'into, Apunf., MS., o."], says that t'.io olUccrs that went were Covarrubias, Lieut Francisco Soto, Alf. Kafacl I'info (tlio M'ritei'), Joarjuin pi'efect to arrest .-dl resident foreixners. JJijii. Si. Pf. St. Pd/K. Dm. Pnf. nJtiZ'j.. MS., vi. <«. April 'JlUh, list of 1 1 men U'.der JiiTest: .Ta < Door, \Vm Lunisdale (Lumsdcii), Gabriel (Xalli. ?) I'lyor, \Vm ^\'ald, Milton White, .Tac(p.ieH l)ufr:i, Tom Jones, Wm (i.een, .b li'rcy ]-i'own, .John Auiitroy, and Alliert Williams, Itl., (IT-S. Johnson the bhick- smi til escaped. /(/., A)iatriotic Barbarehos.^* Troops and exiles wcr(^ landed at San Bias on or about May IGth; and early in Sep- tember the (Julpuzcoana was back in California, with news that the foreigners were in prison at Tepic, Vvhile Castro, with Covarrubias and Soto, had goiie to Mexico.-^ iriiln lie • iild fill 111). 1"); '/, JAh\, 1 [(jiiiy ill two ...MS., -iticu of lluctcd •1."). nvsted ■t tlK'ii- Air/i., Having thus presented a simple narrative of facts as drawn from archive records, I have now to give further information, founded moi'e or less directly on the testimony of nien concerned in theClraham aifair. The victims and their friends have accused the Cali- fornians, not only of having exiled them without cause, but of cruelty at the time of the arrest, during tlieir confinement, and on the voyage to San Bias. These charges are, 1 believe, exaggerated, though from tlie nature of tlie case they cannot be entirely dis- ]>roved. In considering the evidence to be offered, the reader should boar in mind the character of the iii. 5. June '23(1, James Orbcll, Tlios Rulington, and Robt Robertson to he aiTOsted at S. Diefjo. /./., .Ituj., i. 1. ^-Aug. 2S, ISK), Cai'iiUo to iMcfcot in dcfoncc of himself, mid othrrcoin- muiiic.'itions. J)ijil. .SV. /'((;*., ilcr. J'nf. y Jir.j., MS., iii. (i-S; /,/., Amj., xii. '.V,\-~; Lo.t Aii'jili.-i, Jrrh., MS., i. 'JKi "hS. '":NLiy 7th, (J.a'stro to (!ik'IT!1. in (!:iin-'\ J)or., MS., v. 101-2. Those left were to leave Cal. wlicn an ojiportiuiity slioidd occur. ''May 8th, signed hy tlio Cotas, Olivcras, and others. Drff. Sf. Pap., MS., V. 7. 'J'hi.s ]ii'oclaniati(>n, Kigiu'd l)y 'si'vcii citirx'iis of note, 'is paitially transhitod in Jfoiifn-ii/ ('o, J/l.-:t., 'M-'t. Arrival and drparturc of tlie vessel noted ill Mfl/iis' J>ian/. MS.. 4. ■•'-'Sept. Gtli, .sul)-i«i'fct't at Sta B. announces arrival of Aguirrc's vessel on Aug. SI St. lJr2Jl. St. Pap., Amj., MS., iii. 27. IG ALVARADO'S RULE-THE GRAHAM AFFAIR. yi:< exiles as men whose word could not be trusted, the opportunity they had to make their stories agree, their interest with a view to indemnity from Mexico in maintaining and exaggerating their wrongs, and tlie prevailing spirit of hatred for everything Mexican, wliicii in the following years served as a favorable medium for their complaints. The Californians ])er- sonally concerned in making the arrests are in many cases n(jt better witnesses than the victims; but the general denial of leading Californians should have some weight, especially when supported by the fact that foreigners of the better class made no opposition and f)fFered none but the mildest protests, after Llie matter had assumed a political asj)ect. The Californians had no real military organization, and their system of police and prisons was still less ejQ'ective. To arrest and confine a hundred forei<]:ners was under the circumstances no slight achievenu :t. The arrests were made for the most part by small parties of citizens imperfectly armed, with no training as policemen, and with a decided fear of their enemy's prowess. Undue severity was to be expected in some instances, and an occasional gratification of personal di.slikes might naturally occur. But prompt action was demanded, followed by strict precaution!^'; a little more attention to kid-o'love niceties would have re- suited in the escape of Graham and his company to jt)in the trappers of the interior and laugh at the eiibrts i)f tlicir persecutors. The arrest and exile were, in a legal sense, and in the case of certain individuals, an outrage; but the reader will, perhaps, after a study of the fat'ts, be led to accept with some allowance the wholesale charges of inhumanity made against the Californian authorities and people. Of the men arrested in the north, there were per- haps one hundred, though it is doubtful if all were sent to Monterey, and some, I think, were arrested at their own request, or with their own consent, in order to avoid making enemies amono- their foreiu'n ac- 'i '^ajf LISTS OF XAMES. 17 quniiitancos. Faruliain names about fifty in addition to those sent to San Bias.-" Alvarado announced to the o-()vernnicnt that sixty men had been arrested and that lorty-tlnve were to be sent away. Twenty more seem to have been dehvcred to Castro at Santa Bar- baia, hut eii^'ht were not taken for want of room, and one, Robert King apparently, of the jNlonterey men was also left here sick. If twelve were put on board — though only six are known, one of whom, Lumsden, was landed at San Diego — there should have been lifty-l'our sent to San ]jlas. I suppose, however, that cither there is some mistake about the Santa Barbaia record, or some of the Monterey captives were released in the south; and that forty-seven reached San Bias, tiiough there may have been a few more. In nation- ality they are said to have been about equally divided between Englishmen and Americans. I append a list of their names."^ pcr- wero led at brder ac- "^'' Far II ham'. -f Life in C'nI., G9-70. Tlie list, with some orthographical im- ]'i'(iV(.'iiiL'i;t.s, is as follows, though it contains the nanit^s of one or two not ikcly to Imvc hocn arrostcil, anil one or two others of whom I know nothing; ••111(1 the .uithor docs not present it as complete: Ad.'Uiis, Walter. Aitervi!li', Jas. *lk'e, Henry. lirccliay, Capt. (?) ISowen, Tiios. Ihantler, Wm. * 111 own, Cluia. liiii'n><, \\ ni. *Cli.iml)i rlain, Jno, *('ole, Thos. *L'oopor, Henry. ( 'oi>iiiiig('i', Jiis. I)iili.ev, Wm. *I)ve, jnh. K;.gle, r. (?) ■ hirwell, Jas. Ft r;j;iison, Geo. I'ujler, .Ion. Till G ulnae, Wm. *nance, Wm. Hathaway, H. Ileiulerson, Wm. Herven, Jon. Hoitou. (?) Jones, Jerry. Jones, . Kclley, Jas. 1?) •.Matthews, Wm. Mirayno, Jon. (?) •Naile, Henry. 8ill, Daniel. Smith, Jon. *Smitli, Wm. *Spear, Nathan. Storm, I'eter. Thompson, Wm. *Tomlinson, Thos. (orA.G.) *Trevetlian, Wm. AVnre, Wm. Watson, Andrew. •Watson. VA. *Weeks, Wm. *West, Mark. *Wilson, Alvin. King, Robt. Kinlock, Geo. La Grace, Fran. (?) Livcrmorc. Robt. Lodge, Mich. •Majors, Jos. L. McKinley, .las. MoVieker. Hen. *Marsh, John. names marked with a star are also mentioned by other authorities than I'.'iuiliani. Lee adds the name of James Rogers. ^Morris accuses Job ]>yoif baviiig been ill the I'anks of the party that arrested him. Wm ]L l>,ivi.i says he was arrested at Verba Ikiena, with Spear, but released at tho liii^.siou. -• On ^lay 24, 1S40, at Tepic, 40 men signcda letterof thanks to I'^arnham fir his Mivices. Jlonoliilit, J'oli/iHKinii, L>ec. i\, 1S40. Xatiirally all Mould li.i\ e signed the paper, and Wm Chard is the 7. Miiri'is, JJinri/, MS., iiK-;ists tliiit there weie exactly 40 on the vessel after leaviiiL,' S. J)iey(>. The iiaiiie.5 uf the 47 are a.s follows— those who are hiiowii to have retunied to ( al. being iiiaiked with a star, the nationality being given when known, and also the year of arrival for those who eanie before i,S4(): *An(ler.son, W^m, Engl. 18.17. Armstrong, .John. Baily, Win (Eii-1. ISIU?). ♦]}artcm, Wm, Aiiier. is;}!). liloomlield, W'n). *Bol,s (Howies), .los.. Amer. 1838. llrincken, \Vilhelm. *Caiiiiichael, Lawrence, Engl. ISSS. *Cliaii(l. (!eo., Kn-1. ♦Chard, Wm, Anier. 18.S2-3. Christian, John, ]s;{S. *Cooj)er, Chas][., Amer. Dalv, Natlian, Amer. 18.14. *l)ove, Jasd., Engl. 1S:«. Forbes, Wm, Juigi. ISS."). *Frazer, Geo., Amer. 18;i3. C.otr, Daniel. *(iiaham. Is., Amer. 18,13. Circeii, Wm. Ilig^ins, John, Engl. 1830. Irviii, .lohii. Jones, Tlios. Knight, Henry. *Langlois, Wm, Engl. *Le\vis, Tiios, Engl. 18.13. Louzade (?), .Tas. ♦Lucas. .Ino., Engl. 18.18. Mc.Vllister, I'obt. I'erliaps returned. ♦Mc(;h)ne, Wm, Engl. lS.i7. Maynai'd, John, Engl. I'erhaps re- turned. ♦Meailows, ,Ias, Engl. 18.17. ♦Morris, AlbcM't F., Engl. 18.14. ♦O'Brien, .Jas, Engl. 18.18. ♦IVarce, ,Ios (or Jas I'caee), 1S3S. Terry, Elijah. Pollock, Lewis. ♦Price, John, Engl. 1S3G. Pryor, ( iabriel. Shea, Wm. Thomas, Thos. Vermilion, John. ♦Warner, John, Engl. Westlake, Rich. White, Milton. Wiiitehouse, .Tos. Williams, Albert. W'illiams, Chas, 1839. Of these persons, the account in the PoljineKian of June "JOth says 'several of them were sailors. Some came here with jjassports. Four or five arrived here the same mouth in the I'oi/cr WilHanis, one being the iirst mate. (Also Orahditi (f 1(1., I'diiioii.) t)ne half had been in the eoiuitry for years, and were owners of some projieity, all sca|tod, my companion not fol- lowin'4 WW, into a willow swamp near hy, harefoot, and having' on nothim;' hut shirt and pantaloons. I was the only man who had attempted any resistance." ISFoi'ris remained in the swamp all day, and at ni'j^ht found his May to the house of Littlejohn, eight miles away, where he remained two days, and then went hy way of Santa Cruz to the distillery of Dye and Ma- jors at Zayante. lie relates at considerahle length that J)yt', after jn'omising protection, hetrayed hiui into the haixls of Castro's n)en, and treated Majors, his })artnei-, in like nianner. He was finally arrest(.'d ahout A[)ril IGth hy Ness and Lyons, and was taken to ]\[onterey hy Buelna's company, in which ])ye ■served as a soldier. On the way he stopped at Xatl- vidad, where Naile was found, unahlo to rise from his betl on account of his wound, hut kindly treated^ as he said, by Alviso. Not a scrap of property was left, all having been stolen. He arrivJ at Monterey the 18th of April.=^'' There is not much to bo said about the arrests made, exce[)t at Natividad, nnd no specitil outrages are charged upon the Californians even by the vic- ^"J/o/v».s' D'innj of a Crazt/ Man, MS., 7-8, 10-2.'), 'with many niinuto do- tfiils for wliioli I liiivo no ajwcc. A st.'itumcnt hy Morris, agreeing more or loss with tliis, \v;is also puhlishcd hy Fanihaiu. lie says Aaile claimed to liave hcen wounded hy Garner himself. OTIIKIl AUUl';.>^T,S. iiiuflit ; miles LMit l>y |l "Sla- liiiu i'st(.>(l iikc'ii J)ve Xati- 111 his as lio 't, iill y the •rests iiuces vie- ^4 tiiHs. JaiiK'S ^Ffiulows ivhites th;it hn, with Ili^'^iiis ;iii(l Andt-rsoM, uiiL;'Ji:L;'i;tl in sawiiij;' on the C'ai'iiu'Io (Vftk, was hiivd to the house of one Kouiero, who hy i;iviii,n' lip th(i t'orei'^iu^rs hoped to secnire their riHes its a re ward.''' Kid'aci Pinto hroiin'ht in six or ci^ht other sawyers troni El Pinal. ^- EiisL'l)io (lalin(h> was ono of the party that l)roU!4ht in the luinbei'iacn of San Franeisijuito, without t'or-ce or tV'tters, trdin^' sui'(( they wcro eii^aLjc'd in no plt»t, and soon |)roeurinLif their release.*' Jacinto Ko(h'i,L;uez and his eoniniand look seven .Vinei'ieans, lumbermen like the ri'st, at the A'^aiage de Tres Pin(»s."^ J. M. Covarrubias was sent toward San Jose, and ke[)t the [>risoners oi' that it'Ljion for some days coidined at Santa Clara, one of them being James W. Weeks.'"' Harry Jiee was in tlie redwoods with Trevethan, Rogers, and an American, wlien Jose Castrc) himself with fifty men made a raid on the saw-pit; and Bee's throat was even honored, if we may credit his story, by the grasp of the coman- dante himself."*^ John Chamberlain was arrested at liis s]io[t early in the morning, and on his arrival at the calabo/o Ibund six or seven others alrijady there.''' Charles Brown was also arrested in the redwoods; and at one time he enjoyed the distinction — so he says — of being chained to Isaac Graham, but was soon released.^"' Marsh, visiting ^lission San Jose on busi- " Mcudoir.i' fi'rali'im Affdir, MS. On the way a Mexican fircil a pistol- ball vc'i'y near Meadows' head. ''• I'hito, Ajtitiif., MS., 41-.")1. Those two arrests were made the same night as tliose at Xatividad. -'■^O'dlindo, Aj)iuiti't, MS., 44. ^' ItO(lr!(/U('z, S/ulcmeiif, MS. ^' Weeks, Itemiii., ilS., 101^10, says 'Covarrubias came putting on airs worse than the devil, and looked nie up as if I had ))eon u'alker or sonic iithvv i/ra II Jililiiistcro.' At S. Jose ho 'iuiil the satisfaction to see a ])aok oi ( liiisliana and peoi)le of reason overhauling my writing-desk and pillaging every little thing that .satisfied tlicir gluttoiinus cyo-i. They sot in robbing iw. froMi tlie word go; said they were looking fur dooumeiits to prove conspir- ey.' On tlie way t^' Monterey they met Castro and Montenegro at the lloblar do la Laguna. '^Iki'.H Jt'rcoll., !MS., 21, etc. They were taken to Monterey on horseback. Bee was a married man, as was Weeks also. ^'' C/iainhcrl'iiii, Mem., MS., .VO. Among the others were Ed Watsou and -Mark ^Vost, wlio witii Chamberlain were released next day. '^'' BrowiCs Earl jj E cents, MS., lo. "W 24 ALVARADO'S RULE— THE GRAHAM AFFAIR. ness, was dotained there for two days, and tlien witli four otlie^^s sent under guard to Monterey, wliere, liowever, he was released on parole." I have no nar- rative from any of the persons arrested in the south; but George Nidever tells how he and several others escaped at San Diego, by at first threatening to use force, and then dropping down the coast to a jjosition whence they saw the Giiipuzcoana pass within a sliort distance.**' In confitiement at the capital, all the prisoneis and their friends agree that they were badly tn-ated. There were many persons shut up in a small room, where I have no doubt thoy passed an uncomfortable ftrtnight. There was certainly over-crowding and defective ventilation. For two or three days the food supply was ii-regular, and ])r()baV)ly insufficient, ^[or- ris says, "For threes days I did not tasti^ a morsel of any kind of food, for there was no person humane enough to send mo any;" but ho seems to have been confined separately from m(jst of the others, and liis fasting was in the last days of the general cai)tivity.^^ Thomas O. Larkin later in the vear certified that on '■'•^ Marxhli L< tier to Com. Jones, MS., 11-12. iMarsli Iwul a niiicho in the Mt Diiibli) region. *'^ Xidcrrr'^ Lifo, MS., 104-5. Sparks ami Hewitt are nameil aiiinng liis conniiiiiioiw. Tliey were engaged in uttcr-liiuitiiig. " J/omV lUiiri/. MS., 8-0, 'J,')-!), lie adiiiit.s that Larkiu furnisliod him food at the eoniandante's order for .a day or two before the sailing. In die I'olfHicsiai), .lunc "JOth, we rer.d: 'Tlie governnuiit did nf)t furnisli them wiih anything to proteet them from the damp grcnuid tloor of the prisun, and it is p.'.ibable they -wouUl have liad no otlier i)ed had not Mr Spenee p' iniaiK' I the governor to jierniit him to provide tiiem with a few ludloek hide.-. Oa eoiiiplaint being maiU' by tlie same gentleman that the men wt^ro aetuidiy f'.'.ll'ering from want of air, he had some of them taken out and put into aii- otlier room. One they liljerated, lieeause liebeeame so faint they were afraid h:' wouht lose lii:i life. His store was broken open dniing his eonlinemint.' (ionzalez, J!f ro/iirioiirn, }il>i,.. Ill, says he iveeivcd (irahani ami his comjian- ioH) from Soto at 15aenavista, and treated them kiinily until delivered to AJ.varado. Brown, J'urhf Da;!--', .MS., j.V-17, says about 100 men were eon- lined in a room ISx.'iOft, so that oidy a few eonkl lie down at a time; but siiiue of them weie soon put in another room. I>ee says there were 10 in tlie room, and tliat no food was furnished by the aut!iorities. liicall., MS., 'Jl-S. Weeks, Ji'pmiii., .MS., 100-11, tells tis ti'iat 40 or ."iO were huddh'd together in one room. Meadows, ^t';'(t/«(/(i Ajlair, MS., 4-0, has it that 110 men Mere eonlined in .a room Ifix'JO ft, it l)eing inipossil)lo to lie or even sit; but (ira- hani. Chard, Majors, Haly, Morris, and others were later put in another room. i« I I i uS FARXH.m AT MONTEREY. 25 n tho iiig lii.s .1 liiiu In i!iu II \vi!!i it is lUhicl Oil ii;iliy I) 1111- tV.ii.l Hilt.' ipaii- o.l t.) coll- : luit 11 tiio •Jl-S. UT ill MCl'l! (Jr;i- jthor ami after tlio third day of the imprisouinont, that is, Ajtril 9tli, lie had at the request of the eoinandante I'uriiished to the prisoners daily and ample Kupi)lies of meat, hivad, beans, and tea. This should be a siitfi- cient refutatic.n of the eliarges of starvation.*^ On tlie 18th of A|)ril the Don Quixote, Captain Paty, arrived from Honolulu. On her as a pas.siiii,^er ^vas Thomas J. Farnham, an American lawyer, who jiulilished a book as the result of his visit. His ver- sion of tlie Graham affair is better known than any other. He was apparently an intelli^vnt man, and V as eertainly in some rospeets a brilHant writer. Hail lie been wise enouuli to show a defjfree of fairness in his observations on various nunor matters, his state- Uients on the subject of this chapter would be entitled to sonic weight, (jn account of his opportunities for Icnowiii'jf the truth. As it is, his remarks on mon and (.■\ cuts at ^lonterey are so evidently and absurdly false as to tln-ow more than a doubt upon all that he says. I'^roin the moment that some slight obstacle, like the necessity of a [)assp(ji't, was thrown in the w-ay of tho sea-sick passenger landing as soon as he wished, there arose in him hatred and C()ntem[)t for all that was Cal- ]\\ •niian. X(jr was his rasfc mitigated when he learned "that one hundred and fifty odd Americans and Brit- ons were thirsting and starving in the prisons of the town, and destined to be sacriticed to Spanish malig- nity." Travellei's of all nations had visited California ill ])ast years and publislied tiicir views of its inhabi- tants, favorable or unfavorable, but it v^'as reserved for ^^Dcc. f), 1840, Larkin'.s ceitilicale in Lnrkhi'n Doe., MS., i. 10.'). (Iriilium nud '.) others, J'e/!/!u>i tn U.S. G>vt, IS.'fJ, say: 'The room, alxuit '2'.) It sij., Viitlinut 1)1 ing ilourc'il, l)ocaiuc very ilninp !nicl (iiyciisive, i'liilaiigeriiig oiir lieahli at tiiiius. One liail to staml while another slept, ami during the lirst tliiie (lays not ;i mouthfnl of fooil t'oiiml fir otForcd us by our o[:pressor.-*, l>nt living oil the charity of them tliat pitied us.' Larkiii 'a.^ssistoil u.s not only in I'lod' hut in other iieee.ssarici allowed to he introduced. 'Some of us M-ero f lerato haiilyiii;_; <'o(k1 to havo liceii niailo after his arrival — that i^, iiuarlytwo WfcUs after the arrests! He cdiistantly alludes to 'an Aiiieiieau' wiio liy his active clVovts, liis iiiiK'peiKhnit way of threatening tiie governor, and his inyuterious manner of siL.aialling the }>oii (Jitlxntc as ..lie repe.atcilly entered ami left tlio liarlior, did mueli to save the pri.souers' lives. From the narrative I should t.u|i[io,se this American to have been Farnham himself; hut Morris says there M as anjthei' whose name lie foru'cts. It may have been Chamberlain, an ag<'nt of American missions at the Sandwich Islands, who was a passenger by tlie Ves.-^cl. Once Alvar;ulo in ' a most sublime rage ordered the guards to lire on tlie American, an, isanothernariativ' of Mie voy- age of the Hon (Jni.colf, nuicli more moderate in tone than l'"arn!iam's, but takin;,' the sann^ general view. The autlior says one man was arrested and sent by land from Monterey to be put on the vessel at Sta Barbara. f m FORMP OF TRLVL. 27 Th :iy of tlio in about > wetks s 111.' live tcridiis eft t:io mIhuiIiI .•S tll(.'!'Ci 11 nLrcnt 1)y tlio liri.' oil Uv ana irlit hy U,L,'ll to latioii.' ly and (111 tlio Amcr- uiiihia;' U'ricaii ottho 1 tlu'l'O itu as 1/ ■/our- (' \ ov- s, liiit 1 1 uiul version of Fariiham and ]\I()rris, slio'litly supported by the testimony of several others, is that the i)risoners, questioned one after another, uniformly denied any knowledge of a jilot, and were forced to sign what was said to be their testimony, but was presumably a eou- fession of guilt, without being permitted to know the ])urport of what they signed." These statements, to"ether with Garner's eharges now deliberately re[)eated imder oath, were, according to this version, sent to Mexico as justifying the exile.*' That this ■version is false is evident I'rom the fact that the ^lexiean government subsefjuently blamed Alvarado for not sending legal proofs. It would not have; j qnii'ed n)any confessions of acc()m[)lices to constitute •- h jiroofs; and if Alvarado liad set about the manu- i,(eture of forged testimou}', there is no reason to doubt tliat he would have made it stronn* enoU'>'h. Indeed, tlier'' is nuicli reason to believe tiiat even (Earner's testimony was either not formally re})eated, or was indefinite, and that I^idre lieal's original letter, with Garner's first denuneiation and several vague rumors, constituted the only su[)[)ort of the charges })relerred. .\l\arado realized perteetly that the legal groimds of his action were weak. But he believed the forei-j^ners ■" .M's tii>: u ivi'rnor's house. Mach rnMi was ahlvc'i f.ir his pmsport, which, of course, he could not produce, as it had licen stoit." fro' liis ' ouse, ev u if he iiad lieen allowed to j,fo there for it. Then each was ».. •■. iiwcd about the plot, and denied the services of an iiiter- I'l Their staUnients were redr.ced t^ taiiied, n^ I afterward learned in Mexi o writing,' 111 Sp.iiiisli. T lev con- tl liners ue\-cr said, nceounts ot act^ never pciformed, and licquests of property to their persecutors, tin ir jaik'r. Th eiidetl the trial of IliO odd (!) Ainericans and J> befi court of ( 'alifornian Arabs ! ' A writir in the iSV" Cruz Srniiiicl, April .'t, ISiiO. claiiiiiii;,' to have been >f i\v le prisoners, says that (!ainer;>t this trial hesitated tore-all h Iciiunriatiun, but was forced to si-^n the dociiinent and take the oath by Al (/ nl.. wh > threatene d tc )t him next dav if lie refiiscil. In (im/iiini ■'ion, 'X\, it is stated that S i lien were senai atelv ixamincd wiili a. bad 1.1 pictor, and were later taken to another room ami kept numaclcd until their •J .'0. 28 AL\'Ar.ADO'S RULE-THE GE. JIAM AFFAIR. wore plottiiiijf. He knew that tlu'V formed an undo- sirabli' oloinont of jK)])u]atlon, and lie had resolvud to got rid of thorn. If liis loy^al proofs of coiis})ira''y wore .sh^•ht, lie trusted much for his vindication to the lact that nine tenths of the exiles had entered the country in defiance of law; and at the worst, what did it matter to jiini if Mexico should be required to pay dania<>es to the extent of a few thousands of dollars.^ Safety and quiet would in such case be chea})ly i)ur- chased.*'' The governor believed he had a right to put the offending foreigners at the disposition ol* the supreme govcrmiiont. The irons were ■ iinn-c'd from such pi-isonoiN as had worn them, except [ ps Graham and ^lorris, wlien they were sent awav ■ boats to the vessel; but on board tlio (Juipuzcoana they wore again ironed, John CMiamberlain doing the work, after Freeman Fling, anotlier blacksmith, had doclineil.'*' Their condition on the vessel was not more comf )rtablo than in the prison; indeed, there must have boon much suffering, even if, as Alvarado claims, they were well fed and not exp(»se(l to unnecessary discondorts.*^ At Santa liiirbara all were landed and confined on sliore lor several days. Hero one or two of the nundjor were loft on account of sickness; here Farnham again aj)- poared as their guardian angel; and hero, if we may '" Alvai'ado, Hist, Cal. , MS. , v. 2-13, expresses these views, attachiiiu' some iniiKiitance also to tlie fact that there were in Califuniia no proiier tiihuuald for tlio trial of sucli cases, no fnrcigu consuls to whom the matter ooiiM be iifcrrcd, and no national vessels to the captouis of whicii forci_;ncr.s ille- gi!!y in tlie country could be delivered. He expressed somewluit siiuilar views at the time. Jlobimtoii'ii Ll/v in <'aL, 184. " Cliand)(rlain, Memoirs, MS., Ti-l-l, says he was obliged to iron the [iris- oiiert! or be .-cut away with thcni. Tliey were shackled Ijy the lc;j to bijrs of iron in groui)s of from 'Jto (( accordini; to the IcuL'th of the bars; and wine at iiist pat lictwccn decks in rows facing eaeli other and fur enough apart for a nuin to walk between tliem with a tub of food, from which each secured as m.uh ;is his hand'i woidd hold. Mtnulows, (IruhrtDi Ajiair, MS., l."i-"Jl, gives fi similar account, stating that Fling refused to jiut cm the irons. Xcither !Meado\\ s nor Moi'ris, who narrates somewhat minutely the ev.nts of t!ie vny- n','e, makes out a very bad e'lse about their treatment, and Morris admits that tluy Were allowed to spend the days on deck under guard after passing Sua Diego. ^Tinto, A/utiit., yiA., 53-0, who was one of the guard, protests that all charges of ill treatment arc false. I I i THE EXILES AT TEPIC. 20 :i) tlic .1 tho it aid I) [Kxy Hans? s liad when ut oil Jo! Ill •'ling, litioii II the I'rliig, nd iiita tor ere ; Some UlKll.S 1)0 ille- l.i-is- rn of :'rc lit fi >r a, ■itliL'r \-ov- that S;ui it all crerac- ticrillv at an end: for we must not through the false- hoods extant be led to t'orget that they really suffered great hardships. Though they continued under arrest lor several months, they wore kindly treated, lodu'ed in (•(iin[)arativi'ly comfortable (piarters, and well fed; and they had the additional [)leasure, one which went ^''f iiiiliam ct al., P'tiJion, say .S men in irons were put in an nx-cart; tlio rest went on foot, r.oini' eliaiiied in pairs. No food nor water for i2t lioiiis. One would have died Imt for the Uin huss of Dr Den, who eau.sed food and v.ater to lie supplied. Some of the eap;ive:< from Monterey were released and sent l)aek. liotii in prison and on the vessel 'we were freijuently threatened, pricked, and striiek witli swords hy tho sultaltern ollieeis of t!io Mex. f,'ovt.' Meadows, Morris, and Farnham vie with caeli other in exa;^- j;erating the hardships and outrages at Sta IVubara, whieh Farnham extends to thi^ voyage. It is stated that tho inhaliitants, all except tho women, ;; ;- semMed on one oceasion to amuse themselves liy seeing tho captives eat, and note tiuir disgust as tlie hreeeh-elout of tho Indian cook was found in t!:o soup, where it had heen put as a joke by Torre's direction. Meadows says that about a do/cu were lott here on plea of sic':ness. Farnham .sailed on tiio Jjhii (Jiii.rote before tho departure of the (!ntpiiz<'ouiia. ''-' Morris, however, JJi'irif, MS., ','>',] -S. states that the prisoners liad sev- eral asses, in the use of whieh they took turns; that at the half-way station, l)y the agents of ]>arron and Forties, tlu.y were allbrdiMl a good night's vr. when she toucluxl at San Bias in Se[)teinb(M'. Tliey arrived at San Diego about the middle (^f October, with news '■' Moi'i-i^, D'tiinj, MS. , ;)"-l-41 , writes: ' From the top of our prison wo hchclil t!i(j )iii;j;lity dons of ("aliforjii.i talciii'^ tlio (.■uol air on the top of tlii.'ir prison. "All," tliouulit I, '"yo'i liavc caught a Tartar."' My comjiauiona were i-vcr- j lyed, and 1 thoiiLiht t!iey v.-ouKl luivc huiisL tlienisclvcs with laughter. Sonic c 1 tliein eanio runnin;j; (o nie Having, "JJainn my eyes, ])ut the consul has put ( ':istro and iiis damned l)ng','ers ia prison."' He delights ospeeially in the ijianner in which Cajlro wassnuhhcd l>y Jiarroii. Aug. 4th, letter from 'J'epio t ) X. Y. J'>iir. (Join., in JlaiiolitJa Pc/ijiiC'^aiii, i. IVi'A, announcing arrival of prisoners at 'J'epic. '^'-Piiito, Ajiiiiif., !MS., 41^-74, deserves special nienlion as .a fair and com- plete account of tile whole iillair, a mention the more neces.sary on aecount of i'lirnham's nnjust almso of this Oiiicer. Osio, IliM. Cal., MS., 400-10, is bit- ter in his denunciations of (jastillo Xegri'tc, stating that he was uot only or- dered to release the Califoniians, but was severely reprimanded. ■■^ Original document confei-ring the cross, dated Sept. 1, 1S40, iu Vulkjo, Doc, MS., ix. U33. ■;.■*). I RESULTS IN MEXICO. ni geil- •inor July Cali- ^.li- licii ■i\'cd news l.rhcia K-isoii. 'vcr- Soino IS jiut 111 the ival of C()lll- iiuit of in bit- Illy or- 'cdlejo, # I ,1 that the fDroIucners wore still prisoners at Tepic, and that Castro was detained in ]\[exico.''* On the 2J]d of Septeuiher the minister of the inte- rior informed Alvarado of the govermnent's (lisj)osi- tion of the prisonin-s. The governf)r's zeal in pi'event- in' Arrival of the Catarina at S. Diego l)cforo Oct. 22(1. Dept. Sf. Pap., Bm. Cii^f.-I/., MS., V. 7-S; Vnllvjo, Doc, MS., x. ;?2I. I'iiito, Aimnt., MS., (i.")- 71, tells till! story of the voyaije, and of eertain troul)les be twecu tli(,' troojis ; ;i(l the eaptaiii of the vessel, Karl (.'hristiaii, whom ho rejiresents as partially insane. On the (%\1aVnHi eaiiic also ouils, or Bouils, or Bonis; liut it must have been IJowles, I tliinlv. ■'"''Sept. '2',id, niin. of int. to pov. Sit]it. Govt Sf. Pup., MS,, xvi. 7-8; S. Dir.jo. J/-r'/), MS., •272; Drpt.St. Pop., MS., iv. VM); /d., An;/., \i. 2<.\' :((!; xii. 40-.")(l; Ar<-h. Sta Cruz, MS., ."»;i-'>. June 2, lS-10, niin. of war has received Valle jo's despateli of April 2oth. »S'arrt;/c, Z>oc., MS., iii. 1. rublished in California in May 1841. rw 32 ALVARADO'S HULK— THE GRAHAM AFFAIR. naturalized and married, l)ut all who had passports, ])crinit,s, or other evidence of liaving to any extent complied with the requirements of the laws. At any rate, the class was made to include about twenty men, many more certainly than had naturalization papers, if indeed any had them. The rest, or al)out thirty, were doubtless sent out of the republic as ordered, liavinof no leatkiii. aniionncins the result anil i'0((ir'stin'» iiiin to iii.l in estal)lishin,L,' claims, lie implies clearly that money iwul ii.eii pai.l to Ami lieans as well as l'h»L:lishmeu. harkin, writin;; to the U. S. see. of state in 1.S44:, says also that some claims of h.ith classes were ivlinipiislieil for .S-oO each. J'l., (Jfih-Uil Ci)rir-!iim'iiiii'. .Mofras, L'.rp/o- ratioii,!. 304-11, says the aiirecmcut was for each indivitbial to i-eceivo ^3 per day for his timi^ besides in refused to return. Marsh, Litdr to Com. Joiiffi, ^IS., 12-1,1, Avrites; 'T''ho American consul did nothing, and seeina to have been a perfect eiplier. Two of the ]irisoner.s after their enlargement Avent to the city of Mcxicr), where the ISritish uuni.-.ter uiacle every exertion to obtain for these unfortunate men some reuuineratioii from the Mexican govt for their losses and sutlerings. The American iniuis- t.T is understood to have done absolutely nothing.' Morris writes, J)Uirif, MS.. 41: 'Tliey v.'ero compelled to charter a schooner, furnish her witii every- thing necessary for the voyaga, and bring us all back to Monterey. v\ iiere wo arrived on July 1.") (?), 1S41, to the very great surprise of many a treacherous Spaniard and foreigner.' ("apt. Clill'ord, in Xili-i' J'li/., Iviii. .'>71, says: '()lli- eial accounts of this infamous transaction have been forwarded to tlr; British and ^Vinericaa governments by their respective ministers; aiulit is confidently hoped that prompt and energetic measures will be pursued to obtain ample ni8T. Cal., Vol. IV, 3 34 ALVAPwADO'S RULE -THE GRAHAM AFFAIR. i: tliat PresidiMit Bustaniniite liad been UTiwillinLj; to coiuplicute oxistiiii^ tr(Hil)lc8 by cnijagiii^' in a contro- versy witli Ibreii^M ])o\V(jrs. jMoanwliilc, Jose Castro was .subjected to a trial by court-martial at the national caj)ital, on cliai'Lj^es pre- ferred l>y the IJritish and American ministers. Of course in conveyin^'the j)risoners to Tei)ic, Castro had mei-cly obeyed the orders of his superiors, Alvarado and Vallcjo; and the changes of ill treatment could not be Hubstantinted. The proceedings began before the end of 1840/" and lasted until ^Mav 1841. It is understood that Miclieltorena, later governor of Cali- fornia, conducted Castro's del'ence; and the result was, that he was fully exonerated of blame, and permitted to return to California, where he arrived in SeptcMu- ber, having made tlie trip chiefly by land."'^ Ther<3 seems to be no foundation for the later rumors that he narrowly csca[)ed conviction, or that he had to run away iron 1 ^lexico in disguise.*^^ TJie funds irom which his ex[)enses were paid were furnished by En- justice and ronninei'fitioii for tlie prisoners, and satisfaction for the national insult." ' DoulitlfNstlii' Anicricanand KnglisliKOvcrnnu'ntsvill demand ample satisfaction for these unfortiuiate men.' J/oiiulidii I'uli/iiisiaii, June "JO, IS4(). Farnham on May "Jllh was \varMily thanked in vriting by the prisoners at Teiiicfor his sei\ ices. /(/., Dee. ."), 1S40; aiulinhis Z(/r' ?» <^'(il., 414, conclndes: '( J ralmin returned to California, a l)roken-spiriteil, ruined man. The otliers are disper.-ed elsewhere. Our government has never avenged tlieir wrongs.' ' Fifteen nKjnth.s later the governiueiit of Me.Nieo sent part of tliein bacli to Monterey, sever;;! C an hi>n- rn. /'/., tp., lien. i )n's per- ^1 riqno Virmond, to bu rci)aid in Culiforiiia hides and tallow. The Gin'puzcocnvi. had suil(>d from ]\[ontoroy in April, 1S40, and for nearly fifty days all was (|uiet, with no tidings of the I'xiles and tluiir i,niard. ThtMi came news in an unexpected and even threaten iiisjf form. On the 1 1th of .June there anchored before tlie town the French slooj) of war Damiulc, whoso com- mander, J. di' liosamel, had couio to demand an i;k- planation of the outra_rtain resi- dent Americans, who claimed to have suifered losses in conse(|uence of their arrest. On his d( patture, during Alvarado's absence in the interior, he lel't Ethan Estabrook to act as cf)nsular agent, of whose experi- ence in California I know nothing, exce])t that the governor n^fused to recognize his authority. l£e ob- tained a passport to travel, and probably left the country in 1841, after taking a few additional state- ments."^ • loft the town on pretext of an Fnilian campiiign, and remained absent nntil the vessels sailed, has, I suppose, not much foundation, tliouu'h it i.s true that A. did leave town and was ahsent at the time of departure of both vessels. Melius, JJiari/, MS., 5-0, say.s the D'Huiidti entered with open ports, icady to open lire; but cooled down on hearint; how matters stood. Cnpt. Phelim of the Alirt, Fore iiiul Aft, '1T)\~1, was at Monterey at the time. ]Io say.s the Frenchman was 'much disappointed' at linding no excn-ie to lire on tlio town. He tells us the Frenchmen became great favorites with the ladies. Once they were so attentive to them in cliurch that tlu; padro ordered them to leave tlic building; but the ladies protested, and the padre had to yield. Phelps' account also, in S. «/o*; Patriot, .Tan. '22, 18G9. Mention of Rosamel'd visit also, in MofriM, Explor.,\. 304 G; VaUejo, liht. C'al., MS., iii. 318; iv. 131-7; Alrurado, JliHt. Cid., v. 14-15. ''In his roport of Deo. 4, 1841, 27th cong. 2d .seas.. Sen. Doc. 1, p. ,3(>8, the see. navy writes: 'In the midst of these outrages, ("om. Forrest arrived upon the coast, and, by his prompt ami spirited interposition, vindicated aiul secured the rights, not only of American citizens, but of British subjects. For these services he received, and appears to have well deserved, a formal expression of the thanks both of American and English residents.' June 14, RETURN' or THI'] KXiLKS. 37 t tlio e <»l)- tlie statc- ■nt until •no tliiib •t'^■>SL'ls. ■iiily to llcl])S (if [c s;iys (III tiio lailicM. ll tlllMIl o yiold. )aiimera IS; iv. p. 3<;8, irrived tcil aiul ^ilijocts. ton Hill line li. i Tn St'|)tenil)or tlic (fnipir.i-uthKi vvi\\v\\r(\ with iicwij iVoiii T('iti(^ JJclore timt tiinc, in .Inly .'HkI Aii'^iist, (lis(|niftiii,ijf riiinoi'8 liml comk! by other vessels, t(» the oll'ect that tlie pi'isoiiers had all heen ri'leased and (Jastro arrested as a r<'riillim brought nineteen of the I'eK'ased ]>i-is(»ners; and tinally, in Se[)- teiiihcr Jose Castro niadi; his a|ij)earance. The I'eturnini^ exiles in July JHU came |»i'o\i(lcd uilh I'cL^ular j)assj)orts, and |»artof them had le^alizi'd claims Jiijfainst ^lexieo for the l(»sses thev had incurred, iwvA the authorities weii; instructed, at least in the case of nine I'^n^lish suhjects, to facilitate the ohtain- iiiL;' of proofs us to the amount of those losses.'"' 'I'he 1S40, ('apt. F.nTcst tn,i;tiv. D'lit. St. P'i/k, MS., v. 12; .hiiio I!)tli, :,'v. to Miiii. int. Jt.scciiis tliat tlK'.V' /.miia saili'il uiiilf Alvarailo was tt'iiipciravi'y alisciit, ami left tin: iii^iiiL witli .:U ob- serving^ any formalities. J)c/il. /,'-r., .MS,, xi. 73-1. July lllii, ivitalnoiU to gov. Js aware of formalities necessary in aiipointin;; consuls, lint tlies.' do not iipjily to a mere a;,'ent whose bn.siness is eliieliy eonnneicial. ('apt. I''orrest liail a ri-iit to imjnii'e into infrin.'ement of treaties, and to appoint an a;^ent for thai |inrpor:e. /)i/it, S>. I'd/'-, MS., v. HI Is. His ]ireseneo also me.itinned in Vtdliji). hi)'., .MS., ix. 171. Mofrus. Jyrjilor., i. 30!), is the only authority ti;at names Kstalirook. Melius, iJiiiri/, .M.S., ."i-li, says t!i:;t Foirest, from thu ile( larations taken, set the damages at over .SIO:>,()i).), exclusive of the claims (if those wJio had lieen sent away! Jlai'ry IJei! was one of the witnesses, Ji'( I- ill., MS., 'J I -S, ;iiid till' oidy wonih.'r is t!iea,L,"4r(\i;ate of loss was not laruer. In .Tune IS-II Jacoli Leesc testilied tliat tile lie.itiiiant in command of the St Jy 'iiii had announced in thu iiresenee of sevci'al poisons his intention to seize tlie LTovernor and carry him to Mexico. Nathan Spear could not I'emendier any sucli statement, tii(jii^h it was said to have been made at hi.i house. J). July '_M, Spenco writes to Alv.ir.ido that Forrest wishes to know wiicn he will ictnrn, in or U.'r to arraiiL'o his Imsiness speedily. Xo truth in tlie rumor that he intends harm to .V. July 7th, A. ie|ilics that Imsiness detains him. A/., v. PJ. The salutes to the two war- ve-iscls, wi;h i\\i'/iitl<( of Corpus (Jhristi, had very nearly exh.'iusted the sup- ply of jiowder at Monterey. /V 07.-1, in I'd!/- jo, Par., .^is., ix. 1.".'!. "'■'/>-/-/. .S7. /'((/'., MS., 'v. IS-|<); /,!., /Irii. P,-rf. ij Jii-ii:<, M.S., i)-\\, s[ieaks of j^cttim,' letti'rs from I! iwles, which ho showed to Larkin. Spence was angry \\hen he heard the prisonirs liad Inen released, and dei'l.ired it a lie. '''The ',) were ( 'armichael, Anderson, O'I'iiien, Dove, Prii.-e, M'c., MS., xii. .'!(i. Dec. I I, IS 10. the liritiJi inin. to Mexican govt, sent to gov. of (Jal. Dec. lilst, and rcceiveil in July ]'vH. Dii't. SI. Pap., Mont., MS., iv. .^.1 3; Lirkhi'x Dor., M.S., i. Ijil; Sta Cm-., Airh., MS., '_'3-(i; Cantro, JJoc, MS., i. ."i."i. This commuui.'ation camo jirolialily on the same vosselas the claimants. The l>rili>h niinisterexp'ainej that Carmichael's claim was the largest, .';7,3S0, he having had a shop at ill! 38 ALVAK ADO'S RULE-TIIE GRAHAM AFFAIR. coming of a war- vessel to settle the matter was an- nounced; but what Avas done meanwhile in Cahtoniia I do not knt)w, except that Alvarado int'ornied tlio jxovernmont that the Enu'lish claimants had not been able to j)rove the alleged losses.*^" At last in X<»veni- ber the EnL>Tis]i man-ot'-war Ciorc^'oa, Cafttain Jones, a)Tived at JMonteroy, and a settlement wiis cHecti'd. JMofras states that the totid amount of compensation allowed was $"24,050; and I find no otlier dctinito record on the subject. If they received one half that sum the exile had proved a brilliant s[)oculation for the Englishmen. Ap[)arently there was no controvt rsy, and Alvarado was not disposed to drive a close bar- gain in the interest of the national treasnrv. " What- ever the terms agri^ed upon, it is not likely that any money was advanced by .Fones at the time; and if any money was paid over by the English government to its subjects later, I have found no positive record of the fact. i 1' The claims of Americans were still pending, and remained in that condition lor a long time if not Ibr- ever. In November 1841 the Vorkfon'ii had In^en at Monteri'V, and the commandi-r, J. H. Aulick, had })robably carried away some testimony oi; thi' subjct .' '^^ Of corrosponden'^e between Washington Monterey at the timcof his arrest, ami Iieiiiy about t-< carry out a liifinesa matter of j^'reat iniportanei", that tlie otliers were nuieli k'ss, ami thai it was supijosed thi;t a part of the jiroperty lost eouhl lie returned l)y th'^aid of thu local autliorities. At any rate, it was for the interest of Mexico to closely iu- vesti.L'ate each claim; ami the authorities were accordingly instructed tu iuteipose nc> ol)staclcs. >'"'July ■-*(;, 1S41, A. to min. of int. Depf. hW., MS., xii. ,T')-(!. .Inly '2_M, Flores to \allejo. 'I'wo war-vessels expected. The atl'air seems settlcil witli tile Ihitish minister, hut is still pending with the Aun'rican. \'al/ijo. Dot'., MS., X. -J-JO. "' \ov. I'i, 1841, A. to niin. of int. Reports tliat the f'tirtiron arrived on Nov. Sth, aud that an estimate of the value of the lost time of tiie !) men had Iiecn made. Jhjt! J'rr,, MS., xii. litj. According to J/(i//vr-', /.'.c/iAic., i. ;iOS-<,l, Carmichael was allowed .S4,.')0l) for his shop, etc., othcis .s-J,(l(H) for miscellaneous property lost, and each of l.")nu'ii .S|,17 months. 1 douht the accuracy of this statement, especially on account of tiie nuud)er of men mentioned. Morris at lirst claimed i";>7.*HM). '"Nov. 'J(i, 1S41, Aulick to Larkin. Oraham and othei's ask too much when they ask him to wait. They must have tlii'ir papers ready to-morrow. Luikin'ii 'Uui:, MS., i. VM. f I -4 ■.3 % I THE AMERICAN JOXES. r, and it lor- Jilifk, i: tlu" il;^t,t)ll liu-iiicss it w.is '1 of tliu ■ly iii- iL'U'il to 4 # and ]\rexifo on the subject I find no trace; but it came up in Cali^'oinia on the occasion of Ct)nunodoro Jones' visit in November IS42. Jones wislied to settle tlie claims as his English namesake had done a vear earlier; and a lonij^ correspondence ensui'd i»e- tween him and tho Calilbrnian autht»rities, mainly with .lose Z. Fernandez, the jnez at ^Monterey. It snon became aj)parent, however, that the secoiul Jones Nvonld encounter obstacles unknown to the first. The coi'resjiondcMce was mainly desoted to a discussion nC the manner in which tl)e claims weri' to be vi-rilifd. Each party sought to <4'ain an adxantan^' and throw the hurdcii n|' proof Uju)n the other, .bmcs, desiriuLj to taii'v the claims in the stronj^'est possible shape to A\'asliiii'j;ton, wished to have the sworn statements of the claimants acce|)ted and approved by the courts, c\cf]i; so tar as tlu-y could he proved false' by wit- noses under a strict cross-examination. 1 le wished to dispense with trouhlesome i-outine formalities of Mexi- can law. He chai'n'i'd that various alcaldes had refused to take testimony otfered, and complained that the American claims wei'o not favored as the lOu'ulish had been, (>!• were po|»nlarly said to have l»een. .ludn'e l"\'i'iiande/,, to whom .Vharado left the mattei' almt>st enlii'ely, iiad mauHV'sted a ri'adiness to Ic^'alize the just claims of Anu'rican citi/ens, and at tlu' eai'lier inlei'views between him and dones all went sm(M,tlily eU'iU'^h: but when (he investin'atiou ri'ally bewail, the judn'e insisted on following' in his ow n couit his ow n ii!( as. i-athcr than those of the commodore, ri'spectiiiL;' nu hods oi )iMce(UU'e II. prop to>ed to UlNestl-'att each case by an examination if all obtainable te>ti- moiiy. lie declined to be used as a mere machine \\>v cei'f ilyin'4" the ac»"uraey of t !ie .\nieiicaiis" estimates and declai'ed that he had no authority ol tlieU' li iswes. to enter liito diplomatic discussions vespectiuL'' the compavatixc status !, Arrh., MS., vi. 11. 'I'lie ovidoi th ■f ii iiatir.Mli.;ation is not uivcn. Mofras, A'.rjilnr., i. ."(0!)-lI, gives the ilainis i .f tlio A mi; ri aim i .s|'J!l,-_'l(); Craliam, .sU,!),(,l)(); {'hard, .s.'i,UO(l; am 1 1 > film rs tor ti in I.s4i, tiiat th M.IT^I «.'a(li (as for th(^ llnglishmi'ii), or .S1.'),'JI0. He sa\.s, writiiii' diinct at \\'asliin''ton .allowi'cl t!ic claims to ilrai ;on'' un- paid i dcr ti thing more than jici 1 accmnulate injuncs a t th. lands of .Ml cMco, lor u Ilk Ii ome- ly indi'iniiity would one I'ay he itcniandcd. Willus, )f tl V. I.SO-'J, coiii|ihiiiis of tlic negligence of his govt as iiniilyiug u d'uht ntmiaev of liie c.auns '.Mexico I idiiiiscd to pay a ceitain indemnity to each of these men, w!.ic!i le has never vet done, ar.d one ol thv ni is now in this 1 1 ;vl-M e.Mco in llie (/ J>o< st povci ty,' wrote ^Vaddy Thoi'.i|is(in, Dec. .'U, islll. J'n •i(kiii\-< Mi ( -w. JMl I con:'. 1st ,s-», J)n ;!1H), p. II. April •_'.>, l;14, Laiiun to I". S. see. of st.ati>, ( iiclo^ing (Jral;am's statcineiit. (irahani clainuil S7-',.)()l) liesides t'le value of the projierty he had lost, inehlding pay for lost time at )!, tr'.ls us that (i nien went to N. Y. and reeovered !?I-.'HX> each, giving half t ) their h:\vyers, so IJoules, who was one (jf them, said! Others at Sta Cruz sold their elaims, for how much he does not know. {!rahani is said to have got !7:i."),(>(>0 or .S;!(i,0()(>. (deeson, HiM. Cnlh. Churrh, ii. l.VJ-.'i, tliinhs tho exiles r-ntSl.")!),()!;0. Serrano, ^l//«i(/f.s MS., OS-!l, jnits it at.^'-'oD.OOO. Others tt U us that (Iraham Inst most of his large property! '- In a 1 tter of .lime l."i, 1M(>, to tho U. S. see. of state, Larkin ])romises a full lii-liivy of tlic tiraliam afl'air, to be eompiled from tiie ikiLtiments in his tillice, tho next siunmer; but I have found no snih history. L(iil'/)i'n Ojl". ( \,rri-i'., ?*IS., ii. ,".!). On Feb. 10, 1S4(>, in a letter to .I.is CoVilon IVnm tt'of tlio j\'. )'. //' /V//7, l.arki.'i briefly deserilies th..' allair, and s;iys. ' I haV' read the Sta V6 history; it is nothing to the California all'air.' /(/., I>(>'-.. ii. (i. See also reneral areoiints in Ferr;/, La Cal., '2'2-',]; So^fA V Ainnd-t of S. /"co, S;>-4; «3. /'. Cal, Slur, Feb. 'Jt), 1S47; Ilurtmaun, Ucoij. Cali/oriih n, i. .')7-8. n, w'.ii ii lo| in ihe »,Fai!,in |lV7-',.>00 lime at h4(t, i.ar- Is are the p CHAPTER 11. ]\nSSION ANXALS AND INDIAN AFFAIRS. 183G-1840. Condition of Missions in 1S.S6— Secclarization — Acts of ArrnoiuTiES 183G-8— Ciiico's Policy — Seculaiuzation of Five Missions — New Missions Proposed — The Revolution and its Effect — Spoliation — Alvarado's Efforts for PiFform — Reolamknto of 1S39 — Harpnell AS VisiTADoR General — Reolamknto of 1840 — Di-ran's Vifavs — IIart- nell's Si;ct)ND Visita — REsit. nation — Mission Statis tics — President AND Prefect — Ecclesiastical — Garcia Diego as Bishop— Stipends of Friars — Piocs Fcnd— Indian Affaihs — Tkoi'iiles on the 8an Diego Frontier — Ranciios Plundered — Sonoma Frontier — Vallejo's Policy — Fkhits and Treaties— Small-pox— Soitii of the Bay — IIorse-tuieves — The Cuaguanosos — Seasons and Earthquakes. Before the beginning of 18.36 sixteen of the twenty- one missions liad been secularized under tiic Mexican law of 18.33, Figueroa's reglamento of 1834, and sup- j)k>inentary reguhitions of the diputacion.^ For each of tliese missions tlie governor had appointed a conii- sionado, wliose duty it was to re-organize them in ac- cordance with tlie new system. In most instances the comisionados liad completed tlusir la])ors; lands had b(M'n assigned to the ex-neophytes, who liad also re- ceived a portion of other mission pro|K'rty; majordo- mos were in charge of all property not distributed, for which they were responsible to the teri'itorial govern- ment; the i'riars were serving as curates, being re- lieved of the temporal management, but cooperating with tlve majordomos in supervising the labors and ^ ^ I I A M i ' On mission anuals for 1831-5, sco chrp. xi.-xii. of vol. iii. (42) SECULARIZATION. 48 ; Bay— vliS. 1 'cnty- ixican % 1 sup- ';? • eo-eh ■< conii- iii ac- V:', 's the '- liad ;o rc- ■ V ordo- \l 1, tor Ci'l'U- :■/<( Jf ]'0- ^- conduct of the Indians, who were not yet altogether free from control. Several of these missions, however, seem still to have been in charge of the comisionados; and in others the new system had been only partially introduced. In few, if any, was the secularization provided by the reglamento complete, and indeed, it was not designed to be immediately complete. Even of those supposed to be in the same stage of development so far as the appointment of majordomos, making of inventories, assignment of lands, distribution of property, etc., were concerned, no two establishments were in exactly the same condition. The diftcrences resulted from the dispositions of friars, majordomos, and Indians, and tlie resulting mutual relations. In some places, where the Indians were most docile and industrious, the ])a- dre energetic and popular, and the majordomo n(jt too much of a politician and speculator, there was practi- cally little change from the old system; but in otlier |tlaces, where the three elements were continuall}' at war, the old methods were completely revolutionized. Five missions were still under the friars' control as cf old. All were declining in prosperity, as the reader knows. The enforcement of the reglamento had in st.nie instances slightly checked the decline, anti in others hastened it; but on the whole, secularization in its latest phases had done little or no harm at th" beginning of 183G. The general ])olicy of secularizing the missions was a wise QUO, entirely in accordance with the spirit of Spanish instit'itions under which they were founded, and rendered an absolute necessity by the growth nf I'cpublican ideas in America. The change by which the monastic monopoly was to be broken up involved no wrong to the church, the Franciscan order, or to the Indians. Figueroa's regulations, bv which tlu» policy and the law were to be carried into etfect, were also wiselv conceived in theory. To enforce them wjsely, in such a manner as to wrong no interest and T 44 MI.SSIOX ANNALS AND INDIAN AFFAIRS. M 1;. Ill avoid tlic evils existiiifj as well as those likely to at- tend a cluuige, rerjiiired certain favorable conditions. Sueii \vere the eniploynicnt of able and honest admin- istnitors, a degree of intelligence and civilization on the part of the neophytes, the hearty cooperation of the niissioiiaiies, a strong and watchful territorial gov- ernment, a healthful, intelligent, and liberal public spirit, and freedom from sectional strife. All these conditions being more or less wanting, success was im- jiossible. Failure was a foregone conclusion ; and it is the annals of that failure that I have to present in this chajtter. I begin with a record of what was done by the authorities in 183G-8. We have seen that no action had been taken in Mexico on Fiijfueroa's reulamento; but that bv the decree of November 7, 1835, it had been ordered that tiie missions be ke[)t in the same condition as before the law of 1833, until tlu; curates mentioned in that law should take possession. This virtually nullified the reglamento, and if enforced must have ci'eatcd much conl'usion without leading to any good results; but tliouLih known in California on the coming of Chico, and unolKcially somewhat earlier,'^ no attempt was ever made to cany out its provisions. Chico in his discourse before the diputacion alluded to the or- der as one issued by congress, of which he had been a mend)er, with the best intentions, but without prac- tical knowlcnlge on the subject; as one which it was impossible to carry out in every respect; but yet one - Aiiiil 7, 1S.3(1, Ciirlos Carrillo to Vallcjo. Mentions the decree of Nov. 7tli !i:;li.iviiij; licoii sent tu I'lrs. l)iir;in liy tlicl)ishopof Sonora. Vol/' jo, Doc, Ms., iii. ]to, 'i'liire is no e\iileneo tlwit the dccico was ever officiiuly pub- lislu'il in (,'al. It soeins, however, tliat the friars expected a compliance witli the dcci'i c, v'nu'ii on ]\]ay 7, IS.'U, Vice-]iref(.ct ^Moreno to the Zacatecanos pro] II ISC I that fur cliarity'a sake 1 hey shoidd make tiicsacrilieoof taking charge oi' 111'.' U'inii ira'.ides s ) as to prevent t'le utter rain of tlio nussions under the niisni.inagi'nient of the comisionaiUjS and iiiajor(h)mo3. Airh. Ohi.yiatlo, MS., .'is 'J. Aug. i;?, IS.'i7, Durau to diji. Says lie had in July called for tiic eu- forceinent nf tiic decico of Nov. 7. is.".."), lint he hears the dip. has resolved to treat other mattcis first. Cannot umhMstand that anything can he more im- portant ihan enfufcing the laws, or why tiiousandsof Indians sliould sutler to pkase 'four interesteil persons' (?). Arc/i. Arzob., MS., v. pt ii. 17. I I THE GOVERNOR'S ACTS. 48 : one f Nov. •') y i>iib- e witli -/ ccaiioa c!uirc,'c lor thu , M.S., -i lie cn- veil to '!^ ro im- -..;. tier to which, coming from tlie j^ovcrnmeut, must bo ohoycd.^ Ho asked advice, but if any was given it is not of record. Perhaps it occurred to governor and diputa- cion as a plausible plea that the friars were serving practically as curates, and might be regarded as tlie curates provided for by the law. At any rate, the decree was not obeyed; and not only was the regla- mento continued in force in the sixteen missions, l>ut its provisions were soon extended, as we shall see, io the other five establishments. On May 2r)tli Chico issued an edict intended to pre- vent the Irequent desertions of mission Indians.* In his speech of the 27tli he devoted more attention to the missions than to any other topic, and in their condition he found nothing to encourage a hojie of their escape from utter ruin. His predictions, found- ed on the character and actions of Indians, majordo- mos, and padres, were accurate enough; though his views of the actual condition were exaggerated." Be- fore he had occasion to develop further his views and policy, he was called to the south; and there occurred a controversy with the friars in June with which the reader is already familiar." Chico deemed himself neglected and insulted by the jiadres Jimeno at Santa Ines, and M'as subsequently nnich offended at Duran's refusal to cooperate with ndigious service in the swear- ing of the constitutional bases at Santa Barbara. One of Chico's grourids of complaint being that the padres at Santa Ines had refused to aid him on his journey with animals and other supplies, lie called upon Duran to state clearly whether he recognized the obligation of unsecularized missions to lurnish such supplies. Duran's reply, dated June 15tli, was an elaborate and able argument, to the effect that no ^ Chico, Dimirso. . .S7 dc Mayo, 1S3G. *Miiy 23, 183(5, Cliico'a cilict. Circulated in south in Juno and .July. Dept. St. Pap., Aug., MS., ii. .")2-4; xi. :A; hi, S. Jose, iv. 111-12; JJaycn' Mm. Book; i. 297. ''Chico, Disciimo. See alsouhap. xv. of vol. iii, * See chap. xv. of vol. iii. 46 MlSiSIOX ANNALS AND INDIAN AFFAIIIS. ':.[ i m sucli obligation existed; that all the aid rendered hy the missions for sixteen years past had been lent as a matter of voluntary' courtesy; that the government had no right whatever to the mission property, whieli belonged to the neophytes, and could be taken for pub- lic uses in cases of extreme necessity only as, and ev(,'n less easily than, other private property. In the future as in the past the ])adres would render voluntai'ily such aid as they could consistently with the needs (»f their neo])hytes; ]}ut they would recognize no such duty legally. They would not resume the manage- ment on any such terms; and if it were pro[)osed to enforce such an obligation, it would be best to secu- larize the remaining establishments at once.^ In reply, Chico declined to discuss the rights of un- secularized missions; but announced that he had or- dered the padres of Santa Ines and San Buenaventura to surrender the property of their respective missions to J. M. Ramirez and Carlos Carrillo as comisionados. This he made known June 20d to the junta, explain- ing his reasons, and declaring it impolitic to leave the control of such property to subjects of a hostile na- tion.^ The junta on June 29th-30th, having as yet no quarrel w'ith Chico, or rather not unwilling to pro- voke one between Chico and the friars, approved his action;" and tlie secularization of the two southern missions went into eftect immediately. Chico had an- nounced his intention of secularizing San Miguel as soon as he could iind a suitable person to take charge; and accordingly, on July 14th, Ignacio Coronel was named as the comisionado.^'^ ' Diirav, Carta al Cohr C/i'iro, ni que n'lcga la obligncion t. Pap., M'ti^n. and Culon.,.'M^., ii. 308- 73; \'r missions in tlie east and nortli, particularly one at Santa Rosa; hut the Zacatecan friars, who were requested to un- dertake the work, declined.^" I have remarked that the essential conditions for carrying into eifect wisol}^ the reglaniento of seculai'i- zation did not exist in California, and that failure was inevitable. If otherwise there had been a possiI)ility of })artial success, it disapjieared with the outbreak of Alvarado's revolution in 18:U5, or rather with tlie sec- tional oj)po;sition to Alvarado's rule in the following years. A wise and honest administration of the mis- sion interests, difficult under tho most favorable cir- cumstances, becanie impossible during the struggles of I'ival political factions. Since 1810 the missions had been obliged to make up in one way or another the large deficiency of revenue for expenses of the gov- ernment, civil and military; and of course they had to do this still, now that a large portion of the mission ]iroi>erty had by secularization been set apart a-; a pub- lic funtl. That an}^ ruler struggling to maintain his power should not have drawn on that fund without limit would be too much to expect of political human nature in any country or any age. The government had rights as had the Indians; but as usual in earlier and later times, tho rights of the natives were practi- fiiars' support, an agreement to suspend secularization, and restore the niia- wions to tlicir former condition. '"July 8, 1SH7, Duran to Alvarado. Vallejo, Doc, MS., xxxii. 9G. July 2.jtli, Moreno to A. Arch. Arzob., MS., v. pt'ii. 18. " Mar. 19, 1S3!), P. Quijas to V. Will undertake a mission at Sta Rosa if P. Gonzalez consents. I'allrjo, Doc, MS., vi. 3'25. May Htli, V. to Alva- rado, urging Importance of the Sta Rosa mission. Id., vi. Go; Jhjit. S'. J\ip., MS., iv. 23.3. 'tcneral account of the proposition to found nnssions in tho Tulares, San Joaquin, etc. Valdjo, Illst. Col., MS., iv. 02-70; Alvarado, Hid. Vol., MS., iv. 151-3. PLUNDER OF THE MISSIONS. 40 callvtlisivi^fanli'd. TluMloinaiids for supjilii's were m )vc iVo(jUL'iit and hirj^er thiui ever before; and tlie produe- livent.'ss ul' tlu; niissioii estates was lai'n'ily diniinislu-d. In ordinary times of [)ul)lie tran(juillltv, it would luive lieeii dillicult to select twenty-one men (jualiiietl to ad- minister honestly and judieioiisly the estates under the careful supervision of higher authorities. Xow iKjt oidy there could bo no such supervision, and the majordomos and administrators were, like other classes, ailected by the prevalent controversies; but, wor.-o still, these positions, the only ones of value at the j^ov- ernor's tlisposal, had to be bestowed as rewards ior political suj)port, with slight regard for the fitness of ai)i>licants or acts of incundoents. Add to these dilli- culties the j)revalent demoralization of the Indians for several preceding yeai's, old ago and peculiar tempt-ra- mentof the friars of San Fernando, and the character of the Zacatecanos, and the reader might easily [)ro- dict the result. l)enod c ipp 2tly pa ted. All writers and witn esses. both Caliibrniau and foreign, who menti(jn the subject, arc unanimous in describing Alvarados rule, from 18o(j to 1842, as a ]ieriod of plunder and ruin in mission history. So unil'orm is their testimony, that there is no need to cite individual e'Xj)ressions of opinion, though of i-ourso there is no lack of e.\aggeration for and against per- sonal friends and foes oi' the wi'iters who chanced to take some part in secularization.^'^ The methods of |he mia- July la Rosa I) Alva- Pap., J in the wurado, m "k '''(^f inv stiitcinciit3 in manuscript on tlie conilitidu of tlio missions, I clto tlif f.lIowiiiL;: liiuHliin, JIUl. CitL, MS., .Vt-it. SI-,'); Almnvln, llUt. C'tl., :\1S., iii. 10;{-1, -JU; iv. ,J-7, .T), .Tt-Ol. l(J(J-7, I'Ji:!, •JI'J--JU; i.il/, S:}-."); Cur., lid. Cams ,1,- CiL, MS., :M-."), 'Jltl, -J'J-l-r); Ton-e, llimhi., MS., SO-!!; Serrano, Apinitr.-i, MS., ."lO-OI, IT:)-*); Aiii'iilur, Mrm., MS., !)-!:«, 147-S; Vallrjo (./. J.), llnniii., MS., 40-1. (;_■-;{; Vturii, Ificlios, MS., r>7-7;{; (Jrtl, <)rurrcif'ii'rh-,ii'i"H, MS., .SO; Ju'io Ci'.iar, (Wfs iS., S-!); Rvhtn.^oiiH Stuliimi'l, Ms., 0-7. Tlio following' forc'igUfi'M havo also j^ivcn attention to tliu ikcu- dciici' of the missions at this time, in iirintcd vorks: Mol'rn<, Kr)i!<,ralhiii, i. •J7-2. •2117. ;!<»:!, 3_M-2. :!4:{, .•(47, lilJO, .T.K), 410-11, 4'.'i)-l ; 'l'i't,t.lli<,iiar<, I'.//- wj€, ii. S(i lO.S; H'ilLr.i' Xnrralive, v. 17^-^3; IJddn^r's \'vy., i. 117-lS, o26; Uisi. Cai,., Vol. IV. i r>o MISSION AXXALS AND IXDTAN AFFAIRS. mission spoliation jit tliis jHTiod were suUstatitially as Inliows: The novcnior, and subordinate oilicials l»y Iiis autlioritv, usod tlie cattle and erain of tlio niis- sitms as iVcelv as tliov used the reveiuies fVoni other sources. J I' the n()verntnent contracted a deht to a trader, the n'overnor m any mission I'nr wheat, tallow, or hides, just as he )U 1<1 draw a check on the tivasury. 'J'he majordonio, he- inn* ii'i cmployu of the o'overnment, oheyed the oi'- dei' as a ru k' wl lenever tl 10 ai ■tici es ca Hod t d or ox IS ted 1 at his mission. Theru wore occasional refusals an( pleas in hehalt' of the Indians, hut of cotu'se these jileas were much less I'requent and zealous than those of the lViai-s in earlier times. Mow far, if at all, ho- yond the limits of sti'ictly [)ul)lic expenses the de[)ai't- nu-ntal authorities went in their drafts upon mission ]ti-(ij)ei'ty, it is hard to say. The most e\ti'ava charge, however, isHup])ort d by evidence in the archives and bv the i>()vernor'sown admission, namelv, that of havinsj^ authorized loans of mission cattle to jirivate individuals, on the condition that a like num- ber of animals should be returned later. Alvarado had cer tainl V no ri'. ■lit t o make tl lese loans but he de- fends his action on the }/ii'ii\ vi. lO."'!— f; lioh'nisoilii L'ifc in CitL, 1()7 S; Cdji. lll^t. (•ill., ;;.'-(! il (ith I niriy iil>!<' t'ito lii'i'o as apprnpriiitcly as clst'u lit ri; tlio liilldwiiitf works, wIiJlIi tmu'li in a gi'iicral way tht siilijoct of sucnlai i/a- ti Ml, giviim sUcti'lics iiiurc or loss ciiiiiplL'to oftlii' successive inuasiiics adopted, witli soiui'iliini,' of results and theories. Some of the works are i|iioleil else- wliere as authorities on certain ]ioints; tlio I'e.st retjuire no more than tiiis men- tion. ll,iir-< nixf. S. Jo A'.M; Ihiin m; llid.Culh. C/ii '/ ('ill., p; issiin; ^•A lyK III -i li:!-!-!; ii. llT-.'i."); Jhn/cs' Lcijal llht. S. 7>(V-/o, MS. i. no. .")(i. (id; /,'n,nliili,h'.i Onitioii; Fi.rUs' //^s^ ('.7-S; TiithiU'.-i llUt. i'lil., I'JCi; Furiihiiin'A l.'il'i' in ('«/., *J.Sl-(i; Urspi ri'tii, x. .'iT-S; /' Cnl., r.-l-d; C :X,if. Wiiillh, 1(5-17; Min:, ii. 'J.'iO- Gl»; f'lilil'iiriiin, I'lii^l, P Mttijlii ul, lie, (iO-1; li'i/iiii'.'' JiiiliiM and Criin., 'Sij-4l; I St rraiiciti, 563-."); llulimkl, Li Cnl., 176-60. S!:iSf IIS llhf. I'liliii i/;i- i|iti'(l, leil clsf- liis mcii- (I'/cfS Ill's nl(tint»s, ami adininis- ti'aloi's who siK'fcssiNtly inaiia^t'd tin; iiiis.-i'-iis, many wt'i't' siiiiply iiicom])i'ti'iit ami stiipiil. cshaiistiiiu' 1 litir lift It' t'lifi'n'v aiitl ahility in ihi' ta>k of ft)lli'ftiiin' tlit ii' salary, lilliii,L;' tlu' ^'tjvci'iior's oi'dcis so loii<^ as tins oi'aiiiii'ifs and ht-rtls hohl out, t'.\t'rrisiii<^' no i-cslraiiit or inilui'iH-i; on the i'\-neo|)hyfi's, and allowiii'^ tho allail's of their resjicctivc estahlishnionts tt» diift — • not, i ■ may hf ima^Int'd, in the dii-cction t>f i^cnfral ]iros[H'rity. Others wi'i'o vicious as wi'll as inf- tiut, always ready to soil any aiiiflc t)f mission |)ro|i- t^'iiy, nt»t t»nly live-stoek, hut kitehtii utensils, farm injjilenicnts, tt)t)ls from the sho])s. antl tilfs fri>ni (he I'oofs, for nionty with whieh tt) ^ratily their prt)j)cn- sity lor ^aiuMiiiLj. Still othei's woM:' disliDUest antl ahli', ih'VotiuL,' their enero-ios tt) layino" the founda- tions u'i ii ture wealth foi- thenisclvos ami friemls, op- jirt'ssin:, i he Imlians, i|uarrellini4- with such ])ailrt's, tillicials, antl assistants as they t't)ultl nt)t et)ntrol or tl'cii\(\ and disj)t)sinL;' wn interests. i'^inally, thert.' wore, 1 su]iitt)st>, st)me ht)nest, faithful, antl ttilci'ahly olli- t jiiit nianao'ers, wlu) did as well as was possihk- uiitlcr ilillii'ult eireumstanees. ]']very narrator names a few t.'f his relatit)ns ov i'rientls as e.\fe|)tions to the j^fnei-al r;il' of I'ascalitv and inetmipetenee; ami thus it would he easy tt) tiiitl autht)ritv tif this kintl for elassiuLf ncMrly all tho administratoi-s at will with the ^Mod or li.il. It is wisest not tt) attempt any classilicat ion, ail 1 to eite no imlivitlual accusations liere; tliou-^h [ iiiav llnd it necessary tt> make some sli^'ht use of such material in the prei^ai-atitm of l)ionra[»hieal sketilios. Of the pat I res, a lew aeeejitetl tho new situation auvl made the best of it, striving to roconcilo discord- 62 MISSION ANNALS AND INDIAN AFFAIRS. ant t'lcnicnts, retairiiiig a d; gr^'C of iailucnce over tbo Indians, lor tlioir spiritual and teun»oral Avclfarf, and i'W'V n-ady to aid with tlii-ir counsel any |)erson liiL;h or low in station Avlio would listen. Friais of anotlicr tenipei'anu'iit, soured and disaj»pointed, retired sulleidy to the habitations assigned them b}- law, a\oidcd all controversy and intercourse with tlie world, and mechanically performed tlie duties of par- \<]\ priests for all who made ap}»lication. Otliers assumed ji belligei'ent attitude, quarrelled with e\eiy- bodv, and i)rotested a'>ainst evervthin<>; on every l>os- sible occasion — too often with ample cause. And tluMv^ W(Me doubtless several (»f the Zacatecauijs who looked oidv to their own comfort, and made them- selves heard only in ojiposition ts) such rascalities as tended to interfere with tlieir selfish pK-asures. l\arely was a j^adi'e insulted or subjected to any harddiij), and as a I'ule tbev were as comfortably situated as any in California, being hiij'hly respected and most kindly treated by all classes. Secularization had been no wrong to them, or to their order, or to their church. Fiiially, I conie to the Indiaiis — the real victims, as tluy always have bt'en in their contact with civilized ]>eopli's, and as they always will be, until religion, ]iliilan{liroj)y, connnon sense, justice, honesty, power, social science, and a yaiiety of other ingredients more or less unkno\ni sliall in some conunvmity have been lileiidt.d in pro])ortionsand conditions hitherto unheard «if, and respecting which I have no recij)e to offer. In some instances the ox-neophytes, or a majority of their nund)er — from force of habit, inherent stui)idity, or iiilluence of the padres — were kept together and at woi'k much as in former years. Let us lu»pe that tlic; souls of the living and of those tliat were dead had been saved in large nund)ers; l)ut in no respect had. the mission syst-'m left tliem better qualilied to i)er- Ibrm tlie duties of citizen-hip than in I7<)lk Those to v.hom ))ro|)er(y was distiibuted, as a rule made no ood use of it. Tiie cattle required care; the tools o lUl CONDITIOX OF THE NKOPIIYTES. r,2 4 \n\\t «'( ii] ilicd Avorlc: and it was as needed, and when all wa- ll. 'L;i>ne, and the vigilance oi local alcaldes niteriered witli t!ii.' ])leasuft.'S of a van'alxind life altdut the towns, to di citk- butwi'en a ivturn to mission labor or flight to join the i,^fntiles. PillVrii-.g and s more eond'ortahlv situated than any of the rest. 1 t t^ \rt such was the inherent stupidity of the native ( 'aliforidan charactei- that no i(les th<^ testimonv of writers, native and foi'- ei^n, res[»ectinL;' the condition of the nussions in I H'-U'>— r>, as represented in the preceding,' paragra[)hy, I might cite a large number of items more or less contirmatory IVom the archives — contemporary orders, complaints, usatioiis, and oorres])onur[)ose, to a\"oid n(.'edlcss rtpetition, I ivfer the reader to the chapters on ^)cal annals of the missions for this p(>riod, a[)i»eirl- icg here oidy a few note^ of a general rather than a local nature."^ '" t^no. roi'i-c'STiitiiti'iii Fiiriicil 'Ciiiitro Yiulijri'iias,' iu whicli tho friar-' are t'li'ilc'il iV.r giving' iiji llic iiii>.,inii ]iro|.iitv, ami ui'l'ciI to lUfi iid tlio ri^lits nf ti,.ii- wards. An,',. Sfa Jl., .MS., iv. -Jiri-'JO. .l.iii" Mh. I'. .Moriiio to ( 'as^r,,. C:iiiiii«t iiiidt rstaiid \Miy DllinTs idiiiiiijr t'n)iu Mixico, wlaio all liiivi' t.« |i;iy til. ir way, slimild want < \nytliiii:; fivo in Cal., and tivat the Iiid. us slavii. >'. /'"/'., Mi-.i., -MS., .\. 7." Maivji -Jllh, ri". lli;raii r.iid Jiiiaiii to j.ov. riiitr.>t that tiny lia\c no \\isli tn juti! ft re in iiiis>ion ^'ovt. LI., \. 7. .Mi.ixli -~^' that the leaders profited personally by the spo- liation, but the inherent danjj^ers of secularization, iind the [lolitical ditficulties which surrounded those lejiders, must be considered. I lad Mexican rulers continued in ]»ower, or had Alvara(h)'s Californian ii\als triumphed over him, there is no reason to be- lieve that mission affairs would have been in any re- spect better nianaLI'«-'d. The disastrous result was due more to cii'cumstan<'es beyond the control of the ijov- eriior than to any lack of wisdom or lionestv on his ))art. ^[oreover, I have yd to ivcord some earnest ii' not very succes.sful ellorts by Alvarado to check the torrent of disaster. On the 17th of January, 1839, Alvarado issued a new series of rcLi'uIations for missicju manaiivnient, not llii^'iziiiL': that ir.: jiay the lino (jf $','■• iiiiposiMl on him far whipping his Inil. .sii'>ant. Jl(t;i(.i' Mis.^hin JS(iiik\ '.\'M. A\n\\ Kith, I'io I'ico ihiini; that tho nii.ssions arts in piml c(pn(liti(jii, 1'Xi.cpt that tlio Ind. havcliotdnie hail ami will Hot work. Vullijn, J>o<\, MS., iii. V.Vl. July 1st, Pico .siill in-ottsts au'ainst tin.- iiirrent calunniics on the in.-inaLi niint of uiissi' us. ,SV. /'fr/.'. , Mi<>t.. !MS., xi. ."i4^,"). .Inly Uh, -\l\arailo ik'cla.is iho trials still long for tcniimral power. V(ilhj<\ Dor.. MS., iii. '_MS. ls:!7. March Sttli. Alvarail.- spraUs of till' missions as sturus of ■ njiiilics which llic govt, iniy nsc lo Imy vessels, .inil other purjio.scs. /il., i\. \1\'2. March I'Jtli, < arlo.s Carrillc) to X'aUejo. The gov. Iieset with jietitions for aiIinini--tr.itors' positions. To grant all, tho missions WDuliI have to I.e extended to Ciipc IIoiii. A/., iv. •2\l. .Tniie 'JOtii, \ .dhjo malies a ride tnat rancheros n;ust jiay hall' tin ir lud. lahorei.s" wages, .sj per month, to tho missio'.s. /(/., iv. 'J.^S is.'is, Feh. IDth, young Jnd. disi;iliutcd among piivate individuals liy authority of I'ariillo a.s gov. //ny- /.'/(.■i' Traii. the devil.' I'k/A/i.. I oc., Ms., Nxxii. I.Ti. .Tune, the administrators should lie made to nnder accounts and pay their de))ts. 'J"ht y do nothing hut roh. /; but their j^in.'teiisioU3 will nut be listeued to. II., vii. 00. AL VAR ADO'S REG LAM ENTO. 65 liation of •ourse 1»L! his asso- •0 or less lerecl by must be ; it not ill ■ tbe s})0- arizatioii, .{' claims that nil' liMilaiiil II pniti'st.s ^7^, .!//>■,«., ir tc'iniKiral sJhmU.S (if li'ill, I'lio r.all. tin; 1 11110 -JOtli, liTs' Wa.L;V.i, touiig llid. LOV. Il„l,. to fiot rid the iViai's; illiji', I or., TilCCOUlltd •pt. I'.lth, i.i III' imt at ls:i!», \:i- 'I'll ■ tViai'3 ln-'li-stoiU'il nioihfvin'^^ csscntiahy FiL^ueroa's rej^'ianiento, but sup- jiK'.'ucntaiy, aniUU^ii^ULHl to secure a t'aithfnl jjcilorni- ance of <.hity by the administrators, ho called in the docuncnt,'" of which I a})[)end the substance in a note'-' It \Vc s little more than a restriction of p'.'crs which the aiiniinistrators had assumi'd, and a i..|uii'emcnt tliat strict accounts be rendered of mission manage- ment in all that affected the disposition of pro[terty. To obtain these accounts forjiast years was a hopeless task, iiotwiiustanding the governor's orders; but there was certainly room fttr reform in the present antl future. For the j)osition of visitador de misiones, or in- s) lector, ]»j'ovided lor in the re^lameuto lor its own oi'oper enforcenient, Alvarad(j made a verv jjood selec- -' T kniiw of 111) It'iral authority for the use of tlio term, unless its use i-i this iliieuiiieiit may he enisidereil sueli. In l''ii;iieri>a".s reulamentu eiiini>iiin- nilos and majordonuis only are jimvided for, and there was no Mihsi'ijueiit law. Jl had heeoiiie eustuiiiary, however, to s|ieak uf the ma jiprdoiiios a.s admiiiis- trators in jiiivate, and niiire I'arely iu otlieial, eorrespoud^nce; and now .\1- vaiado's use tif the term gave it a sort of le^'ality. -' Alfdfddd. L'tt/luiiiciifi) I'i\ic'isk>ii(il puni ^liliiiini^tr'nlcri .■< <><' .l//v/'o»<.-.', 17 ., S. Ji,.; /./., J/vk/., iii. C'.l-T.'c, Airli. S/a Ji., x. •Jdo-l-J; translatiun in //nfhrl'i y.Vy,oW, l.Vi (1; Jhrir-'Ui'ti till. J/it^l., add., ."i.l-d. In the piiamhle the piv. sjnaks of the 'jiilil'ul state" of the mission estates sini'i' the siicalli'd si eulaii/ation, iii aerount of the nnliiuited jiowers of tlit! administrators and their iL;iuir;uiee of till ir true lelalions to the !,'ovt. Art. 1 ;}. .Ml w ho , -ire or luivt liein aiiniinis- trators must present their aeeounts to the p>vt. at onee, down to ind of 1 ^iS. Art. 4. Admin, are to render also a detailed aeeount of the deiits and eredits of caeh mission. Art. ."i-7. They shall not, without the order of tho j;ovt, contract or jiay any dehts, or slau;,'!iter any cattle lieyoiiil what i< necessary for thu maiiiienaiue of the Indians and ordinary eonsumiitinu if the hiiuse. .\rt. 8. The traliic of mules and horses for woollen stud's now ]Hiictised (the \ew Mtxican trade) is ah.soliitely iirnhiliited; and instead, tho iiMinis must lie started. Art. !(. A monthly rejinrt nnist he readen'd of all jii'oduce stored or distrihnted. Art, 10. -\dmin. must Imild during; thin yiai', at cost of the eslahlishnient, dwillin,L;s tor thcmsehes so as to \acati! their present <|Uarters. .Vrt. 11. Xo ^'ente de ra/ini must l>i' allowi'd to set- tle at estal). where the Ind. remain in commr.iiity. .\it. I'J. .\ elassi.'ieil census of all inhab. to he formed at an tally date. .\rt. I.'t. S. ( ',ir!os, S. iliian iiautista, and Sonoma are not includi-d in tlie pi'i>\ isions of this rc^ula- tinii, except that accounts of past maiiai'i'mint must le reiidiied. .\rt. It. An account I't' all s.darics p,nd to cniiiloyes or p.idi\ s must hi- iciideicd; and salaries must imt Ik' paid in livestock. .\rt. l."i. -Admin, to nhiy ^tlictly ai.d .■■i lid the iei|iiireil infiirniatidii w ithin ;i month. .\rt. Iii. The uo\ t. will i»uo fiiitlier iVL.'ulatii)ns on pulice, etc., as nctijed. Art. 17. Tlie uovt. will ap- point ii visitador, with a salai'y to he paid frnni the estates, to superiutei.il l!.' c'.rryiiiLtoat of this reu'iila'tioii. .I.in, iNih, A. i iinplaiiis to \alh ji that ceit.'.in milit.iiy oliicers, v. ho had hcen administi i^irs, showed no si;.n> of c iai|lyiny with the retilauiciilu hy icuderiu^' accounts. Vallijo, JJo-,, .Msi. \i. 17o. iHi -II W: S6 MISSION ANNALS AND INDIAN AFFAIRS. tion ill tlio ])ers()n of W. E. P. Hartncll, an old Eiig- lisli resident and naturalized citizen. He had been at first a merchant and later a teacher; and though now in r(jdi eed circumstances, was an intelligent, popular man, with a good reputation for honesty, which he ]!iaintained during the two years that he held this oiiice. llartnell was appointed January 19th; and liis salary of .S2,000, to be paid pro rata by fifteen mis- f^ions according to their wealth, was to run from the 25th. ^'^ ]^y his instructions issued on April 24th, ho was required to make a tour of inspection, and besides beiui'' authorized to systematize the mission adminis- tration in a general wav, according to the reglamento, lie was em])o\vered to hear comj)laints and to intro- duce minor reforms according to his iudixinent."^ The new reglamento, the instructions, and the choice "Jan. 10, IS.SO, aprointiiiont. Drpf. R>'r., MS., x. 2, 8, 11; St. Pap., J//.SS., MS., vii. l!l; \'(i.ll(J(i, Iki''., MS., vi. 47t. Tlie assignnieut of the sal- jiry, fjliowini,' the ivliitivo v.cnltli uf the (liUbrcnt cstablisliinoiita, wna as tVil- hi-.ws: S. IJiiciiavi'iittira, Sla ]!;irl)ara, I'urisiiiia, S. Luis Uljispo, S. Mic,'iH'l, S. Aiiti»iiit>, ami S. Uafail, ^."lOcaih; S. J'ranciscd, !?7.">; S. Luis llcy and S. (la- l);icl. !i^l.")0; S. Fir Haiiili) am 1 So .^-*0i); Sta Lu's ami Sta CI lira, S::5;i: and S. Jd.st'', .S.'iOO. (Jf coiir.so. lioweviT, past hunlons wore taivon al.so into iiinsiih'rati'in, as well a.-i wt'iltli. Mrs llaitmll, A' awi/avf, MS., ;j 4, tells lis tliat her Iiushand ac('('ptc'. S. J)ti, i. Tu, \\ IT-li*. ills duties were in sulistanee as follows: Ait. I. To iiiethodize tlie matter of aeiount.s and re[)orts, instructing the adniiu. .\rt. '2. 'I'm make an inventory of property at e.-ieh mission. Ai't. ,'{. 'J'o have an assistant at a reisonalile eouipensalion. Art. 4. To show the laws to each admin, and exiilain the olijcct of his visit, so as to avoid pretexts for not (I'lcying. Ai't. ."). To renieily actual and urgent needs reiio\tecl liy ailniin., using iiiissidu jiroduee for that pMr]Hise. Art. (i. 'J'o decide res|ieitiiig coiu- phdnts of jiadres aiiil emiiloyi s against admin., and to promote Iianiioiiy lie- twecii .'i to prcript, v.liieli unfortunately is not (]uito complcc, contains a daily journal or ilia; y (if the two ?v'.>(V'(-^'; hlotters of letters addressi'd hy H. to othei- ])er.Mjiis in his or;ii.ial capacfty; imliees of commnn. reeinveil, with mention of their purp(;rt; and the ".'ciuumI report of the lir.-^t tour in ISDO. A few leaves are missini,' iu r:ii-!i of the 4 [liirts; Imt the losses are so scattered as n it to iuip;iir {,'reatiy tlio historii'al vain, of the reeonl. Besides these document.s, there is nnicli eci- Y' sjiondenec respecting H.'s tour.i seattcrecl in diileri'iit archives, particularly in . I <•''/(. .l/wx. , MS., torn, ii.; Dcpt. SI. Pnp., Mi.'■., MS., viii. ()■_>. 'I'!;i i is a copy, and possihly ji fur ;cry. .T. ,1. Valh'jo on Sept. •ll!i, howexcr, s'ems to idlude t • a circul.ir, forhi IdiuL; tin; admin, tou' t!ie Indians f.jr tlieirown v.-ork. /'/., viii. 77. .Mv.n-.nlo. ///«'. C i^., MS., i- , 1l'!-7, i;ii :r.io;i:i ii-; the reason for issuing; th<' order that ."ii old In'iim of S. .Iu;in ( a] i- ti'an>, let out to a rancliero, stole a horse ar.d can e to Monterey to coiiipluiii lA ill '1 i m %\ 58 MIS.SIOX AXNALS AKD INDIAN Al "AIRS. Se|)l»'iiil)('r sulMrcd tocf)nclu(lo tlio visifa; and l)y Octo- ])(M- i Jill I !artiu.'irsi'0[)()rt was coin |>letc(l, chotinliat liia olHcc in Monterey lie continued to attend to the duties of lii.-> position during the rest ot'tlic year. The records of this inspection, to which I liave ah'ondy alluded, ihou'^li voluminous, arc almost exclusively devoted to local niattirs, none of them of sutHcient importance to re(piire attention here, llartiieirsohservations, in the ML(ni"ei4'ate, tend to confirm in most res])ects, and to re- fute in none, the conclusiisns expressed earlier in this cli;>pt(.'r. Evei-ywhere complaints were heard, which in most instances proved well founded. There is no reason to douht that much good was eifected, though it is to he feared that the reforms introduced wer'O not very thorough or permanent, to say nothing of the fact that they were for the most jiart but a put- ting-up of the bars after the cattle had escaped. At most cslahlishments Don (juillermo left the discordant elements temporardy somewhat more tranquil than before; but he was an easy-going man, not disposed to quarrel when controversy (.'ould be avoided. In his rejiort he simply ])resented tlie state of affairs at each m ission; but made no ijfeneral sui>u'e«tions for ivft)ri n. I shall have occasion to refer a little later to his sta- tistics.-' 'In consequence doubtless of ITartnell's rejiorts, writlcn and verbal, Alvarado, on ]\larch 1, 1840, is- sued a new reglaineiito tor mission management, by ^ irtue i''' wliicli the administrators were i-i'placed by niajortlomos at I'cduci'd salari es. Additional restric- tions Wi'ie placed upon their actions; the authority ti\ati!iint, aiiil to ask cither to lie shot or to be rdcusetl from his «ervioe — ho iliil not cure whieli. ei;!) NEW RKGULATIONS. 50 0, is- nt, l)y .1 I J of tlio friars was increased in some respects, ami llio visitaJor was coutiiiiied in olHce with a larj^er sabuT and aiigineiited powers. As of tlie earlier regula- tions, 1 give its substance iu a note.-' IJefore this -* A!vnr(ii) oiii' lar;,'f slui't, with niliric si'^T.ut'.'.yx. in KuHii-il /'rin/in'/; ori^i- ii.il -MS. ill Vnllijiiy Ikic, MS., xxxiii. ISO; timisliitinii in /Iti//' i/.'s Ucjunt, l.'i7-(i(l; Diriiielk'a Col. Ili.il., add., .^J-'iO. It «;i.s issia-il iis ii Imiulo witli- it losses ami alinsrs tlio (•lit ;iiiy title. Kxporifini; liuNiiii ini.-isiiiiis; tin' riglaiiiouto of IMiit not liaviiiLT sutliiM'il to rcfoi'iii the <'\ ils. ou iicioi'.nt L'siU'Liaiiy of f\c(.'.>si\c' t-alaiits; and it heiii^' di'siraljlu to |iroiiioto (■t'ii;ioiiiy and a .stiiit administration until the Binironiu govt may iliiidi- wliat i.s lust — tlio foUi.wiiii; is jmlilislu'd; Art. 1 .'?. .Mnjoi-domos to take the place of ailiu'.n. iit s;ilarics from >}\S0 tofdro at diti'eient missions (sjieeilied), tliou;;li tln' I'ormer admin, may lie St Icele I for tlie new jiositions. Art. 4. Tlio oUiee of visitador to eoiitiniie, v.ith a salary of >r.i,UOO. I'liliesof niajiidomo.s. Art. 5. To wa,tcli over the advaneenunit of jn'op- ert> . eonsultiiig the padres in diU'iLiilt eases. Art. 0. 'J'o make the Indians Work for the eomnuinity, ami ehasiise them moderately for faults. Art. 7. 'io ( iih lie morality and attendauee on relii;ious duties among the nid., the jiaih'es iiiti I vening as inovidtnl hy the visitador's iiisti iietions. Art. S-!(. 'I'o I'ciider to ilie vis. a monthly aeeount of produce stored, and a yearly one of nil prod- ucts and ciittle hiTilided, said reports to he eertilied hy tlu^ jiadies. Art. 10. I'o see that the padres lack nothing needed for their jiersonal siihsisLCiice and s. rviee. Art. 1 l-l'_*. To i>i ohcy all orders ;;nd |>ay all drafts coming from the govt thromih tins vi-itiidor's otlicc. Art. l(i. 'I'o furnish every tiii(;e lilontlis a List of articles mi st neecU'd. Art. 17. To furnish transportation and food to lK'r.-;oiis travel- iiie; on puMie service, and also aid demanded hy comamlaiites of stations, ficndiiig a monthly account to the vis., that he may recoYcr the amount from the cc.mi;;an'a. Art. IS. To aid private travellers, charging for food and Iioises according to their means. Art. 1!). To enforce morality among .ser- vants and iithi'i's residing or visiting at the missions; and in urgent eases to Hilipt such measures as are liest adai)ted to preserve order. Art. "JO. To use misiiiii i)roduce for the support of themselves and families v.ithout cost. Art. •_'!. To employ such servants as I'lay he necessary for community work hut onlv natives of the <'stal)lishnient. Ai't. "J'J. To ask only for >le carry on cone spoiid ence wi th tl le VIS. Art. -2?,. '!'< itam from tin after a year of g(ji)d eoiiduet, etc., iierniission to employ such Ind. as i he willing on their own priwite work. ^\rt. "Jl. To make tr» .vt, nay no sale oi eliasc. and to dispose of no Jiid. for the service of private i>ersons, without special authority; and to slaughter no cattle except regularly as ordered hy tlie vis. Iluti if th. isitad( Art. "J.-). To make all kii .f n ih' tiacts for the henelit of the missions. Art. '_'(!. To supjily to these ei.tali. needed articles, according to the majordomos' lists and the ]iro])erty on h;'.i:d. Art. •J7. 'i'o draw hills in payment of dehis. .Art. l!S. To he t!ie mediui.i of eomnuuiiealioii hetween tlu' govt ami all [lersons iu matters relalin,;' to mis- .■■i ins. Art. '2'.K To pay salaries of einployi's, watch over their p'.rferm.inco of duties, and acting in concert with the ]iadres to ]iropo;e the meii let fitted lor lu'ijordomc .Art, ;!(). I'o determine (he niiniln'i' of cattle to Ik killed iu the weekly, uaiuuul, and extra Blauglitors iit each niissioii. Art. '61. 00 MISSION ANNALS AND INDIAN AFFAIHS. dncnnioiit was [)ul)lisluHl it soems to Lave Ixn-n sul)- luittod ti) the nii>..si()ii;iry })resiJc'tits lor a[)[)i'()\al cr criticism, ami was }»rol)al)ly cliangod sli^•lltly in some respects to suit the I'riars. At any rate, Padre J^uraa expressed his views, and those not very favorahlc, ( n the suhject in a letter of January 7th to Ilartncll. AlludinLj' to the j)urL'ly financial i)hases of the matter, he admitted that the rcylamentij would "close the doors to fraud and robbery, but also to all improve- ment; that the doctor was prevented from killin;_j the patient, but had no power to cure him," lie thought a trade for the benefit of a mission ought not tt) be delaved by reference to a visitador hundreds of miles away; and he comj)lained that under tlio new rules — changed apparently in this rer^ect — a padre could obtain nothing except articles ])r(Mluced by the mission or other articles purchased with the little lell of the sukkIo from the pious fund "after it had been passed through successive sieves by the dis- iiiteiested hands (jf the tradi)y." Yet he and his iriars would submit until the coming of a bishop should allow them to leave "these Californian laby- rmths. -■' ■m To form a regulation for his oflicc, ami propose such assistants as he ilccnietl iic'cussjiry. Oi'ucnil orders. Art. 32. Merchants and others having chiinis against th(^ missions must present tlicni with tlic proper vouchers to the \ is., that the p)vt niny diterniiiic wliat is best and pi)ssil)lc in tlio way of sulih'un lit. Art. '.)',]. As to S. LVnIos, S. Juan liautisla, .Sta l.'ni/, Solodad, and Solano, the povt will contiunc to regulate thrni according to circunistancis. A:t. .'U. All eniployeos and JiuIlts arc frco to report ahnsca to the ^ovt. Art. ,'5."), The govt, having consultid the padres, will regulate all that relates to the Buiijiortof worship and of the friars, either assigning a fixed sum for lioth 2)urposes, or making .such other arrangenient as may he best. Art. ;}(!. All jii'cviuuB regulations and orders contrary to this are anuUed; and in eases of doubt the govt Mill decile. Art. ".7. In default or temporally ab.senee of a majurdoino, the padre will take charge ad interim. -Man. 7, 1S4(I, Duran to llartneli. Arpf)r-iiion, and a.;king tliat the aid tra- lors to turn over their iiiissi<»ns to the visitador, and a i-.t of instructions to that olficer tor his second annii.il c'sifd, which was to begin ininie(hati'ly at ^lissioii San Jose.'" The inspection of the northi'i'ii estahlishineiits, possibly down to Santa Ines,"" and the operation of M tting tlio now machinery in motion tliero was coni- jileted before tlie end of June; but wo have no details ( .\<-ept of llartneH's troubk-s at San liafael in Apiib leading to his arrest by A'alKJo, wlio succeeded in ]iie\eiiting tho oxcrciso of tho visita(h)r's authority at that mission,"*- Eaily in July ho was in tho far south at San J^uis Hoy, wlioro ho Jiad no end of trouble with I'io I'ico and others, and where tho transfer to tho iiiajordomo was not etl'ected until August. Similar annoyances at other missions so disgusted him tliat l!na!ly, on Se}iteinber 7tli, from Santa Jxirbara, hesmt in his resignation, which was aece})ted alter his airi- ^;ll at ^Monterey. By a circular of Octt)ber (ith ma- jerdoiiios Were ordered to communicato directly witii l'IlIi, I'lvfcut (lonzalcz, of tlio ,Zacatcc.inos, profTiM's voluntary siiLiiiivsioii au'l toiiiieratinii, Imt jiivl'trn not to select niajoiilouios. 1'liu padi'cs %\ ill i xt'ii.i^o the ]ii)Ut r.-i ;,'raiitL(l tlioui only wiien they (k'nm it ijost. Jil., ii. lUIiT— 10; Sf. /' ■;'.. J/;...s.,\MS., xi. iS-'Ji*. April I Till, .1. A. Aguirre writes to Jlartncll, ro- f'.iiij,' tho cliaigu of .(. .r. X'allejo, that tho now rojilanicnto was insti^atoU ly hiaistlf, Xoi'io^'a, and Hartnull with ;v view to moiiopoli/.c tho nii.ision traih'. \'ii''(Jo, l>o<\, MS., ix. 114. April "JOth, l)tirau's ciioidar dircolin;,' friais (u fi;i:.'L,'ost proper persona for niajordoinos, .•uid to present any complaints they iii.;y liavo through liini. Ar to llartnell, insisting on tlio ))aynient of old dehta duo liini from tho southern missions. VttlUjo, Doc, MS., ix. 'J'J."). "'March IS, 1S40, order to iidniin. to surrender missions. Val/ijo, /)"C., MS., xxxiii. 'M. Alninulo, lutitrucc'ioiics que ilihv ohy llartnell, for on his return later fnji.i llie sou.li li ■ jiasscd rapidly through these estahlishments. Ildrlndl, Jiiario i/ Jiorri- (li-'-.-i, MS., unfortunately contains nothing of earlier date than .Inly. .l;:no 'J :tii, .1. M. \illavicencio directs Moraga not to give ui) tlie luissinn < f S. .\;i- tonio to H. (who car.io al)out tliat time/), and to pay iio atteuiioii to the gov- ernor's order. ViiihJK, J)o.\, M.S., xxxiii. SI. "-Slo chap. Ax. of vol. iii. I I'll 'if 1' »' iii 62 MISSION ANXALS AM) INDIAN AFFAIRS. the veriiinciit, siiico tlicro was no longer iiny visita- (.un-. No successor to 1 fartiK'H was over a])|)oint,e(l, and tlicie is notliing of iiii|)ortance to he noted respecting mission management tor the rest of th(3 year; oi' at least xcry little is known ol' it. I regret to s;iy that 1 am '(iiahK; fi'om matijrial extant to f<»rm any d(;tinite idea iil)out the jfeneral conihtion of tiie missions at the end of IS40 as compared with that of a year or two years eailier. Caht'ornians -40, as carried out hy Ilartneli. lam inclined to think, however, that many ahustjs were really checked at this time, though the visitador's last tour had done little if any trood, the a'*'L''re''ate loss since 1H;)C} had been large, and the outlook for the inuuedi- ute future was not encourati'inu'. iiB In a fjrmcr chapter I gave some general mission statistics for the period of 18;30-4, the last period f tr which the ])adr(\s furnished data, remarking that the tigures were much less accurate tluui those of former years.'* From scattered items in the reports and a<'- counts of administrators and of the visitador in IH;)'.)- 40, J am able to present for the ])rcsent half-decade Some general figures which are, perhajis, as reliahh^ as th(»se of the preceding period relerred to. Of l)aptisu)s aiid huiials 1 can make no statement, though the num- ber might be obtained by a tedious counting from the mission-books of each establishment, most of which are still [)reserved. The neophyte population de- creased from l.'),000 in 18:34 to (1,000 in 1840; thougli the latter number would jn'obably be reduced to r),000 if lestricted to the Indians absolutely living in com- numity, and increased to 8,000 or 9,000 if extended ^■> Jf'irfiicll, Diano, MS.; .«!ept. 7tli, II. to gov. St. Pap., J/isf., MS., xi, IS. Oct. (Ith, Alviiia.lo's circular. /(/., x. lH. "Sec clmp. xii. of vol. iii. k^i STATISTICAL VIEW. 68 Y vi-^Ita- tod, iiinl SjK'CtillLj r; or at v'ly that (hdiiiito IS at tlio or two V ])ciio(l I attach rcionns iiR-liiicfl i really ist tour ss since iiimiccli- inission io(l tor lat tlio I'olllicl" and ac- «;)!»- -decade al>lii as ijitisms e nuiu- 'oni the which on d(- hoii^h ) a,OUO 1 coni- Iteuilud M.S., xi. to all on the rei^dstcrs whoso whcreahonts as va^rantf^ or servants was somewhat definitely known. .Many of the missions had less than MX) Indian^*, San \a\\^ J{ev with ahout 1,000, any include, chur<'h j>roi)erty and live-stock heiui^ (»f'ten omitted, and the lists often inchidinjj^ oidy assets in a eommer- ci,d sense. The au'Ljre.L^'ate of <()(), ooo, offset hy claims agninst private parties and other mis- sions of e(|ual or greater amount, hut rat'ely j>aid in full. The mHnl)er of iriat's serving in California was re- duced during this half-decade from 'JO to "JO. I"'ive piidres died — Vitoria, ^Fartin, Fortuni, and Arroyo, of the college of San hV'rnando, and ]\[oreno of tlm Zacatecanos — while one, (jarcia Diego, left the coim- tiy in 18;l(t, to return later. One or two attempted, niisuccossfully, to ohtain licenses for departure. No new-comers made their apjiearaiice. As a rule, at this time, no padre was much luiard of heyond the limits of his own estahlishment; though a tVnv hecame somewhat prominent in controversies which Avill l)c noticed in ronncction with local annals. Padre Narciso Duran continued to he president of tlie southern missions until 1838, when he was suc- ceeded hy Joaquin Jimeno; but in 1S37 Duran had l>een made prefect, which j)osition he held until after is40. ]Jura:i also held the oltice of vicar under the hish )fS( except for a short period in I s;)S-'.), Iiop ot bonor; V, hen it was attached to that of president, and held hy Jimeno.*' Of the Zacatecanos in the north J\n!i'o '-'Various communications in Arch. Arzuh., MS., v. jit ii. I!)-'JI: /'';/'. ii\'C.,.MS., .\. 30; Vall(Ji),JJoc.,} 11), IS:"]?. On July "J-J, 1840, he was iv- clectcd.'"' The authoi'ity of these ollicials as |)resldent and i)r( •feet tl over the inai's was but nonniial, thou^li th<'fe is no evidence that their wishes were not i'ully <)l)(>yed as in earlier times. As vicars tliey had ecclesiastical atitlioritv over the Irlars as a'-tin^ jut .Tirncno ainionnoed his clccl-ion as president en Isov. 'Jlitli, is;{S; iiml Duran his ussiiinptiou of tlie iircfectiiro on Die. 17, l.S.'iS, and of the vitar.ship on Sept. 17, l^.'ii). '''^ Apiioiiitiacnt of (ionzali'z. Arch. OIiIh/khIo, M.S., 00, 0.1; Arrh. Arzu'i., MS., V. lit ii. IS; Arch. Mis.t., .\hS., ii. bCi'i; Currv. de Miss., MS., 07 '.'; Sfa CInra. I'itrro'iuid, MS., '1\\, 'JS. "Oct. IS, |s;!!», v. (Jonzah/, to his friars. Has eoncludcd to acoojit tl.o vii'ar.sliip of thu nortiicrn missions from tiio l/ishop, to luoviiit their coiuini,' under tiio po\v..'r c)f Dni'an; tiiouijh ho liositated ahont takin;; sucli a step w itlioiit autliority from liiscollegc. Arrh. Ohls/idili,, MS., (10- 1. '*'Sept. I!), KS.'W, hiw in (i artiehs, ]MililislK'd in a liando of Sept. 2'2d. Arrillmju, Jicifip., jHl.-l>ir. IS.Sfi, p. 107; >V('/i. d'urfS'. /'"p., ^hS., xii. 1 -J; Jliiyn' Mi^.-i. Jjonk, i. no. l.'{, p. Ill; Srn Mlijiht, /'r/mh, .Vi.r., S. Tlie nrw liisliop, to lie elioscu hy tlie govt from a ti'io snL:;;e*;tid liy the caliild.i nietro- politano and proposed to the pope, wa-i to have .S(!,(HK) a year from the trra.j ui'y as salary and !?.'{, (KK) for fu'.st expenses. He was also to have tlic admin- istrutioJi of tlie pious fund. Jico also, on appointment of bishop, JJallan '■-■'' '*: A IIISIIOI' rOK CAIJFO..MA. CJ lii.tli ill Mfxii'o jiiid ( 'jilifoniia in'cvt'iitcd ruiilirr |.1(.l;ivss until .luiu' 'J'J, I .s;;;), \\ hcii (lie iiu'ti'<)jM»lit;m rlijihtti' »li<»>(' ii hli>, w illi ( JaiTi'ii |)it';4(» at its Iir.id, ;iii«l Ilis iiaiiif was (Inly lufwai'dcd to h'niiu', where (III April •_'", I.^JO, tilt' Ili'crssaiT luills wrW issued. •'•' III Ati:.;ii>t tlie jiiiitroval of l'ti|M' 'JreM-opy wiis Uiioun ill Mexico, and I lie Zacalecan iViars were ndtilled tjiat >ii( ii III" tlii'iii as nii;^lit \ oluntarily siihjei-t llieiii- M l\i> In I lie lii. Imji, no loll'^i'l' inissioiiaiies l>ul, i/<>r- triiii I'lis, could e\|ieet lio aid iVolll t lieil" colle^-e.^ ' ( )n Se|i(eiiil»er I Kill I '»islio|» ( »arc'i'a J )ieno tolaints scattered in the archi\'es show that the friars had some dilHculty in tainiiiL»' \\\v sums allown'(l tlu-ni under the \arious renlameiitos |ur >iili>-istence and expeiises of worship.'' As to their .'111(1 /.(iZ'iiKi, I.Kj. Mix., iii. I!ll; Jii(sfiiiiiiuif( , I'lr: i/c In /'ii/ri<(. MS., \i. IS; y/., <,'../.. .l/'.i\,'i. Mi. •''■' .)/';/'/v(N, /,','7'A'C., i. •J74-."): (!iirri2; Sni (I tint, J'lii- rt'ti 'in, \\S.,-2-, Ihiil. Sf. /'nil., Ami., MS., xii. .-)!. *■ <;iir-iii JUcjo, I'lirlit, I'li.ttiind qih >l J!"'" ij Ji'mo Sr I). I'r. Friiin-iii-n !i ji), jiriiiii r D^iii/io ili' ('nlijiiniin-^ iliriiji' a lun /'/'. /'/*. nu-'inin ru't /.I /)!iMi:tniion, (tiili.Hilv sii iinivi'so til iiJi'itiniiln. Mc\. ISHI. I'Jiiki. \'1 ••. I»iit((l at the (.•(il!i"'u .if S. IVriiii (let. -JS, ls4:i. 11 us Ictlir 1.- t:iliiill liir (lie ('(•(.■Icsiil itical iiiistdrtuiii's lit' ( ill. ill tJH' |iMst: a iianati\ if t'i(3 wiitii's a|iii(iiiitni(iit, iiu'liidini,' the liiill.>i; aiiil a iiriite.Ht;itiiili nt' liis all'ie- ti'iii inc ail ill tile eiiiiiitiy ami the ^.t at lniielit.s tliat aio tn result fnnii thin 111 u faviir i,i\. .\IS., xxxiii. ls4. N'l :i(ltii, liishiip t (.111. Xaliejd, and I'adre l>iiran. Ai-rh. Ar:nh., .MS., v. |it li. •_".! .■Ill: \'ii''ijii, line., .MS.'ix. ;!;i(l; Ai-rli. S/n li., MS., \i. Kill; Mi.iil. Anli.. MS.. i\. -J.s. '^ Jan. ;>(•, ls;i(i, I'res. Mureiio coliiiilailisl to go\'. that tlie allowance of ijullO llim. Cal., Vol. IV. 5 i^ i CO MISiSION ANNALS ANT) INDIAN AFFAIRS. stipends from tlic [)l()iis fund in Mexico, it is difficult to Ic.un wliat amounts were ivceived, tlioULjh tlie tri- als coiitiiined to draw on the fund and the traders to iieLifotiatt' their drafts. Tiie pavmonts were not onlv iire^'ular and suhject to lieavy discounts, l)ut they \\( re often made hy the tradeis in articles for which the padres had little use." From 18.'U to 18:17 the ;it-.iount paid from the lund to missionaries in Alta ( 'alifornia is ijjiven as !?;3.'},4(»4.25 ; and that from No- v,'i!ilM>r 1840'to Fehruary IH4l» as S-J2,(M)0: hut I liiid iio intcTinediate accounts.^"' Meanwhile the' i'und — from which the Lfovernment in 1837 ilecided to hoi-- 1. ;\v sfiO,0()0 to he devoted to the work ol' '(juietinn' tlie ( /alifttrnias'^*' — ron\ained as before in charge of a special junta. Andres Castillero went to con^icss in IS;)'.), with ur'4-ent instructions to havt! ihe i'und place. I at the (lisj)osal of the Californiau ij^overnment. i'nder n * circumstances would Mexico jiave consented to such a step; hut th(^ refusal Avas based on the deciee of Sejitend»er l!>, iH'M), by which the new bishop was to be intrusted with the administration of the estates, and to use the revenues in accordance with the aims of the founders.*^ I'nder this decree it does not a[) for dmrcli cxpoiiscs Iina bcfii st'ippoil liy orders to tlio administrators. St. /''/'., J//^-'., MS,, x. S-!». Apiil (iUi, Moroni) to tin- jKidios. 'I'li- ;:'.lo\vanco .: i i:dniiiiist(-'rod I'V tlio injijnrdonio.s is (i])p()scd to ca" iiical law an I ilsa.c. Il' tlifv lan su])por; tlii'iiiNch td and piiiil.t. worsliip witlmut that aJlowanie they may I In so, 'dando esto iZdlpc antes (pio nos i<> (Un.' .Infi. < tUi-^jnnln, ''S., ."iS. July ",lt!i, Dnrantndciv. Clii'i>, ('i)mi)laiiis nf n(in-|iavnu nt nf tlio f^iir.is allottiMl.' . I /•'•/(. .1)-.'.''., MS.. V. )it ii. 10 17. Jan. •_'!», Marcii I'J. ls;i!», ri'. hiU'in, Jinii'uo, and Ural niiiko like coniplunt.s; anil ^..-^U that certain !.'ar, 1S40, l»iiran aiL'tieu against an}' ces.sion of estates for tlio .support of padre.s or ehui'ch. Arh. Miss., MS., ii. W,]. *• Arrh. .!/;-■.•(.. MS., ii. !i!»7-IO(M). Maieli 14, ls4i), P. Fortuiii draws for Si.'.'JOOdue him. Hmrni, Dor., MS., vi. >>S. *' Ml .V'rit, M, III. Iiifi rior, IS.'tS, ]). .S'_'-G. Statement of Kamircz from Si'/'o, .\i.\. Mar. -J, l.s4-_'. ill H(ii/>s' Misxldn liuok, i. l!tl. "'.April 1, iN.ST, ilecree, \n AriiHii^ja, /'iccji., IS.'IT, p. -Im-I'i. *' Art. of the decree; 'The ))roperty lielonL;in,!,' to the jiioiis fund of ( 'ali- fornias will lie ]iut at the disposition of tno ni'W hisliop and of hi.^ sueeessois. that they may adniinister it and invest it in it.s otijoets iir otiiers analojious, always res]ieetin;,' t!ie will of the founders.' ArrUlaija, Jt'int/i, l,s;5(i, p. 1((7. .Au!,. 7. I s;!!l, ^ovt decides that the deputy must not interfere in the fund. J'iriiz out au^ainst the marauders, chielly i'n»m thi' re- ('ioii^ of vSan Jose and Los Antxeles. 'fhe material is bulky enou;^!! in eadi ]iis. and })ay, could atlbrd no protection. In daimary, •!. M. Marron was .attacke 1 at the randio of ( 'ncros (K' A'l i.kIo, but several of the attacking jmrly woiv killed by ( 'hi'i. tian Indians. An ell'ort to have a garrir-oues- tabli lied at Santa Isa'oel was unsuccessful. Tiu! citi- /.i'.i- laade several expeditions, iu one <»f wliieli seveu liid!:i!is we e killed; liut it was charged tli;it in their ab^. lice tin soldiers committeil various I lict't> and out • in t< w :i. Earl}' iu March, Captain I'Mi'till.i ra'j'es ^'StMtonciit 0." R.iiiiiii'/, in Si\\ Silvc'str(>, proposed to confjucr tli(^ Indians at ]]']■< own t'X]»cnst', it' allowed to keep prisoners as sei- vants. T\]\s was ajt[)r()ved 1»\ the avnntaniiento, on till' i^M'ound tiiat the Indians were outlaws; hut thi' r(s;ih is not known, the record tailing just wlieii San ])i(j ) was supposed to he in the L;)"<'atest peril." A year later, in Api'il or ^lay 18;]7, the Indians niaili' a raid on the iVontier ranchos, hurniui^ Ijuildin^s and driving' ott' li\'e-stock. At the Janiul I'a'u-ho tin- niajordonio Leiva and three others — servants on tli*' plaei',and pei']ia|is Indians, thoui^'h spokiMi of as while ?nen hysevei'al - were killed, and Leiva's two e'rown-up dau''hters were eariied away into eai>tivitv,IV«>ni whi illed In a cam]»aiL;n of ten (la\ several 1 11(1 ijins. a II tl lev coiild lind. Contemporary communications on thi~ disaster are not numerous »>r complete; while \-ersioii- from nieii.'orv are voluminous and contradictory in detail.'" '■'Many isi()n Hiu,k\ i. I'SS-'.),"), ;!{ |. TliiTc wi re .uinu' imniilainls in .)iil\. I'lanihnl \\r()t(> in Maivli that niiiili uf liis stock at the 'I'ci'atc ran. Iii> hail liiiii stnlrn. Wtl'fjo. /hi,-.. MS., iii. iv_>. '*"('oHiinnincatiiiiis (if lutal ullirials, A) lil t" Si i>t. is;t7. >'. Vmin, A i-' h., Ms.. 171. ISIl-'J, ls.\ ls7. May -lltli, .'ilst. /anidi.'ino's letter 1..'ayi'lit. h| Auyeles, iniil resnltini; (lelilieration.s iif that IhmIv. /f'/'t.St. I'ii,i.. .MS.,-.i. 8(i-II; Lo-i Amfilt.-i, Anh., Ms,, [v. ;jlli-lS. June "Jljtli, eaiituin and erewot' tli>' PERILS AT SAN DIE* 10. 'otlior, aiis lit iis sei"- uto, oil ut tho I'll Sail ndinns il(liii'j,'s •Il(» tlu! (Ill i\\i' s wliitf i)\Vll-U]) 1 wllirll •oiitora, tin.' I'lo 1...1 tlu' illiulrd. terror, n Pou- ri'soncc iioraiio, Juan those lilitaiy ioiiarv arclit »l 1 (la\'s, I tli.'V iii lliis 'I'sioiis ory ill lilunts III \V llllli 111! ■n. A,- /.., IviMlt. ■'! I'.NiS., • i. iwof til.' It was prol)al»]y in IS:'.7, (lurin;;- tli<' ^cn ral alar. a arisiii"" i'roiu the inassucix! ut Janiiil, tlioU'^Ii tlicii' is no au'reoniL'iit anionn^ narrators ro-]ieciinLi dali's, that a plot was revcali^'d to attack tho town and kill tiic iiilialiitants, Indian servants wrro to coojiorato with tli8 was markt'd l>y no Ims- tiliiies that are eitlu-r rentcinhiactl or recorded. In l.s."'.;) there weie alarms and active |)rej)ai'ations. on iiajKi' at least, lor defensive nio\"enients in May, duly, and Xoveniher; hut I have nothing' definite ;,h(tut llie,>e trouhles, exce|)t that in ( )ctoher the inis-iiin rj,t. St. Pup., .!»;/., MS., ii. l();;-4; Jlij'diilii S. I i'liziffc, I)oc. "J, 1MJ7. .)mu' 'JTtli, ('inii. AruiK'Hu .siv.s hi' will i";aiu the cu::;)ianil ' uiik'ss there shouhl Ix^alijht!' .V. V'".'/", Ar-h., .\IS., Isl. .July ."ith, liul. attacked S. iJieu'o iiiissioii and killed :\ men. llaiii-.-i' MU<. Iliihy i. '^^l^l. duly 11th, alcalde nf .Vuueles, iu a eironlai' t(i ramheros, siiys the lud. attacked S. lieriiardu and killeil -t nun (the .laiuiil alliiii'':'!. Vii li , P'li'., MS., J,"). Auj;. -kli, l>andini sJly^i he killeil and captured mily a lew 111 1. N. Jfiiyo, An/i., MS., is.'). Sejit. Killi, 11. say.s he ha.s Init aliso- liltely everytiiiuL,', has eonie to Sta liarliaia to sell a few jewels to get fuod f ir hi-, family, ami must eschew jiolitics. I'ti/ijo, Jhir., Ms., iv. ;!0!l. .Iiii.s- •■^i IIS, Villa 11 Ar.iit., -M.S., iri 7, vvas with < ! .ii/,ile/. and ^;ives many |iaUicu- 1,. iiid t: il. iilit; •llK .1/,' llllo, Jh Ms.,;n-rJ: Mi Ti )/i( /' .Iu .MS.. 11- Kf MS., li»-lH), -JT-:!-, -'ivo manviletail.sof theatliiirat med riom the wite ot Leiva, who with a voinej ■hil. t. 1 e-calie, .\1 vai'iK hi. l/lsi. CiL, MS. IV 1 :<. cl.diiiiiiu tiie lidiior (]| haviiii; killed a larife imu IllljUSUy aecllse.s of Indians. Iio tiie i!c!i claii II, and. //;.s7. Cil., MS., '.)l>, .1. lei .s w ■•re i lefeated and .several wcium lys that 111 a second cani[iai.rii r.,ind I'. 1 lowed iiii of makes led. Jtolliero, .1/'/ .M.> 4; and in l/d.i/'-i' h'lii/;/. .^'r,^■>•, 4'M. anV'/v(/(v, Imrdiii, i. 17 I, give.s it of (i(iii/;ile; /. s canijiai'Mi, in w liic tiK ith hh h il d. e<' also meution of iuair w i'l. .See alscj J Juris' I ' Marron, /.'c •t date:! in M'/ni-i, L'.i/'Id,:, i. :\X>; Lt Ills own lam- In twei'U her o\i 11 and two t>f l'"itc!rs .servants w liicli reviah d tl diUi'. pii'iit, MS., S-1,"), colilirnis this, and says that the cook i ily wasoiio of those shot, his father, then alcalde, o[ipo>iiiLi tiie hiimmary )ii()ceedinj,'. iJaiisseiis, I'iiln, M.S., l.io-S, tells us it was llaniiilii's sc rvaiit who diviiJited the plot. Madiado. Tiiiii/ii'" /'ii''it(ln.<, MS., 17-1!', ^ays it was Mis i'itch'.i Indian i^irl that uave the alarm. (Isio, IH<>., MS.. ;{(i."i-7, speaks of .\ll. Macedoiii ;y pi L'cdii'L's. I'ico. II, ^t. <„L, MS., IvJ..'. se to iiiinly that this allair was of later tlite hv ."> or (i veiu'<. '.I' is: 11 1, pre, iratioiis for a urand es|veditioi y ':istro was to aid u itli 120 iiieii. Noresult:j Kuuwii. JJayes' JlLss. JJov/,;i. 'XIO; hi., Dur. JJi^t. I'ul. 1^ if Im 70 MISSION ANNALS AND INDIAN AFFAIRS, rrjioitod. Xotwitlistnndinn^ the fran'incntary nature • it'llK' recoils, it is evident that in all these years tlie fVoiiHer ranchos were cctutinually ravaged by Indians, and that there was no security tor either lit'o or prop- erty. The condition of this more than any other part of California rt'senihled that of the Apache frontier in Sonor'a and Chihuahua, though the loss of life was much less. The n)arauders were the gentile tribes of the mountains, reenforced by renegade neophytes, al- lied witli more distant Colorado tribes, and having al- ways a secret understandinsx with Indian servants on the ranchos. Foi'tunately, of the tive or six chieftains who connuandad the tribes of that region, one or two were wnevallv allied with the gente derazou and rcn- dered valualjle aid. Turning now to the northern fi'ontior, we find a dif- fident state of things. Here there was no semblance of A}>acho raids, no sacking of ranchos, no loss of civilized life, and little collusion between gentile and Chiistian natives. Tlie northern Indians were more numerous than in the San Diego reiifion, and many of the tribes were brave, warlike, and often hos- tile; but there was a comparatively strong force at Sonoma to keep them in check, and General Vallejo's Indian ])olicy must be regarded as excellent and eil'ect- ive when compared witii tiny other policy ever followed in California. True, his wealth, liis untrannnelled power, and other circumstances contributed mucli to his success; and he could by no means have done as well if placed in command at San Diego; yet he nmst be ac- credited besides with having managed wisely. Closely MS., 07; Dcpf.^t. Pfip.,An(ii'!,'x,'S\S.,v. 15. Trouhlos of .July-August Va- il, jo, Dor., M.^., vii. .•{!).'], 40.">; //a//rv' Jfl^s. Booh, i. '.VM\. Tiouhli'S of Oct. - Ncn'. a)ii);iri'iitlv (luito serious, ;iikI iuvolvinj,' much loss of pro[icrty. VitUcjo, J)",:, MS., viii'. l>J-.>, •_'.'!(); J/,iy(.<, Dor. His/. (V(/., JMI, <)!)- 101 ; J),/,f.Sf. Dap., .\)"j., MS., V. 77. lO'J; xir. 17. In Nov. .a roncjiiido S. Diegoiicojiliyte uaiucil ( 'liivii;!i))i(';uvil niidor tlie unnic of I'nilia with an apiioiiitiiu'iit a.i captain-gcii- cial of the S. Felipe rauclurias on the ( 'alifnrniii wdo of the I'olorailo, issued liy the^'ov. of Scnora. Jhj,/. S'. Da;'., MS., v. I7--0; /-/., .!/(;/., v. !»4-(;; .laiis- 8cns. Villa, MS., 14I5-51, {^ivcs niaay particulars of lilc ou the frontier runchoa iu those years. Ill s wero )n, and II hos- rco at k'jo's m«ct- owed idled to his s well JO ao osely list. r«- (jf Ocf.- V(ih!(jn, - tilitv. Doubtless the Indians were wronged oil en eiioun'h in individual cases by Vallejo's suboirlinate;; some <»!' Wiioni, and notably his brother Sal\ador, w ere with dilliculty controlled; but such I'eports have been "I'ealK' exan'iierated, and acts of roniised to avi-nge their wioiigs, and started April 1st with fifty soldiers and one hundred Indians besides the Cainaniero force. A battle was fought the 4th of .Vpi'il, and the (uiapos, who had taken a sti'ong position in the hills of the (iiyser regi(»ii, were routed and driven back to their rancheri'as, where most of tliiMii wei'e killed. The e.\- ]H'dition was back at Sonoma on the 7th, without Jiav- iiig lost a man killed or wounded.'^ On June 7th Vallejo cont.-luded a treaty of jieace and alliance with the chiefs of seven tribes — the Indians ol' Yol(»ytoy, Guilitoy, Ansactoy, Liguaytoy, .\clutoy, ■''^ Miiiili 28, 1S30. Vallejo's onln-.s for assi'iuMiiii; troops. Vullijo, Dor., Ms., iii. li)|. Apiil Sth, ivpovt (if tliocainiwijii. /•/., iii. l.K'i. S.ih.nlor Va Ucjo oiii.ii.uiiili'cl dill' (li\ i.sions of the I'oive. Ainil 'Jl-.t, ( oiii. I Irii. ( liitiorux. tli.'ii'ks l.iout. N'allcjoandliisiiiL'n foi-tluir;:.ill.iiitiy. /r/,,iii. i;),'{, April "Jlili, Liiiit \ iilli jo to com. ;;i'ii. Amiouiu ivs that Antonio ainl X'irtur Castro hail gone to Sill Jld.sa ill ilrlianct' of ordiis to gc t linli.uH for work on tin ir rauclio I'f S. I'alilii, takiuL; litsidi's sonio pi'oiii'rty, and Iniyin;; sunic chiMiiii fi'oni tin' eliii'fs. 'I'liii Indians oiniiijai.icd; the ( 'astros \M'ri' anestecl at S. ilafacl, and the chihhcu relcubud. Such uutiiiyus must be i)reveiitud. Iil., iii. 1 1-'. IPt^ 72 MISSIOX ANNALS AND INDIAN AFFAIRS. Clnini]»t<»y, uikI the (Juajios — wlio luid voliiiittirily ('(»i>U' to SoiKHua for tliaf |»iirj)os('. Tlie trcjity pi'o- vi'iod lliat there sliould 1)0 iVitMidsliip Ijctwroii the tril>es and tlio garrison, that the Caiiianirros a!if the 'tules,' and which jjfave the name to Yolu counh- hecanie trouhiesome, committinu,' nianv out- I'an'cs, and tiyiiiL,^ to arouse the Soto3'omes anain. The head chief of the tril>e, however, named ^loti, oifered to aid in his capture, which was I'ftected hy the coml'ined forces of tSolano and Salvador A'allejo. Zampav an'"•., M>^.. iv. -J.")!!, '.r.d. .lu'lyJlltli, Alv;ir,i(l-) tlmnks Snlviidor for Iiis fiilhiiit iicliii'M'iiu lit. /(/., \xxii. 11)4. Siilvailor X'iillojo, 3'i)''(.s', //(.■>/., MS., ''•7 -'•'■>, {jivt'^ii'iiiiy (li'tiiilsof tlu't'aminiiiin. Vallcjo, //;>/. I'dl.. MS., iii. '_';!0-S, '2 T'-U, tills u'( tliat. jii^t Ix'foro tills csiic litioii lie (iivriuii;'."il ;i idinpiiny of 44 ^'l;is^llll s iiiid Niip.is, {iriiii d iiiul i'i|iii|i]u(l likt- Mixic;,') .'dlilicis, \\ Inch Wiis ].i'.b iniili r tlic c iiiniiiiinl of Lieut Sali.is Firiiaiidcz aiiil .rivcii to Sojiuio as a ii dv-;,'iiard, liiiuli to Ins (kdi^lit. This v liter also icl.il's, /ee. I, ls;i7, with .sonic C'lsteni tiilies, i.s also refcrretl to in a letlur of ^\jiiil I, is.'is. Wi- lli Jo, Jh'-., MS., V. (i.'i. * I'dll'Jd. I>(ii\, M.S., V. '1\. The .sontonco is not /riviii. ."> y.'irs in tho e!i!iin-f;aiij^' for Tobias aiul death for his eoiiiiiaiiion were de'.nandctl hy I't'iui, the lisciil. Tho (iiiilucos were prulialily tlie natives of (iiiilitoy. ON THE SONOMA FRONTIER. ponio oftlio i^i'iitilc allied tril)os .'ittackcd the !M(kjiu']- uiniios, recovered a lew stolen li(»is(s, and la'()u;^lit tlMin to Sonoma, where a grand fea^st was held i'or a week to celei)rato their goocl deeds."'^ ]n August, oO Jiidian liorse-thi(iVes crossed the Sacramento and ap- iM and at Soscol with a band of tame liorses, their aim heiiiin-to stam|)ede thehoi'S(,'s at Sonoma. Thirty- iour were killed in a hattle witli N'allejo's men, and llif ri'st surrendered, the chief of tin- rohhers named Cumuehi heiiMjr shot at Sonoma foi- his climes.' () II O.luhcr Oth A^allejo issued a pi'inted circular, in which he announced that Solano had grossly ahuscd his jMiwer and tlie trust placed in him, and hroken sacred (■niii|iarls uiade with the IiKhan tribes by consenting ti) the sei/.ui'c and sale of children. VaHejo indig- uantlviK'nied the rumor that theses outra!>'es haoj'tauce of vaccinatioii, cKanliness, teinper- an(. f, and other preventive UK.'asures was urged upon ■'"'April I, 1S;!S. VitH'jo, Dor., MS., v. ('."i. Thu frit'inUy tril)cs woru tlio OcIk j:iiiiiK'< and Siconiii'.'s, nctiiiL; niuli r tlio trcnty >•( IV'O. iS.'iT. Tlio liorsc- stcaliiij,' liibi's \vi_ie Mociuoliiiiinc.'s, Se(iuiik, Figuoi lick, < 'liajiayjisck, ainl C'u- huiink. ■'Wuj,'. f?, IS.IS, cirnnlnr t.i auUinritios, Vo/hjo, /)<»■., y\S., \ . C24. Tii- rnuhi oijliffssid that tJK ro woro lar^o ili-ovcsi(ij(,, Arrfi., MS., -JOS; J),},/. ,S/. I',iik,Aii-i., MS., x. 'IW. In lii-< //(V. <\tl., MS., iii. .'!-_",t-.'fS, \ allrji) i\ji!aiiis that 'ot rtaiii )iors(iii.s' dosir- iii.,' to iiijuro liiiii liKiuglit sundry li.urci.s of lii|Ui'i- tn Susii.l, niado Sulaun and dtlRr cliiifs diiiiik, and thin inducod thoni ti) omisont To tin; t'a|itiiio of tho ohildroii, fihoul :!() of wlinni wire, sold south of tlio lia_\ . All wiro uoov- I'licl. and Solano aftor luMiii; sohcrod for a tiino in tlio raliliooso was viry )■ J.ilcnt. Monuoii alsi in ".I/ivovk/o, //;.s^ CuL. MS., i\. 'JKi-IT; Cni-riUu, Samah-r, .Nis., l-;j; Icn. nuiz, CuoOi di: Cul., MS., 90. ^ y il 71 MISSION ANNALS AND INDIAN Al I'AIUS. tlie ])ei)-4(), cNccpt that there arc va;4Ue alki- sions t'l an expedition aL;ainst the Sotoyomes; that duriuL;- an attempted revcjlt of the native iid'antry company in April 1840, many of tlie nund)er were killed in a light, and nine were subse(juently shot ; and that. i)erhaj»s one or two pai'ties wer'e sent out to aid dohn A. JSutter at his new establishment on th«) vSacrameiito.''* At Xueva J[elvecia del Sacranu'nto, Sutter found the Indians somewhat hostiK', and was ol>ligi'd several times to attack them; but he adopted at the iii'st a wise, liberal, and caieful policy, lie made treaties of alliance with the stiongest hands. ]le aide(l the gentiles anainst the Chiislian indiinis of San Jose, who sometimes came to steal woin(.'n and connnit other outiages, and alforded some j)rotection indiiectly to the Indian lK)rse-thieves who respected his animals, lie tlieivfore had no troubles of suili- cient impoitance to be specilied iiere."^ South of the bay Indian horse-thieves — neojtliyto fugitixc-^, as well as many still living at the missions, iK'ing in league with u'entiles of the San Joaciuin and •■■''M;iv IS, 23, 24. 1S3S, Vallcjo to tmtlioiitLes. Dc/^t. Sf. Paj>., MS., iv. '20.--(J; /,/., .1,/;/., xi. to;!; S. ./iisr, Arrli., ^!S., V. ;!4; .]fo}i(. An/i., MS., vii. 7U; ,V. Ijii'i/o, Air/i., MS., \'M, -JO.'; \'itl!- ii. I -JO. ,;|liiish- S;KM';)int'iit() \nl1('ys, and flic l.itlcT hvlw^ oncoura^'cd jni'l aidi'd l>y ton'igii vaL^ahoiids — were always Uiisy and >ii-ros,s['iiI. Complaints were fVo(juent, and raids of vt■ll^•eallco 1)y citi/eiis were cM]iially so, the reL^imi dt" San Jose IxMiij^ tlie centre of operations on holli hid(>.''' Paloniares, Amador, and CJarei'a, old Tndiaii- ll'j,liteis, narrate many horrible details of the expeili- tioii- of these years, in whieli they took })art, showing' that the enlprits when captured were often treated \\]\]\ li.ii Iiaions cruelty.** En July IHJIH the Indiai>s Mciit so far as to sack the I'anchos of Pacheco and Saiicht/ near San Juan ]jautisi.a, killing* one white man. onti'aninij: several women, hurnin-jf the Ijuildinu's, and (L.^troyiu!,' all they could lay their hands on.'" I n I S;]!) matters becauic worse, so far as thefts wore coiiceiMied.'"^ After long pi'Oparations and much cor- resj)onde!HH', Colonel Castro sent a lai'ge force under eaptaiiis jhielna and l']strada against the depi'edators in dime. The exoeditiou was to the region oi" Kings ]Ii\cr; hut we know no other result than that Es- trada brought in seventy-se-ven prisoners, chielly women and children."'' In July a party called Yoz- culos attacked the neoijhytes guarding the wheat- •" Aii.u'. -1, ls;j(), cfviiijilaiiit.s ti> jiyuiit. of S. Joatf. DepL St. Pup., MS., iv. 12'2— 1. -Miiy IN.SS, tlu' Mo(jiichiiimo chiifs, Siiiato, Nilo, tiud ('rispci, as liorsL'-tbiivi's. Vidlfjo. Dn-., ,MS., xxxii. i;U. July, N'ozcolo, Drogo, jiinl otliur Cliristiaus of thu iiiiu;iu).s voiiiuuttiiix gie^it ouliago's. Id., xxxii. IKi. Aug. 1st, outra,'La loiitiiiuc, iiKlnilini,' imii-clci- ami hui-iiiiirj, as well as tin ft. 7(7., V. I'J'J. All;;. l(ith, Aiiiintisiu, tlio .MtKnu'liiimic chief, captiiivd and .shot, haviiiu' attackcil a niiuho and killL'd ono pirson. A/. I''(p., .i/(.<>., .MS., x. .">. Sr]it. l!)th, I'asti'o oil tho iii:ii'ch with •_'."> men to check Ind. a,<;;;rc:i.sion!j. lallijo, l>ni\, Ms., V. 177. Oct. lltli, cxpud. of SO men .sent from S. JosO. /./., V. •JOI. Oct. -J'Jd, tho expedition hnm^dit hack 7S hor.ses. /,/., v. •Jll. '■'.1 ;»'('/(»;■, Miiiiorlis, M.S., •_M)-41; I'aloitiuici, Mctnvriit^, MS., l;t-I7; O'arriii, ll'i/wi, M.S., 74-Sl. <■■"' \iilliJo. Dor., MS., V. 1UM7, 1-20; /-/., //,V. Cnl, iii. :{7S-.S0; Ihirl.ull, Nan-a'irn, MS.,."). Sanciie/.'.-i rancho had ;dsi) lieen attacked in March ls;!7, and two Indians killed. The lillemen at Monterey insisted on receiving ^ij each liefn;e iinr.snin:.' the Indian.^. ''"' I'eh. "Jlth, alc;,ldc of S. Jose to gov. llaa f,dv(>n instructions to exter- minate all nialo tiiieves from 10 years \\\i, and to eaptnre all wonn n and chil- dicn. ]>y the foe, Iiad three men kiHed, was wounded, as Were six of his men, anil h)st many of his \v.a|>- ons.*'' This (hsaster caused inneh exeiteineiit and alarm. The Indians heeame holder than ever, lhou<^h early in IS-IO a sneeessl'ul warfare seems to have heen wa^ed aj^ainst tlu-m in different directions.'" Suhse- • jiieiitly a I'e^nlar |)ati'ol was estahlished hetween San Jose and San .luan for the protection of the ranches. TUv lecoids are vanue and I'raninentary ; hut the in- dications are that depredati(jns continued unahatetl throu'jj'hout 1M4().'' Fai'ther south trouhles were chiefly with Indians from ahroad, the Chaijuanosos from the Xew Me\i- '■■''.SV. />,i]>., .l/;.sw.. MS., ix. {■,{)-]: rr^/A/Vs />.-.'., MS., viii. J. 11. Aii,v'. 21st, a i)aity of 7"> nun ictnrntd to S. .loso iVoiu llm |Hirsuit "i II runaways, of wlioin "J were killiil. 'I'lic .M(M|nc>!unin<'S .said tu liavc kilKil ilnir ta|>- tains, mIiii wcit' tiiiinlly. /, />,„:, MS., .\xv. -.mi; viii. :i(IS, ;{7:!. ;17,-,. :!SJ, .",04-,".; S. Jo.o', ArrI,., .MS., i. 4;{ Ki; ]>'/■/. 1,'ir., MS., x. 17; J>,/,l. ,sV. /',//,., .1/,,,//.. MS., iv. l!l; /Jij.t. St. J'aji., MS., iv. •JSCi. Oik; oI' tin' woniidcd iiicn, I »i'sid( rio r.iicinis, wa.s left Imt nut aiiiiarcntly caiitimd. ]!(.• was fniiiid seven das s later liy a Jiaity under l''iau!i), liis report heiai; ilated bWj. 7tli, and Marsli with other Aniei r.ri. ine.s was Killed uu (I tl leans i-enilerin.,' ^alual)le serviee, le (.'erru .Ian. (itii, I'eii do llolhonos wliilc trying to recover hi.s horses from the Indians. Vallijn, Dm'., ^IS., ix. ■_>!» '' .April I.S4l>, gov. alarmed. Ai'ms j.ureliaseil. Ildiiiiliitit I'olimr.tltin, ii. !ii). .May Kilh, an e.xped. of "J.") soMiers and 1(H) Ind. to start on l!i;li troiii MS., ix. 111!). .Iidy, payments for service and fi .!( rail- 10, JJo mianition used in the Tulares. J>r/it. ,S7. /'«/<., /It ,1 Tl MS. iv. ."!.■> (i. July 4tii. patrol from S. .luan to S. .Jose, with instnutions to (jtli- Duil. Sf. P: MS., V. 11; /(/., Moid., iii. S.-.-!l(»; .luly ISth, •very owner of '1 horses must furnish one fur tlieexpi'ditiou. Sin ( 'r>iz, Arch., MS., 1. Aug. 4th l."(lh, ('apt. Antonio liuelna with a foreo of eiti/elis made an un- uueeessful rr.id to the two rivers. S. ./o.v. AiyIi., MS., iii. .'il). Oct. '.Mst, an armed foree of friendly Indians to start op the "J.'itli. Vdll'ji', Doc, MS., ix. tiS7. Nov. I Itli, the v.>xpe(lition .sueeeedec' in killing 4 notorious Iiorse-thieves. Iil.,\\. .'JO!). Nov., auxiliary forei' organized agr.inst Ind. to Ije disliauded. S. Josr, Ai-r/i., MS., iii. I(t;{; /j,/,l. AVr.. MS., xi. •J7. Dee. -J'Jtli, aa lad. foree may be orgaaized, and a gratuity paid. JMjit. Jtec, MS., xi. r>4-5. Tin: CILV I'ANOSO^!. 77 )llt Aug. l\v;iys, ^'ui 11. MS. can i'("4i'>iis."'- Tlicir opciat ions Iiaidly Ixlon^' |(t tlu; topic nf I iidiaii airaii's n\ jill. I'lu-y wcrr osli'iisiMy tiadt'i"^. uiir any kind of piolitaMc advcntiii'*' or s|tf(U- latJoM.aMd I'lndcrcd s(,'j'\ic(.' on several orcasions to 1 lie alia jenos, I»oth ai^ainst tin- noi'tlicrn I'orccs and Ims- til.' Indians; l)ut tlicy all<»\VL'(l iiotliiii'4 to intci'lorf 1 iii'4' "V st'riously with tlu'ir i-c^-nlai" Itusincss of steal iii'4 liofscs, in the |)io>('c'ution of wliidi tlicy finpioycd liolli '^•entiles and lu'opliytcs. 'J'licir ^Tcatcst cKploit, and indeed the only dearly dofini'd one durini; this jiiiiod, was tlic stealin'4' of twrlvo linndi'ed horses iv San Luis ( )his|to in April 1S40."'' Ancil'ort vas m.ide at lios Ane'(les to pursue the culprits. Se\-eral parties were sent out, and one of theiu seems to Inive coMie in si^ht of th(^ I'oe retiriuL;' deliherately and in- dependently with the stolen animals: hut the pursu- ( rs thouu'ht it inipi'udent to lisk a couilict, espt-cially wlien they saw that aiuoULJ the ( "hai^uauosos thei'(! wei'e more Auieiicans than Indians.'* Kai'ly in ls:;7 there had also heen a raid on the hoi'ses of San Fer- nand<», in defeiidiuL;' which, unsuecessfully, two Ind- i HIS were hilled. In this case also niiinv ii'entu do .Ims.s I'a/oli Were reliol I' ■\rd iiuionLT the ruKlers. a tlio liltlo ■t.'ll[10 "//, n. 1 lind no record of extraordinai'V drou'dit or flood. ol' ot tlier iiotieeahle peculiarities ol any scison ni ls;{(!- •III, I'xcept that the winter of 183H-!) seems to have heen wet in the south.'" All earthquake was felt at •■A|ii);irpiitly tho Sliawnccs. Ciillcil (^luiLjiiaiios in the Sn 4, Is.") I. 'I'lii; iiiill >ft('U written Clialiuan il tlu'y liar, .\pril \vi.: SKnu'tiiiies siHik( II iif as natives of ( 'liiiiualuia. Mufras c.iUs tin iii Seliauiiuiios J><'/,t. Sf. /' ip. A, .'/' MS. /v.;/'. i/Jii~.;l., vi. (Ill 70: J)r/,f. /, IV. ;-2, 8S: / eDiniiiit iZieati timies. .May 1S40, niinierous netails of tlic pursuit. ])<]il. Si. I'a/i., Amj., MS. IV. ss !)•' !)7 100. an. .) ."), IS.n:. J)<'/>t. St. Pap., A)i:i., MS., ii. !)7-S. St. PiijK, .Ui.sH., MS., viii. 4; ix. 'Mi. Many .slieep petislieil from S. I>lei'o tu I'luisi nia. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I IIIM IIIII15 - m 1111122 12.0 m 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 ■• 6" ► V] e /}. o ei. '3

., Mont., MS., iv. 43; Stu B. A)-ch., MS., 21. CHAPTER III. com:sierce, finance, and maritime affairs. 183G-1840. General Remarks— Statistics of Trade— Nkw Mexican Traders — Otter Skins— Smpgoling — Ciiico's Banco — Action of Caufokma CoNiiUESs— Vessels of 1830 — Regulations — Hawaiian Traue — Cat- tle Driven to Oregon isy Young — Edward's Diary — Vallejo\s ]'lans— Fleet and Revenues of 1837 — Carrillo's Decree — Vessicls and Statistics of 1838 — Otter-hunting — Captain Bancroft Killed nv Indians— Silver for Duties — Coasting Tradk to be Pkoiiibited- Vessels of 1839 — Alvarado's Policy — Stearns as a Smcgglee — Fleet of 1840 — Officers of Custom-house andComisaria — Financial Administration — Distribution of Revenues — Alphabetical List of Vessels, 1836-40. General remarks on commerce and maritime affairs for the years 18;31-5' will for the most part apply 0(|ually well to the present half-decade, there being no radical changes either in system and methods, or in the amount of commercial transactions. On an aver- age, twenty-seven vessels were on the coast each year ; of which number seven were whalers, men-of-war, and other miscellaneous craft; so that the trading fleet ]ir()[)er consisted of twenty vessels, new arrivals being reduced to sixteen by the fact that four on an average I'cMiuired two years for the round vovaue. All the vessels, without distinction sufficiently marked to re- ([uirc notice, brought to California mixed cargoes of such articles from all parts of the world, cloths, dry goods, iniplements, hardware, groceries, as were re- quired for consumption in the country. So far as such ' See chap. xiii. of vol. iii. m im ilvl 80 COMMERCE, FINANCE, AND MARrn:\IE AFFAIllS. an average can bo made, of tlie twoi.ty vessels four M'ero I3ost(jn .ships wliicli took away hides and horns; six loaded with liidos, furs, and horses for the Plawal- ian Islands, much of the cari^oes, except the hoi-ses, l)eiuL'" reex})ortcd from Honolulu; tliree came from Soulli America and carried away chiefly tallow; tln*ee weie national vessels, taking tallow and miscellaneous ])roduce to ^Mexican ports; two were vessels of tlio Itussian American Company, taking grain and other agricultural products to Sitka; and two carried similar products to the Columbia River, being more or less directl}^ connected with the Hudson's Bay Company. For tlie tliree years for which alone records are ex- tant, the average of total revenue from duties was 670,000; but the figures for 1837-8 if known would probably reduce that average below Ji?''0,000. Duties amounting generally to 100 percent, tlie same amount may be regarded as that of the regular importations; but it would have to be doubled at least to include smuggling operations. Exports could not of course vary much in value at California prices from imports. For three years the average amount of produce taken from San Francisco was 683,000; and the average an- nual ex})ort from California to Honolulu for five years was 6J:<>,000. Sir James Douglas of the Hudson's ]>ay C(mipany, who visited the country early in 1841, and who had before enjoyed good opportunities for mak- ing himself acquainted with California trade, estimated the annual exports at 6241,000, the largest item being 670,000 in hides.'* American settlers on the Columbia River purchased, as we shall see, some cattle, which were driven north- ward overland. Traders from New jNIcxIco still came in caravans with woollen goods to purchase such horses and mules as could not more conveniently be stolen; but there Is little of detail in the records save what ^ DoiKihs' Jotiriinl, MS., S7-8. More of this important narrative later. Tlie estimate was: for S. I'eilro, ^lOO.OOO; S. F.. .SSO.OOO; Sta IVirbara, .S2.>,- 000; Monterey, §20,000; S. Diego, §10,000; S. Luis Obispo and i'urisima, §0,000. TRAITERS AND S^iIUGGLEIlS. 81 jsovi's 1841, r iiiak- matcd being \fo later. Iva, §-.">,• lurisiiiui, lias 1)0011 already said rcspectiiifr the cxi)loits of the ChuL,'uano.sos.'^ The Hudson's Bay Company had a r(iini)any of trappers each year in the Sacramento and Sau Joaquin valleys, apparently with some show of authority from California; and free trappers in small ]>;irtios still ranged those valleys, usually in league with Jiidian and Xew Mexican horse-thieves, hut respect- iii<4' wlio.se movements nothing definite can be known. All that pertains to otter-hunting on the coast is also shrouded in mystery so far as details are concerned. We know only that Sparks with some half-dozen hunters was constantly at work under hcense on the lower coast and islands; that one or two trips for contraband hunting were made by foreign vessels with Indian hunters from the north; that all traders were glad to obtain otter skins legally or otherwise; and that few cargoes loft the coast which did not contain i> pai'Icago of valuable furs. In smuggling operations I sliall have nothing to record of a very scandalous nature, though such operations were carried on per- haps nr)re extensively than ever. So large a portion of the inhabitants, native and foreign, of all classes were engaged in contraband trade, that there was slight risk of detection. Customs ofHcers wore the only ones who were at all dishonored by smuggling. iJotli the traders and native Californians in thoir nar- ratives I'olate their adventures of this kind with pride rather than with shame. The favorite method was still a transfer of cargo at sea or from some secure hiding-place on coast or islands, after tlie least valuable jinrt of the cargo had passed inspection by the revenue oliicers. .The Sandwich Island vessels still took tlio ' Soo chap. ii. of this vol. Fol). 10, 18.38, Gov. Carrillo iierniits a party trade south of S. Fernando, ]>n of Xtv .Mexican )t farclier n Jh'l.t. Si. /'lip., Avij., MS., xi. 101; Jfo/ikhis' Traii.'i'C. lM!!l a party of 75 nioii arrived under J. A. Salaaar, retuniini,' to Santa Fi' in .\jiril. The authorities to:)k many precautions at the time of their de- pai tuie, evidently .sn-specting th.cni of a design to get away with a dr>>ve of stolen horses. Jkpt. St. Pap., An;/., MS., iv. ."w-T, SI; v. "107, 11.1; I'L, S. J'l'-"'; V. 71; J)cpf, Roc, MS., xi. ">; .T, Vhin, MS., Kil-'J. The opera- tions (if these Xew Mexican 'traders' are described in the Hoiiolitln S. I. UuZitU; Hee. '_', lS;i7. Hist. Cal., Vol, IV. C T 82 CO^IMERCE, FINAXCE, AND MARITIME AFFAIRS. lead in tliis branch of commercial influstrv; the Boston ships t;itlior did not smuggle or proceeded more cau- tiously.* One of Cliico's first acts was to issue, on jNTay 11, 183(), a bando intended to change radically the metli- ods of trade. The country's greatest evil commer- cially, according to Chico's ideas, was a monopoly of trade by foreigners; and he proposed to protect the interests of national merchants. His decree, there- fore, forbade all retail trade on board of foreign ves- sels, which must in future land their cargoes at j\I<»nterey, and subsequently sell their goods at that and other ports on sliore only, and at wholesale.^ For vessels already on the coast these regulations were to take effect only after six niontlis, much longer than Chico's destined term of office ; and it does not ''Davis, Glimpses, MS., ?>2, 130-9, gives a good account of smuggling in which ho, as a cleric of Nathan Spear, was often engaged like all the re.st. Osio, Jli/'f. Cal., M.S., 10j-(J, who was in charge of the custom-house, says lie had to shut his eyes to many frauds out of pity and unwillingness to ruin the mcrcliants. Many smuggled out of puie fondness for contraband trade, and in order to boast of tlieir shrewdness. Cnpt. Hinckley writes, Feb. 13, lS;{(i, to Natliau Spear, 'I have made out the invoice witli all the marks so that you will be able to snuitrgle considerable.' S/xnr'.-i Pa/xr-i, MS. Alvarado, Jlist. Cal., MS., iii. Kj.")-!!; Vallcjo, Jli^f. Cid., MS., iii. 194; iv. 0-7, and many others admit that everybody was engaged in smuggling, and argue that it was best for the country. *May 11, 183G, Chico's bando on trade. Earliest Print.; Depf. St. Pap., Mont., MS., iii. TjT-S; Pinto, JJoc, MS., i. IS."), etc. See also chap, xv., vol. iii. of this work. The decree is substantially as follows: 1. Retail trade on bo.ird of foreign ships is absolutely proluliitod in all the ports and roadsteads of this Cal. 'J. I'jVery foreign ship immediately on arrival at Monterey will land its cargo in accordance with the laws. II. No foreign ship may open a store on board while trading in the territory. 4. Wholesale trade is per- mitteil to foreign ships, and will bo protected according to national and in- ternational laws. 5. ly wholesale trade is unilerstood tliat in the parcels, bales, packages, barrels, etc., as named in the permit of this customdiousi', with spcciliciition of lit of engaging freely in the coastini»; trade as before, but reduced the rates of duties to forty per cent of the cui'ric. !>, ]S3il, (k'crco of the const, coiil'. Ca-^lni, Jfirritoif, no. 0; J)' /it. S/. PaiK, Aiiij., MS., X. 18; Vn/lcjo, t)0'\, :MS., xxxii. :^\\. 1. For the invo- ciit, and until the state treasury system can lie ri'Lrnlateil, articles coniiii'^ (li'.c.'tly from foreign poi-ts will pay only 40 per cent on tiio manifests as pi'? ^'ciural tarilFin force. 2. The coasting trade, i.^nilii i/ luilin/nijr, U pennittcd as licforc to foreign vessels. .3. They will pay tonnau'c dues at S reals per ton. 4. In order to trade on the coast they niu.st olitaiu from the f,'ovt nf tho stati" a jvtssport, to )ic shown to local antlitirities. o. 'I'iinse auth. will nut porniit such trade except on presentation of passports, ^^•llich they will couii- tcrsiLju. fi. 'J'o 1)0 puMislicd. ohcyed, etc. ^ ^Alvnrado, ]li'iehi<, L'usa, Surah and Caroline, aiul Si/ka. Total ex- ]«irts to llonolnln, .S7;{,iW0. Jort Com. Relalionti, i. 540, .S4th coiil;. J sess., Sen. Ex. Doc, 107. Total recuipts of custom-house, fiscal year IJ',,."- 0, !?.>0,741. Dept. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., Ixxxi. 4."); or 8^4,04!). Ma-'-,, 2lcni. Ilariendu, 18.'17, annex. 2, 1st scries. Of wliioli sum al)out .S.")O,i>0;) li'jlon','3 to 18:J(). ])ept. St. Pap., Ben. Com. and Treat., MS., v. '2. Total of luc'L'iiits ivcorded for (lillercnt vessels as per list, $41,r)ljl). "H'Vl). 17tli, Mexican decree, in Sup. Govt St. Pup., MS., xii. .'5-4; xiii. .?; Pinarf, Col., print, no. 474: Arrilbuja, Bccop., IS.'i/, p. S.l-l'JO, 144-'.t:], 24li C4, L!7--">, o7!>-ij0, uicludiuy much other matter on Mexican commercial rcyu- WILLAMETTE CATTLE COMPANY. 85 next o\vlii,!4' to existing political complications; nor do I liiid evidence of any variation in 1837 from tlio reflations of the procedinj]^ December. Respectin;^ the general prospects, a llonolulu paper expressed some rather gloomy fc^rebodings. "The state of busi- iiL'ss on the coast of California is so far from being favoiable to the interests of maritime and connnercial (.iiterprise, that it begins to savor most decidedly of tlie real seasoning of positive ill luck. Business is (ha"""inii: heavilv, while governmental affairs are mel- juulioly," Avrites the editor; but the Hawaiians were disappointed that California had resumed her Mexican allegiance.^^ An interesting topic of this year's annals, and one that may as appropriately be mentioned here as else- ■\vhere, since it includes both a trade and a voyage, ^vas the obtaining of a drove of California cattle for the American missionary establishment in Oregon, and for other settlors in the Willamette Valley. The Wilhunette Cattle Company was formed, and in Jan- uary a [)artyof at least six (.een men*' started in canoes down the river. Ewing Young the tra})per, formerly of California, was the active chief, while Philip L. Edwards, in later years a well known law^^erand poli- tician of Sacramento, was a kind of financial agent. Edwards kept a diary, a part of which in manuscript is before me, and is chiefly the source of my informa- ti(»n.*^ The party sailed from the Columbia River February lOtli on the Loriot, the Lhtma, at the same time bringing to California James Birnie, whose busl- ne8s was also to purchase cattle for the Hudson's Bay Company. Most of the party landed at Bodega on liitions, of this and later ilatca in 1837; Pnc/o, /itHtov, 204; Mexico, Mem. Hunt I. da, 1S3S, \^i i. p. 7; Dive. Univ., viii. 'JG. ^^Ilonolula S. I. Gnr.ft.tc, Nov. IS, 18:57. '-Tlic following 10 are named first and last in thediiiry; Phil. L. F,ihv;iri!s, lOwii];^' Young. Liuvrenco Carniiehacl, Henry ^\'(l()d, P.. \\'illianis, llaiu'lmrsS (ll.iukhurst), Piiiley, Erque (Eroquotte), Desp.au, (.iay, O'Niel, Turnci-, 'i'lli- betts, Moore, Camp, and Pot. '•' Ivhvanls' diary of a journey from Oregon to Cal., 18.^7. The mi*sin,!2 p'lvtion is the least important. Tiie author eamc hack to I 'al. in ISM, and diuu in ISiJD. This diary was funiislied by the author's dauyhtur. m 86 COMMERCE, FIXANCE, AND MARITIME AFFAIRS. tlic 27tli; Imt tlie Loviot went mi to ^roiitcivy, Ed- WiU'ds stoj)])iiiL;" at Sail Frant'i.sco, and YdUiin' i;'"ii!L;' on to Santa iJiiihara. J)uriii,i^' !Marcli, April, and May, Edwards visited tlio region of San llal'aol, and niadu the trip by land from Alontcroy to San Francisco. lie met several of the foi'ci,i(n residents,'* and liis recorded observations are accurate and interesting*, though l)rief and [)rescnting no features rcHjuiriiiL;' special notice here. At iirst Valltjo had rc^'arded unfavorably, and Alvarado had rejected, the proposi- tions of Young and Birnie to purchase cattle,^'^ and there is no evidence that the determination wa-; changed in Birnie's case; but Young, by })ersoiial solicitation, succeeded in gaininiic the consent of botli governor and general, and ho purchased from tlie government over seven hundred cattle, at three dol- lars each, to be d(,>livere(l at San Francisco and San Jose missions. The wildest cattle are said to have boon selected by the administrators; the time from June 1st to July 20th was employed in the task of collecting and driving the refractory animals to the bank of the San Joacjuin. To get the drove across the river was a still more formidable undertakins'-, tlie perplexing, and to all but the drivers amusing, dilli- culties of which are gra])hically described by Edwards. The fording of the Jesus Maria, or Sacramento, on '^ Those uameil are Leese, IMarsh, Black, Spence — at wliosc house he w as entertained at Monterey — Dye, Livorniore, Guhiae, and Forbes. Xorth df tlie hay he visited Coopers Mill, Reada raiicho, and Martiir.s ranclio, lieiii'.;' r.lso entertained by I'adre Quijas, ubowas very free with his wine. Mann 4t]i, l!iohards(in writes of arrival of Youns, and his trip to the south. Jle Irtt eight Americans and three Ind. at Cooper's rancho. Vallcju, JJoc, !MS. xxxii. 70. ■'Mareli IS, IS'.il, V. to A. He does not give his opinion decidedly, hat suggests .some objections as well ;!s advantages, fearing a pussil)le rivalry from t!ie nortli in the stock-r.'.iwing industry. If the petition be granted, the sales should be on govt account, .aud great precautions nnist be taken to prevent abuses. V(tH('jo, JJoc, MS., iv. 8.S. May .'W, A. to V., ilcclining to consent. /(/., iv. 2;i(J. Jan. lOth, ilcLoughlin at Vancouver to ValU ju, in reference to jouie complaints against Dirnie in his past tnuisactiims in sailing beef. /(/.. V. IS. Feb. "J-'ith, v. to A. Expects a party of men scut by tlie govt of the Columbia to purch ise cattle (for .slaughter?), as permitted in 1S34. Id., iv. 7.''. Marsh, Lcl/"/-, MS., l(j-lS, gives some information about the trailicand travel between Oregon and Cal, in 1S37— 12. The subject is also mentioned by i'helps, Fore ujiU Aj't, 471. CATTLE FOR OREGON. 87 August JJOtli was more easily accoiiijilishcd. The ooiii- iiMiiy cMitiTcMl the inouiitaiiis on thu trail of LalVam- lioisc and his ti'ai)i)er.s. There is nothing' in the diary to indicate the route followed; and Shasta A'^alley, leached on October 14th, is the only name a|)i)lied to anv locality. The journey was one of exti'aordinaiT hardships. ^lountain succeeded mountain apparently without end, each higher and steejierthan tlh.one l)e- tme; until horses and cattle wei-e wellnigh exiiausted and the men utterly ..te. In August of this year Vallcjo addressed to Alva- rado a communication on connnercial reforms, which was printed in book form after being extensively cir- culated in manuscript.^' His plan was to prohibit all ^^ Li'C and Fro>'f, Ten Yvars in Oirrjoii, 145-fl. It is snid tliat tlioy liou'^ht 8D;) ciittlo at $:i pur licad, and 40 horses at S12- in all .'!:_', IS!) (?). Tiiu linisos wx'vc Kold in Oi'ogon, and the cattle were found to lia\x;cost ST.dT oaeli, tlie iiiisaioii receiving as its shai'c over SO head. See also ,S/uriiin'ti I'tj/urt, 'AS- !); I17//.c's' Xnn:, iv. 384; Erun^' Hut. Or., MS., -JI'.'-LS. " I'allijdy E.tyotirion que hdrccl. Cumninlnti/r Uciit ml dclii AUtt. ('(d'lUirii'ri, (il Odbcrnador (la 1(1, mi'Oiia, JSJ7. (Sonoma, 1S.'37.) lOnio, -Jl p. A laiv .-.[irci- lueu of eaily Calif omiau priming, though tho work is not so well done as 88 COMMi:nCE, FINANCE, AND MARITIME AFFAIRS. coastini]^ trade l)y fonn'i^'n vossela, and to traiislVv tlio custoin-liouso from Monterey to San Franeiseo. In defence of the iirst, he adduced the well known prac- tice f)n the part of traders of prescntinj^ themselves at Monterey witli a few dieap articles for ins|)e('tion, afterward takinij on board from secure hidini;-places the valual)Ic part of the cargo, to bo sold at other ports. Thus the revenue was grossly defrauded, leav- ing the goverinnent without funds. By the change proposed not only would snuiggling cease and the rev- enues be augmented, but Californians would bo encour- aijed to become the owners of coasting vessels or to build up a system of inland connnunication by mule- trains. An attempt was made later, as we shall sec, to carry this part of the plan into effect. The trans- fer of the custom-house was advocated on the ground of San Francisco's natural advantages, the number and wealth of tlio establishments tributary to the bay, and the importance of building up the northern fron- tier as a matter of foreign policy. Vallejo's views were for the most part sound, even if his motives were not quite disinterested;^'* but naturally the schemo met with no favor at IMontercy, either from the citi- zens or governor. The fleet of 1837 numb red thirty-seven vessels, of which about a dozen were of the past j^ear's list.^^ some other books of the period. The original MS. is in Vallcjo, Dor., MS., xxxii. IDS; niul it is also foiinil in JJcjit. St. J'ap., S. Josr, MS,, v. 107-1 '^, iu the form of on address to the aynnt. of S. Jose. The printed docir.ucnt is dated Aiii;. 17th, and the MS. Aug. :24th. It is also given in VulUjo, Hid. CuL, M.S.. ill. 84'J-.'^7. '"^lofras, K.cplor., i. 40S. declares that Vallejo's motive was rc.dly adesiro to haiidlo the revfuiies, and that Alvara erraiitl; while twenty-five made \^\^ the tr;idiii_i^ ileet jiroper. There is an almost total lack of tlata rcspectini,^ cargoes and duties, but I su[)[)oso the lat- \>-v were considerahlv less than in 183G. Of mutters connected with the visits of tho Lorlot and fJaina, 1 lia\-e already spf)ken. The voyages of ilie I'^'/Uglish and rrencli explorers Belcher and Petit-Tii' uars, V, ith the pul)lished narratives of those voyages, will demand attention in another chapter; respecting other vissels of the year, there is no informatio;: extant be- yond what T give in the list for 1830-40. 'fjie commercial annals of 1838 present in respect oi regulations nothing more important than tluj de- cree of January 3d, by which Carlos Carrillo at- teui]>ted to browbeat the arribeilos by closing the port of ^Monterey and establishing the custom-house at ►San Diego — a decree which of course had no eliect.^*^ I'hcre were twenty-two vessels in the list of 1838, f)f v.liich thirteen a])peared in that of the preceding year,'-' Neither whalers nor men-of-war came to the fallows: lliilcs, 11,028; horns, 12,484; tullow, 11, T."! arrobas; wheat, o.OOO iiir. ; (Irifil ))(.uf, D'i.") arr. ; flour, 522 arr. ; Inrtl, 514 arr. ; potatoes, 8.10 arr.; )>;iiiii'kinsi, 400 arr.; wool, 448 arr.; corn, 11)8 arr.; barley, 35 arr.; beans, )l ,irr.; meat, IO^IIjs; beeves, 50; sheep, 100; deer-skins, 270; beuver-skino, 71 arrobas. l'"rom I'/injifs J'cport wo learn that the imports from Cal. into Jloiidlulu were !?4!t,50() for tlio year. ^".lan. ;?, 1838, L'arrillo's proclamation. .S*. Dk'i/o. Arch., MS., 103. See also chap, xix., vfil. iii. of this work. !May 1st, Mexican custom-house regu- latiiiii:~, luimin;,' ^lontcrey as an open port, and the otiier two as /<«('/'/o.s' j'c, MS., M- 1. Total amount of produce taken away from S. F. this year, .^81,700 or t^tiG.GiJO, uccoi ding to two versions of liiehardsou'ii report; total tonnage, 3,910 I- 00 CO.MMERGE, FIXAXCE, AND MAPJTIME AFFAIRS. const, Ko far dliforiiiiiu hiik's wore rcceivcil nt lIoiwUilii and rouxpoi'toil. JjiiiioIiiIk /Idwuiidn Spi'clatuf, i. '_'. Totiil of exports to lloiiolulu, §lil,'JOO. Fia iiurcciit iusihcr; oiiSo.Oi);) I . slJ,()ill), M pur ouiit; uii.l over Sl-J,(IOO, Xi ])er eciit. When tlio jiart to l.o 1 .liil i.i silvei' was over §(i,()0(), it liiij^ht lie paid in throe iiist;dineiii <. Osio, Jli'l. Citl., Ms., 402-4, iiieiitioiis this aetioii, hut gives tlu^ .sealo iiieofree! ly. Siiiiie iiii.seellaiieous items of the year; Jan. ;U.st, Osio to Alvarado. l'iini;.;ii eil'cet i pidliiliited liy law, hut the adniissinn nf \\ iiioh is renuii'id iiy iiei'e. sity, v.illi'r.y a li\ed duty i:f not less than 40 percent. I 'i jit. St. I'(ij>., inn. C.iJ.- II., .Ms., V. -1. Tonnage paid, s?J.l- per ton, .Mexican nieusiuenient, always 02 COMMERCE, FIXAXCE, AND MArjTIME AFFAIRS. I note a few general items of the year as follows: In May Valkjo urged upon the Mexican goveniniLMit the expediency of admitting free of duties for ten years the cargoes of such vessels as should toucii at San Francisco only, with a view to build up Sonoma and tlie northern frontier.^' In the same month John Temple at Los Angeles wrote to Larkin: "Business is almost at a complete stand. I have not done half as much as I did last year by this time"'^* — yet busi- ness men have been known to complain of dull times without nmch cause. Foi'bes published extracts from various letters relating in a general way to commerce on the coast, and incidentally to California.'^'' In Au- gust Larkin issued a circular address to whalers, setting forth the advantages of Monterey as a station for ves- sels visiting the north-west coast.^" In August also Juan Bandini came to the front with a proposition to revive the failing {prosperity of the country by prohib- iting the introduction of foreign liquors and winos."^ The settlers north of the bay announced in print that they would no longer trade with foreign vessels un- less the latter would take all kinds of produce in ex- chanu'e for o:oods.^^ The traders often took articles did not want for their own cargoes, to be ex- with others in a different line. All would Oslo to Cucrra. The evil <>( th chano'cd 22a, in coin. Philo, Doc, MS., i. 214. July vcs.scls entoiiiig other ports licfore coming to Monterey must l)c stopped forced t.j enter, n guard niu.st lie put on bnanl, and receive !?.")!) for lii:s ser- vices. O'lirrm, Ihc, MS., vi 21:. Aug. Kith, 17th, decrees regulating l,;:id- ingof sailorsfrom wlialersand other vessels. Jfuiit'n Merdiaiits' Ma, Temple to Larkin, in Larlin's Doc, MS., i. ,">. "/'or/'M' ///W. Cni, 3:>2, etc. "" I'al'ijo, D'H'., MS., .xxxii. 291. Tiic circular was intended mainly as au advertisement of Larkin's private business. "'Aug. !>, 1S,S!». n. toayunt. of Angeles. Lnj. I?,,-., MS., iii. 44-!i. '■''Aug. 15, 1SC9, Salvador V'idlcjo for the northern rancheroj. Earlkd Print. COASTIXG TRADE— VESSELS OF 1830. 93 tfiko hides or tallow or furs, as tliesc articles \ver(3 easily iiiter(.'liaii<3a\iltle. Vall(;jo still urged liis plan of prohibiting the coast- iii"" trade to all foreign Acssels;'^^ and at the end of the vJar all owners and consignees v.ere forewarned of an intention on the part of the state government to en- force the ^Mexican laws prohibiting every kind of coast- ii)<>' trade to all but national vessels. They were therefore required to suspend at once their retail trade, and to settle up transactions in which they were al- ready engaged; but meanwhile, pending the issue of the intended order, they might continue to dispose of their goods at wholesale — a privilege, however, which A\'.uld be forfeited by a failure to comply with the pivsent requirements.'*'^' I append a list of twenty-six vessels on the coast in 1S;]1), of which onlv ten or twelve were new arri- vals.^^ The {Jlementlne brought John A. Sutter, of whose settlement in California I shall have much to sav later. Captain Laplace publi;dicd extensive notes of his observations in the countrv during his visit on the Ai'tcnufiijlhbitt, Index, I.<(djcl, Jo.-<(>)di, Josc/ih PiaUodii, Jiiiin Jo.'c, L'liiiidri.'^ (':), Monsoon, Mor., I) jc, M.S., x.w. 2jj. Imports into lio;iLilula from (Jul., iii>i2G,oOO. Idayij's Htporl. i'ai 94 COMMERCE, FIXAXCE, AND MARITIME AFFAIRS. nioro tlian doubling the revenue of the preceding year, and raising the total to $85,G13 — a godsend to the departmental treasury. 1 find no evidence that in 1840 foreign vessels were restricted to wholesale trade in accordance with the regulation of December 1831); or that any serious attempt was made to enforce the restriction, beyond the circulation of the order in January/'^ In Feb- ruary, however, Alvarado dwelt on his [)roposed *])ro- hibition of coasting trade in his opening speecli bo- fore the junta, explaining tlie reasons of his wai'iiiiig already issued, and asking for the passage of a decroe so framed as to conciliate all interests.^^ Again in December he addressed a lonii' communication to the government, explaining his policy, and announced liis ]»urpose to enforce it from the l)egi!ming of the next year, making perhaj)s some concessions to such ves- sels as mio'ht be on the coast at that time. Alvaiado admitted that this action would for a time greatly reduci the revenues, and miuht cause the Boston ships to suspend their visits; but he held that it was necessar}', in order to prevent smuggling, to keep out of the country the constantly increasing horde of deserters from foreign vessels, and especially to de- veloj) a system of commerce and transportation in the hands of Californians.^^ It is not unlikely tliat certain prominent traders of foreign birth, but natu- '* Mofraa, Explor., i. 498, says the foreigners refused to unload their cargoes, ami thus forceil Alv;u\-iilo to rcsciiul his prohibition. Tiii.^, ho\vo\ rr, may refer to the ^'eiieral proliiljition of coastiii'j; trade a little later. ■^■' Fel>. 1(), 1S40, A. to the junta. Ar;/. 7.Vc, .MS., iii. .")1-,S. Jan. It, new vevcnuc tarill' f,'ocs into elleet. Tonnage on foreign vessels, Si.."!!); duty on luinlier, .$10 jier M. Pijito, l>or., .MS., i. "JilT-S. .March, cxportatinn df money free of duties not permitted either to vessel or passengers. J)i)c., MS., x.xxiii. I'JI. Dec. l-4th, adeduetionof 'J.'» per cent made on Uio !i:l.r)0 tonnage dues. J)rp/. Sf. /'rip., Br fresh supplies or to repair; lint she can remain only 4S hours. J'iulo, ]>ii<\, MS., i. '2.b\. Coin particularly scarce this year. Vidlijo (./. ,/.), lUinhi.. M8., 177. "' Dec. Vj, 1S40, A, to sup. govt. Savcije, Uoc, MS., iv. 3-29. mi if li TKADIXfl FLLET OF 1S40. 05 Fcl)- di 1)0- clcci-i!0 aiii in to the :ed liis L' next ;li vos- vaiado catly )stoii ', was \s out lo of > tlc- )ii ill that iiatu- 1(1 Ihrir owovcr, ail. 1st, II; duty itiiiii (pf hi^t. .y. I ■„//,,;,., (Ill the ill, J^i'V. iilifs 111" L'oiu rnh/.oil and married in the country, were the real pro- inott'i's of this j)ro[)osed enforconu;nt of Mexican ];iu,s with a view to their own private interests. Tlio commercial annals of this period, like those of 1 S.'] 1-5,'''' may he closed hy a reference to the fact that .\hel Stearns was arrai^nied for a continuance of his siiiuu'Liling' operations at Los An<>'eles and San Peih'o. Ill (October a strange vessel landed goods mysteri- ouslv at niLi'ht. A search of Stearns' liouse revealed • 1 • a valuable lot of silks and liquors, which were con- demned. Don Abel wrote violent letters, talked loud, iiiitl appealed for justice, meanwhile exerting himself, ;!■: it seems, to make false invoices and otherwise put his accounts in order. To what extent he succeeded the records fail to show; but in December contraband hiiles were found by a new search of his warehouse.^'' Of the twenty-eight vessels named in the list of 1 840, seventeen had been known on the coast before.''^ The\' vielded to the government a total revenue of s7-,:>"2, of which the AJvrt from Boston paid 818,- (is.), and the Bvllvar from Honolulu 611,5.31. Sev- eral vessels of this year's fleet will require notice, or have already been noticed, in connection with el her matters. Such are the Alert, whose mastcn-, JMielps, published a narrative; the Don Quixote, one of whost^ passengers, Farnham, also wrote a book; the J()ren (riiipuzeoana, that cari'ied away Graham and Jiis fellow-exiles; the Cutnlhid, that brought back the guard sent with the prisoners to San Bias; the Dan- '■'.'•' '^ '//■>/. C(iL, cliap. xiii., vol. iii,, this series. =S. .. ...III'!"', Arch., MS., i. KS.")-(;; Jhpt. SI. f'ap., MS., v. 'JT-J^, ."lO-l; //.. Ai,;i., .-ii. ll!l--_'4; Id., Jim. J'r>j\ i/Jir.;/ , vi. S'_'-J<. '■^'' A/fid/ii', Alcr', AiKirliiKi, A'/'idir/ci, lldil.al, /!(iln''ii\Call/iiriiiri. O.iHi'or- Ii'ki (si'hr), CdlatiiKi, C/fini, ColninUUt, Dniitii'lr, /)itii Quixote, Elrmi. Fiif, JoC'iilc; Iii(h'.i; ihim jih Pralmi/i/. Jiirt ii (iiiipiizratiii'i, Jikui Josr, Lmixniiin', L(Oiiii(ii.i, ^folll«lOll, J/o/'.',''", Xilcoldi, yidilii.'i, St /,oni>t. Union. 'J'otiil of rcv- eauu iiceiii'diiiLC ti) itmns as ])uf list, )jitil,7-U. Accdi'diiiu' ta iX'iHirt in l.iiil:in''s O;/; ('f,-/v>7/.,'ii. .'IT, 110; Ilartiu'irs stati'iueiit in /V.'o, Jhc, .MS., i. s:i; /!n/- <'.'■< U'liiit I Snir in Cat., 44.">-() — l?72,:?().S; nccDnliii;,' t.)(.'iist(im-Ii<)iiso rcidrds, fT-'.PiT-, fxiK'iisosi being §!J,})1H. Kxiiorts to Ilouulnlu to Auj,'., S17,ii. (?»,«/. -//., Ms., iv. 1, This was autliDrixud liy tlio decree of the con.avss ,if Deo. 4th. C'aitro, Dccrclos, no. W. The reeaudador was to get a sahiry (.f S|. ■'"llartncU v.-.-.s appointed Dec. 23, ISIiO, and removed Oct. ">, Ib.'JT. His compensation was .') per cent of collections. Vidhjo, Doc, MS., xxxii. .iS, 1 1.!; iv. 70; J)('j't. St. Pap., IJi'ii. Mil., MS., Ixxxi. 70. Serrano, Apuiitc.-', 'Sl^.,'.\6- 42, speaks however of Jesus Pico as having lield the position of siil)-coiiiisario, being entirely incompetent, as was iiis successor, Montenegro, who, hu says, was succeeded Ijy Santiago Estrada. ■'"Manuel Cambrc appointed May 10, LS37, and his resignation accepted June 7th. J)<'pt. St. Pap., Pen. (Just. -11. , MS., iv. 707-8. This was under the decree of Feb. 17th, creating for the Monterey customdiouse an adminis- trador at $3,000; contador, $2,000; 1st an>/o. //;.s/. C il. , M.S. , .^r»r)-6, 4n0-l . Tlio autlio-.- .loclarcs tint lie accepted niily (III coiiditi'iii that he was not to pay any attention to comnmnicalious liMiu I avon, tlio diivctor S;J for eacii visit, by giving tliein also all tho iw allowei 1 to sjizers of contrahand coeds. J>riif. Sf. J fr/H «/>. MS. IV. •-'..7 March ;!0-l, 1,S;{!), Osio sworn in and gives bond of .«!t.()(H». Jh/,/. S/. /'up., II', I. Ciinf.-I/., MS., V. ."); and is al.so appointed jirovisional eoniandante do . iLiiliires. J}i'jit. Jicc, M.S., X, 4. Called also liabilitailo provisional. A.i/ilei/'s III..:. MS., •_>,-,.-). lie was appointed Jan. 3, IS.'IS. Di'/i/. AVr., MS., x. 1. Accepts oirico ml ;;ives bond of !?_>,(»«) .Tan. o, ]i^'M Driit. Sf. / /./., JJi (K). Lieut Tcdro N'arvaez lol cc served as captain of the port at Monterey (not a revenue olli- ls;!;)-.tO. Viilijii, J>oc., MS., iv. -jr.)); !)ii,f.!i>. I'liiKjivn. Ml., MS., I'afael ( !onxalex was appointeil conian laiite of celadoivs on July l.'l, Ixwi. 'v;:) (in .Mexico At the same time a eontador and olKcial V were appi '1. i-'r came to ('alifo:-nia. Dipt. St. I'cj)., Mont., MS., viii. 4. Montc- ■ > was couiandante of c ladorcs from March IS.'i!). ••/>./''• 'V'. /•"/)., liiii. Cinif.-//., .MS., V. :]A: Dcpf. A', MS. X. 1-4. March ;tO, 1S;{!), gjv. appoints Abrego comi.sario (?) ad int. J)fit. St. /'■'/'.. lU'.i. Com. mill 'J'liris:, MS., \v. 128. He is usually referred to in ollicial 'loi,:iuc:il;i as nnb-conii.virio; and is sp lUen of by ('.aliforiiiaiis as treasurer, llfc. I, 1S4(>, gov. to mill, of int., rcconimcnding Abrego as gefc do hacienda. I'ipl. J'l':. MS., xi. 7-'. His pay at lirst was'J pcrcentof receipts. In 1N40 •1!) I jicr moil th, and had 2 clerks at ^liO and .*<1S. His Ixmd was ^■l,(iiH>. .July i;{, loJO, a decre(M)f tho president lixed the salaries at Moa t.'ivy ,•;•! fuUows: admir.istrador, !;>_',."iO<); eontador, 8-.iirl).iiM jjenito Diaz figures as receptor in 1830-7; and JosJ- Antonio de la Guerra was captain of the port in 1830-40.^' At San Diego I^Iartin S. Cahello served as rece])tor, except for a time in 1830 when he had trouhle with the local authorities and Andres Pic. i t!)ok his place, until 1 838, and perhaj^s later. J)urin',,'' Carrillo's ride in the ^:outh in 1837-8, Juan Jiandini seems to have had nominal charge of the so-called custom-house at this port, but there are no satisfao t«.ry records of this period. It does not ai)j)ear tlint Don ( Virlos and his party ever succeeded in collecting duties from any vessel.'*'^ The financial administration of California in 183G-'^ has left no record of methods or statistics of rcisuUs. We know sim])ly that during the sectional struggles th^' southern missions had to I'urnish funds to supi>oi't thi' cause ( »f the aba jenos ; while the arribenos de[)ended oii the northern missions, had frequent o[)j)ortuiuties {•> draw upon those of the south as well, and had besidi s the custom-house receipts. If any accounts were ke})t. they have long since disappeared. Yv^ealthy men imi both sides made some sacrilices of property, which, a ^ a rule, were more than repaid later, in one way or another, from the mission estates. Meanwhile, occ;i- ■'•'■Ilis rcL'oi'd of vessels, /Hchanfson, Safi'landf hiiqn( .^, MS., begins in ls;!7. Dec. '1\, 18;>!), Osio, iu writing about lii:s f.iilaiy if StiO pir niontli, sny-i \\ ^ nnpoiiitnientliaclnotyct bccuiipprovcil. l)ept. St. J'iip.,Ijeit.Com. and 'i'nu-.. MS., iv. -Jo. '"7^7-^ St. Pap., Ben. Chs/'.-//., MS., v. 2, G; Depf. Rrc, MS., x. IG; 7>/ '. .9'. Pup., Bill., MS., iii. 20; Piiilo, Dor., MS., i. -2(54,207. '■JJij't. St. Pap., Ben. CiiH.-Jf., MS., iv. 1; /./., Ben. Mil., Ix.xxi. $1; Ixxxviii. .35; /!• s(),500 per month.''' As before, ofKcial connnunica- tioiis from Mexico received very little attention, ex- cept as tho}^ could occasionally be utilized to sustain a ])osition taken in some Californian quarrel. Instructions from th(i national o-overtnnent re([uired that the revenues should be equally divided between tiic civil and military departments.^^ It was charged ^".Tnnc 4-;'), 1S,30, Gov. C'lieo proposes some new system of rcgulatiiii; rni^i^inii accounts, not approvoil hy the dip. Le. ilovf St. Pap., MS., xiii. ,^-4. ^'I omit many iteni.s whieli contribute to no general result. May l.">, IS;$!I, gov. to Abrego. SUi,(i.'52 to bo .set aside for payment of auxiliary militia for .sirvicea in restoring order. D("i>f. SK Pup., ISm. Cuni. ami Tird.^., M.S., iv. 124.14. July •J7th, "Abrego to Vallejo. (iovt. owes . '?!'.), (•!)(). Accepts V.'s oll'cr of aid for tlie frontier company. I'!., lien., iii. 144-."). Al)re'.ro's ae- cnr.nta .show tliat from May to Oct. IS.'^i!) tiiere was paid to tlie military de- partment .'?-0,l)7'>, and to the civil .S2(j,l(ir). /(/., llin. ('o)ii. ami Tnici., M.S., iii. .'i.'p-O. S|ccimcn monthly account of militai-y expenses in IS,'!!): (.'oii'.an- dante general and otrice expenses, .So.")4; presiilial conipanie.s, Monterey .'^70,"), Sta Uarhara i?710, S. F. .Sl,3tj7, Sonoma .^tJoO, artillery co. i^'ui'r, 4 ollicers not included in prccedin',', $23.j; surgeon, .$00; 7 invalidos, (i of them otlicars, ?j;i:t; .*{ port captains, i?2;{9; rrau hies, S-'O; total, S.".,l(ili. I'a/A/o, ])nr., :\1S., xiv. i2.">l). Estimate of annual military expenses from many items in /(/., xxv., §(iO,!1(!l. Julv '2(ith, Abrego's estimate of monthly exjieiises for tho whole (tcpartmeut, 8^,000. /(/., vii. 400. General expense of the stall' for l.S.">!), !?7,;ili-\ /(/., xxv. Paid out by Abrego in Juno 1S40, .$!),S01, the largest items being: placed at governor's disposal, §3,(170; extraordinary expenses, $1,111; repaid to merchants, $1,703; to militiiry companies, .'?2,4S7. /«/., x':vi. !»7. I'aymentsin July: military, SI 1, 4.V2; civil, 813,020. Id.,U(\. Vallcjo, Hist, t'al., MS., iv. 143-4, aflfu-ms that in 1840 David Spenee bought state bonds for 17 cents, and never realized anything from them. t-^Suj). Govt St. Pap., MS., xv. 3; JJept. St. Pap., MS., iv. 130; Id., Ben. 100 COMMiniCK, FIXANCi:, AND MARITIME AFFAIRS. i)y ViilU'jo tliat ih\H division, roirardcd in itsolf as iin- I'uir l»y rt'ason of tlio needs and Kcrvices of the soldiers, was not lairly carried ont, tho civil anthorities receiv- inuf their full pay, wliile the niihtary had to be content with wliat was liil't; and it was also charjj^ed by all outsidt> of the capital, that the Monterey clique were devoting the revenues too exclusively to their own henelit. Tiiis distrii)ution of tho funds was a leadin^^ tjlcnient in the quarrel between Alvaradoand Vallejo; and the controvei'sy between tho latter and Abreu'o was hardly less bitter, the coniisario seekini^ cvciry opportunity to annoy tho general.'*' It is probal)lo that Alvarado, Castro, Jiineno, Abrego, Osio, and their friends at Monterey used their power to some extent for their own interests; but it is known that V'allejo was influenced largely by wounded pride, and such records as are extant afford but scant support to his extravagant charges of a fraudulent distribution of the public moneys.'^ I append an alphabetical list of scvonty-six vessels which visited Californian ports from 183G to 1840,"* (Join, find Treas., iv. 2". March 14, 1830, Vallejo askcil that Castillcro ho rucognizL'd in Mex. as lialnlitado goiicral for tho C.il. comiiauins; thu reply was that ( 'astillero might serve as attornuy for persons in C'al. Savm/e, Doc., MS., iv. ;n;j. ''-'See Hist, Cal., chap, xx., vol. iii., this series. Also Vcdhjo, Doc., MS., vii. 407, 417; Drpt. St. Pap., Bn)., MS., iii. 141-0. Aug. 5; 1841), Ahrc'.'o nrges the ajipointnicnt of an hahilitado to receive from him all military fiiinls for distribution. Id., iii. l."):{. Get. '28, ISol), .Mexican order forbidding the general to interfere in the management of public fumls. Supt. Govt SK Pap., .MS., XV. 12. May 10, 18.'J0, Alvar.ido to Vallejo. The revenue of this year will be sullicient to pay all expenses and leave a surplus. Vidlcjo, Doc, ilS., vii. .32. "'May to Aug. 18.39, a series of orders requiring tho collection of tithes, the proceeds to be devoted to the establishment of a mail route from L. Cal. NTo results reported. Vallejo, Dor., MS., vii. 17, 32, 390; xxxii. 207; y/"//'"-' Mls.non Book, i. 3.35; Dcpi. Si. Pap., MS., v. 48; /(/., Anndcs, v. Cm; xi. 10; Montfreij, Arch., MS., xvi. 23. There is nothing of a general nature extant fur this period respecting municipal funds. *» List of vessels 1830-40: AS1:LS of 1830-40. 101 fiL;lit nf flic nuiiilici- I'L'stiiij^ ,v.itli •10,000 hides ;ui. I'luliis, Iiii.'U'i'; iliitic-", .'irl'>,(>.S."). Alfred Uohinson i.i named an .'Uijierearj,'!!, and may li.ive ivtmued lo I'ul. on thii ve.^Hel. (Jajit. I'helji-i in his I'lui' (tml J// da- bi.ri!i> s (he voyage ai having; lasted .'! yr:<, .'! nios, ami l;{ dny.s. All/, /iiiti, J"r. whaler of ISKI, as ni( n'Jon' d liy Oiio: \. .lena, master. Aiiijiilii, Amer. tshii); coasi\,'nutl tu .Sjienee and Malarin. In Sjienet^'s list of I 'lli. ,'.i;'iiiii-ii', Yv. man-of-Mar; ('a])t. ('. 1'. T. La|iluoe, eitni.; from liodc'ia to Moiil. .All;,'. -Sept. Ibli'J. Si'e eliaii. iv. of tliis vol. for Laplacc'ti visit and 1k,o:.. Ai/itiiicho, Kn'^\. hri;,'; ^Vilson, master; up and down tlie eoast as usual ill im;(j-7, from (.'.dlao. A.i/d'iicliu, I'.u'A. sehr, !)7 or (17 tons. Formerly the />■''//(/. lloiight in Jsiy 'rViS for !j-','i)UO at Calhui liy .las .M.Kinley. In I'al/ijo, JJni:,''yi:x, ;;.'.:.ii. i;i(J— II, are all the doc. of sale and tiiaiiu'e fiom Jlex. to Kn.;!. Ilai(. In Cd. Sept. -Oct. ; (leo. F. (,'oinfort, ma.ster; .Melviiiley on hoard; ^hiO duties. Dael; ni'aiii froin (-'aljao .Inly ISI!!); Jioljert ]>are, master. Landed a pas;ien- };i :•, w ho was allow iil to take only one .suit of elotlie i of his luu^'a're. Car;.;o, t-',."».-.M;.r. (andperliai)s l)i' •.) IS41I; Jiosistof .Masliim, master; eAehaiigcJ. ttl I'lu'irnf umlic r frtJiii Sitka for wheat; toiiiuiure, !?.'(). Amer. hi ig. VS.), 'IVl, or '-"J4 tons; ( Jorham H. Xye, master; A. B. 'ihiim[i'on, sill).; ""'• '" -M"''l l^.'Ui from lloiiijluhi, with cargo of .";.U.7'S1. ' ^ d .lolin ( '. .loiies to it trouhles with authorities, l^iities, ;?4,7i)(>. (_' t!ie Islands ill Oct. Back March-Oct. I8;i7; Back again .Tan. -Oct. hSIiS; ,su8- ] eited (f ;;iiniggliiig liy aid of a sehr in Drake Bay. I'erhaps wintered, or Oct. l.S4(t, sh(^ paid iluties.Sll,.")^]. She ivliiriRil HI .Jan, V. as ownei is;ji». Ai Mi I liy Amer. at Honolulu, and valued at !?7,O0O. FiiLd. s Fu-I. ill aL'.tumn ot ■i.>/ a iler; at Mont. Oct. I.s;i(). ir, 71 tons; \Ym IJrotchie, lunstcr; from Columbia River nd KS.'iS; at Bodeuaaiid Sail Franei eo. i ■.ii; in,.\\ iiior. shiii, ol7or ■2(;7 tons; Jas Arther, ister; Thos 15. I'ark sup. rr. from I>ostoii March 4, IS.'K); ci ,!?1!I,SSI; .lutics, !?IS.1I7. Sailed fer Jlosion Oct. N, KS.'!7, carrying Alfreil Bohiiisoii and w ife, and Mrs Win S lii:iekley. Came hack in Jan. ls;!t); stil J;;:i,Ollft;" duties, !?2.'i, I'JO. Sailed for hi Ulll ler Arther and I'ark; e; lome lace in IS 10. ('iil//i»-,iia. Mex. schr, S3 tons; formerly the Clarion and Kniiiit. Brought fidiii Ihjiioliilu hy lleiiiy I'aty, who,, rune 'JO, IS37, sold her to(!ov. Alvarado f'lr .^'.1,000, o'l,-)!'! Iieiiig the duties on her I'argci. and thehalaiioo in hides and talluvr i;i ij months; I'aty to coniniand for the "J mo. (Contract in Val/ijn, Jj ir., MS., ; :\ii. 00, See also chap, xviii., vol, iii., tliis work.) Beehristened tlie C'///o;-»('a and sailed Aug. "Joth for S. Bias on govt business; Thos M. ma.ster. Beturiied Xov. 1."), IS.'iS with Castillc d ero ami news o f Al- IMihii^ v:nail.i's eoiiiirination. (Sec chap, xix., vol. iii., this work). Used as ii juison (-1:1,1 in .Ian. iS.'iD. (Chap, xx., vol. iii.) Bobinson and Itced, mates. Cajit. i:,ii,h la liis mai le eh, irges of mutiny against '2d mate and "2 sailors during tho oyage. (ValUj'; Due, MS., vi. .'548, .'].V2-:]; vii. 'Jt; xxxii. l!Hi.) In Apiil S or neophytes put on lioard to learn t'//^ .SV. (li,i ■I Si. i '„/,. 'I T, -MS. MS. H; S/. /' Hi, i!i, ;;•» 4;!; j>>i>t. I, .MS., X. s' .s .1/;>w.. .MS., i\. ,■>!).) Lifts. FranciaLM) April l.Mli, aiiil S. l)ii'!j;o .Juno Stli, witii tallow; .loliu Jl, ]{. ( '00 per, iiir.Htci'; Anilrus I'astilk'i'o, pa.ssi'iiLjiT. Siic lutiiriicil in Scjit., ami rriiiiiiiicil on tin' M.-^ ist; tlioii;.'li an cliort wan iiiado to sciiil her to tlio Islands. VnUijii, lu, iS., VIM. Is;t. Slic li'ft S. Tran. in .Ian. INK), (,'oopt'r hail onU'r.s to ^'o to S. |)ii'i,'o for a can^i of liidus for Itonoluln, ilcvotinLf the ))r(K'i'<'il>i to rcpaii.s; or lir niijilit (xchan^fc tlu! \ c.i.srl foranotlii'r, iKiyin^' J^o.dtM). IJst of oliiccr.s aail crew in l'(ir., M.S., x.vxiii. S7. S!ic .saili'il from S. l>i('j,'o Manh Kith, Mitli lltinyl>. Fitfli as snporcari.'o. CiM.jicr ccrtidi's that vc's.stl and (•ar;.'o liiloni,' to the .Mcx. f,'ovt. S. Wiiijn, Arr/i., .MS., 5. At llonolnhi April .Inne nnder/^oint; ii'iiaii.s, whioh cost S"J,"J'_*'J. ]'iifl(Jn, /hic., .MS., xxxiii. TiS, T-, "(i. Left llonolnhi .luni' lOth — I'liliiiiisinii, .Innu I'Oth -and arr. at S. Francisi'o, havinj,' heard of tronldes at Mont, on .(nlyJd. /'iiiln, /inr,, MS., i. "217 S. l)rou;,'ht .Mr .\ndri'\vs is passeiivrer, and ]iaid .S'-M'.l duties. Th') eari;o included doors, windows, honey, and a foui-wheeled cMiriaL'e. \\'ent to .Mont. .Inly ITlh-'Jdth; .'ukI in An;.'" to Sta I'., and hack. Dec' KUh, .sailed for Aeapulco under.'i contract with Larkin. \\ ho ^^ent with his car^'o. VuHijn, hoc, M.S., xxxiii. l.'»!t-(l(l. 1 have ('apt. Cooper's oiiu'inal /.ai/ SI)l)-4(). In IS.'IT her ear^'o was .seized on account of tripuitles with l'"red. Jjccher, the sniii'i'e;ir;,'o. (See t'lia]). xvii., vol. iii.) In l^i.'tS hrou^ht favoiahle news for Alvar.ulo. jn ls;!!( took .Si."), 0(1!) of produce from S. Fran. In 1840 she w.is niuler Christian Hansen as mastei', brinL^in^'Covarriihias and the j;uard of the ( irahani exiles. (Sec cliaj). i., this vol.) Some ooutrai)and arni.s on hoard were sei/.eil. Ccrmiitv.-<, I'eruv. scin-, 1X7 or '20() tons; Malarin, master; air, from Callao Aug. liSoO; earu'd, .S,S,7!l!t; dntii's, .S7,!(S4; a]iparently the /,c'oy(((/((,s under au- utlur name, hut possihly iKjt; also called CrrranU-i in 1.S40. ('ill/ of (,'( i/ini, brig; at Mont. ]Jec. lSo7 from Valparaiso; .so reported at Honolulu. t'liiiii. ovClnr'ild, Mex. bark, 210 tons; Chas Woltor, master; Josi5Arnaz, snp.; Virmon0.) Wm (or Jas) llandley (or Ilanly), master. At Mont. ^Lirch JS.'Ki, w cargo of ft!l,r)(J,'{, duties, !i?;>,'201, or .Sl(i-_'. A guard was i)ut on board at 8. Fran. J. A. Sutter, A. 'J'hompson, '2 ( lennans, and IJ Hawaiians were passengers, ^lore of Sutter and his company clsewliere. Coffin, Anier, whaler; at Mont. Oct. 1837. Coliiiiibinii, Engl, ship; at S. Fran. June 1S3S; probably tho Xnrhf, q. v. Colambki, 1-ngl. bark, 350 tons; Humphries, master; Wood, sup. ; at Mont. ( lov. Chieo away in J robbery. In Nov. can in Dec. and carried jiar and in March 1S37 car vessel was seized by tin VliSSELS OF 1830-40. 103 ITuwaiiiin. Tlicn- wore sovoiil dian-jii's in natldiial (mIois with owia-isliip diiriii^' tin- pciiod. Many nl llic vi.'>s.M'is caiiiL' rrjicatt'dly to tlu; coast diiiiii!;' tlic .liiii. I'SlK fiiiiii('iiluiiil>i;i l;ivi r; iliiticH, .SJ,",'!!!; i\{ lloiioliilii .Iiiiiu .liil\ ; li,ii:k lit .\i..iit. mill S. rraii. in Au;,'.; lar^n, ?,, l.s.'IT; vi'."»t 1 Iti^t; eiir^'ii H.ilil at iiiu'liiiii ' 'iiin'oi/, Aiiicr. liiiL', I:i7 t >n- i; tt, mil t( r. Sinii^'^iliiiL,' in .Ian. Is: lui'i.idiiiL,' to haiia. ill Maivli .sailiil with tur.s tnr Oaliii. ISaik a,;,'aiii in Ai iiiiii Oft. -1, via N. \v. coa.>t U) lloiiululii, wliii li jiint nIk; lilt a;. am o. :. liTtii f"i' N. w. I'oast. ttir^tur, Aiiur. Itiig, III!, I'JS, (,r l.'t? tctiis; IfinckUy, iiiasltr; at Mmit. A';'. l;i;>'.l I'll. Ill Caihio; farj,'i), ,'?I0,17S; iintii^<, .';^!^•-'ll■-^ of wliirii .>:^»,7:;(i in u!\(i': a t Sta I!, ill Oct. HiiicklLy fictii«'(l of sn ill'' hy a transfer of lar- , nil' il arrcstiil at .S. Kiaii.; ImtiiilS-l' .u'casi^ had not Ijcoii sctlk'il. Drid, /',!,>., liiii., .MS.. V. :{(l,S 41; Ihiif. /i'>r., .MS., X. ;ti. I 'rii-'ddi ■', Cnliinihiaii iaii,'; from Callao in Oit. IM jidiut'it, r vvlUr, .Iph. 'if Uosaiiiul, foni.; at .Mont. .Iiiiip-.Iiily \XAO, ill ciiiiutction with tliu Urahaiu ailair (sue chap. i. of this vol.); at lioiioliili ,luiy -JDlh. 'l)inii.l(yi'iiiiii('ll, Columliiaii hrii:; 100 tons; Andivs Mnnilhi, master; at .Mont. \ov. is;;;); laruo, .'^t.ii.'id; duties. .S44i)7. Jli Imir'i. Ivuador luiir, l'_'(> tons; \'io;^et, master; Mii'iiel f'ldron on tliu eoiist ill I; S-i). It i.s said (hat in ls;;7 Ikt duties, .■<(»,(;().», .ed hv Salv. Valiejo and .Mouteli eu'i'o, w lo iiioli L;oods ; ikI gave ri'eei[it.s, ilal'in,' it was no tin'i' for 'rod taju' and iion.seiise ' when tlie soldieis were y>,- liri',',, lltO tons; liarker. master. Wintored is;!.")-(l, and •d for Ilonolidu in Oet. SoM and .s.aiied for ( 'olunihia, i;i\ wlieru ■■^he \ I' N line ehan^ci , to A' ii((lii; ^^'nl S. lliiiekle\'. masti ■'ta n;ii'li.ii'a in Oet.- Nov. a.s a Hawaiian hark. A\ interetl oil tlic eoa;; .\;.;ioaiul near Sti Jl. in Aj rii |s;)S. Jlini<.ii:iiuli\ AUK'V. hark, 'Jj;! or "JOO tons; .John Mci'k, master; from < );i |s;i(i; earu'o, !?;i,:MO; duties, .5i,-ll.'>. At Mont, in X OV., will ■11 Win S. Iliiuk li y. her eonsiLrneu ami supereargo, reiiderid ini[)orlant aid to Al\ Cairiud lior.scs and hides to the Isl. in I leo. ; alsollin cklevaml o ikI Smith. In ls:{S she came ap \V: under the nami; of J'li/iiutid/i; .lolin I'aty, or; llli .'Mmlhwoith and Win II. I'avis, passeii^eis. In Nov. liack at li.Miio!;iiu with Soiithwortli, 11. I'atv, aii. In Oct. carried U (Jal. hoy.s to attend .school at Honolulu — i'avid Sj eiice, I'laiicis Watson, and liuiiiualdo I'aclieco. j)::ljiliiii, see Li'tiiihl(i.<. J:!,;.(i, Kiis.i. briLT, ;{()!) tons; Stephen Vallivode(?), master; took .?ll,0n0of 'e; from w;iu !i nee from S. Fran. Sept. ls;iU; and in Dee. ISIO paid f<:]M U. was deducted i:'',)i) ilK'L'allv eolieeted from tiie /luil,- 1/ Eiirovii, Ainer. ship; \\ \\\ Winkworth, master; Win French, .suji. : at -Mint. (Jet. Is;!!!, from Honolulu \ia Xorfoik Sd. ; iiiiieh d iime'i'd \i\ r(]U-.ii ■r. Mr l'"r('iic!i helped .Mvara(h)in Nov., and .'ailed froni Sia 1!. in .1; ;'ryi:i;,'.Ias .Murphy and .las W. Mcintosh to the I.- lam '.'/"/, 1-: schr, Ul tons; Kobtll. Dare, master; uatumn of 1S.18: I'i.bbcriijijVjbdt, V.Vifi^l. liciii-; llodgers, master; iiiiule a trip from Honolulu to 104 coMMLiici:, riXAXcr:, and .maiutime affairs. five years; t'i^litceii .•ij»[)Ocir in the list(»f' the prececliiii:^ lialf-dLcade. Vv'lialeis were nine; national vessels of v.ar or exoloration, seven; and the remaining fortj- (':'.l. ami lituk, Miiy-Sept. , IjS'^; ami a;;aiu rotunieil from Cal. in May ISDO; Hart. iiKis'cr. /' '. 1/g. : rlir; Wilson, master; fr.nii Callao via Ilo'ioluhi, Au'.^. 1S40; duties, .Sl!>;i. Cajit. Stokes . -.nil •_' iiuisturs Wi'tjou as ])asHoiif;c'rs. She scoiiis to have ch:Lii';cil her flag -/^cy//. S/. Pap., !MS., v. (J4 — anil was at Sta i>. und !• Stokes i:i Oct. F, )•(•<): r. l'".n;.;. hri;;; Kniloil from Ilcjnoluluiu Aug. ISJO, for Col. River and Cal. >io record of arriv;il. fi'i-iiiiii, Amer. l)rig: J^ittle, master: trip from Honolulu to Cal. and hack, Aug. -Nov. I.S.'IT. Jolni C. .loiies and J{. ( 'owie canu' on her. J/arv'sf, Anier. ship, ;i07 tons; probably wlialer; A. Cash, master; at 8. I'lan. Nov. l!-.;J7. //e'er, Amer. wh.aler; Xorton, master; at ^lont. Oct. ISIid. lii'lcr, Ku';. bark. •2(11 tons; .John Wil.son, r.i::sur: (Jet. -Dee. IS."?.; tou- n.ngo, yiJTI; Aug. is;ii); June-Dee., IMJ, from Ciilla i; Seott, master; diuicj, f TJ 7(i. IniVidii, Kng. whaler; Fi'cemau, ma:*ter; 0,;t. l.'-'.''7. /< I't, Hawaiian selii'; I'aty, master; tri[)from Honolulu to Cal. and bae!;, Dee.-April, 1.S37-S. Wrecked in May. loiir, Amei'. .';ehr, !).') tons; Clark, master; sailed from Honolulu Sej^it. ISIiti for Cal. Xo reeord of arrival. /.■■Y(/'y(7/f^ selir formerly of Sandw. Isl. Sold at S. Fran. 1S.'?0. I'lviug o;i tlie bay u:itil ISIJ!), and perhaps later; N. Spear, owner. Shecarrie 1 Suttcr'-i party up tiu^ Saeramento. ,/"."!'■;>//, I'r. whaler; IS.Sit. Lost 14 deserters. Jutirjili I'cilioi/i/, Amer. brig, "JJOtons; .Tolin Dominis, master; fro'u X'. Y. to Hon. in .\pv. IMSSI. Touched at Sta 15. in Oct. on voy. from Sitka l.j Ma^ ailan v.ilh hunb'. r. lieiured to pay tonnage. At Sta 15. again Oct. l.S4i); eaptaln ill. At Honolulu in Xov. ,/iirr:i (I'l'l/iirj-o'iii:', Mex. lirig, "210 tons; nrr. from Boston in Feb. 1S4;) as the A'l ';/"' iiv/r, teveui. master; .Jo:. Steele, owner. Sold in .M:i ,tK).), to.l. A. .\<. S:.h: l)n ]•);)-;{. John Snook bet: UKistei'. In M;iv e;irri.'d tiie Craiiam exiles to S. Bias, returning in Sept. Mime ot lier (.ri'nn:;! crew were ;nuon'' tlie exile ile Coliii;dii:in lirii', "217 tons; Thoa Duncan, mastci'; Cot iind M lijude/., ownei's; •"r;iu., 824;!. '(rl/ll(llliu'll. e lr,ircn;i, sui in Autr, 1S40; e:i irr. from C;dl:io. Oct. ls:i;); cargo, .S8.;;4:' y'JjOOj; duties, S;),!).')2; tuuna ,e at /i J)! •lit. b; 204 tons; John Stiekney, master; left Sta B. in Dec l.S.'Ki tor Honoluli;, c;irryinu' slight reports of the rev(;lution. Ciime Imck i:i ]M:iv, 1.s:J7 n in Oct. uudei' Steel, to winter. Left S. Di' for B ^ter; at Bodc.'a ami S. Fran July ton in Oct. IS.'i.S. (apt. 'riling, ]i;issei Linis.unir, Amer. siiip; .'■'iialdiiig, L'UO. She hinded so;i>o imini;;rant;j from Oregon, and h:id trouble wit'.i the aiitlioritiea. At Honolulu in Aug. Dutton, Wright, and Ceiger, pass. S:uicd for X'. Y. in Dee. A('o»/(/((.<, Mix. selir, '20fi tons (formerly the Amer. Dol/ihui); on the coast in ls;i('); Oomez, lUiister; cargo, $i>,00(); duties, .Sl,112. In Xov. e;ir- ried south news of tlu! revolt, and Xegrete and otl ler exiles l>ack from Ma.;:i- tl;ni in l6.'i7; .liuin .Malarin, nuister; and ag;iin in Isi'S; duties, !?t2i). Jn \'V.','.), ar.d in some records of 1841), she w;is c;illed the ( 'frrriiitc", (j. v. X^yo, iind later Steven d ;is iii;isters in IS4l>. Lconur, Mex. b:irk, '2U8 tons; Chas Wolter, master. Brought Gov. Chico VESSELS OF 1S30-40. 109 five traders. Of tlieso, cit under Blinn, Aug. -Oct. On Cal. eoast from th<' north Fel>.-Sl:vr. Is.'iT; .lohu iJiinrroft, master (see text for passeii:,'er.-i and di'taiis). At Hon. Mr, . .'lud sailed for Mazatlan under llaudley. Back again, and ^sailcd for the Col. i;iv. in X<>v. ]to,ixni,ii, Ainer. ship, .127 tons; Goo. W. Vincent, master; Thoa Shaw, sup.; i! lilt (f. ])avis, clerk; at Sta B. April IS.'!!) finm B)stoii; tonnage, Sili.i; iliilics at Mont., .S27,4:i2, of which .';?'. ».(ji)S in silver. ' Xo small lift for t!io treasury,' Avrote Alvarado. In .Inly transferred part of lier cargo to the Liili.v. Still on the coast at end of 1810. .]fvr:i\ Ami r. selu-, S,"> tons; Henry L'aty, master; from tlic Lslands Dec. I'.;);); ei:r_o, !?.'!, '-'(iS; duties, fc;;!,04.:; also duties, .S;i,OH, in spring of 1S4(). Caiiie hack from Hon. in June; Fitch, mast'r and lialf owner; and wi;Ii!i n;'\v n.imo, the Xi/in/ili, or Xinf'i. Duties, SlO,r)77. Value of vessel, SS,000. At S. lUego in l)ec., to sail for Maiiatlan with produce. Xuiir;/, whah.'r; Fautrel, masn r; at Mont. April iS;!?. X'rf'id, I'^ngl. siiip, ,'i(l."> tons; W'm lirotchic, master; at Honolnlu from Col. J!iv. and sailed for Cal. in May IS.SS. Lawrence Carmichael, pass. At S. Fran, in June, and back at Hon. in Ji.n. 18t">9. Xi'iil'i<, schr, belonging to Spear. Itunuiug between Monterey and Sta Ciu,' ill iSoCi, and on S, Fran. Bay in ISIilMO. X'l:'i':ii, Buss, ship; Baewdsxig (?), fir Kuin'i.iiiof, master; (i of!', and 01 iii.'ii; at S. Fran. Oct. -Xov. 1840, in ballast for Valpar.aiso and Europe. Xi/iiiiili. Sec J/oc.>v. Pcric'irL; U. S. s'oop of war, 000 tons; Com. Edmund P. Kennedy; Capt. ('. K. :iiii'ili;ij,; at Mont, front the Saiidw. Isl. Oct. IS'M. Sailed for .Maz- atl;ni. Pci,r <•.< X(ii!n, Cil. selir; Gerard Kupiiertz, master. Lost at eMtranec of S. l'ia)i. I5av)a:i. 7, I8.">(), ou atrip from .Mout. witii lumber. J). /it. Si. J'up., lin,. Mi!., M-; , Ixxxi. 17. I'V'ji-'iii. Amer. ship; Faucoti, master; oa the coast in 1830. Sailed for Lost 'U in Fell. 1SI;7. rii/^iioiif!i. See Drm Qui.rnlp. /!asvhi\ Amer. ship, 204 tons; .Tos. (). Cart.'r. master; A. B. Thompson, ciiii.'iguee; Josiah Tlionips'in, sup.; at Mont, from Sitka (.),'t. ls:ii f,ir !Io;io. liihi. The e;'.plain"s wife and sou wcva on Ixjard; al.i [''erdiuand l)c|i[ie. l>:uk i 1 winter of 1S;;7-S; -..argo, 88-"17; duties, ;;--i,sl7. Cin-ied ' i H m. liiiles, horses, iind sundrii's from t!io wreck of the''/./;. A'.i /./■ /•-. M:, ',■ an- otln r trip to Cal. and back Sej)t.-l)ee. 18;)8; Barker, mister; datie , .'■'uv(/( (Hid Ciiroliiic, Amer. ship, .'>!Ki tons; Jos Steel, m.aster. Cilled nhn ^'firoliiio and S'Hiih CaroVuid. Arr. Mont. May lS;io from llistin via Iluiiolulu. Cargo, $11,289. StCLl rendered some aid to Alvarado in Xov. 106 COMMERCE, FINANCE, AND MARITIME AFFAIRS. and four from the Columbia River, thougli many ves- sels visited all the regions named. Three small craft plied in Californian waters exclusively. Aground at S. Fran, in Feb. 18.37. Left the coast in Oct. for Boston via llonoluhi; Stickuey, master (?); Henry Paty, passcMiger. St Loii'iii. U. 8. man-of-war; Freneli Forrest, com.; at Mont. June-Jul_ 1840 Oil business eonneetcd witli Graham aflair. Silka, Uuss. bark, 'KYI tons, 'J2 men; Basil Waovocky {':). master. Left Cal. Jan. IS.iOforS. Bhis ami returned in Aug. from ilo.-i.s. At S. i''ran. Oet. IS.'iT; Stephen Vallobodski (?), master. Again Oct. -Nov. 1S3S; Rosistof fn. master. SopJiin, doul)tful name of 1830. S/urliiii/, Engl, ship, 10!) tons; tender to the Sidphiir; Lieut. Kellott. com.; on the coast 1837 and 1839. Si(!/i/tur, Engl, man-of-war, .380 tons; Edwai'd Belcher, com. ; on the coas! autumn of 1837 and again in autunm of 1830, engaged in exploration.!, jjclcliei's visit and book are noticed elsewhere. Toifdrd Ciitille, Engl, whaler; Emmett, master; at ^lont. Nov. 1837. Wrecked oil the coast a little later. Truv JJliii', Haw. schr; Rag.sdalc, master; aiT. Honolulu from Cal. .Tul^ 1837. Union, or Unity, schr; A. B. Thompson, sup.; at Mont, and Sta B. Mar. Apr. 1840; tonnage, .S!>0. Vcloz Astiir/ano, Ecuador brig, 170 tons; Carlos V. Gafan, master; at Mont, from Callao, 1837, with cargo of 8007 (''); duties, .Sl,">04. Vi'iiii", Fi'eiich corvette; I'etit-Thouars, master; at ilont. Oct.-Nov. 1837. Vibit and liook noted elsewhere. The chief authorities for the information in this list are the follow in.' Dr/it. St. Pup., Ben. i'li^t.-II., MS., iii.-viii. passim; /'.<•., MS. i. 3l)-l ; Fifr/i, Dor., MS. : (•'oi,i<~, JJoc, MS., .34-7; S/imir.-i LiM, MS.; Kihmrd . D'iunj, MS.; Ilichurdtioi,, Sulhhti ili- /Iik/uch del jihi rio de S. Fran., jy.i', -S, > very impiirtant original record ke[it by the captain of t!ie port; Jl'tifi ■■<' Kmi'i. Xiil'^. M.S.; J/cZ/z/.s' JJini-'i of A,ila'ir.-i in C(d., ISdS-'/O, MS., a very iuipjrtaut record kept by Francis Melius, who eamo out as clerk on the C'dfi/orn- • JJari.-:\i (,'/iin/)-<('.f, MS.; .Irnuz, I'lr/icrdix, MS.; JJiiia's Tivo Virir.f; llonnlni'i S. I. (Id-.ctle, 183'5-0; /fonolida /'oli/.K'iiiin, ISU). TIk^so Sandwich lalau.'t iiew.\;p:iper3 are a'.nong tlio best maritime records. Unfortunately I have n'. lile from tiie middle of 1830 to tlic middle of 1840. ny ves- ,11 craft Boston via Juuc-July stiT. Lofi Frail. ()>:t. losistof ('!)■ CHAPTER IV. t. Kcllctl. lU the (.oast, Lplin'iilioiirt, Nov. 18:^7. II «al. .Jiil^ ta B. Miir.- inastor; at -Nov. is;;:. followiii'i Com. (iii'i XXV. -')">; >,„'., MS. i.f" Kni'i'l. iiip )rta.Lt ''lilhi I'a l.iiau.l [ liavo uo ''.'/' FOREIGN RELATIONS AND PIONEERS. 1S3G-1S40. Foraai'.N Influence in the Revoluiion — Inteefekence a.s a Currext Tone— Attitude of Different Classes— French Relations— Ru- MOREo Cession of California to Engl.\n!> — Quotations from Ameri- can Papers— Policy in 1S.S7-8 — Horse-tiiikves— Restrictions ok 18.S0-40— The Exiles — Pioneers — Personal Item.s— Authorities — Stati.stics — Something about the Old Settler.s — Their Chakacter AND Influence — Pro.minent N.vmes — New-comers of 18;W-40— Mo.st OK Them Transient Visitors — Immigration — Annual Lists— Chrono- LotacAL Items — The 'Lausanne' and her Passengers at Bouega. Ox matters relating' more or less directly to the ii^oncral subject of foreign relations, though I have al- i-cady had much to say in other chapters devoted to the current historj' of this period/ there yet ren)ains iiiueli to be written, since the influence of foreign resi- dents had already become a powerful element, and was destined in a few years to be the all-controlling one. 1 11 lliis and the following chapters I have to present some remarks on the intluenco and policy of the foreign element, and the feeling of the Californians toward the stiaiigers. Also the names and personal items i-elat- ing to new-comers and older settlers, with an account of the old and new foreign settlements in California 'See pai'ticnlnrly, HisL Pal., vol. iii., chap, xv., tliia sorics, on 'Chico vs StciiniH and other forcijjni'rs;' chap, xvi., on tho attitiuK' of foreiLjiura in \\- Viiiailn'.s rc'vohition; chap, xviii., on tlioir aid to tho ('alifoniiaii.s in IS;!7; >!iap. i, of thi.s vol., on tiic Graham affair and cxpul.sioii of foreigners in IS40; and eliap. iii., on the nioveincnts of vessels uml conunerciul operations, largely controlled by foreigners. (107) :i;i- 'Ml lOS FOREIGN RELATIONS AND PIONEERS. at Itoss and Now Helvetia; also some notices of for- eign visits to the coast and of resulting publications. In IS-jG foreign residents in the north, while those in the south were for the most part neutral from force of circumstances, supported the Californians in their revolution against Mexico. Those of influence, wealth, and position rendered a quiet but none the less effect- ive support; while others with nothing to risk formed themselves into a company of so-called riflemen and openly served in the insurgent ranks. The former cared little for California's alleged grievance, the change from the federal system to centralism; but the}'' had some cause of complaint against Chico and Gutierrez, and they expected to derive important commercial ad- vanta, writes: ' i'\>r a Ion.,' time ))ef()ro 1S40 it liad bc'en the common talk among Americans — when liy themselves or among the ranclieros — that the U. S. would havoL'al.' Ajn:! 1(), 1840, I'ablo do la Gucrra congratulates M. (J. Va lie jo on the largo mini- ber of foreign settlers in the country, the largest part being Englisii— fnim Canada, Nova Scotia, and Ireland — who arc hard drinkers, but will perhaps, like wine, improve with time. Vallcjo, Doc, MS., i. 39. ''Sec l/iat. Cal., vol. iii., chap, xx., tins series, for reference to many com- munications on this subject. April 20, 1838, Mexican order to admit no French vessel except in case of shipwreck. Stip. Govt St. Pap., MS., xiv. I. Mar. 'JO. 1839, notice of peace and suspension of all hostile measures. Vallejo, Doc, MS., i. 108. CESSION TO ENGLAXD. Ill natod a jn'opositiou to cancel the debt at once by a (■(.>ssi<)n ot'tlie Californias. I liave no official evidence that the proposition was entertained. Such, however, was the minor that came to Cahfornia in IHTw, from (hff'eront sources, a rumor accepted and published as a lact by Forbes in 1839, and cited by the American papers. To show the spirit in whicli the matter was discussed, I append some quotations.* It is clear that ' ' There hiWii been same thouLjhts of proposing to Mexico tli;it it shoukl niileaviir to eiiucel the Enj;lisii dcht, wliicli now exceeds ;:C(0,O()i),00l>, l)y a trail fer of Cal. to tiie creditors. Tliis would be .1 wise meusurc on tlie ptwt ot' Mexico if the govt could be brought to lay aside the vanity of retaining liinre iiosscssioiis. The cession of such a disjointeil part of the republic w^rald be an advantage. In no ease can it ever be proiitable to the Mexican r.- iiublie, nor can it po^^sibly remain united to it for any length of time, if it ^hiiuld even be induced to rejoin it. Ijiit would the English creditors accept of it? I think they might, and I think tliey ought. They have lately dis played an inclination to treat and to receive lands a>5 a part of the debt where n 1 laid exists belonging to Mexico. ..in Texas in whieii Mexico does not own an acre and in New Mexico which is — ( Jod knows where. . .If Cal. was ceded, the crcilitors iniglit be formed into a company, with tlie dilTereiiee that tlu-y should li.ive a sort of sovereignty over the territory, somewhat in the man- ner of the East India Co. This in my opinion would cc-tainiy bring a reve- nue in time which might be equal to the interest of the delit, and under good niaiiagemeiit and with an Englisli population vould most certainly rea!i;^e all th;;t has been predicted of this fair country.' loi-ln s' lli.-e .so .■^eiuiHilous, and may take tho land without any trouble about transfers,' ChuiiilK ):•<'' /,'(/('». Journal, Aug. '24, 1830, in a review of Forbes' Ixiok. ' Russia and the C. S., the latter especially, tiic only just govt that has ever existed le.-'3 scrupulous than Oreat Britain. This is too plea.santi Our unsettled delit of grievances .against tho Mexicans happily jiuts us in a situatiou to in- sist upon tiieir refusal of the proposition which has indubitably been mado tlietu liy the British govt. Let us profit by it, ntu- sutler, if we can help it, our ancient mother to acquire a possessiou which no American can fail to 112 FOREIGN RELATIONS AND PIONI^ERS. Englislimon favored the scheme, and equally clear that Americans were bitterly opposed to it, predict- in«x that the United States must one day extend to the Pacific, and gravely asserting that it would bo easier to prevent another nation from getting Cali- fornia than to dispossess that nation later. Not that England liad not a right to acquire the country; but the United States had also a right to prevent it through their influence on the weaker sister re])ublic'. There is, however, no evidence that either govern- ment at this time took part in the schemes of its patriotic subjects. We shall see that the matter did not end with 1840, but had a still more potent inter- est in later years. Meanwhile the policy observed within the limits of California was by no means oppressive to forei^'ii residents. In 18-30, before the revolution, Gutierrez .and Chico called for recfisters of foreii^n residents, re- (juiring them to appear before the local authorities to prove their right to be in the country. This, though it caused a degree of inconvenience and discontent, was in accordance with the laws, and with instructions from Mexico calling for a full report. The orders perceive .it a glance would in such hands be a source of difiiculties to us and a stnmblinji-biock to our posLerity. .Fifty years, were wo left to extend our- selves without iuipediment, woukl inevitably see us in possession of Upiicr Cal. 'I'iie interest of the south-west would call for it, and its purchase from Mexico, should Mexico still retain it, would put ns where the surf of ihc Piiciiic would 1)0 our safe and proper border, not the forts of a nation whuso very kindred renders them, through jealousy, the least amiable of neighljora. It were wise not to leave thi-i to contingency,' jN'em York Anurirnti, in coni- ments on tiic preceding, ^fi/cs' I'eg., Iviii. 70. Account of the negotiations for securing debt by land'-, from New Orleans Picai/iuie, in /(/., Ixiii. L'l.'J. ' Franco has long looked witli jealous eye upon the movements of (Jreat Brit- ain in relation to Mexico. . .England has chipped oQ" two or three little bits from Me.\ico, and is now al)out to make final arrangements for taking possc.s- sion of the whole territory of Cal. . .To cheek this Franco. recognizes Texas. . . and Texas lays claim to Cal.' iV. Y. HernU, in Ilonolula Poli/ii<^si(iii, Nov. "21, 1S40. Proposition to tnuLsfer Cal. in 1839 for the British claim of §")0,00l),- 000 mentioned in Mimrvd, May 20, 184."). See also Laiicei/'ri Criiixe, 'M. Dec. 'JO, ISIiT, Vallejo to Alvarado. Has good reason to l)elieve that ( 'alifornians will soon become North Americans. The Mex. govt has ollered Cal. to Eng- land in payment of debts, and England has ceded her right to tlio govt at Washington. Vallejo, Doc, MS., iv. .308. Dec. 14, 1837, prefect Moreno to Zaeatecan padres. Soon perhaps they may set out for their college, since P. Perez writes that ^Mexico contemplates the cession of Cul. t> a foreign iiower, 'lo que Dios no permita.' Arch. Obhpndo, MS., 59. ill-; ii,^:'m TREATMENT OF STRANGERS. 113 ^v(•rc o'onuially obeyed, and fortunately for us, since ilu' result was a very complete list of foreigners at till' beginning of this period.'' After the ruvolutioii iiiid down to the time tliat California returned defi- nitely to her Mexican allegiance, there was no inter- ference with foreigners, e\ en to the extent of enforcing iiie regulations respecting passports, exce[)t that de- serters were sometimes returned to their vessels as an ii-l of favor to the captains, that foreign like native erlniinals were sometimes mildly })rosecuted, and that there were troubles from time to time, particularly with foreign horse-thieves." This jiolicy was the re- fill! partly of the civil strife which occupied the exclu- sive attention of the authoiities, and was in part duo to the Californians' feeling of gratitude and friendship toward the men who had aided them. The result of this non-interference during 183G-8 was liad in every way. The worst element of the for- eign population was largely increased by desertions i'roni vessels on the coast; the vagabond allies of Ind- 6 Orders of April-May 1S3G, in S. Dirgo, Arch., IMS., 100, 10."); Bqif. St. Pap., Avg., MS., xi. 40; Id., MoHtcny, iii. (i4; Alcamdo, Jlitit. Cal., MS., iii. ■)."). "Sept. 18.S6, Poylc and his band of liorsc-tliicvcs. VaJhjo, Doc, ^IS., iii. ].'!3; ('■Intro, Doc, MS., i. 'J!). Oct. 1S."7, Alvarado alarmed at the boldness (if trappir lior.se-thicvcs iu all the interior valleys, some of whom appeared at Sta InO.-i in Oct. He fears they may attempt a, revolution; but lias taken ittps to iialk their plans, and to protect property. \'\dl(jo. Doc, MS., iv. '.\'ll. April 1SH7, reports of trade in stolen catllc by American trappers in the Tidiircs. hi., xxxii. 84. Nov. lS;i7, Forei;_'n vagrants, deserters, etc, ahuiit S. Kafael must be arrested and sent to Sonoma. No stranger to be per- iMittcil to reuiaiu in that region without a pass. IiL, iv. o48. 1888, rc^ridu abiiiit S. ]■'. Bay infested witli robbers. Store robbed at S. F. in Oct. , twofi ^r- (•i;:ucrs liciug among tlie thieves. Id., v. CO, 02, 204. Depredations at S. Luis Obispo, Six ICnglishmen among the Indian robbers. //,t. ,S7. i'r/}K, MS., iv. 107. l'JS-:!(); xv. 1 '2; 1,1., Anq., iv. 110; v. (i, ."(); xi. !), IIS; /(/., .y[ont., iv. -J'J; /'/., .9. ,Tuki\ v. "rl; Id., Ben. Prof, y Jir.'j., xi. 7--'; Dijd. net:, MS., xi. 1"), 38, 71; .S'"/'. Govt. St. Pap., MS., xv. 1,^; xvi. 10; Std, lUh-hitra, Arch., :MS., 5; S. Dieqa, Arch., MS., 2r)-2-t)0; Sta Crif:. Arch , jMS., 27; A', .^.s/, Arch., :\!S., iii. .S'.t; Estiid/llo, Doc, MS., ii. o-C; Vallijo, Doc. IJUt. Jfcc, MS., i. 2.J7, 2(1."). Aug. 1(!, 111?,!), decree of Jiiiieini ri'fpiiiing deserters from wiialers to be arrested and sent Iiack; also forbiddiii-; tlie men io remain on gliore after sunset without a pas."? from the jnc.'^ dc pa;-. Larkhi.-i J)oc., jNIS., i. IS; J halt's Mcrchavtn'' Mcuj., iii. ■l(il-2. It is chargeil liy some, jierliaps without much foundation, that .a- system of 'slianghacing' v.as practised at Monterey. Captains in want of sailors would apply to L:i!- kin, iit whoso request an order would bo issued to put every sailor about tlu^ place in the calabozo so that the captains could have their piek, the rest beii!\; released. lS3fl, -40, though some are only known to have heen in California earlier and later. For items ol' iiiformation about these men during- this and other |Hi'i()(ls, I I'ef'cr the reader to the l*ioneer Rei^'istcr at the t'lid of these volumes.'* Of them as a class there is not much to he said heyond the fact that they con- stituted an intliiential and highly resjtected clement dt' tlie |»o[)ulation, largely controlling the comnieri'ial industry of the country. jNIany were naturalized, married to Californian wives, and the j)ossessors of lands in their adopted country; while many more (•(United on securing all those advantaiies at an eailv^ datc^ All were enthusiastic in their axhniratioii kA' ( 'alif(»rnia'.s natural advantages and in their predic- tioiif- of her lliture uTeatiiess. In I lusmess tliey were as ;i i'ul(! straightloi'ward, reliable men, aiul thoiiu'h lliey bad lost, especially those who no longer f( ('lowed tlie sea, something of their old activity, and W( !<-• fast leai'iiing how to 'take things eas}-,' they we, 'j yet '"l^.xtciisivo lists of resident foreigners for tlic period of 18,10-40 ore found ill till uaiiiralizration records. JJ(2>'- >''. J''i]>., MS., xix. xx., passim; /.irlj.-i'.i Arivniix, -MS., i.-v., passim; Lai-kht.'a J'/t/io-.-i, iMS., a eullectiou of miscella- iicnui eoniiuercial corrcspondiiicc; (V/yr «*•'.-.• yVz/ic/'s, MS., a similar coil, ctioii; aiul .'d.io in the various county liLsturii'S tluit liavo been recently jui'dislicd, ,111(1 IViiiii which I liave obtained many u.set'iil items. From the reiiiiniscences iif iiKiJiy pioneer.s I have also dei'ived much aiil. See also chap. i:i. of tliia Mil., I !r annual lists of vessels and their masters. For 1S:>(5 I in.iy ivfer to the fuliowiii'^r special lists: For ^Monterey district, Mii)i(t:n\i/, Pmlrun, IS-lfJ, MS.-. \\il!:irl)ai'a di:;trict, jiri'f. .'•','. P(t/)., MS., iv. l.'((,;-(]0; I'im, 2\ipilr.i dr .l//,s,'n;,rs, MS., .M',; ii-id for S. |)i( ;.., ,SV. I'.ip., Sac, yi:',., \'n. 1.'). For 1810 see the followin,: >*ames et'dM'i lUi) persons eoncerned in tlie Graham nfl'ii'', in chap. i. of tlii.ixol.; Slip. U'trt iSV. Pcip., !M.S. , xvi. 10; somc^'eneriillists in Pko, Papdrx tic Mi.-:., MS., ;7-,31; 7>/0()jilo ainon_!L( wlinm tlify had coinu t<» live, and cvit ready to entertain a straiiLjer, hut in most cases iiianirestin<4 l»v I'ar too strong; a Jikinyf l(U' intoxicating^ drinks. In jtolities, especially in com- |)arisoii wilii the new-eoniers >." tiie period, of whom I shall speak jtresently, they i'orined a conservative cliiiKMit, ;iv()idiii!L,^ ])artisan intei'l'd'encc. Wliile (h;- ploiin<4' the evident evils and weaknesses of the J^'ov- etnmental inana<4'emeiit, and quietly supportinif such measures as seemed to promise rel'orm, they uvoided controversv with officials and leadinij' men of the de- jiartnK'ut, and especially of the localities where thi-y resided. Tliev were not the men who talked loud of foreinn interference, though most of them foresaw a change of llaj^ in tlie not very distant future. They furnished hut ten or twelve of the forty-seven men sent away lor the country's good in 1840. Iiidivichi- ally, Isaac (Jraham was more prominent, especially in respect of what has been said and written abiAit him, than any other man in the list, thoui^h by no means jiiiioiiLr th(! nK>st worthy of n favorable prominence. (Jliief amoinjf his comrades were Chard, Carmichael, and ^Mollis. Ca[)tains Cooper and Fitch combined the vocations of trader, ranchero, and mariner. David S[)ence retained his influence at the capital, lilchardsoii, Lcese, Spear, and Davis developed the latent ^l(l!•il's of San Franci-xo. Stearns speculated and induli^ed his j^ropeiisity for contraband trade at Los Ani.;eles and San Pedro. Prudon organized the viuilaiits and showed his sKnl with the pen, Hart- iiell uDithily tilled several hioh positions under the gov- ei'hiiiciit. Larkin slowly built up his fortunes at IMon- tei'cy. IJobinson travelled incessantly from point to [loiiit in the interests of the Boston merchants. Hinck- liy ciacki'd his jokes and defied the revenue officers froii' imi'th to south. Amoniif traders who followed the sea to some extent, but had commercial and other inter- NKW-COMERS OF 1830-40. iir lativos. ■ •r, hos- H oinu til H but ill H in;^^ ft If H 11 coiu- H wliolll H rvativi.' H lilo de- H le <^«.v- ; ^ \r such iv(»i(K(l the dc- ro tlicy ■}. loud ct' resaw a $ Tlu'V i 'on iHtii i idividu- ; •ially ill ut him, ) means , lineiiec. liehael. ml)im'(l lariner. 1 capital, led the julateil r ' ado at I't ;od the If Hait- E ^ 10 SJJOV- b I\Iou- ll l|)int to ^s llinck- H B){licers ^m ■cd the H 1- iiiter- 1^ r>^ts in California as well as elsewhere, T may name ,l(ines, MeKinley, I'ai'k, Uohbiiis, Seott, Snook, Steel, Stokes, Thompson, and Wilson. At Monterey Watson and Allen maiidained a show of coni[)etition with 1 jar- kin in trade; Fiteh was for the most part without rivals at S;in Diego; Temi>le and Johnson were establishi'd a( Li>s An,i,'eles. l*rominent citizens of Santa Bdr- l.aia and vicinity, more or less engajj;ed in comnieivial )iursuits,were Branch, Burton, Dana, Elwell, Hill, and S|i;irks; at San Jose wei'e Bowen, Forbes, and (anization at Los Angeles. Still more interesting was that of the posi- tion taken by foreigners of different classes in suf)poit of Alvarado's revolution against the !^^(?xicans, and nf the foreign company of sailor riJJeroti that served in the Calil'ornian ranks; but these topics have been fully treated in preceding cha[)ters, as the Peaak^k'^ visit ;uid a resulting book will 1)0 in the one to follow. 1 name twenty-live pioneers for 18;)7 out of seveii- ty-tivo ibreigners who^^;e names a})pear for the lirst time ii\ the records of this year." Bale, Edwards, ]Merritt, the Patys, and Vioget were the ones who iu one way or another attained a degree of provinciiil '"rionecrsof 183C: Fiixon D. Atherton, John Bancroft, James 11. Ron\ , JcdVoy Ijiown, F. M. Cooper, llonry Cooper, John Cooper, Daniel (?), M:^;- Ticl Jteniarante, Nic. A. Den, James Doyle, .John II. Everett, Nic. Fink, M. Frazer, \Vm llaiicc (?), TI103 Jewitt, Francia .lolinson (born in Cal.), Su' 1 L irin,!,', John Alarsh, Juan Jloreno, Henry Naiie, Thos A. Norton, .lose] vi l-.>])e (?), John I'riee, Ceo. Robert^, (^eo. Hock, Alex. liotelief, \Vm C. Stout, AVm R. Warren, Sant. F. Watson (lioru in Cal.), and J. V. R. Weseott. >' J these anil other names in Pioneer Register at end of vol. ii.-v., thir) work. " I'ioneers of ISl]?: Wni Anderson, Ivl T. Hale, Manuel Carrion, Ch;u'"- foux. Octavo Custot, Phil. L. Edwards, Fred. ]Ingcl(?), John ].cvick(?), ^\ 11 Mr( Hone; Henry .MeVicker, James Meadows, l'>.ekiel Merritt. Morgan, Fb.i: '1 Ness, James Orbell, llem-y I'aty (?), John Paty, .lohn J. Read {born in Cal , John Reed(?), \Vm 1^'od, A. 1$. Smith (?), John (Smith, Jean J. Vioget, Joliu Wilson, and Francis Young. ANNUAL LISTS. 119 faijic. The foreign inilitiiry coinpany still contiuued ill tlio Calil'oniian service, contributing, for i)atri()li.sui ami three dollars a day, to the maintenance (jf AI\a- rado's power among the unwilling surehos. Suhse- ([uently it aided in retaking ^[onterey from the IMexi- rans. The coming of a })arty Ironi the Celcher, and Petit-Thouars the Fri'nch- iiian, wei'e the foreign visitors of 1837 whose obser- vations Were published. ]\[y jiioneer list of 1838 contains but twenty names (lilt of a tot;d of abouc fortv visitors;'- and only John II. Woliskill is entitled to especial mention as a pi'omi- iKiit citizen still living in 1884. It was a most un- eventlul year in all that concerned foreigners, the only noticeable item being the tragic i'ate of Captain Dancroit, the otter-hunter, at Santa Catalina, 1831) brought to the coast liftv foreigners, of whom twenty-live are entitled to a place in my list of resi- tlonts,''' a list containing such names as those of llow- ;.ilirry HMili:n\;iy, Will .loiics (':), .loliu Lucas, .James OTiii, n, Jaiiua I'l aci , llanly I'circc ('lioiii, Ji'liu i'crry, .lolm Samidrrs, Kli Soutliwortli, \\ iii W illiams, J. C. ^Vlllialu• SduC). JolinJt. Wolfskin, and S. WollVkiU. " I'iiiiiccra (if ls;{!': Win Ijaitoii, \\'ni liiirns, John Chaniljcrlain, Joliii r'nnicl.s (?), t'. ])avis, 'J'lios Duncan, Jloiiry I']at(iii, Co. Hewitt, W. 1 >. M. IliAvani, iuiiry Kiiliy. .losojili Leiny, l''raiiei.s .Melius, Paul Piyor('' lioru ii» C.ii.l, Pich. Pea I C liorn in Cal), Feliim Peid, Jose D. Jtcid (''!, VVni J. Pi yiii'hl.s, ( ;eo. Poliinsoii, Pieii'o Saiiisevaiii, Jujin Siiielaii', (I. ( }. M:i!i\';iii {'.'), Juliii A. tJuttur, Will Swinbuni, Julia Titnicy, luul Francis J. Wcsl^ato. 120 FOREIGX EELATIOXS AND PIONEERS. tlio continent to Oregon a dozen or more peoi^o who subsequently came to California; and it is said that Graham and Xaile attempted to organize a com[)any to cro.;s the mountains eastward, for exactly wlial pni'pose is not ai)parent; neither is it important, as they did not succeed. Xew arrivals in 1840 numbered one hundred and forty, or at least such was the number of new name s a[»])earing for the first time in records of this year, a few having doubtless come a httle earlier. Of all these, forty-six have a. place in the a})pended list,'* and all are named in my Pioneer Register elsewhere. New-comers of 1840 best known in later times wwc Allgeier, J^utton, Farnham, Keyser, Lassen, Kidley, and Sherreback. The great to[)ic of the year, else- where tnnited, was of course the Graham affair, iu- vohing the exile of fortv-^;l'Ven uiuU'sirablo foreiu'ii I'esidents, and su[»plcmented by the visits of Lib' French man-of-war Dcita'idc, under llosamel, and of the U. S. St Louis, under Foii'est. Another matter of considerable! interest was the arrival of the Ldu- s at 13odega, with resulting (;om[)hcati«»ns. A ciMitroversy between the Californian authorities and the Uussiiins was the most important phase of this airaii", and will bo noticed in its place. Its interest i'or the reader of this chapter arises from the iact that the vessel brought several innnigrants. Some of the Art ^;.sYn;»r'.s' passengers were UK^n who had crossed thc! continent with John A. Sutter in 1838; others had come overland to Oregon by the same route in isni). There .vero perhaps ten or twelve in all, ami all intended apparently to stop in California; but the " I'ionecrs of 1S40: Walter W. Adams, Nic. AUwier, Aug. A. Aiulrcws. .loliii Ariiistroiiu' {':), Frank ]joiUvc1I, Dan. .M. Hums, Antliniiy C^amplx 1', (' liii ("ampbell, lieo. 11. Card, tlco. Cliapcl, Cliarloa Jl. Codiioi', Fiaiuis Dj.y, I'iorro Dulmsc, Dav. D. Dutton, TIiom J. Farnham, Win T. F.ixon, (!;^liiac (.'{ sons liorii in C'al. aliont tliisc years), Wiu Jl'Hiptsnan, I'rancis .lolmson, .Tames .lulmsun, .Ir (?l)iirii in C.il.), Wni .rolmsnn, S; ..a ;ti;!n l\('ysi'r. Will Lanylois, I'cti'r Lassun, \atli. S. J.(i;,'ht<)n, Win Lewis, I'ltor Lyons. • Ii'o. I'attersdii, I'aul Jtieiiai'ilsen (V), Folii-rt I'idley, I'oliert ]!iil)ert.»;i. •Icisiah Settle (?), .lared Slu'Iilon, IVter Slien-el>;iek. Antonio >ilvii (VK .M. J' ;• Sterliiif,' (':), Ed Stokes (?), I'aul Sweet (VI, Tlios A. Wai'oai |?|, .lolui Warner, 'Scotch \\'lially,' Tlios White, Wm \Vij.gins, ami Alvin Wilauu. AFFAIR OF THE 'LAUSAXXE.* 121 A ill 1(1 this 'rest liict luu (tl' >sse(l Jicrs to ill and tlu' llrews. ]li1.ol<, IraiR'is 'nxoii, li'iincis Icvsi-r, Irt.-«li. iMrj.:- lu'iu r, onh' per^^oiis who did so, and whoso names arc known, Mriv Wilhani Wigi,dns, Peter Lassen, and David ]J. i)iitton. Their arrival at Bodeg-a, in July, beconi- uv known to General A'allejo, lie objected to their remaining in the country, especially in view of the r.cent troubles with foreigners. Accordingly, some of the number who had a little money or credit [trc- \ ailed on Captain Spalding to carry them to llono- liilu; but Wiii'Ldns, Lassen, and two or three of Sut- tit's old company, having less means or less fear of Mexican officials, determined to remain. The Ilus- >i,iiis, between whom and Valiejo's men a quarrel had arisen about the touching of the vessel at Bodega Mill other matters connected therewith, seem to have viii'mled some protection to the fugitives, entertaining tlicm for a week or more at Ross, and perha[)s fnr- iiishiiig horses for their journey to the interior. At any rate, they arrived at Sutter's })lace on the Sacra- nu'iito about the middle of August, and were not thereafter molested.^'' '■■ I hiivc iiiMiiy original coiiuuunications of the time about the affair of tlio Lniimniif, in \diluyo:iil Iho fact that they liindcil, thai fi)Ur of tlieiii eanic at one time to .Sonoma, ami that J!ntchel, taking (jU'ense at \'allejo's aetioii, atl'onl il them some aid. See ehap. vi.. this viil., lor (U'tai!^5 of the eontrijversy. Most information extant ai.out tiie arrival nf thid party comes from tlio statement of Wm Wiggins, still livinj? ill iJiSO. \i'fjji.iK' Ii'ciiiiiihcriicc.'f, Ms., 1-"J; LI., I'ac. Coii^t in ISJ'J, eoiiieil fioin the V, ('•' Kxdmhicr by the S. Jo^c Phiierr, April (t, 187S; ami an ae- cmut— taUun mainly from the newspaper article cited — in Soltmrt ('okhIii lI'iM., "'7-0; r.irl SoiDiiia (Jo, //i4., (il-'J. There is, I think, no truth in tlio b'uti'iiicut liiat'Vlio Russians told Alf. I'ifia and his nun who came to prevent th.' f< eiL;;50iv< tr iin landing, ' to leave, be shot down, or go to prison ;' nor do 1 ha; days, or until ^\c receive an answer from yon, whicli N\c hope will be as soon a.s the circumstances of the ease will permit. Wo liaw liien refused a jiassport from (ien. Valh jo. Our object is to !:et to the ^cttlenlents, or to o))tain a pass to return to our own country. .Siioulil v.i> re- ) relief, wo will take uf) our arms and travel, consider ourselves in an ■ ''ountry, and defend ourselves with our gnus. Wc snluiciibo oiir- II -t rospeetfnlly, l)a\id |)ntton, .lohn Stivens, I'eter ].a.s,ien, \\'m = ■, Wright.' i>uttou and Wright only are nanu'd as pas.-^engers by ■ : per Ihat I'eeords the arrival of the A^'»,^'(»H'• at Jlonoluhi. In re- l.r.i lu ie liie ai rival ol these men iu Oregon, see JliM. (Jr., i. 'J3S, this .series. ccive enc!) , Sc' • Wij.. t' o^u. CHAPTER V. SUTTER'S FORT— VISITS AND BOOKS. 1830-1S40. John A. SriTr.u's i'' .,ifk— Comes to Califokma via OuECios, ITono- i.n.r, AM) Sitka m.ption at Montkiikv — I'ruciiASKs ox Ci;i;imt - Tkip LP TiiK Sacuamknto — NiKVA ] lKi,vi;('r A Foi .NUKD— Uklatiovs vnii Sonoma — Annals oi" ISoiJ— 10— Inhian I'oi.icy- Cattik, IIkavku- SKINS, AM) 1)HANDY— SuTTKk's I'LANS- I'lIKI.l's' VlSlT — RkcUPITS - Sittkk a Mkxican Citizi'.n — ])ii!Li(nii:AiMiv 01' FouKii;.N' Visits — Tin-: Tkacocik' — lirsc'm;.NDKK(ii;H's \auuativk — Titi: 'Sili'Iick' -l>i i.- ClIKIl's XaURATIVK— SrUVKY OP THE SAfltAMKNTO — SI-ACCM's VisII TiiK 'Vknts'— I'ktit-Thoitaus' Vovagk— Foiuiks on Calii-okma — Ti:k 'Auti-:.misi;'— Laplack, Campauni: — I'iiklps' Foia; and Aft — Fakn- ham's Lifi; in Califoknia — J. F. li. M. A PROMINENT place must be given to Sutter's arri- val and .settlement in Caliibjiiia, as ho was for years in sewial i'es;)ects the leading t'oreigner in the country. He was likewise closely connected with many events of current history in 1841-8, and more honored with Words of eulogy than any other Californian pioneer down to the day of his death in 1880. Moreover, hi.s settlement on the Sacramento was not only the first in a broad aiul important territory, utilized by trappers only down to 1831); but was destined to be a leading- factor in the political changes of 184G, and a direct medium of an event which transformed Calitornia and startled the world — the discovery of gold at Sutter's mill in 1848. »l<)hn AuLS'ustus Sutter — or Johann Auijust Sutei' as tlie name was originally written — was of German origin, having been born iu Februar}*, 1803, perhap.s r ari'!- 'urs in untvv. I vents witli loiiot r or, his ipjU'lS jadiii.u' cliren writtiii alioiit Sutter in Cal., but jilso had aeci'ss t'> other smuiocs of infiir nation, lie cites the statt'Uients of ]iei-soiis at Lieslal who i.iu'W till' family, especially llerr Aliirtiii liirinaini-Soein: also an article in till' ll">:rl/nii'/.. Iti his I'lrxoiinl Riiniiiinrrnci.-', MS., eare'fuP.y dictated to nic liy Sutter at his residence in Penn. a few years before his death, he cor- rects the story of his service in the Frencii army, but goes only sli;.'htly into di i.iils of his early life. He says, however, that he was a cadet at liern. I 121 SUTTER'S FORT-VISITS AND BOOKS. Landiiij^ at Now York in July 1834, ourj-ounj:^ ad- venturer went inunediately westward, with two Ger- mans and two Frenchmen, all agreein<^ to learn no En^lisli so long as they kept together; but they parted in Indiana, and Sutter went on to St Louis, where ji nd at St Charles he spent the winter. Looking about liini for a chance to advance his fbitunes, he fell in with 1 !ie Santa Fe traders, with whom he went in tlie spring of 18o5 to New Mexico. He claims to have had at this time some means, but his ca|)ital doubtless con- sisted mainly in his j)leasing address, his sanguine tem[)eranient, and his })ersonal energy. Already mas- ter of the German and French lannuages, lie shortlv acfjuireil in his new surroundings enough ot" Fnglish and Spanisii for his business purpcjses.'^ Respecting jiis connnercial ventures in ]Missouri and New ^Mexico during thu years 1835-7, ventures consisting largely in trade witli the Indians, there is but little information extant. That little is not favorable to Sutter's repu- tation; but there are reasons for not even re])eating here the definite charges against him, and for believing that those charges were to a certain extent unl'ounded. Tlien, as before and later, Sutter was an enthusiast, and he had the taculty of inn)arting his enthusiasm to others. His schemes were always I'ar beyond his moans and abilities. He rarely hesitated to incur any obligation for the future, and he was rarely al)lo, in hnancial matters, to keep his promises. He induced certain Germans and others to invest their money in Jiis projects, which after their failure were denounced nerd not specify here the numerous biographical sketches that l>avi'inipi':>rcil in tiooks and newspapers. One of those most widclj' ciroulatud in various f ipiiis is that in Dinihar^s llomnnfi' of the A• some doid)t alK)ut his haxin.^ lieen i Swiss, It lias often heen said that Sutter's plan on leavin;,' Ivnope was ti establish a Swiss colony in America; hut this under the cireumstames is e.n- liUely. Ilis plan was to make a fortune as best he could. He say^, 'My object ia coniiii:^ to America was to be a farmer.' - lie never wrote French correctly, though much better than either Spanisii or En;j;lisli. lie hail but sli^'ht occasion in his C'aliloiuia correspondence lor the Gertnuu, wliich was his imtivo language. SUTTER IX NEW MEXICO. •in-' iast. as!!l 111- any ill UcimI 'V ill iuxhI U'lllTil ;ll■ioU^^ ■all' iif TllH >t im- .(•(■II a Ivas M lis un- My Lnisli ns s\vin^ hy tlio viotiins. It is fair to snppof^o, in ill,' al'sciicc of proof to the contrary, that their accusa- lioiis ct' swiniilini^ were exayi^c rated, and other nK)re H'rinus e]iarL,'es invented, l ty reason of theu'disappomt- iiu'iit. At any rate, Sutter saved a httle money, and ilttonnined to seek his fortune still farther west.^ J II New !N[exieo Sutter met several men who had 111(11 in Calilornia, from whom — and especially from a (aiiadian alcalde at Taos named Poj)ian — he heard iiiiu Ii in praise of that country's climate, lands, and ( ;ittle. TluTeforc he resolved to visit California, and rnniii'd a i)artv of seven men, consisting of three Ger- mans, two Americans, a Belgian, and a ^lexican ser- \aiit. ]^y the advice of Sir William Di'ummond Shwart, as he says, and perhaps for other reasons as wtll/ he decided not to go by the Santa Fe trail, but to take a northern route. Thev started from St Louis ill April 1 8;18, and travelled hv the I'ende/vous in Wind lliwr Valley, Fort Hall, Fort Boise, Walla Walla, Dalles, and Willamette Valley mission, ai'iiviiijjf at j'ort A'ancouvcr in October, six months after leaving' S; i.ouis. The journey need not be more fully de- sciilxd here; in fact, little is known about it. From iiilssieiiaries and trappers in Oregon, and especially 'Sutler, Pi i:iK'il in ilic ,S'. /■'. Arijininnl, J:iii. .(I, I'STS, ;L:i\c-i ilii! facta iiKuv Itrifily. This dociniiuiit, tlioiigh iiilcrcsliii^'. is evidently not a diaiy ki'iit at the; time, hut a sei'ie.s oi iiiiiiK.iraiulii iikuIl; at .i later ;hi-|'m1 — at li a^^t, sueli is tlie ease in respect of tlio earlier iiorliiju;?. lii (I'rai/''-: ///'■'. Orcjoii. 177. it in stated that Sutter eaiiie with the author and .-i liiirty i>i i!ii---.-=ii>riarie.s to Walla Walla, Imt Siittei- .says nothing' of it, thi>u,;!i lie prehaMy met ( Iray, as lie later wrotea letter al);iut him wliih^ at lloiioluhi. From the l);d!e3 to tiio \\illaiiiette, Sutter travelK d ]rirt of tlio Way A\illi Ijee, tlie nn.-* ioiiary, and his |).iity. 'J'he jiuirney is deseiihed in /.'C it^nl I'roKl\^ Tci )'(»;•>■//; 0/\, l.".")-()0, hut wilhoiit mention of Sutler. SelilaL'int- v.'eit says he left I't Indejiendi'iiee with ("aiit. lumatiiij'er, .") missionaries, ,ti 1 3 women, in Jnne, ai-ri\in;,' at Ft N'anemiver in Scjitemher. Sehniiil '■ r, ^twr W I '_!!'•( i.<(r, ~\A\, repi'ats this, ami L:i\es .lidy l.".)iii as the dati' of I i; ar;iva! ai Ft If;dl. From St Foiiis to the Koi-Uy Mt. rendezvous, he travel, i with (Vj't. Tripp of the Amer. Fur Co. Siifi'o-'s /'ii, "Ai rival noted in lloiiohihi S. I. ' t [■kcd llio i ovci', Sutter was (>nal)le liroiiglit 4 id S kanak;;;*, two of tliuni with thiir wives, whom the kinj; j.Mve liiiu fnr ;> years at SIO per nioiitli. lie had also taken from Oicjon !iu Lhlian hoy whom he bought of Kit Carson for SlUi). He elaini.s to lia\e lieea till' iiwiiei- of the vessel, whieii 1 tliiuk cannot have been tho fact. ]Jot!i ver- ^10, IS have lieen j.'iven in the eurrent .sketches. In his pctiti^m i 10 .'h u ,s or ds t Mazatlan. Sevv I'al v.riters iw.'uian Islands to cnu'ago in iaising oraiigef st ste that Sutter went to the ethers liave it liiat, starting fieni Honolulu for Sitka, h.r was (hiveu liukily by the gales to S. F. ; noliociy suggests that he went to Alaska to invstigato till' |irnspects for iiuuiiifaeturiiig ice! ' II lit ([uehiiu.'s operations coiiiiiirrciales \ la Xnuvello Archangel,' says Mo/nii, L'.ijiloi:, i. 4,"i7- 8. In a letter ot Nt •-'I, I' to the. V. ./.'.-■•■ P l)ec. 14, 1S77, Sutter objects to ,i st.itemellt by home orator that ' prior to |.S4! a few restless and adventurous s]iirits had C'liie to Californi:i, scarcely knowing how or why; ' and claims that ut least himself and Marsh had come with the dclil>eratc intcutiou to settle. a colony, lie advised Sutter to announce his inten- tion of becoming a ^Mexican citizen, to o-o into tin' interior and select any tract of unoccupied land that mii^ht suit him, and to I'eturn to Monterey in a yeai', ^v]len he would l)e given his papers of naturalization and a grant of his land. Gladly adopting this plan, Sutter obtained additional letters of recommendation to Vallejo, and hastened back to Ycrba Buena, whevi he arrived July 7th on the Clementine, which craft was despatched for Honolulu about a week later.'' "Olio of these letters, dalcd April IS, ISP.O, from Jolin C. Jones, U. S. consul ill O.'ilin, to (Jen. V'iillojo, i.-i preserved in VaUijo, Doc, MS., vi, IM. Sutter is introduced j)S!i 'Swiss geuilcinan of the first eliiss among men "f talent, find estimation,' -(Northy of all ' ilidc enee and sujijiort. '"Jntho Jloiiolii/n S. I. dirjlti', \\m-\\ 0, ISS'J, Sutter distinctly claims have been an olhcer in the French service; ho is called captain in C'on- Jenes' letter; and Larkin in hSfO, J.arlin'n < {[f. ('ornsji., ,MS., ii. JOS- states tiiat he had been .a ea]itain in the Swiss j,'uard of Charles X. Alnirndo, Jlisl. (•rti.,MS., iv. 'JOO, etc.; .S';(//^' MS., ]r,~u; Ii!., Jjiary; Id., I'tlllion. July 3d, Speuce to \'allejo, intLuduciu;^' Sutter aud PREP.UIATIONS. 129 Friiiii S:in Francisco late in Jnly, lie made a visit to A'alltjo at Sonoma, and tlioncc \>y hind, l)y ^Iclntosh's )aii(lio and BodoLja, to Ki^tchcf at Kinss. lie wiu ]\iiiillv iccc'ivcd by both gentlcnion, who j)oHtrly N\i.-!it(l hiai success in his enterprise. He says that A'allrji) anil otliers wislied him to settle in Sonoma, Xapa, or Suisun valleys, rather than !ied to settle on a navigable river, but really be- cause he uished to be at a convenient distance i'roni S|Kniisli oliiclals and Spanish neighbors." He had j.ln iidv decided in favor of the Sacramento Vallev in couseiiUeiice of information received in Orc\gon and at Sitka; and doubtless one of his strongest motives for tills pi'i'ference was a desire to be inde{)endent of the ('alil'itriiians. He was willing to become a Mexican lilizi 11 and to obey Mexican laws only so far as his (iwu interests miglit reipiire it. He wished to be be- yond the reach of all interference with his Indian polii-y, his methods of obtaining laborers, his trading ventures, his trapjiing operations, and his relations witli foreigners. He believed there was money to bo iiiaili' out of the Indians; he hoped to make his estab- lisliiiient a trading-[)ost and rendezvous for trappers; Ik; shrewdly foresaw that even the roving vagabonds and liorse-thieves of the valleys might be useful allies ill ]v,)ssil)le emergencies. liack at Y.erba Buena, Sutter pushed forward his preparations, making arrangements with rancheros ron!!<| the bay to sup])ly him in the near future with lattlc — always on credit. He had brought on the np.iiomiciug his jiluii to settle on the northern frontier. Valhjn, Doc, MS., vii. 'i!!;). .[illy 4tli, Alvarailo to Vallejo, lii.u'lily reconununding Sutter. //. , vii. I! I'J. 'I'liis Would indicate tliat Ijotli Sutter and Alvarado nio wronu' iu .«l>i:ikiii.; I if the first interview as having been postponed until duly .")th. Ar- rival at S. v. July 7th. Ikjit. .St. Pap., Ikn. Mil., MS., Iv. Hi. The vessel still Mtaini'd a jtart of her cargo, which had proved unsalable; and a gu:r,'d Was ]ii!t ])art tif these goods sliould be lauded bel'oro sill' sailed, abmit July 13th, tor Uahu. Piiilo, Dor , MS., i. •2:W-4. '-' S',iiir.-< l\ r.<. ncDi., MS., '21-1, Hall J. Kelley, Jli4., 0!), claims that it was his report and earlier project that carried S. to C'al. and determined his choice iif a ^ite. Ui8T. Cal., Vol. IV. 9 IGO SUTTER'S FORT -VISITS AXD BOOKS. Clomcntino, or had puroliased lioro, a four-oarod ])in- lUK'c; aiul lie cliarttTod iVom Si)L'ar and JLinckh.'V Ww'w scliooiK'i'.s, tlie Isdhc/la and N'tcohU, coiiitiiaiidol hy William H. Davis and Jack Ilainsford, Cor his tiiji U)) tli(j liver."^ On those cral't Sutter embarked willi his eij^ht or ten kanakas, his three or four white men v/ho had come with him, and two or three otlujrs cii- ga«]^ed at San Francisco, besides the crews. The ves- sels \\ere also loaded with stores of |)rovisions, ammu- nition, implements, and three small cannon whi(;h li;id been brouj^ht I'roni Honolulu." When all was ready, a farewell diiuier was t^iven to our adventurer on board a Boston ship, doubtless the Monsoyn, from alonufsid.' of which vessel the little expedition sot out on ;i'. Hem., MS., Suttor claims to have l)ouglit .1 .scliooiici- fin Sprar i*!: ('■>., a yru.'lit ftoiu Ilincklcv, ami a piniineo tVom dipt. Wils. , fc.ul till! stitcmcnt t'lat IicowikiI the iloof lias ln'cn (ift icpc^itcil; hut in 1: I)iari/ ln' s]K'a!;s df having (jhartorod thv /■nhclhtinu] piiroliascil SLVi'ial sini: lioats; iiiliis l'i/ition, that liu ' (.'hartoreil 11 schoounr with sonic siii.'U Imat- nnd l»avi<, (7!i,ii/i.-'f.<, MS., p. II, ^'iviH the vorsimi in my text. Davi.s wa-* chari^i' acra- ill 1 1 K'n '.i -.11 IlllMi . ) was ill i. lo vos ■\, l-l.l 11 01 '5 1 11)1 "lit; >.'"' Tlioy moved slowly, closely oxainiiiinLif tlio li,t:il;s and aiielioriip^' at iii^^lit. '^i'lir liuliaiis, not ap- iKariii'^' until tii(^ last day of the voyai^c, wori! iVieiidiy V, la'U promised gifts, and rnrnished guides, who, hein.^ ( \-neo|)hytes, could sj)eak Spanish. Tiio sohoon<'is anchored at or below the mouth of the branch now called Feather River, up which Sutter in his ])innace went some fifteen niiles, taking it for the main stream, and then rejoined the others. Next morning, or that same afternoon according to Davis, the ileet dro])ped down the Sacramento and entered the American l»iv- (I'.'^on the southern bank of which stream the car<^oes Were unloaded, the tents pitched, and the cannon liiounted. The schooners started in the morning on I'icir return, carrying back several of the men who had iatended to remain, and were saluted at parting with nine guns, which made a sensation among Indians, animals, and birds.'' Sutter was now left to carve his fortunes in the wilderness, his companions being three white men whose names are not known, ten kanakas including two women, an Indian boy from Oregon, and a largo hnll-dog from Oahu. A site for permanent settlement wa^ at once selected about a quarter of a mile from the landing on high ground, where two or three gi'ass ''The (late of starting is jiivcn liy Davis an Aug. 9tli; and that of arrival I'l Shncl; a.s Aug. 1,'Hli; by Dnnhar as An:,'. Klt'.i; and .Sutter, Jyniri/, Aug. I'.'.'.i, /'i ^//■o/^ Aug. l.">th. Littlo reliance is to be plaec(l on the aeeurary of I'll s,' ilate.s; but I accept Am',. '.)ih to Aug. Kith as appi-DNiinatcly correct. "^ Tl;e Itio do loi Americanos is named by Alvar.ulo in Oct. ISoT as a placo fii'inR'iitcd by trappers of revolutionary proclivities. ValUjo, Due, MS., iv. ;iJ.', '■ Siilt-'r\t Pnv. L'fi)i.,'SlS., 2S-V,(]; Id., Dlmi/; 7)«/y-',< GV/w/i-^es MS., 11- II. S.ittcr says the landing-place vas several miles up the American, and irjaiii that it was about a fjuarter of a mile from the later site of the fort. !!'■ slates that lie wished to explore the Sacramento above, but was pre\rnted by cliiodiitent and danger of mutiny among his men. A writer in J liiirlinnj's' Jl":l., iy. 1, speaks of i\\o iMilnlht as the flr.st sailing-vessel that made t:;e vnv;i;rc up the river — a voyage interrupted by hostile IndiansI Stili h many current sketches have been tlrawn; fur v.hicli as lor various I'liiir statements made by him the JJ i a nj was a series of memoranda; i:::d Vvliiili in snnie rcspect.s is more accurate than his P( ivonn/ J'einliiiic' iive been obtained after the first trip, made one or two voyages to San Francisco and back with Sutti r on board, l)rin<>:ino' several new recruits for the col- ony; a drove of cattle and horses, j)urchased of ^lar- tinez on credit, arrived in October.^" Meanwhile the AN'ork of improvement went on; meat was plentifully l)tained by the hunters; preparations were made f i' trapping operations the next season; gardens w Cm '" .s'K/z'cr's Pi'/ihii to Coiign'ss, p. .?. In his Pcrs. I?rm., MS., .^[MO, S^t- tor I'olati's tliiit uii lino opcasion tlin dog cauglit tlic lundcr of a party t'l it caiiiL' to kill iiiiii ill tilt! luglit; but this scjnis to have bteu latu.. I tlii:.k tiieic wi'p; IK) serious troul)k^s in 1 ;.;)!•, '" Ai'ionling to Sutler's J'ltifioii, p. M, the cattle nnmhcred SOO, horses .'■'), and mans .'iO; and .S white men joined the colony. In t!ii' l>iitnj, ~, it is statid llijit tJH' cattht arrived Oct. '22d, rcciuiring S men — jiroliiddy llie new nciiii's -to dri\(' tlieiii. He weeins to speak of two trips to S. F., one taking 10 ^hyi iiiid tliu other ii, niuuth. V XUEVA HELVECIA. 133 )rc 01" lUt ui> striu'- rcady 10 had :s. It tbroe , v.hiK' )-sll()|>. for tlu,' I \VC!VV he can- L stolen o mako )bes <'V ;o soiwo ranj:^cvs their U ('Ver- M/thj 8p*>ki'a |U sloep it may one t'l" Suttc 1- iho (•"!- DfMar- ile tlu' itiiuliy ladc I' r s wero 1-40, S it- piirtv t'.:t I'll,. .'- Ihorsefl ;•'>. |tisst:i;> 1 Ig 10 (l>i>^ ] laiited with various seeds; and a road was cut through the \\"oo(.ls CO tlio cnibarcadero on the Sacramento. At tlio first I suppose, though there is no ibrmal iTcerd and the name is not used until the next year, llie new establishment was christened, in honor of Sutter's adopted country, Nuuva Helvecia, or New Switzerland."'^ On December 26, 1839, General Vallcjo wrote to 1 he coniandanto at San Jose : " We must not lose sight nl' a settlement of foreigners in the direction of the Sacramento, said to have been made with permission iifthe dopartmentrd government, though contrary to law and to the latest orders from Mexico. That es- laMishment is very suspicious, and respira sintomas vdienosos.'"-^ Vallejohad always urged the importance (if inakiug settlements on the northern frontier; but lie fully understood the danger to be a})j)rehcnded fi'om such a colony as that of Sutter, if independent of !Mex- iiaii control, which could not fail to become a rendez- vous of the department's worst foes. IMoreover, the idea of a power in the north which might rival liis own was not a pleasing one, especially when that ])(twer was founded and likely to be constantly favored by his (iii'niies at Monterey. There can bo no doubt that the favor shown to Sutter at Montei'oy from tlu^ iirst ky Alvaradoand others, espev:'ially by jinieno Casarin, (he oovi'rnor's secretary and adviser-, was all the more cordial i'rom the expectation that there might be a ri- vahy between the magnates of Sonoma and the Sac- I'auiento. At any I'ate, thoconcessi(»n made to Sutter without consulting tlio genera' was an insult to Vallejo, iitid it is not stran-re that he did not feel kindlv toward iho iR'W-coniers. Yet there was no open quarrel, nor •''Whiili 'Mnii of llio name r.liouM properly 1)0 iisi'il \^^.^^^• j^ ^ ^m/Af. Sut- t'l' ] I'.liii'ly ciilloilit Xouvcllu llclvrtie — siiKe lie iilwiiysiili'rcti'il tin: l'"reiu:h, iiiul Hot i\w (Jt'nimii — ratlirr than Niiii-llchctii'ii; Imt lie was a .Nitxioaii oiii- i'i:il. ami wi'otc tlu' iiatiic olliciiiUy in its Siraiii>li form, Xiicva Hilvfiia, a.s iliil till' Cilifciniiaiis; while lator, with tiic prciluiniiianoi' of Auu'riiaii .settUys, it U'Ciuiu^ Nt w Ijilvt'tia, I'rubaljly it laver occunod to any body to wiiiv it all iu I.;itiii--Nova llunctia. •' i'aiUjo, iJuc, MS., viii. 395, tlowu tlio American lliver from a distance of about twcnty-livo miles. xVdobes were also prepared, and in the autumn a beginning was probably made on the f.)rt, which will be described later, and the construc- tion of v/hich occupied about four years. Of agricul- tuial operations at this time we have no record, thoug!i they were doubtless conducted on a limited scale, ms other industries promised larger and more speedy re- turns. Sutter's <2fro\ving herds were increased by tho ])ui'cliase of a large luunber of cattle froni Antonii Suuol, besides horses fiom Joaquin Gomez and others. Some animals were obtained also from Dr 3[arsh aiid Kobert Livermore. The launch, now in charge ( i' Kobert Ridley, made fi'equent trips to Yerba liucua and to the bay ranchos, always with requests for grain, ponltry, implements, or sup[)lies of some kind to h ■ l)aid for later in beaver-skins. Sutter's creditors, nl' whom ^Martinez and Sunol were chief, as yet showf I no marked signs of impatience, and prospects there- fore seemed tlnttering.'-^^ In the industry of beaver-trapping, from whii'i Sutter expected tho greatest results in tho future — and with reason, since for several years it was witli '^ Alvavado, however, infornnd tlic !M(;x. govt in 1S4-J tli.'it Sutter con' I g(^t inj .-liil from Viilkjo, tliuugli iic luaile fcpcaUil r('«iiit'sts lursucli {liil. Vci'. i.'.r., .Ms., xiii. !»-|(). "hi Siiffer'ii J)i"rif, 2 '^, the iminltcr of cattle )ioii'j;lit of Siifiol is sdi.I i) liavc l)ecii I,(K;0. Maicli iSili is jjivcu as tin; datu of lirst sfiuliiiL; out nun f"i' tiinliur. In liis /V/v. I'nn., MS., IS, Sutter sjiuaks \a-;nely of lii':,'innin.c work (111 till fort, ini]ilyin'_,' liiivt the adolio Imilding was Imrneil in tho wintir ff ls:i;i— to, or prohaMy !.'>'ll)-l, .since it was seen hy a \ isitor in July |S40. Tiio iS'((^'( r-Sitiiol ( 'iirri'-piinlouci', 1,'k}()~(), MS., is a collection of copiesand exf •••ictj fi'oni ori'.'inal k'ttersiii the pos.scssion ariy of Sutter's Indian lishei-men at work at the ondjarcadero, whence he went on horse- hack to New Helvetia, being welcomed with a salute iVoiii the caimon and a gay disjtlay of flags. IIu was hospitably entertained, enjoyed an elk-hunt with his •'So s.iid Oov, Dou'jlas, yoiTva', MS., 71 '-, tu Alviifad') in J.ni. \si\. X oittonlioM li;iil hceu p.. id to Sutter's iirnhihitiiMi. Alviirad) ;idiiiit id (li.it li ■ l.,;d .■nitli.iii/«'d SnttcT to rc(|ucst, nut onKr, LatiMiulmiai; to uitlidruw hid II. 1 1'.r.ioiis lart'.irr from tlio si'ttloinonts. ■'[.cticr uf Oct. 7, ItvlO, ill Siilti r-Sifi'i'l Corr 7'., MS., |, in whicli lie s.r.s lij will kuow iu ft few weeks tlio result uf hia luU'iiii);;!. lit 136 SUTTER'S FORT— VISITS AND BOOKS. lioi^t, visitod Sinclair's iiirm, spent a M'cck in explora- tions farther up the river, and then returned in three days to his sliip. In his book he gives no descrip- tion of theestabhshnient as he found it.'^" Soon after this visitor's departure, there arrived others on Au- gust I7tli from Bodega. They were Peter Lassen, Wilham Wisffjins, and several others whose names and number are not known, but who had crossed the con- tinent with Sutter. They came down from Oregon on the Lausanne, and were aided by the Russians to cross the country — stealthily from fear of interference by Californians — to New Helvetia, where all but the two named above remained to strgngthen Sutter's force. ^'' Later in August Sutter went down to Monterey and obtained his papers of naturalization as a ^Mexican citizen, for which he had made the preliminarv appli- cation in July 1839. These final steps were begun on August 27th before David Spence as justice of the j)eaee, and completed the 29th, the applicant proving ■by documents and by three witnesses, Estrada, Wat- son, and Spence, that he was a Swis^ catholic, and of good character.'^'* Ca})tain Sutter was duly author- ^^ Phelpt^' Fore and Aft, 254-9. Geo. H. Card seems to have been one of the iiR'ii who accoiii]i;iiiic(l I'hflps. •' 111 his JJifin/, Siitti'i" siiys that 'the men vho crossed vitli me t'.ic Rocky Mountains,' implying Ihat the niimhcr included all 5 of them, an-ived Aug. ITtli. 'I hero wci'o not liowcvor so niiiiiy, i^imc on Oct. H>, Isll, ."-lutttr writes that lie is expecting overland from the C'oliindiia 'sever;d men who crossed the continent with me and wish to enter tny service' iSii/lcr-,S>i>liif C(trr<-<}i., MS., 11. AViggins, UrDiiiiln., MS., I-.'i, s;iys there were "snnie liMlt- do/en of us' who took passage on the Lntisdinw. and implies that all acconi- jiaiiicd iiimsclf and T.assen from Itoss to Sutter's place, a journey of \'l days. Two men, however, arc known to have gone to llunolnlu on tiie vessel: and ;;-) in the controversy between Vallejo and the Russians only 4 foreigners aie nu'ntioncd as going inland, I sup] use that not mure than 2 or li of Sutter's old couipanions arrived .at this time. In a contrilmtion to the newspajiers, liowevi'r, Wiggins says there were (i — 1 besides himself and l^jissen — who went iidanil. .V. ./(Wf* Pioneer, April (!, 1S7S. Wiggins found Suttci- living, as at the end of ISHU, in the adobe house of three rooms, the fort being not yet be- gun. •^l)(lit. Sf. /*??/)., MS., V. Ilo-IG. Sutter in his various statements has saiil nothing of this visit to Monterey, implyin<; that his naturalizat':"e Indians, an, elaiiiis to liavt- discovi wl ia .April a i)laa to attack New Helvetia, ami to li.'ivn prcveiiteil it liy ancsliiiL; the eliief, Alarico, and keepiiii^ his two sons as hostaijes. Tliis autlior, /7. , ;!7 t'i, rep- iv.seiits Sutter's estalilisliiiient as jiaviiii^ lieeii in territory of llie ()e!ieeanie.een a iieo'.iliyte, iuid wlu) favored tUo 8tiu.i''ors. .Sutter also names Xareiso and the Ocli'er. From the fh-st he was in the habit of seizimi^ Indian children, who were iv- tained as servants, or slaves, at his own establishment, or sent to his friends in different parts of the country. ]5ut he always took care to capture for this pur[)ose only children from distant or hostile tribes, and he generally treated his owri servants with kindness. Sutter had probably a force of nearly twenty white men at New Helvetia by the end of 1840; but I am able to name but few. Robert Ilidley, as we have seen, was in charge of the boat which made reg- ular trips down and up the river; William Daylcr was here in 1840; and it is likely enough that haU' ;i dozen or more of Sutter's men, recruited at Yerlia Luena and other ])laces in California, have bee;i named in my annual lists. William Burns seems t » have been one of the oris he aoci'edited to these years, but which ones it is iii)|)nssible to say. Meanwhile, however, John Sin- chiir had come from the Hawaiian Islands, and was f'.iiud by Phelps in July 1840 living on a farm across ih.' American River, and a lew miles north of Sutter's place. I may add that at the time of Graham's arrest and the general excitement aljout ibreign plots no ellbrt seems to have been made to interfere in any manner with those living at New Helvetia. T have constantly cited in foot-notes the authoritic:; on each ])oint j)resented for this as for earlier })eri- oils, thus forming a complete bibliograj)hical record. Nine tenths of the authorities cited have been origi- nal records in ])ublic or ]>rivate archives; but many of the rest, being the writings of foreigners, pertain somewhat to my present topic. Of these, however, only a few require notice here as belonging almost ( xrhisively to this period of 18oG-40, and ailording an oii])()rtunity to describe more fully than has been (lone the visits or voyages that brought them intoex.- i-ten'*o. And in this connection special mention should bo made of Nileti Xatioiud Iiiyt'.stcr of ])aiti- nioiv, and to the Sandirich hlcDid (rnzette and 7^"//- hcsi'in, two papers published at Honolnlu. The iiios of these publications I have found to l)e of the greal- ( >t x'rvice, not only for the maritime records so I'nily ,i.':ivon In the Hawaiian journals, but as retlecting the ^I'lrlt of the American and Euroj)ean press on niat- tt'r> alleciing vjarly California annals. Jwchard JI. j)ana, Jr., did nc leave the coast until T 140 SUTTER'S FORT— VISITS AND BOOKS. 183G, liiit Ill's most faseinatinij narrative of Ttvo Years he/ore the Mast lias already been noticed under the year of the author's arrival. The book was, how- ever, |)ul)lishc(l for the first time in the last year of this [yeriod.^^ The only other visit of 18.'1G resultin;^ in a book was that of the U. S. ship of war Peacock, Kenned}^ conunandiiig, GOO tons, 22 guns. The Pea- cock left New York in Juno 1835, her j)rimary busi- ness being to convey an embassy for the ratification of certain treaties in Muscat and Siam. Her course was to Ilio Janeiro, round the Cape Good Hope; u[) the eastern coast of Africa, to Muscat, Hindoostan, Ceylon, Java, and Siam; to the Chinese coast; to the Bonin and Sandwich Islands; thence to Califor- nia, the Mexican and South American coasts; ani.ir/iriih< ri/cr's Xnrral'irr of a Voi/di/r round thr World diirimj /In'. yiin-< y.V- . i-. /,";.. .Ldiidi 111, 1S3S, Svn, "J vol., with illiisti'iitious The iiiat- tcri:ii Califoiiiia is v,\i jip. ;J80-4: and I'liiip. xxi.-ii. ji. 40L'-'J(i. "Tliu isciziiie of tlm Lor lot at S. I'Vaucisco iu 1633 was one of the out- VISIT OF THE TEACOCK.' 141 Sop- It )n- tho that com- coun- •ivat oro- 5 for con- oast, •esitl- iec( '1" icrc, ^eous , iii. of Jjiiij III'' nial- lo out- Tii aocordance witli tliis request, the Peacock \\[is di- iictcd acr<)ss the Pacifie ami ancliored at ^loiiterey the "J-Uh of ()('tol)ei'. The visit was not eventful, nor i« iiiiuli known of it in detail, no noti(,'e of the arrival tvresse(l })roper amazement at a'l on sliipboard, and exhibited their marksmanship; and met the old veteran, Captain William vSmilh. Tli'ii after six davs, "the connnodore havinii; done all that was necessary in relation to the subjects of com- plaints under the existing circumstances," he got under waA' for ^[azatlan on the 30th, iust in time to avoid the revolution — of wliich, and the part to be taken in it bv foreigners, the connnander knew noth- iiiL;'. perhaps — but not until he liad received from Auk lican residents and supercargoes a letter of thaidcs j'r his kind interference, and the 'highly salutary' iiitluence of his visit.*'' There is no record of his iiiNcstigation of abuses, if he made any. liusclieid)erger gives a slight description of the t>\vn and bay of Monterey. He notes some facts respecting the commercial interests of the country; records his observations brieliy on several Californiau institutions; speaks of the ruinous condition of Sau niL'(< I'liiiiplaiiiod of; and another vcasol l)i'longiiig to John C. Jones wns ho- hcved to lie at present detained unlawfully. Tlie si^'nei's of tlie memorial, iiiiiny of whom wi're known in Cal., and all engageii more or less in tlie I'al. trade, were as follows: IViree & IJrewer, Jos ^loore, Wni I'aty, Ladd & Co., Wiernian Peek, Hinekley & Smith, A. If. Fayerweatlier, Tlios ('iiniiiniiH, lleiny 1*. Stevens, Klial) Grimes & Co., Tlios .Nleek, llemy I'aty & Co., J. I'talindy. Eli Southworth, Jos Navarro, 1). Owen, Sam. F. Shaw. A. C. ])avis, .John I'atj', Sam. A. Cushing, Wni Freneh, .1. II. 'riiomas, J. l^hljctts, Sio^ili. |). Mcintosh, \Vm 11. I'earce, Cornelius Hover, Nelson J lall, (,'Iia.s Titc'.ml., Win C. Little. •'"''I'lie letter, dated Oct. SSth, was signed hy Nathan S|)(>ar, F. 1), Ath'r- t'.ii, .Folin Meek, Thos A. Xorton, Thos O. Larkin, Josiah Thoni|)siiii, W'm S. lliiirldey, Wm M. Warren, A. (r. Tomlinson, John H. I'Aerett, Iv! ii. Fui; ■on, Jus Carter, and Wni French. It wa.s addressed to 'Com. Ednniud 1'. Xeu- iinly, commanding East India Statio)i, U. S. shi|) I'tacuck.' •I'li 142 SUTTER'S FORT— VISITS AND BOOKS. Cilrlos; illustrates by an anecdoto the methods of administering justic(.'; gi\-es mucli attention, eoiiipar- atively, to the trappers; and finally adds a short his- torical oiiapter, the matter of which was drawn Iroiii Venegas, and pertains almost exclusively to Baja Cal- ifornia. Except as a record of the visit, this book is of no special importance in its relation to California, thoU'di well written, and of real value in its informa- tion on other parts of the world. Thomas Nuttall, an English botanist, who had crossed the continent to the Colund)ia River in 1S34, came to California apparently earl}' in 183G, on a ves- sel from the Hawaiian Islands. Dana records his trip the ] )U blished instruetions to lieechey and Bi;leher, tlir main object of tho expedition was tiie completion <<[' a liydroL,n'ai)hic survey of the western coasts and islands of America; and it is in its information on this and cognate topics that the value of tho narrative 4.")-S. No illustrations or map for California. Scicntiliu piiIili(;ition3 resultinj,' from this expedition wore: U'lmls'it Holui.i/ ni'l/n' Voiimic (>' II. M. S. S>t/jduir. . . Jlo/cuiii'iil l>t'.^orii)lioii-f, /*// Gcoriii' linthum, K-i/. 1,'iiiclun, I.S44. 4to; and libHlH^Zoiikiiinvfthc ro,va;/i'. . . J.nndon. Isl4. Uo. •-' \"1,. Mitli plates. ALimmalia, l)y J. K. CJray; Birds, by .1. (ioidd; Fisli, by J. );ii.h;iril.son; Mollusca, liy K. 15. Iliads. ■'"'i'liu arrival is also montioueJ by Capt. Richardson in a letter to Vulkjo. Yalhju, JJoc, MS., iv. 328. . ' IM sutti:r's fort— visits and hooks. *■■■ want of spirit to protect tlioiiiselvcs, tlu;y will soon tlwiudle into iiisiufiiilii'iniL't;," "Tlio iiiissioMs, tiu.; only rcspoctablo estiihlishnieiitH in this country, arc anni- liilatcd; tlicy have been virtually plundered hy all parties." "They sadly want the inter[)osition of .soiin; ])o\verl'id frii'iid to rescue them. To Great Britain their hoj)es ai'e dii'ected; why, I caiuiot learn, hut I am mucli inclined to think that it is rather from a ])Usil!aniMi()Us fear and want of ener;Ljy to stand by each other and expel their common enemies than from any friendly ftjeling to Great Britain, l^esid's this, thi.'y look with some ajjprehension upon a power daily increasinij^, an orL,^anized indejiendent band of de- sertei's from American and JCnj^lish whalers. These luen, headed by one or two noteil darint,' charactci's now amongst them, will, whenever it .suits their purpose, dictate their own terms and set all law at defiance"— a prophecy of the troubles with Graham and his band in 1840. Belcher's own crew contributed some half dozen men to this army of deserters, and besides, ho found it difficult to obtain needed supples. The main object in enterinj^ San Francisco Bay \Aas to complete the survey bej^un by Beechey bv- making explorations beyond the strait of Car(]uines and up the }]frcat rivers to the head of navi<'atlon. They started October 24th with the AS'tor/Z/^y — whicli, however, was left about 3G miles beyond the strait — jiinnace, two cutters, and two g'igs. He did not liiid the Jesus ^[ari'a and San Joacjuin — the former be- cause there was no such stream distinct from the Sac- ramento, and the latter because its mouth and course were much farther south than he had been led to sup- ])osc, as indeed he finally concluded, though pronounc- ing it "certainly not navigable nor entitled to bo named as a river in conjunction with its majestic neigh- bor." As they advanced up the Sacramento the Ind- ians became more and more shy, until at last it was found impossible to communicate with them. The highest point, reached on the 30th, and deemed the li SURVEY OF TIIK SACllAMEXTO. 143 li, 1(1 of ii;iviL,^iiti()n about one Imiidrcd and fifty iniK'.s l.v tlu; \viiuliii!4s of the struain, was at a I)raiu'h Imyoiid which there was not water enoui^li in eitlier <'h:innel I'll' the lijjfhtest ho.M.ts, loeat<''f:i on the 17th, and five days later sailed lor tilt southern coasts. In connection with this cruise down the Californiaii coast, some local descriptive matter is given in tlio narrative, which for both visits contains occasional references to the unfortunate condition of thecountiv and the ruin of the missions. Hinds in his appendis; on the 'regions of vegetation' gives three pages only of general remarks on the extent, physical character, climate, and tlora of the Californian re Out. tlio ))revailing Avinds Imd heeii linn ^. w. 10 w., aud in Nov. to Apr. from s. w. to h. 8. W.; but for thuu PETIT-THOUARS' VISIT. 147 uirvcy I4CO for atioiis, 5tli «.f Vl\ till) it San of tlio ived at loci for forniaii I in thf .'asicinal country ppentlix: res only aractcr, K'lu(lin;4' olorad". of th(,> be said »ccrni' an ai- ption "t pr()nii>- vo 1l"t nd with 199., H"li>'' Iclimalt' "' lllClMl tl^'lll for tliuu lis it another by Hall J. Kellcy, whose visit, already de- scribed, had been in 1834. This writer devotes lialf a dozen pages to a " brief geoiijraphieal account of the northern portion of High California," not very inac- cnrate, considering Kelley's limited opportunities of (jbservation.*'^ Tlio voyage of the French frigate Venus, coniniand- cd 1)V Captain Abel d\\ Petit-Thouars, who was also the historian of the expedition, lasted frt)ni December l;>}6toJiinc 1839. Tlie route was from Brest to Jh'azil, round Cape Horn, to Callao, to Honolulu, to Kamchatka, to Californlc., down the coast to San Jihis and X'alparaiso, to the South Sea Islands, and honu; hy Ca|»e Good Hope, uioeting Belcher's expedition at several points. The primary object was to investigate ihf whale-Hsheries of the North Pacitie, with a view years past (since 1S34) the winds had boon exactly reversed, making tiie v.iii- tcisiiuhli colder. TlieniiometoiatKuss, Oct. ISiifi, 4;{ to titl ; Nov., ."S !■) 7- ; liir , ;!*)' totiJ ; Jan. 18:{7, 3S' to .W; Vd>., r.i to .■)li'. Keh. I.', Ks.'iT. Va- lic'jo to Alvarado. Is iufornieil tliat a U. S. coiniiiissioiier is e.\pectcd on the y,(. /•/■(. ^ to survey tiie coast. VuUijn, Ihic, MS., iv. 7">. '■ Kill' i/'-i Mfmoir on Oregon and //ii/h ('fili/oriiia, t'lated .Fan. 31, 18.30. and jmlilislud in tlic same document .as Slacum's reiiort, p. 47-t>l. Jvelley speaks i.| Ciliiornia, ' i>ecause it has been and may lie aLraiii made liie snlijei t of eon- fiivnrcand negotiation between Mexieoand ihelJ. S.; and because its future uiiiiition to our western posses.sions is most iiiuiuestionably a matter to lie de- .siif(t.' 'There is one (•ontinuous line of prairie exteiidinic from the liuIi of t'al, to the 3!lth parallel, S(niietime3 KM) miles wide and seldom les.sthan 10, iipciiiuf,' to the ocean only at the bay of San Francisco" — very fertile, but prob- :iMy not htted for protitivblo cultivation on .iceount of alkali and asphaltum. 'Tin coast is always healthy; but durini,' tht^ heat of summer the [)rairies of till' interior aic pestilential, and diseases al)ouniI.' The only harb' r.» vi.-iti,cl and ilesrribed are Sta ("ruz and S. F. — the Latter the Ix'st h.irbor in X. \V. America, except one in the strait of Fnca. Of the .S. .Jo;i((uin: 'This tranipiil rivir must eventually beconit! productive of \ast beneht to CaHlornia. not im rely as a convenient and ready inlet for eomn:(!rcial ])urposis. but asa.j,'i'eat nutlet ihrou^h which shall 1)0 drained those superlluous waters by which so iimcli of the prairie is convertccl into a maisli and ri'nilered fruitful only of ili-sense anil death. It is indeed a vast canal, construited by an abniLrhty .ucliitect, and destined, I doubt not, in futme aijes to transport the eounile.ss liieilui'ts ot a niiuhty I'nipire.' The 'Sacrament ' is also d 'sciibed as 'na\i- f.Mlile for M'ssels of small burden to it.s first fork, about sO miles from its lUHiitli.' 'When I remcmlwr the exuberant fertility, the exhaustUis natural wiiilth, the abundant streams and admirable harbors, ami the ad\;i'it.»^i oils sliap.'iind position of lli^'h (.'alifornia, 1 cannot but belie\e that at noN'iydis- taiit 'lay a swarininj^ multitude of human beinj^s will a^ain )>eopU' tlu' sohtude, luid titat the monuments of civilizatiou will throng along thuBC stream-^ and cuvir those fertile vales.' s counir all possihk' iiitonnation respoctiniC the actual condition of the various countries visited. The lueuihersof tli" scientific corps were to seize every opportunity l"r iiiakiiiL!: observations on hvdroijjraphic and other snc- cial matters. The \oyage was pi-osperous in most re- spects, and the results were ])uh!ished in IS 40.*^ The Vt'iius, coniini»' from the I'ar north with a forci^ of over tlij'ce hundrevl men, anch<»red at ]\[onterev Octolier IS, 18;}7.^' Manv of the men were sick \\ilh scurvy, but throun'h tlie kindness of J)avid Spi'iH" a vacant house on shore was furnished foi- a hospiiil as well asol)servatory, and all weiv cured but one man, uho was Ixu'ied with military honors at San ( MrL'-^. The frigate saluted the fort and was saluted in t'liii "with an equal numl)!'r of guns. ( Jovernor Alvara'lo received the na\igatoi's with his usual hearty polit!- iiess, sending on board some baskets of grap(?s, an I jriantin"'" evrrv facijitv for makinuf observations ami obtaining needed supplies. A grand ball was givm to the strangers during their- stay, which affair, wlt!i a visit to the mission of San CVirlos, to which llic h 1 11 . ^■^ Pitit-'riioiior". I'oi/iiiji'tiiitnurdinpnii'lrsiirlnj'riijiitc Ijti Vrinin, poiil'int lis ninirat JS.iU-lSJf). /'nlJir ji'ir orihy vol. iii;i|). Tli(3aulli<)i-iii liis juvf- iU'l <>t' an y speaks of cliarts of all tlio ports iii wliicli tin; I »">' aiuuori'i ipi il, mill ii!-o \lh, I'lih. I HI I H ill I'lilic) of ilrnw i;iL.'s ai'ciiiii|iaii\ hil; till! liana; IV' luit I lia\i' Hot seen ritiiLT. Tliu polttoim rclatili:,' to ( 'al. itic as fi toiii. ii, p. 77 141, narrative i f visit and liiitoiical milt; torn. lii. p. .SI, eoiiileiisiil iiaiiative in a report pn-entri| on tlie ii turn to {•'rai IIJ, occasional s. 177 ■*■">, 1.'{()-I, s. ■ ii- tilio notes, witli some imiiioraii la on evi'iits of tlie vi^it DerV'ilioiiK III tii:iiii •!. in ,/iiiiriiii I d. *'i have fomnl in tin arcliivo:* iiotliiiii ;iliout ll pr .'SellCO of tllis Ve- NAllRATIVr: BY PETIT TIIOUARS!. 140 nd tlio 3 of a ra ^va^5 incr v<'- er \vas le com- iioquiio nditidM Sot'tli- lity I'"!' lor s[H'- iiost I'c- a foici^ ontcrry h()s|)ii.il )ne ninii, rai'l-<. in turn Ivara!) >' jiollt"- )0S, a 11' I ons aipl IS u'ivcu ir, with ich li ■ Vn .l/f •'■-''•■■ IdfO/'/i '' ' ';' liiiliiq'i' I'- ll, llUil . ■' liar; a \' ; In foil""'; Sii. p. ^i-'^- laiu'i': •'• ' '' \i ill s!i' t-! \\X\. 'I. I)-1, N.-». y -'i'l. I'lriiclunan was proin[>toil l»y tlie iiari'atlvo of l^a J '. iiuiso, are the only events of the visit reoonled, it such as Were connected with the niakinn' of ( X. iitiiic observations and the ohtai iii:y of suppliu .... .- . . ^^^ This latter was attended witii some Liitliculty. .No- ll:.' ot' the arrival luul been sent in advance from 1 [iiaohilu, and it was hoped to tind [)rovisions pre- pared for sale. But such was not the case. Flour wa-; scaioe, and the ship's bakers, establishing; them- M h.es on shore, had to work day and ni^ht to))rovi(le a 'iipply visious and water. The trip took from October 20th to November 'Id; aii.l M. 31. Chiron, Tessan, and ^lesnard took advan- la-eof it to complete their scientii'" survey of San Fiaiicisco. The Venus linally left Monterey the 14th (4' November. 1 > so .a A ■tit-Th 'I louars worK is a nnicli more va h duabl e one Clifl . r as California is concerned, than that of ]]el- In addition to the brief narrtitive (»f the visit it- If, to scii'utific observations of different kinds not |i i:lh'ularly important in this part of the voya^v, anil t'l \iiy complete descri[)tive matter on the only part of the coimtry visited, the French uavigat(tr i^ives an exci Meiit sketch of Califomiaii history for the ten yeais preceding his visit, especially of the revolu- ti'iiiaiy troubles then in progress, and of the actual c'tiidition of the country, its pe(»j»le, and its in>titu- timis. Naturally the author fell into some errt>rs. But from no other sinjj^le work, I think, could so com- I'litc and accurate an idea of the subject bi- ubtaine jxirciiasi! iiouilcr in t'xciiaii:;t! for ln'cvf-s, ii't'u.-*»i)lied by the author and <)thers, bringing the nar- raii\c in a sense down to IHoS. I have given the tnlc and contents in full in a note. Of course in so Mii.ill a volume nothing but the merest outline of his- tory could be given, as drawn from Vencgas and Taiou for the earlier times, with only here and tlnre a salient ))oint of later annals. It was not in any sense as a history of the past that the book has ^al^le, but rather as a presentation by an intelligent iL lo a ro- nracies *' Forbes, California: A Iliatory of Ujrper and Loin r C'aliforuin from tlirir ('/•.' (//•"•oirn/ /o l/ie ynKdH lime, comprinimj un uccoimt of the diiiiatr, snil^ 'ii,-id jiniilnrtiouK, (Hiriciilliirr, ciniimi'irc, i/c. A full vifir of thf )iiis.-.'ioii(iry 1 ,1'i'Ji.i/itiU'uli (tii'l coiiililioii if the frcv and domexticalnl Ii/dlaiiK. With on (ijij iiiili.e nlaliiiii lo Kli'ain, nariijdtioii in the Parifc. lllustrttt'il irilh d m w j,i'i/>, jilaii.i (f Ihi' hitrl/ors, anil iiiiini-roii.t (iiiirariiiiis. liy Ali raiidi r Jorlxs, J'.^, I'ontitina a i'(\suiii(5 of tlio fuily Iliatory of Alta Calituinia down to 17'S4; eliap. ii., I.'{l-."i:t, ]ire- Sifiit^i vi'i'y luiilly indued tlie ' licount history of Uppor Califoinia, present jiiilitical ciiiiilition and ])nispects,' down to IS.'SS; chap, iii., l.")4-7!*, on topog- r.i|iliy and natural productions; chap. i\"., 1SI)-"J8, on thu Indians; chap, v., IIMI Jt."), on the missions; chap, vi., 'J40-S(), on ai;rieultnro and live-stock; ehai). vii., 'JSl-IiOS, on connncrcc anil navigation; chap, viii., ;5(l!(-"_'."i, on Cal- ii'iruia ^s a luld for forcijj;u colonization. Appendix, i. Remarks on tlu' liar- Imis of California. . .hy ('apt. .John Hall (from a visit in IS'.'l'); ii. Letter to tiiiMiliiiir on steam navii,'ation in the l'aciti<'; iii. N'arioiis extracts on tho Kline siilijeet. Illustrations, ehiclly hy Caj)!. Wni Smyth: jtortrait of I'adro I'lyii, a native Indian, view of Monterey Hay, S. !•'. JIarhor, Sta iSail ara, Indian hath, .S, Carhif} Mission, presiilio and pueMo of Munten'y, S. !•". Mis- eiiiii, Thiovv iuLj the lasso and S. Jose Mission, Map of California with jilans of the harhors of IJodega, S. F., Monterey, Sta liarliara, S. I'edro, and S. i'ii j,'i). tho maps liy John Hall, except that of S. F. iiieil from l»eeehey. '" See JSiunliiii, Ciirta hixtorii'rt 1/ ilis'-ri/ilii'd ilf ( al., i^V.s', MS. 'J'liis is a liiMi,' letter dire(;ted to l>iirron, Forbes' partner, and was doubtless obtained aud used for Forbes' book. ■>.«i!»',Vw-.'^liW*(ti..fc»>.«^«,..i^ 182 SUTTER'S FORT-VISITS AND BOOKS. man of business of the country's actual condition, capabilities, institutions, and prospects. Forbes' book \vas not only the first ever published in Englisli relatinLj exclusively to California, and more than any other the means of makin<' known to En<;lish read- crs the country's advantages, but it has always main- tained its reputation of being one of the best extant on the subject. I reproduce a portion of Forbes' map. /l.ri r>^Ii.aaeranunlo 1-4 '<..-("-4\ u r .to &."0 ■ 6 PAHr.ARA. ^-^-, 5i.(.aTaViNA s.rLe^'E^^E' I i6n gjanuidlno "^'■'^j.jAN. VlS.Dlego 8.P. C0fiQNA0Q5' Forbes* Map, ISHO. In 1830, also, another French voyager visited Cali- fornia. Til is was Captain Cyrille Pierre Theod Laj)lace, coujmanding the frigate Arfeniisc, of 50 gun and 450 men. Her voyage round the world was i 1837-40; her mission substantially the same as that of the Venus; and her route was round Cape Good Hope, to the Sandwich Islands, to California, and home by Capo Horn. The narrative of the expedi- oiv 1 - II VISIT AND BOOK OF LAPLACE. L'S auv Cali- )dor«' I las 111 that rOi » I au;l iioii was written by the coimnandor, and thoui>U tlio iii>t volume was published in 1841, the last, containin;^ tlic j)art in which we are interested, did not appear until 1854.'''' { 'ouiing from Honolulu, Laplace anchored at Bo- dega on August 11, 18o9, soon proceeding to Iloss, v.lnrc lie was entertained b}^ liotchef for some nine (1,1 v>, being" shown all there was to be seen in that re- gion, and regaled with many details res[)ectiiig the (.Relations and prospects of the liussian American ( liiiipany. On the *iOth he sailed for San Francisco, win re he arrived next day, and remained probably I'niir days."" Here he anchored near the fort, and ^■pcnt his short stay apparently in waiting to get awav. He visited the i)residio and YerbaBuena, am) ;it various points on the peninsula mused at some l.Miuth on the surrounding desolation. There was no • '■(•iiial comandante with a family of beautiful dauuli- tors to entertain him, as they had some French navi- gator of earlier times; and San Francisco had no charm I'nr him — nothing but logs, ileas, winds, and sterility. SoiiR! provisions were with difficulty obtained. The ^i>it(ll•s would not pay the price demanded for horses (111 which to visit the surrounding regions; they could not wait to see a bull-fight; and after uleaninLi' some iiil'onnation from conversation with an English cap- tain, [)robably Richardson, Laplace sailed for Mon- teny. ^^ l.ri/.lrirr, Ciimpaijnp de Circumnnvlfiation de la/n'ijate PArtani^e prndant /. v II II iii'c.i 1SJ7, ISo'S, 1S.19, ft IS40, KOiis le commdiidnnfnt de M. Lci/ilm-r, cn/ii- t'l'hif ill- riihii'au. . .Paris, 1841-04. 8vo, G vol. The portion rdatiii,' tn Oil. is id vol. vi., ami is ilivideil as follows: p. 41-178, stay at Boik-^'a ainl Koss, V, i.h ili'stii]itiv(! matter and very long dij;rcssions upon matters in t!ie far ii'iith; p. iNO-'J.";), general history an9, Freiieh frigate .4 rm/.s'^iVc arrived from Ro.ss; will sail for Muntiny in 4 days. I'allrjo, Doc, MS., viii. .')0. Aug. •2'^^, ("!i(< rrero to jM'i iVc't. Tlie .li7rm/.s(Vt arrived on the 21st. Would not go to Vei!i.[ ilueiia, iiut ;iii('hore4 near the fort (?). Asked if any Frcnehmen had eoinpLiiiits to la.ikis li;id just oomi" fro[u giving the protestanta a le.3Soii at the 1 lauils, and li:i 1 i-icnvecfd !?20,0(H) for outrages to Frencii missionaries. (Jucrrero haa takiu the preoaution to plaoe a guanl in the fort. I>rpf. .SV. Pap., Mivif., MS., iv. Ul7 haplare, eli'arly I'.V a typographical error, says he wan reaily to sail Adg. 'JJtIi, lint was prevented liy fogs, etc., until two days later. 154 SUTTKR'S FORT— VISITS AXD BOOKS. At Sta Cruz, where the Art^mise anchored for an afteriKX)!! and niyht,°^ all looked well from a distance. Here KUi'ely the Frenchman would receive the deli- cate and Jiospltable attentions of which a perusal of La Perousi/s journal had caused him to dream; V)ut the illusitm vanished on nearer approach when "uii spectacle de misere et d'abandon s'oilVit li mes iv- gards." Not oidy was there no welcome nor enter- tainment nor ofter of gratuitous su})plies, but the I'aiin- ers of the region demanded pri(.'es so exorbitant lor their provisions that no purchase was effected. Ti lU', one pretty ranchera redeemed the re})utation of Santa Cruz, and made herself a general favorite i)y off'eriiin' to sell all kinds of produce at low rate, ; but this /(V/c fc nil tore disappeared at sight of the ferocious priest, jind failed to deliver her supplies at the shore as had been promised. It was perhaps the 27th of August that the frigate anchored at Monterey, ivhere she remained a work. Hero, although there was some ditficulty in obtaining provisions, Laplace was pleased with all he saw. llii- thusiastic over the natural beauties of the site, he also found artificial improvements, the existence of whiili had never been suspected by previous visitors. TIkj ladies of the ca})ital, moreover, were charming. All the best })eople were entertained over and over again on board the Artcmise; and the officers were always welcome at the best houses on shore. The men re- gained tlieir health in rides anil walks over a charniin'4' country; while the commander wandered about (lio town studying the ])eculiarities of the people and hoM- ing long conversations with 'un iventleman ecossais,' David 8[)ence, of course, who was the source for the most part of all tlie Frenchman's informationon Califoi- nian history and condition. S[)ence's theory respectiiiii; the means by which the country might hope to escape the fate of American invasion was, that the governor *'Aug. 1 839, Bolcof to prefect. Announces the arrival. Monterey, An h., MS., ix. 17. A FRENCHMAN'S OBSERVATIONS. 155 3r an :aii(H'. sal of i; but n "un OS i'*'- cntcr- ; I'ann- mt i'or ' Santa lis _/('/'(' priest as bad frig-atu tainin;^ lio also Nvbii-li TliL' All a«;'aiii ahvay.s )icn ve- anniii;-;" »ut the ;oss:Us, for the 'aliloi'- l^cctin.i,' oscapo |»verii*'r should follow inoro implicitly the counsel and depend luorc,' on the KU[)port of respectable foreign residents, i\< tliere was no other way to protect himself and Cal- it'oriiia against ]\Iexiean imbeciles and American ad- vtiiturers. Alvarado wasabsent when Laplace arrived, but came to town the next day with a most cordial <>-iveting, notwithstanding the current troubles between ]\rexico and France — troubles which Laplace chose to ignore during his visit. The same night Alvarado bi'cauic dangerously ill, and his life is said to have been saved by the shij/s surgeon. \ strong recijjro- c;il admiration was develo[)ed between the navigator and the governor, and neither in his narrative has aiivthing but j)raisc and compliments for the other.'''^ The expedition embarked September 5th, but could nut leave the bay till five diiyn later, not touching elsewhere in California. Laplace was a man of nmch ability in a literary way, some of his descriptions being very fine; and ho was also an intelligent observer. The value, however, (if his i)ublishcd work, so far as it aflPects California, is siiiously impaired by his habit of drifting constantly into the by-ways of long and fanciful speculations; and also by the fact that it was published after the dis- covery of gold, so that the author's impressions and preilictions of 1839 are inextricably blended with the hniiwledgc of later years. His general view of the country's condition is accurate enough; and should any student ever have the leisure time to classify and coiulc'iise his diffuse material, the result would probably 1)0 a sketch similar in many respects, though less com- l>lete, to that of his predecessor Petit-Tliouars. s^Mvaniilo, nist. Cal, AIS., iii. 200 2; iv. 172-81, tells us that while on liis Wiiy to Stii Clara to be married — the marriage was l)y proxy ou Au;^. 24th — lie i.'fit a iKito from Jimeiio that Laplace wished to see him on important mat- ters, ;iu(l iiastened to ^lontercy. lie received a sword from the Krenchman at p:iiting. He dcrlares that they had several private interviews, at which Lil'laee warm il him of hostile intentions on tlie part of tlio United States, .i^-uriiiL; liim also that France, while not at liberty to take the initiative, vouUl liivorably receive a proposition for a protectorate. m^'a In 1840 Uic visits of tlio French iVi^Mto DainiUl-, and that of tlie U. S. vessc' Si Lnn'is on si)(.'c-ial sir- vice, ouvc origin to no pubhshed narratives. W. I >. l^hclps, who cunic to tho coast this year in connnaiil of the Boston shi[) Alert, puhlisliod thirty-six ycai > later a journal of his numerous voyaL;'t'S to diirereiit ]iarts oi'tiii' woi'ld, inchi(hng thi-; and Inivv ones to Cal- ifornia. The book is not only \.eil written and fasci- nating, a good specimen of an excellent class of p'.hli- cations, ])ut it gi\es information of some \'aluc ou several historical iH)ints. Such })oints, however, ha\.' been or will be treated in the proper [)lace, so that liei'e the book calls for no iurlher notice."' The only other visitor of this last year of the j)erl(> I ■whose book I have to mention N\as Thomas .1, I'ai'ii- liam, an enterj)rising Anjcrican who crossed the plains to Oregon in 18;51), visited tlie Hawaiian Islands ami Califoi-nia in 1840, and returned to the United States through Mexico the same year, coming back westward in time to die at San Francisco in 1848. He wrote a book on each of the three subdivisions of his jouruiN ; and the volumes were often republished in various forms and admixtures." He came from Honolulu itu the Don Quixote, nvrWxwff at ^lonterey April istli, sailing ten davs latei', and touching at Santa Barhain from April 30th to ]\[ay 5th. During his brief st;iy he was largely occupied with matters pertaining t'l the imprisoned foreigners, as elsewhere related; so \\\v as his personal observations arc concerned, his bunk contains but little on any other subject. It is a read- able work, the writer having an attractive way of cn- pressing his ideas. That is about all that can be saiil '^ Phil]i», Fore and A//; or Lrarex j'rom the life of an old sailor, /.'y Wrhj'oot. With illuMrntlnii.ihji Hannnatt li'iltliKjx. Loatoii, KS71. rjmo, o.'illp. Tho pai'ts relating to Cal. aiv p. 'JIKi-TO. on voyage of 1S40-'J, lieiiig cliaji. x\i., A California crniso; chap, xxii., Califoniia in 1S40; chap, xxiii., Tlio Cniii. Jones WAV, IS-t'J; chap. xxiv. 'J'iio lliulson's Bay Co.; p. 'I'l-^-lX, on .a voy:i:o of 1S4.") (1, lieing chap, xxv., llow California hccauii! ours; chap, xxvi., Tid- ing possession of tiic country; chap, xxvii., Tiic war continued; and p. ■"•.'-- G'J, eliap. xxviii.-ix., Tlie last voyai,'e, 18.-)4. ■" F\\ri' California, historical and (lcscri|)tiv(>, and a hiirfer one of Upper (,'alifornia, after the manner of I'dihes; and these partsof his work are hy far the least I'ml'y. since ho took all his material from a few well jviioun sources, was an intelligent compiler, and was cuiiipaiatively I'reo fi'om his anti-^Iexican ])i'ejudico; vif many inexcusable inaccuracies appear even in tlieso jMiMs, and the hook had a circulation and popularity which it hy no means deserved.''' Anotlier American passenger on the Don Quixote was J. l'\ B. ^[., who also wrote a narrative of his voyage, witli iiis experiences at ^Monterey, Santa Bar- li.ira, Mazatlan, and the overland journey from San ])las to ^Mexico. Ho wrote in a i)leasing style, and ];!s ohseivations were those of an intelligent man, hut ills o])]H)rtunities in California were not great. Ho 1 llecis Farnham's views on the Graham afl'air, though ill more moderate tone, having ]>orsonally visited the r ,iles at Tepic. From Cdrlos Carrillo at Santa Bar- illa lie obtained a peculiar version of late political events m California.^" ^-' lari/i'Dn'-i Life t filiiioii of the worlc, vliieli is cxaetly the saiiio excejit in title. /'/., /.'/'', A'lfi iiliiris, tind Tranl.H iii Ctil., 1o irhich iiuddnllliv ( 'oiKiwstof ( V//., TraviU ii "/•''/"», 'iiid //i-^lori/ or'the Gold i'd/ioii.'*, N. Y. 184!); Jd.. Is.")!); Id., lsr..'i; l-l._,J'ii-fy!'d L'dirioii' {Mist, of the(!oKl Itcgion omitted), X. Y. IS.V); Id., Ku. The pietiiic3 imi.st lie seen to Ijo tippreciiited. Tiicy would (it iiiiy o.'Hi' sulijci'ts (jiiite as well as the ones they purport to iUustrate. All tho c- Utii)iis, I xi'ept possildy one or two that I have not seen, nro alike .1 paging iiii to p. 4 Hi. Tho author's experiences and inatter.s eonneeted therewith occ'iipy ]\ .')0-110, 40;2-10. The rest is historical and deseri])tive. '" .'/. (./. /'. />'. ), Lrnves from mi/ Journal, in llonoluln I'dlijiiiiiun, ii. 77, SO, Ml, !i;j, (17. Oct.-Xov.iS40. I do not know tho author's name. lie was Hot ;dl(j\ved to land at Monterey till after the exiles departed; and returning fi'iini .1 visit to S. (,':irlos, he wasarrcsted for crossing the bridge on horseback, Ifuig auved frou» the ealabozo by Spouce. IT 1 ] CHAPTER VI. THE RUSSIANS IN CALIFORNIA. lS:n-1841. Yeahly Vesselm—RksiimA— Report of I8.'l1— KnL^;nNiKOF s Mission— Vic. thuia's I'oijfv— Fku'ekoa's Diim.omacv — Vai.lkjo's Mission io Ross - \Vi;an(;ki,i, and Hf.K(;iiey — Annai.h of 1s;{4-',) — Kosikomitinok Sic CKIDKIi BV UoTt'IIKF — WaUKHOI'SE AT SaIZAMIO — WuAN(iEI,I,'s I'l.W OF KxTKN.sioN — His Kailiue in Mexico, IS.'U)— Resolve to Ah.\m>iiv Ross, IS;W D— I'uurosEO Sale ni Hi'uson's Ray Company— Affaiu >- Intinuo llus- inual- to San ll pui- Il82l-:i0. poso oxtondiiicj their ti-ips to ^Fonti^nw. Duriiij,^ tho (licado of ls;U— to the Jinihd Jiiade at least five vis- it^; \\\o. Slthi, four; the Unip, three; and the EloKt ami /'o/ij'cmi'f, two each ; ii» addition to the NILolal, \\\\\i-]i touched oil lier way to Europe hi 1840." We have 8(!on that as early as 1820 the company had oifered to jL,nve up the colony in cxchanjjfe for un- iv^tiicted trade; and that in 1827 the nianai,'ers had pietty nearly ahandoned all hope of final success at JJnss. ])uring the Mexican revolution Russia niii,dit prol-ably without much difficulty have secured aiul extended her Californian possessions, but took no steps to do so. Patriotism had moved the Mexicans to .'Imitate the old questions of Russian intrusion to some extent, hut in tho north tho ai^itation was exclusively niic «if ]ien and paper, altogether without effect in dis- tmhin^' relations with Ross, which became in some r( spects more friendly than ever before. Governor Jvlieandia had not only extended the contracts for nttei'-huntint^ on shares, but he had even recom- iiieiided to his government to recognize the legitimacy (if the cohjuy on condition that Russia would formally inkiiowledgi! Mexican sovereignty over the territory. Still the ivussians could see no chance for ultimate securitv. Tlie governor stated in his report of April :!(», ls:U, that Ross with its present limits was worth no sacrifices to retain; if it could be extended two liuiKh'ed versts inland and southward so as to include an aiiehorago on San Francisco Bay, it would be a possession of great value."'' About this time the colonists made an effort to ex- tend their agricultural operations south-eastward, but without success, on account of opposition from the Calit'ornians.'' On the Baikal, which arrived at the •Sre tho maritime lists at end of chap, xiii., vol. iii., and cluip, iii. of tliis vmI. ' /'vali.fluii, Dch o Kolonhj Ross, 28-30. In tho same report ho says that two boats Were being built as gifts for P. Narciso Ihuan at S. Josl'. Zava- li~liiu tliiiiks tliis making of presents had no other elloct than to confirm tho Misiians in their ' pretended rights.' Mail. 1, 1831, 1*. Ainorus to president. Has made a tour from >S. liafacl 160 THE RUSSIANS IX CALIFORNIA. end of 1830, Raron Wningoll, iho new jrovcrnor of Kussiaii Aiiitrica, sent Khlcbnikof to treat in o:cnor;r[ for a eontimiaiioo of friendly coniinercial relations, but more i)articularly for a renewal of the otter contracts, and for a reduction in the current price of grain. In the latter object KIdebnikof seems to have been suc- cessful, largely on account of threats of going to Chili for wheat, as they had done once; or twice before; but Victoria refused to allow any continuance of otter- liunting. ]5oth in his letter to Wrangell and in his report to the government, however, he expressed the most fricndlv feelings toward the liussians, and a wisli to favor them in every legal way, especially in prefer- ence to the dangerous Americans, lie told Wrantjcll that he believed Mexico would gladly approve a most liberal treaty, if Russia would consent to recognize the independence and abandon Ross. Wrangell wrote a courteous and llattering letter in reply, but expressed the oj^iiiion that a treaty on the terms proposed should be discussed by national and ni^t colonial au- thorities; es[)ecially as the matter was not urgent — "for the company, having discovered other means of providing lor the needs of the colonies, no longer linds itself in the unavoidable necessity of causing (.anbar- rassment to the Calil'ornian govermnent."" .iiii'irii; tlic pacrniis. Ilis arrival cr.nscd the Russians, wlio liad comn 12 leagues fiDin JIiiss to till tli<' soil at Saiitia^jo, to change their j>lans. Arrh. S'a II., ISIS., \ii. Ks;{. .Jan. Mli, J'A;iie:.'i(lia, with the expressed view of eheekiii;^ lliissiau oncruaehiiicnt, <,'rants Sta Rnsato Rafael Clomcz. Dc/'t. St. Pep., !!■ 'i. Mil., MS., l.wi. 7-S. May (!, (luv. Victoria to iiiiii. of war. He learns V.r.tt liie Itii.ssianswit.i 40 armed men and some Indians had conic near Solano, aiiil hogun to till lh(! soil, Will eoiisiilt svitli the j,'ov. of Sitk.i. Drpt. /?"•., MS , is. ]'2'.). May (S, Is.*?;!, two years ,'igo the Russians made some jilantiiijis at Tiimalanica, .'i I. from Dodejra, and ."> 1. from Ros.s. Riit tiie p'aco was aliaii- ss: and he was accuseil hy Victoria of having .'ilandercd the (.'al. govt duriii',' liis visit. Jhpf. I'lr., MS., i\. 114. *Oct. 'JO, IS.SO, AVrangell fro'ii N. Archangel to gov. of Cal. So aire \\m ho of success that lie sent sonic Aicut:i with their liidarkaa on the y)V(;'A'!', with Kill. Imikof. Valhjo. /)o>:, :dS.. xx.x. IIW. April i:t, 1S:U, Victoria t^) mill, of war, aiinouiicing his refusal, and that Klih'Unikof has taken avvay lii< liuntcrs. lias received vases, mirrors, I'tc, as jircsents for the pres. of Me\' ico, lint retains tliem. as tiiey are not worth paying the freight. ])rpt. /c ' . MS., i.\. IJI J. .March .'.iU', V. I > W. Wi/iijo,' Dor., MS., .xxx. KS!». Sc^.t. i' FIGULiraOA'S roij^Y. IGl There is nothing to bo said of tlie Ilussian estal)- ]; !ii..riit ill 1S;]2, execi»t that it was ineiitioiiod in the iii-tiuctioiis issued to Fi^iieroa, who was to i'(^|»(>rt in .1 .1;!!! oil the I'oree maintained at J^odi'ija, and on the (I'si^iis t'litei'taiiied by the strangers; ;dso favoring- iu ,.\, I \ possible way tlie Ibundation of northern soil lo- in, uls lo check ]»ossiblt.^ eneroaeliiiKMits.'^ The ciitcrpiising and dij)loniati(^ Fi^ueroa soon bc- liis investigations, l)y methods ])ceulia.r tw himsi-lf. ;iii . r.S to lU 111 Ajiiil 1S3."}, he sent Alferez Vallejo tt ^■mI i;itc t'lir t he purcliasc of arms, nnmitioiis, and clotli- Iiil; r exact condition "Jthe colony.' Vallejo carried letters from the t;ov- (iiioi- to ^lana'>:er Kostromitiiiof and to Wrann'ill, wliu as was thought minIK) (all. lit wlieat at .';]iiiki m somewhat hitterly a_'aiMit tin- Unss .'lis, whom he oiiai't'ed with a di.-.j)o.sitiou to defend thei usnr{iatioa IjV Ini'i'c ■ arms. ' .Vi'iil 1 1, Islj.'l, F. to v., .'ipeeifyiuL,' tlie articles to he purehased, iiu'.ud- ilir.'(l;)n LV or IMllsUots, l.'iO cutlasses, -JIM* sadiiles, shoes, lead, etc. Me ii toas^uiv 'lo KussiaiiM of tiio Califoinians' !,'ood-\\ ill, etc., Itiit is not to iiilei' iiilo any i|iioiiiatic <|Uestioiis. /V;./. SI. /'(ip., /•'«». MU., MS,, ]\\i.\. ;{.;-."). 1 ic'ii'i'oa '■ c'liilidential iiistrnction.s on the iiivestij.'ation to ho made are not IXl.Mlt. '■Ainil 1(1, IS!;t, I'i^'uei-oa to Ko-ti'omitinof and \Vi'!ii;^ell. St. P(q>., M(i.h. «i.'/(W.M., .MS., ii. ;n-.> 1.-); I alhjn, Dor., MS , xiii. 407. Ulsr. C.\L., Vol. IV. U I i 1 num IG-J TIIH RUS.^LVXS IX CAI.IFOnXIA. nation^ aii<] of ^r<'xic(», and aiincil at tcnlloii.il . ':- croacliiiiciit. Wraiin'i'll was oqji'ctrd at Koss. a> it was said, to louiid a new scKU'iiK'iit at Santa I'm-i, and with the sauio olijt'ct in vi(.'\v the drsi-i't iniMif ncDpliytes from San liafaol was bcinn' iiicoiua .;•(• 1.' \'allij(» made his visit to lioss, siit'ceedod in puii li.i- i;i'4' most of the i'o(|uii'('d ai'ticlos, and riMidorcd ..ii May atli a conlidontial I'cjxti't on what he liad I»r m al)l<', actinia "con v\ (Hsiniulo (juo nu; I'uc jJosiMc y i <\\ una indil'crcncia a[)ai'cnt(',' to sec and lu'ai'duiT.i;;' ili^ ti'i|>. '!'h(! rojtort did not inchratc any now ordan ;< |-- ous dosi^'iis on tho })ai't of tho Russians.'" Wr;in^('ll finally canic in jx'fson to lloss in duly. and llai'lncll wiMit there at his invitation lor an iiit^ i- view,an(l was employed as an aij^ont to obtain e.'i )•.;■■ >,s of ])roduee, and, il' ])ossil>le, (H-rtain exemplions iV'>iii th(^ ])ayment of duties." WhiK' at Ivoss WrawMll addressed to .b"'i':i,-ueroa a letter in whieh he wai'inly defended his company against the char^^'es of thr J:]nLi,'lish navijj^ator JJeechey, charjjfes which lu^ declar>il altou'ether without I'oundtition, to the elleet thai I hu "April 1'2, 1S.^3, F. toaoc. of \v:ir aii'l navy. S!/. Pap., .!/;■.«. nml CI MS., ii. IIO'J (i. Tlio wiitcr'rt idea w.ia ilimlilli'ss to cxai.'m'ratt; tin' iliurj .■oa;it!j I'laini fur liiiusi'lt' t!ic i^rcatcr civilit fur avfiliii;,' tln'in. roji:!... van l"iL;nc'i()a'H (Mjiistaiit aim linu lir-^l to last. 'J lio iilca of Wran.i'U'si [) iMi' to oci'uiiy ."'ta Jtnsa came I'loiii \'allrjii, wiio in liis letter of Man !i ; liail ui'j,'e(l tlio foniialion of new .sottliinculs anil tlu'sta'iiinin;^'of a eoiiiiiei ]i;'r.si)n on llio frontier to eomliict ne^'otiationH witli tlio llii.'isians. Va'l Jiuc, Ms., ii. '2S; .sV. /Viy*., Mix^. (iml Cnfoii., .MS., ii. .'ilO. l.atir in year I'adi-o Mereado at S. Jiafael eoniplained to tlio j,'ov. tliat llie liiis.i, v.crc entioiny away and la'oteclini; fn,t,'itive neoiihyles, biiyin'^ stolen ea. and invading .Mo.Kioauriylita ill various ways. LI., ii. 31'J-'2U; Moiitfni/, An .MS., i, ;^(i. 1'' VnUijo, Iii/ormc JiMcrnido .so'or Ruhh, MS. Tlio desori])tivt' part li iiheady lieen utilj/ed. April "2^, ls;).'5 (tlie date of Vallejo's Ifaviii-,' IJo- l\ontro',Miti;iof to i'i^iioroa. l)(/if. .S'/. I'ti/i.. .MS., ii. (JS. May l."itli, ITlli to v., aclviiowled.;iii'4 reeeipt of report, tliankinj^ him for liis ,servie<^s, and p'.-essini,' lii-i satisfaction at the t,Mod di.-.])ositioii of the Itiissijin oliieials. I'.'io, /'()'•., MS., ii.l l:i. ;UI. Tills allair isalso reeotded in Vnfrj,,, lli()■■., MS., v. 1 A!l;i. ITIli, someliody at S. Diego to I'i.ineroa. aru'iiiuu' aixainst tlie cxeiiip • iin dues. /i,],f. St. /'up., J'.iii. CiikI.-II.. MS.." ii. '•H)-± Sept. Olli. II W. MeiiKirandiim of ciir'.;o shijiped on the Ilnikal and of unolaer to he » til next vessel. \\d/rJo, Doc, ^IS., xxxi. 40. ■111-- 1st ■at /". i!!0 IMS rX- ■'I; A (if ■n. iull , t'l ••■at ?w * V\"raxgi:ll'.s claims. IG3 ,11 111. rJu-^-'Ians lind uriovously wioiit^'ofl tlio C'alirorni.iii.i hy kiliiii'4 otter ilK-^-nlly, l)y ciij^'M^'int;' in rMnirahaii.l trade, .Mii'l I'V even takini;' possessKm ot" the Santa l>ar!)aia J.lainls. Other l()l■cl^rne^•s had certainly done I.Iksc thiiiu's. hut liis j)('()])le never, jiroteste^d the har')n; (lii'V had ;d\\ays eonl'orinrd strietl_\ t<» tlu' laws, and li.i^l always rei'uscd, y-reatly to their n\vn loss, to enter into coiitraets with less seru[)idous fiirei'^'ncrs who V i-lii'd to hunt ot(ei" in defianee of the ( alilornians. J h iiiust have smiled as ho wroti: these stal.'niciits V. iih a Know IvdLit.' that thev were hut veinotclv I'oinided nil tiiith: hut the politie l-'i^ucroa, e([ually awaic of il:e falsehood, i'ully eoniii'inod all the l»ai ms asser- tions, and I'Konerated the lvus.->ians iVoni ( very sus|)i- (iiM el' ever luivinu' yfiveii the Calitornians urounds fur tMii!|ilaint.^'' o o liussian annals oi' 18:14-0, so far as actual oe- Ciii (.1 in CA norma are eoneeriie niav lie iirieilv d of. The Vessels came rei;-ularlv t<» San I''i'an- lellera 4" hi'ivi- io llv seein'in«>: without nuH'h iroui ns; thoiiLrli there wei le a ear^To e occasional nnsunder- ^ i ; 1 II iin^s on nunor i>oiins or revene.i ;is tl lere Wer(i iiow and tiien complaints on other maiters wf sllij^ht tanee.^'' Ju ISllG ^lanauer Jvostromitinof was i:i!;i"i i:i 1. •J4. is:!:i, \y. to r. Do,-, ta. f.'s to-Av. s.-. r,t MS. M-: l.")-IS: /.nnil'Milii, /)■!■) oK Dunlin/ It') 10-1 -. ''•' 1. It, 1 ■>.'!!, N'alltjo cDiiqiJains that .'1 iiuu went witiioiit piriiiits to J:.'.-s llis is i".i;iiiilili-ii liy l-'i^ui'ma. Ih/,I.S,'. /'<»/>,. MS., iii. Ii|. l)i)(;ii- llkllts lif ■iillVll'Ufc ll.UO;! in lS.)t-(). sluiwilll,' tiMiltiit'S .llioUt lluti(>< fill gD'll!;^ l.v i: til S. F. ll:jy fill li'_'liti;r-j, niio of wIulIi crat't «as ^■^■iz(•ll witliifs <.'ar;'i ■'li:'i ot An:,'!! Itaniiro/. /'/ J)o MS. .\i do, m^l. Cd/., M ir.. lis, 1(17 71. (. S., iii. ;{,'{-4, complains that the >atiyiiiiii wi'io ii'incil with weaiMJiis liou^ht at lio.sd. Is.'ili, no iiilficonr!io.«nuili\ i. .11(1-7, tolls us tliat in l.s:t,"> the si Tikh- Iiii';!,|-.'iilis Wiis only one third of t t of a-itl '11 |s:;:i th, V h:i.l t n]inii'ii ic i'iM|iiirt'iiuiit.-, on ins.: toa failuio of crop. r.L'iiiii ii''t liiii .1 o jio t> (.'hill again toi' a sii|iiiiy; itl, iti'r caoiu'li was I'll <, oss M -.'1. 'I'lio u'ov. of the t'oloiiics o\p( ctivl I't I to?:! in \\\; iJ.i'. .if. l\,.,., J!, and M- iii. 1. ;i. il«i 1(U sn('C(>( '( TIIK RUSSIANS IX CALIFORNIA. led I»v Aloxaiider liutclief, \vli(~> is spoAcn of l!l nniilinicntuiy tonus by all who met him, as a 'Tli- tlmiaii iif com'tcous maiinors and of much adminisli t.i\ o a hi lit\ ho ox-manager now soom.s tol lavo si;.'- (vrdcd ]lai'tnoll as active aijfont of the company III Francisco, whoi'o ]\o spent much of liis tim(> I S >>v CM. s.\cr;il yoai's.'^ Jlo olitainod, apjuirontly from Chi l)ii1 |iMssil»ly fi'om Fin'Ucroa just l)ofore that rulci' nt, he decided to l^uild at Sau/alito, on what was known as Iho Puerto dc J >allen»'ros, or Whal ers \l Winn- Vni ore any use w.b made' of the conct'ssion, however, the diputacion 1(m].; uj» (he matter, deciding tliat the governor had iii ]»o\\(i' to grant such a ]tri\ilegi\ and that it was imt expedient to allow a foreign company to secure siii-li a loothold in a ^[exican ])oi't. Accordingly (lutieiiv/. issued an order in St^ptemher that no huildings shoiill Ih> ei'ected, though gi'aiii might hi' collected at Sauza- hto f(.r that oneyear.^'' Suhseciuently, in IS:]'.), Eotch f julitioned for the priviK'ge of huildinga warehouse at N'eiha jjiiena, next to J^eese's jihu-o; hut I havi liD )'ecor( 1 of the result, 10 1 )nring this jx'iiod Sonoma was founded as a pueh and si'xcral citi/ens, chielly of foi-cign birth, were p milled to occuiiv ranchos on the northern front 1' 1', all Willi a view an long i)ther ohjects, to check tin l.r., I!' luraiii. .1/;/., Iv. Ki. Awil 1S:!!I. iiMi './' Do MS., vi. :!ll iml ('(iii)ii'i' till- fc'ijiirs fn t(i til. M;i\-. Alvarailo autlioli/CH \. to .si'! Jtussiiiiis ;M)a lioifi rs. It won't il" to ciKuiiiage tiiido l)C't\vccii tlicui and tlii.' rnni'lii'iiis. /»/., vii. .S.'l. " lilhiii'iirf, I^lar. Ofxtsmuir, i. ;U.")-(V .h :tii, is:',(;, v illcjo ;iii|iri) vcs the scliomo. Vnlh in Doc., MS., iii. r.'l. .hilvTtii. All.'. ;{(itli, iiciinn of tl /."/. /.', MS. illi, ( liilii rrt'/. .s o nk'i-. V.ilh Jtn 111. 'J.'id. S( |it. MS,, iii. -J.'id. Alviirailo, ]I\>-l. nil., M.S., iii. Id," -10, K.-iys Kostroiiiitiiiof caitu' to .Moiilcrcy to try anil i'li;iiii:i' his luiinl a-i one of tlic stidiiucst o|i))oii(iits; Imt lio nfti.siil to favor lii.< ] tiioll;. who won ill'.ivd t o ailvoi'a Id 1.. M tc ;i i.'r;iiit of tiic jiiix iligc to K. IV Ru cxK an I'lti/.cn. 10 :\-2i> s. May Kt, IS:t!l, Jtotrli.f (o p.v. St. I\i), Mi mill Colon., .MS., ii. The 1 iiiildiiiL; wa.s to rcvcit to tlu' Cal. irovt .ifter 10 yi'ar.s; and iri-lit nil an« liilo lie n.ioil liy that uovt ficf of cliar^L' for s;,oraL;i'. l\otilu I i' o wished [ii'iiiiis.^ioii to pay anuliuiago diiis at .s. F. lallici' thau Monterey. IJAUOX WUAXUKLLS I'LAXS. 1G5 )r ill nti' r ]v 1 «,'I1 Wx- Ulil tliu IS., iii, i. s pt. t. 1 "'., 11 '.'I' his l.-i 1 'mm, in- -\m\ IS. . ii. hi :.!it u 1 ;il apM't li<'ii(lt'h- 1111 lit, the latter devoting much space to the suhjeet. ^rcnnwhile Governor Wratijjfell hecamo nioiv and iii'iie Ih'niiy convinced that imless his comj)any and iiallon could obtain the country eastward to the Sae- raiii' nto and southward to San Francisco I>ay, the eii^iiial possession on the coast, even if its conrnnia- lii.u could Ije secured iVom ^lexico, was not woitli ":-4' H ^h oreover, this extension nuist he eli'-cted wiiliout delay, since the most lavoral)K' oppoi'tuiutie hail already [)assed, and the inllux of selth'rs, nati\ ccess. Iilaii,- (>|l| H I. I' ii(i''ii, was dailv lesseninn" the chances of su dnes not aj»pear that tlu-re was any thought of oe- jivlii^' the territory a^'ainst the w ill of the Califor- ilideed, such a slep woidd have excited sti-on'( ■U's li ioi)i^ an* 1 puq )ose an< 1 tl leie 1, lie .'\ iileiice that there was any I'lenuiit of opposition aiiiiiii.;' the oUicers of the company either at Sitka or IJoss — was to conciliate still further the uood-will of '■F.l). fi, IS.'IO, Valli'ju t.. miu. ul war. Vnlhj.t, Dor., MS., vi. -JIS. 'W'X'onling ti> Z;i\iilisliiii the tianm ivpcatoit tlu'so \ iiws in lii; ri|i(irt < f -\liiil 10, l,s;j;{. Tliisj uutiiui' yuys tliiit Count Nonlviiiof jilsu tiitcrtaiiKj tlio tuiuf \ ii'Ws. I 7{Ui-M^ •.^.M.v. <&*»S»»Si*!i»ta ■ilk j *f''|!iltP'^ :'i ! ; iii i! tr If.O THE RUSSIANS IX CALIFORNIA. tlu) nln'ady fiioiull}' CaliCorninns, ;i \V(vr1^ in wliidi hi; holii'Vt.Ml liimsclt' to linvo uiiulc iimcii pro^i-css in liis (•(trrcsiKHKk'iicc witli Fii^ucroa, not Icnowinj^ tlic m.in. lie desired I'mllier to present in a strong" li'^lit, as the Ilussians liad l)een doing lor years, the dani^t'r <>\' t u- croMciinient 1)V otlier torei[' ad\i'iitui':'rs who were sure to jjfet ])()ssessi()n ef the northern fi'ontier.'' He would like t(t so far iiiteri>t the court of St .I'eter.shuri^ in his scheme as to hriii^^ ;d)oiit dijtlomatic nej^otiations, ami a recoo-nition ef ]\[exican iiidepcMulence; and iinally, he wished too-ojn ])erson to ]\[exico, to secure from the authorities of the re])ul)Iie a concession or sale of the desired tei-ii- toiy. The }>lan was the best that could have bei ii devised under the circumstance II ow mucli coll deuce tlie author I'eally had in its success we have i II) means ol knowiu'jf. The eomnany having approve'd Wrangt'll'splan, ;ch agreed to }>;!y for the establishments of San llata. 1 and Sonoma in case jSIexico would consi-nt to cede the territory,"" the baron resignetl his [losition as gov- ernor of the American colonies, and obtained permis- sion to return to ]\ussia by way of California ;iiid ^Mexico,-' with authority to i-epresent the colonial government in ii(\gotiations with the republic. His instructions, wliieh came in 1S8."), were disajijjointiir^'. The emi)eror,while desiriiiLj the continuanciMif frieiullv III tlio report i)f April 'JS, IS.'U, .-locordiiig to Zavalishin, tlie coiiiiiiu' "fa Imiiil of ID,! iiniicil iiii'ii w itli tliuir wives iiud cliiki \:i I eiitioiioi gill vi tlii.s I'll' or is not known. lu an 'port of April lOili ('.i, \V that tlio only ulistaole to the t.'xt('n>ion of lioss is tlie cuvy of f M: utrS oivl.:lH'rs, w !;ij V ill inlrigiio to secure tlie oppositicjii of Mexico. /iaralt,-!t ISI exuo dttl roiile, eic le eiiil ti\ I'd of 1 lis teilii o illii Ml 'i,id Colon., -MS., ii. 320. id ashiii'' tor uiloiniatiou ah'Hit Tin: IJARON'S .MSSION TO -MEXICO. 107 r. !^;ti >:i'-. \v<»ul(l not ai^'ivo to i-ccon'iii/c ]\[c\i(';in iii- ,1, :>ciiiKiK'i', l»ut iiu'i'cly allowed \VraiiL;(.'ll as a icp- i> ijiitatixi' of the i'oiu[)aiiy to iU'L;'(>tiatc a coniiiici'cial t;. aiv |tiovi(liii;4 lor a iVci' (.'iili'cc ol'all ports, collcc- ti II di' (liitiis only oil goods ai'tiially sold, relcasr from ;iiii!iorai;L; dues, IVuc exportation of salt, liuntini;' on r.!.ai«s and permission to take turtles Miid obtain \\i.() is on the eoast — terms all for the advant;i;4i' of ll:r liussians, without a'pparent roconipenst^ to the ( ,;r,roi'nians. He was also ein[)owcri'd to as.-ertain ii' .Mcaico Would eonlirni the old possessions at Ross and ])nde'.,M, if thei'e Was anv hope of acipiirin^; the new trniiory desired, and if sti, on what eonditions and at what expense. i^>ssil)ly ho might hold out a hope of I'uiare reeognition, though he could not promise it. 1 1 ;> enthusiasm nuist have been great indeed if it sur- \i\ 'il these instruetions.-- W'ith his instructions there came a su(N'essor to Wiangell in the person of J \an Kuj)i'ianof;-' and I lie e\-governor sailed at once on his mission. He ar- !i\rd at Montei'ey on the Si(/:<( in December IS;;.).'' Jleie he was greatly disap[tointi'ianee lu' had counted, esjiecially in the furnishing t>f letters to j)i'ominent iihii ill ^fexico. Of his negotiations with other Cal- iloi'iiians at this time we have no rt imimI. lie saih >l rally in January 18;3G for San l>la,^, whei'e he had ,->'iiiie trouble with local officials, who declai'ed his pa-^jiort invalid; but by the aid (»f the l']ngli--ii con- sul, Darron, a pass was obtained,"' and Wiangell pi!)- ''■ I'xU'rhiii, S.lriik lioys, l')-l!); T:l:ht}fif/, I-!. Tin- f'liiii. r (iocs not iniply t'mt \\ raii^ell li:ivl any ii;^lit oviii tu sjiuak nf tlic ivo- (i_'iii:i'i,i (if Moxii'd as w possiliility. -' Ni.\. 'Jil. |s;;,">, Kuprianof to J"ii.'ueroa, annoiiiu'iiit; lii:j acc(•s:^i^ln ami rs wvy courteous ivply. I'icic iii>t dear. Id. -'Tiio (iiily (k'liiiito inc'ution f)f his nnival that I have found. «'XfU|it in liiis,-:,,:! writers, is in Duna's Tir-> Yiari In I'nr.- tin .l/«s/, "JTI--. liana t'Uind tiir W'i il andi'x-;jov. at Monterey on iKr. "JTtlr, and the hitter kindly oiierud til.;l.i' ^'e^v-^■ ar's letters iVoni the V.inkeu sailors, to he forwarded troni Mi\h 11 lo lioSiv.r w here they arrived sately. -■' Zavuliahin, JJvIo o Kvlouiij /.Vvs, M.S , IJ, rei^ruBeuta the English a;i huv- .vV.Mli^i*.?*£A!fc ii |!ri 108 THE RUSSIANS IN CALIFORNIA. ceeded to ^rcxico. Hrrc with s()ini> (hfricnltv ho oli- taiiiud an intcji'vicw with Vit'«;-]nx'sidcnt Jiarra^aii, and af'tcf Ili(' lattc 'r's . Natural 1_\ , under the circumstances, ]ie met \vi:li IT no (Micouran'<'ment, tlie iVLexican authorities heini;' "(' course uiiw ilhn^- to tr(>at witli a man who had uu credentials as a representative of his jj^overnnKnit. Tn Use substantially the words of Wi-ant^ell in his I'epnrt to the company, "the Mexican republic has be. n i'ormally recouMiized by England, Franee, and olli ]>o\\(is; her natural pride is increased bydiplomali coi'i'espondence, and she is not disposed to treat \''H- acknowledgment with ]>o\vers that do not meet Iitr half-way. ]Moreover, foreign representatives woi!: constant 1\- ai>ainst the inteiests of their connnercinl rivals, especially Russia. Jlonco it is not strangi' thar !^[exico not onl}' "vill not listen to proj)osltions froi:i a mere commercial com|)any, but would be olfendi'd if such proi)ositions were made without diplomatii- mediation."-" The only I'csult obtained scoms to have been a siMni- ofhcial assurance that M(\\ico, desiring friendly rdi- iions, would fi\()r a commercial treaty if pro])ei!y negotiated by duly accredited agents of the two go\- ernments.-' I'o.ssiblv some cncouraLi'ement was u,'iv('!i verbally that a concession of the original possessions at lloss miglit be ol)tained; but evidently an extension of tei'ritory, if pro|)osed at all, was considered withnn favoi'.-"* The whole subject was then referred to tlu; jiij Ijt'cii in tlu'so yciirs \('ry favoruljle to the Russian scheme, tlKui.'li if course fiom iutoi-cstod iimtiveH. -'' Pii/crhlii, Sfh)i!c /,'o.s.v, 1!). -' 'I'ikliiniiicf, /"for. Ohw., i. 304, says that a written comiimnicatioii to this oH'cct was carrirj to St I'eterslnirg \>y WrangcU. ■^ In l.s;>(l l\u|)iiiiii()f icpoileil the coming of American immigrants toic- ciqiy larm.s ncai' IJuss, thus tlircnteniug to deprive tlic company of all cliair f of exUiuling tiiiir lands. The reply fiom the general administration, fnunJnl on the counsels of tlie imperial vice-chancellor, was the advice not to {iiinl. of extension, Imt oidy of liolding the laud already occupied. Ti/ctiiiu'iir/, /.^t-n; OiiiM., i. ;<(),">. Seala. Iiijlin'iici di raiic'ninir Co)ii}i/i)ir J'u^sr, iiaa somcthniL' m 8ay aliout the events and negotiations of these times; Init his statements an > ahsurdly inaccurati; as to unlit noattention. In .lunc ISUT, reports wore scut t ) St I'ctcrsliurg of the continued encioaeiinicnts of foreigners and their part in the revolution of ISoti. ZaralUhin, Ddo o Koloniy Rons, iiS., 14-lj. ROSS NOT WORTH KKEPINO. ica ^[. \ic;iii iiiiiiistcr at London, wlio was insti-nctcd to (•i.ii>-i(loi' sucli j»roj>osltions as niinlit \)v made l>y i-('[ir(- Miitativcs ()[' tlio tsar. N<> such ]>roj>ositioiis were i \vv made, as tlio o'ovcrnnjcnt on i\\i' receipt of Wian- .^1 ll's reitort at St lV'tei-sI)Ui'^' simply decided to take iio furtlier steps in tin.' matter. The negotiations liad attracted but little attention; yet T lind some evidence dl' luiiiors oi'owinn' out of tliem which reachetl Califor- nia a iid tlu! J [awaiian Islands 2'.) Willi the failure of Wrangell's mission, owory nio- ti\t' for retaining" possession of Koss disapjteared. A' lordingly the company decided to abandon it. I oi\c the substance of the council's r(>poi-t rendered to ill" minister of finance at the end of IS.'IS, oi- early in !-:;!», as follows: The accounts of the company show e.vpenses in 1S25-9 to have boon 45,000 roidiles j»rr v.ar, while the annual jiroduct, ahnost e\<-hisi\ cly fioiii j'urs, was 'J2,000 roubles. In is:i7 ex[ieiis('s had increased to 72,000 roubles, and receipts bad fallen to S, ()()(> I'oubles. As otter-hunting failed, the company of acquirinu" lands ibr a'jricultural and had a iio pe IDC ■ I'aising ])uri)oses. This ho[)e being lost, tlwro no motive lor I'urther occunation 'oil ticalb (ssion has no nnpoi'tance, snicc "it is not sui)- II III, d bv any ornii d act^ or bv th icRnowlcoo-- iiiciit- of any other power;" noilher has it any strategic -" 111 .M;iv or Jiiiio is;)!, Luis Castillo Xo'Tctc wroto to Zamoraiio that tlio t-' iv «ns iU'L,'otiatiii'' f.ir lli^ pill ISO of Montucv ami San Frai irlsco \V1 tU ii'.l tlio loiiiiiiy from ;<.")' to 4"J'. 'J'liis news caiiic \ia Mailiid. Zaiiiorano to .\lvaiailo ill Ati,^ii.st. ]'(t/lij<>, JJoc, MH.,\x\u. I(»(i; /'/., JJi^t. (''if., MS.Jii. '.'7'' 7. March I'J, 1S,'!7, tlio U. S. consul at HoniJulu sent ti Washington a, fliu'lit sketch of the Russian ostahlishniont, with tlio iufoniiat'on that tlio ( 'al- i!"iiiiansin rovolutioii aj,'ainst Mexico had iip|)lioil to tlio Kussians foraiil, ' Sllo- V liii li wonM prohablylio given on the ooinlition of ]ierniission in case of ciss to exloiul their limits to S. F. 15ay. This jiatriotic Aiiioriean tho liu ;;(ivt ought to know 'by what right the siihjects of so powoi ful an eiuiii :lit 1- Missia, UIU tl loullt oillv nmlor tho sanction .f tl o onuioror liav.! foniicil t'.iiiuiit on tho very lionler.s of its territory, if not within the limit ■, MS., .'U -S, declares that itiatioiis M'ith Mexico were useless, becai 1st, In them her riu'ht \\a3 ta'.'illy acknowled^ ily to I hut to \(. All lion; IM Notl. that tl: Mill' ju'oposed luul any value to Mexico; ,'{d, Tho roniiiany and not tho govt ! treating; and, 4th, If it came lo a purchase, the L'. iS. could oa.41y outbid ic CLiiiipany. .'i I . ^ '^ 170 Tin; i:rs-iA\s ix (•ai,!1\)U\ia. Hi r-Jti n'.]v:\\\i.i'.>\\ l)(.:o;uiso cxcii if ;iiiy oilier iiowcr hIioiiII cure ti> liuld siidi ill) iiiii('('('ssil)l(' I'ock ;is Ju)-^s, its nc- (ii|(;iii()!i ((Mild not |i(issil)ly liJiriii ;iny iJiis-ii;iii csta''- lisliiiiciit. Tlicrflori; llio coiiin-il has (IcLiriuiiU'd to aI>!iiido!i so Useless and expensive a possession, dividiiin' tlie s< ivaiits and all nio\'al»le |tropert.y ainoiiL; otlh ])OstN U! eoI(»nies, ;in>l sc||iii>' or e\oliaii''in'i' wlii'i.t in tl Calii; Vemeii! !v renio\e • litia sn:'!i pi'operl v as cannot. I»e (ro It! Ins (letenninalion I'ecelVct i:|- impi'iial sanction April 15, ih;!9."* !^^ana'4•er liot^-liefat IJoss heard of tin; determi tloii to a'landon the estahlishineiit perhaj»s at the en I ol' !s;i!», and eertainly early in I S 10, (hiriii!^- wh'.ch year lie niad(! some i)reparations for departni'e, s;'ii '- in;^' a lull eai'^o and lhir(y-t!ii'ee persons of the colony to Sitka on the /;/. CIKI. At a c(»nterence butwn cil Ivnpiianiir and Dou^ias of (he Ihidson's Hay Coiii- ]»any, lield at Sitka, in Apill, a jn'oposition was nin ! ■ to SI 'I ColUV-e •11 th tin w ] t( >SS ( ■ ^tal)li,-.hnieiit I'or ;(),()()(). SI rites Douglas in his joiii-nal, "they cam -oil, liut nierily the iniproveineiits, which can hild onl\' thi'oUL'h a iiativ An answer was to !»; ini\eii in the autunin, after consultation with Mi Jjouu'lilin ; and as nothing;' nioiv is hea.i'd of the uiattr ] suppose the English company decided that the ] chase was not adxisahh, — \ery likely fearing' to di l)lease the Californians, and to cause ti'ouhlesoii complications with the United States."'- This ne;r iiir- '/'../-■;,; Sr/^ III, r>i irnir /iiw.s' /.'( 19 '21; nJ./n n'. htm: (ih'i.:., i. ."{liri-Ci. A ii' of M. I'inart lii:ilvi's the d.itu of Uic (.'ouiifirH lojx.rt Mairli LM, is.'ll). ('roiiisc, ,\V(/. Widlth ff Cd/., lis, frravi'ly iiH.succs us tliat in hs.'i.i i\iaiirt uiuli treaty of IS-i; ami it was in coiiipliamo witli the ruiiiu st of the I . ~^. tliat Ivoss was al)aiiiloiii'il jsil ! lliiiwiU, rul.. .MS., !M-(), had an that the colony was withdrawn on accimnt of the eliaitor luing ahout tc pii "' Etholin's letter of Soi.t. 0, IStO. The EIriia liad arrived at New Ai angel oil Sept. ;iil. !>■■ J)ii)ii/lii ii, y.s., ](i Ahmit tliis time it that some ■:!■• nt wa.s made tor the li ran;_'eini H. I!. ('i>. to avc.idtl iMui'. (.>hus., i. ;U7; .'^iiiipfvii' ; (f !v- (rii'ir as];i(l for i'nrtlu'r iurnrinalioii rcspcctiiii;' tlio iialui'r nl'tlic property ollorcil, niid inado liastc to iu- iuiMii tli(j Alfxicaii goveriiiiii'Ut of llie iinpendiii'^ cImIIi'^c.^' a rorresp()Md('nc(>, more; ludky than iiiij)or- laiit oi' interesting^, on tlio coniinL,' of i\w.,lt<(lh(( to San I'^ianeisro f )r u^rain in ^[ar(•h, and the non-pay- iiieiit of tonnai^e dues hy lh(! A'//.'"A// in Octoher atlho- same |tort,"' is the oidy other item of h)cal annals toh(! nil nlioiied in this year, except the so)ne\viiat excilini^ aiiMr to he now narrated. •h'-Iah SpaldiiiL;-, niastei" of the Anii^riean sliip l/.ii.s(iiiiii\ eoniinn' \vn from the Cohuuhia in Julv, (MI1C( ived t!ie hi'ilhant i(K'a that as ]}od(vj:a was a IV t'O sseh- |Mi!t helon^inic to Russia, lie nii'^'lit land his [ta L;eis thei'e, and perha[)s accomplish something;' in the way I'f trade, without paying' anchoi'a^'e dues or other limits. Jn the past, it would seem that, the liussians had iii'ver j)ermitted such operations, or at least no (■li;u';;es to that effect had evei" heeii made; even on this occa-^ion theiv; is some eviiK.Mice tliat Manat^er llnlili( f li,ld Spalding' that he must not tradi; or |_>;o hy lain! to Sau Francisco as he wish(>(l.''' ]]ut act- veiv carelessly if not with intentional disi'e.';ti'i.ii!itiiuif, in r<'ply to a note of tlio latter pnjposiiig tlio sale. '/■), itor., Ms., x.v.xiii. ]".'!. "■'r.iiio. J)nc., MS., i. -J.'; * •.', '.297-0, .-U.Vlfi,. •!!!), .'V2:!-t, •.]-2[)-:\0- J),-/,/. S'. . lUii. Mil., M.'-' Iv. l-J-l,'- \'nll.. i\. I'Jl. |;f|l- IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I IIM IIIII2J_ iitt IIIII2.2 liiM 110 2.0 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 M 6" — ► % <^ /} A '<5. e". e?A 'STER,N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 :k^ L: there free from all restrictions in I'espect of contraband trade, or of landing passengers. He inuuc- diately despatched Alferez Liizaro Piiia and a guaid of soldiers to Bodega, with instructions to reembai]; all ])crsons who had landed, and to enjoin upon those in charge of the vessel to laud no goods on penalty of being treated as smugglers, ]Mouterey bein'j; tlio only port open to foreign trade. Piiia was to renuiiii at his post, prevent all traffic and intercourse, keep a strict watch, and repjort. Subsecpicntly he was directed to collect tonnage dues on the Laasanitc at the rate of 81.50 per ton.''" bpalding, accompanied by several persons from San Francisco who were trav( "' , without passports, called at Sonoma on his ret to Bodeu'a. His com- panions were not allowed to proceed; and tlie captain was called upon by Vallcjo to pay his tonnage dui'S. He declined to do so, on the ground that Bodega w as a free port, belonging to Russia; but after discussinii he agreed to pay the demand if it should be declvlcd l)y the proper authorities to be a lawful one. lie was then allowed to depart, with an order to Piha to r.- turn to Sonoma as soon as the vessel had sailed. As Spalding had cited the manau'er at Ross in confirnia- tion of his claim that Bodega was a Russian i)oit, ".July 1!), 1840, the original instructions to Pifia. VnUcJn, Dor., MS., iv. 18.1. One clause of this document will rccoivo special notice liitei'. .Ir.ly l!)th, V. to Spalding, warniui; him that Hodcga is not a jiort of cntjy, and holding liini responsible for illegal trade, according to tlioti'caly lietwiru th'! U. S. and Mexico. Id., ix. 18i. July -3d, \^ orders riiiu, to collect tonnago dues. /(/., ix. 191. ROTCHEF AND VALLEJO. 173 V;ill(>jo instructed Piiia to state clearly to Rotchef tliat l>odcga belonged to Mexico, and iu no sense 1 » Russia, though the use of it by Russian vessels lijid been tolerated; that the commander of Ross had r.o control over it except by permission from the Cal- il'diiiian government; and that he had no right to find it ^tiaiige that Californian troops wore stationed there, t'sju^cially when he was in the habit of travelling in l!u' country with.out asking permission and in disre- s'li'ct of the frontier authorities, of representing to visitors that liodega was a free port, and of taking till.' liberty of permitting foreigners to enter the coun- try in defiance of law.'^' }J(';nnvhile Rotchef came back from Monterey, and \\a-: illled with wrath when he found the soldiers on gi!;iid, and read a copy, made by a subordinate in his iibsciice, of Vallejo's instructions to Pina. lie was \in](>iit and insulting in his anger. He raised the Russian flag, defying the Californians to pull it down, and ofl'ered his protc>ction to some of the foreign pas- >;('ii'^ rs, wlio went with him to Ross.^^ Piua made no I'osi.stance, l)ut reported to Vallejo. The latter sent a (■ Miuinunication on the matter to Rotchef, and another \ I bf I'nrwarded to the fjovcrnor at Sitka. Rotchef )• I'liscd to receive the documents, declaring that he \\(uil;l have no intercourse with a man who had so giiixously insulted him. Vallejo subsequently issued ail 'irder forbidding Rotchef or any of hismen to travel Ill tlie country without licenses.^^ The Laiisiinne sailed away about -ruly 2Gth, leaving five or six foreigners, wlio were aided by the Russians to reach the Sacra- iiKiito. Pina, by Vallejo's orders, did not attempt to "'•Iiilv '2i-'>, 1S40, Spalding's statement; and Vallejo's ovdois to I'ina. IV/'./'r,, 'jhir., MS., ix. lo:j-7. ^'^ Wijirins, (me of these men. says — and the statement has lieou widely cir- oiduted— tliMt llotehef ordered the soldiers to ilepart or be .shot. This is in it elf iiiiprolialile, and any sueh occurrence would of certainty have heen meu- tioiiiMl ill the Inter corretpoiidencn. "'••'IIk^ let'usal of Ivotchcf to receive the olKcial communications rests on V.illijii's statements later in the year; and the order forbidding travel scorns not to have been issued until Nov. 4th, according to a blotter co[iy in Va'JeJo, l>v:., .MS., ix. ;j03. i«a:>-**(*'-iyi«ife»i«.Miia£aj4.^'. . w 174 THE r.USSIAXS IX CALIFOENIA. lii' interfere beyond warning Rotelief tliat lie would bo held responsible for the entrance of the nien."^' In i-eporting the affair to his superior at Sitka, Tiot- chef stated thatVallejo had sent an armed force with impertinent instructions, including one to arrest tln3 maiuiLi'er himself and send him to Sonoma, which in- suit to the national honor caused him to send away the Californian fftrce at onco.''^ It was the or^lei- for his own arrest that particularly angered the llussian commander. Otherwise he himself had been the one at fault, and Vallejo had in no respect transcttnded liis powers or failed in courtesy. Ihit at an order of ar- rest, Ivotchcf had reason to be angr}'; for thougli Vallejo had pei-haps the leg-al right to arrest him for pr(i])er cause, yet to have done so under tlie circum- stances would liave been a most impolitic, disc(nn'- teous, and unjustifiable act. But A'allejo ceilainly never intended to send, and probably never did send, such an order, as we shall see. At the end of Octobei', ]C\-governor Kuprlanof, re- tiring from his office and homeward l)oun, arrived at San Francisco,'*' where he remained n month, giving his attention chiefly to an investiga- tion of the Laiiaanne affiir. l*i'esiimably his object was to re(,'oncile Vallejo and Hotclief, since, under ex- isting circumstances, when the abandonment of lloss had been deciderianof next v.roto himself, in courteous terms, inviting Vallejo to c^nic to San Francisco for a })orsonal conference, hinting m3'steriousl3^ at certain grave measures to be taken <:, :MS., ix. 105, 19S-0. <' j;tlicliirs lottui- of Sept, {), I.SIO, iii7.';/.«. Amvr. Mat., :MS., vol. i. Etholiii, who siieeeeded Knprianof, :u y:' ];e hns feiit ii rv.niW reenforeeiiicut to the aanisoii, and apprchi'ii;!;-: no fiirtlicr tr.)nl)le from Vallejo'. *'-J'in(o, Doc, MS., i. -Jlii-rjO; Valkjo, Doc, MS., i.v. 'JOG; x.sxiii. M.!; DeiiU St. Pap-, -^t". J/ ,7., .ALS., Iv. 14. A CONTROVEP.SY. 17i unless tlic matter slioiild be cleared up. The general's iuiswur, equally courteous and much more I'rank, Nvas an invitation to coine or send an agent to Sonoma, which [ilaco his duties would not permit him to leave. IL'al.so defended his course at some length, calling attrntion particularly to the general state of alarm in whii'h the country had been, early in the 3'car, on ac- count of the Graham affair. He could not see how nnv serious results could follow ;\ mere performance (ri" duty. He expressed clearly the position that no nation but Mexico had any authority at Bodega, (lirci'cd every facilitv fov arriviuLj at the exact truth, and hoped that llotchef would be duly reprimanded for his misdeeds. He declared, however, that the copy of his instructions made at Ross did n(.)t agree with the original; and suggested that the alterations, per- haps made dcsiLi-nedlv, miu'ht be to some extent the cause of the controversv.^' Kn.[)rianof now sent Kostromitinof to confer with A'allcj'-, declaring, however, his [)crfeet C(Miiidence in l!ic man who made the co|)y, and rather impolitely ivfusing to believe in any error. An examination re- ^"all^l the fact that the copy was inaccurate in the vviy point that had clnefly (>Mcited the contro\'crsy, 1:10 oi'dor Ibr liotchef's arrest, the oriu'inal not contain- ing any such instruction. Valltjjo now wrote some- what sarcastically, and expressed his confidence that tlio llussians would hasten to make amends for tlieir unjust criticism of his conduct. Ku[^i'ianof, how^.■ver, (■111 ISO to continue the controversy, still maintaining t !iat the copyist had not erred designedly, even doubt- in;' that he had erred at all, and insolently askinix that i1h^ (»riginal be sent to him. He regai'detl the confer- cn<"3 as unsatisfactory on account of Kostromitinof's want of faniiliarlly vrith the Sj^anish language, ques- tioned Vallejo's veracity on several points, and even " X..V. 2, 1810, Kostromitinof to V.Hllcjo. la'A/ ■', /)o-.. MS., ix. .100. V.'a iTply 01 Xov. 4tii. /(/., ix. ;!0t. Xov. (llii, lOtli, Kiipriaiiof to V. mid ivply. Id., ix. .'iiV), ,'i\)S. Sonio of tlio Jviissiiau olliuiars Icttcia aru tliu oriyiiiuls in French, ami ulliors translatiuna into Siianit^h by a clerk. 170 THE RUSSIANS IX CALIFORXIA, asserted tliat Bodega was a llu.ssiaii port", over which the general had no authority. This brouufht out a forcible but dignified reply, dated November 25111, wldch terminated the correspondence, so far as it has been preserved." It is to be presumed that Rotchef's anger was ap- peased to a great extent, as he and Vallejo were uu tolerabl}' good terms during the next year. The man- ager at lloss had been originally in the wrong, thougli justilied in deeming himself insulted by tlie general's instructions as he understood the>ni. Vallejo's courso from the first was remarkably judicious and free I'roni error; and in the war of words ho won a signal vic- tory by his strong positions, and his uniformly frank and dignified utterances. Kuprianof, though always prcvtesting his desire to avoid discord, and though l;o had no apparent advantage to gain from a quarrel, was insolent from the first, and (^specially at the cLjso of the correspondence. It is fair to say, however, that his suspicions, though it would have been mui'(> expedient and in better taste for him to concc:,l rather than express them, had a possible foundatinii in the very instructions that had caused the trouble, as is shown by the original of that document in inv possession, and is more I'ully explained in the appendc-l note."*' **Xov. i:?tli, 21st, Kuprianof to Vallejo; Nov. IGth, 25th, V. to K.; Nov. 22(1, 2.")tli, K. to v. and reply. Valkjo, Doc, MS., ix. 313, 310, .321-2, Wl-. *'• A clanso of the iiistrnctions reads, 'Si conio os factible el coniandaiite do la factoria liusa volviose con algunos conicrciantes del puerto dc San Fr.iii- cisc'ij (/o.s crossed out) rcgrcsanl (d csto.s interlined) d cstc punto .sino trajr.-^cu Ids pasaj)ortf';i Icgales; pero de ninguna manera so los perniitiril eniharcii r;' or ' If, as is likely, the ilnssian commandant should return with some traiiiis from S. Francisco, you ■will cause {fh'in erased and //(P /f(^/e>' interlined ) to turn back to this place unless they l;avc legal passports; but by no nuMiis Mill yon permit tiioiii to eml)avk,' Xow the exact changes made in the K '-s copy arc not known; l)Ut Kuprianof may have had his suspicions arou d ■when on questioning Kostromitinof he heard of interlineations in theoriL;:.;; I. It is certain, bolh from interi'al evidence in the instructions and from tiio circumstances untlcr vvhicli they were written, that it was not llotchef ))iit liis companions who were tf) be sent to Sonoma; and there is no good reason I'l doubt that the verbal changes were introduced at the time of writin;; ti make the meaning eleiir, and not later; especially as at a later date it wi>M have been e(|iially easy and honorable, and much more ellcctive, to rcv.!;;e tlie « hole dueumeiit. Moreover, the document i;i my possession may liavo NEGOTIATIONS FOR SALE. 177 I; ^"^'■ TIic intention, of tlic Russians to abandon Hoss and t'lcir v.isli to sell their property there had, as we have si'i'U. been announced to Alvarado, and by him to tlio ?>rcxii';ui o-ovcrnnient, before the end of 1840. lu January 1841, Yallejo, in reporting to the minister of war liis controversy with Rotchef and Kuprianof, mentioned the proposed abandonment, taking more creiUt to himself than the facts could justify, as a re- sult of that controversy. The Russians had consulted jiini as to their power to sell the buildings as well as live-stock to a j)rivate person, and had been told that ''the nation had the first right," and would have to bo consulted. The fear that impelled him at that time to answer thus cautiously was that some foreigner fioni tlie Columbia or elsewhere might outbid any citizen of California, and thus raise a question of sov- ereignty, which might jirove troublesome in the future to ]\Iexican interests. Vallejo also urged the govern- ment to furnish a garrison, and authorize the planting (if a colony at the abandoned post.*'^ In February, liowcver, Kostromitinof, representing the company, jiroposcd to sell the property to Vallejo himself for $00,000, payable half in money or bills of the Hud- son's Bay Company, and half in produce delivered at Ycrl>a IJuena. Tlie general expressed a willingness ti) ni;ike the purchase, but could not promise a defi- nite decision on the subject before July or August.*' rent. S'. J'a/:, .MS., iv. i;i7; J>ci>t. Ji'cr., MS., xii. .T), 41; Vanrjo, />oc.,MS., x. 10;!; xxxiii. •Jl'). ""July 17, 1841, Kostromitinof at Bodega. Valhjo, J)or., MS., x. •_' I'l. July 27th, Vallcjo to Alvarado. Says some of the Russians' terms aic iui- pertinent, sonic absurd, and most of them inadmissible. Id., x. 227, '-.". i; J.)ipt. St. PiijK, MS., V. 02. July 20tli, A. to V. Vullejo, J)or., MS., x. 'JoiJ. It was while the negotiations were pending that V. received A. 's letter coiii- miniicating the despatch from Mexico. The inventory, A'o.si, /'c.y^w.s// iinnually for 3 years; but Sutter's (ill'er for .S;iO,()iM) was preferred. Sept. 1st, Sutter to Sunol. ' Tlic Kussiiins h:i\t' nut l)eeu aide to make any arrangement with Vallejo for tlic sale oi their inopci ly. They have recommenced negotiations with me; but I intend toliold oll'l'ir tlie present.' Siittcr-SiiHol Corre.^/i., ^LS., 10. In his J)i(n-ii, '^, Sutter Says that Itotchef arrived at his f(jrt Sept. 4tli, witii wliom ho went by water to ll'iss and concluded the bargain for .S;{0,(KX), 'which has been paid,' thus pii'vin.',' the so-called diary to have been written after IS.UL Sept. '2Sth, he sent iiiin to IJoss to ikivo the live-stock, 100 animals out of '2,000 being lost in iri'^sing the river. Wilkes, Nnrr., v. 204, notes the arrival of the Jtus- siiiii \ (11 or just before Sept. 4th. Sept. lOth, Sutter to Vallejo. Has bought all tlk- property, anrl asks permission for the passage of his men across the fniiitii.'r to transfer the movable part of the purcha.se. Valleju, Doc, MS., x. -■\ .1 i; ■!! ISO THE RUSSIANS IN CALIFOUNIA. yearly instalments, bcgiiuiing SopttMnbur 1, 1 S42. Tin- lirst and sooond payments were to he of !i55,000 cndi, and the others of .slO,000; the first thi'ee were to !»• in produce, chleily wheat, delivered at San Franeisio free of duties and tonnage; and the tburth was to li ■ in money. The estahlisliment at Xew Helvetia ami the property at JBodega and th(3 two ranclios ef Khlebnikof and Tschernich, which property was to be left intact in possession of the company's assents, wove iiledu'tMl as LTuaranties for the ijavment.''" It Mould seem that Alvarado, while insisting that the land did not belong to the company and could not 1)l' sold, had yielded his point about the buildings, ])ei- ha})s in the Ijclief that no purchaser could be fouin!; foi- the Russians say that the contract was ap|)rovr(l by the Californian govermnent, and it is certain that there was no official disapproval of its terms."'* Alvarado and Vallejo in later years are inclined Id accuse Sutter oi' having acted dishonorably towar.l them in niahing tlie purchase; but there is no evi- dence that they were offended at the time.^° Tlio land itself had of course no special value at a time when much better land was to be had for the askiuLi'; ^ Ro.'is, Contrnt ih Ventp, IS.'/l, !MS. The document is in French, and is a copy of a copy certilied l>y S. h\ PopofF. It cuntaius 11 articles. Spaiii-h translation, in Dcpt. St. Pap., MS., vi. 108-9. Kossi, Souimirs (Van Voijiojc, '21'2-i;{, writing in 1S04, speaks of this dooiunent, wliich ho says wasobtaim I )jy the American minister fi-om the liussian archives, and ■\vliicli he, l{o.s,i, translated at Sta Ilosa. The inventory does not appear. ^^Uec. I'.l, 1S41, Kostromitinof writes to Alvarado that he has sold tlic iiroperty as before proposed and not objected toby the gov,, the contract be- inr; legally ratified in the S. l'\ jurj/ddo; and he quotes in full art. 0, by wliiili New Helvetia and other property arc mortgaged. Val/cjo, Doc, MS., xxxiii. *J.')1. Tikhm(5nef, Jst^r. Oho.i., i. ."iUO, says the iiayment of the .S30,000 was puarantced by the Mexican govt, whicli was of course not literally true, ia his report to the sup. govt, dated .Jan. 11, 1S42, Alvarado said in sulwtnii' ' : 'Wlien I learned that Ross was to bo abandoned and the property S(jM. I notified tiic govt, and was directed merely to occupy the place when eva i- ated. The Russian agent proposed to sell the property to the nation, w!.ic!i proposition I was not authorized to accept; or to sell it to a private iudivi.l- ual, which I could not prevent, though always insisting that the land li.> longeil to the nation. I have received the contract of sale to Sutter.' i>i i-t. 7?(r., :MS., xiii. 8-10. ^^ Alrnrmlo, /list. Cnl., MS., iv. 2'JO -.So. He says .Sutter did anungeiii:*- uianlv, contemptible trick, buying property which the Russians were ab^iut to give to parties to whom they were greatly indebted. THE RUSSIAX TITLE. 181 Inif ilio wily Sutter, p(;rlia|),s tliinkiiig it nli^■llt ho of value iu tlio I'uture, sDUglit souu- ))rctext tor a title, 111' (thtiiiued from Manager llotclief a eertilieato of tian-'i such produce as ho could raise until the delit was paid, no time beiuLC speei- ticd. lie says when he asked for a ■^itlo to las land, it was refused, as he iKidiionKjuey to spend. * Money madi ho Mexican authorities sec any thiii!.'.' }h n>;,'rcts tliat lie did not leave Now lielvetiaand move to lloss. liidwell, J'' mill.. MS., >i'2-',i, nn/i\< Orulion; U'ldwdViiJonr. to Cul., '20-1 ; Strccii'r''.-< Ui-roU., MS., rili; Sutler's Diary, 3; Torr'-.i, Pcrlpi-ckis, ^IS., !»0-l; Schmij/iler, Xrinr II i;//i»«('/-, 70. Simpson, iV'«?'r«<(re, 2G0-7O, alter .^peaking of the llussiaa oeciqution and final lack of «ucccss, says: 'They liave accordingly Axitliiii t'loso frw weeks transferred tlieir stock to a Swiss adventurer hy tlio nauK! of Sutter, and are now engaged in -withdrawing all their people from the coimi- t'.\.' L'apt. (luerra, writing on June It, ISH, to M of ras, /(oc. IJist. (_'ii/., M^.. iv. 1 100-1, says: 'It cannot indeed bo satisfactory to])copleof foresight, that the Russians abandon their post; for they havo. always been good neigh- bjrs to us; and it is much to be feared, as you say, that, such a check being rmi'ivid, the Indians will begin their lamentable raids.' I i ll IS-: TIIK RUSSIANS IN CALIFORNIA. covcry of ijfold havu still (Icfciidyd the ri^lit ti) lia\<' talvL'U tliati)()siti(>ii — tiiiit tliu Spiiiiiards, iiotwitlistaiid- iw^ tht'ir prior discoveries and formal acts of ]h»ssis- sioii oil the Pacific coast, had no riv,'lits beyond tin ii' actual oc»'U])ation; and, San J'^ancisco beinLf the northern Jiniit of such occn})ation in IHI 'J, the Kus- sians, or any other nation, could ac(|uii'e hy sottlunient a pci'fect title from any i)oint north of the bay. It has been claimed that the Russians did thus occu|iy ]».oss and ])odei];a; and that any objection on the j);nt of Spain, ^lexico, or C alifornia was as absurd in the vyvH of the nations as Nvould have been the claim of Spain to the whole of .Vnierica by virtue of Colum- bus' discovery. Moreover, it has been sought to prove, from detached portions of the slight correspondeiiro extant, that Spain either expressly or tacitly ap|)ro\i'il the act of the llussians; that their title was acknowl- edged virtuallv by Mexico and California for m;inv years; and that in anv event Russian sovcreiij^ntv was confirmed by twenty-nine years of actual possession. The reader knows that in fact there was never any approval, expressed or im])lied, of the Russian riglit to territorial possessions in California; but that the occii- jiation of Ross was begun and continued under constant and oft-re[)eated protest on the part of the Californiaii oflicials as Sj)aniards and Vlexicans, even when as individuals they were on the most friendly terms with the otticers of the Russian American Company. Had Russia seen tit to assert a claim to a [)art of Calitui'- nia, her claim would doubtless have been resisted l»y Spain and Mexico, and could have been maintained only by superior force. Had the rpiestion been suli- mitted to any tribunal other than one of niilitaiy power, it w'ould have presented many points of inter- est; but the equities of international law would, I believe, have been in favor of the Spaniards. S[iaiii had not been, considering the spirit of the times, ex- cessively grasping in her claims on the northern coasts. She hatl preceded other nations in explorations u[) to THE SPANISH TITLE. 1S3 n liiL;li latitude, .111(1 soloiiiif as there was a prospect of (• iiitiolliiiL;- eoiniminicatioii l)y water with tiie spice i^laiuls of India, the Atlantic, or with New ^Icxico, ^Iic would Jiave ioUL(ht I'or her preroo-ative in that di- ivitioii. ])Ut as that [)rospcct gradually disajjpeared, she lost her desire for ])osscssions in the far north, and wa.> conti-nt with a stretch of harhorless coast betwe(.'n Jul- northernnn^st port and the southei'ninost one of a I'dit i^n neighbor. She had not only discovcri'd the w Ik lie northern coast, but, so far as ]]odco-ji was con- crriicd, liad sent to explore that bay and take I'ornud |iMsscssion the navi^'ator who had given it hi ' nauie; iiiiil A\r had even, on one occasion, sent a company of 111(11 both by land and sea to occU[)y the site which ciii'iiiu'^tances had obli;^'ed them to abandon 'eni[)i'.ra lilv. Thcv fully believed that the reii-Iou north < f tlic bay wa- part of their territory, and they < i'N'u si'-iiitied by word and deed their intention to ocddrow elaim a l)laek-mailing allair, anil to eensure ( Ion. Sutter foi' dis- posing of it to them, eharging tliat he sanctioned the hlaeU-mailing proee-^a iuul was to share in its juoiits; hut wc will say in justiee to tlie general lliat there was no idea of hiaek-nuiil on his jiart. He supposed tliat he (lid purclu; o SI /«)/(".//'/(' elaim and title to the land in question of the Russians, and liaa jilways eonsidered the grants given hy tho ]\Iexieau government as lnp'.'.is; lienee, in giving this quitelaim deed to Muldrow ct nf., he sineerely tli(i'.'..Iit lie was deeding that to whieh ho alone had any just or legal elaim' (I), t'lun- iiient is unnere.'sary. •'""Moiras, L\-j,((,r., ii. 9, says that Rotehef sailed Jan. 1st, leaving M. Nikolai in eharge of affairs. ••*r.idwell, Cfd. 1S.}1~S, MS., p. 70 100, gives many interesting facts aliout oecnrrentes of this time. See also Souonui Co. His/., ,S73, etc. ''".Ta'v 1 1, lS-t2, Alvarado suggests to the min. of r(d. thatitwould he \m'.1 to station 40 or .")0 men at Ross to protect the frontier. Jhjif. I'■/., 4;''-!*, writing in 1S44 says the Mex. govt has tidfc. no steps to occupy llo s; the cannon have been removed Iiy Sutter; and Stephen Smith Mas in pos cj- (jion of liodcra. Rustanumte, (lu'iindo Mcx., ii. 100, speaks of the ahund.ju- meat uf Rosd and thu urdcra is»uud ut Mexicu to tuko pusscsaiuu. A BAD DEBT. 187 annals of Bodega and the surrounding region after the liussiaiis had departed do not belong to this part of my w(jrk. The Russians had striven faithfully but in vain to make their Californian colony a success; and now tliev had set for themselves a task whoso difficulties were scarcely less formidable than those of their oi'ig- inal scheme of 1811, namely, the collection of a debt IVoiu John A. Sutter. The records of their eftbrts and ])i"ogrcss are not so complete as would be desirable; but ibr three years absolutely nothing was ])aid, while on account of certain ex})enses for which Sutter was ivs|)()nsil)le,"^ the debt had increased from $30,000 to 8:11, 774. The vessel which came for produce in the autumn of 1845 succeeded in obtaining a small quan- tity of wheat, which reduced the amount of indebt- edness to !i?30,210. At this time the government, in accordance with instructions from Mexico, entered into connnunication with Dionisius Zarembo, the company's agent, on board the JVassh'ditik, with a vi('\v to learn the exact condition of the aflair; and Zai'end)0, in turn, called on the authorities to compel Sutter to ]iay his debt. Fears of foreign encroach- ment were then rife, as we shall see, and it was (Icouied desirable to get possession of Xew Helvetia. As Sutter would not sell, except at an exorbitant ]iiice, and as his inability to pay his del)ts was well known, it was in contemplation to buy the Russian (•()nij)any's mortgage, as the cheapest and surest way to.sciau'e the post. Though the evidence is not (juito clear, 1 tlnnk a bargain to that effect was made; ])ut its consumniatit)n was defeated by the war with the T'^nited States, before confirmation could be obtained h'oiu Mexico."^ '■ In 1 84.'? aiul 1844, Suttor also liad some trouble to pay tlio toniiarjc ducn oil tlif Russian craft wliicli had cunio for wheat. In 184H his laiiiioh ^^a3 nizfil liy the rcvciinc ollicors .18 security, and in 1S44 his draft was icfiiscd iit the custoin-housc. Fiiilo, Doc, MS., ii. 'Jj; Di p. fit. P((}i., Ben., MS., iii. i;i. '-'Si. [it. ]'2, 184"), .See. Covarniliiaa to Prefeet Castro, calling fur an iinnic- di^te report in accurdauee with the prusideufs orders. CaMro, l>w., ^IS., i. s*iSiii(fc*i.SMCtoiiiiKf,^iCJia,i -^iUiirMmiUiMttlltitm-: H ' 1S8 THE RUSSIANS IN CALIFORNIA. In purcliasing tlio Ross property Sutter had nut deliberately intended to swindle the sellers. He had, as was usual with liini, assumed a heavy obligation witliout consideration of his prospective abihty to meet it. That he could make no payments at all within the time assigned for paying the whole sum did not seem to him an alarminj]: state of affairs. There were excuses in abundance. Crops had failud from drought; civil dissensions had claimed his atten- tion; creditors much nearer than Sitka had pressed him; and something was likely enough to turn up — as indeed somethimjf did, in the discovery of oold. Considerable strain seems to have been delivered in 184G or 1847; for the company's accounts show*'^ tliat by the latter year nearlv one fourth of the original $30,000 had been paid, though by reason of expenses accrued the debt had not been much reduced. ^lean- while the company after the conquest had presented its claims to the new authorities, and renewed its mortgages under United States forms.^* In 1848-9 l,")4-r). '^'2t. ISth, Zarcml)o to sub-profcct, in reply to a coinmiiniciitiou of Sept. lutii, in Russian and English, stating the amount due, and cncju'iiii^' the original contract of ISll. Jd., i. 17S-1). Spanish translation hy lliut- lull. J'ciHcuulcz, Doc, MS., 45-0. Nov. Cth, Zarcmbo to prelect. iLis -aww iSutter, who will pay only 900 fan. wheat this year. Asks aid to collect tliis debt, and others amounting to 9-li"44 due from parties in Cal. C'a4ro, /A«'., MS., i. 21S. Nov. 7th, Castro's reply. Will take stops to coniiiel the payment. Id., i. *221. Castro, liihici'm, MS., lUO-2, states, and I have no reason to doubt the statement, that he, as prefect, and Zarcmbo signed a cmi- tract at Yerba IJuena on Nov. 'J4th. Dec. l.'Uli, Zarcmbo to gov. Asks thc.t Leidesdorll' be recognized as the company's agent in the tnatter. IM})!. St. Pap., MS., vi. i;].'). Dec. 'J7th, to Forbes. Rongh draft of the coulrai't. It was sinijily an agreement to buy and sell the claim for §.'}1,000, and the c i, was allowed to receive what Suiter might pay that year — since it w.as kunwii, ns the A\Titcr adds in a note, that lie had little or nothing to pay. 1artlett. Demands to kuuv\ his i:-? A FINAL MISFORTUNE. ISO Sii(tir, in order that some one creditor might not get an advautage over others as is said, conveyed all his i>iii]icity to his son;'''' but in these years, or at least ]>\- 1850, as is shown by the company's accounts for that year, he was able to reduce the liussian debt by ,^7. ()()(), and had made a definite agreement to pay the remainder to an agent at San Francisco. This prom- ise seems to have been kept, as all agree that the debt v\as i)aid in full not long after 1850; but one Russian authoi'ity tells us that the companj^'s agent absconded v.itli the last payment of $15,000, to cap the climax (if Russian misfortunes in California. Yet in the ihish times following the discovery of gold, they were aiile to sell, at very profitable rates, one or two cargoes (il';u'ticles deemed valueless that had been accumulat- ing at Sitka for many years.*''' iuitliority for issuiug an attaclimcnt on liia real estate, and threatens a suit t".r ilaiiuigus against liim and the company. McKluslry's Paptrit, MS., '24-5. "•■' Uh rum's Ihcoll., MS., ii. 1-3, l-_'4. '''' (lolovitin, Voyivn', '22-;$, 1'23. No particulars are given by any authority nlioiit .Sutter's last payment, but all state that tlio debt was paid during tlio l;us!i times; though liidwell tolls us that the payment left Sutter but littlo aviiilablo property. In the Sonoma Co. JliH., 'M'2, it is stated tliat 'the last l.ayimnt was uiailc by Sutter through Ex-gov. I'.urnett in 1S40. Sutter p.'iiil till' entire auiount in cash, and not a part in cash and the remainder in wheat iiail n al estate, as has been stated. E. V. Sutter, a son of the general, is our iiutliurity lor the above statements.' ill m afa^jJMaLMart'rfrfjavr.atfc^. CHAPTER VII. WH: POLITICAL AFFAIRS AND GENERAL CONDITION, 1841. Events of the Year — Small Part Played by Californians — Ai'atiiy IN Politics — A Season of Drocgiit — At tiik Capital — Govkknou AlVARADO — JiMENO ACTINO RULER — No SESSION OF THE JuXTA Dk. PARTAMENTAL — Xo EXCESS OF GOVERNMENT — AdMINISTIJATION OF JlS- TicE — !MissH»N Affairs — Continued Spoliation — Mofkas' Statis- tics—Pueblo OF San Juan de ArgI'ello — Tue Bishop's Aiskival— Indian Affairs — A Time of Peace — Military Items — Alvarado and Vallejo — Policy and Motives of the Comandante Geneual— Un- FoiNDEu Charges — Action in Mexico — Reconciliation — Camtko uu PRUDON — VaLLEJo's PlANS FOB REFORM, The first year of the new decatle was by no moans an uneventful one in the annals of California, In 1 .^^ 4 1 the Russians abandoned the establishment which f )r three decades had caused the Spanish and Mexican autliorities much anxiety political!}'', but in other re- spects had been a benefit to the country. Not only did the Russian American Company depart, but tlio English Hudson's Bay Company came in its stead to eftcct a permanent establishment, to continue huntini^' operations, to purchase live-stock for the north, ami, as many feared, to monopolize the Californian tia' the fortv vessels I ^ • 1 of the year there wore seven men-of-war, or natmiial exploring craft; and the trading fleet, thougli liiiKs and tall(.>w were not so readily obtained as formcily, ANNALS OF 1841. 191 ]),ii(l $100,000 in duties on goods imported. It was ill 1S4I that the U. S. ex})l(»ring exj)ecHtioii came to llir Sacramento Valley by land and sea, that an at- tache of the French government made a tour of ob- servation through the country, and that California ^vas visited by a prominent English navigator — exten- sive na ratives being written as a result by Lieuten- ant Wilkes, M. DuHot de Mofras, and Sir George Simpson. In 1841 thiee great nations were cherish- ]]\'^ hopes of supplanting jMexico in the possession of this western land. In 1841 not onlv did many exiles of the past year return, but the tide of overland immi- •rratiou be'jfan to flow in across the snowy sierra. 111 all this, however, it will be noticed that foreign- ers were the active agents. Each topic of foreign K'latioiis is to be fully recorded in the following chap- ters. In this one I have to write of what was done by tlie Californians; and it must be admitted that they (\l\ httle except to wait and wonder what strangers would conclude to do with them and their country. ]^>litically, it was a time of apathetic inaction, with- out a levolutionary symptom even on paper. In the south, especially, does the year present but a blank pnge in history. Except now and then a petty occur- leiiee of purely local nature, there is nothing to be ri'eorded of the region below Monterey. It is not to 1)0 supposed that the abajenos had forgotten their grievances, but they gave no sign of discontent. There Were no protests or pronunciamientos from the versa- tiK' avuntamiento of Ansfoles. Jose Antonio Carrillo was not accused, so far as I know, of political intrigue. Even Juan ]3andini held his peace and wrote no long letters. In the north, except so far as the foreign element was concerned, the current of events was alieost ofpially placid and monotonous. The season was one of drought, causing a partial failure of crops, and ciJiisiderable loss in live-stock,^ but there was no suf- 'r.idwfll, Journey to Cal., 23-5, 29, speaks of the drought of 1840-1, as do utliur iiimiigrauts; but lie gives a table of the weather for each day in the If 102 rOLITICAL AFFAIRS AND GENERAL CONDITION. foring aiiiont^ tlio peoj'lc, \\]\o were as prosperous ns was possil)le with such au expenditure of energy a.s they were disposed to make. The drought, howevei', with tlio diuiini:?hed produ(3tivcness of the mission es- tates, made it harder tliau usual for the traders to 1111 U[) their cargoes, and collect the amounts due from the rancheros; so that the country's lack of prosperity was somewhat exaggerated in their reports. At the capital the governor and the clique of oni- cials about him displayed a degree of zeal in the handling of departmental funds, if in nothing elsr. They received $100,000 from the custom-house, wilii a largo but unknown amount from the ex-mission estates. There were current suspicions that the puli- lic money was squandered on various private and public Jle,stas, and that the residue was not quite im- partially distributed; but there are no proofs tliatsiuli was the case, nor any indications that they ever had difficulty in finding a usefor alltlie moneys they could collect. Alvarado had been at his best in the revolu- tion against Mexico in 183G and in subsequent troubL-^ with I he south. In honesty and intelligence he had c(pialled, in energy and executive ability as in per- sonal popularity he had excelled, the best of tho.sc about him: but he had now degenerated in seveiul respects. The gross charges of rascality made against him by men like Farnham were unfounded. Alva- rado was yet a courteous and well-meaning ruler, com- paratively liberal and free from narrow prejudices. But ho had lost much of his old enthusiasm for reform, and w'as content to let public affairs drift for the most part as they would, to perform carelessly the I'ew routine duties devolving upon him, to deplore the non- progressive condition of the department, and cast t!ie season of 1841-2, iudicating an average number of rainy clays, ."io from Xi>v. loth to March 31st. He says, however, that the winter was wet. Drought iiiiu- tioncil in Honohdii Pohjnes'iav, ii. o.j; Kilea' Re;iistei\ Ixi. 98; Tovre, Jtitn'i.i., ISIS., 102; Dchleu'a liUt. Statement, MS., 10. The drought e.^ctended to die Boutli also. Giifrra, Doc, MS., v, 20.'J, Larkin says not waterenough fell to raise the streams an inch. Vallejo, Doc, MS., xxxvi. 214. THE GOVERNOR AND JUNTA. 1C3 Miuno oil circami.stiUKvs, ur fate, or ^[t;.\it'o. lie gave liiiiiself up to convivial i)lea«ures, ilrauk deeply, was ol'tm unable I'roui 'illness' to attend to oHieial duties, ;iiul liavini;" injured himself severely by a fall when ititoxieated, was obliij^ed to turnover his oHii-e in Sej)- ti'Mihii' to Jinieno Casarin, as he had done several times k'Ibre." Tile junta dopartamental did not assemble at ah dui'inn' the year, as a majority of the members when sunnnoned excused tlieir non-attendance on various pretexts more or less satisfactory to themselves.^ Xi'ither was there any session or organization of the ttil)U!i;d superior, though the members of that body had been ap[)ointed the year before.* Andres Cas- tillci'o was repi'esenting California in Congress, l)ut he raii^ht as wi-ll have been in Patagonia for al) that is heard //^ 7,',r., MS., xii. 18, 4-J-3; .-bv/r/.'s, Arrh., MS., ii. 107-9. iVc. lUst, A. I'o-assunics the oliioc. l.>(jtt. Itic, !MS., xii. "28, 4(i; JJr/if. St. Pup., Aii'j., MS., xi. 131. It was as 1st vocal of the dip. that .Jiiuciio hfcanie netiiiu i.'()v., ami nifaiiM'hile .lose'' Z. FiTiiaiuk'z acted as tccrctary. A."s;ic- eidciit is noticed in jirint hy Sir (Ico. Simpson, in -MS. liy Jan.ssuns, and iu conveiviitinn hy many Californians. 'Th- junta had lieon convoked in Dec. 1840 to meet in .Tan. ]'ci(nona, l'ii> I'icn, ;'.nd Jiise Castro exensc themselves on tlic ]>lea of ill health; and lloqnciia also ari^iies that the junta expires legally on Dec. 31 st and nmst ))0 luiicMcd /,( in/o. Ih'pf. SI. P'l/,., :MS., v. .'U-(i. .Tan. !», 1841, Santia-o .\i-- gUi'Uii cannot attend on account of his duties a.s prefect, fiaring dis(]rdei's in liis ili:>trict. Li'j. J,'ic., MS., iv. 1. March li.'th, Alvarado coniidains tiiat all the vocalcs hut one replied that there were 'Ic^al impediments' to tlieir attoiHlance. ,S'. J)iiijo, Arch., ]\IS., '280. Juno'Jlst, A. to niin. of rel.,c:iM- I'laiuhii,' of alack of intere.-t on the part of tiie dip., which l)ody will not tvon meet to discuss important niatter.s. JJrpt. Iter., MS., xii. 34. *See ///',«/, Cn/., vol. iii., chap, xx., this series. In a letter of .luno o, 1841, Picquciia says the chief reason why the triljunal has not heen opened is lic- cau,-c the j.fov. is unwilling to give J. A. Carrillo au opportunity for intrigue. L''-'fJU('.i , J)i:r., Ms., '2. Uisx. Cal., Vol. IV. 13 lot POLITICAL AFFAIRS AND GENERAL CONDITION. cral condition of the people was concerned, was not ultoL;::etlier unsatisfactory. Local niatters were well enough n)anagod, accordini^ to Hispano-Amurican ideas, hy j)refects and jueces do paz; and in 8ev( r;il instances the perpetrators of serious crimes were jiiiii- ished with a promptness almost unheard of in Cali- fdi-nia. Doubtless there was room for great reforms iii the administration of justice. Indian horse-tliicves were hecoming bold in their operations, petty tlid'ts and drunken quarrels among vagabonds of the towns were too often unpunished; but it must be added' that current statements of foreign visitors respecting the reign of crime and the utter lack of protection to lii'u and property were grossly exaggerated. The year brought no changes of a general nature in the administration of mission affairs, and the con- dition of the diftbrent establishments remained [>rac- tically as in 1839-40.'^ No successor was appointeil to llartnell as visitador, and the majordomos in charge of the estates were responsible directly to tlio governn^ent. There are no accounts and little CDr- respondonco extant respecting drafts upon those estates in behalf of the departmental treasury;" hut while it is impossible to estimate the amount obtained, there is no doubt that such drafts were freely made whenever mission products could be utilized. Foreign visitors allude in general terms to the destruction of the missions, but refer rather to the period than to the year; and in its general phases this subject has al- icady received sufficient attention.' From the mass ^ Sco chap, ii. of this voL " Feb. 1841, 1,100 sheep tlelivei'cd by governor's order from Sta Clara to Doii;;l;is; in Jilarch, 50 cows to tlio same person. St, Pup. Miss., MS., ix. 43, 'i'ho.se animals were sold by the i^'ov. to the II. B. Co. ' Jan. 21), 1841, Ethan Kstabrook writes to Larkiii: ' Should his exc( IKncy continue in oliice I have no doubt tlic mLssions will .siifler till there is notliing left to sufTor." Larkin's Doc, MS., i. 122. Mofras-, Explor., i. 3'JO, -IJO, says that Ah-ar.ado took all the cattle left at Soledad, Mith all i\\" iron-wmk, ami t'ao tiles for his own house, and gave everything remaining to his ivvvA So- boranus. Ho also speaks of the deliberate plunder of Mission S. Josu liy tlio A'allejo family. 15'! IJ- CONDITION OF THE MISSIONS. 105 s not 3 well L?ric'im Ejveral c piiii- Cali- .^forius liieves tlicl'ts towns ;cltliat. n<^ the L to life nature .10 con- d prac- pointed nos in • to the u c'or- those iv," l.ut i)laino(-l, nuule oivl^'n ,tion 01 to the ms al- uiass .U CUu-a to .,ix. 4... ixcellfiicy Is iiotl'.ing Vl'-'O, says (uk. ami l-i.nd 'io- ^(: liy tho (if potty local items extant I jutlgc that in 1841 there was less of abuse and robbery in the administration of these estates than in former years — either because of reforms introduced by liartnell, a weeding-out of some of the worst administrators, greater vigilance on the part of the governor, or a lack of desirable ])i'oj)erty to bo stolen : perhaps for all these causes com- bined. The padres, increased in number to twenty- three by the return of Garcia Diego and the coming (tt" Santillan and Ambris, novices who soon became )nrsts, served as curates at their respective cstab- l^;linnMits, and nothing was heard of those in the stiutli l)eyond an occasional protest against the con- duct of an unmanageable majordomo, or against the granting of some mission rancho. In the north the Zacatecanos sustained and increased their unen vi- al ile reputation by the disgraceful conduct of the (hunkeu Padre Quijas, and the hardly less apparent inunoralities of certain others, which foreign visitors (;spccially did not fail to notice and to write about.^ At or in connection wuth each of the southern es- tablishments, as at several of those in the north, a shiall number of Indians were still living in comniu- nitv, on one basis or another, more or less completely under the control of administrators or padres, or both.^ }.Iofi'as gives the number of Indians living in com- munity in 1841-2 as 4,450, varying from 20 at Sole- dad and San Rafael to 500 and G50 at San Gabriel, San Diego, and San Luis Roy; but in these figures ho must include at several places in the north many Indians who had no other connection with the mis- sions than that of living somewhere in the vicinity. ^'^ ^ Wilkfs, Simpson, and Pcirce speak in plain terms on the subject; still it must liu iulinittcil that so far as their personal observations went, 1'. (^)iiiju3 Was lliu one nKiiuly responsible. '•'■hily '_'t)th, Alvarado by a decree releases an Indian from his condition of iu:(ii)liyti.', allowini; him to support himself and family as he pleases. IJainlihi, i'li'., MS., Ci'2. Pi-efect Argiiello complains to Capt. Uuerra of the scandalous iiniiiDiality prevalent in the southern missions, some of which are little else than luoUiels. Gurrra, Doc, MS., vii. 82-3. ''^ Mnj'ra.'', Kxplor. , i. 3"20. This author gives a very good description of tlie coiuiition of each establishment. V \h I lii ion ror.ITICAI, AFFAIKS AND CKNKUAL CONUITIOX. There' is no satisfactory inroriiuitloii respecting tlic Jmliaii jiuchloH of ilie south ;'' and the only event nf local ainials i'e(|uirinn' notice; in this coinuH'tion is tli;' dissolution ol' the nco|)hyte conununity at Sun iliiiin ("a[)istrano. This action was taken by the t^overiKH' in conse([Uenceot' dissatisCaction with the luajordoiiin, and of ii petition from citizens of San Diego to haw hinds assigned them. The order was issued in Jiilv and the lands were distrihuted some months later. The Inehans were given the prefeivnce in the choicj of hinds, uiid the new pueblo was named San Juan A*: Argiiello.'- IJishop (Jarcia iJiego arrived in IHH, landing from the Jiosclind at San Diego with a suito of twelve! poi'sons the IJth of J)ecend>er; hut Jiis formal rece])tion, together with the begiiuiings oftlio grand work he no doubt inteMided to accom[)lisli I'm- liis diocese, belonsjfs to the annals of another year.''' Dare mention is all that is called ibr in the niattd' of Indian afl'aii's. '^Phougli fears were e\j)ressed tliat hostile gentiles might again possess the country," aii. I " F('l).-A])i'il 1841, some (lisaiitisfactiou of tlio Iiidiaus nt Las I'lmi's, S. rascual, ami S. iHL^fuito, at tlio iiitorfcrtjiicu of the I'icos. Jhiycs' Jli-n-ion JJocih, 'Ml, fiom S. J>i((io Archiim. '•' Extract;* IVom arcliivcs in J/ai/r/^'' Mis^on Buok, i. 121-2, 12(i-8; Jum- fills, Vi4a, ,MS., Ui7-il; J.o^ AikjiIih Slor,, MS., x. '_'H(!. 11'.^ episcopal inlliience was felt before his arrival, as a])pcars from an ordeiof t!i>. nleahle of S. Diego on Sept. 1, 18K), to keep cattle out of the streets, ai tlw bishop might arrive any day! S. JJ'ufio, Itn.ur, ^IS,, 109. On I'ec. iMii ("iareia I)iego confir icd 12.") persons. ,S. D'lcjo, Lib. Ml-^loii, MS., 4."i. ^ i;- llejo Mritcsto \'irmi id on ])ec. 1st: 'The coming of a bishop is going to c:i'.i-e much trouble. Th ■ ricsts are beside themselves with pride, anil bc^iii tJ fuliuiiiate sentences excommunication, etc., relying o'; that prelate. l'i;i'i' crazy fools, if they , dv they can browbeat the leading men in Oilifmiiia. The ago of theocratic ')niination is ]iast. However, C'alifornians who iiavi^ never seen bishops wi now know Ikjw they dress and observe their k iviiio- nies. If they intende to plant new missions among the savages, sonic ,l""»>1 mi','lit result; ))ut not! ag is further from the minds of the priests.' \ 'd'ifj, Jjoc, MS., viii. ;];?."). " Dec. 21th, Vallcjo to chief of stall' in Mexico. Vallejo, Doc, MS., x. 39S, IXDIAN* AFFAIII^, 107 fo!vi,LjM writers spnl^c ill !i o\'iu!i'al way of coiitiimal (iiitiM'4CS, 1 liixl ill rccoi'ds of the yt.'ar iiotliiiij^' ol" ilo- tiiils l)ev('ii(l i\\v Tacts that sm't-ral rx[)('(htiniis (if c'ti- liliiTs and riiciidlv Jiidlaiis wnc scut out iVoiii zcu so San Josc' a'^aiiist tiic horso-thiov us; that tlicrc wa> a n»nliiiuaii('C' ol' hostihtics, or at least ot'warnkc I'U- iiinrs, ou tho southern iVoiitiei', |)articiiliirly IVoia May t.p Juh .10 an< I tliat the fierce Sotovoiiu.'s ol' tlie liortli wriv said to 1)0 [)lamiiiig a new atteiin»t to desti'oy till' L^viite de ra/on.*' Thus oven rumors of hostilities wri'.' less j)lentil"ul than usual; and while horse-steal inL>' was ;i rcn'ular industry of the -^'entiles, often in Ica^nu; wlili ( 'lirislians, and occasionally' an Indian was killed 111 a coiiiiK ■t 1)1 'tween the t\ wo classes, there was no rea 1 hostility in a warlike sense, and no special ilant;'»r in part of tlie country, (jleneral apathy in Indian aiiv aliairs as in evervtliniLi" else th A> n- TIk; old military estal)lishnieiit of presidial coi }>aiii('s was still ke[)t U[i, nominall}' at San I'^raiicisco — I'l' lailu'i' Sonoma — ^Fonteroy, and Santa Barbara ; hut tliccompany of San Diet^ohad Ioul*' since ilisap[)eared. Tlic tliixH' com])anies had ahout one hundred men on tluir pay rolls, either in active service or as invalidos; and ahiiut iSoO,(;00 of the dei)artuu,'ntal reveiities was voted to their support.^"* An artillery force with a Uf TIr' gcucnirs olijt'tt was to yet nn iiicrrasc of iiiilit:ii'y force, !\\\<\ he (loiilitlus.i t'MiL'L'i-'iiitt'd tilt' (laiii^'er. .Uvarailo in his lutturs to Mexico tleclart'cl ultiii t!,;it ihu Jiiiliaiis coiilil lio easily coiitroUeil. ''Jan. L'l, Is 11, gov. to prefect. In coiisie(|uenco of n.ii encounter lu'tweeii piigaiis aiiil a neupliyte, bows ami arrow.s an^ to hv ili.sti'ihuted; anil C'apt. K.-tiadai.s to go with tho force. J)(/>l. AVc, MS., xii. •_*. .July ■-'.'iil, •'. .1. \'a- llijo to com. fxen. Itnlihci'ie.^ fi-e(pieiit. "J.") citizens will .start day at'ti-r ti- iiii.now. I'(i/V/'o, Doc.,MS.,x.'J-_'l. Feb. lllth, gov. order.s ]jaynient of .'i-'Jii to nil Indian chief who lias returnul from his canipaiu'ii in the Tulares. J)ij>/. St. /'"/■., Jliii. ('out. mid Tira.'t., ^18., iv. (i'_*. May -.July, paynu'nt of S-"ii and eiiHT siuiis for niontlily expeiisca of auxiliary forces against Indians. /(/., iv. ."'7 N. '''>hiy- ■Tilly, 1.S41, blij.;lit corresp. on reported risin;.^ ui Iiul. of the Sierra '!-■ ■I.ujiu'-and Sierra de 'I'uzniin. JJcjif. Sf. P(i/>., AiKjek'.i, MS., vi.;i2,4;i; xii, ."iT; Juj.i. />,-., MS., xii. y.i; Filch, Dor., MS., 100. ' '' \'allejo to Alvarado, July 'JTtli. I'alicjo, Doc, MS., x. S.'iO. Salvadcn- \ allejo was ahout to march ai,'ainst the foe. ' '^ior ])articiilar.s .see local annals. I note the following military items; ■'.a. 1, 1S41, Vallejo to min. of war. The Ma/aLlaii s(|uadidn of ISl!) has u^tii fur many years dispersed for want of resources, each man earning his i !i 198 POLITICAL AFFAIRS AND GENERAL CONDITION. g'rand total of 24 men was also maintained; of which Captain Silva was made the commander, and respr'l. ing which certain reports were called for and luailc, with a view to increase its efficiency for the country's safety. The armament was forty-three cannon, or two to each gunner, to say nothing of seventeen use- less pieces.^'' In addition to the military force already specified, there was a temporary auxiliary or militia company organized for service against the Indians, but about which at this time little is known.^° Having thus briefly noticed several matters con- nected with the general condition of the country in 1841, I come back to that of politics, or to the ouly phase of polities outside of foreign relations that still offered something of interest or importance — the con- tijv^ersy between the comandante general and the governor. At the beginning of the year Vallejo wrote again to the supreme government of his grievances and of the ruin that Alvarado's policy was bringing upon the living as best lie can. Vnlkjo, Doc, MS., x. 7. Jan. 11th, the gov. lias bought 100 carbines from the Catnlitia to prevent their being sold to iirivato pcr.sons. /(/. , x. 2. ]\larch, Vallejo informs comanduntes that he has iiem ordered to report on disabled officers, who arc to be retired. Id., x. 8'2. .Viii', ."^d, a lieutenant anthovi;;(.'3 his attorney to collect from Abrcgo §1,88.'), l);uk pay for 4 years and 10 months. t received his olli'.i.tl despatches from the war department f^r lSi7-4(i, all having been opened at the capital; charges that not only puMi;- Init private mails are tam'icved uitli; that the Calijoniid sailed without Lis cor;'('spiiiid','uce, being despatched iiy the gov. without 'ds kuowled;re. .\l)u >s (jf every kind arc constantly permitted and relief can come only from the national govt, the onLrs of which at present are despised. .Ian. l.">lli, lo ^ iniioml he writes that the governor's sycnphants have caused confiisina In every branch of the govt, and now, expecting soon to lose tiieir otlices, are Jes'ioying everything as fast as they can. /resence n.on> tluin now. Couhl say much more, but prefers to wait. Vallejo has Ihreatei.. d to make it hot for 'mas de cuatro' in caso of success. MonUrey, Arc/i., M'-., I I I ' I: it ^ ^1 'I Bi'i liiiliiM 200 POLITICAL AFFAIRS AXD GENERAL COXDITIOX. version of tho matter amonq- Californians is iu mh- stance that Vallcjo, angry at not being allowed to control tlie government, strove to overthrow his rival and obtain his place, but overshot the mark, sinco both fell together.^'' These charges and suspicions are, however, greatly exaggerated if no^ wholly unfoundi'd. I have already shown that at the beginning of the quarrel Vallcjo was influenced not only by well found- ed disapjiroval of the governor's acts, but by wounded personal pride and an exalted idea of his own authcir- ity. In ]8-j9 he would have been flattered by an oifer of tlie governorshi[), as an honor, a source of power, and as a means of humbling his foes; but I find no evidence that he ever openly oi' secretly sought the oilice, and I doubt that he v.'ould have accej)to>l it at all in 1841. The wdiole tenor of his conuuuiii- cations to the Mexican government is against the tlio- orv that he desii-ed to be overt lirow the ollu:r; l)\it it is imi)lieii that V. was in tlie wron^' he- cause his otiieo was a, snliordinatc tnu\ See also, in a similar strain, some in- cliaing to oiu^ side and sciine to the other, liotdlo, Ainih s, MS., <),"); "c/, Oi'iiririii'iiix, MS., PJO; Scrrmio, A/iiiii/i", MS., Cil~2; F( niniidcz, ^'o-v's (/<■ CuL, MS., 10;); (/ft'i.if/n, Ajiiiiifct, MS., 4'_'-:i; and many others. Narratives of foreiLrn writcr.i generally give it similar version. '•"'Alvarado himself, I/i.^t. Vol., MS.,iv. I D.'J-l'OO, does not charge V.willi liaviiiu' desired the ollice; though he iloes ell:u'ge him with hiiviiig Keen iillhl- cr.ced in his opposition mainly l)y anger at not heing allowed to manaui' the country. In Ins letter to \'irniond of Jan. Nth, V. says his enemies liclicve he in trying to gi t tho governorshiii, and ia likely to sucecod; but that siicli ia not the ciiac. Valhjo, Doc, MS., x. 4:2. VALLEJO'S POLICY. 201 lieved that the tlopartment was drifting toward ruin; lie saw no way of avoi'ting tlio danger under the act- ual regime, and lie advifsed a change. Hi.s advice, fr'iii the stand[)oint of a Mexican official, was sound; and I am disposed to think, notwithstanding the cur- rent charges, that it was honestly given, l^efoiv the end of 1841, moreover, the general Iiad doul)tless l)e- (■i)ine convinced that California was not destined to remain long under Mexican rule. lie v/as an intelli- many tics from infancy to mauliood.' Holies to get liil of liis o'lUfo, and tluiH to ix'niove all yi'oiind-j of rivalry, and, if it lie iniiiossililo to n:- IK .V I' irdial relations, at kui^t to osoajio the ridicnle of tlicir fi-imd-i. i'u/f'jo, l>n. l>enli s liio ciUKiit ch.irycd that ho dcsirea to nwku himself a sultau uutl to i' uore tho I I ii« fm i"*f ■jiiit It H by the samo vessel that brought back the foreii^ai exiles iVoin San Bias, a rumor that a new comaiidantc general had been appointed, and was about to start for California with live hundred men. The ruiiKU-, thoug'li premature, had some foundation in fact, but was not credited by the governor.-^ Meanwhile the government in Mexico replied in April to Vallejo's communications of January, la these replies, which seem not to have reached Cali- fornia until October, Vallejo was assured in the presi- dent's name that measures would bo promptly dictated for the reform of abuses complained of. Alvarado was recommended to observe all due consideration i'or the general; both were urged to act in harmony, and luutuall}' aid each other iu the country's time of trv.u- ble which seemed near at hand.-^ About the same time Jose Casti'o came back from ^Mexico, very likely with verbal instructions from Bustamante to effect a reconciliation between the two chiefs. At any rate, he took some steps in that direction, as it was evi- dently feared that a crisis was at hand when the guii- eral's cooperation would be needed. Writing to Vallejo he protested that his friendship was undimiii- i died, denied that he had tried to compromise the general in Mexico, cursed tlie men who had kept their rulers at loggerheads, hoped he would, by coming to ]Moiitei'ey, teach those false friends a lesson, urge] him to forget all [)ersonal differencesfor the country >: good, and invitf.^d him to come to Mission San JosJ lor an interview. "The good begun by us fir Cali- fornia must be carried to completion, and our Iocs C(Mif )unded"!^'^ Alvarado also wrote, expressing his willingness to obey the president's instructions hy political authnritiea. He has the force to do so if ho wished, but h:is ulviu- ciitortaincil sucli 'imworthy ideas. Id., x. 'J30. ''■July "J'Jd, Comaiidantc 1" lores at Monterey to V. Vallejo, Doc, MS., x. 2'JO. July iOth, A. to V. Id., x. 'JJli. -"•' April (i, 1 J, IStl, min. of war to V. Vnlkjo, Doc, MS., x. 9S-9; lO.M April i-Jth, mill, of rel. to A. .S'.f/). Oovt St. Pap., MS., xvi. 19. Mauli, J.ino, reports called for on state of ati'airs in Cal. D(2)t. St. /-"(»/?., MS., iv. 137; Aifulix, Arch., I^LS., ii, 08-70. ^"Uct. Jtb, -Joth, Castro to V. VaWjo, Doc, MS., x. 301, 315. The -cu- CASTRO'S EFFOnTS. 203 ivtluclng the number of civil servants, attending to tlio organization of a military force, and taking coun- si'l of A'allejo and others respecting the course to be i'dllowed, "so for as policy and circumstances could be reconciled with duty."^^ Vallejo came down to Mission San Jose in Xovem- bcr as requested,^- and had an interview with Castro, though Alvarado was probably not present. The de- cision arrived at was that, the situation being critical, prompt steps must be taken; that if the country was to be saved from foreign invasion, national aid must be obtained; and that Castro should go to ^lexico as the general's comLsionado to secure such aid, as well as to ascertain the actual condition of political affairs in the national capital, about which there was much uncertainty.^ There is room for suspicion that this result was deliberately planned by Castro and Al- varado as a means of preventing Vallejo from sending some other comisionado who would work against the governor's interests, as of course Castro was not to do. On December Glh, however, Alvarado suddenly changed his mind, and decided that Castro was needed at houie.^* Possibly Alvarado intended at this time to send a secret agent by the California in Castro's cnil'n k'tturs are not extant; but he seems to have made some charges against Lion Josu. ='Oct. 'JTth, A. to V. Valhjo, Doc, MS., x. ?,12. '-He was thore, as will be scon, when the Bartleson company of innni- graiits arrive J. lie arrived Nov. t)th and remained at least until the 18th. •'^ There is no record of the interview. Nov. 17th, V. writes to A., ur^^'in.; the necessity of prompt military or<,'anization. I'allijo, I)or., JIS., x. 'M'J. Xiiv. ISth, V. to Ahrego. Rcijuests him to furniili Castro .?l,r)00 for travel- ling expenses to ^lexico, where ho goes on public business. 7/., x. .'!."i.'?. Nov. HOtii, Alvarado to V. Will order the California to ^Monterey to take Castro with \'.'s despatches to Mexico; will also send by him a report on the ini- pendini,' dangers. Id., x. .'W9. ^'Iioe. 0th, A. to Castro, in Valhjo, Doc, MS., x. Wi'^. He has just heard of the coming of a party of Americans from N. Mexico, which showed the (lani;ir to be nearer tlian had been expected, ami Castnj's s^r\ ices were likclytol)e needed. Moreover, aid from Mexico could hardly come in less than .'ix nl()nth^'; and the latest news from Mexico, which ho gives at some length, kuvcs .some room for doubt that attention will be paid to Californian matters when allair.-i at the capital are in such an unsettled condition. However, ho will still send tlio scliooncr with despatches. Y)oc. Stii, Castro to V. , for- wii'ilin,' A. "s letter, and announcing his readiness to make any sacrifice and oUy the general's orders. Id.,x. 370. It 5: " 201 POLITICAL AFFAIRS AND GEXEllAL CONDITION. place; or liis chaiigo of purpose may have resulted i'rom the discovery of Vallejo's purpose to send Victor Prudou, his secretary, as a companion to Castro, wliidi would render his plot, if plot there was, ineft'ectual. At any rate, the general had resohed to send Prudoii, and did not niodil'y his resolution at all in consequence of tlu! change in the governor's plan.^^ Vallejo's despatches to the supreme government in Decemher did not differ in spirit from those of January. He pictured California as a country nowhere excelled in natural advantages of climate, soil, and harbors, having all the elements of a grand prosperity, and need- ing only an energetic population and wise regulati(;ns. The immediate and imperative necessity was the pro- tection of the department by the presence of a sufficient military force. He pointed out in considerable detail the country's commercial and agricultural possibilities, giving also his views respecting the obstacle in the way of their realization. Of course he alluded to the old complaints against the actual administration, and he formulated a remedial scheme, in substance as fol- lows: i. A man should be placed at the head of affairs, and invested with both civil and military authority, who is not connected by blood or otherwise with other authorities or with the governed, ties of relationship rende'ring the chief impotent and his subjects insuber- dinate. ii. A force of at least two hundred men should ^■"' Pradon'.s nanio does not appear in this connection until Doc. Utli, wliiii — possibly after receiving Castvo'ci letter of the 8th, Imt jirolialdj' not — \";i- Uojo in liis letter to the niin. of war announces the scndiuj,' of Castro .'iiiil I'nulon with despatches. Vallcjo, Dor.. JIS., x. 384. His instructions d.itod Dec. , are addressed toCastroan00 is to ))c paid to I'rudon. Td., x. ;)si); Dcpt. S/. Pap., IJen. Com. and Tnag., MS., iv. ().">. Dec. 2.'!d, V. toniiu. of win-, accrediting Capt. Victor Prudon as his comisionado, and )-econiuicnding liii:i higidy for competence and integrity. Asks that he bo confirmed as captain in the regular army. Vallcjo, Due, MS., x. o03. i 111 THE GENERAL'S PLAN. 205 be sent to the country with their itay well secured, niid with competent officers of good character, iii. The custoiu-house should be put in charge of the conii- •sario, and the corps of treasury servants sliould bo largely rethiced. iv. There sliould be established and niaiutained a responsible post-office department, v. At San Francisco the fort should be rebuilt, with other ])ublic edifices, and a custom-house should be established. The laws forbidding the coasting trade by foreign vessels should be enforced, and the impor- tation of various articles prohibited with a view to encourage home industries. vi. And finally there sluaild be sent a large colony of Mexican artisans and fanners to counterbalance the influx of foreigners.^^ ^^ VuJhjn, ^Valcs ir;/o, Ar /fonolulu Polynesian, ii. 55, The news was brought by the Llama in September. II I i f ! . 'JOS COMMERCIAL AND MARITIME AFFAIltS. Clinguanosos, the hcfcs Doh-s of soutlierii California, j)aiticu!ar;iii\ii't_v bciiiL"' excited l>y reports tliat apaity ol' lifl.y-live, Aiiierieaus, [''I'l'iieliiueM, Ilidiaiis, aiui e\eu 'apostate' Mexicans, was ai)proaeliiii^^" witii dcprdradi'st miras, under the leadei'sliip of El Cojo Suiit, probaMy Peg-leg Smith;" but there are no I'ccords of spei.-ial outrages (•((Uiinitted by these vagabonds during tliu year; and they must not be coidounded with tlie paity of inunigrants by the same route to be noticed latrr. Tlu; smugglers gave the authorities but little trouble, tlujULih it would be unwise to conclude that they hail nbandiined their evil ways. Abel Stearns did not I'.iil, howevei', to I'urnish as usual an item for this brantli of his countiy's annals, since he was re})eatedly warned to cease Jiis contraband operations in hides, and his troubles of the [)receding year had not yet been fully settled.' Yalleio still entertained the idea of transferriuL"' the custom-houso to San Fi'anciseo, but made no progress towards the realization of his plan. Lieu- tenant Wilkes represented Vallejo as controlling tlio entire trade of San Francisco Bay with a view solely to his own personal interests, but there was littK^ if au}^ foundation for such a charge, and there is noth- ing to indicate that the general interfered or desired to interfere in the collection of revenues.*^ Otter- "Aug. 10, 1841, passport and instructions to Vigil 8i:;nc(l by Capt. Tnijino at S. JiKiii do Ids Caballuros. J)v]it. St. I'lip., Amj., yiS., vi. 77-8. RuMurs aliDiit the I liiiij'uaunsds, soniu of thuin hronglit Ijy Vigil's party, and pre- c;iutions taken. /./.. iv. 41!; vi. 7"'-f the Californians usecl to sell Larkin dio same hide several times over liy stealing it from tlie yard back of his st(;!c. ^ 8 Dec. 11, 1841, V. to min. of war. V,illsia JMrhnm, Arch., MS., 17', 21; S. Dii-'jo, Arch., MS., 281; Doc. ITU. ''"/., MS., iv. 1112; Dept. St. Pap., Aixjcloi, MS., vi. 28; XitPvrr'n Life, MS.. 107-8. " /';»/(), Doc, MS., i. 253, 359-60, .308-0; Dcpt. St. Pap., Ben., MS., iii. I'.'. Due. 7th, Spear to Larkin. Complains that the whalers 'play the liiuei; ' with regular trade, selling goods cheap and paying high prices for 1.;mIik'(.'. Ldrkiii'-'i Doc, MS., i. 193. "SocfuU list for 1841-5 at end chap, xxiii., this vol. Vessels of 1841: .Kfrf, Ai/HCiicho, Bolina, Bolivar, Brai/aiiza, t'ali/oriiia, Catalina, Chato, 'I'lrii, Cnlnmhia, Columbine, Constnntine, Cvr,iair, Cowlitz, Ciiracoa, Don <,''i(r:il(', Elena, Eliza, Flying Fish, Hamilton, Index, J6ven Carolina, Jdren (.'Kijiiizfoana, Juan Diego, Ju(<:\ Jose (?), Julia Ann, Lahaina, Llama, Lau- xiiiiie (■;), I jcon Idas (">.), Leonora^"!), Maryland, Morea(^), Xin/n, Orcza, Oregon, iircnhn, Porpoise, Ilosalind, St Louis (?), Sapphire, .S'«.va»n, Tas.so, Thomas rrL-iii.% Vincennes, Yorktoion. On the Oregon-built schooner, the Star of '■rrijr.n. which came to S. F. and was sold, see Hist. Or., i. 247-8, this series. I liiul no Cal. record of her presence. Statistics for 1841: Custom-honrie receipts according to records in Dept. >'._/''!/'., l}e„. Cust.-H., MS., v., .$101,101 ; expenses, .$9,344; netjjroduct, 891,- f^lT^ Hiirtnell gives the total as $101,150 from 22 vessels. Pico, Doc, MS., i Sd. In Mexico, Mem. Hacienda, 1844, annex. 1, the receipts are given aa UisT. Cal.. Vol. IV. U -.1 f ? &tUi^-' 310 COMMKRCIAL AND MARITIME AFFAIRS. national exploring craft; sovon woro whalers, and l)r<)l)al)ly a lew more not nainetl, wliilo twenty vetssL-ls made up the tradiiiLJ ih'et proper and broujj^ht to the country ^^ood.s Invoiced at about .^100,000, on which duties were jtaid to the same amount. Ca»'; also tables and comments in Cong. Globe, 184.1-4, appendix 226. Exports to Hon- olulu §42,700 for this year. Flngifs Beporf. Sec also in JJavis'a Olimpses, MS., au important table of hide and tallow exports in these years. VISIT OF DOUGLAS. 211 (Ic tiii('iitiil (Inatici'-s. Items in tlie urcliivcs, hotli { 'iilirniiiiiiii jiiid Me'xictui, tliouj^li Hoinewhat miiucrous, ill. M) \;i;4U(' and (liscoiiiiectccl as to throw no lij^ht oil (li, siiltjoct, and rurnish no statistics. It is evident I'l.iiu (icciisional allusions in correspondence of the time tli;ii (•llicials at the capital were still popularly accused dl' M|u;m(lerinLf a considerablg portion of the revenues; hut niiilroversies between the vaiious civil and mili- tiiiv claimants, if now ones arose or the old ones con- tiiiiicd, have left no trace. A matter of ijencral interest in the annals of 1841, and niie whose connection with commercial and mari- tiiiu' allairs is suiKciently marked to j^dve it a place naturally in this chapter, is the o[)erations of the liud- Sdu's l>ay Coui[)any in California. Relations between Calirninia and the company had, as we have seen, al- ways been I'riendly, but never very intimate. The company's vessels running between the Columbia and Jbuiolulu had often, but not regularly, touched at ^lontcrev and San Francisco for supplies; and their tia|)]t('rs had for years frequented the broad valleys of tlu' Sa( iamento and San Joaquin. It was desired to o.staMish relations, both in respect of trade and of trap- l)inL;', on a more definite and favorable basis; and no- i)0(ly in California had any objections, except perhaps Snttn- and certain merchants, who feared rivalry re- spLCtivelv in fur-huntini? and the foreign trade.^" Chief Fact(»r James Dou<;las came down from Fort Yan- couvi'iin the Cohnnhia, arriving at Monterey January 1st, having with him a party of thirtj'^-six men, and also hringinix '*^ carjxo of ijooUs for sale. The men were )ii jiait hunters, and others were to drive overland to the Columbia a herd of live-stock, which it was hoped to [)urchase. "We have also other objects of a polit- '^Aug. .31, 1840, Francis Johnson at Honolulu writes to Larkin that the H. 15. (."(). is planning to monopolize the trade in all the North Pacitie. A vessel is now buihlii:^ in Englancl which is to bring a cargo of goods at very low piirc's. Americana ut Honolulu, liowevei", do not fear the competition. La.rhiii'ii Doc, MS., i. 83. I n ii 'aaiL-iiaaiia-MiMin>!iuitfc« 1: m 2f2 HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY. ical nature in view, which may or may not succc ed according to circumstances," writes the visitor, "hut in the event of success the results will be important." Douglas has recorded tho events of his visit in a journal, whicli has never been published, but of which I have a copy, unfortunately not complete, but of rJio greatest interest. It presents a vivid and accuiato picture of the condition of affairs in the country, ])ar- ticularly in commercial and social phases. The author remained at the capital three weeks, passing his time in an agreeable mixture of social entertainment and business conferences with Alvarado, Spence servinjif as interpreter, and affording nmch aid, though at Hist with the Scotch trader "tliere was something wrong, some lurking suspicion of fancied encroachments or meditated deception" which caused him to "receive us with a sort of reserved courtesy that made us feci rather uncomfortable," Alvarado was courteous and iriendly. Osio and tlie revenue officials were not only gentlemanly, but 'of strict integrity,' and business went on swimmingly. With a dozen of the company's nicii under McKay, Douglas and his companion W(od made tlie trip overland fs-om Monterey to San Fran- cisco, being sumptuously entertained by Hartnell and Joa(]uin Gomez at their ranchos on the way. With. the Salinas and Santa Clara valleys the English visi- tor was so delighted that he was moved to pronounce California "a country in many respects unrivalled hy any other part of the globe." Whether or not he saw anything on the barren peninsula of San Francisco to modify his views, we may not know, for the fragment of his journal in my possession terminates abruptly with tlie arrival at Santa Clara on January -id. From other sources we know that the voyager was at San Francisco late in February, and back in Oregon before the end of May.^' ^^ Doiiijhn' Voi/nge from the Columbia to California, IS4O-I, MS,, in W. JoiiriKil/t, p. G5-I08. Should I .ittcmpt to preiicnt qnotatioiis from tlii'Uar- raiivc, I bIiouKI liunUy know vhcro to sloi* uliort of giving the wliol( . I I -.^'K •t.., ,..•:; TIIK FUR HUNTERS. }in The first matter that came up between Douj^las and AK'tiiido was that of f'ur-liunting operations in the int. lior. Every 3'car Michel Laframboise hatl ranLjecl tlu viilleys with a band of the company's trappers, and this since 1837 under a kind of official sanction; but Sutter, wishing to monopolize the hunting-fields, had ])rr(.iiij)torily ordered the trappers tt) discontinue their visits — an order not obeyed, as J3ouglas said, because nothing was known of Sutter's authority. Alvarado statt (1 tliat Sutter had acted unadvisedly in issuing oidcis rather than requests; and he declared that his ooviTHUjent had been [)leased with the conduct of the (•iiiiipauy's hunters as compared with that of otlier Ixm- ilitti calling themselves tra[)pers; yet he insisted that as settlements were extended, the hunting-pai'ties must withdraw to more distant fields, as their [)resenco couhl not be reconciled with the ^lexican laws. "I tiilil him," says Douglas, "that the wislies of the gov- t'l'Minrnt when officially communicated to us would be attended to in this and every other particular."'* A \'vw (hiys later, as part of a general agreement to be iinntioned presentl}^ Alvarado consented to the em- jiloyiiicnt of thirty hunters who should become Mexi- can citizens, and half of whom if j)ossible should be iiati\(s of California. Later still at San Francisco, I'ouglas applied to Vallejo for a license to hunt on (•(tudition of submittiuix to lesjal restrictions, and of paying a tax or duty on each skin taken. ^■' It is evi- i-lwll. hiiwt'vor, liave occasion to cite itou special t"i)ics. Sir .Tames T)iiuj,'la3 \v;i> :i;i intelligent ami eilucatcil gciitlcii'in. ll> spectinfj the country, it.) jHiiiilc, iind its institutions, his ohservainuis aic always sensiMe and just. Ill' ilii nut ])('rniit liis admiration of v'.ilifornia's nati'ral advantaj^cs to lilind liiiii t> the serious faults of licr pco]'l'' and rulers; l)ut he wrote always in a !-\>Wh (if kiudness, which produced a marked contrast Uetween his nairative aii.l iIkoc of Lieut Wilkes and ojicr foreign visitors. Yet who can say that lii-; humor would not have l)een somewhat less kindly, if. arrivini,' two days hitii-, l:e had heen refused porniission to sell liia sugar, or if lie had faileil in sir.iu' iif his other negotiations ? "/^w(;//((.<' Voj/riift,, MS., 7l-.'<. Jan. 4, IS41, perhaps the very day of the inti'ivicw. .Mvarado writes to the juez at S. F. to use all diplomatic measures tiian-c Michel •■ i,l his nicn to retu'c pending a decision. Dipt. /I'er., MS., xii, I. '■ lau. 13, ItvU, Alvarado to Douglas. Vdl'cjo, Doc, MS., xxxiii. 182. Tliis agreement was to 'oo submitted to the co. for approv.-d. FcJ:. l.">th to if *li»i*Jw*i»(,.j 214 HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY. 11 dent that some kind of an arrangement was sul)sc- qucntly concluded on the basis of one or both propo- sitions, though I have no definite record of the settle- ment, wliieh was doubtless m^'-e or less satisfactury to all but the New Plelvetian magnate.^" At any rate, the company's trappers did not suspend their oixra- ations for several years. Douglas succeeded also in buying cows and sheep for the north, though he had to take them from the government at higher prices than the rancheros would have demanded. The animals were doubtless drivou to the Columbia during the season. ^^ There were rumors current that jMcKay, as representative of the company, was to get a large grant of land in the Sacra- mento Valley, on which the trappers of the interior would have their headquarters. Mofras goes so far as to state that a grant of eleven leas^ues was actu- ally made; but I lind no evidence that such was tlie fact.^^ Of course foreigiiers of other than English March 11th, corresp. hctwecn Doul:1;is iiiul V. I(L, x. 57, 77, 81. So tar as thia correspondoncj sliowa, the only point not settled wixa thnt of tt'iiitory, Dougliis wishing a free naiigc of the whole country, and V. desiring at liist to restrict tlie hunters to the region west of tlie Sacramento. '"Sutter, Plor., i. 4,")(). Jan. 29, 1841, Ethan Estabrook in a letter to Larkin says: 'The 11. B. Co. Is jilaying the devil with the Cal. cnttle, it not with Cal. itself. They are preparing to purchase on a large scale. Capt. Jliim- phrey informs me th.at they want at least 100,000 cattle and half a niiiliniiiif sheep if they can be had. McKay, the chief hunter, is to have agraiit iu tlie Tulares of about .'^O miles square. This is destined to be the lu'adciK.ii tcrs of their cnterprire in the interior. About 1*20 hunters, well armed aii'l ilis- ciplined, are now iu the Tulares, and 40 or 50 came as passengers iu the naik and proceeded from Monterey to the 'i'ulare.s headed by McKay to tiiK- | 'is- session of his new estate. This company is to bo increased to any nu'ilni' that may 1)0 judged reijuisito for hunting, collecting cattle, etc. It i very easy for the govt of Cal. to admit these people within its limits; but uill it be as easy to drive them out? I'linsn que no. His excellency lias soM iniio tliousand or two of cattle of his own ami from the missions, etc. Tie !'■ is, liowever, quite an cxciteiuent above because ho will not permit others t. mH.' Zrar/i/;i'.t y>or., MS., i. 1_2, EsUvbrook, it will bo renumbered, was • . 5>. consular agent. A PERMANENT POST. 215 a.ji' MS., oil li.l- 03 'JIM , -1%. (.r\- If u;llit >1 1 nlllO •| .1 ;r is, , ,..,.11.' ^ 1'. s. nationality acted from interested motives in spreading (^xa!4H'erated rumors respecting tlie company's in- tuiK led encroachments. Nevertheless it was the company's purpose to have a juTiiianant trading-nost in Cahfornia, whatever may li.ive been their pohtical hopes and aims. To this (11(1 largely Douglas directed his observations as re- ( iidod in his journal. His conclusions were: "If we enter into the California trade, I would advise that wc! should do business with persons of good character onlv. For this purpose we ought to confine our at- tention to a wholesale trade, supplying the country iiicrcliants with goods, and receiving payment from tlic'iii in hides, tallow, and grain. By this plan we would l)c secure from great risks. A much less expensive es- tal>lishment would suffice, the presence of a vessel would not be constantly required, and with these ad- van tasfes we might count on doing a safe and i^rofit- al)le business, whereas the retail trade would involve us in heavy expense; and we have no people compe- tent to carry it on and compete with the clever active men now engaged in it, who speak the language fUuntly and know almost every person in California. We ought at all events to start as wholesale dealers. As San Francisco is the port considered most favor- aljlo from its growing trade, I think we ought either to erect or purchase premises at the Yerba Buena, the n' 'st onvenient place for shipping within the port Ori< gentleman with two trusty servants might niii ui.;': tisc affairs of the establishment; but it would be L,i;ttcr to have two attached to it, as the j)resence »jf tilt; pKUf"'j,ai agent would be occasionally wanted at ^Monterey to enter consignments and settle matters amicably with the custom-house authorities; as any Hiisnianagement with these people would convort them into bitter enemies and be a source of infinite annoy- ance. If the company do not wish to confine our trap -actions to the port of San Francisco alone, it wi .-come a matter of calculation whether the busi- :»titaia^UiiJ>tjijii^c.w«iiM»Y«iu»j»iw«it-i«ai»a I' '! 316 THE HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY. riess can be Dianngod to most advan'^ge by vessels or by having ohtabliahnients in the greatest seapoit towns, such as Monterey, San Pedro, and San Diego. There are a few houses at Yerba Buena. If wo intend to purchase ^vheat in great quantities, wo should have a store erected at the embarcadero of Santa Clara, where the farmers would bring tlioir wheat as we bought it, and thus prevent delays in shipment. We should also have 400 bags of twilloil sacking holding exactly a fanega when tied, as the country people have no means of transporting grain from their farms to the store. "^' In accordance with these views, an agreement was made witl; "> ^'' '"ido, by which he pledged himself to permit the e. ny to engage in the California ti.ido by putting one jr more vessels under the Mexican flag, and obtaining naturalization papers for the (.'oni- nianders. He also promised to grant a building-lot at some point to be selected within the port of San Francisco, and to give the company's servants tlio privilege of pasturing the animals of the establish- ment on the commons,*" The factor's plans were apj)roved on his return to Fort Vancouver in April or Mav, and Chief Factor McLoughlin immediatolv despatched his son-in-law, William Glen Rae, with Robert Birnie as a clerk, to take charge of the pro- posed establishment at San Francisco. Douglas wroto to Alvarado ^lay 24th, introducing Rae, and stating that the company had decided not to nationalize any of their vessels this year, having none suitable for the purpose. He says further: "You promised to jdace the national schooner at our disposal for tho transport of any goods sent down this year from tho port of entry to San Francisco, and Mr Rae trusts '• Dotii/lax' Voi/nr/p, ^IS., 8r)-fl."». It ia unfortunate in this connection that that part of thu journul ,"^ where the agent proceeded to buy from Jacob P. Leese a lot on whicli stood a building occupied fioiu that time as store and dwelling. Mrs Rae joined her husband at the end of the year."^^ James A. Forbes acted as '^ kind of sub-agent for Rae at Sail Jose'. Of the company's business in California under the new arrangement I have been able to find no definite records for several years; but it is under- stood to have been moderately prosperous.'^* It is re- lou thivt llio'l at |iv:il in -' May 24, 1841, D. to A. Vallrjo, Dor., MS., xxxiii. 210. Ho also sent somu gilts, which he begged the gov. to accept. --Aug. '2.3, 1841, gov. to juez at S. F. The supercargo of the Carotide (?) is autliorized to land his goods and form his warehouse where ho pleases. Dil^t. Ra:, MS., xii. 17. -' liirnie, Personal Adven., MS., 4-5, who ^ame as clerk with Rae, tells na tliat fur tliu 100- vara lot and the frame and adobe buihling, S4,G00 was paid, half ill money and half in goods. Mrs Har\'ey, formerly Mrs Rae, Life aj McLoihil-.u,:, MS., p. 22, describes the building which was near what was later .Montgomery St, between Clay and Sacramento, as about .30x80 feet, iliviiled in the middle by a hall into store and dwelling. HittcU, Ilixt. S. F., 8!), says tliat Rio bought out Leese's business as well as his store. The car- liest communication from Rae in person which I liavo found is one addresscil to Alvarado on Nov. 1st. Vallrjo, Doc, MS., xxxiii. 238. Vallcjo, JlUt. Vid., MS., iv. 179-98, says that the company aiiplieil to him for permission to cstalilish a protestant church at S. F., which ho refused. Tho general de- fends his act at some length, stating that he was much blamed for it; but I liiiil no other reference to the matter whatever. ■^'Hittt'll, lliat. S. F., 89-90, apparently on the autliority of Leese, says: 'Rav saw tliat there was an excellent opportunity to monopolize tiie trade of the bay. The great capital of the company gave them an advantage over in- iliviilual competitors, and the profits of trade would justify tho attempt. Mr Lcise, miable to compete with them, sold out his store and business to them, and moved to Sonoma. The American merchants had paid for their hides and tallow on delivery, in merchandise upon which great prolits were made. Hay olieri'd to pay half cash and half merchandise, and to pay tho merchan- dise share in advance. These terms were so much better for tlio ranclieros than tliust! of tho Americans, that the latter could get hut little trade, and the ll\;dson ]Jay Co. rapidly grew in importance; but in 1844 (?) Sir Geo. J^inipson, tiie governor of the company, vLsited the coast, condemned Ray's paj limit in advance, and refused to approve the purchase of tho house.' •I ■ v fsn !:•!! I 218 HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY. lated that Rae when in his cups, and questioned l)y inquisitive persons, used to say it had cost his com- pany £75,000 to drive Bryant and Sturgis from the north-west trade in furs; "and they will drive you Yankees from Cahfornia if it costs a milHon." At the end of the year, on December 30th, tlio Cowlitz came back to San Francisco from the Colum- bia, having on board Sir George Simpson, governor- in-chief of the Hudson's Bay Company, John ]\Ic- Loughhn, chief factor of the company on the Pufific coast, M. Duflot de Mofras, the French traveller, Horatio Hale of the U. S. exploring expedition, and Mrs Rae, wife of the agent at San Francisco.'"^" Early in January Simpson, accompanied by McLougliliii, Rae, and Forbes, crossed the bay to Sonoma, spend- ing a night on the way with Timothy Murphy, and being hospitably entertained for two days l)y Vallejo and family.-'' Returning, he visited the Mission Do- lores, an^^ sailed for Monterey on January 12th,aiiiv- ing throe days later. At the capital the two distin- guished travellers were entertained by Spence and Watson, and met Ermatingor, who with his tra[»i)eis had come down overland by the usual route. At Santa Barbara, on the 23d-2Gth, they were received Simpson in his narrative hints at no such disapproval, and indeed saj s i nothing about the co..ipany's affairs in Cahfornia. Phelps, Fore a.ul '271-'>, gives a rersion very different from that of Ilittell, saying that the pany's agents could not compete with the Boston traders, whose .sysl doing butiiness was different and far better adapted to the condition ( Calit'ornians. Tlio company could not depart from its long-cstublishnl tcni of cash or barter anil no credit. The people had no money, and had used to ])ay the Boston ships in hides and tallow when they could; tliii the company got no customers and finally had to remove all their ellc'cts, ing out to Melius & Howard in 184G for §5,000. Both Phelps and Alfred inson erroneously connect llac's arrival with that of Simpson. '* Voyage, arrival, and passengers. Siniji.ion'n Xarr., i. 2.53-74; flf/ Pup., Bin. Mil., MS., Iv. 17-18. They found in port the Russian cxi Rosa on board the Coii.'itautine, about 100 souls, men, women, and chil' 'all i>atriotically delighted to exchange the lovely climate of Califonii the ungenial skies of Sitka.' '•"•Ho speaks in flattering terms of Vallejo generally, but some of 1 pressions about the meals served, which he did not altogether admin w hull he described to illustrate the Californian stylo of living, have: cntly given offence to a writer in the Sfa Ifosa Democrat, .Jan. 2. 1S7" al tributes his slighting remarks to disappointment in not having sue ia making Vallejo sec the beauties of an English protectorate! vully I'lim- Ml of f the sys- 1 icon rf.ire , scU- ];ob- t. Sf. IS of ihvu, a for is ex- , and l.p;u-- uho ciicJ ii'J.-. ' SUTTER'S THREATS. 219 ulth great ceremony by the new bishop, and Simpson iiiiule known to Dona Concepcion Argiiello under what circumstances Rezdnof, her lover of 1807, had died, for the lady had never seen Langsdorff's book. Then the {Jviii'ttz sailed away for the Islands. Of his company's enterprise in California, Simpson ]i;is notliing whatever to say.'^^ The vessel brought down some articles for Rae's establishment, which, notwithstanding recent friendly relations, had to be caii'ied to Monterey and sent back to Yerba Buena at considerable expense — a circumstance which caused some not very complimentary criticism of the revenue system and managements^ On one subject, however, as is shown b}'' the archive records, the governor had occasion to act officially. Captain Sutter had natu- rally been displeased at the fur-hunting concessions and had probably made some foolish threats, as was his custom, of not submitting, liae complained to Alva- rado on the subject in November, and Sutter was per- haps warned not to interfere j^' but subsequently the Swiss adventurer tried to accoujplish his purpose in another way by involving his rivals in trouble with th(> government. In connection with his threats of overthrowing the Mexican power in northern Califor- nia, he gave out that his movement was to be sup- ported by the trappers, and apparently went so far as to send out his confidential agent, Custot, to excite the Canadian hunters. Vallejo sent a com[)laiiit, with ••'' Alfred Robinson, Statement, MS., 17; Life in Cal, 108-i), tells us tlio i.lea was prevalent that Simpson's visit and his efforts to ijain friends were comiccteil witli a plan not only to monopolize the country's trade, but per- haps idso to got hold of the country itself. '-'Simpson .says there was much disappointment at Monterey wlion it was learned that he had no cargo of goods on which to pay duties. Tiio fear had lieon— ho tlunks without any reason — that the duties, if paiil at S. F. , would fall into Vullnjo's hands. According to Dept. Sf. I'c/i., MS.. Iv. IT. tiio Ci'irlilz had refused to pay even tonnage dues, and protested ayainst the order ti) remain at Verba Buena only 48 hours. ■'Xov. I, 1841, Uae to Alvarado. Sutter is determined to oppose the governor's permission to trap in Cal.; relyin;^ on that permission, the o;). has sent a party of hunters, whose arrival is daily expected. Serious loss will result if their operations are interfered with. An order is solicited foibid- lies for the men at Bodega. '^^ Sir George Simpson had sailed from Liverpool in March 1841, for a trip round the world. His route was to Halifax, Boston, and Montreal; thence direet- ly across the continent in British territory to Fort (Jolville, and to the mouth of the Columbia; up the coast by land and water to Sitka and back, inspecting the company's pt)sts; to California, Sandwich Islands, Sitka, and Okhotsk by sea; and thence across the con- tinent to St Petersburg; reaching London in October 1842. The traveller published an interesting naiia- tive of his journey in two volumes, devoting about '".Tan. 12, 1842, Simpson to Viillejo. 'My Dear General. I was this morniim concerncil and very niucli surprised to learn that Mr Sutor has w lit- tun highly improper, threatening, and insulting letters to yourself and (iuv. Alvai-adu; and that it is reported throuj,diout the country that lie counts upon the sup})ort and countenance of the H. B. Co. in the offensive nieiisiiics against the government which it is said he threatens. I can scarcely think it possible that either your Kxcellency or the governor can for a moment j;ive credence to any report tliat may reach you of onr having any coiniectimi (H- comnninication directly or indirectly with Mr Sutor, or M'ith any one else, of apolitical character, or unfavoralde or unfriendly either to yourself uv the governor. On the contrary, I beg to assure you that vre shall always he ready to discountenance, by every means in our power, any measures either hostile oroirensive to the authorities and laws of the country, iu the tiiiii- quillity and prosperity of wliich we feel deeply interested. And in aceoid- ance with this assurance, I beg to forward a letter, left open for your |iriii- sal, addressed to Mr I'^rmatinger, the commander of our trapping expe| fwi S.Frqn ciscuk / S.C.riiK ' Montf I . - S.BarltaHil Simpson 'a Map. observations; and I shall have occasion to allude else- ■»\ hero to his views of the country's future destiny po- litically, and to some of his local descriptions.^ '■ Simpgon, Xiirrative of a Journey round the World diirinff fhn j/ears IS.}! anil IS.'/-'- liy i'>ii' Oeorr/p Simpson, Governor-in-('hi.*.■!,.<*&»;■. *^M6iit:ii^-M^;t^mi..Afi>4m!,^^-^-.^, [] 222 VISITS AND BOOKS, Two other sources of information about Callf'oiiiia in 1841 I will speak of here, though their only cluiiu to bo connected with commercial and maritime aftaiis consists in the fact that one was a proposition to con- nect the two oceans by a railroad, and the other was a description of a visit by the captain of a tradiiii^f vessel. The idea of building a railroad across the continent originated at a date not yet settled;^' but tional colonies. The forcignera are to the Californians as one to ten; wliilo by their monopoly of trade and tliuir coinmanil of resources, to say notiiiuf,' of their sii[)i'rior energy and intelligence, they already possess vastly more Ui:m their numerical proportion of political influence, exciting but little jealousy, most of tlicni being Catliolics and married. . .Neither butter uor elieese nor any preparation of milk whatever is to be found in the province. The n;itive wine tiiiit wo tasted — e.vccpt at Sta Barbara — was such trash as nothing Imt politeness could have induced us to .swallow. 'The po|)ulation of California in particular has been drawn from the most indolent variety of an indolent species, being composed of superannuated troop- ers and retired ollicc;- holders and their descendants. . .Such settlers were not likely to toil for much more than what the cheap bounty of nature aCfordcil — liorsci to ride, beef to eat, with hides and tallow to exchange for such otlicr supplies as they wanted. In a word, they displayed more than thoprovci-ljial indolence of a pastoral people, for they did not even devote their idle liours to the tending of tlieir herds. Gen. Vallcjo is a gooddooking man of about 4."), who has risen in tl.c world by his own talent and energy. His father died about 10 years ago, leaving to a lar<,'e family of sons and daughters little other inheritance than a degree of intelligence and steadiness almost unknown iu the country . . . What a curious dictionary of circumlocutions a Monterey I >iiec- tory would be !. . . Alvarado, whate veraliility he may have displayed in rising from an inferior rank to be the first man in California, has not allowed the earis of government to prey on his vitals, for the revolution of 183G, amid its otlicr changes, has metamorphosed its champion from a thin and spare conspirator into a plump and punchy lover of singing, and dancing, and fcastinc;. Ho received us very politely. . .Throughout the wdiole of Spanish America ihc machine called a g(jvernment appears to exist only for its own sake, the gnuul secret of office being to levy a revenue and consume it; public men have little or no object in life liut to share the l)ooty, while iirivate individuals look v, i:h apathy on intrigues which promise no others change than that of the naiiio.i of their plunderers. ..Implicit obedience and profound respect are shown I'V children, even after they are grown up, toward their parents. A son, thoii;,'li himself the head of a family, never presumes to sit or smoke or remain cov- ered in the presence of his father; nor does a daughter whether married or not enter into too great familiarity with the mother. With this exception, the Californians know little or nothing of ths restraints of etitxuettc. ..Bidls lo ik more like a matter of business than anything else that is done . . .In all but t!ie place of their birth the colonists of Spain have continued to be genuine Span- iards. , . Foreigners and natives cordially mingle together as members o{ one and the same harmonious family. The virtue of hospitality knows no bounds. In a word, the Californians arc a happy people, possessing the means of p!iy- sical pleasure to the full, and knowing no higher kind of enjoyment.' "♦O. M. Wozencraft writes to the S. F. Alia, Sept. .S, 18G9: 'In yester- day's issue you mentioned that "the idea of building a railroad across our continent must have occurred to many different persons as early as ISU;)." Yc3, it did: I can bear witness. In 1831, one Col. Low, a professor in St Joseph's College at Bardatowu, Ky., conceived the idea, and he published hia lie most d troop- k-oru not urdcil — ch other ovurbial ilc Iwmrs jf aV)Out licr died tic other nowii ill y l)irec- [iiig from cari'3 of its other ispirator I.?, lie Inca till' lie gnmd llittleor lok v.i-h Ic iiaiiH -i ]own l>y tliouu'h ■aiii e"\'- |d oriiot ion, the dls 1.' 'k butt'ie [C Sp:i;i- of i>;ic boumls- [of phy- I ycstcr- loss iiiir is;',:!." Ir in ^t' Ihcd his WARXEU'S LKwTURE. 223 nf flio end of 1840, or early in 1841, John J. Warner, ii 1 (.•,>i(l(jiit of California since 1831, while on a visit in till' east, made an elaborate argument in favor of eslalilishing railroad communication with his western hdiuo, an argument delivered apparently in the form of a lecture at Rochester, New York, and published ill tliUcrcnt papers and magazines.'"* His idea was that of a railroad to the Columbia River rather than tn San Francisco, and the question whether it was the lirst proposition of its kind or not is one that is of no especial importance here.^" Tlio chief importance views ill pamphlet form preparatory to announcing his intention of running for iii!imu.;,s against Ben Harding. The trustees of tlio college held a meeting, a:iil n ithont seeking any furtlier evidence than tlic main idea presented in hi< pamphlet, declared him insane, and his seat ug professor vacant.' In the X. y. Tfihiiw, Jan. 2,'), 1SG9, \\c read: ' Tiio man who first projected tlio I'acilic 11. R. is nearly as nninerons as liia brother who first proposed (len. Uraut for president. IIo lias l)ecn identified with Dr Carver, Asa \Vhitney, Col. lU'iiton, etc. Mr John King of Dubuque, Iowa, now identifies him wicii Mr .Jiihii riuinbc. a Welshman, who settled at Dubuiino in ISIJl!, corresponded cxteii.-iivuly with eastern journals, mado the first .survey for a R. R. westward fiuiu Lake Michigan, and urged the construction of a K. 11. to the Pacific from the V'-ar 1 S3G onward. IIo called a private meeting in its behalf la the winter of ls;.l(>-7, assembled a public meeting therefor in 1S38, and wrote largely for the jinuiials in advocacy of the project in all those years; urging the project in a iiumorial to congress during the winter of 1839-40. Wo think Mr K. makes out a pretty strong case.' In (livers newspapers I find it recorded that Lewis (1. Clark, in 1838, thus wrote of the Pac. R. R. in the K nkkerhoclcr Mii;iii:i:ic: ' There will yet be built a railroad from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Let tiio prediction be marked, for the work will bo accomplished. The great chain of communication will yet be mado with links of iron "long drawn out". . .Tlie reader is now living who will make the trip,' etc. ^■•Warner returned from his visit on the Julia Ann in June. Dept. St. Pap., MS., XX. 10. According to llaycs' Emif). Noteii, .309-10, the lecture was delivered at Rochester, .ind published in the N. Y. Journal of Commerce. I tiuil it under the title of Call /bruin and Orrrjon; Diffmion of the. Anglo-Saxon ll:(ir, (did Xeiv Route from China to Boston, in the Colonial Magazine, v. 229- 3U, .lune 1841. Of the article the editor says: 'Some of his views will pcr- liajw .si'cm extravagant, but extravagance itself can scarcely equal the onward marcii of civilization and improvement on this continent within the last oO years, and in indulging his anticipations of the future, he is liable to no gravir charge than at the commencement of that period would liavo been laid at tlu; door of any man who had predicted what has since become matter of history.' '"' Uaruer writes: 'Let us suppose a railroad in operation from the Colum- bia to lioston. The distance, allowing for sinuositie:^, cannot exceed 3,000 miles. Allowing the rate of travel to be 1.5 miles per hour, it will require 10 days; and allowing GO days (or 29 by steam) from Canton to Columbia River, wc have 70 days from Boston to Canton; which is sooner than a ship couhl anivc from PanamA at Canton. Can there be a doubt that tliis will be the rou'.e of communication in less than CO years? Admitting a ship-canal to be made across the Isthmus of Panamd, can it compete with the Columbia route, when a large proportion of the China products which arrive at Boston find a loiuket of cousumptiou west of Boston and this market is daily increasing!' -"■f'-^^wm^iiuL-it SS« VISITS AND BOOKS. of the essay is as a vivid and accurate presentment of the natural advanta<(es of CaHfornia, based on tlio author's personal observations durinjr a residence of ten years, and on quotations from other writers. The article must have had nmch influence in attracting,' iit- tention to the country, the acquisition of which by the United States was confidently predicted and warm- ly advocated by the author, as is mdicated by quota- tions which I present in another chapter.'' The otlier narrative is that of a visit to Califoiiiia this year by Henry A. Poirce, master and owner of the Maryland. It has never been published, but the oj'iginal manuscript is in my possession. The author was a prominent business man of Honolulu, where lio was later U. S. consul. He arrived at Monterey November 24th, and after a few days went up to Yerba Buena on the Qitallua. Thence in December he made a trip to San Rafiiel and the region tlieie- abouts, his purpose being to purchase the Novato Rancho, which was offered for sale at a low price. He gives many interesting details of a local nature about what is now Marin County, including the drunken pranks of Padre Quijas at Read's rancho. Returning to Monterey on the Don Qvixote, Pel roe sailed on his own vessel January 3d, and two days later touched at Santa Bilrbara to visit the grave of his brother, who had died there several years before. For nine days from the 18th the Maryland lay at anchor in San Diego Bay, the captain being engaged in disposing of his cargo, and his passenger, M. l)u- flot de Mofras, in studying the missions and other in- stitutions of the southern district. From Mazatlan on February 7th, the Maryland sailed for Honoluhi; but Peirce went to San Bias on the Victoria, and thence crossed the continent to Vera Cruz. Tlie " See chap. x. of this volume on foreign schemes for the acquisition of Cal. I may mention liere a two-cohimn article on Cal. in the Boston Mnrun- life Journal of this year, republished in the Honolulu Polynesian, i. 190. It ia both historical anil descriptive, containing nothing sufficiently striking or suiBciently erroneous to merit further notice. PKIRCE'S JOURNAL. 225 trnvcllcr's ohsorvations on this part of liis journey nro inmc (K't.'iik'il tlum in C^ilifornia, and are inkTcstiniLf, tli'iii^ii of course they have no place hei'o. At (luana- jiiiito lie i-anie in contact with the Santa Fe prisoners, wli'isi" narrative he enihothes at some lenj^'th in his (,\\ii. From Vera Cruz he sailed March 4th for lla- l,;iii;i. (in the French Hhi[) Atlantic', and had not naclicd the port on March 3 1st, when the journal clusiis al.)ruptly.^ From other sources we know, how- mi I', that he reached the Uniteh autliorities at Washinyfton, I shall have occasion to notice furtiier a letter on Cilifoniian affairs addressed hy Peirce from on board Ills vcs.st'l to a gentleman residing in the Hawaiian Islands. '" I'lirrr's Journal of a pnnnnr/e from Iforioliilii, Onhii, to the roast of CaU- foi'iiifi iiiiil Mi.cii-o !n till' hriij ' .Miin/liiinl.' MS., 4', 41 p. Tliis journal is on tlio anil Val- ].ii'(il('il in till' same volume hy I'eirce's jounial, or lot', of a vii\ .i;,'i! siliiKiMcr Morsi', starting from Boston April '21, ISUi), via Cape Ih in a |Nir;ii.si) in 1S(( days to Honolulu, 73 p. The same volume contains also some- t ixtt iisi\o roconls and genealogical tahles of Mr I'eirce's family. Tho aitlmr, wli'i had visited C.'al. in 1S'2H, and was a resident of S. F, in 1880-4, lias coiitriliuted other material for my use. Hist. Cal., Vol. IV. 15 CHAPTER IX. SUTTER'S FORT-U. S. EXPLOIilXG EXPEDITION— DUFLOT DE MOFRAS. 1841-1S42. Proohess at New Helvetia — The Fort — Indians — Ind'/stries — Viogkt's Map — Si'tter's Land Grant — Visitors— Pl'kch.».^e of Ross— Vikws OF PEIRCn AND SiMPSON — SuiTEIi's TrOUBI Ilri — DeI'.TS — TraDK AM) Trapping- V.vLLEjo and Sutter- Threats of Revolt— Li-.ttk.r m Lkese — U. S. Exploring Expedition — The Fleet— Pt'isLisiiKii Re- si'LTs — Opfuations !:■? California- Ringgold on the SArRAMExro— Emmons' Overland Trip from Oregon- -Map — Wilkes' NAnnAiivi: — Serious Defects— Qcotations — Ditflot de Mofras — His Move- ments — His Experience at Mo^ierey, Yi:RBA Buena, and Sonoma— His Character — Hi.« ]iooK — Map. Captain Sutter's acts, and the progress of liis estahliwhiiient on tli(3 Sacramento, cannot be tr.'aloil as a purely local aftair, but must be prescrted w ith the cun-ent annals of the department, so closely arc they connected with the general subject of inniiiuna- tion and the growth of foreign influence in Cahfor- nia. The adventurous Gorman can hardly bo re- garded as a political missionary, "determined to ivar the standard of American freedom in this distant and sechuk'd dependency of imbecile Mexico,"^ as sonic of his admirers are wont to picture him; for Ills aim was to make a fortune, and it mattered little to him whether he did it in the role of Yankee pioticcr, Swiss inmiigrant, French officer, jNIexican alcaldi . ov cosmopolitan adventurer; yet all the same he ditl by building uj) his frontier trading-post contribute very ' I'liham'i^ Notes, 318-22, imd similar axpressions often repeated l>y m ws- iwiper writers. (22U) PROGRESS AT NEW HELVETIA. 227 iimtciially to hasten the success of American occu- pation. Piogress at Nucva Helvocia in 1841-2 was for the most i'urt ill the same directions that liave been indi- oatfd in the annals of the preceding year.'' Work was (>o!itiiiued chiefly by Indian laborers on the fort, wliiili liad been begun in 1840, and was completed prolialily in 1844. Wilkes found the Indians at work ou llio walls in the autumn of 1841, but there is no Ycrord to show the state of the structure at any timi; before its completion. The fort may be described, with snfHcicnt accuracy for my present purpose, as an ad'ihe wall eighteen feet high and three feet thick, enclosing a rectangular space cf about 500 by 150 feet. At the south-east and north-west corners pro- jecting bastions, or towers, rose above the walls of the I'ectangle, and contained in their upper stories cannon which commanded the gateways in the centre of each side except the western. Loop-holes were pierced in the walls at difl'erent points. Guns were mounted at the main entrance on the south and else- wlieie, and the north side seems also to have been protected by a ravine. An inner wall, with the inter- mediate space roofed over, furnished a large number of aj)artnients in the Californian style, and there were ether detached buildings, both of wood and adobe, in the interior." Some of the wooden buildings were Iirought from Ross. The armament, as early as 184"J, consisted of two brass fiekl-pieces and a dozen or more iron nuns of different kinds, brought from Honolulu and purchased from different vessels. Sutter states that lie bought only one gun, one of the brass piecos, ' See chap. v. of thia vol. 'fSi't' views and ilosciiptions of the oomplctoil buililinys in Uplicim''x Xo/r.t, .TIS-'.*'.'; Firri/, Cu!., '.)~; Jfd^lii.iix' Emhjvaut 0'ni''i', 10'2 .'i; l.awi ii'< Cru'iKi' of the iKil' ; Ui'!iitn''s What I Sarr hi Cal., 21)7-70; L'liffiiiiis G'Jil /I'f'v/u/?.-', 'A-o; /I'l /'cr. '.>• J''inQ{) cattle, l.(H)0 horses, and 1,000 slieep. Mo- fras, Frp/io:. i. 4."i7'-liO. has it 4,000 oxen, 1,-JOO cows, 1,,JOO hor-i -, ai ■! 2,000 sheep. '.Tan. 0, 1S4I. iiis trappers about to start out, and despite past ill -iucct'^s is coiiiideut h(> will have ]ilenty of furs soon. \(///' r-.S'»(1oi Coovsy/.. MS.. 'i. Oct. lOtli, will have some brandy to send soon. Iif., 11. Mnrcli "Jt. 1^4'.', May 1st, eti'., semis 140 lieaver-skiiis at S'i.oO pr pound, and .SO ' ji.l-ottci' skins at .S-J.."i() raih. Beave.'-iiunting will lie poor this season; ';csidai lands in tliis region."^ It would seem, howevei', that more firuigncrs came to the fort at times than the captain desired to retain in his service.'' Jraii J. Vioget had spent some time at Xew Hel- vrtia, probably in the early part of 1841, and was i'in])loyod by Sutter t(j make a survey and map of the ri'i;ion, to be used in his a[)plication f »r the grant of land that had been promisevl. I consiiler this maj), as tlu' Hrst ever made of the Sacramento leii'ion, woilhy (if reproduction. Armed with the dt'si'i'to, Sutter went (I '\\n to the capital in May or June for his grant."' llis petition to Alvarado was dated June Ijth," and ot ni- (isni 111. trying ,);^(.i with ;!, is iiKii- vU. lis. Tln'-'e sDutli ;uv riit'i'i-'- snci-'f-3 MS,. :i. l-.),l.ntU'r kiiU'S, llis 'nlui,iW;i [si'iitaml ]iioniis('il. III., 14, otc. July ittli, is going to iniilve 'n'aiiilyon .a l.irtro .'ii-jile. /''.. l."i. Wilkes, Xfirr., v. 101, speiiks of the tr;i]iiiL'r.s ami of a ilistilk'ry for miking "a kind of )iisfo.' Yntos, Sbtch, ?'S.. 1."), .say* the ilistilk'iy was in tliai'gc (if a (iunnaii nainocl Uhcr, and makes ajiiin on the eonneitinn of lii.s liaiiii' and the iini, or grape. ''Tluse were John Sinclair at Grimes' raneho mi the Aiiierii,.n I!i\er, Nirli'iias AUgeier on Feather Kivor, Theodore Cordiia at .Marysvilh , and Wiu (Miiduii Oil Caehe Creek. S/iftcr Co. Hist., 'l\-2. .Inhii Yates, w hhiy 10. 1S4'2, he writes: Me commence ildoniier h' conge ii he.iueoiqxles I'tnsrgcis, ])arcc(pie jepieK.c li-r-Sit,~i,,l ('tirn^ji., Ms.. I.">. '''.\piil '21, 1S41, will see Sunol in person the next trip. Apr. .SOth, if ho ciiuus to S. .lose, will .Suflol lend him a liorso to go to Monterey? Tlie next Kf. r is ilated Aug. '2d, at X. Helvetia, after his return. Siif'i r-Sniid/ < 'nn-i ■■'/). , .Ms.. 4-."). " In it hestatcs 'that since he first arrived in this country, heiiig desirou.s I't riilti uting a part of the many vacant lands whicli it })ossesses, lie solicited iiiil iilitanii>a your superior appi'obatiou toestahlish himself on the land which 111' iniw occupies, accompanied by some industrious families w lio chose to fol- 1 '"■ liiiii. In eonsef|uonco of assiduous labor, his establishment now promi.ses 1 uttering hopes to him.sulf and advantages to the department iu general; for, '•■i*-ii': ■Jh»*artkiAt*>>j;»i^«,.& much attention to accuracy of hjcation as was cus- iniiiary at the time. Its validity was subsequently p'.iimihitrd liy the cwaniplo of Ilia followers, industrious ideas are awakening i'l \'\v ntluT iiiliid)itant:i of this country, and at the siiiiio time the place, iVoni its ^itiiiition, serves as a strong barrier to the ineursiims of the l)arl)arouH trilies t ■ till' srttlements, and as a school of civilization, hoth to the liaihanuis na- tivi -; :iiiil to tiidse sulijceted to the missions, wlio, in the long perind of time ta;it t!uy havelieen under subjection, have iii'ver been useful mi'inbers to so- I'ii'ty in u'l'iieral, as tlie undersigned has now the satisfaction to know tiiat tlicy will bi .on.", owing to his indefatigable labors. For all these leasuns, tlic undersigned, in ordt;r to aggrandize his enterprise and cstablisli twelve p""l faniiliis, is under the necessity tif rcpiesting of the goodness of your Kxoelliiicy that you be pleased to grant him eleven leagues in the estalilisli- imnit named Xueva llelvecia, situated towards the north, in exact aceordanco witli the hnid designated on the plat,' etc. '-The petition and grant have often been printe company from Oregon came a small party of immi- grants, some of whoui, as Sutter states, had cio^scd the continent with him and came to enter his service'* Wilkes acknowledges with thanks the kind attentions shown to members of his ex})edition liy Suttei'. wlio was found to be a man of frank and prepossi'ssini;' manners, of much intelligence, conversant with sev- eral languages, "and withal not a little enthusiastic' The latitude of the fort was found to be 38^ 33' 4.V': and a brief description is given of the establishment and its surroundings. The prediction is also oilired ^^Siit/cr's Dinri/, S; Sept. 1st, Sutter writes tliat the party is cxploriii-' i:]' the rivor, .iml lio is very curious to learn ivhat they have discovered. Suf'- r- Siii'iol, ('iirr(... MS., 10. "Oct. 1<), IS41, Sutter mentions the arrival, Sm'inl Coircop., MS.. 11. In his J>ini-i/, .S, Sutter gives tlie date lis Oct. ISth, and, ever ready to cliiini .lU possible ci'cdit, even for small services, states ttmt ho despatched one I't llw parties down the river in his vessel; though it appears from Wilkes' uaiiMtive that they went down in the Viaceuiufi' boat. ROTCHEF AXD MOFRAS. •233 hlo- litioiis \v1m» I'ssiii'j; St'V- 4.) ; llllf!lt |rin-' I'P >■.,/ , /•■ .lini :ill ,.f I In.' Irnit ivo tliiit "it will not be long before it becomes in f^ouie re- sjiccts an American colony." ^^ it was at the beginning of September, while liing- o( lid's party was in the valley, that a schooner arrived fimii Tloss with ^lanager Rotchef on boartl to nego- tiate for the sale which has already received sufHcient notice.^" The bargain was closed during the first half of September, though the contract was not formally si<4ned until December; and at the end of October, Slitter sent a party, including Livermore, Merritt, and \\'alker, to drive his newly acquired livcrstock across the country,'^ sending Ridley about the same time to take eliarge of his interests on the coast. Bidwcll succeeded Ridley early in 1842. The purchase in- cluded the Russian schooner, which was rcchristened the S;rain, vcjjfotablus, butter, anil clicese, but tlie cultivation on a lai'ore the same testimony, but gave no desei-ijttive or historical details about the vSacramento establish- iiifiit.-' Henry A. Peircc, visiting the countiy late in November, did not go to New Helvetia, and had nothing to say of it or its owner in his journal; but lie had occasion to make some inquiries about the iiinii in consequence of a proposition from Sutter to puichase goods on credit, a proposition which was de- chnod.-" Sir George Simpson, the only other visitor of 1841-2 whoso remarks on this subject require men- tion, did not go to Sutter's place as he had intended to do; and, "besides having thus lost the opportunity of .stjeing a little of the interior," ho writes, "we had I'oasons of a less romantic character for regi'etting oui' (Hsappointment; as Sutter, a man of a speculative turn and good address, had given to the Hudson's ]);iv Company, in co!innon with many otliers less iihli; to pay for the compliment, particular grounds fir taking an interest in his welfare and pros[)erity. lb) had successively tried his fortune in St Louis, among the Shawnee Indians, in the Snake country, on tlic Columbia River, at the Sandwich Islands, at Sitka, and at San Francisco, uniformly illustrating tlie j)roverb of the rolling stone, but yet generally (ontiiving to leave anxious and inquisitive friends hehind him. Sutter was now living on a grant of land al)out sixty miles long and twelve broad, trap- |iing, farming, trading, bullying the government, and letting out Indians for hire. If he really has the talent and courage to make the most of his posi- •' Uhlirfirs Jimrney to CaJ., 20. ^•' Ftl). 1, 18-t'J, I'circe to Thos Cummings of Honolulu. 'I tliink Sutter's piiis]ir(ti ;u'e good. Since leaving S. F. I have iicard much to the prejudice of his .h.'iractcr. Some transactions of liis in the U. S. and in New Mexico, if tnu' as nlatcd, would ]irovc him tn lie a man not to lie trusted and without huuur. I did not sue him.' I'circe's Iiuiajh Sketch, MS., 78-'J, 84, M ;i fiii mm ffllii Hii 236 SUTTEirS FORT. tioii, lie is not uiilikt'lv to rcndur Culiforniii a stcniMl Texas. For fostering and maturing l^rotlier .Imi- athan's anil)itious views, Captain Sutter's estalili.-h- nieiit is admirably situated. ]^esides lying on tin,' diiect route between San Franciseo on the one liaiid and the ^Tissouri and Willamette on the other, it vir- tually excludes the Californians from all the In-t parts of their own eountiy. Hitherto tho Siianiai.ls liavc confmed themselves to the com|)aratively baiicu slip of land from ten to forty miles in width, which lies between the ocean and the first range of moun- tains; ami beyond this slip they will never penetrate with their i)resent force, if Sutter or any other adven- turer can gather round him a score of such marksiutii as won Texas on the Held of San Jacinto."-^ Thus established on a })rincely domain in the \al- ley of his own cIkjIcc granted without price by a grn- erous government, clothed with legal authority n\ii' the settlers on his estates, successful in converting tlio savages into laborers, owner of large herds and llocks to be })aid for in the future, with a band of tra|i|H rs at work for him in a region rich in furs, with a distil- lery yielding a ])roHtable ])r(Kluct of brandy, and with a constant inc(jming stream of innnigration which was vastlv increasinLT his streno'th and was sure to ^/\\o great value to his lands, it would seem that the mag- nate of New Helvetia, looking back to the time Kss than ten years before when he landed a bankru[)t ad- venturer on the shores of the New World, must liavo contemplated his present position with pride and imi- tentment. Yet he had still some petty annoyances which often ruffled the serenity of his temper, ami caused him to affect the role of a much-abused iici- sonage. The Russian debt gave him but little troul>le as yet; but other creditors were at times claniomns for pa3'ment, and not always ready to admit the fuivc of his ever ready excuses, or to be satistied with ^^ Simpson'^ Xarr., i. 325-7. IIS TIIK CAPTAIN-S TROUP.LnS. liiiiiii.d instalments of brandy, (Iccr-fat, and licavor- skiiis.'* Sutter aspired to wuccess as a merchant as Avcll ;is a liaeendado; and he sent Jolm Sinelair to lion- (ihiln 111 ol»tain consio-nments of goods on creiht, mak- iii.;' ;i simihir ap})lieation to Ca[)tain Peirce, and prob- jililv to other visitinjj;' traders; hut tlio Hawaiian traders, for reasons doubtless satisfactory to them- sihis, refused their cooperation, and Sutter was (.lili'^cd to curb liis ambition in this direction.-" His tr;iii[iiii,Li,' operations were ivndei'ed less proHta1)le by tlior of th<' Hudson's ]-Jay Comjiany, and tii(3 ,n'<)v- ciiiiiieiit declined to prohibit the latter so long as they |,i(M('r(leil in accordance with the laws and their lirciiscs. This caused Sutter, as already related,"*^ to .•stii' up a fjuarrel betwemi the trap|)ers and tln^ gov(M'n- iii( n<: and for his failure and his wrongs in thisdirec- tiiiu, lie threw the blame upon Valk^o, of whose jealousy and etloi'ts to annoy him he did not fail to in- i'liiiii each visitor to the fo.t, mentioning also the same ^.ulijcct in his later statements.^' -'Mt 's (iiily in tlio caso of Siinol that anything is known of the details (if Siitti.r's tiuiil)li's in this diroction. In all Sutter's letters of IStl-'J, Siit'iul I 'urrf^ji., MS., passim, there arc few in wjiich he does not promise fill ly ■■^1 tllciiR'Ht; many in which he asks for new favors and creilit: ami some ill whirli he aimiiunces the sending of skins, lie continually coiniilains of the Hull, ui't named, wiioiire working or talking against him. The letters revoiil iiiiuli ol' Sutter's real eharaiter. ti.OOi) ft of Inndior were among his new ]>ur- (■liiis(<. .Iidy 'Jl, l.S4"J, lie speaks of delits to Sunnl's ln'otliers-indaw also. Si'in. ^tll. hopes that Sufiol will not carry out his throat of coming to take !nv:iy ills live-stock Ky force. (.)ct. 7th, oilers some cattle in payment. The 111:111 «)." representeii him as saying that he only wrote letters to Sufiol to pii^s awiiy tlie time, and that he would pay when lie was rcaily, is liranded as nil iiif;ir,inus liar. July '2'2, ISfJ, Isal»d Sepulveda at S. liafatd. Complains tiiiit Slitter owes her money. Wishes Salvador to go and liring him a pris- oner tn Siiiioma. I'lilli'Jo, ('ornspoiiili liciii, M.S., 0.">. Aug. '20th, \'ioget dc- llKlllci^ .-111 eiiih.irgo on Sutter's sciiooner until 'le shall settle with t'elis, hut tlie .;eii( i:d declines to meddle in civil atlairs. r«/V;',,, ])nr., M.S., \i. •24f», 'J'd. Ill Ills //;.s7. CiiL, MS., iv. 'J.s;{-4, \'alIejo .says he had many such appli- iMtinns. and liy his refusals to act caused much oU'eiicp. -'In a letti'r of July 'J4, IS 12, he says the house at the Islands which was tu lijivc sent him merchandise had failed, and thereliy gi'eatly injurod him, lu.'ili to the delight of his foes. Siittcr-Stii'iul Cnnri/i., MS., I,"). Other ti'iiiilile-i aie shown hy the following references: Marili (i, IStl. jue/ of .S. thi>i' to prefect. Suiter proposes to recover stolen Imises on sliares. .9. ./ox', Ai'rii , Sr.s., iii, 44. M;irch ISth, Sutter has lieen seen to sell 40 stideii horses t'ltlie ('.ijuinliia Co. /s of so poueiful a rival; yet there is no evidem-e he- yond Sutter's vai^ue charges that he induli^ed in any })ctty manifestatiojis of jealousy or suhjected Sutter to any other annoyance than that of complying- to some extent with the laws of the land. Politically, ValKjo had understood fi-om the iirst tlic dangers lo ]\Iexican rule to be apprehended from such an estalj- lishment as that of New lEelvetia. A man of his in- telliu'ence couM not he hlind to a state of things so ap)»arent to every fort'ign visitor; and in fidlihiiciit of his duties as a Mexican oflicei', he Iraiddy coiniim- nicated his views to the iL^overnment." Sutter, on his enemy on*\ rival, ;ni(l tixik every fipportniiity to nnnoy liitii; but his only ilc- liiiite eliarge is that the general deniandeil jiassjiortsfioni his men going iivor*' lanil to Itosa, ani'i required the eattle to he driven thidugh SimoMia for e\;iiii- ination. Wilkes' ycirr., v. 11)2, says: 'There was iiuieh ai)|)reliensioii on tliu part of some that the present goxeriior of the distriet west of New llel- vttia felt jealous of the power and inlhieneo that ('apt. Suter was ohtaiuiii^ in the country; and it was thought that had it not heen for the force wliii h the latter could hring to oppose any attemjit to disl dge him, it would li.nu hei n tried. In the mean time Cajit. Suter is using all his energies to ri ii'lir him.-i!f impregnahle.' Elsewhere Wilkes douhta, and witii much reason, that the i'ei ling hetweon Sutter and N'alhjo was as hitter as was pretended. .Mo- fras. Ih-jilor., i. -KU, s;iys: 'Le eoinniandant Valh'jo, (|ui a la pretention tlo gouverm;r sans eontrole le pays situe sur la i ive droite dii fleuve, n'a jias vii sans une vive jalousie raceroissement dela Nouvelle llelvetie; ilanieiuieliii- elie A suseiter (pielijues ditlieidtes A M. Sutter.' ■-'"Xov. 17, 1S4I, V. to Alvarado. VhII(Jo, /)or., MS., x. .340. .Tan. , ISPJ, Id. to niin. of war. J'l., xi. 4. He states thatSutter, styling his |il:ae tlic Fort of New Helvitia, and hiniself governor of that fortress, exercisi s ,ir- hiti'aiy and desjidtio pt)\\er, wages war on the natives, forces them to wnik for him, shoots them without formalities or the approval of the govt; itci ivis foreigners, no matt-r Mheuee or how tln'y come, not ohliging them to pr. s, at themselves t>) the authorities and sometinus not even rejiorting their aiiiv;d; ■-wild finally he makes seditious threats, as is ]irove!i l>y the enclosed oii:;iii;il letter (tliat to Leese prohaMy, to he iiotii-ed ]iresenily). Alvarado, liiiwcxer, nasurcs the suj). govt on .Jan. J 1, ISPJ, that Vallejo's ohjeetions have no ie.'al foundation, as Sutter has only S men, all with projicr carfiiit. JMpt. /.''■., ^IS., xiii. PJ. O.t. l.'i, 1)^4'2, Vallejo, in a private note to ^licheltorenn, spiaiis again of Sutter's fnolish iittemiits to make trouhle. iSays lu^ has force eiiiiU!;!i to oust Slitter, and the H. 15. (Jo. has ollVi-ed to aid in .sue'u a work, lut iiu has disliki .1 to inti rfere w ith a ))rospeious settlement so mucli -leeded in t!it' country. I'ulhjo, Doc.,M.i.,\i.'276. The 'King's Orphan,' VinU, 11, who was SUTTER'S TIIRKATS. •::;:) purf, (l(iul)tloss nindo sonic pn'tty loud tliroats of ri^- \(ilt MLfaiiist the authorities, and to give his threats wt i'^lit, talked ot'su|t[)ort I'roni France, which derived ii (|i-ive of plausihility from the visit of a French dJMlniiiiiiic otHcer at this time. jNFofras asserts that ill Xdvciiiher 1841 Sutter wrote to Vallejo that unless \\\< ;iniii>vances cease-d, he would hoist the French tlajjf mid niaich on Sonoma. Bidwell notes the current 1, iiiiit, (■ )ntii'med by Sutter himself, that he had an- iiuiiiM'cd in writing his ahility and readiness in ease of ihtcriti'i'iice, not oidy to defend himself, hut to chas- tise the Californians. 1 append (piotations I'rom a sdi III what remarkable lette!' addressed by Sutter to 29 (it tlic fort in 184n, sayn tliat Suttc^r in liia traiii)inf; oporationa 'was greatly in- ttiUivil villi liy lln' II. I! •'()., vlri) went tlitir liiiiiturs uiuiii his f^roiUKl.-i. He iMiiijiliiiiHMl til tilt! iiriijii .uitlniritics, Init ,'ify Jiaiil no attciitii'ii totlio IMilttcl'. Ill not I'ontint with tlmn injurinii,' liini, iiitonncd the hum U'HIII illi"ll!M;.'ri s Mrx. ;,'ovt that lu! was foncditiiij,' I'l'Vdliitioi'aiy jilans, and tiiat ho 1 iliscrtrrs and ntlur ittri-cNjilaiiu'd that a loinlition of his}.;riint was to draw settlers, and there f.ii he had n reived thu Liwhss Htlag^lera. 'Tiie govt was not satislied. r .;id on hy iiivioiis neighliers, it ^\as pionipted to send to Sutter a t onmiit- Ire iif investi;.'ation. Tho captain was so enraged at the idea of sueh a thing th;it he treated tht; eouiniittei! with great eontenipt, »iid said he' eould defend l.iiii^' If. . .AVhereupon the govt threatened to send a fort'c, hut thon;,'i!t lietter .11 matter when they found out the character of the men and of tho \[i\: I'lit; liutannoyed hiii with legal suits, and aft( r a g reat I dof lih nlty he was acipiitted of any treasonuhlu design against the govt.' 'i'hi.s 01 e.iur.-c; a 11 came from .Sutter himself. ,l/./,'(.s Exiilor., i. 4()t: JiiilwU'.s Cil. lS'/l-.['rii\ 'I (l(\ U>l{, has it that a spy was .«ent to X. Helvetia, .-ind Sutter, :mi (• 11^' Ids purpose, sent him .away, with ames.sage to the ejlet't that if .Me\- s at lilierty to try it — whereu|ion the go\t r souui iiro- tocx .11 um sue wa •d to let him ulcme! Writing to I.eese on Nov. 8, 1S41, afte 1" for 1 fir Kiiitinues (uymg Leese's pai't of ceitain launches — on credit of course— Sut- ciy curious Rapports came to nic fi'om Ik law; hut the ])0;ir vntrhe.s dont know what they do. I explained now Mr Speucc to explain tlic.^e i'juoiant people what wouhl lie the con.scc|uence if they do injui-e mo, t'.ir fust french fregatn who cimo here will dome justici'. The people dont knew me yet, hut soon they will tind out what 1 am aide to do. It in to late tod rive nic ant the country, tho first step they do ajiainst me is tiiat [ will make a declaration of Independence and proclaim (^aliforida foralU'iiuh- liiHir iiide])enden (; t of Mexic I am strong now, one ot mv St fr HiiaaM genllcTiian eamo from the t olundiia Jliver with [)lcnty ]>eo[)le, an ' ci' ]iaity is close hy from Missouri. . .1 am strong enough to hold mo till otii tlic cduiiers go to the ^Vaillamet for raiso ahout (iU or 70 good men, an other Jiaity I Would dispatch to tho ?nountains and call the hunters and Siuiwaecs l),l i«arcs \M til wh iicli I .'im very wi II acipiaintcd, the same party have t'^-'oto Missouri and rai.se nhoiit 'J or liOO man )iioro. That is my iutcui- tioii, ^u', if they lot uie not alone. If they will give mo satisfaction and jiay J 0- Uil 5 ' '■ l\ >■ 210 SUTTEPt'S FORT. Suttor luid no feclinj^ wliatever of loyalty to lii^ adoi)te(l nation, or to the government that had troattd liini so u'enorouslv, and under which he held ofiicc: and he would wi^^hout hesitation liave raised tlu; standard of revolt in hehalf of France, or any other nation that could advance his })ersonal interests; ytt it is not to he supposed that he had at this time aiiv definite ])lan or intention of political conspiraoy. Harassed by his creditors, [)artiaily thwarted in S(»iiie of his schemes for inakinu^ a fortune, eij^otisticallv lookintjf down upon the Californians as inferior l)eiii!4s, and annoyed that he was not allowed to control the whole countrv as arbitrarily as he did New Helvetia —he induli^ed in threats that had not much sii^niri- cance, merely to relieve his mind in moments of di- ]>ression, and, as Sir George Simpson expressed it, to 'bully' the government. In politics as in commei'ciai and industrial enterprises, Sutter always — as the dis- tinguished English trav(iller might have said but d\d not — "bit off more than he could chew." I have had occasion more than once in recording' the annals of past vears to note the arrival on the coast of scientific exj)loring expeditions fitted out l)y diftVn-ent European powers and resulting in ])ublish(.d narratives, in which this couiitry and its affairs wnv more or less fully described. The first expedition of the expenses wli.it I liad to do for my security here, I will be a fnitiiful Mi\- iciin; ))iit when this llaaule ot Castro should conic here a vury warm ami hiU'ty welcome is prepared for him. 10 f;iuis hiivo well mounted fur iimttit t!i;' fortress and two licld-picces. ] have alsoahout 5>) faithfull Indians w ! it'll shot their musijuet very (piik. 'J'lie wole day and night we an' iimUr arms, and you know tliat foreigners are very expensive, and for this truiilili.' 1 will he payed when a freiuji fregate come iiere. I wi.sh you to tell tin- ■ 'in- iuidante general tliat I wislied to he his friend, and that [ am vci v imirh ohlidged to him for his kindni'ss when my people passed Sonoma. If lnwniil.l join us in sueli a case I slioiild like it very much. IJnt all is out i|U(stiiiii .-'n long they let mc alone and trouhle mo not, lint I want security from tin' -."iv- ornment for that.' Vullija, J)or., .MS., x. XV2. Vallejo, l/i.f later "date. Dec. 'Jl, IS4I, Jan. 'J4, 184'J, IvinK >iMil.i ]>erreyesa to Vallejo, warning him of .Sutter's hostile plans. Hopes s. \ )\'.ise the French flag, in which ease Solano and his men will make tiiiick \\o>k of him and his yraiui fortl Wi'lijn, Doc, MS., xi. 10; /(/., Con-a'p., Nls., lin-l. f!i nil iail iiiiisti'i ■4* WILKES' VISIT. 241 tliis Idiid under tlie flag of the United States made its aiipeaianeo in ] 841. As in other similar cases, this ex- iiiditiou requires buo few details respecting its organ- ization, operations, and results, except so far as they l)cai' directly upon the subject of this work. A fleet di' six vessels under the command of Lieutenant Cliailes Wilkes, having on l)oard about six hundred imii, including over eighty officers and a scientific corps of twelve,"" sailed from Hampton Roads in August l.^'iS. Th(; ti'eneral route followed in accordance with instructions was: to Brazil; round Cape Horn to Cliilc; to Occanica; to ^lic Hawaiian Islands; to the iioilli-west coast of America, and California; and tlieiice homeward round Cape Good Hope. The ar- rival at New York was in June 1842. A narrative (if the voyage was written by Wilkes, the connnander, vlid also wrote a volume on meteorology. Of the s(ieiiti!i( corj)s, Dana, Pickering, Hale, Per.le, and IJru-keurivIm; each produced one or more volumes in liis special department. Still other volumes were ed- it .1, from ohservations and collections made by the explorers, by other competent men selected by the .Sinithsoniau Institution. The result was a magnifl- (viit set of twenty-eight volumes in quarto and folio, iihistrated with line engravings and colored plates, ■"' The vessL'ls with coinmiinilcrs, lieutenants, ami scientists at the ilt'iiai-t- iiii' \vi 10 as follows — there being fre(|uent ehanj.'es later, and those names i.iiukcil with a star {*) not having readied (Jalitornia; yiiiciniKX, sK)oi) of w.iV. T'^O tons; C'huihs Willies, com.; lieutenants, 'I'lios 'l'. Cravtii.* Overton Cur. Iliilicrt E. .Tohnson, James Aldeii, and \Viii L. Maury; sei iititie uorjis, (':.,irr.s I'ickriing, naturalist, Jos l)rayton, artist, J. 1). I'>rarl.euiidu'e, as.-t Ktiui^t, .lohii vi. r.i'own, instrument niaUer, .lolm \V. W. ])ye>, asst t;ixider- \u[<. .lus 1'. t'outiioiiy,* naturalist. Poiaid:,* sloop of war, (i.V) tniis, Win L. llu'lxiii, com.; lieutenants, .Samuel P. Lee,* W. M. Walhir, (.eo. ]•'. Imiuuohs, e 11. IVriy; scientists, James 1). Daii.'i, mineralogist, T. K. I'eale, natural- i-t. lloiii'.io Iliilc, ])Iiilologist, V. L. D-ivenjiort,* interiueter. /'oc/.v" .■••(', KiiiiliiiL', •-*;!(» tons; Ciuhvalader Kinggold, com.; Jieuteniints, M. (1. 1,. Clai- '"•nie,* H. J. Hartstein,* John 15 Dale.* 7.'./;-/,* storcHhii.; A. K. Long, I ■ui.; lieutenants. It. F. riukncy,* A. L. Ca.se,' Jos A. I'nderwood;* \\iii hill, hi'tauist. S<(i-Giill,* tender or pilot-lmiit; Jas W. K. Held,* eom. li'jni'j-i'i^h, pilot-hoat used a.H tender; Samuel I'. Kno.x, com. 'Y\w Pvii-iirk mill Si'i-tjiill were wrecked, the Jiiliifsi^ui home, and the (hri/o'i i)urclia.srd 1 1' lure the arrivjil in Cidifornia. In my lists of iiioneers and vi.'itors I iii- i-iiil('only those v.hc) were in eonnnand of vessels or hnul iiartus on the (/il- 1' nii.i coast, a few of the scientiots, and such members of the expedition as left it in California. lliax. Cal., Vol. IV. 16 fi 1: i- i {> iml t 242 U. S. EXPLORING EXPEDITIOX, published at the cost of the government. Copies were sent as gifts to the states of the Union, and to some of the European governments and scientiiic in- stitutions. Of some parts only a limited numbf r of copies was printed, and the plates were destroyed ; so that a complete set is now of rare occurrence and of great pecuniary value. From that in my collection, originally one of the presentation copies alluded to. I append a specification of the parts.^ 31 " United Stites E.ifiloring Expedition during the years 183S, ISJO, L^\','\ IS4I, IS4.; etc. Philadelphia, 1844-58, 4', '20 vol. ; foL, S vol. Details iil«mt tbo publication of this work do not properly belong here, and if tiny iliil. 1 have found no satisfactory bibliographical description. Those given Ky Bruuct and others do not agree with my set either in number, order, or plueu of ))ul)lication, of the different volumes. The following is a list of the piai-i as found in my collection: Vol. i.-v. Narrative by Chas Wilkes, maps, plates, and cuts. An ;itlas is mentioned on the title-page, but does not seem to have been puMis-liel, Phil. 1844, 4°. (I have also tho edition of Phil. lvS4r), Svo, 5 vol.; mi.l tlaic was also publislied an edition of Phil. 1845, imp. Svo, 5 vol., with ;iu iitl;.-. Brunet names Svo editions of Phil. 1849; New York, lSo'2; and New Yoik. IS;")!); also an abridgment in one vol. of New York, 1851. Jcnkii/s' ['. S. Explor. Exjieditions, etc. Auburn, 1850, Svo, one vol., also contiiius dm abridgment.) Tliat part of the narrative pertaining to California is tuiniJ in vol. v., p. 1 00-271.', or chap, v.-vi., with some allusions also in -.ul. iv., 52G; v. 1'27, 142-3, l.^)?. Vol. vi. Ethnofiraplnj and Philolorjy, by Horatio Hale. Phil. 18-}(), 4 . In-Jiansof Cal., p. 1!)!), 221-.3; fl vocabularies, p. 0o;)-4, Vol. vii. Zooph/tfi', by James D. Dana. Phil. 1840, 4°; atlas, Phil. \sV\ fol., 01 pi. Slight scattered I'efcrence to Cal. Vol. viii, Mnmmalo(jif awl Ornitholo'jij, by Titian R. Poale. Phil. 1S4S, 4°, Frequent mention of Cal. animals and Inrds. (Tliis volume seems to have Iteen suppressed , and replaced by another vol. viii. ) Vol. viii. (bis). Mummahr/i/ and Ornitholofni, by John Cassiii. I'liil. 1858, 4'; atlas, fol., 53 pi. Contains very manj' scattered descriptions of ( 'iil. animals a: d birds. Vol. ix. The J?nces of Men and thiir Oenrjmphical Distribution, by ('I1-5 Pickering. Phil. 1848, 4\ Map showing Cal. as a Malay region; ji. l.WiO, slight reference to Cal. in dcscriptiim of th.e Mongolian r.icc, and v. ^v. coast; p. 100-12, on the Californians as Malays, with something of nanativc; and p. 231, 2' ;«, 288, 307-12, allu.siona to Cal. Vol. .\. Geohti. Phanrroiidmia, by.\saGray. Phil. 1854,4'; atlai, fol. , lUO pi. Descriptions and illustrutious of Cal. plants. RINGGOLD AND EMMONS. 'J43 Wilkos had instructions, given doubtless not with- out .some consideration of political possibilities, to tle- vntu special attention to a survey of San Francibco ]J;iy. Accordingly, from the Colu. 'I ia River, where his ilcct had been for several months, he despatched tlie Viiicenncs under Lieutenant Ringgold for Califor- nia. She sailed August 7, 1841, and arrived at S;ui Fra i( SCO on the 14th,^' lvin<; at anchor at Sauzalito until November 1st. On the 20th of August Ring- ookl, with Dr Pickering, six officers, and about iil'ty uu.ii, .vtarted in the boats to explore the Sacramento Iiivor, arriving at Sutter's Fort in three da3\s, con- tinuing tlie exploration up to latitude 3'J° 13' 3i)", re- turning to New Helvetia September 4th, and to the Vtitf'cniies five days later. Subsequently Ringgold nuule other exploring trips about the bay and up the San Joaquin, not particularly described. They met ^vith no adventures, and their description of the couii- tiv, with its Indians, animals, and vegetation, calls fur no special notice here.^ Another party under Lieutenant Emmons, consist- ing of four officers, eight men of the expedition, live vi' the scientific corps — Dana, Peale, Brackenridgi', Piicli, and Agate — six trappers, a guide, and three immigrants with their families, thirty-nine persons in Vol. xvi. Botany, Cn/ptorfamla, by Win D. Brackcui-iJgo. I'liil, \So-i, i ; ntlus, riiil. 18.")."), fol.,'40 pi. Many Cal. iilauts. Vdl. xvii., xviii., xix. Never publisluHl, so far as I can learn. Vol. XX. Jlrrjjetoloim, by S. F. Buinl. Phil. 1S.")>S, 4'; atla.s, M., H-J ].l. SoatteiTil ruferencea to Cal. (Later inipre.ssions bear tlie following title:) Vt.l. x\. (I)is). y/cr;)(to/oi/i/, by Charles Giranl. I'liil. 1S.")S, 4 ; atlas, fol., S'.' jil. (Same as preceding, except title, anil addition of a list of plates, i). 473- (1.) \"|. xxi. Geoijrnphical Dixtrlhittion of Aiiiin'il.<. "-Anival noted in a letter of Aug. Uth. I'allfjo, Jjoc, MS., x. "J."!;. I t'uicl III ifi'iird that the exploring fleet was troubled about aiie!iorai,'e dues. =■• ll';'A< w' Xur,:, V. 18lS-207. The oul/ localities named are New Helvetia, AiiuiiniM Fork, Prairie Bates, Bute Creek, i'eather Kivor, and I'oplar* Jri>vi\ li Mils sii]i|Hiseil that tho Jesus Maria of the S|)aniard3 was the Saeraniuilo al».v.j the junction with the Feather; but there is no foun •>-,fii^^'^'^ 7 I'S^," i^8ut( , .^Mi.Smith ■ 1/ ^«^-^'iV^,U.a V^.\,^&^^ si"*-,,, Vw \ ''^»^ • L.c/i/iimtAi'l ^:A f»a..,pt\H.;;f^«'V^'^ liiA^^^ I..ThU PI, ftiConotiicion AViua;«' Mai-, 1841. WILKES AT SAUZALITO. 21: all, caiue tlown from Oregon ovcrlai)d. Tliis Jiarty crossed the ]3ouiKlary Kaiigo Septuiiiber 2*JtIi into (,'alit'oriiia, and four days later struck the head waters of ihe Saei'aniento. On October I7tli they reachetl the Feather River, and two days later were at Sutter's. This journey also was without adventure. At New llrlvetia the company divided, one party with Em- uiMiis embarking on the Vi ucc it nes boat that had been st'ut to meet them, and reaching San Francisco ou the 24th; while the rest, under Midshipman Eld, pro- ceeded by land by way of San Jose and reached the tlret on the 28th.-'* Meanwhile Wilkes had sailed from the Columbia on the Porpoise with the F/ijukj Fish and Oreyou — the latter Ix'ing the Thomas Perkins, purchased to re|)lace the Peacock, >vhich was wr-ecked on the Oregon coast-4- aiid arilved at San Francisco on the same day tliAt Einnions reached Xew Helvetia, October IDth.'"' His [leisoiial ex[)erience in California, outside (jf his vessel, seems to have been limited to a two or three days' trip to Santa Clara, which he describes in an interef^t- iiiH' manner; but his officers visited many points rouuil the bay, including Sonoma and San liafael. Martinez ;.iid liichardson are the only entertainers who are Ik- vuiably mentioned; and guests ou board the fleet are represented as having stayed longer than they were Welcome.''*' The "closintj scene of the tour" was an ■"ir;.7.v,s' Nan:, v. 2.V2-6.1; also v. 127, 112-3; ix. 110-12. Thu names u.nil aic rKUiiulavy JJangc and Mt Kmniona, Ivlamct river anil valley, Mt Slia-Li' (uith \)\\\ ), ])(>'lritction liivor, Pitt liiver, Sacramento River. Hoar ('i!ir.]i. l'i:iiri(5 I'mteij (;1'J' 8'), Little Fork, Feather River, New Helvetia, Ivio ('of^nie- iiis, .^ll■^ul■l^■^^ Itiver, San Ju;ui, Frencliiuau'd Camp, 8au Joachin, Fnl I'urrioc j''ll^, Nlissji.nSan Josi'-. and Santa Clar.-i. ''Oct. '11, 1S41, Wilkea to Nallejo, ainiouneinf; his arrival, and iiskin;,' as- sistance ill the \V!iy of snpiilies. VnHiJo, Dor., MS., x. .112, .'!lt. On Dec. lltli, \'m11i jo reportc il tlio visit and operations of the expedition to tlio miii- istci- nf w.ir. lii., X. ;i.s:{. " li;'/,v,' Xnrr.. v. 207 28. Vallcjo, IliM. Ca'., MS., iv. 2.10-40, meiitioii-< a vrsif nf l!inpi;(il(l to Sonoma, and an invitation for himself and ^'ainily to vi«it till' Meet, w liicli he was oliliged to decline. Some of the ollicers, nccordiiiL.' t'> y''7i'ivV,7;,Hy,.v,,s', MS., 711-84, also made a visit to T-ss. Davis came frc(|neutl>- into contact witli the officers an.3-4. Till' v:illcy iif S. .Juan is described as one of the most fertile tracts, ))ut what valley is referred to it is hard to tell. ' The inland plain constituting a largo iiai't (if Upper California is, according to all accounts, an arid waste.' p. lli,^. niilyasinall portion of the couut.'y oll'era any agricultural advantages, p. 100. 'There is but comparatively little trade, for the hides and tallow which fur- nurly made the business profitable arc no longer to be procured.' p. 108. Tiie exp'jrts include 200,000 arrobas of tallow, and all merchantiible products ii,e less than a million dollars, p. lOS-9. 'Although California maynotl)oast et ifsdeiisu population, every intelligent person 1 met agreed that it consumed imiro spirits in proportion than any other part of the world.' p. 10!). Tuxes are represented as very high, ;ind the 'church tithes enormo\is' (1). ]). 171. ■ Ueseeuded from the old Spaniards, the (,!alifornians are unfortunately found to have all their vices, without a proper share of their virtues.' 'Tlio tVniale imrtion of the community are ignorant, degraded, and the slaves of their husliands.' ' The state of morals is very low, and is every day becoming woi',>o, l)iiring the residence of the old Spanish priests, the people M-cre Ue]>t u:i!er some control, but now priest and layman are aliUc given up to idleness mill dehaiieliery.' Tlicy have a reputation for hospitalit}', but will take money if (illered through a servant, and will swindle a guest should he wish to liiro ei' liuy anything, p. 187-8. ' The best route to the U. S. is to f(dlow tlio S. •hiaehin for 00 miles, thence easterly through a gap in the Snowy Mount.iius, h\ a {,'001 1 Ix.'a ten road (I); thence the course is north-easterly to Clary's lliver. ' 1' 1!';!. A Californiaii 'is content with coarse fare, proviiled he can get enough !•! stioiig diink to minister to this thirst. . ..The i)ahn for intcmpcranee was, 1 tihiik, !;ener;dly given to the padres.' A large i)art of the S;icramento Valley 'is UMiioiibtedly barren and unproductive, and must fon^vcr remain so.' \). -'lO. \ allejo "is not overscrupulous in demanding duties of vessels entering the |iuit of S. F., and until he has been consulted, a vessel is liable to an in- tiefiiiite amount of duties.' Anecdotes of him 'show a striking disregard for t.ie lives as well as for the property and liberty of the Indians and gcnte »le raziui.' One of the governors trained Lidians as sohliers and a company of ta' 111 'iiia^le sueh proficiency in the use of their arms that his excellency be- cuiK' alarmed and forthwith ordered them all to be 8hot(!). I have little 2JS DUFLOT DE MOFRAS. lii to C()ni|)ensfito for those dufccts. Thorc is of coiirso much that is accurate! enough, but nowhere does the narrative rise above the eonuuonplace, or throw any new light upon eitlier country or peoi)le. The Iy visiteil America, when at the end of 1839 he was re- called by j\[arshal Soult, minister of foreign alFaiis, and attached to the legation at Mexico, with a special mission to visit thu north-western provinces of tlio republic, and the American, English, and ]{ussiaii [)osts beyond, "in order to ascertain, independently <<( a political point of view, what advantage might he offered to our conmierce and to our navigation hy mercantile ex[)editions, and t!ie establishment of trail- ing-posts in those regions still little known in France."" The book which resulted from the performance of this mission contains no narrative, beyond here and there an incidental mention,ol' the author's personal adventures; and I am obliged to depend on the archives and other records that are not so complete as would be desira- ble. ]\r. Mofras still occupied, in 1878, a high diple- matic position, that of ministre })lenipotentiairc under doubt that tliis story may be essentially true.' p. 210-11. 'The state of so- ciety lu'i'e [Sonoma] is cxceuilingly loose; envy, liatrcil, and malice jnclNini- natc in almost every breast, au'l tlio people are wrctcheil under their inr-iiic '.'iilers. Female virtue is at a low ebb, anil the eoar.'se and lascivioti^" ilami'* bIkiw the def^raded time of manners.' p. "211-1-. The administrator at >;^i Clara had taken the name of his wife, ,\liza, one of the most famous in early times! p. 'J17. The eountry between .Sta Clara and S. Franei.seo was iiiitiii- es(|Ue in places, 'though to all appearance entirely unfit for cultivation 1 p. '2-m. •"' J/o/Ww, Exploration, i. Avaat-ptnjpoa, p. viii.-ix. A FnENCn VISITOR. 240 flic Froneli srovornnicnt; and ho has assurerl mo tluvt he iiivservod no journal or memoranda oHiis personal e\]irri('iu'0 in C'alit'ornia.*'^ ll;i\iiig arrived in ]\Ioxico, the attache's passports and 1< ttcrs of recommendation were issued in May 1S40," and ho soon started on his mission, visiting,'' Co- lima, Jalisco, Sinaloa, Sonora, and ])erhaps Lower Cali- Ininia, beinjjf on the ^ulf-coa«t apparently in Noveni- I)(.f." In April 18-U he came up IVom iNIazatlan with Cantain Fitcli on the Ninfti, touchin;^' first, })erhaps, at San redro,and arriving at Monterey in May.*' Before Juiie 1 Ith, he had visited Sonoma with a letter of introduction to Yallcjo tVom Virmond, and prol)al)ly wriit to Ross before returning to the capital." In '" I:i one of liiH letters, dated at Paris, Dec. 11, 187S, M. Mofras writen mo a^ fiilliiws. 'Chef Arnnsieur: l>u reti/iir d'un voyaj,'i> ,"i roustaiitinopli^ p tnmvi: vutre aiiiicalu lettre et jo ue puis assez vous reiiiereicr do votrc liioii- VI ilhiiiii'; mai.s jo vmis asmuo (jiu; j'ai tout mis dans niou mivrage, I't <|Ui,' ju ii'iii \iM t'ait clo jiminal do inos iinprcssioiis persounollpi, qui, depuis si loin,'- tiiiips .sunt iraiUours ijieu eliacies do lua iiKjuioiiv. Vouillez voua souvenir rii-iiitc ipi'au luiiiuoiit do mon exploration clle Otait souvent perilleuse et (pie jr vny;iis saus oesso les ours tlans lo foret. Taut rnnn tcnij>s ct ines faculti's il.iK ,'t pris ])ar nioa (jbservations et el aoin do ma vie niatorielle. Que do t is j'ai soud'ert le froid, la faini, et Ic .soif! Quo do foii? je me .suia (giir6 des i'liniiros entiires au ris(juo do succomber! Vous avez unc ('.ilifornic cpii res- wiiiMf ;i I'aiis niainteuaut; niais alois il etait diilieilc souvent d'livoir des pii'lt f ct il fuUait I'raindre et les Indiens et surtout les ours.' I have hefoto iiie anutiior orij^iiial letter of the same writer, dated at Monterey, July 'Jt), l-*4l not, howovor, addroaacd to myself. " May 'Jl, ISIO, min. of rel. to gov. Announces that passporti have been Umrd to Mofras for a scientilio visit to Cal., and orders protection to bo af- f'r.lf.l him. Jh'pt. St. P(tp., A)i;j('k:i, MS., xi. llS-li*. May 'JOth, Virmoml t > Alvaiaih), introducing and highly recommending Mofras. Vallijo,I)oi\, MS,, xxxiii. 74. May '20th, V'irmond to Vallejo, to same efVect. /r/., ix. 140. Tho onli r from the govt reached Cal. at tlio end of Oct., and w.ia circulated in Nov. lhi,i. St. I'ap., An'j., xi. IIS; Id., Ben. Pnf. yJuzj., v. 13; S. iJlcjo, Aich.,'2>n. '•' Mo/ni.'!, Explorntion, i. 203. Tho year is not mentioned. "Ajiril i;!, LS41, arrival of A'i'/i/'a with Mofras on board, 19 day.s from Mazatlan, but no place named. JJtpt. St. Pap., AikjJ's, MS., iv. 8:1. May IJtli, com. of Monterey announces arrival at Monterey on May Gth. VnUijo, i><'t.. M"^., X. i;j;». May i2th, ho felt an earthquake at Monterey, and again on, Inly ;id. E.rphir., ii. ,")G. ".hino II, IS41, Vallejo to com. of Monterey. VaVejc, Doc, MS., x. VV.\. \:ilKjc), liist. Cal., MS., iv. 2.J0-5, speaks of Mofras' visit to .Sonoma, and s.iy.-) Ill' sent an escort with him to Ross, wlienec he returned with a Russian rsini't to Sauza'.ito, crossing over to Yerba Buena in Richardson's vessel. In lii.s I.rjJ'.rufioii, ii. lit, he speaks of having visited Ross several times; for tho si'Cdiiii time, /(/., ii. 27, in Aug., wheu the author goes so far as to speak of an incident on the way. I 2:n DUFLOT DE MOFRAS. i > July lio was at ]\rontorc'y, as appears from liis letters." Se[)teinbor 1st he arrived at Sutter's Fort;*" and diir- iiii;' the saiiie iiionth was at Sau Jose and Santa Cruz.*' ()eti)l)(.'r I i/,t. S/. I'a/i., MS., v. 117. ■""St'itt, l.st, Sutter to Suuol, anuouneing the arrival of ' M. lo Conitf.' Sid- ti r-Siirioi Curirx/i., MS., 10. *' t'u-/ilonUio)i, i. 417, ;>'-'4. '^ U'ilkfi' Xnrr., v. l.")7. A boat came from the Cowlitz to the VorpnUf, Laving on l)ounl Capt. F.roteliio and Mofras. His intention then wu8 to ga from tiic (."ohunliia to the Suudwicli Islands. '^Di-pt. St. Pfi/,., Bill. Mil., MS., Iv. 18. '-"Siiiipn'in'K Aarriiiiiv, i. .S03. ^'J',!rri'\t Ji'ninjh Stench, MS., 87; Id., Journals, MS., 90-1; Mofra^, l^i- 2>hrnliuii, i. o'.rl. M(1FRAS AXD VALI.EJO. 231 lii.Mii of businoss, panic imu'li in rontant with ^Tofras, whii often siiilctl with liini on tlic sclioonor Isdhrf/a lo (litrcivnt j)oint.s on tht; hay. Davis hecanic a givat ;i(liniri'r of the Frcnchiuan, whom ho dcscrilx's as a most iicconipiishc'd gentleman, well liked hy all wlio i;i(t liini. intellii^ont and ol)servant, enthnsiastic to tlio \(>i'^(^ of exeitMhility, and prone to indulj^e in rhap- x.dical prophecies on the grand future of San Fran- lisci) Jriay and the region thereahout." During his visit to Sonoma, Mofras in some way criwr olleiice to Vallejo, who conceived a l)itter dislike III" the niiui, which is clearly expressed in his narrative, 1111(1 which perhaps accounts f\)r the fact that the iiMVeller is not very complimentary, though hy no iiitans severe or abusive, in his allusions to the gen- eral. A'^allejo admits that JMofras Mas an intelligent iUiil highly educated man, and that he could beagon- tli'Di.'ui if he chose; but insists that he was conceited, ;iiiO'_;;nit, and disposed to look down on the Califor- iiiaiis as inferior beings. Alleging no impro[)rieties (111 the ])art of the visitor at Sonoma, he gives credence Im several absurd scandals respecting his conduct else- where, antl delights in presenting his every act in an iiiilavorable and ridiculous light.'*'^ Of these scandals, Ihi only one worthy of notice here is that of ]N[ofras' ciwuhict at the Alisal liancho, an account of which •'■- J'tivix' Glimpses of the Past, MS., 38-4'2. The author relates that on ono (noiii-idr tlio SL'huoncr groundctl on the miul flats at North lieach, and they l:iiil t I wait for the liile to iloat them. Mofrasaltcr a time Ixjcainoiiniiatiuiit, t!i".i oxcitcil, and liually jumped overboard to wade and swim and wallow to tlio sh. ic, whiili he snececdcd in reaching in a not very prescntalile eondition. \ lull jo tells the .Manio story, and he says also that this adventure was on the rtiiii!! 11(1111 J Id.is via Sauzalito. '■'^i'allij'i, J J int. ('ill., MS., iv. 244-59. The author says ho was at work oit nt (I. iis when Mofras made his appearance, anVMs mndc ]»n1ilic in a ii<'\vs|)M|)t'i' on tlx' nutliorify nf ^Irs llartiii'll.'' It is oiioiigli to siiy •' I'h'o, Aronlrriminitof, MS., .'54-7; f'l., Icittt-f, Piovrr Skrfrhru, MS., no. '2. I'ioo t'l;iiuis to have put MofrsLS iiiulur arri'.st in the padre'?* hou.sc, ilie ])a(h'c allnwinj^ him to I'scajte to Monterey, wlicre tlie qnarrel wiia rcinnvuil later. Tlie ori'^in of tho trouble was ilofras' insolent complaint tliat siitli- eient attention was not shown him. Jiihis L'.Cjloru/iuii, i. 388, M. ftpcaliHdflii.s in(lip;nation .it seein;.; ;.,'. /.Vr., MS., xii. 41; Drjit. St. Pap., MS., v. 117. Mofraa, E.r]l„:, i. 4(55, accuses Vallejo of having shut his eyes and allo\vcd the. assnssiii to escape. '■"^Alvarado, IlUt. Cat., MS., iv. nO-O. Tho autlior sha.-es Vallcjo'svicw to some extent; and sUites that Mofrjvs became involved in many riiliculu;!.* and tell hiui ahoiit the eoiiiili-y or tht; j)i(»|iK '.''''■' I'^'oni all the evidence, I eonclude that J)iill()t di' Mol'ras was a ir.an of talci'.t, hnt soMicwliat wild, hmt on amusing' himself, fonder of personal coin- forts than of stndy; not disposed to j^^o far out of his way for historical information, hut using intelliu'ently Miih material as came into his hands; <;entli;maidy in iiiiiiiiiLr, hut not oN'erawed hy the dignity of Califor- iiiaii ollicials, and somewhat too careless ahout the r>|tutatiun he might leave in so distant a land. To the l)ook which resulted from the visit of ^lo- iVas, which 1 have frequent occasion to cite on dill'er- ci.t to[)ics, and which I describe in a note,"" a high (kgree of ]>raise must he accorded. Its plan is e.\- fcll-'ut, and the execution creditable to the author, ill.' aims to give a com|)lete descri[)tion of the coun- tiv, its ]»ast history and present condition, compiled I'li'iii tlu! jiiincipal works that had been published r.w llif subject, and supplemented by his own researches ^•.S7m;wo)('.<< Xtirrafivf, i. 245. '■" ,l/c./>((,s', iU-iilorntlin , the Russian establishment; chap, ii., p. '21-71, niannera and cus- UUM, i)liysic;d features, foreign relations, resume. Plates relating to Cal. i:ivi,l. i., view of Monterey; portrait of P. Duran; Californian throwing tlio lij 1; Kiissian house. Plates in tiie atlas: general map— inehuling t'alitornia v.liicli I reprochu'c; charts of the ports of S. l)ie;,'o, mouth of Colorado, S. rtdi-.i. Sta lli'uliara, Monterey, S. F.,]>odeganndKo8s, and Trinidad; view and yiiumil-plan of S. Luis Iley mission. The liooks consulted by Mofras on « a!., 11-' iiaiiicil in his list, are (the titles changed to agree with my list): J)i-(tb' He- r iV''; Jlnrlini's Vvi/.; Moiiteirt/, Extrutlo; Morn ll's Xanuitia' ; Ffiijr.i^ I "."'';/''; i.'o-''(,i(('N Jiisl. /nil. Col.; liiohno, lidacion; Dnhaid-Cilbj, Voy.; Cal. 11' ■il-i- itinili,i;S4; Itotiijl in,\n Coiiip. Hot. Miiij.; Poloit, I'ida (l<: Srrra; ('a.^lm, Dc- f/r'ny; /'(i/'/x ,«, C(d.; L(i Piroicc, Voyaijc; Mixsion Archives; I'ancoi'ri r''s li'.v.' Mdiifircij, Arcliirvs; Arririvifa, Croii.; I'llit-Thouurx, Vnij.; Sul'd y }l].rn,iii; Jii fi/i, r\i I'o//. ,• Ld injsdorff's Voy.; Laplace, Caiiqiugnc; Kotzebuta loy.; Jwquc/euil, Voy.; KotztOue'd S'eiv Voj/, I IIP ffMi'i m i r.'.'i" i-E^ ^- 1 ••''■«"«*<)« l;„, , <;4"''le8.l.uiVTK^,.,,u,. H.S,H,Yo ^' 1 ■ l.bA.f ATAt iSa-^ ivkjiiiiii (Vi|,istm&!, I ;' V S.I..ir,lV,iu.!f>iM,v- ■'•■\. f > *. •■IlLU '■"-^£77 " r-^-- ^ --U_. 1 1 . •: } - - - Al.dJAOAljuPE ; j i - - i . 1 i.v, iM -;*^ ,131-"^— . ijj.^ _^ j!g i I.DE CErtRpa AL lilP 111! MoFiLia' Mat di' Calhounia. Ill I'iui si'ar carr use sati and iiiaiii tatii that iiicri tr|isi\ ill the VALUE OF THE WORK. 265 in til'' archivos and personal observations in the ro- (.jitiis (le^crihcd. It must be admitted that tliesc re- scaiclies and observations were not so extensive and careful as was desirable; yet they enabled ^Tofras to use iiitcHii^ently the material before him, and to |>ro- tliict' without great expenditure of work a somiiwhat satisfactory result. Had he been a harder student ami more diligent mvcstigator, he might have avoided iiiaiiv jH'tty errors, and have given his work an air (tf (iiiniiiaUty that would have added grer.tly ' > his repu- tal it'll. Forl)cs' work is the oidy one of the time that can be compared with this; but while not less iiicritdiious in numy respects, it is very much less ex- tensive and complete. Of some political as[)e'.'ts of Mofras' work and tour, I shall have occasion to speak in the next chapter. ^p:^|fe^ :|*ii^^f*F" iiiiM 'i ii: CHAPTER X. FOREIGN RELATIONS AND I:MMIGRATI0X. 1841. Hopes and Plans of Foueign Nations — United States— Manifest Des- tiny — Wilkes AND Waunek— FouEifJN Opinions — British Pkojkcts— Simpson's Views — Ahpjkations oe Fua.nce— Mofras on a Catiioliu ruOTECrORATE — SCTTEK AS A FkENCUMAN— ADVANTAtiES OF YanKEK Ml.TIIODS— BeGIXNINO ok OvE1;LAND ImMIOKATIoN — Exi:iTEMI.NT I.V THE Fkontiei; States— Bartleson Takty froji Missouiu— Bii>\vr i.i.'s DiAUY — Naruatives of Belden, Chiles, and IIorrEU— Crossing tiik Desert and Sierra— List of Names — Arrival and Recki'tion — roLicY T(i\vai:d Foreioners — Vallejo's Acrs — ]>i; ^L\K^II Tiii: Workman-Rdwlanu 1'\rty fhom New Mexico — Wilson's N'aui;a- TiVE— Rowland's List — Other I'ariies — Mrs Walker and 'Miis Kix- SEV — List of New-comees eoh 1841 — Items acoct Old Settli;u>. It is luanifestly impossible to ascertain deliiiitily the liopes and })lans of the United States, Eii-iiuul, and France at this time respecting- Cahfornia. ]ii 1841, and for years before, naviu'ators of each nation had iH'aised the natural advantaLjcs of the couutrv, and especially of its great port. They had atiiiiiKd that it could iKjt long remain under Mexican lulo. They had pointed out the ease with which it luinlit be secured, and had directly or indirectly urged its acquisition. That these representations had their ell'ect at Washington, London, and Paris on inllueii- tial members of the govermncnts, that the mattir was discussed, and that secret instructions were issued. can hai'dly bo doubted. It has always Ijcen a p(>[)ular idea of Americans that other nations weiv in (!ie race for the prize; ami, while it has been olten cxag- ( '.50 ; AMERICAN SCHEMES. 237 oi r:.f til ill C'ortain respects, it lias not been witliout i;.mii!,ili()ii. Nations, however, do not announce iheir clr>iL:ii> of this nature in advance; neither are they picii ■ to eonless them alter their I'aihire. AiiH'iicans, or such of them as t(»ok the matter into consideration at all, had no doubt that it was the •iiianilr-^t destiny' of their nation to absorb this west- ern l:uid. Th jir navigators and writers and emigrants had spoken more plainly than those of other nations (111 til" sul.ject. Ainiexation was already a to]uc of 0(ai\> is.ition and newsj)a{)er comment. We have seen that ilie United States had once actually proj)osed to Mexico the cession of ni^trthern Cali+'ornia,^ and wo have n(tted the alarm expressed by tjie American Jill ss .it the rumor of purchase by England.- ]>t> viiiid the fact that Wilkes Avas instructed to make a 6j;eri:;l survcy of the bay, there was but little in con- neetioii with the exploring expedition or its narrative t > ']\vn\\ light on American schemes. Wilkes did iini iiiihed represent the country as a very desiral^lo ar(jui>ition, except for the commercial and naval ini- |)()itaiiee of its harbor; yet he writes: "The situation ef ( 'alil'oi'nia will cause its separation iriMu ^lexieo Ixlore many years. It is very probable that this ODuntiv will become united with Oregon, with which it will perhaps form a state that is destined to con- trol the destinies of the Pacific. This western coast, ciijoyiiig a climate in many respects superior to any eiher ill the Paciiic, possessed as it must be l)y the Aii'^JM-Xennan race, and having none to enter into rivalry with it but the indolent iidiabitants of warm linii.'ites, is evidently destined to iill a large space in tlu' \vei-](i"s future history."^ It was obviously not ' This i;i ISIi'i. Sec vol. iii., cliap. xiv. '^ iir |s;)7~i). Sec oh;', p. iv. of this vol. ^i'>"'ll:'.s' yarr., v. \>V2-X JIc id.io lilanic", the govt for ita lack of inor'-y in iTi|iossi;ii^ the wroiiyi of the (livJuun party. Davis, 6'//;»ji.sv'.-.', M-i.. 77 ;*, siy.!th;it WiUu.'i cxprcNii (1 hiinaclf vorv freely to Xatli:'.:i Si.earoti tl-.e ]i(."it- iciiliis|iei:ts of his vi.;it, ilecliiriny; th; t the 1.'. S. v.o\-,hl li:-.ve C:il.. iiml i:)- ||iiiriii;' (•.■uinytly iihoiit Mofraa' inoveineiit;*, ami tiie (laii;;or:i of l''roiieh inUT- viiitiiiii. (',i!itor:.iai'.ti a','iv(; tliiit tlie coining uf AVilkes" tlect causetl coiiaiJ- llisr. Cal., Vol. IV. 17 hi I ' mmfn Ms !' ' '■ , ' jl ir [ ki' t: III Ml i ':^il i s + J 2j& FOREIfiX IIKLATIOXS AXD IMMTliRATIOX-lStl. for tlio interest of United States to a-Ljitate tlie iimt- ter; since now that immigration liad Ih'h'uu. dclav could not but favor tlieir cause, and tiie oidy tliiiiM' in be leai'c^l was the interference! of same otiier fur. ion j)owei'. ]']vi(U'ntly it was the pohcy at Washin;4!nii to watdi closely for such interference, and nieanwhile to jjfive manifest destiny a loose rein. The secretary of the navy, in his report of Dercin- l)er 4th, after alluding to the (Irahani afl'air, says; '• In C'alil'oi'nia there are already considcrabh^ settldut nts of Americans, and others are daily re-sorting to tli.ir fertile and (h>hghtful region. Such, however. i-< thf unsettleil condition of that counti'v that tluy camint be sai'e either in their j)erso)is or ]>roperty exccjil im.. del' the protection of our naval power.. . .It is lii^jilv desirable, t >o, that the Gulf of (^difornia slioiil;! Ii' fully explored. For these reasons" — and pel h.ijw I'lr olhei's not stated — "I have caused estimates t.> In' ]ii'ep;ired f )ra largcMncrease of the Pacilic s(pi;idiMn."^ ill the s;.me re])ort it is stated that C'ommoiloi-;- .\^\'Ar^ is about to sail f)r the Pacific to take conimaii'l. < )i' this oHicer's instructions and acts we shall h-ai'u nii'.!!i from till- annals of the next year. In connection v.iiii the immigi-ation, to be noticed later in this cli.iuiii'. tliei'e wore publishe of proiii|'l ..'•- tioji to secure possession of San Francisco JJay hy |'Ur- chase.'* u craliK' uiK'a;i:K'ss. yalUjo, ll'i-t. Cif., MS., iv. "Jll -'J, snys it cvca hi i foos at -Montorov intn iiiakiii'; DVLTturrs fi>r ivoiu'lliatimi for dcl'in l)iil\vi'!l, < '■!/.. MS., !)7-il, allinii.'. that it iMiiviuct'il in'djilf tiiat tlio I . ■wassimu'lliiiiv; iiioi'o than a lavth, anil liail a good clloi't. ' r. S. ^'..r• Do::, 'JTth oii^'. -.M kcss., Son. D.ic, no. 1, p. ;i(>:t. ^ ir((C/(i/'',-i ('((/. uiiil (tfdjmi, 'I'M. 'J'lio iuithoi' says: '1 liavi' (jnut ■ tlu's;' I'uv^'li.sli \v;itcr;i (FoiIk'.* cliiclly) I'oi- three olijeuts: I. 'J'n eniTiih ■• o\\ ;i rmiirko ivsp;'oliii;,' tlic vahiodf tliis territory. 'J. To.'^how that \'i liAli-i'oadini; eiir.nniinity ami the f^'ovt liaxc more int'orniatinn ' uhoiii ve. ' ,']. To e i;itir:a tlie o[)iuh);i that J'ai,;;lanil is now ilisjioscMl t > n vith Me^xico I'or t!ie li.iy of S:wi Franei-ieo anil the territory of Caii;- -.■■anl ■. i;.>-.t 1 fr.'iii i;i' iiiy r. tbii 'tiate SIMPSON OX AMKHICAN PLAXS. 259 ( 11: ■ 1 I .1 itf ', 111 111 ■a' h a :i 'iir- ■tiate Nit only (11(1 Aiiicrit'Miis jiimniiiicf tlicir purpn-ic and ili'ir conliileiK'c in ultiinatf succi'ss. Imt t Ol'cl^'Ilrl'S ;i- w (.•> !l admitted tliat tlicy would succfcd — oxccj)t in ■I'taiii coiitinn'cncics. Sir ( u'orgc Simjjson writrs: Till.' Aini'i'icans, booomiiiiL;' innstcis of the iiitei'ior tliiMiiu'li Suttej''s establisliineiit, "will soon discovci- lliat llicv liavo n, iiatui'Ml li^lit to a Diai'ltiiiie out'it ; :.i) tliat whutcver may be the late of ]\[onten'y and the more soullu'i'ly ports*, San Fi-anciseo will, to a nmral certainty, sooner or later Tail into the possession cl' Aiinrieans" — uidess the I'^niilisli take it. "As T''\as has been wrested I'rom .Mexico dn tlu' one side .li'tlie continent, .so Calilornia will bi' speedily lost to li-r on the olhei', T\ le onlv ( lor.bt IS wnetlier ( :ill- I'dinia is tol'all to the j^ritishortotiie Aniej'icans. Th lati • T. wnetne th lin V jii'eti one looks at. thuir seizure of Texas or nisions to t!u> ()re^■on, have clearly the (lvai)taj4e in an uns('i-ui)ulons choice of wea])ons, '.c- 1',^ altoi;ether too i-eady to for^-et that the; fulHlnieiit r '.Veil the most ])alpal)le deert-es of pnn'idenct! will i>1 jiistity in man the employment of untiv;'hteoiis ^[o^ras o'ave much attention to the subject. acaii>. i;id convmeed Jinnse Iffi m his intercourse wi til oil icers Will ves c x'-)(>dition and of the Hudson's Bav C'oui- Tliii'ci'. 11) ji lint of all IV^oific Ainoric-i ibiit uiiitc-s a nsnicty of thcndvnntni^cs 1 iiu.il ill Uic liiiy; mi',1 it is ficc from ji!l o'.ij,i.''ai>:i:i. . .Tlio n:Uiiral union ho- tii en til' ciiiintvy :-oiitli of tliu ( 'oluinliia iinJ t!io liiiy of San I'Viuii-isi'i) iind snnviuiKlini,' I'oiratry i:< sui'li lliat. iiltlioiiyli j,'oviTnr.icnt:i iniiy for ii time lio ;i!'L' to sfj.arato tlit-ni, tlio ilay is not far ilisUuit wlini 11k\v, drawn to;,'(.'tlii!f I'V tlicir oiii'iR'ss I'f intrji-st, will liid tli'liaiK'o to lo;t iun' Ji iwors. Jf a union liv ; not t:;ki' jilacc an)itMl)ly. it will liy forcu. . . If the )iropo-;ition toccilo ( 'al. I'O.x i;iiL;lis!i .ihould lio aoioMiiilisiied- iilai.in.i.; llie all-ini|ioitant liarlpor of S. I', ill ji;ii<>i'ssion of t!ie most iiowcrful naval and I'omni; nial kin^idoui — V iMild it not ruin thojudspiHtsof the (>iv;,'on territory''. . .Is itiiot im|M irtant, I'.iia, tli:it in.itcail of ])crinittin^; it to fall into tlii. liands of our most ilauprous r.v;d<, it f^liotdd lie united to ourowu territory?' W.iincr was a Mi'xican i it- i/tii; liiit no niattor. 'Altliouuh 1 may In" acciisi'd of iir.sumpti ,( df tlu'ir govermneiit, can distance their rivals in the (m;- eupation of this line territory. As lor us, it is usrk^s to say that our political sympathies are for the Aiiili- icaiis; and since ( 'aliforjiia must chanjjjo masters, wo i.hould pi'cfer to.see it in the hands of the United Statis rather than in those ol' Engkuid" — always if it cannot btdoiiij to Fi'auce.' On Hritlsh ])rojects for ae(juiring California, tlhi\; is not iiuich of fact to he I'ccorded for 1841, thMUi^h the coming of the man-ol'-war Cunu^on, the visiisii' Douglas, Simpson, and ]\IcLoughrm, and the u|i(i;!- tions o^ the Hudson's Ijay Coinj)any were j)oi)u!arly tU[»posed to be connect'^d with those projects.' 11; • iieg'otiations to set'ure ( 'alil'ornia in payment ol' t!i.' Mexican de1>t^ were believed to be still in ])ri)gm>.s. In Warner's lectui'e, an'-il I 'i' liaviiiL,' in tlio inrsciiL'LMif -witncssi.':-! ajijilit'il a vilr ( ,'itiu't t') the Moxiraii guvt mill i' (ilfii'ials, (Kclariii',' that lingUuid wouhl come ami tak'' the whi'le lot. Monti r< II, Arch., MS., x. ■}. "Si't; cliaj). iv. nf lliis vul. '" 'Jmi CO nionu'iit la coniiia^'iiic, i-rtrc ilo rajipiii dii gouvornoniciit I'litau- nifHu;, iions.si: uii(> ligm' ilo fm-i:! vini I'o tii ritoau; lUc I'spi '•(■ ((Uu Ic,-; p L'i«i'- tioiin oouiiiR'ni-i'is it y a jn'ii d'anuccH )iar laniaisini Lizanli do Lonih'i-v ■ 'iia.i- r.,.;mt (In Mo\i((Uu iumi' la cosriim ilu:! terrains en payt luciit i!o li il "i' ""■ gluiso ft rciiouvck-i's tivs-rcceuimeut, iiuiiirout Otrc eouvouuC'ca ilc aii-'-Os, uC ts ' EXGLISII rr.OSPECTS. S61 Au'l SiiupsiMi iK'licvt'd tliat it was not only possiMo lut iii">t (U'sirabli; tor Eu>'laii(l to take th(3 (;ouiitr\ ia •< I I IV iiH'iit of the debt; uiul ho also adv iiicct I th ii)(pj>.(sitioii that "under the treaty of 17'.)0, En^'land i- cviu now entitled to colonize a eonsiderablu [>ortion ol' till' n|»])or province. As America has renounced .■\( iv iliiiiL;' that lies below 4'2\. . .Kn^dand, without lii'iii;j; questioned by anyone, may iiniuediatcdy occupy die coii^^t from 4"2' d(jwn to the due ranire of the set- dt'iii'iu of S.ui Francisco,. . .and may to-morrow ju.s- tiliiihly occupy the valley of Santa Kosa, which opens i:ito Ho(lc-a i3ay"!" l''iii,dly, i'or the Californian aspirations of France, I'ss (Irliuitc than those of her two rivals, we have as saliriit points the recent comin_i;' of the D'Uuwlc, the >'ii'iii'4 (':uiadian French element amon^' the tra[»peis, llic otahlishment and threats of Sutter, who was a I'Vi'iirlminn when it suited his idans to be so. ai P nc 1th viee:i- 1' r 1l'» meilleurs terrains, pour les rcveudre ensuite en deiail ;ivec uu etionuo k'lli'Ui.'e. .1/' II I -/ /•((.•( h'.i/ilor., ii. 01 -'2. I'lii;,'!i.s!i, iiis,)me sense ur other nf the wmil, tlieriehest port vtiia must heeonie. I'jther (! I'lliiin iif all elasses and eiih: l;rit;i in inti h' .veil ulatcl s, or l!n' i:eople of tin? V . S. will inundate the iiitry vviLh their own jieiniliir mixture of hclplcsi lionda'.e and lawless in- "inlination. lietween t \o little room forehoice; and even if there M( ;ieh alteriiiitives, the Califin'niatiH themselves V. iii;. 1 ■ innd lor hesitation, tl u V Ml eonviincd, fiuil in their aeh;al e\|iirieiiee sullieieiit reason for riilin;,' ill favor of the r.ritish. . .Thouu,'h i'n.uland laiiiiot iitlord tuaecpi I'liliolial territory hy such ineasnics as would ^ hake that reputation 1 l'".'ntv 1 wliieh her enipi vc i) founded, vet she has one I'oiid opei to l! er Itli.itof thodtht), hy wl.iieii .she may hriii!; ("alifornia under her sway, without • itiior force or fraud, without ei;!ier tiie violence of marauders or the etlion- tiTVoI d ip!"'nali.-.ts. IllljIl'Oli.'i . -S, 4(«>-l(l. inly '.w. oS41, Valleio to Alvarado. Tliei'e is no douht ihat I'rance is iiiln 'ii.i, ' ; J .'coi.ie laidtress of t.'al. VtiUcjo, ].>'€., MS,, x. 'I'M. l)\viiielle, ' k l^ ,1 #R ' 1: mil 262 FORKKiX RELATIONS AND IMMIOrtATION— ISII. cnri'riil to note wliat I'^rciujluiu'ii reside at each jxiiiit, j^'eiu'rally iianiinn' oiic ceial J'riendshi[> shown hy Calit'uriiiaiis i'oi' his coni|)atriots at the tiini; of the (jJraham nlhlv and on other occasions, lie ])oints out the idcntitv of rt'lirotect(.»rate otfers to California tin.' most satisfaetory wi'.y (»f escape from the dangers that thiiateii its future.'^ i'hus it is a]>|»areiit from what has heen said, aii.l 8till more clearly from the devcloj)meiitsof latt-r yvnv:-. that the three great jtowers, as I ha\"e said K, 5, says Mofras'i'X[)Iur;it ion wns intended to prepare! the way t' I'r ii' 'i iiinipu'st. (.'ronise, yahtnd Wmtih, (IT, .says 'it \.\ Icno'.Mi tliat secret ii'-'cati , MS., 7S, nMuaiiis tiiat Wiik .* txliiliited gi(;at anxiety to learn all the details of what tlic Frencliuiaa till ami said. ' ' 'Lo .sort de (X' pays est d'etro eonipiis, s'il no ,so replace sous l.i protci.- tion d'linc nionareliie euri)j)i'ci'.iie, !;eid muyfn de .saint (jui Ini re;ti'. >'• iiioyen est, il niai.i somlile, eeliii ()Ue la France doit pri-fiier. ..Lo stul parti v.ritableinent fin t est It; parti royaliste, antonr duipiel viennent se !,'icuii> i' presi|iio tou.s k'S iMiropeeiis, les Californii'iis restes lionnetes f;ens, ct imiiio ei'U.K (pii out pillo le:i ini.ssioiis; on un mot tons les lialiitant.s ipii ]iar liur ic!i- i.ion, lenr.< nueurs, lenr l,in','ue, ot lenr origine sont n.-itiirolli'nieiit ,iali|i.i' thiijnesanx Alexia is etan.x AnuTicains. ..Tonsccs iiomnies so voientsiul-' \\"\\\l iVetro livrisii \ine raoi; ini]iitoyal)le, ot lo sort de notre, niallieureux ( iiiiad;], cilili dej Florides osp.iL;noks t'tdii Texas, n'est j,aicre do natnre ;i les i;i>.>uii.'r. ("est done vi^n; I'lOnropc oatlio!i(pio ipi'U.s tou'-nont loars rei^'ar'ds car ;.h s 'I'ieiit fort hion (|u"ell(i sc\do pent, les n)nsrraire a la dmiiination ili' iltHX puissances ipi'iis rodontent egali'Uleut.' Mi>/i<('<, Kv/'loruHoii, ii. OS-TI. •!■''>' •J \ l.S-H, Mni'ra-i \\ii:os that oii" or two Froiicli Iri;,'ate3 will liereuitcr vi'it tlic ojast of Cal. eaeii year. Piru, JJuc, ^IS., ii. 13, J.liji llifil [1; r,!'. OVERLAND IMMIGllAXTS. 2(i3 ;il iif iiiiiuii^n-atioii, inakiiiij;; delay a positive advaii- ^ : aiil luaUiii^' certain the eomiiiii;- of aday when, it' •iiwu by tlie(jtliers c<»ul(l also be delayed, the [)layinL;' "a li'aiu)t-(aril in the Texas manner would secure the ;i Iv >. Moreover, the European j)owers were deterred Mii p'.MUipt action, not only by the dlfticulty of inak- >j; a satisfactory bargain with ^lexicc^ but by other •M^^iiciive obstacles likely to arise i'roni ell'orts to en- ih.' |)iecepts of the Monroe doctrine; for Cali- :; ;,i. Ii r ^'oKlen treasure beiiiiL;' unknown, was not -lie. I at the [)rice of a war with the United States. t:i a' si i'l ii (1< Ii was in 1841 that overland ininiiu[ration proj)er iii;i\- be said to have be^un; though nu'U had before ciiiiic 1(1 California l»y land, as it may be well to re- st itc biietly, en resume, before pi'oceeding to record tlifcitiiipaiiies and tripsof this year. Jedediah Smith fi'iia Sail Lake, with a parly of hunters, in August ls:2(I, went down to the Coloratlo, and crossed over iVniii .Mojave to San Gabriel hi December. In May 1SJ7 Smith and two men crossed the sierra and went t'l Salt Lake, returning? before October with (.ight 111(11. These were (ho lirst overland tri[)S by a direct iiiMiiiitaiii route; but the exact routes are not known, iu)r i^ it known whether Smith went and returned by t!ic s;;iiie iiiute. Several of Smith's men remained in Caliiniiiia. Parties of the Huds(jn's JJay CN»mpaiiy entered California in 1828-U under MeLeotlantI (>.;•- iliMi, the foi'mer from the north and the latter perha[)S fiMiii (li,. rast by Smith's last trail. After 1830 thj s came down from the Columbia nearly every The Patties from Santa Pe, in M;u'ch 18:18, ti;,iiji( \!':ir. leLlc iiiailc their ap[)earance with six ti'appers at San D'u hciii^- brought as prisoners from ] >aja Califoi'uia. Se\ - cia! (if the number remained iu the country. In IS-'JO J'i^viii;.;' \ ouiiLC caiue from Xew ]\Iexi(X) with a parly •'1' iiuiitcrs, all of whom went back. In 18:31 Wii'l- lani A\ ohskill brought a company of huntei's iro':! ^ew ^lexieo by a nnito thac lay north of the CoIj- '■'I ■ i it! I 204 FOllEIGN RELATIONS AND IMMIORATION— IStl. rado down to ^[oiavo, not ht'infjf nl)lo to rross the lu'iiin.. tains above .'U) as lie liad iiite'iidcKl. WoH'sUlll and oiIk rs bocamt' permanent settlers, as did Wai-ner, uiio i;iiiu> with Jaekson's l>arty by the (jiilji, route later in Is.il. Kwin^ Youn^J returned in 18.'?2, and left many of his men as pioneers. The southern route iVoin Xiw jMexieo, by Tucson and the (jiila, was now (tjtcn .ind often traversed, a few immigrants in small piirtics or in eon)})any with the native traders coming;' over it each year after l.S.'H. The second party to cross the sierra westward was that under Walker, who with sninc Ibrtv exploring trappers came from Salt Lake in 1 ■:;;!. Their course was down tlio jMarv, or 0o noted that of the men wlio canit.^ su!)^(.'- qnently Irom New Mexico, several, like John !». AV^olfsicill and William Pope, came rather as regular innnigraiits than as hunters or adventurers; while a frw, like Marsh,rcixarded Missouri rather than New .Mr\i((j as their starting-point. In the same connection I nmy also state that Sutter in 1838, Wiggins, Dutton, :iiil otliers in 1839, and others ])robal)ly in 1840 crossed the co'^iitry to Oregon with more or less definite ideas df sc;ttling in California. There luul been in all about lifiy men who had settled in the country before 1841, i in:- ing by land ; ])ut hardly a dozen of the nund)er had Kit their old homes with a deliberate ])urpose of liiiiliii.;' new ones on tlu; Pacilie coast; and only two paiUi's, those of Smith and Walker, neither composed orini- ]n!i»rants proper, had crossed the mountain,! direii to Caliioi'nia.*' The years 1839-41 were in the western fronti' i' le- gion-; biyiind the ^lississippi years of bard tiuK^^ .uii ■■ J'or (k'tailn, yee vol. iii., chap, vi., xiv.; ami chap. iv. of tlii:; vol. rRKPAUING TO EMIGRATE. 2C" disci. ntont among tlio settlors, at least to an extent V, 111 li tiuiied the |)(»|)ular attention toward otiiei- lands. Til' |i "(tide were all emln'i'ants hy jjrofession, and con- tiiiurd movement westward was their normal condition, iii'^lilv colored rumors were in circulation ahout Cal- ilniiiia's genial skies and fertile lands to ho had i'or l!ir jiskint;. They came hy way of New ^Mexico iind Or.uun, with which leu^ions overland communication was rri([uent. The Irontier newspapers re[>rinti'd ar- tlilcs fi-om the eastern press. There was scarcely a (oiiiity tliat had not its trap[)er visitor who told \\oi\- (Iriiiil tales of a farther west to dwellers in a land v.liicli was itself the Far West, and few in which pri- vati' letters from some old resident now in Caliioi-nia (li.l imt circulate. Yet the hroad intermediate stretches uriiinimtain and desert, with their hostile Indians and t'.iikiiown danL,n!rs, and conflicting rumors resjxM-tiiig t!io treatment of new-comers hy the Spaniards, made tlif undertaking of so long a journey no trilling mat- tiT, even I'or those hardy I'rontiersmen. Our knowl- edge of details — rumors, enthusiasm, projects, ohsta- cles, I'ailui'es — is meagre; hut the reader's imagination M ill largely supply the want, and that without leading liliii far astray. Iti Platte county, Missouri, and tho region there- aliniil, the excitement ran hi z> o^ 23 WEST MAiiVi iTPte" WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 S" Mi. J, %° Va ^ Ill 200 FOREIGN RELATIONS AND IMMIGRATION— 1841. SO throat was tlio excitcinent. It seemed that tlio iidd- ulatidii was about to migrate en masse. Some ojiiio- sition sj)rang up, however, chiefly among the mercliiiuis of the town of* Weston, who set themselves to uoik to defeat the movement by means fair and unf'aii', ;ii- gument, denunciation, and ridicule — and especially iiv the puMication in local newspapers of all that cot;',, I be found unfavorable to California. After the exciti'- ment had cooled considerably, letters of Thomas J. Farnham, republished frijui the New York [)apciN, seem to have given a quietus to the scheme. Of all that had signed the pledge, only one was ready to start in the spring. This was John Bid well, a man of twent3'-ono yi'ais, a native of New York, who had migrated witli ]ii.s ]iarents to Pennsylvania and Ohio, and without tlioiu to Iowa and Missouri. He had beenaschool-teaehfr, and had finally settled on a farm m Platte county, wliicli was 'jumped' during his temporary absence. He thought of Texas for a home, but decided in favor of California; and was prominent in promoting tho organization. Though the comi>any was a failuio, Bidwell found three, Robert H. Th"c cs, Geoi'^o Henshaw, and ^Michael C. Nye, wl Iiou'tIi tlicv had not signed the pledge, agr-eed to accompany liim. The four, with their wagons, oxen, mules, arms, ami ])r(n-i8ions, started for the rendezvous, being accouitia- nied for several miles by many ])eoplo of West(»n t* say good-by. Nobody was found at Sa[)ling ( Irovu; but the nucleus of a goodly company was overtaken a little farther along on the Kansas Iliver; and tliiilier came other small ])artics for a week or more iV na different parts of Missouri and Arkansas, until tin ro were f )rtv-eii>'ht men in all, with some fifteen wnmea and chiklren. This is substantiallv Bidwell's account.'' iSi: L'lf i; J^^ '■' Biilifill, (''lUfornki IS.'fl-S; Au Immhjrcnl'tf !!< rnilcrt'wii-i of (i Tr'/iH''!' it f/ii' P/iiiii.i (lull (;/' Ml'}) (ttiil J'Jrait.-i ill Kurhj Daii^; inrhid'iKj the licur l'l",i !•'< "■ tiliititiil. lUl lloii. ,/n/ui Jlidinl/, of (liico. jj/rfdfcil hjl f/ic illillv r I > >'. ■'■ JSniiiitiiiijnr ll,i' lUnirn'j'l J.'ihriinj, 'jS77. -MS., fol., 'I'Xi'yi. Tliij tiilr ii ■".'• liuiciitly uxjiluuiitury. Tlieuuthoi- luis resided ia Cal. since 1841, ami i- '-w THE BARTLESOX COMrAXY. 267 nil. her rl\; rvcspocting the other wmall parties or 'mesfies' tliat caiin' together on the Kan^^as, wc know but Httk; in (Irtall; of most, nothing at all. It is easy to imagine that each liad resulted from circumstances similar in tlicir goneral features to those described b}^ Bidwell. ( )iic of them, organized at St Louis, was headed by Josia'a Belden, and included Chandler, Brolaski, and Sin it well. Belden was a native of Connecticut, who had lived in New York, Louisiana, and Mississippi, hrl'oi'c coming to Missouri. This party joined others at iiulependencc before going ou to the Kansas." Auotlicr mess was headed by Robert Rickmau, an- dthci" 1)V John Bartleson, and still another probably 1>\- .biseph B. Cliiles. One party, including Charles \\'( her, did not join the company until several days al'icr the start; and one j)arty, as we sliall see, was too late to j;)in it at all. On Februar}^ 1st there had been a public meeting at Independence, at which lifty- ciglit had agreed to make the trip to California; ami doubtless a part of these helped to make up the com- jiany of which I am speaking, though their proposed route at that time seems to have been by Santa Fe." of the best linown and most respected men in the state. It is needless ti) add tli^tt his narrative gives a vivid and accurate picture, not only of the overland trip, liiit of all tiiat came under liis observation down to ISIH. '■' II' I'Icii, Historical Slatemrnt of Farts oiiCnIiJhniia. JJi/Jnsiah Belden of Sn,iia <'lfira C'li. Dic/a/id for the Bancroft L/brari/, 1S7S. MS., 70 p. Tlio f-utlior has been a prouiiuent citizen of Cal.; and tliouu'li his narrative is not (.0 lull a:j that of Bidwell respecting the journey oveiland, it contains n>.any iitiicstiii^' facts about early days, particularly aljout the luanuersanil customs of ihc people in California. '■ The account of this meeting seems to have been published in the X. Y. JiiuriKi! of (Jii)iniivrc(', ^larcli 30, 1841; but 1 liud it in \\\c (.'nloiiinl M(t[i(r.inc^ V. i'lW: and also a reference in the Ilonoliiln Pn/ifucsiuii, ii. 70. Some of tho rt'Nohuious adopted were as follows: 'That our oljject in going there is that of iicace and good-will toward the people and govt of Cal., and our principal iailuit'iiieiit for emigrating to that country is that we believe it, from the beut iiiliiiiu.-itinu we havebcenable to promre, to bo more congenial to our interests and I'lii.iynieut than thiitof our present location. That as this eom])aiiywi.^he5 t.j cooperate witii all otiiers that may design to emigrate to (Jal. tli(; ensuing spring, it is recommended that all suc!i conipanirs and iiuUviduals reiide:;voi!3 f.t tlio Sapling Crove on the old Sta Fe route, aliout miles west of the ^lo. lino, iiLfiiiiist the 10th of May next, at which time and place they re(iuest tho I'uiieiiiieiiee of all other com)ianies and individuals. That in;i.smueh as other eoiiip.niies are expected to join them, tlu^ election of ollieers to eondtict tho l'^:pl'dilion be deferretl ti!' the general rende;',vous. That all jiersons, eitiicr siiule or having fam..,es, .shall be proviiled with a .suiiiciency of provisioii^ f^n^ It , m 2G8 FOREIGN RELATIONS AND IMMIGRATION— 1841. It slionkl ])C borne in mind that not all of tlio e o-n- })any had (k'finitoly resolved to settle in Calilbriiii, some being bent mainly on adventure. Tlie company was organized May 18th at the Kan- sas Itiver camp. Talbot H. Green was })re.si(iciit, and IJidwell was secretary of tlie meeting, at wlii /li rules were ado[)ted, and John Bartleson was eh'cti I captain. Besides Bartleson's company of forty-eight, there were seventeen other persons who were to l)o their companions for the first half of the journov. These were three catholic missionaries, three hunters, and five teamsters bound for Oregon, a jMethodist preacher, two men on a pleasure trip, and three liuiit- ers for the Rocky Mountains. The Oregon jiaity was under the guidance of Fitzpatrick, a mountaiiicei' and guide of great experience, who virtually was conunander of the exjiedition so long as he remaiiici! with it — and fortunately, for from him the inexperi- enced members of the California company leai-iicil much that was useful after his services were lust. The march began May 19th. The missionary ])ar region at least, which shall ho determined at the pciicral rendezvous. Tl:at no jiersou shall 1)0 permitted to take any spirituous liquors, except for inni' "il pur])oses, and this shall bo detennined hy tlio company at the general rciHt <■ vous. That a cannon having been i)rescnted to the company and tii.nikmlly accepted, Mr A. Overton l)c selected to have it properly e(Hiippcd auil .niiiily supplied with aiinnunition at the expense of the company. That -Nhiisli^i route is liclicvcd to bo the best by which to cross the mountains.' In ..\ V< s' /iV'/., Ixi. p. '200, there is mention of a company fitting out at Inilepcuilrnoe ia May of about 90, under R.irtleson anear KivfcT A^alloy near (jireat Salt Lake, Till' travcllt'i's (jiuUired the usual hardsliip.s of the loii'j,' aihl tedious joui'iiey; hut met with no disasters except leiital death of one man — and. two marriau'es \\\r ;ifCU hrrwi'iii members of the caravan. To Bidwell's jinwiiiil we are indebted for most that is known about \lic details of this expedition.'* Near Soda Springs, on Bear River, August 11th, tl;;' company separated, the Oregon party tun ing oif liiirtliv.ard for Fort Hall. Twelve of those who had i; tiiided to go to California, and several of wh(jm did l-u r leaeli that country, decided now to join the iiiitlKTU l)arty, live others having left the main com- ] :Miy hifoi'e.'" A few also went to Fort Hall in the liMpf of bringing back some information about the r aite to California; but nothing definite was known till re on the subject. The idea was, however, vaguely ] I'cvident that the emigrants must find and Ibllow ?.Iaiy River; and that unless that stream were Ibund, ;'.!! would perish, since the deserts to the south and iiinuntains to the north were impenetrable. This ,1 came of course from the tri[)s of Smith in 1827, 1 that of Walker in 1833. There were now left ia i;l. aiK ^^ JUiliiV'll, A JoiiriKif lo Cali/oniia. Xo titlo-pacrc, place, or date. 8vo, "J I'. 'I'liis very rare paniplilct in an aln'idL^nicut of iJidwella journal fi'o:.i (! y III day, wideli the writei' sent from Bodega on March 30, 184J, and whk'.i v.as [Jiiii'a'd in Missouri, proLahly in tliat year or the next, it gires tlio ii:;!m.S(.f all inend)ers, the progress and incidents of each ilay's niareli, and i;!l the infuriiiation about Cal. that tiie author liail lieen alile to gain. It is of ciiurse llie hest authority extant on the journey. The winie author's C'c;'- {,'0/'»('(, yiS\,'/-<^\ .Ms., already noticed, eoidains also a \ery good narrative: of tao ti'ip. JJehten, in hia l/lsf. S/dtciiuiit, MS. ; C'lnl. s, in his Viy'it to Cal. iii. K'lihj yV//!(.v, ^IS. ; and JIo}iper, in Xua Xdmiliro, MS. — all ineinliei-s of t'.:u party— liave given general accounts of the journey. James 1'. Springe:-, lu.utlitr nieuiher, seems to iiave kept a diary which 1 have not f(nind, it hav- ia.^ I'ceii left iiy the author in ^lo., as he states in 7'«///or's JJixrof. m.d r ■:i,iiltiy. i., no. 7. Sonic accounts published in dilFerent newspajM-rs, and iKuliiig ehictly with the names of members, I shall have oeea.sion to noticu litter. ' "The twelve, including all but one of those who liad started with their faiiiilies. were Carrol, Augustus I'ifer (or I'lcifer). Chas W. Fliiggc, D. 1'. liill, ■). .M, Jones, l.saiali Kelsey, Sanuiel Kelsey, ^V. 1'. Ovei'ton, James Ros i, K:isli;i ^tclne, William Fowler, iind liichard Williams. Of the T) others, Jonc-, l''!'-'". and Peyton had turned back eastwiu'il; Sinip-on had st.ipped at Ft Luk'.iuk; and Shotwell had accidentally killed him.ieli ia June, nuRrii Wf V 270 FOREIGN RELATIONS AND IMMIGRATION— 1841. ]):)itlcson's company tliirty-two nion — witli one wniii.in Mild cliikl, the wife and dauglitcr of Benjamin KelM\ — Nvliose names I append in a note."" For ten days the company marclicd down B; ;ir Kiver until within ten miles of where it empties iutd (:;!reat Salt Lake; then turned off westward over li;ii'- ren plains, being forced nortliward in search of v.iiti r until, on August 27th, they encamped at a spriii'^- iu the mountains,-' whence Bartlesou and Charles Jlop- per proceeded in advance to find ]\[ary Biver. ILto the store of buffalo meat, previously secured en route, gave out, and oxen had to be killed for food. The company remained in camp until September 5th,t!H'ii nxjving slowly forward, meeting the scouts on tlir Dtli, and on the 15th deciding to abandon tlicir wagons,'-^ with such other propeity as could not \n; packed on mules, horses, and oxen. So far as mavl)(.' determined from the courses and distances given in the pper. Keiiry liubcr. James Joliii. 'J lios .)..,„-, AlulrCiT Kel.--.ey, IJeiij. Kclscy (and family), Joliu McDowell, Green MeMalmn, Ne! :i)ii McMalion, ^lieliael C Nye, A. Gwiiin Tattdii, Robert Rielciiiiiii, I .!iii ]; ilaiiil. .lolin L. Schwartz, .James I'. Si)rin!.'(i-, Robert H. Tliomes, Aiiilmisc A\'altoii, M.'ijor Walton, and Cliarlcs M. Weber. 'J'liis list 1 have formed from the original made by Dr Marsh on tlie |i;nty'.s arrival, the bondsLjiven by citizens for the good boliavior of the meinliri^^. .ml Jjidwell's printed journal. There is no doubt of its accuracy, except piiii,i|i'j in tlie spellin!,' of one or two names. As I have said, all latei- lists aic iij.ii- eiirato, the errors consisting mainly in omitting sonic names and inrlii'lin,' others who went to (Jrcgon. It docs not seem necessary to point out tin; inaccuracies of i>ach. One of the bes-t is that by Springer in Trn/lor'.i /)i<'or, (I (I /■oiiiiilcr.f, i. '27. Ridwell in !iis M.S. omits si'ViM'al n:imcs, jis does ISililrii. 'J'ho list most ■widely circulated was the Pioiiorr (irrrl(tinlci:-< of JS.'/I, uvaih' up fr.un the recollections of 'J'liomes, 'J'oonies, and Given, lirst publislied in the iS'. /'. Jiiil/rtiii fif July 7, ISliS, and reprinted in many other iiews]i;i|ic;s. AVitii sliglit Yari.'itions, the same list i.i found, m ith descriptions of the j'Hinnv. ill many of the county histories. 1 could give a long li.-t of references t>i I'lifl newspajier descriptions of this overland trip, only a tew of which a.lil tiling to real knowledge of the subject. -'In later trips emigrants avoided the southern detour and follnw south-westerly course to the lluinlioldt, over what is known as the 'oM {xraiit road.' --Geo. McKinstry notes on I'idv.elfs journal, p. 1."?, that his pni' 1S40, cooked their supper with the remains of these wagons. :ili\- rllU- IH |i|i« TPIE FIRST OVl-:nLAXDER.S. 271 sliik*' tlio river at tlie nearest point, but on the 2.'^<1, ;;I'tii' ci'o^sin^' what was a|)])ai'ent]y the east Huinhohlt l{;iii4'e, tliey reached the south lorl^ of the rivei', fol- low in;^' it for eight days, though in great trouble be- c:iii-i' its course was toward the lu^rth-west rather tliau the south-west as tliey had imagined. On (Jcto- ]>vr -d, however, they were deliidited to iind the stic.iiii trend in the desired direction; and live days l:;li'r Were in the region of tlie sink. Here l:)artleson, vim had forced the company to move much faster t'.i.iu was deemed ])rudent, started in advance with !iis own mess of eight men; while the rest crossed over to and ascended what is now Walker Ivivi'r, (Mllcd by thc;m Bidm Kiver. While resting on the luail waters of that stream on the l()th,thcy were re- j iiii('(l by the captain and his lialf-starved companions, v.Iii) had ])robably reached Walker Lake in their v.a!idei'ini>-s, and had jjfained nothiiiLi: by their haste. Thrre were now but three ])f)()r oxen left for meat, and tlie lofty and apparently impassable sierra tow- ered before the worn-out emigrants. I'nr tliirteen davs, from October 17th to the 30th, tlifV struii"<2'led to cross tlic mountain barrier to the land (if proniise, in the region of what is now known as the Suiora l*ass, from Walker Kiver to the Stanislaus. 1 make no attempt to })icture the dangers and hard- ships and anxieties of tlie half-starved band in this thr most difficult jxirt of their long and perilous jour- i:iy. I have no space for the details of |)ersonal ad- venture which impart such a fascination to the orig- inal in'inted diarv, nuich less for those of Bidwell's later and more elaborate nari'ative. Fortunately in iiH the trip there were only hardships an' for a Avcok or more — V.\ny caiue siuldnilj in view of a valley, that of the 8l;iiii.s- laus, wliieh they entered on the last day of Oeto!) r, and wJiich to their longing eyes was most beautil'iil, though parehed by the sun and stripped of vegeta- tion hy iire, since it abounded in game. Bartlcsou and his men dec-lared that there was yet a long Jmii;'- ney before them, and decided to remain long eiitui'^Ji to lay in a storti of meat; but the rest, after killin;.- tliirteen deer November 1st, moved on the next dnv, confident that they were in California. The queslini of their whereabouts was settled when they met two of the missing men, Kelsey and Jones, who had lum guided by Indians to ^Marsh's rancho, where ;dl I'l- com])any ariive(l Xovendjer -1th, except the otlicr missing man, James John, who had left the oHk i/s October 2Uth, and who reached Sutter's Fort the ;i,l of November. Before narrating the reception of the immigrniits in California, let us notice the rumors that had |ir - ceded them by a quicker though more roundabnut wa}'. The preparations for migration on a large scale had been widely announced in the United States; an.l in making the announcement certain newspapers had s[)oken very j)lainh' of tlie movement as a step toward the inevitable accjuisition of the country. Exi rails on the subject were ibrwarded from Washingt'Mi t > Mexico, where they naturally created alarm on tlio pai't of the govermnent, Mexican representati\ 's id)road were ordered by the president to give piiMic notice that any person going to California without tlio consent in due ibrm of Mexican diplomatic or coiisii- lar agents, would do so at his own ]»cril, the gowiii- ment incurring no resnonsibilitvfor damages. At the same time, on May 18th, the very day on which mv- tleson's con)pany was organized in Kansas?, orders wiro sent to California that no ibreiu'n innniijrant slioiiiil be permitted to remaiji in the country who was not provided with a legal passj)ort, and that even old -->ot- RECIiPTIOX OF THE NirxVCOMERS. 273 ;]ois iiius^t 1)0 rc(|uin;(l to depart iinlt\s-^ tlioy |)rocuro(l tlic riirhtsde scijur'nhul required by law."' ^leauwliilo tliore liad been in California no special feeliiiL!; ai^'ainsfc tuni-iiei's since the exile of Graham; the i)eo[)le as a vuK' were well dis|)osed toward uew-eoniers, and the auth'iilties treated them much more leniently than was jicrmittod by the spirit or letter of the laws. "Stran'j;'ers arrivinj^ here in a lawful manner have no (lilliciiliy in obtainiiii^ the necessary passports either to resit li! or travel," writes a forci,L]^n resitlent of Mont- (•rcv in Fel)rLUiry ;'^'' and we shall see that there was hut little change in this respect later, notwithstanding the strict orders from Mexico and apparent danger of Aimiican encroachment. Dr Marsh did not extend a very hospitable recep- tion to tlie immigrants whose coming had been })ro- niotcd liy his letters; at least, such was the I'cport sfiit hack to Missouri."'^ For a good [)rice, however, ^'M:iy IS, ISH, Almonte, miii. of war, to Viillejo, eiiclosiii!^ dospatclics from tin; .Mcx. coiniiiis:uoiiLr3 at Washington, with '.'lippingH from the N times the value of his pig and bullock iu dillercnt kiiida Hist. Cvl., Vol. IV. 13 '^n '•Hi I ■ ' >i I'M nlW flir'^' i!|: 'l^ ili 274 FORKIGX RELATION'S AND LMMIORATIOX -|s|!. ho ronderod some service. On Noveiiihoi' olli lie nn. tificd the sul)-|)rc'fe('t of the ari'ival of the thirtv-oiio ijioii, who at'tcr rostinn' a while at, liis raiiclio woiiM jiresciit theiust.'lv^es to [)rovc their hiwl'iil iiitciitioiis.'-' Next (lay about halt' the company started for San .lose, and on reaching that place were put under arrest ;iinl lodgiMl in the calahoose, though treated with kiiidiRss and given to understand that the airest was littlo more than a formality. Vallejo was at ^[ission Sun Jose, and to him the matter was referred hy Siihpre- fect Suhol. His ])osition was a delicate one; his or- ders from Mexico were explicit; yet the new-cDimrs had no passports, and alleged their ignoiaiice that such documents were necessary. The excuse \\a>< absurd, since it is hardly possible that nothing luul been said in ^Missouri of passport reipiireinciits; but Vallejo had no dis]X)sition — even if he Ii.hI tho ])()wer, which is doubtful — to drive the strangei's hack into the mountains to perish. He had the prisoii(M'?< brought to the mission, and on the llth. sent one nf them, Nye, with a letter to Marsh, who was resumed to come and ijivc an account of his conduct in iiivitiiiii- such an inmiigration, and also to ex[)lain the iiiteiiiiuns of the strangers.-^ On ]\Iarsli's arrival and ai'tei- duo deliberation, Vallejo decided on the 13th to assuino the responsibility of granting temporary [cisses Id serve until the foreigners could take the proper steps to legalize their residence, they inducing well kiiewii citizens to become bondsmen for their jjfood behavior.'-^ of articles — powder, lead, knives, etc. He charged the company to go ami fjot tlu'ir passports — a good price for his services.' jihln iiey, .'U. There is iiinch more on Marsh's character. -'Xov. ;"), ISll, Marsh to sub-prefect. Vallejo, Doc, MS., x. chides an accurate li; d to act.''' In Jiis reports to the governor and ,-!i|)iviiic government, the j^eneral stated frankly what lie Imd done, and his belief that he "had eni[»lo_ved tlic oiilv means to reconcile justice with circumstances and duty with ])rudence, the country havinti; the dire ahrin.ilive of consenting to what it cannot [>revenr, or iMiiiiiiaiiihng without being able to entV)rce, for want of military strt;ngtli," lie even seems to have taken ii rui'iain degree of jdeasure in preaching to Alvarad(! a sci'iniin on the defenceless condition and impending (laiiud' of tlie country i'roni the text, "I told you liow it would be if my i)lans were not followed in the mat- ti r el" military organization;" while the governor in Ills ivnoi't to Mexico im|)lied that A^allejo had acted iiiiwi-cly in permitting the foreigners to remain, I'aniigli he himself had not interfered, wishing to avoid liduble with the general. ^^ Meanwhile the im- migrants scattered in a few clays to various parts of VnHij.i, Dor., MS., X. .330; Montornj, Arch., :\IS., x. 20. Xov. 17th, V. to lgiiafi(j Alvi.sii, rtTdiniiicniliiiy ."> of the couipniiy, not ii;imt'(;c. , MS., x. ;{.')(). Xov. Kitli, .Al;;i'>ih huLonuM suuniity for 1.3 of the men, llickiiian, Dai'tlcsou, (Jreun, llop- ]) i', I'jitton, Chiindlcr, Xyo, Banictt, McDowell, tlu; Kclsoys, C'liilcs, (jiok, i;. .\Ic.\hihnii, and M. Walton. LI., x. .'UO. Xov. 7th (17tli''r), a kind of ])as.s friiiii V:illi'jo for liclty, liolaud, iSohwartz, and Ijirny (?) Oawsoii. .S'. ./ii*', .l,r/(., MS., ii, -10. Xov, ISth, Thos l!. Bowen l)cconlc.^ security for ]'.id\\ell, Si)iiii:;(r, N. MiMahon, X. Dawson, and A. Walton. Vull'ju, JJoc. MS., x. !l."i"). I )(i'. Stli, .John A. Sutter becomes security for llubor .John, iuul \Vel)er. /'/., \. ;>7.'i. For the otlicrs, Ik'lden, llrolaski, Hcnshaw, .) lo', and Thoi:ie:3, tiie liiiiiilsiiian wiis J. A. Forbes, who is named by Beldeu, JIit. .Vliuiit same date, V. to mill, of war. J[e gives the nuiiiher of the comiKiny as I'i, and says a larger party is expected. /Oth, .\. to \'. It ij iicicssary to asii promptly for .nssistanee, iiiid if none coniis, to prep uu I'l.ir a liiav(! defence, and not tamely submit to foreign ilomiiiatioii. /'/. , x. "iilO. .Ian. 11, IS-t-J, A. to min. of rel. The general is frigiiteiied, and owns liisinaipiiity to prevent the entry of liO adventurers. DcpL Jicc, MS., xiii. t^-i'S. Wt' lyiiiii \ : U fllf iiii^'^ I '' ::' ; w '' . •JTd FORKinX IrKT.ATlOXS AXD TM>ri(inATir)N- 1*^11. (lie coiiiitiy, wliitlior it !s lu.i my present ])urprK(. fu I'ollow tliciM. ^liuiy went Cora time to Stittcr's l''ntt.''- ( 'Iillcs ,'111(1 1 loppcr trin-cllcd (piltc cxtiuisivcly ovo' tli,. iKntlu'i'ii portion of tlic dcpartiiu'iit, and tlic m xr year, as wo sluiU see, wont hack east with se\-eii of 1 lieir eonipanions. It should l»e added also (li.it in ])eeoniber Charles Flil of tlic oonipany tlmi liad eono to OroLjon, caiiio down to Now ILjIvctia with the trapp(>rs, und rej)orted that his coini)aiii(iii< had arrived safely, and wore euutented in the iiurtli. Another party of inimii^rants, twonty-five in nnin- her, came this year, arrivinL!^ at Los Anu'i.'les iieai'lv at the same time tliat tho Bartleson |)arty reaclir;| San Josd. This oonipany was organized in Xe\v .Mt\- ifo, where most of tho nionibors had for a time ro- >idod; but a few men, including Given and Toemrs, had oonio to Santa Fu from ^lissouri with the ititm- tion of going to California. Thev had formed oiujoftliL' Muall parties which had planned t(^ moot at Indepen- dence, but which, arriving at tho rendezvous after tliw eoinpauy had started, preferred to follow tlie Santa Fe trail with a largo party rather than take the risks of starting alone on tho northern route.^^ There wqk '^]5iihv('ll was one of tlicso, nmX in his C'lli/ori/in, ^IS., 7">-'^, liorclatDi that Marsh lirout,'lit passiiorts for tliosu wlio hail not anu to S. .loso, niA ilolivcrfd tlieni as fast as tlic men (.'oiihl yay hU iiricc, liut the wiiter (.'"t none, and suhscqvicntly on goin^' to the pueblo was arrested and kept in jail for several days until Ijon'cn proeui-ed him his pass from ^'aliejo witli'iiit chartrc. The author is somewhat hitter a^jainst tho doctf)r, ami e\ iikutly had sonic serious p(;rsonal misunderstandinL,' with him. Maisli, Liiln' t> t'oin. Joiif't, MS., p. 13-14, speaks of the ari'ival of the eoiiipany at lii-* house without any other guide than a letter ho had witten, and akio ot' tlair kind reception by the authorities. '■•Givcn's statement. x\t the meeting of Feb. 1st at Independence, the ren- dezvous at Sapling (Jrovcis spoken of as being on the old Sta Fe route; m\'- one of the resolutions declares Marslr.s route the best— though this may iiit'.'i;i the route recommended by Marsh rather than the one followed by liiiii. ('"' vial Ma;/., v. 220. In iV/Yc.s' A'l;/., Ixi. "20!), it is stated that onc'of tlio coin- ])anies fitting out at Independence is to bo joined by a party from Sta 1 . In the Ploufi r Ovcrlaiider-^ it is stated, on the authority of Toomes, that th ■ two companies both started from Independence by different routes. Liuiciy. Cniisr of the Dale, 17-, mentions the Workman party as having staitcd fro:n Missouri. Toomes was one of the few that came from Missouri dii'iet, aiM current confusion on the subject resulted chiefly from his statcmcutd, iwt however in,;euiled to deceive. Tin: WOlilv.MA.NKOWLAM) I'AUTV. 277 niililli'.il ivasuiis wliidi iiilliionct'cl tlio (k.'jwirlui'c of Wdikiiiaii and llou land, tlic (»i'L!,ani/ers and Iradcis (,|'llic ciinipany, and |»i'ol»alily «»!' sonic others. 'I'lu'rc was iiiiK'li *'\(-Itcn!t;iit in New ^Mexico over rmiiors <»f ;Mli'si'4M to enilu'oil tliat counti'V in tliu TL-xan troii- ].\r^: aiidllifse inuu \vcrosus|n'ctod ol'ltcing concfrnt-d 111 ilic plot.'" Tlit.'y started lV(tni Al>i<(iiiu in S(.'j)t(;ni- l»i,i', crossed the Colorado, and followed the same route as that taken by Wollskill in 1831, wliieh had often !m( II (•!io.'«eli 1)V the New ^lexiean tradel'S. Tliov (ii'dVc ii tloek of sheej) lor food; met with no adven- tuivs and few hardsln[)s; and arrived at San Gabriel atlv in November."' Two, VrcH'kman and (Jordoii, Iidii'^iit their families on this ti"i[>, as others diil later, aiMiuL half of the whole nuniber coming' in (piest ol' j;iriiiaiii'nt homes. Others were in S(3arch of adven- iuirs, and soon found the!'" 'viy back to New jMe'xico; '" while three, (landjle, Lyman, and ]\lead, wen; men ( rsciciiiilic ])r()elivi' ios, and spent but a short time m Calhoniia. The innnigrants were in company part ot =' ]riliih\ oO, 172, says tluy arrived at the S. Diego iiiis;i'pn Nov. lOili, and remained (jver winter; but art3' of trading trappers ;^''^ and later in the >, ear El Cojo, or 'Peg-leg,' Smith was reported to have entered the Tulares with a band of horse-thieves;*- but there is no record that these leaders left any of their men in the country. Joel P. Walker, a l.tiotlur of J(>se[)h R., with two other settlers. Burrows ami Nichols, and their families, came down from Orc'Tou with Ennnons' party of the U. S. exploring expedi- tion, to Sutter's Fort in October." Walker's funiih' •'' These wore Taca, Trujillo, ami Salazar, according:; to liowhtnd, Lhtn, MS. Hayes, L'/ni;!. Xo^..•, (U'J-;!, tells us tliat Tnijillo olrtaiiud lumls iit A,!jua 2*lanza (S. Ijcrnardiiio Co.), and fovnied a settlement of San Salv;ul"i'. Also that Isaac Slover, of I'attic's party in 1828, came with him. "" Workman-Rowland immigrant company of 1841: *Fred. Bachelor, *I''ran!< Ik'diljcy, *James Doke, Jacol) Frankfort, Isaac < iiven, *\Vni (laiiiltl", Wm Ciordon, *Frank(jwinn, ''Wado Hampton, Wm ]Cni::ht, Thos Limlsyv. *L. (or J. H.) Lyman, *Jolin ^IcChiro, J.'n.nes D. Mead, \Vm C. Moon. .Lliii Rowland, I»aniel Sexton, Hiram Taylor, *Tibeau, Albert G. Toonics, MicliiH ! White (of iSJi)), Renj. 1). Wilson, and Wm Workman. Those who did ii"f remain in Cal. arc marked liy a *. John ]5ehn and Joim Reed arc ii.iiiicil I'V AVilsun and others as members (jf the partj', but are not included iu /'■'.''• /(Hid, L(4'. /' y/r /v(/(/, .Fune ].'), 185(5. Mofras, Explor., i. 311, says that 100 .\iiKri«i:n arrived from X. Mexico in October; and Rcirce, Lollcr to Cumiir»iii>, testiii"* that 'JilO ariived during his stay of two months. 1). \Y, Alexander and Jc^u 13. Riiuello seem to have come from N. Mex. this year. ""Fel). 10, 1S4I, prefect at Angeles advises gov. that Walker \\\i\\ two Americans, and commanding a party of VI, has come with a passpoit from tile Mexican ehargi'i daHaircs at W'ashingtnn to bu,\ horses, and Ntay Iv.t months. Walker ccmiplains of robberies by the Chaguanosos. Ihj'l. S'. Pa/i., Ben. I've/, y Jiir.i/., MS., iv. 3. There may bo au error about the year. ■"".s-. I)i,;)n, Arcli., MS., '279. ^' W'iUccs' Xan:, v. 142; also Walker's owuiVarraixty-seven entitled to be classed as pioneer residents, ami t liese are named in the appended list.*^ Most j^rom- ineiit as citizens of California were Bclden, Bidwcll, Chiles, (ireen, LeidesdorfF, liowland, Stephen Smith, Teiii[)le, Thomes, Toomes, Weber, WiLon, and Work- man; and thirteen of all the number still survived, I think, in 1884. In presenting the countr^'^s annals year by year, it Alnhnna, Florhlii, X. Mexico, Orerjon, and CaV>fornhi, bi/ a Pioiicirof Pin- nrr,:<. lilrttitcd hi/ Joel l\ Wal1:er to R. A. Tliomp.soii,'M'f^., p. 10-11. lie says that lie came in Robert I'ocl's company. Several Oregon settlers came \.itli KiiiiiKins as assistr.nts, most of whom soon returned to the north. TIuso were Henry Wood, Calvin Tihbetts, Henry Black, ami Warliehls. Tlic latter was accompanicil by his family, and may have remained. '- Wilkes mentions al.so a sister of Walker, but is prel)ably in error, as \\'alki r .^ays nothing of her. liurrows brought his wife, but she Tuay not have heeu American. ^Mrs W. brought with her a child less than a year old. ''■> I'ioiieer.sot' IStl : *I)avid W. Alexander, Joseph Allshou.se, Ivl. Ardisson, rienr Atiil;;n, KliaaBarnett, John JJchn (?). *Josiah IJeldon, Wni ISelty, *.rol!ii Hi.Kvert liirnie, Uradley (V), Fred. Luel (?), Joseph W. lUizzell (?), Ill mi Caiiibustoii, Dav. W. Chandler, *Joscph 15. Chiles, l^ph. Collin, (irovo ('. ('oi'k, *lVter Daveson, Robeit G. Davis, Xic. l)aw.son, \Voll)erton Days ('.'), M.uuicl I Intra de Vargas, Francis Frmatinger, Wni Fife, Chai'les W. Fiiigu'i', lli.li. i'lainade, .Tacob Frankfort, Wm Gamble, *Isaae (liven, W^in Curdoii, jlciij. (oablo (?), 'Talbot 11. Green, Fred. Hegel (?), Charles Hopper, * Henry Huhi 1-, 'riiiis Jones, Andrew Kelsey, ]5e;ij. Kelsey, Wm Knight, Wm .\. l.ri.l,-.,|,,||i', *J,,3 Y. J.imantonr, Thos Lindsay, *(ireeu .MeMalion, Wm C. i^hiiin, MiehaelC. Xye, James Rock, John IJodi'riek, *John i{i)se,,Iean It. Rou- cllc I';), .bilm Rowland. John Schwartz, *J)aniel Sexton, J;ii:ies Smith, Ste- 1 hill Siuitli, Tiios Sniitli, .Fames 1'. Springer, Hiram Taylor, Hiram Tial, iV/iiiiis 1'. F. Temple, Robert H. Themes, Riifiis Titeondj, Aliiert (t. Toomes, Jml 1'. Walker, Charles M. Weber, Pjcnj. 1). Wilson, and Wm Workman. Sm\iviirs of ISS-I are marked with a *; but this in some instances means no moiu than that I have not heard of the man's deatli. ' t* : . i I kill FOREIGX RELATIONS AND IMMIGRATION— 1841. 'f , tl\ f - ,!:r i:!;i ! I is of course impracticable to notice the record of old settlors individually; and a mere list of such of them as appear on the records would have little or no in- terest. For them, therefore, as for the experience of new-comers, I lofer to the biographical slcetclies. Among the most important items in this connuclion, not already recorded, I may note that Nicholas I'^iiik, of 183G, was robbed and murdered at Los Anccclus in January, for which crime three men were executed in April; Anthony Campbell, of 1840, was murdered at San Jose in August, and the murderer was put to death in July of the next year; Daniel Ferguson, of 1824, was killed in Salinas Valley in July, on suspi- cion of having' committed which crime a ]\Iexicaii was 1)anishpd; Isaac Sparks, of 1832, was this year in no end of trouble by reason of his amorous irregularities; James Weeks, of 1831, was assaulted and stabbed in a quarrel at Santa Cruz; William Pope, who eanie with Pattie in 1828, accidentally killed himself at liis rancho in Pope Valley; and J. J. Warner, of ls;!l, returned from a visit to the east, where he had util- ized his time in behalf of both his native and adoptid country, by delivering a lecture on the natural advan- tages of California. CHAPTER XI. ALVAILIDO, VALLEJO, AND MICHELTOREXA. 1842. Pi;rriON' at MoxTEnEY — Alvarado's Plots — Bcstajiante on Santa Axxa — The Goveknou'.s Despatches— Depauturb of the Comisionados CastaSares and Prudox — Too Late— Manuel Micueltorena Ap- pointed Governor and Cumandante General — Uks Instuuctions — PiAisiNo AN Army of Convicts— The Jociiney — Batallon Fijo— List 01- Officers — Arrival at San Diego— At Los Anoeles — Vallejo TrilNS OVER THE MILITARY COMMAND — AlVARADO DISAPPOINTED EHT Sl'liMISSIVE — PROCLAMATION — MiCUELTORENA AsSFMES THE GOVERNOR- SHIP Ai' Angeles in Decembeu— Junta Departamental — Tribunalde JisTici A— Discovery of Gold. Victor Prudon arrived at IMontercy January 1, IS 12, oil his way to Mexico as Vallcjo's comiiiis«ioner to tlio siH)rome government.-' The schooner California, which was to carry him and his despatches, liad ar- rived rroiu San Francisco tlie day betbre. But dilli- fultii's jH'csentcd themselves. Prudon called on Aharado to ask if his despatches were ready. "What dispatches?" "Those for the interior." "Ah!" said the governor, "I have not yet concluded what to do; I am awaiting the arrival of my compadre Castro to Iiuld a conference." He then explained the reasons t'U' Ids hesitation, namely: that liustamante having lioeii succeeded by Santa Anna, California had no ]ir(»t('(,i()r in Mexico; he feared the schooner miglit bo ^t'izrd at Acapulco; and that there was no money in tlio treasury to pay expenses of the commission. 'Stc.hiip. vii, of this vol. for PraJon'a appointment and the circutnstaucca atti'iuliii,' it. ( 281 ) % m 1 ' . , ^t'} :|:l|:!! It V ' «!!' i I- iti- :f. t\(i\ m 111 282 ALVA R ADO, VALLEJO, AXD :MICIIELT0REXA. Abrci^o, Jimono, O.sio, and others of Alvarado's paitv, iiicludiiiL;' Castro, wlio soon arrived, took tho s;uiio viow.^ A})parent]y there was a plot to prevent his depai'tnre, or at least to devise some scheme by Mliicli tlie object of his mission might be tlefeated. At li'iist Priidon took this view v\' it, and wrote some snisi- tional reports to Vallejo on tlie subject, warnin^ the general against the intrigues of his foesaud [)reteiulr,l friends.^ Finally, however, the obstacles were overcoini! hikI Alvarado consented to despatcli the schooner Ibi- Aca- pulco, to carry not only Vallejo's commissionci', luit his own. There arc indications that this coiiMiit may have been given under the belief that ]'rii(l(iu v/ent accredited to ]^ustamante and not to the mw president — a fact likely to put him at a disadvanta^v in his diplomatic efforts against the governor, wlio addressed his despatches with a proper amount of flattery to Santa Anna.* Alvarado's conunis.-iuiiers "Jan. 'J, 184:2, \1ji'c^'o to Valk'jo, ilci'laring tliat there is no money to casli l:is oriler in favor or' I'riulini fur Sl,."i(K), tlmugh ;i French ship jint anivcil may jiay lur duties in ,uin. I'ulfijo, J'or., MS., y.\. (i. Jan. i)th-Uith, .\hRL;o liually oilers and 1*. aeeopts^.VWin money and .SI, OOOiii ch)tlis. /0 fi'r writer's jiresent expenses. Fc;aisliis()wn lil'e isia daligci', jMatters have a, most alarming aspect. ' I'oor Rodriguez isin be.l bccausoufa eaningfrum Castro.' Castro has deceived \. when ho prctemlcd tobcdissatis- iied with Alvarado's acts. The C'lH/oriiia will probably sail, or ])retcn(l to sail, for the Isiands. Alvarado'.s.-igeiits will go accredited to Santa, .\iina,.'aiil ^'. will be seriously comprondsed. .Ian. v!d, Roberto I'ardo from Sta ll;ir!ia:u warns Vallejo not to trust tho uziilr-'*, as they will do their best to uji-et liilii. Who the (miles (blues) were is not veiy clear; but Vah //;../. .'-l"_'-;{, says they were I'ico, Carrillo, and others, wlm v.rvui LI. Cf('., MS. ready beginning to ]ilot in favor of ]''.nglisli schemes, *"Valiejo\s version, J/ix/. CaJ., ISIS., iv. •J:)!»-()C, is that the liist iilaii against him was to jiatilus were r.ddressed to JUlstamante, and in the fcai' that J'ludon might wait t) have them changed and follow (|uiekly in another vessel, it was dt li'ii t'l let him go on tho schooner. V. had originally addressed his enininiiiK':!- tions to Ijiistamunte; but on hearing of tho eliango, at once i'oruaiduil tu THE GOVERNOR'S PLANS. 2S3 v,i !(■ T^.ianut'l Ca8tanares — a brother to Don Jose ]^i;iii';i, who had recently come from Mexico with an iiii[)(Mntment as administrator of custi-nns, whicli \A'dco f(ir some uiihnown reason he had not assumed— and JVaiiiisco Iiivera. Their exact instructi(^ns are not known, but wo have Alvarado's despatches to the Hiinistcr of rehitions. In the first, while admittino- that liis government Avas inv(jlved in some slight dif- liciiltics from lack of funds and lack of cooperation on t!ie })art of the general, he pictured the situation of the country as in most respects satisllu'tory. The liussians were at last to leave California; Sutter's I'ital.tlishment had been in every way a great advan- tage; and most current com[)laints were M'ithout foundation. The natives wei'e now^ at peace, and v.lun hostile had been and could be easily controlled 1)V the auxiliary ftjrcc of citizens. The number of civil servants was already smaller than was called for by law, l)Ut ho would gladly reduce it for the benefit (if the treasury if authorized to do so. The gx-neral with a force amply sufficient for actual needs had con- fLSM'd liis inability to prevent the entry of thirty aniiei! adventurers from Missouri, and liad most un- wisely given them })assports. ''There are ambitious M'lienies affecting this department," he continues, '"and endangering the integi'ity of ^Mexican territory. The comandante o'eneral is afraid, and I shall have to act according to circumstances; let the sj^overnment U(.'ci(le whether it be best to authorize me to I'aise fii'ces or to send Mexican troops." In his second I'lU. loll Mil uk slit'et.s of ofi.ci'i' paper with liin si tnatiii-cH and I'lihric, to Ijc lillcil (lilt jiikI sulisiitutcd fur tlio otliers — an ()[icraLiiiii iciidorcil easy liy tliu faet iluit l'riidi)H as his scoi'L'laiy liad >\i-itt*'ii tho orii^iiials. The incisciL^cr liL'twt'i'u !^h.lllt^•^L■y and Sonoma allowed himself to ho scilneed ami showed liis papeivs to the spies of Castro and Ahaiado; liiit ho had heeii provided w'th ii air/n. ijaiixii, or deeoy letter, iutemleil to he show n, and thns tiio enn- il'iiiilers weio tlirowii oil the tieent! Alvarado, Hist. ('„(., MS., iv, IIC! -'_';);?, f.iliiiin tliat it wan not thought l)i!st to let rnidou reaeh Mexieo heforo his I'Viii 1 iiiiiiui.-sioner; hut says the only way to ])revent it was to lefuso money from ilio treasury. Thi^i measure heeamo useless, l)eeause V. furnished the lii'iiiey rcfjuired. He does not achuit that I'l udua outwitted hiui, and thinks tin; tiespatLlic^j to Lustuuuuite were not cliuu'red. h '^5 234 ALVARADO, VALLEJO, AND MICHELTOREXA. despatch, in view of the arrival of another paitv or' ioreigners from Xew Mexico, lie admitted that it niiglit be well to send 150 or 200 men "with soukj ])ecuniary resources;" though confident that if Hi- foreign invasion should occur before the arrival of troops he would still be able to defend tlie national honor I It was certaiidj an ingenious argument, not unlikely to be effective with a new administiatiou hard j)ressed for funds, and ready to favor any theory I'cspecting a distant province that did not involve expense.^ The nature of Vallejo's despatches has already bo, ii stated, and about his plans there is no mystery wluit- cver." Xeither is theie room for doubt that Casta- fiares' mission was simply to prevent the success of the general's project of uniting the two commands in a Mexican officer, and to maintain the Califoinlau government in statu quo. There is no evidence that A^allejo desired the governorshij), or that Alvarado plotted to remove Vallcjo from the military com- mand;^ neither are we to credit Alvarado's later state- ment that he liad sent a commissit)ner to Mexico Id urge the acceptance of his resignation offered the yoai' before.* Before the middle of January the ex|ii;(li- tion was ready, and waiting only for a wind;'' and l!ic alleged conspirators hastened to assure Vallejo tliat all the charges against them had been groundless.^' * Jan. 2cl, lltli, A. to min. of rel. Di'iit. Rcc, ilS., xiii. C-15. *Sec cliap. vii. of this vol. 'See chap. vii. of this vol. Hall, HUt. S. Josf, 1.3:5-4, says: 'Each liml coinplainc:iI of the otlior to the govt, and oacii hail solicited the removal ul" tiio olhcr from olllcial position.' Jloliinson. A(/'' /// C'rt?. , SO.l-l!, also says t'lint Alvarado had solicitoil the appointment of a new j,'i'ncral with an adilitiiiKil fiirco. Vallcjo, Il'iKt. CnL, ^IS., iv. '292, says he heard from a friend at Aca- pulco that Castafiares was tryinj,' to indncc (ien. ])n(pio to conic to tahi' the command in Cat; also that the ( 'arrillos were plotting to make an iiultpiii- dent state of baja and southern Cal. *Sept. 24tli, A. 's proclamation announcing ^licheltorena's arrival, /''.i''. St. J\ip., MS., X. 30. Robinson, St'ikinnit, 'MS., 2G-7, also thinks tii.t A, had asked for the appointment of a successor. *Jan. I3th, A. to min. of war, amionncingtiie sailingof the Caliiomh' witli despatches. W/j/'. 7.Vc., MS., xiii. 1 '). Jan. l.jth, rnulon to V. AUairaiiL:o- ments completed. VaUcjo, Doc, MS., xi. 27. 'Man. 17th, Ahrego to V. Reports of revolutionary movements iil .M':i- terey arc false— only some extravagant toasts by men who had drunk iln ; ly. A NEW GOVERXOR AND GENERAL, 2S5 Tlic California sailed at last from ^NTontcrc}' the 2(k'i 111' Jainiary, and landed the commissioners of the ri\;il dignitaries at Acapulco the I4th of February. ^^ From the coast they proceeded to the capital, where tlicv arrived in time to learn that nearly a month be- f'lr.'a new governor and comandante general had been fippi tinted to rule over California, and all the diplo- iiLKV and intrigue attendant upon their departure had 111 ,11 wasted. Theii- mission was not, however, cn- tii'rly without results, since from Pi-esident Santa Anna Prudon received a confirmation of his captain's foiiiniission, obtaining also for his chief the promotion (if Captain Vallejo to be Lieutenant-colonel of the I'tgular army; while ^Manuel Castaiiares was newly aji- |iuiiitod administrator of customs, and brought forAl- varado a commission as colonel of auxiliary troops — a kind of militia.^^ Both comisionados returned with tlic new governor in August. Vallejo, in proffering liis jvsignation, had sent to the govermn-Mit a statc- iiunt, with vouchers of the sums due him for his ex- I'l'iiditures in supporting the frontier garrison for many vt'iiis. He was soon informed, however, by Virmond, Lis agent, that there was no probability of having his iLiiiii allowed, much less paid. Sj)ence and others v.iili valid claims fared in like manner.-^^ I liave said that the comisionados arrived too lato ill Mexico; that is, Castafiares did so, for Prudon's t aiVui 1 if Ihc Calilbrniaus ki^cp uuiteil.' hi., xi. ."M. " ''Diifii r's Loij (i/ t/ie '('ali/'ii,iti,iti', Diario M(.i\, MS., xliv. SI. 'I'nulon's commissions, datod May 4th, in VaJlojo, J)on., MS., xi. 'Jl.VlO. \allt'j(i",s commission of May '-d. Id., i. l(i. Castanarcs' aiipoininicnt iiicn- tii'iiiil by Virmond April l(itii. /(/., xi. 'JOO. Alvarado'.s commission of May -d /'., xxxiii. -277; J'(]i/. St. J'cip., Mont., MS., vi. 47. "r-'A/", />or., MS., i. :ir,\; xi. '200; /ndered good service in Texas and elsewhere; hut 1 know nothing definite of his cariMT down to July 1840, when, being then a colonel and acting as chief of staff, he hiilped to })ut down a rc\ njt in the city of Mexico^' — a se^rvice, doubtless, wliidi gave him his ])romotion. lie also defended .lose Castro before a court-martial, and thus became known t(^ Califoi-nians. His a[)[)ointment as governor, coiu- andante goni'ral, and ins])ector of California was daicd .Fanuary 22, 1842; his instructions bore date of I'lli- ruary 11th; and the announcement was made to (al- ifornian authorities the 22(1 of rebruary.^° Miclieltorena's salary was fixed at .'?4,000. In liis instructions were expressed in the usual flattering terms unlimited confidence in his ability and patriot- isu), and also the nation's profound interest in all that alfected the welfare of so promising a department as California. IJeeause that country was so far away, however, and in view of the difHculties hkel}' to arise Xotliiiifj is lionnl of liiin fi-Din April 1S40 'nntil April ISll, when ho wnsa pns- si'ii'^'cr from Aeapiik'ci ou tlic <.'i>lifonii0f'., MS., iii. (!. I'uI'Mi':!- tion of tlu'si! ordt'i's in('al. in Scptenihor. Vnlh'jn, J>or,, MS., .\i. '2'>'i 7. in the original dncuments oitt'il it is to he noted th;it ^Slieheltorena \\;i> ui.kIo govei'nor, etc., of Alia (^ilifnrniaonly; hut in his instructions it isst.ited thnt his anthoi'ity is to extend also over IJaja California; and later he signed liiiii- .self '({cneral do lirigada del i'ljercito Mejicano; Ayndanto (ieneral de l:i riann Mayor del niisnio; ( inhernador, t'oniandante (Jcneral, 6 Inspeiti'i' lU 1 Departanieuto de lasL'alifornias.' S. Dlci/n, Arch., :\IS., ;J00; Arch., .V' i'- Ixtnt, MS., \i. 141: Piri>, Dw., MS., ii. 1,"), etc. Tho military jurisui tiuii of the pcninsuhi had previously belonged to Sinaloa. JIlCnELTOEEXA'S ARMY. 2S7 from its supposed deinoralizcd condition, tlionewgov- vvunv was iavc'stod with some extraordinary powers, lii'iii'4' authorized to remove and appoint i)otheivil and iiiiliiaiA' employes witliout awaiting approval t'roni ^r<'\it''>. He was to inspect and reorganize the pre- siilial coni[)anies; to study and report upon tiie situa- timi in resj)ect of missions, custom-house, and treas- vuv; to encourage by all means within his power iiittiiial improvements, colonization, the civilization of Indians, and education of youth; to regulate the inalls and administration of justice; to fav(»r the de- vclo[)nient of art; and to ])rot(M-t agriculture, com- mcrce, and all the country's industries.^' ( )!' the raising of troops to accompan\' ]\licheltorena, \\)V till' support of which .'i^SjOOO per month was ordered til l»r paid at ]\razatlan in addition to the Californiau I', ■venues,*'^ less is known tlian would he desirable. At tirst it was reported that a large force, perha[)s 1,000 or \,'u)0 men, would be sent;^'-* but 500 seems to have liron about the number tinally decid^Ml on, 300 of whom Were to be convicts, and 200 reu'ular soldiers. In Feb- niarv a decree was issued thi'ou.>'-h the minister of jus- ti.c oi'dcring the selection of ;300 criminals from !Mc>:- i "111 prisons for this })urpose. Those having trades v.rir to be preferred, and when the}' had arrived at tlifir destination, they might l)e released from }iart or ii'l cf t'lcir term of convict life in consideration of good ciiuluct (»n the journey, or of "services which they Uiiglil render," for which also tlu'ir families would be aidid to join tliem, and they M-ould receive lands and i'.ii|ilriiionts to become colonists.-' There is no indi- '■ Mi'-lii Ifori iia, Iitstrnccioiwx que recih'id J'/ Supremo Gohkrno al fnnuircl vinmliii/i'i'aHfurniax, JS.jJ, MS.; also in IVf/A/o, 7/,V. <'fil., MS., iv. ■_'()S T-.?; //((i/r<' .1//.s'.sr;», /jfoo/', i. 3,jS; /i-4; Whcikr^s Laml TiUci, IIT-L'^. MicheUiiruaa i.s;iutli'l>f. S/. Pap., Ben., MS., i. 89-90. ^■' J!".slamiwte, JJkirio JIc.v., MS., xliv. ir)S-9; /'/., If!st. Sla Anna, }iIS., ii. S. -■" Ihvinelle, Adtlims he/ore Cat. Piomers, ISGG, p. '20-1, quotea tlio decrt'o lunkr dato of Feb. 22d, from the Obsen'ndor Judkkd y dc Liijidacion, i. 372; I 1 , 1. ! ,1 f --V^.i* Li**'"' V' III ! I m 2SS Ar,v.\i;.\i)(), v.\i,m;.I(), vxh MicnKi/roi: A. )('(''i!||i ('.•ilioii ill ilic (icdcf iliai, flic coiivlcls wen.! ti) I siildicrs; indeed, criminals cuidd not. Ik; legally en- listed ; l)ll( rs to rurnish two huiulred regular soldiers, and ho tttoi: advantae'e of the oj)[)ortuiiity \<> lit ■t v\d ol a 11 tl le Ust'k'.ss am I u hh lunanau'eaole nuii m liis army, lilline- uj) the nuniher with a forced I of recruits iVom the I'aruis near Guadalajara.^" Tl ,1 .1/, 1' Moll tyrmoii i /'In,: le J). ll'/V'lW V Ordr dc hitr Cn :\K cvv lOO 1 ^."lO. l-xil :Ul-l-_', inti's it from tlic Diario tid Coin 21. ISrj; ;uu\ Ah iri'l;ivi's--\vliif!i lla^^ cliuloil iiiv si';>ivli- i>fS;iiit;i Aiiii;i piMviili'il for a •raliloriiias. ///,•.•,'. ('<(/., MS., iv. "Jt;!. from ;i douumi'iit, in tlu' diitiil I'Vt). -Jist. F.I.. 1st, atloLMvi; iiuailroii of ai'tivu militia to bo callod tlu: ' lijii P III, I a d L< Li'j. Mcx., iv. U)(i 7. May ■_','!, 1S4'_', MiclioUoreiia to iniii. of war, in SiijJo. xix.,.]ui ihi'''aiiMii ^■. 1>. iit,-io M ( .r. Uil-ll \\itli •Al f mmntions an I impl 1). llolia.lati ciiiouts .if oxer UK) [)ai-l;-aiiiiiiaii ormarsc cs nulso oastiirar I'l Sr (i ta c-sr SlU'illLlOll St mod ioroii onaiitoacrimiiiidos y faoiiKi'o>u3 >1 I uiilo lus pooo-i 1[\1C fultaroii iiumoro oon una U'va on las oam]'iuas do (inailaia|ara, ijiio arroliato y pa'.u siomj av do ilil us lio^raros sill oaluuaoioiios iii oir escopoioii alguna a I'a' livsilo imilia ooii oolio o dio/ liijos.' Mi.holtoiviiii's ropurt of .1; It- . i;;!a. ■•t war, in Cti^tiu'ntir'i, Col. l>o .)S. A oooi'iliiu; to .!/<■ J/( ;//. d'li' I'r ', IS;i, p. -tS-O, tlio squadnin was mado up of 'roomplazos (|iio oon i;ran iv.iiitiKili'lai prop; tarv laro oi ooma iidaato gi'iural do Jalisco.' (.'liiolly criirjinal.s witli'i ili- disoipuiie says tho rps Mr y.'./., \Slo, p. •2.")-a. Sorr Mr: t tirst dostiuod for California was the 'Tros do .Vlloirlo Olio of tho host in tho scrvioo. llo, Amador, Mr M.S., 14S-ol.ali.l othors imply that the oonviots also were (.ihtaiiiod in .Falisoo. IJotollo, Air.V' -. Ms., !V)-7, toll ns that one of the men sei;:od in the Holds afterwards liccaino us sorvaiK a1 Ijld him all the details two JJal iU>' (HI lllTII elii' ainl drew tlllVc tliell;. laiit; win I w lair 'llli: 1JATALI,()\ I'l.IO. 289 twil li'iillcS of lllCll COllsiitullMl wluit V.ns ('.'llli'd lll(.* Jialalh'ii i''ij() du ( 'aliloniius, wliicli \\a;s marched lo till' coast and (;tidjaVk('d. Many suct'L'odL'd in C!.sca])in_i^ (HI iln' n»ad and at San JJlas and .\razatlan, at wliidi imii .\Iii'lu;ltofi;na tDitclied in vliat apprars to lia\(j Im'cii ;i \ain scarcli lor fluids. It is I'l'latcil that at; diir ul" tlic |)t)i'ls tliu cliolos Wi'Vii k('])t on an island, aiiil (hat hesidcw those who ('scapud many wero (li'.iw iK'd in th(! attc'm[)t. 1 siij)[)os(( tht;ro wt.To about tlnvi- hun(h"(!d who linally sail(;d iVoui ]\Ia/at,lan, tin 111^11 tluTo is no accui'at(j I'ecoi'd of iho numlx.-r rx- liiiit; and thci't! wtTc forty or tifty of lh(; dcsurttu's wlio \\ri'(' aiTustud , and sunt ttj California two years later." 'flu; new !.;'ovcrnt)r and his hatallou lijo endjai'lced at ?.iazatlan ou or about July li^th, in lour vessels.-* •'I 'i.roiu'l, ''fxdx ill' ('ill., MS,, .^S ;), s.iy.s t'lcro wi'io ii few ovor .'500 wlio firiivnl ,il S. l)i('^;(i. Miiri'i'liiio (liii'ria was one (if tlir ilcscrtci's finiii (ho ialaml, Kii'l ill liU ^lj'»)(^' .•('., /^'ivos smno ilitails jilHn'.t tliu a'lvciiturc'n uf liiiiisclf mid (■i)iii|iaiiiiiiis. Ilnliiiisou, LU'iiii (.'nl., '_'().-) 7, ciill:f tin; iiuiiilicr ;!")(). 'J'lie alcalilc nl' S. Hicu'cj in aiiiKPiiinirii,' tlu' arrival of til" lirst vrsKcl at S. l)i(';;o said lliat •li)0 nicii wuiv ciiiiiiiif^. Mirliillun iin'-t A'l- viiiii-lniliim, I; .S'. lib ijo, Arch., MS., -JS!). Mnfras, ..rplnr.. i. HI I ]•_', ;;i\(.'d t'lK' iiiiiMi)t'ra.i 4.-)0. SiTrano, A inmli x, MS., 7S-!), makes it HOO. Soiiio Califor- iiiiiiis :\ivi\\i. (if li(J() and SOO iiioii. In iii.s Ictti'i' of Ih 14, ( 'ii>itiiiiari-<, (.'i:/. Jjnr.. ."i^. Mi: Ik I'lOiciia s[ii'ali-f only iif liis force of liOI) men. "JdO was tliu iiunilirr lin;iily sent away from (,'al. /hji). Sf. I'ltp., MS., vi. 'JO I. A nwtfi' in /'/., V. T'l-t, nialica tlu' force of tliu liatalloii at tliccml of IS},'] about 'jriO iiiLii. AirnKJiiij,' to tiiis record there were live eonqiaiiii'S, iiu.'lmlin;,' one oi j^'rana- (ItKis and one of ca/.adori'.j. I ajipeiid the following li.;t of (jllicer.s, a lew ni'.lllcs li ■iii'^' ;iii]i|)lii'd from otiier .sources: Ooloiiel, llafael Tellez. Adjutant.s, M(iri.iiii) ( lartias, Juan ]..aiiil>aren (died in IN4}); eomaudante, .Fur.n .Alxdla, (.'iiiitaias, Francisco J). Noriega, .lose M'' Mejia, i)ii)iiisio ( ioiizalez, .To.i/i M» I'lniTs. ,liis;'' .M* Se,nura. Lieutenants, Francisco Fj;nren, Maceilonio I'adiila, Kiiii.'ilio Aliivgo, Mariano Villa, l;.'nauio A.i^uado, I'Cimcio Plaza, .M;ui|ue;;, I.;iis(i. Maciel, Antonio Soinoza. I'ed.ro (iarcia. tjiil'dieutenaiits, Joai|uiil Avila y Caiialejo, l;,'iincio Scrvin, Fcliciaiio X'ivaldo, iJafael Saaclie;':, (iuada- lupo .Medina, Jose M* J.imoii. I.eou Kuiz, Manuil (iarlias, Juan X. llravo, Maiuu'l r.ravo, Juan Clutierre/, .Jose (,'orrea, (Iiiillernio Conniel. Ser;.;ciiiit.-i, Si'VciM Ai;iiirrc; rest vacant. IJuglers, Jose M" I'erez, i- rcvtui' do licLSjii talcs, Fauslino .Moro; jiito, l.,aurtano (iuzman; "JO eiiriior;d:.i. IV.tal, (10; privates, ISO. Total force in 1844, •_';!7 men. Id., L'm. Coi,i. and Tirv.-:, V. .'!-,"). •"'Ihe cnly record I have found cf the ilate is in L'iirrn, lI'iM. Jtilo/iri, iii. ii3!). IVrliaps all the vcs^;els did not sail the same day. 'I'lie names of thivo ves^sc.U only are, L^iven; that of the ' '/ni/o, mentioned incidentally liy liohiu.son, Liji: ill C'((/. , •Jt).')-7; the ycV/JH///('''(Y«o, nientinncd in some of ^liclieltoie:ia'.s hucrourresjiondence; and the :idiv ('■ii/uniin, Capt. Cooper, which hrou/.-ht 0.' iiicn under ].,ieut Jose M. Sannicuto, who died ou the voyage. Cvuptr'it UisT. Cal., Vol. IV. 19 1 if 1 I.;'; ; ,1 ' r ■■ 1 . . .1 ■ i Hi.. m^m i'^\m -m I . -1 M 200 AI^VARADO, VALLEJO, AND MICHKLTOHEXA. One of the fleet, witli ^liclieltoreiiaoii board — aiv! als > two old ac'(|uaintaiu'es of tlie read^'»•, Colonel A. \', Zainoraiio and (\ii)tain Nicanor Estrada, the f'>iiii,i' ill a dyinL( condition^' — arrived at San J)ien() on Aii- ^aist 'Ii)th, after a tedious trij) of tliirty-(»ne d;i\>. The other vessels arrived within ten days;-' mil ^lieheltorena spent several weeks in organi/iii;^ .iml drillin;^ his convict recruits. It was no easy t;i>k, thoui^h many of the men had done military service ut some |)eriod of their lives. It was lon^' Ix-for*; mhv considerable portion could be trusted with wi'Mp^iis; but from the first the batallon showed marked piM- ficiency in forngint^ for sup|)lies by night. jMoreoNcr, on ovei'hauling the munitions it was found th.ii the bullets as a rule would not fit the muskets, and liiid tn be remelted. Financial obstacles were also encoun- tered from the start, making it difficult to support tlu- troops sent to [trotect the country. At last, Lite in September, ^licheltorena started with his men iKntli- ward and came to ]^os Angeles, where he w;is i, - ceived with ])opular demonstrations of enthusiasm. []>.■ national //r.sY't of Sej)tember IGth being i^ostponcd in his honor.-' After enjoying the hospitality of tlic Lou; Larkiii\i Dor., i. .330. Other vessela on tlie coast in the autumn, mil whii'h prohiibly inchidcd tho other transport, wero the Primnirin, Jura Fdiiila, PnhUina, anil (.iiii/iincornia, '■'Several died on the voyage. Osio, /Tint. Cat., MS., 420-2, snys Zaini- rano'.s ilhiess and the death of tlic <)tlier.s were duo to suH'eriuL's on tlic 1 Jii; voyaj,'e, the masters of the vessels having chartered them hy tlu' day, ami making the trip as long as the water coul I he made to last! Itoliinsun, wlio was at S. Diego at the time, deserihcs the 90 soldici'S and their faiiiilir-; wh) came on the ('/into as having landed in a state of great misery. ^^ Aug. 2<")th, Gongora, juez do \y '. at S. Diego, to prefect ai, Augiirs, an- nouncing arrival. Aug. 2!)th, prefc' 's reply, with orders for great attnitii'iis to lie shown to the new gov. H. Di .o, .IrcA., MS,, 2Sn; Mirlnl/'irnii'.t .11- mbiixtraflon ill Ujiper Cal., IS.'/.J-o, ' 1-2. This is an Svo panii>ldetof "JS p., containing translations of 27 origir. documents from the archives. It kin no imprint, but was i.robably jiublis. 1 as an appendix to the procei'diug; i:i some land case, Rohinson, »S7f(?r»(c, ^IS., 2(i-7, arrived the same day I'li the All rl, wliieh vessel fired a saluti o the new gov. Vallejo, //'<'. ' '"'•. MS., iv. 2S!), says the troops arrive' that is, the last of them, Se|it. St!i, iSept, 3d, Micheltorena announces Ir' arrival to V. Val/rjn, Dm'., M.'^., xi. 2.",(!. Aug. 28th, letter announcing a i.ival the day before, in lloatou Adr'r- tiiii; Dee, 10, 1842; NiW Av/., l.\iii. 242. -'Sept. 0-15, 1842, several items about Mieheltorcna's expected arriviii, preparations in the way of lodgings and supplie.'i, postponcme:it oij'i ■-'(/■ etc. liept. Si. Diip., AiKj., MS., vii. 7-23. Sept. 2Jtli, prefect orders tlie....;iiliii3' THE COVKRXOR AT LOS ANOnLES. 801 |,y, iUi'l In, v.'i > lies, iili- ,■,.■ .1!- |f^' I'- ll h:i^ iup-i-' JaV I'll it. Stli. lS.,Ni. in-iv;il, l''(. ft'-'' LinUiio' Ai!'.;'!'"'^''' for nearly a Tiiontli, duriiii^ wliidi time lio siiKji ct.cd his porsoiial p()i»ularity to a sovoro test l>y iv,i-oii of the necessity of feed! iiiiC, ''"^'l the iinpossihi!- itv dt' coiitrolliiij,' his thievini^ followeis, the ucoviM-uor i( >iiiiit'(l his march toward the capital. He had out 11(1 I'aither than San Fernando when, in tlie night of OctuKcr Ll4th, he was met with the startlinj,Miews tii.'it ;i!i Ameiican lleet had anchored at Monterey, and had (IriiiaiMled the surrender of the town. This atl'air and v.liat Miclieltorcna did in connection with it will Im li.ivi' (k'livort'd an oration at +lic fiosta, ami for a week there \va> a suciessiiin of halls ami other sports. The festivities are de.serihed at soino ltiii.'tli iu Coroiicl, (.Wf.s (/«■ Cnl., MS., 41-.">; and mentioned hy ]$otelli), AiinliM, MS., 101-2. I'into, Apniit., MS., iS4-S, relates that '2.5 men of tlie l>iit;illoii deserted and attempted toescapo to Mexico hy way of the Colorado, Imt won; i)nr.-i,i- luands; and ho took advantage of tho occasion to cx- lavss tho most kindly feelings to^vard both gentloiiiciL as well as his determination, and tliat of his men, to make California liapjiy. Other despatches of siniilar ])nrport were sent, and among the official papers suit to Vall(>jo was a lieutenant-colonel's con\missi(>ii."' ValKijo of course promi)tly indicated his submission ti) his new superior, and issued corresponding onK rs t» all subordinates. September lOth maybe roLi-ardeil as tlie date wlien he surrended his position as eomai!- (Iant(^ general. In accordance with those orders, ,ln>c Castro, to whom ]Miclieltoreiia als(^ brought a nwn- mission as li' -tenant-colonel, witli Alferez Pinto and a guard, left the capital on the 27th for Los Angc], ., to greet the general. ^^ Subsequently, on October <»l!), A''allejo was made comandante of tlie northern line, in- cluding tlie territf^ry as far south as vSanta Ines; an^l lie did not fail to notify his chief that the i>'arris())i n[' Sonoma had long been su[)ported at his own pi'i\;ao ex[tt'nsi'; that his resources could not bear this r\- ])ense forever; that the northern frontier wa^ expo.-ril to contimuil dangers, and that tlio j)eople did not cai'o very much under whose dominion they wore, so Luig as their families and [)roperty were protected."'' .liiru'ultios. Valhjn, Dor., :\IS., xi. 209. And Vallejo says, If!sf. Cal , Ms., i v. 'J7--4. tliiit ho i,-ot the lottor in May, Imt list all liopo of .siicccini \\\\i\<. l.c 1 'Jinu'il that lack uf iiiouuy was alicaily causing troulilo. In Id., iv. ■_'"'l-."i, he says lio heard ol' the aj)5>ointinciit (illlcially iiu \w^. 17th. ''Sept. ,S, 1S42, M. t.) V, S„r.n,r, l)„r., MS., iii. 9-11. Xo date i]i!oli:iMy licforc Sept. .'M), Id. t(^ Id., to same ell'eet, and wants aid {uv hi.-i nua. />/., iii. 7-S. •■"Sept. intli, V. to M. and to his snl.oidinates. Vidhjo, Jk«\. .MS., xi. 'J.'i.V.'jS. Sept. 'JOth, v. to Ahrogo, oi'ilefinj,' all pos.sihle pecuniary i'ld tj he fui'nished to .M. .An ol'.icer to he despatclied witli aid, etc. /''.. .x'. -•""'- ("2. Si'pt. 'J7tli, (."a))t. Silva, to V., announcinj.; ilcjiaiturc of Ca.stro. I'iiito, and four soldiers. /-/., xi. 'Jlili. .Vlvarado, Jlist. ('«,'., MS., v. l.'i-ltl, trll.> 'is t!iat .M. ^vas i-eeognized at S, ]>ie;.,'o liy the comandante at Vallejo's I'l-iiirs; aid he even execode-(!. I'l-ivaic a::! '.liti-i'- iiig letter on same .subject in ]'ii:l^ to rais/tl,odri "?'";'''"''; '"«■> J';: 'nado no ' t° t!i« capital •'^;'l'l ■lal.o,- 2-ltl, Alvarnrl V ' Monto,-ev.-" (),, '"''•"' !*■-•" leliov, ':"•?'"'•""■'' to .state tl,,(- j"^'- to ti,o „„,it.s of'^i ':,, :r.;,"/' 1'"° ^^"^ <'""o '""■'' ""^' ti.e liobilitv of rail I 1 ZO'l ALVARADO, VALLEJO, AND MICHELTOREXA. It! his sentiments is impressed on the communications he has sent to me. The ample powers with which he is invested, united with his good wishes, will tend, as I do not for a moment doubt, to promote the happiness of the department, removing the obstacles that liavc embarrassed me in its government. I congratuljitL; you on this happy selection, and I hope you will not disappoint the opinion that has done justice to your virtues."^^ The part taken by Alvarado, like that of ]Mielicl- torcna, in the events of Monterey in October will be noticed elsew'here. These events delayed Miclielto- rena's coming to the capital, and of course the t'oiinal transfer of the governorship. In December, liow- cvor, the new governor decided that the traiistir should take place at Angeles, and Alvarado was iKjti- lied to that effect. Naturally the latter did not cui'u to go in person to the south for such a })urpose, to render the abajeuos spectators of his humiliation; so he simply made Jimeno Casarin acting governor. ;is ho had done often before on plea of illness; and Jimeno, announcing the appointment, proclaimed that "General Don Manuel Micholtorena having roprr sented the very potent reasons which make it im- possible for him to present himself at this point, ami which have forced him to fix his residence at Los Angeles, I have resolved to go in per«on to said city to place his Excellency solemidy iji ])ossession of tiiu government." The junta departamental was also or- dered to convene at Angeles on Deceuxlier oOtli 1o be present at the ceremony.^" Jimeno was acconipuniud on his trip south by Francisco Arce, Jose ]\raria ( 'as- tanares, Rafael Gonzalez, and Zenon Fernan*-, n'- '•■•'! j.ii. G8-y. Dec. '.X)th, J.'s proclamations. Id., xii. GO-TO; JIklii.'i'jn'MV(}nior in December, the only session of that body in I S42 had been that of May 31st, when four vocales (;!' supk-ntes met at Monterey to transact some busi- ness connected with ihu organization of the tribunal )-(l, Ofurrcnrku*, MS., I'.'li; Vulk, Lo Pas'tilo, MS.,:J()-1; Jiotill^,, Aiia'is, MS., l()l--2; Coco- ).'', Co.vftjj (/(> t'!); Serrano, Ajiiinte-f, MS., 70. ^'Dec. 30tli, nyunt. convened. Dept. St. Pap., An;;., MS., xiii. (id, 70. I'co. t'Ust, piLfcL't'-s orders for ceremonies at 4 r. M. /,".< Annt'/c'', Arrh., .MS., ii. HOS-!). At al>ont midnight Jimeno wrote to Alvar.ido, ' So li;i coiicliiido il ilia, il nics, el auo, y el gobicrno dc V''; piie.s aealio de liaeer cntremi ikl mmW Alvarado, Uhl. Cat., MS., v. 17. Vall.'j... /list. Cat., MS., iv. .'ill- I'l, tliiidis A. sli(jnld have insisted on M. coming to the eajiital. "'•'•I.in. i.st, tJimcno to jn-efect, and the latter to the jieople. Jan. (ith, Miolirltorena to varions snbordinate ollieials, cliielly justi.i's of the ))e;!CL\ >>■ I'h'jn, Ari ih m < 'I n 'I r ! I' 206 ALVARADO, VALLEJO, AND MICHELTOREXA. TJi'l] a measure which it is much to bo feared did not in- crease the public funds, as it does not cloaily aji{K;ar that the salaries had ever been paid at ail.''^ The tribunal, or superior court, the mijiistros or judges of which had been appointed in 1840, soenis to have been in session at Monterey from ^lay, i't'tiT nuich trouble in securino; the attendance of the souili- ern judges, Carrillo and Estudillo. These gentlemen, besides other excuses of illness and raiscellancinis obstacles, declared that Los Angeles was in reality the ca[)ital, and as such the place where the comt should meet.*' Juan jMalarin presided; but -iiiaii Bandini resigned his position as fiscal, or attoiiu y; and the junta chose iManuel Castanares to WW his ])lace, at the same time electing live substitute judges, in order to secure a quorum at subsequent sessioii.s.^^ Nothing important came before the court in 184"J-;1, though it sent some instructions to subordinate judu'cs on Diethods of procedure; investigated the coudilmn of prisons at the cajutal; and decided on a[»i)eal sev- eral minor criminal cases, sentencing one man to be sliot for murder. Among the local items of 1842 one that iiiorits brief mention here is the discoverv of o-old in the Los Anijeles reinon, the lir.st authenticated iindiuL!; of that ^' Nov. 2jt!i, A. to sub-coniisiirio. Dcpf. Sf. Pup., Iliii., ^IS., iii. 'JT '^. Ndtliiiig was to be paid to any civil employu except on tlu; govt rm it's iliiva OllU'tS. '- March 12, 1841, Alvanulo, in approviiif]; the tleath-seiitci'io of throe luui'doicrs at Los An^'elcs, complains that the tribunal was nut in w ^-i/. ,S/. Pup., J'nf. ij .Inzij., MS., iv. :{7-4l. OiKiungi.f tlie tiiljunal in ^lay — it is not ipiite clear whetlier on May 1st, IDtii, or 'JlKli. Jh]>t. AVc, MS.', xiii. ;?;!. .V. ,/(i.vr, Anh., MS., ii. IS; Los Anu'li^, J/c'/., ^IS., ii. •2:(.")-(i, -Jl)!); Dqit. St. Pup., An;/., MS., xii. (;4,- /(/., Jim. Com. 'Vid Tfidn., MS., iv. 71. June ."ith, A. refei's to the tribunal the murdir cases of 'I'agget and Kiciiards (the i'ormei'of whom was .sentenced to death). Pc/'f. !!"'■, M S., xiii. '-'l' ;{. Salaries: .judges, !?4,0(K); liscal, .*400 per mo. ; secrelury, sJoO per year; clerk, .S4() per nio. Id., xiii. .'t-4. ^'-'/.c;/. JiW., MS., iv. •2-:\; J)rpf. /,Vc., MS., xii. .")4. 'VUc mhij^lr"-^ "'t- ;/'<',//(•( ehoseu were luigenio Montenegro, Joiupiiu Gomez, Tiburcio 'la[iiii, Jiiaii Aii/,ar, and Jose xNiuria Castanares. iliii I DISCOVERY OF GOLD. 297 pivci'Ui.s metal in Ciliforiiia. Tlic gold was found in .hfrcrrs on the San Francisco i-ancho, fornicrly bclong'- in-- to San Fernando ^lission, but at the time tlieproj)- litv oi" the Valle family. The discovery was made ac.":, 1842, Maimcl Requcna to Barron. lirqiuiin, Do''., !MS., 45. Tho . clati' is nltt'ii givuii ill later ncwspajn r accounts as IS.SS or 1S!1, liiit al,:o co;-- ni'tly ill sonic. Abel Stearns sent .sonic of tlie gold to Pliiladclpliia l)y .\1- t;i il I'ldliinsoii before the end of 1.S42; and the correspondence on that subject liii hi'cii often publisiicd. ^(;ii Los An'///'-'^ Illsl., 'JO-l: .S'. /'. Buildup Mny - '. iMiS, etc. The original letters arc in archives of tho Cal. Pioneer Society. *' Viilli', Doc, MS., .57; containing the original appointment by tlic pre- fi'ct of I/is Angeles. Furtlier corresp. on the snliject between gov. ami prefect ill ^hiy July it>4'_'. Lou Atujclrs, Anh., MS., ii. '•-'! 1, •2,")(i-)S; Ihiit. Ucc, MS., xiii. Wl, ,'{.'); ])eiit. St. I'lip., An;/., MS., xii. (!3-."). Tlie phicer seems to havo liii'u iMJleil Sail Fcliciano in 1S4(I. Imk AikjcIci, Arch., MS., v. Xil. '^ .l/(;/'ms £xjjloi:,i. 4S0; Larkin to X. Y. Siiii, June 30, 1S4G. Lur- 1:1, i'.-< ])<)<•., MS., iv. ISIS. I omit many references. *' Los Aiujekn, Arch., MS., v. 117-l!^ 478. ji 'If -J] I HB wK^ wM ■ ' 'IIj m 'i'l'Tfi! ill J m Jj fit 1 I 1 ! CHAPTER XII. COMMODORE JONES AT MONTEREY. 1S42. En(!LI3II, Frkncii, and Amkricav Schemes— Jones' iNSTKrcxioNs— The FuENCii Fleet — Enclish Fleet — Ki'moks of W.\u — (,'e.ssi<)N' oi-Caii- FOItNIAS — MONUOE DoCTUINE — TlIE 'UNITED STATES ' AND 'Cvam; ' AT MoNTEKEY — CaI'TUHE OF TlIE 'GuiPrZCOANA' — JoNES' POSITION ANii ^Motives — OtcrrATiuN and Kesioratkin of tjie Cai-ital — Altiiciki- TIES in Mani:.sckipt and Phint — .JoNES AT San Francisco and Sunomv — Reports — Arrival of the ' Dale ' and ' YtxiKTowx ' — In the Sm tii — Micheltorena's Valor— Mexican Bombast— Reports to Mexico- Claims FO.v Damages—The 'Tasso' and 'Alert' — Jones at Lus Angeles — Bocaneui-.a and Thompson in Mexico— Webster and Al- monte IN Washington — In Congress — The Press — Jones Recalleu. I HAVE represented the throe great powers of tlio v>'orld as entertaining ho[)es of acquiring Cahfui'uia when it should be released from Mexican clominioa, as all admitted it must be eventually/ Subjects of Franco based their hopes on nothing more tangible than the idea that by affinities of religion, manners, and fricii'l- ship, promoted by inherent dislike to Anglo-Saxon vays, the Californians in their hour of trouble uu'^ht seek a protectorate in a monarchy that was Latin and catholic. Englishmen had a large claim asfainst Mexico for loans of money in past years; and negotiations Jiad been long in progress for a cession of territoiy in California and elsewhere in payment of the dcld, or as securitv for such pavnient. Tliere is no evidence 1 hat the British government took any part in those ii(.>gotiations, but rumors to that effect were cuirent ' Spc chap. X. of this vol. i ''. i^ !.: ! i , 1 AMERICAN SCHEMES. 299 in llic United States and France, and it was known that a struny; influence was being brought to bear on that government. Americans talked also of purchase, and their gov- crimu'iit had openly made propositions to ^Mexico; but t'.ieii' chief reliance was in the 'manifest destiny' of t!ioir nation to absorb all territory westward to the Pacilic. There was a wide-spread popular feeling tliat Culif'rnia belonged by some sort of natural right to the )-i'['ul)lic. Men were not wanting to advocate its acijuisition, right or wrong, by conquest if necessary; aiivl even those Americans who combated such a })ol- icv had little doubt respecting the ultimate result. At houit" and abroad it was admitted that time was a poworrul ally of the United States; that California would surely be her prize unless one of her rivals by ])!'(iui[)t action or lucky accident should secure it. The national policy was therefore to wait, but at the same tiinu to watch. War in support of the Monroe doc- trine was to be thought of, if at all, only as a last re- isoit, the necessity for which must be avoided by every jiiecaution to prevent England or France from gain- \u[f a foothold in the country. Such was the situa- tion ill 1840-1; and it was in no material respect moditied in 1842.^ - Some ciirreut items on this general topic are as follows: A resolution intro- (Inoeil ill t!ie IV'Xiui congress to extend tlie limits of that country so as to in- cliulo (':il, Xot acted on, tliough reports of its adoption had created some tvciuiiiunt. Wiishtiiijton National Iiili'lHrjeiico; in A^Yc.s' Itc/j., Ixii. 8.'?. llu- niMi- gLiKially crediteil in Vera Cruz of a British loan of $7,000,000 on C'.il. Jt ii to lie iioped it is not true, as it would threaten peace. ^V. (jr'eun^ !!<:. ill A/., Ixii. 144. This same rumor published in a ^lexican paper will he notiord ag,;in. (Jeneral account of the negotiations for the ccssiouof (Jal. ia piiynient of English claims, witii an article from the N. Yoric Courkr, liiliciiliug the reports on the subject, and declaring that there was not a jiar- ticlo of cvidrnco that JCngland had any desire to get Cal. Id., Ixiii. '24:!, ."'-.'iT. Ill 1S4(1, ill commenting on ;;n article in tlie Sorth Amcriaia which denied t'.i:it Hie British capitalists liad acquired any lien or mortgage on the eouiilry iiiil iiiiiiiitaiiied that Webster's jiroposition for purchase liad been favoiaMy cnti'ituiiicd by the Mexican minister and even approved by Lord Aslilinrton iind the V.m\ ui Aberdeen, tho National Jutelli'jnicer says: 'How far the par- ti 'ulais of the statement may be accurate we cannot pay; but that it was -Ml- \Velister"s purpose in 184'i, under tho sanction of tho thcu president, to ohtiiiii by peaceable cession from Mexico the port of S. F , and that tliis[iur- pnsc u.-js made known to lords Ashburton and Aberdeen, and met no opposi- tiuu iu those i^uarters, we believe to be entirely true. We doubt, liowever. *■ , 'B ' } i , 300 COMMODORE JONES AT MONTEREY. It sliould 1)0 borne in inind, however, that at this time diplomatic relations between Mexico and the United States, growino- out of Texan complieaiions ■\vliieh it seems unnecessary to describe hei'c,''' had reached a critical point, and war was regarded ;is im- minent. The respcx-tive merits of the two repuhhcs that were parties to the quarrel have no special hear- ing on my present subject; but of course if ]\[cxi() was ever to consent to a cession, or the Calil'orniaii.s were to decide in I'avor of independence and a j)rotec- torate, the declaration of war would furnisli a f ivora- ble o[)[)ortunity for the coups by which Englani! or France nuist if at all gain their points; and at such a time it behooved the government at Washiuutuii tf) be especially vigilant. Under these circumstances Commodore Thomas Ap Catesby Jones was sent out to take conuuaiid dt' the Pacific squadron of five vessels mounting 1 IG gnus. The English fleet in the Pacific consisted of four ves- sels, in every way superior, however, to the Anic ricau craft, with 104 guns; and Franco had in the sanio waters eisjcht vessels and 242 ijuns.* From his o'eiicial instructions, dated December 10, 1841, 1 cite in a note certain portions, the only ones which can be made ttj wliftlier any fnnnnl proposition \\as laid before tlio committees of tlict.vo house.-!. The litate of tilings in lS42 was not favorable to a united action of the dilVcrent bi'anehes of the ^'ovcniment on such a subject.' /(/., Ixx. '-'."i". !Mnrsli, l.dlii- to Joih'<, ,MS., 14-15, besides mentioning the \{. ]J. Co.'s estiib- lishment and ([noting from iuirlies, says: 'Wlulc the Ar.ierieans in t'al. m'o looking f(.ir\vard with earnest exjiectation to the increase of our eounti'Viueu in tliis land, tlie Englisli lierc are eipuiUy conlident tljat the whole country will soon become an ap|ienut Cnl., and told him, 'In the iitncss oi tiling;:) the U. S. nnist have that country.' 'Well, sir,' was the reply, 'if we luutit, v,e probably will!' /(/., llomih Sh-ftrh, .MS., lUl-2. ^ See ll'ixt. Mer., vol. v.. t'.iis series. * On tlie names of the vessels with their qualities and condition, sec .Tones' reports of did'erent dates in U. S. Govt Doc, '27th cong. :id scss., H. Kx. IVic., lOi'i, p. 10'-12. The American ilect consisted of the frigatt' I'ni'il iS",\''rv, :;'. ):;pg Ci/une, Dale, and Yoi-ktov:,}, and schooner Sh'.irk, bcsitic? the itCifc/' store-ship. INSTRUCTIONS. 301 In ar t'veii rc:notv.]y on my present subject." Xatu- v;il!v thei'e was no allusion in wi'itini^ to the policy of t!ic ^Dvernient ivspectliii^ ('alifornia; Itut it cannot ];!ai!.H)lv be doubted that Jones started ibr the Pacific \,i;'i a deiinite understandiuL? of that policy, and with orders more oi" less exj)licit as to what he was t ) ilo in case of a war with Mexico or suspicious acts vi\ llio part of the En^dish fleet." In May, Jones from Callao reported that in ^Earch, l),|i!it' his arrival, a French fleet with a lari;'e Ibrce liad sailed from Val})araiso for a "destination alto<;-ether (•;)njeotural," which he feared might be the Calilbrnias. "Had I been on the station," he writes, "I might have O'lnsidered it my duty to follow this expedition and to jiropound certain interrogatories to the French com- nuuider touching the object of so formidable an ex))e- tlitioii fitted out with so much secrecy as to have eluded the observrvtion even of Great Britain, her ev(, r watchful rival. ' He calls for instructions, and ■' 'The primary ol)jccts in iiiaintaiiiing a naval force in the Pacific have iil- Wavs lii'cn aiul still jire the protection of eumuierce and the iniprovcnieut of (h icipline. . , .In tlie event, however, of any outrage on uiir ihig, or interrup- tiiiii of our eomnierce, or opprcssior, of our eilizcus on siiorc, or detention of r.iiy of our seamen in tlie public vessels of any of tlie states Ijordcriug on your eiiiiiiuanil, you will all'ord them every aid, protection, and security consistent \vi;li tlie law of nations,' etc. 'The unsettled state of the nations hordering oa t!ie coast included within your conuuand renders it, in the lirst instance, H'ccssary to protect the interests of the U. S. in that (piarter' — therefore lio vi_'il;uit and keep moving. 'Xothing but the necessity of proinptand ell'ectual I'liaCi-tion to the honor and interests of the IJ. S. will iustit'y you in eithei" ]injvi>kiiig hostility or connnitting any act cjf hostility, and more es[iecia!ly ia a state wiih which our counti'y is at peace. . .The increasing connnerce I'f thi,' U. S, within the gulf and along the coast of Cal., as far as the bay of St li'ancisco, together with the weakness of the local authorities, and tlieir irre- pp i;isiliiiity to the distant ;;ovt of .Mexico, renders it proper that occasional t'/,'.;!ti.:iance and prcjtection should be allbrtled to American enter[irise in tlic.t I)';. :!•;■. r. You are therefore ilii'ected to employ either a sloop of war or ;i s:;i..!Iii- vessel, as may lie most convenient, or Itoth if necessary, in visitiu;; ii^ca-iiinally or cruising constantly upon that line of coast.' A. 1'. Upshur, f-ic. of t!ic navy, to Com. Jone.^, I'ec. 11. ISII, in Joni.-i (if Mon/i iwy, 1 .',.'. p. I(J--.jO. Such is the title by wliich I shall lefer to the MisHWi'/rjui the P,;'. o/J'. ,.'. .:..', IS.'/.J, -JTth con'g. IM ses.s., 11. i:x. Doc., 'iCO. 'Tutl.li], //i4. Cal., ItS-i), thus expresses it: 'Jones knew the programme CI the politicians, that Texas was to bo annexed, that .Me\ic(3 was to go "oil the nuiipage," that the ^Vmericans were to discover uiipar;i!leled outrr.ges on tlic part of Mexico, that linally war was to be p.-oclaiined, iind then California Would lie fair game for the American snuudroii on the raeilic' VA 9 is M: } \k S02 COMMODORE JOXES AT MONTEREY. announces tlmt "it is not impossible but tliat, as oiio step follows another, it may be necessary l'<»r iiic h> interpose by the assertion of our national c(Mnnioici;il risjfhts in case they are infringed by any i)0\ver witliia the limits of my command."^ At the be^ifinning of September, when Jones li.ul returned to Callao from a cruise, and before he lia>l received any conununications from Washington, otlu r suspicious occurrences seemed to him to require |)r()iii]it action. On September 3d, Rear-admiral Tiioiiia-. sailed suddenly with three English men-of-war, uiid. r sealed orders just received from England. At the same time a letter was received from John Paiiott, U. S. consul at Mazatlan, dated June 2"2d, in wliidi he announced the imndnence of war with ]Me\ioo, and with which he sent a copy of J'Jl Cosmopolita of .luiie 4th, containing late corres[)ondence between rcpic- sentatives of the two governments on the Tcxaii question. This correspondence included several very violent and belligerent declarations of Bocanegra, Mex- ican minister of relations, addressed to Webster and to mend,)crs of the diplomatic corps.^ xVlst) at tlie same time, and perhaps from the same source, tlioro came a Boston paper containing an item from tlic X. O. Afh'crtiser of April 19th, asserting that ]\K\i(o had coded the Californias to England for ii?7, 000,000. After a consultation with the U. S. charge d'aiFairrs at Lima, Jones put to sea on September 7th with ll. ' United Spates, (Jyanc, and Dale. Xext day lu' siih- mitted the situation to his three commanders, and asked their advice, expressing his opinion that ^lexitc 'May 21, 1842, Jones to sec. navy, in Joncn at Monterey, p. fiii-T. The French lleet was really bound to the Marquesas to take possession. 8 May 12, 1842, Bocanc^ra to Webster; May 31st, Id. to Ll.; Miiy .".l-^t, Id. to dipl. corps. These doc. with other corrosp. of the period iiiav \n' tn.nul in U. S. Govt Doe., 27th Cong. 2d Sess., H. Doc, no. 200, 42 p.; 'Pi-<.ossil)le by Mipplanting the Mexican Hag with that of the United Stales at ]Montercy, San Francisco, and any other tenable points within the territory said to have been recently cedjd by secret treaty to Great Britain"! Accoixiingly, the vessels parted company on the l.'^th, the United States and Ci/ane making all sail for Cali- fornia, while the Dale went to Panama with a report lor Washington, and with orders to come to Mon- terey later." * ' -""'lil'll' >'.1 •! i '! :! 'Tli(^ fdUnwing arc tlic documents from which this narrative has been niiidc. J mil' 22, 1842, Parrott to Jones, with news from .Mazatlan. Joiir.i at Moiifi'i-i li, i.N',J ', p. SO-7. Sept. Sth, J. to liis com., suhniittinr; the fact.'i an ( 'ulifornias, and lastly the secret movements of the English naval forco iu this (piarter, . . . have all occurred since the date of your last orders. Con- . tiii jHjlH i^ ,1 ^r! I ^'i;i 1 ?^h> f! I* 804 coMMODor.E joxr.s AT MONTi:i;i:v. Tile action ofJoiu's wms tlms fai" aiuply justl'ird ly tlio i.'xistiiiL,'' critical ciiHainistaiiccs. Thci'u was in c'liilcliiii;^" at straws of weak prctfiuH" i'or u iuovciiii'::t nL;ain:-t Califoniia; lu; had sulliciciit ivasoiis lor his foans tliat tliu interests o{' his couutrv were ciHiaii- ^•ci'cd; and he nii^'lit justly have heeii hlauied had Lis action hei-n less |)roin|»t. In ex[)ressin<4 apiMiAal, however, of Jones' |)olicy and acts, it is i>y no nic;i;is necessary to a|)j)rove or even discuss tht; j)o.'-iti.!:i taken by the council ol' ofiicers in defence of the Mmi- roe doctrine, and the ri^dit to foi\'stall the JjU^lish I,y sei;nng Califorida, even if there was no war wiUi j\[e\ico. For what had l)een done other uiotivi\s \ver'e more than sullicicnt; In what followed, as wo shall se(% this motive had hut little inlluence. In ••aso of wai', and j)en(nnii' a linal settlement, thei'e can 1h' im question that the Ameiic;in eonnnodore had a prrfcet rii^ht to I'oi'estall the iMiylish admiral in seizin;^' aad holding any Mexican territoiy. On the LSth of Oet(;l)or the two men-of-war were close to the cMuist of California, without having toucli'' I at any ])ort since leaving Callao, or seen any sail sinv ci'ossing the equator. An order was issued to the men, forbidding under severe penalties all plunder, insult, or excesses on shore in the stirring scenes that might soon be expected. "During the battle a;id S0(juciit!y Iain witliout in.striictioiis, or tlie sliuhtost intimation of your vic\v;i anil wislics niir.n what I considor a vital iiiicsLiou to tl'.o IJ. S. — tin; oc^'Uj'a- tion of Cal. Iiy iJreat iiritaiii iindor a sfcrot treaty w'.tli >'exi(0. Jii this tliliiiinia, alltliat I can promise i.s a fiiitliful an.s. WAi: WITH Mi'xiro. 3j:> stilfi' every man niiisi do ]iis utincst to t;ikc and (li-li"y, liut v.lu'h tlio Hag is struck all hostility must (v;ei , and yf)U must eV(Mi he'Como the |irote<'toi's ofall and not ihv ojtpressors of any."'" Hounding I*oint I'ini'-' at dawn next morning, .Jones soon saw that at 1( ,1-1 Tlioinas liad not reached Monterey het'ore liim. lie I'dsed English colors, and at noon hoarded a Mexican vessel coming out of the harhitr, the niasler ofv.liich [H'ofessed not to have heard ol'any hostilities l.clwecn Alexico and the United States.'' A[)[)roach- iii^ (lie Inwn witli ilie captured vessel, the two nicn- el'-wnr under the stars and stripes anchored at 2:4.1 1'. M. as close to the castillo as the dejjth of the water WduM permit. After what seemed a lonu' didav, two Calirnrnian oflicers approached in a hoat, hut secnu'tl s(i iiei Alius and reserved as to excite suspicion, though tli( V declared that no news had hecn received of war. An n'Hcer of the Anu>rican ship lunixi, lying at anchor ill tlie liarlxjr, heing sunnnoned, stated that n'ports of WAV were cui'rent at Honolulu, and that here he had li'ind tli(' report that England was to take possession (f the country. ]\Ioreover, a general stir was notlcc- filtlc on sliore, with signs of preparation for defence; and it was deemed a suspicious circumstance that no Auuricans came on hoard from the town. '•Tlie lime t\>r action had now arrived," says the ('(•iniiiodore, and I cannot do better than to use his own words; "whilst nothing had occurred to shake my bi'licl' in the certainty of hostilities with ]\[uxico, the reiterated rumored cession of California to Enijfland "M)c(. l.stli, Jdiics to his men. General order, in Jone-t at Monterey, IS.'iJ, 1'. 41--J, 7s-;). " C:!iit. Snook was the master, and tlio vessel was tlie J6ri n Oitipuzroni/n. I liiivooii^-iiia! statinnents from tliree iicrsons v.lio vero itiiilillo, /.Vr/f.s, ilS., 4'2-5, a hoy at tlie time, was a passeni;er witli liis "Ill-ill, Dona Maria de Jesus Kstndillo, whose stoiy is told in J)ftri'<' O'lhii/'Si ..; MS.. US, etc., the young lady lia.-iii}^ manied D.ivis later. Mis Sni".k MasiiLsixin lioard. "The narratives mentioned, especially that of Miss Kslii- iiilli). eontaiii many interesting,' details of their brief captivity, which, how- ever, liavc no special iiistorical importance. The ladies were set ashore next jiHiniin.r, |);ivis says that Snook sucecevied during the night in secretly laiiiliii- tlie most valualile part of his cargo before aninvcntory was taken. Ui3X. Cal,, Vol. IV. 20 If. J '! ■' ' mm 1 !:i. •ill ' !■; .:1 1 306 coM:MODonr: joxes at :\ionterey. was sti'din'tlviuHl l)v wluit I liave alrea;lv r<'l;t;':l. lifMire iiotimuwasto l)ul()st,asan()iiior;lay?niglit luinn' Admiial Thomas Avith a superior t'orco to take posses- sion ill tlio iiaiiio of" his sovereign; CIcneral ^lichdtd- reiia, or the new governor-general of California, iiii^Iit a[)p(Mir to dcfeiul his capital, within less than tliivc (lays' inarch of whicli he was then said to l)e. If I took possession of the country and held it by li-^lit nf conquest in war, and there was war with jMexicii. i\\\ would he rin'lit: then if the Encflish sliould conic ;uui claim under a treaty of cession, as such treaties do iint give title till [)osscssion is had, I should have cst.ili- lished a legal claim for my country to the coihiiwi-'iI territory, and at least have placed her on strong groiiinN i'or forcible n'tcnfion or amicable negotiations, as ;i!'tri' (Mrcumstances niiglit dictate. If Admiral Tliomas should afterwards arrive and attempt to supplant our ilag on shore, the marines of the squadron to man tli.' guns of the fort witliout weakening our sliijis wnuld insure us the victory, and the responsibility wouM rost on the English commander. On tlie other hand, it'it should turn out that amicable relations had becii it- storcd between the United States and ]\Iexico, tliat ]\[exico had not part(Ml with the Californias, and lliat at the time L demanded and took j)ossessi(jii of .Mon- terey there was no war, the responsibility of the ait at first inio-ht seem to rest on me, certainly not on oiir government, who gave no orders ui[)on the sahi'd, Jhit if I am right (of which there can be littlo d'Hii't) in aj^signing to ^[exico the attitude of a nation haviii^' declared coiidiLioiial war, then, under all the ciivmn- stances of the case, Mexico is the aggressor, ami as such is responsible for all evils and ctJiisequeini •, re- sulting from the hostile and ineiiacing position in which she placed herself on the fourth of duiio last. ])ut I ma}' be wrong, toto calo, in all my dedm li.'iis and conclusions. If so, I may forfeit my coninii->i''ii and all that I have acquired in seven and thirty y< ars devotion to my country's service. Terrible as siiili a DEMAXD FOR SURRENDER. coTiscqncncc would bo to me and my family, it was not sulliiit-'at to detor me from doiiiL!;' what I believed to lie iiiv duty, wlieu a concatenation of unforeseen and uiirorcsfeable events required prompt and ener^'etic acli'ii for the honor and interests of my country," '- At 4 r. M. on the lOtli of October, Captain James Armstrong was sent ashore under a flag of truce to de- mand a surrender of the post to the United States, " to avdid tlie sacrifice of Inunan life and tlio horrors of war" that would be the immediate result of non-{^>m- pHaiH'i'. Tlie demand, addressed to the governor r.nd military and civil commandant of Alonterey, was jire- sriited to Alvarado, who was given until 9 o'clock the iu'\t ilay to consider the proposition, though he saivl tliat he did not hold the j)ositions named in the ad- drrss.''' At G P.M. Alvarado went through the I'or- iiijility of demanding from the comandante, Captain ]\hii'iano Silva, what were the existing means of de- fiice; and was informed an hour later that the foitili- cati(ii)s"were of noconsef|uenee,asevervl)ody !;no\\s.'''* Tlirna consultation of otlicialsand leadiii''' citizens was livM at tlie governor's house, where it was of course (Iceiilcd (!iat resistance was impossible; aiid just l)e- f'ni'c midnight a connnission, consisting of Captain IN'dro Xarvaez representim*' the militarv autlioritv, and dose Abresjfo the civil, was sent on hoard to ar- rau'^T the teians of surrender.'''' Thonia.s ( ). Larldn .served as interpreter. After two hours o|'(lisi )n, '■'.I'liH's to sec, navy, Oct. 'JKli, in Jo)ir!i of. Moir r"i/, (i'.)-T.'>, ciint.iir.in .; a full iiarritivi- of events from Sept. '..'Uli to iliiti'. "(lit, r.Hli, .Font's to Alvanulo, (IcniiiiulliiL,' sai'i\'n'l;'r. iin.l cnclosin'.' :irli- clcs of capimlatlon. ]ii ,/oiii:-< (it Moiitcrcii, Is.'/.', Ji. 'Jl'-;!, 71 ."), .V(/. ./ /.'■;/., Ixiii. .".'IT. .Jouf&si'nis iiinisc'lf ' ('oniiiiMnitiT in-(-'lii''t of tlic V .s. na\(il foifis I'll tli'j I'jK'ilio station, and of tlio naval ami niilit.aiy cxiwilitiou for tli cii- ]iiition "f (.)1(1 a, id New California,' etc. .Funi's stairs (see note \'2) that .\Ka- I'.iilo ' llnl'.i'sitatiii'.'ly consenteil to surrender. . .\vitliout asUini,' a sinule 'ines- tloii, or even in(|uiring why Ave ajipeared in lu)Slile ariay," etc.; Imttiii.s .>ea!d tome anliki'ly. "(tet. I'.itli, A. to S., nno . , ,y. JniH:-< at Moiil. r> i/. / s'.; .', p. -J 1 . Thef.irci' ivii.irtr,l \vi,s 'J'.i soldiers, '2') militia, willi II cannon nearly all usi'less and lacliiu',' aninmnition, ami 1,")(> mirskets. 'O. t. 11)1 li, .Vlvarado to .lones, .aniiouneiii^ that, as he iuej liefore slated, li" liail no military uuthority, lienoo the commission, i/o/fc at MoiiUrt y, l^'i-', p- 'J:!, 71). ( *t-S COS cdmmodor:^ joxi:s at .moxthufa'. tlic terms were settled, to l^c sij^ned at 9 a. J[. ; and li •- t'oi-e the comiiiissiouers retariied, Alvaradodespatclu J u letter to Micjieltorena, stating the situation, endi) - ing past ('or.'espondenee, and declaring that "witlidut :>]i })ossession of the abandoned castillo, over whidi tli • st;trs and stripes were raised in [)lace of the ^Mexican flag tliat Iiacl just been lowered, and a few iiii.iiitc- after noon a salute was tired on tlie frigate ami sld.ij., '"Oot. 19t)i (iOth), -2 A. M., A. toM. Jonr.f at Moittrrn/, IS.',.\ p. ■20-1, Ik' notes tlic capture of tlio (i'iii/iir.foann, mid says that pi-Dlialjly llic <'l"i-'ii'i, Triiii'liiil, anil ( 'a/i/nniifi, ^^ ill shan' her fatr. Framnsco Suti) wan tlic nioss.:n- fS,cv Ri'nt .south l»y Alvaraili), and in 1S41 1 ad not vet received (lie J;vill due liim foi'tlicscrvirc, 'jhpf. St. Pa/t., Mniit. ''(/../.-//./.MS., v ( iS-J|. (';i|it. Miju (if till! liatalliin in also saitl liy many to liavu anivod just t tliia tinn', iiii'l to liavf tnini'd li.ick at onco with the ni'W.s. '' Ai'ticlfS (if L'a]iitiilaticin, otc in Jniio at Moiiti ri'ij, IS.'i.'. ]i. ll!) 1, "-\ Rubstniitiallv tlio siinio an thisi; lii'st pniposed liy.Toni'fi. II.. '-'J It. Tli> ylii.r tho date of O.'t litth, thouudi it slionld lie Oft. •JDtii. Tliu uanis'ii inn! .-lU rou'nlar Mcsioan troops wtm! to hwoind pii^nncrs of war, anil with .'ill civu otiii'crs wore to bo sent to .1 Mexican port, at the expense of the I'. '■^.. iiiuli;' liiii'o!(Miot to taiv<" up amis nntil exelianii(>il: Imt militia were simpl;. ti':i»o np their arms, and were to forfeit no peisoiiiil ]ii'ivile;:e or riylit of |i;'piM'ty Ko loiiL.'.-! i they should take no ]iart ajrainst the l'. .s. All piililie pro] rty «'a.< to lit! given up under inventory. .Sceuiily of persons, of private jiri'in I'ty oa t^hore, and reii<_'ioiis riyhts was jiuarante 'd to the ( 'aliforniaus; and dihts nt the j.!;ovt of Mexieo to the itihaliitants w<>n^ assuniecl liy the U. S., i>i' ' '-'1" ' hostilities were eoiiiniitted. ete. '^('ajit, .Aruisti'oii'j;; lieutenants, ]{()lil)ins, Larduer, lluliiny, Av^ry. n"'l Shattre!:; I'ldf. L u'kwood aetiuT as adjutant; I'nvser ( iihaon, iiud i'r Max- well '..eiv a.:-,) of the party. .li);:i.-< id Minihren, I:<.',.\ p. 7-. STAliS AND STIUPivS. ?.:.d \hc 'j;\u\>^ f>r the fort replying. Alvarado had i\:tlivil to !ii- I'anclio ut'Alisal and was not present at llio lowciini^' of his country's Ha^^ X(j one was even tein- ijoiarilv deprived of his hhertv, and a j)roelaniation was i-sued in Spanish and J']n_L>'Hs]i witii a view to tc:ic!i the })eopie how L^reata hlessini^- had been \'t.)Ueh- .^alril to them in the chanijo of Han'.-'''' '■"Allliough I conic inarms as the rcprcsuutativc of a powerful iiiitioii. uiMiii wlinm the (-'ciitnil govci'innL'ut of Mexico lias wa^'Cil war. 1 conx.' nob ti) spvcail (K'solation anionj,' California's jwaueful iniialiitant.s. ]t is as^ainsl tlio nrnivl oninics of my country, li.imlrd aiul arrayed under lliu llai,' ot McNico, that v,ar ;;iiil its di'cad constMpiences will Ijo enforced. Jnlialiitants of Califor- liiiil Vol! have only to remain at your homes in jmiv-uit of )ieaceful vocations to iii>iiri' M'cni'ity of life, jwrson, and property fi'nm tlie eonseijuenees of an r.ujn t V. .r, 'it(j which Mexico has plunged y(ju. Those stars and strijies, iii- f.il. '!>!'■ <•. I '■'(•: H oi" civil liberty, etc., now lliiat triumphantly ln'foi'c you, aiel iiC'i ef irtii .1 ■ forever will L;ive jirotectioii and security to you, to your i.'iurii" :, air! J ;j unborn eounth'ss thousands. All the rights and privilogeu v,;.ii-'i yiu 'iii.v enjoy, togi'ther with the privilege of choosing your own iiKi'.i.itratcs and other oliicers for tlie administration of justiee among yoia - icivis, will h'; secured to all who ri'inaii! peaceably at tlnir homes and (jU'er 1111 rc.'ii.staneo to the forces of the V. S. Such of the inhabitants of ('al., V. lictlier natives or foreigners, as may not lie disposed to accept the high ]iri\i- L'go or citi/cnship. and to live jieaccably under the free govt of the U. S., will he iilloucil time to dispose of tlieir ])roperty ami to remove out of tlie cmiiti'y, without any other restriction, while they remain in it. than the ob- S'vvnnce of strict neutrality— totalabsthience from taking ])art directly or in- (liivctly ill the war against the U. S. . .All provisions and supplies .v.ill be li:,id fur at fail- rates. Xo private |U'opeitv will lie taken for ]iublic ase ■with- out jilst coinpensation.' Joiutat Mmit nij, lyt.'f..', p. 7!)-Sl, 'M-'2. This doc. iilsip i-! dateil Oc't. I'.Hh instead of 120111. '.lay, Muiraii War, St-O, says the jivnclinnatiim was in print, and must have been printed in Washington ov l'al!;in: liiit I think he i> in error. I do not hnd it at al! in the arcliives, I li.ivc several narratives f;em memory of the taking of Monterey; but it • Iiuist le I'olifess'.il they Mid uolhing to the information eontaiiieil in tlu; mi^i^iaiil .'orres|)oiideiice, ulnle nearly all contain noticeable errors. Max- well, .!/(»/// a //('/( ^.'v/.' M."-i. 7 ' 1, ;,sserts that the surrender was deemi'il a niso, tliat o;)!) lU'u laiiiied. tli.t the storming ]iarty mareheil U)1 a ravine to tlio fort, where they ■ lUi.d o ^r.Tisconinuaiding the ravine, concealed liy green I'iHiL^li'^, loaded and piiiued, *' liii the niatche-^ luirninu' within a few inches of t'it> pnwderl Davis, ('/''H/w of ir /'(nl, y,>.. ',17-10(1, 'J.'il , givi s an iiitci- Ktili',' ii.'irrative, but says ih.. .'■ varado left Mont^'rey on the approach of "i!io \i'sscl:M\ ithout waiting for the sununons tu surrender, ("ulverwell, in /'.. !M li, also .says .Vharado was out of town; and he I'epreseiits the men on li Mill the vessels as ha\ing felt eonsiilerabh' fear of the guns on shore. Mrs ili'il, Oiuirn i/i-iti-j, yi.i., I'Jti-;!!), says that .\lvarado wasat lirst disposed not to ^iU'reiidcr, but to make a show of resistance and then run away; lait was not I'l'Viiiitti'd by his friends to do as ho wished. She say;< .loni's" ^e(■retary cam.! ' I lur house to demand the key of the custom-house, I'ablo de la ( iiierra \\h > I'.i'l hail it having gone to Sta liaibara. Slu^ told him she had not the key, iiiil lie tlueateiii'd to ' ,eak '.a the door. Itobinsoii, A;/!' in ('h!iimii'.i Si'tliuioit, MS.. 10. I'rinteil accounts besides tiiosc idreadv mentioiu'il, J/o/ra.<. Kv/^lur., i. 311-11; Tiifliiir.'^ Ilht. Cal., 14S-!); Mi(rn-\^ Mr.r.n!is altogether friendly were established; and Mi- clitltiireiia was duly notilied of all that had occurred,-'* the (.')/<'itt' being sent down to Sta Barbara with the despatch, and Michelt(jrena b"lng assured that the cuiiiiuotlore would await his a}'ri».l at ]\lonterey."^ Jniifs remained in the north until the end of the year, deeming it prudent to await positive information t'l'Diii his government rusi^ecting ]\Iexican relations. Duiiiig this time his relations with the authorities wri'iahon'cther friendly, thou<''h he found itnecessarv to i»iic a warning that ^lexico would be held respon- sil)k' for any acts of hostility to foreigners, since it vais Irarcd that the news of tlie retrocession of the (•;il)ilal might nou be so prom])tly circulated as had been tliat of the capture. ^■^ On the 'I'lA Jones made arepiii't to Waddy Thompson, U. S. minister in i\Iex- ico, ill which he wrote: "It is a source of great satis- Imtinii, that notwithstanding what has happened, no aiigiy words or unkind expressions have been used by 0: >^ IM '^Mi.iips toscc. navy. Joncsaf Monter('ii,lS.'f'i. p. Tl-.f. Oct. 20tli, Spciice to Vallcj... //;s^ Cnl, AlS., iv. -JiJT. Oct. "-Jl.st, .Jones to Alvarado and Silva. t/ii;,( < '(/ Moiili ;•('/, .'i;!, Ml. Jones to MichcUorc na. /(/., .■):!--(, 41). Silva to M. /i/., .'ij-.'i. Alvarado to M. Jd.,'.V2. ' .My heart liounds with joy in my hoi- • 111),' writes Alvarado; 'tliu joy of the people i.s complete.' Oct. "Jist, '22d, Mlvn iM ^'allejo. Vdllcjo, Doc, MS., xi. '-'SO, "JSl; Prado Mesa to V. 7-/., .\i. i'n-s. ()> t. 'Jlid, Alvarado to V. JiL, xi. 'i.S'J-:{. Oct. -Jlid, Richardson to \'., ■viilli iieeoiint of tlio whole idliiir as learned l>y Howard of the (.'ali/onilK, from riciiaiid I'into at St;i Clara. Iil., xi. 'JS4. The story was that Wiir had been dechireil at Washington on June .-)th. ^' Aecoi'dinj,' to a letter from Jas P. Arthur to ("apt Uiehar\.\\, .lones to Alvarado. J Tlionipsou. Id., ST -'10; Jaiics, Aiji-e.-i/on oi\. MS., i. ."SS-OO. The vessel was the Prliiinrirri, :u:d t!if days, desertion of siiilor.s, etc. 'i in-vo i.i no record tliat any siiti.-t'action was ever received. '^"Oct. liOth, Alvarado to \':diejo. .(ones tries to give satisfaction, lii;t h'n cr)nduct can hat inspire di:strnst. VnUijo, Jhic., .MS,, xi. 'JSG. Xo\. ITitli, Silva to V. ];■) ready at tlie sligiitest alai in to call tlie peojile together :nid ili'- fend the cuuntry. /.y20-2, for supplies fiii-nished l>y ( 'astan ires to ' 100 men who took up aiiiisliu'- i-i-j *\w days of t!u! American invasiin.' /-V///. Sf. Pap., ^IS., xii. -': /'/., Bvil. C,!.-:!. ■'//., V. H)-li; J), J,/. /.',-•., MS., xiii. -l'). -' I'allcjo, Due, MS,, xiv. 33. The blotter bears uo date, but was u iilteu in October. KESULT.S IX THE NORTH. 3i: Yet tilt' serenity of the north was not seriously dis- tuilii'tl I'Y the American invasion; and the conuno- il(ir('> pei'sonal and social relations with the inhabitants of tlif invaded country were of a most friendly na- ture. ■' On October 2Gth, the YorJdoirii, Nicholas com- iii;iii(l(M', arrived at San Francisco from Callao,-'' and iirdcit'dinL^ to Montere}^ was despatched on or about Xiivciiiber '21st to ^NFa/iatlan and San Bias, to ci'uise l;;tii- in the gnlf She carried Lieutenant if. T. li;irt:-;cne as a bearer of despatches to Wasliiii^'tori, Al till' same time the Uuiti'd SUitc-i, under Ai-mstronu!', was sent to tile Sandwich Islands for su]i[>lies/' the lii'iiad jieimant beinj^' transl'erred to the Clique. (Jn Xnveiiil)er 1st the commodore had, in a letter to .MiclieUorena, ac('(.-})ted that officer's jiroposition to ImM a ])ersonal conference in the south, and had ex- IHessed Jiis intention of comiu'L? down the coast a!)out tlie middle of November;^^ l.)ut he was detained nnich ] 'ii'^vr, both by the non-;irrival of other vessels beloUL!^- iii'''lo his ileet, and by his investiu:ations and efforts to iilttain some k'^^al autlientication in the case of the A!iiei'i<"Uis who claimed damages Ibr exile in 1840. He was not brilliantly successful in tiiis undertaking, a> the reader is already aware;''- and doulitless soon eeininced himseH" that the claims had but slight t''iiii(hition injustice. Decend)er 11th, he sailed on -n'alKj.), llht. Car., MS., iv. 31 1-2, .'^.-lys that Castro (IL^IHumI .rciics, ,m),1 Mas the (iiily Olio who sought to umlcriiiiiK! bis ])opularity. Jli-i hi>s(ili(:y ^'iiw '.lilt uf .Jones' investigation of tho (Jrahaiii allaii-. Several C:!lil'iiriiian.s .- y that a, LMaml hall was >.'iven to Jones alter l!ie restoration of MniiiiTcy; 1 It Mrs Old, 'icHn-inrin-:, MS., 3-'!), tells ns liiat tiie liall was given to Arm- sti'iiii',' after .lones' departure. -nvt. 'Jilth, Itiehar.lson, in Vnlh'jo, Do^:, ?*IS., xi. •2!)-\ ^"Xov. iCiih, "Jlst, .Tones to see. navy, on his ])!aiis. Dec. 7tli, Parrott to M., auiiiiuiieiiii; arrival of the )'o)7.'/o(''/( at Mazallaii Jice. (itli. ,/<■:;■.-: at M(jii- t'riii, JS.'/.', p. , J. to M., in ./-)y((s uf ^[oi:ln-'ii, IS;?, ]». MT-O. He write) ill II iHiuiiiatory tone, defeiidini,' his past action; ;;nd he oU'ens to cany in tlio vo.«-iil ^oou to lie despateheil any eoniiuunieation.s or nie.ssenyer tlie general may lUNJre to send to Mexico. "■S'-e ihap. i. of tliisNol.; also fV(<'/'n, />.),•., MS., i. (i(i-II4, for the ori^- iii;il Ci'i;\,;p. on tliia snlijeet, lasting from Nov. loth to Dec. ^Otli. i I . (• « ^ *i 314 CO.NniODORK JONES AT MONTEREY. the Cijiinc, and arrived in three days at San Fran- cisco, where he was joined on the 151h by the Jhik', Dornin commander, from Panannl, brin<^ing news of amical)le relations between the two republics down to the month (^f June.^'' From San Francisco, Jones went to Sonoma, whei'e he was entertainetl for a dav or two by Colonel Vallejo, who has a most agrecalilc meniiJi'V of his visitor's ^Gentlemanly qualiticss.^^ Tliu United .S7(/^'.s' returned from Honolulu in Deceuihciv'' and all three vessels sailed from Monterey Januaiv 1), 1843 — the Dale i\n*l United SUdeti for Mazatlaa, whilu the Cijanc with Jones on board touched at Santa Barbaia and San Pedro. The store-shi[) of the- ileit, the -Iteluf, Lieutenant Sterrett, had also arrived Ik- fore the departure i)f the other vessels, and soon followed them southward,^'' while the Cjtuie came back later in the vear. V Ilavinu' thus recorded the 'American invasion' s> far as it atfected northern California, I have now to notice some southern aspects of the matter, aspects "^ Dec. 14tli, intli, Capt. Ricliarilson to Vallejo, announcing iii rival ^f Cijaiic ixuiX J)iile. VctVejo, J>0':, MS., .\i. lil-j-lU. l)ec. loth, com. ui .Moiia- rev to \'. All the vessels have deiiartcd. /tl., xi. 817. "' j'lll'j'), Jlisi. C(d., MS., iv. ;}i.'.")-4.">, where the visit is desciilieil nt onii- sidenihlo IciigLh. lie say.s Jones and his men lost their way in cdiiiiii^' ti Sonoma; acL-idcntally as lie .'^aid, hut intentionally as some of Iii.s iirmi tuM Lfcse, with a view to seu more of the country. Vallejo honored liis t-'iu.n ■with a sahite from hi.s cannon, and entertained him with a roiho, !iiiK:i!i dance, foot-races, etc. — llnally escorting him to the landing. He s|ic,iksiif the comniodorc in the most llattering terms. Dec. 'J-tth, V. to Michiltoiciia, mentioning Jones' visit. He thinks the ohject may have been to \. ui iiioie tinvt in liis good faith after the allair of Monterey. I'olitical matters wtio not talked of. Vallejo, JJoc, iSlS., xi. .S'Ji'. Davis, GUmjMCn, MS., Iti;!-!*, he re- turneil to Cal. Siic was however at Mazatlan in February. ^"Slie arrived at Monterey from Bodega on Jan. '20th, and sailed en Fih. 2r)th. Jhjif St. r., lien. CuM.-II., MS., iii. (041-0, Oo-J-ll); liut I Mipp"'*") she had lieen at Monterey earlier, llidwell, VnH/oriiia i.s'4/-X, M"''., '<•'>-;'> ."■luaks of Jones having sent the lid'uf to iJudega, with some despatchc:3 lur liim to deliver (?). JkllCHELTORENA HEARS THE NEWS. 315 iiioiv aimisiiig than liloody, showing in a not very fa- voi;i1)lo hght some peciiHaritics of the new governor. It \\;is ill the night of October 24th that Michelto- riiia. iit A'alle's rancho of San Francisco near ^Mission San l"\'riiando, was aroused from his sleep by the ar- rival nf messengers from Alvarado with the news that Monterey must be surrendered on the 20th. The o-oncra], if we may crecht his statement made a httle later, wished himself "a thunderbolt to fly and anni- liilatc the invaders;" but not being a thunderbolt, he spent the next day in writing despatches to subordi- nates in all parts of the country, and in retreating with his batallon fijo some twenty miles to San Fernando. His plan of campaign, as declared in liis despatches, was to establish his headquarters at Angeles, to con- centrate there all available force and supplies, and to cause all live-stock to be driven from the coast to the interior. His confidence in success, like his patriotic enthusiasm, was unlimited; his own force was amply sutiieient, he said, to defeat the intruder, but he was unwilling to deprive the Californians of the privilege of aiding in so li'lorious a cause; hence his call ft)r aid. His coiiimuiiications to diflerent officials were all of the same ])urport, and I append some choice specimens in a note.^^ '■ Oi't. 2'}. 1S42, Michfltorcna to Vallejo, to Alvarado, to Profcot Argucllo at Aiiu'i'los, toConiunclanto ('nrrillo at >Sta IVivbara, in Joncfi at Monhrci/, IS4,?, [1. '.'-t 7; !•<(//,>. i^oc, MS., xxxiii. •2!)4; Urpt. St. Pap., :MS., xii. ill-4; .b'. 7>V;/o .l/v7(., MS., '2S0. To Vallcjo at (i A. 11. lie writes: ' Moiitoroy is no iltmlit (locupicd liy these forces, as it is impossible to defend the place. I cniiiiDt just now lly to its aid. for I am over 100 leaj^ncs away, nor should I Irtivi' Ln.i Anu'i'los lUiprotcctcd, where I have arms and aiiinuinitinn, wiiich in tlio liiiiids of the valiant Californians, united with the forcii under my coiii- iiiaiul, will serve to rout the enemy. You must thorefore collect as many men as jiiK ible, sending nie fre<|iient reports on their number and movenieiits in order to enndiiiie our operations. Ti'iuniph is certiiiii; with my presi^nt force I iliDuld !int hesitate to attack; but it is just that all share in the pleasure of viotiry, sune we are all Mexicans, and it is the duty of all to defend in this war the holy religion of our fathers, natioiKil independence, ]ii'ivate property, aiic' even dipniestie order. Are there any stronger rights which move tlie hu- man hfait? .\re there Mexican bosoms wliieli do not feel themselves boil with v.'diir ;it seeing t!iis eti' >rt to rob ns of our territory ? Invite, tlien. excite, ruovo the ]);itriotism of ;dl aide to bear arms, and keep well in v.dwX the wholo and \y,\yU ot' this eomniunication, which I recommend jiarticuliirly to yocr ro- pp(ili--iliilitv.' To Alvaiado: 'Everyone who is able to bear I'.nn.i ..nd doo3 Hot iixseiii; hill. Self, as soon as the iufulliblc triumph of our arms is v,on, iin- I f \\m I'- 1 ;» i I. J'. 't> 'ii 81G coMMor)oi:r, joxks at moxt::p.::y. Xi'xt day, October l!(')tli, wliili' still at San Fernan- do, Miclieltoi'cna i-cccivod Jones' connmniieatioii in- forniing him that Monterey had heen restored —in w.s ^vhich, reaching other ])oints ahoiit the same tinir, ]»re\ented any pi'ogress bein*^ njadc in the coiic 'iitia- tion of Ibrees and supplies at ^Vngeles. The s^nMRial iiiiniediately adch'essed two letters to the AiiiciiiMii commodore. In the tirst he \vr(jte: "God and Li!)ri- ty! As the laws of the nation expressly forbid cntci'- mg; into any sort of relations with the enemies of th.' independence, liberty, and integrity of the terril(»iy, I was marching in consequence of the assault cDin- mitted by you on Monterey, to iiLcht vou, and at all hazards to drive vou from the Mexican territorv with- out using any other idiom than those of lead and can- non; but as you, having adopted more prudent i-oim- sels, though I and my valiant men were only l.lij leagues Irom you, have thought pro[)er to e\aciiat'j the place, to reestablish the authorities, to r»'-hoist and properly salute the flag of my nation, and ti> iv- enibark all your troops, declaring the ^Mexican vessels iler tlio protection of providence, will be (leclared unw(jrtliy of the Mexican iiiimo, iin cneiuy of the country, to be expelled ignouiiniously from li' r .■~oil.' To Ari^'iiillo: ' 1 congratulate myself witli you and every Mexican lliat tiie-'u wi-*! ralj/rs iiiYovd us an opportunity to demonstrate the luilion d valor, I'.uJ that we are worthy to hear the name of Indepeiidientes.' Jio annoiniccs his retreat to S. Fernando — the other letters are written from the ram Iio —ami lii.s intention to continue the movement to AnL;ele.-i. The authorities n|,S. l)ie;_;o are ordered to send their cannon to Angeles. To the CDniaudaiiti' at Sta iJiiihara: ' Under these circumstances you will procceil forthwiih in ji'auo in safety, by sending them to Angeles with all the forces tiiat can be colirt:c(l, all till' arms, artillery, and other property of the nation, as tiiey may diiict their attack against that port. You will invite all the inliabitauts, tlic lanst illustrious bi.sho]), and other authorities to meet at Angeles, where i .iiiialKiut to establish my headquarters, in order to arrange tlie operations of a war so holy, so just, and so national.' The lieiadiUcitno was to he sent to S. I'c'.ro, and the immitions fin board taken to Angeles in carts. ' Viva la nacinn \k- jicana!' in l!S44 Micheltorena claimed that the rebels against hiai li.id re- moved all sup})!ies from around Monterey, in imitation of his ow n [H'li' y ia bS4'J! ('(/."ffUhnrs, Col. JJor. , ')<). Keplies to Micheltnrena's (!oinmuiiii:it:niis nt various dates, from Oct. •Joth— all more or less jiatriotie in tone. ■/ ■' "' J/o//^•n//, i.s'.;,.', p. -27-!); Z'w ylii'j>y ^bS., 128, simply state that Miciieltorena on hearing the nc«- capti;rc retired to Au^eles and began defensive operations. lIR'll MS., n.i'r- •I ilie i Tin: OKXr.IiALS r.OMHAST. 317 frc ■ af ihr inomont when you addressed to mc tho k'tt( ■ just received, I iKtw answer you by this sepa- rate (Icspatcli, in order to assure you that we Mexi- crtiis know how to answer with arms and lire when wo iire addressed in terms of war, and, if ])eacerully, witli ihr liariiioiiy and civiUty compatihle with tho ago in wliii li we hve, and with the enhj^litoned nations to wliii li we hoth belou!^." The <^)ther eoinmunieation, ill Wdids ahnost as pompous and nnicli more numer- ous, deelared that "tho multitude of persons now sur- loiiiidiiii;' me will not be content with such satisfaction as you can give me in a single official des])atch;" tho satisfaction, like the outrage, must be public; and ho insisted on a ])orsonal conference at Angeles, eight leagues from Jones' force at San Pedro, and twelve leagues from ]\ric]ieltorena's army at San Fernando; or it' Jones feared to venture, "mistrusting the word and faith of an old soldier," then the genei-al would boldly go in person with a few officers to San Pedro. "^ It is claimed by Vallejo and Alvaradothat ^lichel- tnreiia heard of the capture and restoration of tho capital at the same time, and that his orders of Octo- l)(?r 25th were issued with a full knowledge that all danger had passed; but the accusation is prol)ably unfinmded, and the orders were of the patriotico-bom- liastic type usually issued in such cases by Spanish American officials. No other style would have satis- lied the people or the supreme government that tho writer was doin<>' his duty; and it was o'(_«nerallv tho ctlcct in ^Mexico, and not on the foe, that was consid- ered wlien such proclamations wore issued. ^loreover, the order to remove all supplies to the interior as a means of resisting invasion, was in accord with Span- ish and ^[exican policy for many years past, and end some portions of tic report and the purport of the treaty, which show lluit ]\Iicheltorena told a deliberate falsehood, to the c'lcct tiiat he was marchiiii^ to attack Monterey when ho hoard of its restoration; that he had the im[)n(leii('u to demand payment for uniforms and instruments spoiled (huinLj his march in the rain; and that he was vain eiiouo'h to re[)rcsent that Jones' re;il motive In rcslor- i:io' the caj)ital had been fear (»f this valiant o'cneral and his l)atallon tijo! Even the Californians, who had large capacity for bombast, were disgusted with this exhibition from their new ruler.^^ ''■'X'lv. (10), 1S42, M. to Tornel, niin. of war, with 27 accomjwnyiiii,' doc, liein;,' tor tho most piirt the corresp. already cueil, but ODiitiiiiiiii:.' srvcral ci<:iii'.iuiiiuatii)ii;i not iiichidoil in tliosu fniniblied l>y Jones iliroct to tlu^ L'. S. ^Covt. Joiirn (it Moiifeirii, IS.')..', p. 18-44. Tho demand for surrender 'will justly excite the indii;ii.ation of ti:i' sup. inni;i.jtrate as well as of yourself anil every Mexiean, on seeing,' tliiil willioiit even a plausilile pretext, and in delianee of the laws of nations and t!i"tiv:ities between tlie two countries, an armed force comes to occupy tlie naticni.il ten- tory.' • Your ICxcellcncy may imagine my indi^'nation. 1 wished iiiy-i-lt a t!r,;nd(?rbolt t > ily and aiuiiliihite the invaders; but 1 10 leagues intervnnd he- tween nie and them, and my forces are all infaiitry. I nevertlules-; sj»iit tho night in ]>re)iaring measures. ..to organize an aetixe ami incessant \\:ir ^n tho enemy until he should have been obliged to rei'nibark, if any of his f.n c'c < limiM remain alive. On the following (biy, t!ie 'JlJth, 1 began my march' lin ctly away from Monterey if at fJl — ' witli my troops, of whose enthusiasm I > aiiiut say to(j much, when I felicitated them, in tlie name of our country, on tin.' (w- casioii tiius presented for proving that we arc wijrtiiy of the coulidiii' i' -'f tiio nation, and worthy to defentl the Mexican territory, our dear iiidi p. n Iriico, and all the rights of society and man. North and south of my headoiKU turs AFFAIIl OF THE 'TASi^O.' 810 s lh>.V lad Uio t» colli- I Junud b nt iui pcctoil, '|)(irt (it U went »()Ut tlio , all rc- s of the o\v lliat iie (' licet vlieii lie dciicc tn spoi!i'(l va> vain I I'otnr- m'lici'al Lvlio lia;l il!i lliis nyiu-' >l"<-'" |ii"i_r ~i vcral th.' I'. ^^ if till' sup, it without k!i-ti'c;itio^ inlKil ti'ri- ll !I1.V-'U' •' SjM'llt t!io |v;l|- nil the li'c-i shmil'l -.liirctly |„ i ( aiiuot l.u tliooc- V,l,lM,t'tllO ;,r: 'jtoH 1 Amorioan sliip Tosso was lyiujjj at Sati Pedro v.li 11 tlio news arrived that ^loiittTcy had hciMi tak< II. dose AntfMiio Cai'iillo and Captain Pt-adoii (.'(iiH'rived the idea of seizill^• this vessel, ii[>plyiiiL;' to the iu'efoot for authority. Argiiello in turn referred the iiiattor to Micholtorena, wlio disap[)roved the sei/iiM and ordered the rcdease of tiie captain, who liad lieen detained, hjaniino- (.Viri'illo and I'rudon for iiiterlerinuj in national aifaiis, which he himself was entirely coin[)etent to manage.*' This act enabled the oiiKial in the report already cited to l)oast that not n, jiii^ie act of violence liad been committed against the jiirsonsor property of subjects of the United States. Hut those subjects could show not (|uite so clean a rec- cvirytliiiii,' w.is in motion; and tlio frvcr of patriotism wliicli I ox(:it"il witli iiitriictii' foi'ix' l)e;it ([uiokly . . .In tlii:j state ot tliin!.,'s 1 was met Ky (Aqit. Mojia,' who came from Monterey where lie had ' wi iliod not to si','n any eaiiitu- l;i'.i;:> w iiled i:; therefore it i.s for the licst, and we have only to respect and how ti> its de- c.c'cs.' IJiit for tlie activity, etc., of I'resident .Santa Anna and the iiiin. of v.ar in siiidiiig nu' atid my force liere, (.'alifornia would now liavc to i)c re- I'lVrrnl !;t doulile the expense that Texas has cost. 'I'hereforc 'I pray your li.M'ilKiny to iisk tlie president whether the coiidtict of one of liisgc'iierais in tlii.s iicgoiiation has l)ecn such as to merit liis high approliation.' Till' articles of convention, sent unsigned hy rs'.-ison of .foiies' non-ai'rivtil, were sulislanlially ;is follow.i: i., ii. The indemnilicalion for outrage on tl'O tl.i'i, ;iiid settlement of chiims for (hima'^'cs to individuals to he left t > Iho sap. g:ivt. iii. .Jone.4 declares that lie t:)o!c ^lontcrey in the erroneous lielief t'.i::t war existed; and each promises never to attack the ]iosscs:-ion3 of tho ii.Iior's (•(iimtry except in etise of an express declaration of wtir. iv. Tlic (apittilation signed l)y .Tones and Alvtinido is forcter void and of no cireit. V. Tile V. .S. iiieii-of-Wiir and merchant vessels at S. Pedro will f^aliite tho .M xican ilag to lie displayed before them Ky M icheltorena ut noon of tlio II' xt (lay .ifter signing this treaty, vi. ',Mr 'i'hos A.]) f". .Tones will deliver 1, . "DO I'oiiiplcte infantry uniforms to ro]ilaco tluise of nearly one half of tho Mcxiraii fiirces wliich liavc been ruini^d in the violent mtircli and tln' coiilin- v.'il rains, while they were on their way to recover the \)wt thus iiivtnied.' vii. .hnics to jiay ,'>!l."),000 into the national treasury for expenses incurred fn>;ii t!i(^ gcncr.al alarm; also a complete set of musical instruments in place if those ruined on this occasion, viii. Respecting copies and signaturi'S of this ildi'iiment. These articles are several times I'eprinted in connection with 1 iter corresiKindence. "U. t. LV.th, Prefect Argiiello toM. Joiici nl Monterey, IS/,.?, p. 39. Oct. '-ijth, iviily. /,/., p. 40; Dcp:. St. Pap., A,ifjckx, MS., xii. 91-G. n '! '*i| V ' « V ' jl :|fj!il mn I ^' t 320 COMMODORE JONES AT MONTEllEY. ord. Tlie .ilo't was lyiuL? ot San Dion'o, llavlll^• n\\ board and on slioro a valual)lc ear^o ot" hicK.'S. C ajitaiii Phelps lieard of the ca[)turc ot* IVlontorey, and ;;! tlio same time a report that a t'orce had been despatch* J by ]\Iielieltorena to seize all ]iroperty at San Dicnit. ])etennined to save his cargo, he made ready (or s;iil- in_u\ worked night and day to load his hides, and pro- ceeded to remove every obstacle to his escape by send- ing a })arty of sailors to spiko the guns at the luit. It is not likelv tliat Micheltorena had ordtTed tlic seizure of the hides or vessel, but he had probahly sent men to secure the cannon, and it was tin: ap- ])roach of these men that chietly frightened i'liel}).-. The atl'air was considerably written ai)out In ^lexico, an;l to the charge of spiking the guns was added tliat of throwing ballast into the harbor; but the l;;i'u:;!1 was taken that the otlenco was purely an in(n\ idiuil and in no sense a national one; and as the owners wuiv willing to pay the damage, the matter was allowed to xlrop.*'^ Leaving i\Tontcrcy January 9th^ Jones, on tlio C;'/k a liairlit eopiHi' hIkI at tlie I'u.t and tlinw tlie I'l'.st into the sea; Imtiii) cliai-.yf nt t!i:a hiiul was (Vi r iiiaile. Half the ear<,'i> >\iis on Koaiilvlien tln' news lUiao'if Jones' iiiistaki'; and at that time Mii lieltorena"s ' vau'aliunds' wen' wi'.liin two lioius" iiiaieh of the ship. l>ee. lOtli, riiel[is to Jones. Tr:ii:'laii"ii. Dinrio (Id dull.. Fell. I!», 184;!; lUixtHiiiniilv, J)!»r::, Ixvi. (I!), with .-i I tUT't Jones (in the .snlijeet. ]S'ov. 4tli, jne;; of S. Diego to pn feet, annouiKiiiL; i..e .^piking of 8 gnus. Jji/it. .b/. rof.. An;/.. MS., \ii. I'S. t'l irisji. liif.uc;! ministers lUiennegniani'. Thompsun, ].>ee.'J8tli-30th. J/( .rtro, .)/• //(, Ji' I'lrioiUf, 1644, annexes .\cii-\. *' Jan. 14th l.'ith, Jones at Sta Diiihara to M. Dhtrio d) JIa;:allau. JONES AT J.JS ANGELES. S21 Aiiuvlcs, ail invitation 'Ahirli ho ac(?ojite(l.''^ Next iiioiiiiiiu' Jones laiuleJ with Captain Striblino- and halt' a dozen otiicrs; and at 2 v. m., after a dinnci' iireiiared by Miclieltorena's cooks at Steams' store- liousr, the party started for the i)nebh:), Jones, Sti'ib- liii^-, Clynier, and Iveintre sitting with ^lajor Medina ill a liaroiichc drawn by three horses, the rest on liorsi'back, and all escorted by twenty-five mounted uu'ii of the Santa Barbara guard. The visitors were take!) to the residence of Abel Stearns, where they wvw soon waited upon by ]Micheltorena and liis statf ill full niiiforin, who made a most favorable iin])res- >i(iii by their gentlemanly bearing and polite atten- tmii- 41 At noon on the 19th the conference was held at the general's headquarters, where, after the drinking (if toasts and making of comj)lin:entary s})eeches, MicliLltorena proceeded to read his ' articles of con- wiitioii,' with which the reader is already familiar, air.l ciipies of which were furnished for Jones' consid- iratiiin. This ended the conference; but in the (.'Vi'iiing the Americans, in a drenching rain, attenduJ a H'nuid ball given by the general in their honor. In the forenoon of the 20th Jones returned the * articles,' (if ciiurse without his signature, and with a note (-•xiilaiiiiiig that he had no authority to enter into ^ucli an agreement, and that the whole matter of ivjiaration must be left to the respective govern- ".l.iii. ITtli, M. to J. and reply, sent by liicut Sonioza, in Unpuhli^Jo'l }\ni-ri(i'.fi-' !•/ VomiiuiiJore Thun Ap <', Jitm.-i, (.'. S. X. Tliii iiiUTativc liy nil uiilviiMwn wiitiT, will) evidently .ipcomimnii'tl Joiios to An^clts, wjis jmli- \\A\i-A'm \]\K.' Lii.^ Aifjih>i Southrrn liini/nril, May "J-, IS.'iS, and j^ivi's an i:i- tui.stiii:.' aiidiuit (if the visit and noyotiatiii-nio, Feb. 1'.), *' .Itiiiis riijiiih. ynrr. The author gives a M'ell written sketeli of Miehel- t'Win's artions and eharavk'r. Of him ho says: ' Hail he e'lntenvd hiinsi If with the issuing of countless orders and high-toned i)ro(lariiations, few v, uv.M li:i7o liiiind fault with him, for in tiutli it Mas all that his situation left him; I'lit tr. n-Mdt to the disin;;enu()us artitiee of writing letters never sent and of H'liiiiii;.' ih-;ifts of demands not yet made, and when made abandoned without 1111 etl'iirt to sustain them, was an a(t whieli neither Mexican diiilonmcy uor tajtiliaii gusmnaile lan scarcely palliate, and certuiidy eanu(jt justify.' UiBT, Cal., Vol. IV. ii Ml : COMMODORE JONES AT MONTEREY. (11.! Vi ;|ln' ' )(! i mcnts.^" Micheltorcna made no effort to clmnn^o the coimnodoro's views, nor did he sliow oftenco, but sim- ply desired him to delay his departure until he cduld ]»repare his despatches for JMexico, which consisted of the correspondence that has been cite<;l, and a letter ti) (Jeneral Tornel, in which he described the negotiations M ith Jones, and the latter's objections to the articles of convention proposed/'^ Friendly relations con- linuod, the subject thi' Iwll. Osio, JUxt. C'.il., Ills., 4'JS-;!0, narrates an alarm at Angeles while .1. was asKep. caused liy n, report that 3 ships had heen seen olV the coast, ;in;l 'iV tlie linrning of a house, which the general feared to lie but a ruse to call altiiitioii while Ills own capture was etlected ! Jolm Forstcr, I'iuiict r Ihila, MS,. -Jt-."!, speaks of the dinner at San I'edi-o, whicli he s;iy,< v.'as at jiis jionsc. r.nli l!o, Aiinlcx, MH., l():{-4, also speaks of tiie festivities at Angeles, as docs ('•iroiicl, ('(WW lie (Jul., MS., 4:i-4. Alvarado, ///V/. ruL, MS., v. IS- -JO, riilinil. -; .M.'s despatches. In Ln-i Ain/rlcn lli^t., 1."), it is stated that Jones visited .Vnu'ilfs ill Nov. 1S4'2. Mention also of tlie %isit in Ainaihr, ^fcm., MS., 1 t'J: • :v\ l>y ]»avis, (;lini/ises, MS., 1()!)-I0, who got his information frfini llciuy .M. Ihis. Ho says J. and Ids oiiicers got several barrels of I'hoico C.'difonii.'i w ine trom Luis X'ignes, whose place tliey visited. iJavis and Paty had already si nt tlicm s.viiic wine at Monterey. ^o.lan. -iOth, M. to Tornel. Diario ,1,1 O'nh., Feb. 10, lS4:h with H 'Incu- nicnts annexed. Same date, M. .seiuls a funiilar rejuirt of his intcrvic\ to tlio jirefects. N. J)ii',/n, Jrrh., MS., '2'X\; Vnll. )<>, J)g<:, MS., xxxiii. Ub"). \',iilcjo, //i.t, rpiotcs the letter to Prefect Estra.i.i. anl iih-t:^ sjine information on the authority of J. A. C'arrilh), whicli, though iiiuiisiiig, i.( very inaccmate. *' Joins' Ui)i>iih. Xarrnliri', wiudi gives a parting note sent by .1'iie.i to the generals with sonic congressional documents that had been rcfcrrcl to lu tiieir interviews. DEVELOPMENTS IX MEXICO. 323 ?.Ii('heltorona'.s despatches of November U)th by tlu; Trinidad were sent in haste from Tepic on De- c'liihcr 7th, and were pubhshed at Mexico in the ])Hiriitli an indemnity e{[uivalent to the damages suffered 1y the government or people of Cahfornia, in conse- (jUrnci^ (if the aggression aforesaid."'*'* Tlu)in])son';3 reply was returned eight days later, he ha\ing in the mean time received Jones' explanation 111' Ills acts and motives. He declared that the "acts if till' American ct)mmodore were wholly unnntlior- iz (1 Itvanv rders from his o-overnment, and that the fullest disclaimer to that (-fiect will l)e ()romptly made, V. itli v.hatever other reparation may be due to the li'i.in' dl" ^lexico, and which is not incompatible ^^•ith tliat dl' the United States." l\o blamecl Uocanegra I'lr Ids insinuations tha!. the act had IxH'n authorized; 1' laiiided him that the hostile attitude of Mexico in May-— an attitude which, as he clearly im[)lies, was :i^--niiicd in ex])ectation of war between the United States and En!>land — gave Jones nuich reason to be- "l>rc. 7tli, Castillo Xogrctc from Tuple to Minister ToriU'l, forwanliii;! Mioliilton'iia's (li'spatchus. Join's at Moiilrni/, IS.}.', p. 17. 'I'lio ilespati'liis i:i /./.. lS-4 i, already disposed of, were those published in D'mrio di I (iohii rno, I'oi'. It, 1S4'_'. It was on the same day, Dec. 7tli, that I'arrott scut .loiied' iltspat.'lies to Mi'xieo. "I'lo. I'.lth, 15. to T. Joiies, A^rexioa ch Caht'oniias, p. 87-9; Jones at Moiilcn^/, ji. 9-12, :t ,; i •i 324 COMMODORK JOXES AT MONTEREY. lit liovG that war liad boon doclarod; and finally alludxl most sarcastically to Michcltoiona's conduct, oxpicss- inof his roi^rot that the o-cnoral's "coarse and ai)usi\(; e[)ithets" apjiliod to Americans, and the "rudeness and t^asconade of his note of October 2Gth — a iioto which, as there wore the strongest reasons to bdiiVL, had never been sent, no doubt from inadvertence"— had not been rebuked by the Mexican governnuiit.'"' In forwarding this correspondence to Washingtdii, Thompson says: "It would have done no good, you may l)e assured, to have assumed any lower tone, I'lr tlie Mexican government are disposed to make the most of this unfortunate affair; and I should not In,- sur])rised if they were to attempt to have it consid- ered as a payment of all our claims.""^ With the exception of an interchange of lettcis on the subiect of the A/ei'f's actions at San Dioijo, as alreadv noted, there was no further oflficial corres[)on(li'iice in Mexico. The papers early in Januar}' pul)lis!ie(l a short article, in which was exj)rossed satisfaction ;it the reply of the U. S. minister, promising in tlie name of his government all the reparation diir ii> Mexican honor for the unauthorized act of Jones. In February ^lichcltorena's despatches of January were published in the Diario.^'^ Soon came the ainioiuic"- ment that Jones had boon relieved of his c(tnnii;niil and called home for trial; and Bocanogra, in his viemoria of 1844, declared that all had bt^eii satist';;(- torily settled, and ^lexican honor vindicated, by the action of the United States, in accordance witli the just and firm demands of the nation as expressed through himself.'^'' Several M(,'xican or Spanish w litei'.s ''"Dec. '27tli, Tiiompsc^n to IJocancgra, Jonox nt Moiiffirii, IS'/.'. ]•. 1.-14. JoiK ", ArirtsioiK'ii < '(i/ifonilfi.1, ]>. KD-Dl. To tho k'ttors .'iro Jittjicluil tli' 'l">»' nii'iits fioin .FoiK'S and Miclioltcircna. '"^ Dec. -JS, l.S4-_', T. to \Vt lister. Join'.t at. Muiiln-cy. JS.i-, P- ^■ f'^ /thtno ■ '"^"t tho .s-ii.l ■J' * t, ' ' ' 'I '4 IV' 11 ■"■; f 326 COMMODORE JONES AT MONTEREY. can minister at Wasliin^'ton, to the same ofTcct.'"' Ahnoiitc in his reply demanded the exeni[)lary ])Uiiisli- niont of Jones, whoso delinquency was "so serious, so obvious, and so notorious, that it would be superiluoiis to particularize its cnorniities." On the same day tliut this note was written, the secretary of the navy widtr an order recalling Jones and naming Commodon; Dal- las as his successor;'*' and Webster on January ;iOili informed Almonte that proper action had been taken, not specifying what action, and assured him thai am- ple reparation would be made for all real injuries done; though, while expressing deep regret for what had occurred, he maintained that Jones "intended no in- dignity to Mexico, nor anything unlawful toward Llt citizens," and that "in the clearly manifest abseiieo of all illegal and improper intent, some allowance may properly be made for acts of indiscretion in a quaitLi' so very remote." Almonte, however, was not disnoscl to make any such allowance; and he would not aduii!: that Jones had any other motive for restoring Mon- terey than fear of an attack by jMicheltorcna, and disappointment at finding the Californiaiis neitlar discontented nor defenceless. Moreover, ho insistc 1 in very plain terms on knowing whether Wehstt'i's statement that "the president had given diroctinns for the adoption of such a course as in his opinion was due to the circumstances of the case," etc., miglit lie interpreted to mean that Jones had been recalled for •'".Tan. 17, 1843, W. to T.; Jan. 21st, Id. to Almonte; Jan. 24tli, A. to W. ; .Ian. SOtli, W^.'s roply, in t/o/K.s at Mcmirmj, IS/f.?, p. 3-0. ^' Jan. 24tli, Upshur to Jones, in .lorn k at Mvniert i/, lS//..\ p. CO; /o^c's -l,'/''""" fioii i II C((l., 1)0-7. Otlicial news had not yet urrived, l)ut must have luiiio through Hartsteno in a few days. Upslnir writes: 'In adopting this lOuise. it is not designed to prejudge the vnat', nor even to indicate any opinicm ih t ) the propriety or impropriety (jf your eonduct in the matter alluded i'>. This will of course bo made the subject of proper inquiry after your ictiini to tlw U. S. The present order has reference only to the just ehiiius nf MiMC'ion this govt, for such a disavowal of the attack on ^Monterey as will t'ully non;'- iiizo the rights of Mexico, and at the same time place the conduct ut the ^.'ovt in a proper light before the nations of the W(jrld. Com. Dallas will V' lifve you as soon as ho can conveniently reach the station; and you will ri.tiirn to the U. S. in such mode as may be most convenient and agreeable to yourself.' THE AFFAIR IN CONGRESS. 327 tiia! and punishinent, as the Mexican government had a ii;rht to demand/'"' WiUster did not furnisli the interpretation desired l)y (he Mexican minister directly; but on February ]st the matter had come up in congress. John (^)uiii(V Adams introduced resolutions calling uj)oii thr president to state by what authority Commodor;) JuiiLS had invaded Mexican territory; to furnish all instructions given to Jones, and all communications rfaJNcd from him relative to the ]\ronterey affair; and iiually to state whether an order had been sent for his recall.'' The resolutions v/ere adopted, and the re- (|uiii'J information, that Jones had acted without aiithoiity and had been recalled, was furnished Feb- ruary i?'Jd, the })resident's message and accom[)anying (liuuiiu'uts constituting a scarce of information which 1 have often quoted.*^' The message was forwarded tu Almonte the 3d of March, as an answer to his de- iiiauils, and seems to have been satisfactory.*'^ The munal tone of such newspaper articles of the time as i liavc seen seems to have been determined by politi- cal [iic'judices rather than by the merits of the case;*^^ ami neither in American newspapers nor books has there been shown a disposition to do justice to the honorable motives which animated Commodore Jones ill Ills action under circumstances of difficulty. The icason is to be found in the connection of the subject V, ith the complications of Texan affairs and sectional [lolitics in the United States. As may readily be imagined, no very terrible pun- ishuient was ever inllicted on the commodore for his tmm '"Fi'b. 7, 1S42, Almonte to Webster. Joiifi at ^[niitcrnj, G-8. There was no vi'iily to this argnincnt. ^V''. .b'. Uoi't Ihc, •J7th cong. .3(1 scss., House Jour., p. 294-8, 4;!;]; Con- g)r>'.i, p. !).")-0. '-I:i A'/V.s' A'(v/., Ixiii. .322, .337, .300-70 (.raii.-I'Vl).) 184,3; uml J fin rio 'hi Onhiinin, ^larch 31, 1S43, arc extracts and articles from tlio NafiounI fiitil/i- ;;■ ./iv;-; X, (), Bc^- jV. }'. Courkrj N, Y. Exjires^; Madkoidan; Pennxylvunki E^iqiiu-i r, etc. Pj2S COMMODORE JONES AT MOXTERFA'. 1 1 HI MM Hi 'inamlito atciiitado.' In AuL,'ust 1S43 Dallas w.is at Callao, but had not yet mot Jones, who had sailcil tor tlio Islands.'''' It is not clear that he over met him, since Dallas died at Callao in June 1844. Jones liad been ordered to return home "in such mode as may he most convenient and agnjcahle" to himsell', and lie I'ound it most agr'oeaWc to keep out <•(' his sui-cessor's way. After a cruise in the Pacific he returned to Vali)araiso, and seems to have gone home in t!u' United States before the end of 1844.*'* Thei-e was never any trial; and on March 1, 1845, the secictaiy of the navy in an official communication cxoiiciatcd Jones from all blame, and promised him a new ( iiii- mand."' In later years he again commanded the Pacitic .s(juadron. "'Report sec. navy, Dec. 184.3. IT. S. Govt Doc, 2Sth cong. 1st scss., H. Ex. Doc. no. -J, p. 484. *' 1 liiivo not fonnt! aiiV ofRcial narnitive of his nio\-enionts after lie sailnl for tlio Inlands. Lancey, Cruise of f/ir 'Jhilr,' 'Xi, .says Dallas "toolc iImmpM storu-sliip J'Jrii , and istarteil in .-iuaruh of Join's. Now that wiry litlleruinmc)- (lore was not to lie e.iuglit with any snch eliall". lie got wind of tlic imive- ment, and so saile to the I'aeitie, anil ho would he daunuil if lie wouldn't take hei' home. And so, snapping his fingers at Dallas, he sai'.i'l away ronnd the Horn for Old Virginia.' Similar versions are given hy <'iil. verwell, in Dams' Gtimpiies, MS., KG; and by Ma.xwell, Monlercij inlS.'i:, MS., ij-i;?. ^ March 1, 1S4.">, Mason to Jones, in Ifoiiohdii. Pobjnes'ian, Jan. 'A. Is4i!. I have not before nie the volume of govt reports contiiining the origimd; Imt I suppose it is in U. S. Hurt Jhic, ;{!)th eong. 1st se.ss., H. Ex. Uoc. no. s, p. i;{()4, with perhaps a reply in Id., .'JOtli eong. '2d sess., no. 1, p. 07. 'Hh' jiresident lias authorized nie to saj' to you, that in. those eireumstauiis of your eonduet, MJiile in eonnnaud of the I'ac-itie sipiadron, w hieh iii'lu.xil yviur recall, on explanation he jierceives evidenees of an ardent zeal iu li'.o service of your country, and a devotion to what you deemed to be yoiu duty, regardless of personal conse(piences, which iMititle you to anything i'Ut un- sure from your govi'rnmeiit. Ample atonement having l)een made to .\l''\ii.'i) for your acts complained of, there has been no disposition to visit you widi punishment of any descriiition for eondiiet actuated by such elevated piiiici- pies of duty. Of this you were apprised immediately after your n.tuni. The department has been and still is anxious to give you employunat; iu this wish the president concui's, and it will give him the greatest plcaut technically an outrai^e on Mt'xii'o, for which ani[tle I'eparation was niadi;. Its li-soii-; were not important. It sliowcd clearly what liad Hot heen wra})pod in mysteiy hefore, that tho I'liiti.il States was not disposed to he; foi'('stallc(l hy ;iiiy Jluropean ])o\ver in California, at least if it conld lie picNcnted hy Ic'n'itimate means. It eontiinied what it had never occui'red to anybody to douht, that CaliroiMiia was an easv i>rey for any nati()n that had diily Mexicans to contend with. It i;'ave Michel- tni'ciia a splendid chance to write himself an ass; and as to the ( 'alif )rnians, while it was too brief to alibj-d any ichable index to their sentiments, so i'ar as it \\i III it indicated a feelino' of inditlennice at least. The hadinj^- Californians were more sin^prised at tho rcstdiation than at the captiu'e, thoiiL>'h perhaps it can liardlv be said that they re<>rettetl it more. y\n>{ t'oreigners would havt; luien pleased to see tho (iciiijiation permanent, ^[ofias, wiiting from a Fi'i'nch staii(l[)oint, decrlares that .Jitnes should have ki'jit ^huiteri'V and seized San Francisco. There was, liiiwevc]-, among all classes in Califoi'nia, in ^Texico, and ill the United States a vague feeling that tho whnh' transaction had a hidden nu'sterious meaning in jiulitics entirely distinct from that Nvhicli tho com- iiKidore gave it. I'eoplc were slow to accept a ver- sion which was at tho same time [)lausible, natural, and 1ni(\ One of Jones' oflicors made a sketcli of ^Monterey I)ay with tho men-of-war at anchor, which was litho- j^raiilicd and sent back for Larkin, and now hangs in luy Jjihrary. ill k--\ :U. CHAPTER XIII MISSIONS, COM.MKRCK, AND FOREIGNERS. 1842. Mission Man'aoement — Decree of Restoration— Dura?? and Ai.vmuho —Local Items — Brsimi* (jAitoiA Dieco at Santa Uaiusaua — liuAMi Ei'iscoi'AL Plans — The Pious Fcnd in Mexico— Santa Anna Tvki - It I'Ko.M THE Bisuoi- — Incorporated in the National Tuk\s(i;n -Ink Result — Indian Akeaiks — No Hostilities and Few R(M(pi:> ('im. MEKCIAL ANI> MaRITI.ME AfFAIUS- LlST OK VeSSELS — FINANCIAL IlK,M>— FoKEicNEUs— List of Pioneers and Visirons foi: the Yeau--I'm;tii|' 'HIE JjAUilkson CoMi'ANY Retl'un (>vei:land —Minor Itiims -\i:w Mexican I.mmioration — P)1HLiooraphy of 1S4'2— Rorinsdn's I. hi: is- California — Visrr of the 'Kino's Orphan' — Bidwell's ,lori;\EY- Marsh's Letter to Jones — Peirce's Letters. On G^(!neral inaiianjomont of the ox-missiuiis iu 1842 tlieiv i« iiotliiiin' to bo added to inv rt'iiiaik-; \'<>v 1841.' True, the l>islio[) hrou^lit a decree of Xo\( m- ber 17, 1840, issued in coMforuiity with that of N^- veuiber 7, IS;};"), which required the missions not at once enfoi-ced in Califoi'iiia, nor was there in 1842 any attempt to enl'orce it, as it was deemed hcst to wait until a new governor had assumed control.'' ' Sou clini vii. (if this vol. -1 have iioi I'duihI tlio mi^'in.'il of this decree of Nov. 17, 1S40. A tniii^-^ liitiun is given in Jlniiniaii'n linif in JZ/nsjow ('a»i( ine hytes as were most deserving ;"' and an alltgeil attein[)t of the comandante at Santa T>iirl)ara til |ii(Voiit the delivery of thi'ee hundred head of eat- tir 111 nil Santa Ines, which had been ordered bv Al- \aiailo.*'' A Mexican item (jf a kind not unusual in /,"/'// ///■-/. iS'. Dhfjo, 1)0. 57, !.'">; Id., Misxion Itanh, i. 17; MoJ'nui, Exjilor., i. :{i)4; //(//'/ ('iimmi.f-ntly only twiM.i sivcial K'tttr.s, in Alrdnulo, Ifist. CuL, .MS., iv. lsl-!ll; I'ti'lrjo, lli^t. (''(/., .MS., iv. 14.'i-!)4; A/., />./<•., MS., xxxiii. 2.")!), -I'X 'J'lie padri' in awii^cl I't nut liiily liiiviMfT attac'ki'd tlio >,'uvt and incited di.seontent from his jmlpit, iiiit iif ^i^lldiIlg a letter to V. Kstenega wliich contjunud in.sult.s to Alvarado, and whi. Ii wa^i intentionally given a wide eirculation. He i.s also aecused of li.iviii.' .s;iid that the gov. hail orders from .Mexico to restciro the nii.ssioiiH (the (livnc if \ov. 17tli had heeii pulilished, it seem.'*, Iiut not sen*- ollieially to Cal,!, which were not oi)eyed. D. in reply denied that he liad done any of tht; tiling- ( liargid, oranytliini^ more ofl'ensive than to protest against the grant- iii:.'iif mis.sjun ranclios, which ho continues to do. Says In; thought iit hrst of n.iiluii; the t\M> letters from his pulpit, and then leaving the country; hut in cave n| his dk|iarturo there WHS danger of !i po])ular tumult at Sta IWrhara, sui li .IS h.id liccn threatened once liefore. ]5oth letters arc long, and hoth .Mv.ualo and \ ullejo accord them more space and comment than the suliject si'din to merit. •">>\A. loth, .Mvarado to admin, of S. Luis Ohispo. Bon'iHn, Dor., MS., 10-11; /';.o, I'lipr/iH. MS., ,->0; .S'. Liil.-i Oh., Arrh., .MS., 4. IJonilla was the !iiliiiiiii>tiator, and the form of grant is givin in the ease of the neophyte iM'iii, who got 7"' varas of l.ind, the In aisc occupied l>y him, a copper pot, and t".i tmughs. The fruit of certain trees on his land, however, was still to li(lnii_' to the conuuunitv. '^^N'v. '-'4, 1S4'J, A. to Valentin Cot.t. Cola, Doi:, M.S., lo-IG; Giicrra, ^* , MS., v. 300-0. . 'I iP- 1 ■m I 3n2 MISSIONS, (OMMEUCE, AND Foi;;"!. IXEIIS ISL'. the annals of oai'litT times, hut of pare occiii'ivncc Jn these years, was thi; ])i'()iM()ti()ii of a fi'iar foniuilv nt Cahfornia, Pach'e .Jose Ijenuirdiuo de .h.'sus l*ert/,, in he and Idsari'ival at San Oiei^u at t]i(,' end of IH4 I. J fe liad intended to estalth>li liis permanent residence at San J)ien'o, hnt, owiii;^' iiinlnh- to tlie poverty of the mission estahhslimeiit tlieir, which lie was authorized to appropriate to his I'liis- copal uses, he sooji chaiie'ed his plans. On .liimiaiv 11th he arrived at Santa JJtirhai'a, v.hei-e the ini>>in|| was in a better state of preservation than elstw Ikiv, ^vhere the people were somewhat famous for their n- lie'ious tendencies, and where he naturally (K'tei'iiiim-l to locate liis ej)iscopal see. l[e canuj up from Sni ])ie!L,n) on the (ntipttzcodiKi, in com[)any witli the bridal jtarty of the pro[>rietor, Jose .Vntonio /Vi^iiiri'c. Alfred Robinson, who was an e3'e-witness, writes: "All was bustle; men, women, and ehihh'en hastitiiiii;' to the beach, banners flyin*^, drums beating', and sol- diers marching. The whole })opulation of the |ilai'e turned out to pay liomage to this first bishoj) nl' ( 'ali- fornia. At eleven o'clock the vessel anchored. Ihj came on shore and was welcomed by the kiieejiiij; multitude. All received his benedicti(Mi; all kissed the pontifical ring. The troops and civic autheiitits then esc(jrted him to the house of Don Jose Aiitmii:>, where he dined. A carriage had been pre[)arc(l fei' his Excellency, with several others (jccupied by the ])rosident and his friends. The females had foiined with ornamented canes beautiful arches, through which T Perez elected Oct. 2l8t. Arrh. OhUpwlo, MS., (54. Bnstaiiwntc, //-W. Sta A)nui, 40-1, speaks of the reduced state <>i the otlier colleiic-^; Imtsays there were still plcuty of American friars iu that of Guadalupe do Zucatocas. If I'l- Sail lllL' lirrc. it.s: ii'ni'j;' hlai'i' llM'4' ISSCll litii'S tiiio, for llio lucil iiich say3 i.'cas. comint; of Tiir: mr-iMop. 333 jlii. ii"H'ossi(tn !ii<»vi'(l; uud as it iimrclicd mIoiilc, tlui li,a\\ .irtilli'iy <»f' tli" ju'csidio coiitiiiiU'd to tliiuidri" iiiitli its noisy welcome. At four o'elofk t)it Mshop was ("-('orted to tlu^ mission, the entlmsiastie iidiahi- taiit •! taking' tlu- horses Jroin his carrian'e and dran'L;in,i^ il tliiiiiselves. .1 lakin^' at a small hower on the r^ad, lie ali'4'lited, wont into it, and put on his j)ontili('al ii.Ims; then I'esumiii;^- his j»lace in tlu^ f'an-iajj;'e, he coiilimied on, amidst the sound of nuisie and the tiring iifu'iiiis, till lu! ari'ived at tlie church, when; Ik; ad- (Ircsx'd the nniltitude that followed him.""* This is the niilv I'ecord (ixtant of his reception, and ttn; for- iiialiliis attendinu," his assumption of the olKce; hut Sir ( Icorin'e Simpson visiteniHlin'j,s, in marked contrast with the siniplicity of the nld |)a(lres." IVishop Francisco came provided with Lj'rand j)lans t'lir his (liocosc, and with ahiuidant means, on j)aper, l'(ir carryinn' th-'Ui <»ut. \lr had from the national trcasiiiy a salary of .sG,()()0; and ho had the adminis- tratiun of t!ic i )ndo piadoso, the lar' ill f'al, 19.'i-8. '•••AitiiU's of turiiituro tliitt would not lias'c (lisgr.icecl a nobleman's ni.in- >^ioa (nTupird tlu; lloor. Tliu carpet was the W(jik of the Indians nf Mexico; tlio tiiMc WHS covered with crimson velvet, on wliicli lay a pillow ,'old; and its liacjc dis|)layed an expeiisively f:iiiiril miniature of the rei^nin;,' pojje, painted Ky a piincess, and sent liy Ciou'iiry to the liishop, aloni,' with his diamond riiii;, as a j.'ift.' S.'in/iioii'.-i .Vn )•;•., i. ;iS,S DO. April lUUi, .lohn 0'. Jones writes to l^arkin; 'We jiave ii itliiiii; iiiw liei'e wliatever; religion a[)pears to lie tlie order of the day; too iiiiiili of it has made tlu' people mad. Tile liishop rides triumphant, and the wnti'hnl pi-iest-riddeii dupi'S would lick the veiy dirt from oiT his tdioes Miiv he Imt to will it. l-'or myself lam disgusted with ins proceed iiers; if 'vliiit is taught iiere is religion, the less wo liave of it the hetter; indeed, it is lilaoj)'Miii\'. liy the way, it is ([uito certain that his lioliness will make this liis placi' of resilience, and liere erect his college — tho tiMltlis will Ik; paid liy tliisgerji! (leople with Imt few exceptions in preference — tlioy unhesitatingly My— to nil other demands. I am not certain that that will satisfy the rai).i- c'iiuis appetites of these hlood-siicking emissaries of the Jiope; they are all ct tilt! hiirsedeech family, whose cry is continually, "Ciivel give!"' LurLui's iJoi:, MS., i. i'o2. ■I'l "I %m Til •Lik^iki liiiii \ \\ ■ W H t ■' : f| 1 1 It;: ?^!t '\-y- 3n4 MISSIONS, COMMERCE, AND FOREIOXERS— 1S4-2. wIsIr'S of the f()UU(](y one more in sympathy with the bisho[>'s plans than that of Alvarado was supposed, with much reason, to be;" but th(^ Uarlia- reuos were liberal; the bishoj) readily obtained a con- ccssi(>n of the mission buildings for present e[)isc()pal i I i'^ '"Xov. 7, ISIO, liishop'.s ]ictition. and decree of Nov. 17tli, gmntiii'; .'ill tliat Mils jisUid. lldrtiititii'K Ilriiiy<>, MS., 111). 't7. lie iiskid — I. The delivery t)[ iiii>sinii hiiusw iiiid (l^(•lla^d^^ to llie padres, and iieiiiiissi;iii to use tliiit of S. l)ie^o or S. L\m Ji'ey for .•111 e[)iseopal house, ete., until suitable edilierv could lie Imilt. 'J. ludiaa hilmrert jit au eipiitalile .salary; and land on wliieh to l> lild ealli 'Inil, lio'.ise, ami seminary. .'<. A notilietition to ))revent the uiissionariis tr"i;i leaviuj; their ))osts until eler^'ynicn eould lie obtained to lill their pljui >. 1. l'ernii>.'- ion to t;:ke with him to Cal. such i>riests as might be willin,^' t ' y- it. Authority to establish a board of missionai'ie.s with a view to the i ;;:i:i- tioii or., MS., ii. I!);?, I li.ive a petition, not dated, sigiir I ''V 1.'3 residents, incluaing IS foreigners. In it the bishop is urged to llx l:i ii-"- ■ eystein wliicii had, in their opinion, saeriliced the temporal iulorcsti -t tliu colonists to the spirituul welfare uf the uborigiucs.' THE PIOUS FUND. 335 uses, to'.;\'tlicr with a site for his proposed oathedi-al;^^ and [lossibly a beginning was made bef(laccs for la3'ing the foun- dations ot' the above-named edifiees, . . .and there they V ill undoubtedly remain for some years, as monuments (if the tVailtj^ of human speculations." It is .said that ]{i>li(ip Francisco cari'ied soino of these stones with liis own hands, and tliat many of the fair and jiious ]);ul 'arenas aided hi'u in his task. Itnuist be oviilent til till' loader that the bishop's su«^';'ess was d(iiiias had also given to the bishoj) the administration of the I'uiid, the revenues of which were to l)e devoted to "its olijects or other analogous ones, always respecting the wishes of the founders." Accordinu'lv, whenCIarci'a Die, (iVer had 1 )een consecrated, the fund was turniHl to him b\- the junta that for years had managed it; liiil the bishop, unable of course to attend person- ally in the administration from liis distant home ol' tile future, a[)pointed Piidro Ranilrez, a ini'udur of cniiiiiTss from Zacat eens. as iiis (ijxx und the I'und burdened witli a debt 'if ^'•JSjOOO, paying two p( r cent per month, which RirV •M.ii' ll 'Jl, l.S4'2, tlio liisliop (li'diiros tito alUir of tin- liospicio at Sta i'liiii I'livilcg, .1 iiir la y.'iiiN. . I ■-■/(. .l/,>;<))/. s, MS., i. 77. A;>iil -"'tli, up to .Mvnrailii, askiiij^ for biiiMiiiirs. Juno '21st, f.'i'iiiitcl. /^y'. A'l Xll. .1.1, ,\\ See uls(j l;1 S. July, liunl griiiiti'«l f.ir a ciitliLMlral. St.i ll A. It., .MS., ;{I,(l the bishop a small amount with which to jiay liis traV'clling ex[>enses, since the !?3,000 assi^-ned IViMii tiiC ti'casuiy could not be collected. There wa>< a claim foi- some $400,000 ])ending against th.' of the fimd. On February 8th a decree was i^-iirl re])ealing artick' G of the decree of 183(), and icstnr- ing the administration of tlu> pious I'und to the supreme govt'rnment, on the plea that all tlie nli- jects of that I'nnd were "of general inbn'est ami truly national," thouu'li the revenue of couis.' must as befoi'c be devoted to its original object — (lie cuij- vei-sion and civilization of barbarians. On I'Muiiaiy 2l>t (Jeneral Gabriid \'alencia, was made admiiii-^tra- tor, with the same powers that had been conlrirnl upon the junta in 1832; and to hiin, under pintot, llamirez delivered the estates. Of Valencia's luii (' administration we have few details; but lie donl'llc>> ser\ed the pur[)ose Ibr which he was appointed; and Santa Anna is supr^oscd, as a salve; to his coiiscieiicc, to have spent a litilc! of iIk.; money thus acepiiivd in fitting out ^licheltorena's valiant band of coinicts, ai'guing that "in order that (,'alifornia may be cit!!- olie she must ih'st exist" — ii j)fini/<) miscrd^'f'' I")' an (if('iif^ as it was pronounce 1 ly a ])roniinent Mexican author. Soon, howe\i"-, anothei- step was taken in tliesaiii!' direction of ■ [filiation; for on October 24tli ^^i;.ta ATE OF THE FUND. 337 Aiiiii, anxious tliat the "beneficent and national ol)- j.its i)ro))(jse(.l by the founder" should be accoui- ]ill>ii('<', ('\]itiisi's of administration and others V \\\ might aiisr,"' decreed that all the property of iiie I'und >li(i;il(l he incorporated into the national treasury; that all the estates should be sold for a ca})ital sum irjin.s.'Mted bv their products at six per cent; that till' said late .-.l.ould be paid regularly for the original iili)i(ts of the fund; and that the tobacco revenue >li('uld he })ledged for this payment. Tliis decree also .allrd out protests from the bishop's agent, to Avhich ii(t attention was ]iaid; and befoi'e the end of the year the estates were sold — cliiefly to the company that (Imwii to 1841 had farmed the tobacco mono})oly. Thr exact i)rice is not given; but according to the rlaiiiis of tlie bishop's agents — Ramirez being sue- irtdrd l)y Juan Rodriguez de San ^[iguel— for the ]iiniiiisL'(l revenues during tlie next few years, it must have hi'cii about $000,000. Resides this sum, it was ilaiiiicd tliat in 1842 the treasury was ind(l)ted to the I'liiid to the amount of $1,070,182.2-. Had tliis ia-t iiitasure been adoj)te(l in good faith by a respon- >\\)\v goViTument, it would have Wim one of tlie wisest ^t(■ps ever taken in connection Vvith the subject; but (Inwu to 184."), and j)erha))s to the American conquest, ihc total amount of the iiledged revenues acttiallv ]iai;l was ,s|,l8;i! The bishop's claim to tlie admin- i-liaiiou of the fund was not vciy tinuly i-ooted in law or justice; but if he could have handled tlu; ivv- iiiuis ]ic would at least have sjKMit a part of tluMii in ('.iiirnrnia, and the Indians would have received the- "ivtically a small share of the iH'ni'fits. ]n much h;tci' fiines an inti'rnational commission has in its \.is(1miii (locidi'd not only that Me\ic(» must disgorge the pluiidiT, but that i\\v |>r(H'eeds shall revert io the '•aihulic church of Caliibrnia. ]\'rhaps a very large liurt uf ill,, iunount, when secured, will be devoted to llisr. C'4L., Vol. IV. 2J I ! I m • ^-^ f, li mm 338 MISSIONS, COMMERCE, AND FO?J:iOXE?.S— 1842. the welfare of the IiuHans in accorJance with tlio 'will of the founders.'" il-t' The Indians, if we may credit Vallejo's rejxnt In the Mexican government, were in 1842 h»)stili' mil ready to overrun the department unless the militaiv force should be increased; or if wc choose Alvarndd'. statement on the situation, they were all at pctu-r an 1 easily controlled by the existing force! I find in t!i ■ records no definite evidence of serious hostilities. At San Diego in June the people wore in)i)cll(,vl l>y a rumored revolt of the Jacunicnos to take tlic ii-a;,l steps for ilefence, that is, to write about tlu- advisa- bility of borrowing arms from Ca])tain Fitch. '^ At Aniifeles about the same time there were I'cars of an attack from the distant Payuches and Aniajaxas; and Antonio Maria Ijugo was authorizetl at liis iwa rc(|ue.st to make a raid, with results that do imt ap- pear.''^ Farther north there was as usual an oiia- sional sortie of citizen soldiers of the San Jose ii^idii after horse-thieves; and in June a jdot was tlnM!,;lit; to be discovered on the [)art of the San Jose m!>-ina Indians and otliers to capture some of the leaib.!!.;' citizens. The ringleader, Zeiinn, was sentenei'd ti) four months in the; chain-uaiiir. 10 " All the documents referred to nnd many more, with fidl coiiiiih iits on the topic of the jiioiia fund in lS4'_'-ri, will lio found in San Mijml, l>i, :'iiii ■ tiM rdiifirvx (d Foiido J'inili),so. Mexico, IS-lo, iSvo, (it) p.; /d., Snj.nnl i ''in- driio da Iiifiri'sdiitis, J), Svo, Kip.; Ksramlon and l!ii-i'-..i.ii'i- sorriifiiiiii-i rji((' lnn ArliuttcH T'Trcrox I'ljfifildrva. . Junri). Mexicn. lSl,'i, Svj, I'J p.; Hii.ftii:iuuii(\ lliM. Sill AiiiKi, 44 (i, "JtiT-TO; Si'jlo, xix. 1S4.'. ii'. ]'M, I.'IS, IK), l(i,"), .Sil.'i, etc.; Jji.;il,'.t Jhii/ Hist., piissini; besides v(i\ Mi,.i.y other refei-ences that need not \m.' particnlari/ed liere. Aceonliii',' to .!/ ■k- nulo, Hit. Co'., MS., iv. (il-,">, and I'ld'ijo, II, si. CaL, MS., iv. !iil (1, niK' Jose N'erdia, wlio liad died iit Mo:iterey many years liefore, had left l.i> i r.ip- crty to the pioii? fund; hat the eli'ects li.ad been l)iirne(l hy iho iiuth"' i ii> to prevent contagion, liishop (iarcia lliego hrought the claim wiili hin .ml tried to collect it, hiit met witli no very uiarkc.l siiccesB. •^S\ J)il. Si. Pno.. .[".flu, MS., vi. Vli. 'SS. ,/.,«', Anh., MS,,iii. '24-.-; Monferni, .l/v/j., MS., v. IS-IH; .V" V.v., Arch., MS., 78; V(dleJo, Doc, MS., \i. 22'j, Xuv. 1:1, 184'.», Ah.iiuuo siys LIST OF VESSHLS. sni I j)rcscnt a list of thirty-eight vessels coiistitutiug tlif ("alifornian licet in 1842.^' Five of the number the ]iiili:iii.s liiid taken advantage of the Jones affair of tlie lOtii to retire to tlif w.i.mIs iiiul ooiiiniit robljerii's. Casfro, JJoc, M.S., i. (id. '■ S. (■ full list for ISU-,') iit end of eliap. xxiii., tiiis vol. Vessels of 1S42: Al'i-i, A /'.I', llnnhiif ('!), Ihinixliililc, lUrlha and Jiinn/, IMiiuir, Vdlijurii'ia, Cd'f'iriiia (.s>;hr), Catiilina, (.'Imtn, Vlunta, ('i)iiAt(iiilo, Cnirlil-:, Vyaiu', Dale, Jhiii ijiii.coti\ Einirdhln, Fnma, Fmiiinda, IldiiijncC:), Iiiili.r.Jox. /'((ihDili/i'!), Jiii-'ii Jiiiiiln, /liirii (iiiipir.ro(tint, Juan Josi', Jii'ia Ann, IJiuiin, Mfiri/laiiil, .V. ' ' >'/"'"'.'/i I'lilnliiMt, I'riiixircnt, Hil'n'f, ItcinMicano, rtoxaliud, Ta-fso, Triit- iilivl, \'iii'i'i/f:(ld I?), Yorktoirn, Uiiilid S/(tti's. Tiu' tiitai of duties jiaid, aeeording to tlio preccdint,' list, was !?07,38'2; but niToriliii-; to Ihirtnell, in I'iro, l)o<\, MS., i. S."), and a. report in Larkin tijf. < 'or- )•', itwaa S7H,7-!). 'Doreehodepatentesclu navei,'acion ' for ii;iti'i:i,il Tiiereluuit vessels, Sl.'i. ^fi'xh'o Mem. Ilarictida, 1>S44, no. lit. Otiier mil. Ill' iiiiiis of Minall sums on various accounts. /(/., no. .")4, 04, (iO, 71, 74. liiibiic-'' ill eustoin-lnjuse safe JJec. 1st, ^O.oO. JJ<'jil. St. P;»!»- .'JO I ; /'/., Do.-., .Vl .., \VM Vdl/ijo, nut. Cid., MS., iv. :{i;t-l4; CoroKil, (':,sa.i d,i CiL, MS., -Il-."i; Cirnit'i'a Itdhililimj- MS., IS7; L., MS., ii. ,S7. Pr.'. l.-i, pay of civil employe.-. . vsnended to provide for Micheltorenas men. Jiort without papers from Moiitciev. /'(/./o, J)o<:, MS., i. ;{74; I'al/ijo, J)n,:, MS., xi. •_'.")4 ; A(« , 1 /(;/.- '■ -, Ar'li., MS., ii. •241-'J. Nov. •J.")th, order from Mexico that no foreign >-iiu';ii' iiiust he aihnitted. Sup. (lovt St. Pap., M.S., xvii. •!. Jlnrii.-itrdilc. tiinl l.ii' aiimitting a private person before the visit of the oliicers. Jh pt. SI. P'lj'.. H'fi.. MS.,iii. l;{. ]>elden to Larkin on smuggling, .lu'y .'Mtii. l,iirkiii'.-< l> ■■.. .M>., i 'Jli;{. A deduction in duties made for imme.li.ite payment. ]''■!/. jti. Dor.. .dS., xi. 11. Duties on ottei'-skins at .")() I't.s each jiaid liy Isaac S|.ailis. Jhpl. St. I'ap., A iKji !'■•<, MS., vi. II.'); vii. l(i; S. J)ir,io, Arrli'., MS., •.'■'■>. Whales taken in .S. ])icgo I'.ay. Ilinji ■•<' Emhj. Xoti<, VM. Kximrts i.f liiilrs i:nt iivir (!i),(l()(), yet there are l(i vessels now on the coast (.Ian.) siiam- liUai; till' liiilcs and tallow. Simpson''^ Xarr., i. •_'.S,S-!)(t. Lumber trade at .Sta ( 111.', djsiiilicd in Jiildiu'-i /Hit. S/ntfiiiciit, MS., 31. .\ bad year for business. /„((7.m/,v Arrninit.t, MS., V. llydeaf. Tali'ii de la (luerra, acting administrator of customs in .\pril. 7V/ud ill .Mexico, Api-il. l)i,.t. .SV. /'op., MS., i. 10; ('astafiarcs ai'iives at S. l)ic:.'ii in Sept,, ,uid re- coiviM t!ie. ollice from Osio Sci)t. 'JUd. I)<'jii. St. /'«//.,/,'«».( V.v/. -//.,, MS., i. il; Vol;;,, />,„:, :iS., xxxlli. -is.-). (Mo, l/!st. Co/., MS., 4-J_', spc.dis of the triiiisf.roi utlici! to ( !. Vallejo, /fixl. Cut., MS,, iv. •_»!!;! ."), says ( '. came with tlic t\iiei'tatiiin of making a fortune, but fmind the liiith imt a piolitable fiiic. I'Vh. .'M, in .Mexico. I'he treasurer must gi\e a b.md of .'?J,OOI). /iii,t, .">''./'",!., Jl',1., M.S., i. (3-7. January, appointment of e( ladnres. /d., .!»;/., vi. !i;t. N'civ. 1 1th, suspension of two niiiKir odicials by .\l\aiailo. /00; Fablo de la ( Juena, olicial I' from ■'an. 1 >;!!•, S|,7,")(); Uaf.iel (Joii/.,'ilez, coinandantc de cidadurcs, t' ■ m March I'":!", ."^I.SOO; ccladores, Hcuito Diiiz, Kal'ael llstrada, Joai|uin do la Torre, .Vatiiiio Osio, salary, .S7()0; l'"rancis(.'() ]{ico, clerk. S,")(M); Atill.in, coxswain, il^.'lil''; ,1 '.M coxswain, .>;Jl0; 4 sailors, each, .'ii'l.SO; I'edi.i Narvaez, captain of l"^rt, .•?1,G00. lJe2fl, St. Pap., n,n. Vit.' have brought cargoes this year; and only nine paid (hitics or fines into the treasury. 1 find no evidence df the slightest effort to i)revcnt the coasting trade hv for- eign vessels, nor of any other chantjes in the nicthoils of trade: thouii'li neither trade nor visits to (»ther ports were })ermitted until the proper ])apeis had l)(;en obtained at Monterey. I have joined to my h-^t a few minor items on the trade of the year. A |iioini- nent merchant recorded it on his books as a yen- of very dull business; and what the merchants hal to do to gain a livin<_r niay be inferred from this cxtiact of a letter from Josinh Belden to Thomas O. Lai kin: "The two barrels of liquor you sent I bi'lioM' the alcalde knows nothing about as yet, and I sliall not kt him know that I have it if I can help it. If hr do(>!, 1 think I can mix it up so as to make it pass for i ouii- try liquor"! Keceipts at the custom-house this year aiiiniinteil to $74,000, of which amount two ships from J)o>toii, the California and BarnsUdtlc, paid over 6'">'^."00. This w^as a falling-off of oiie third from tlu^ recei[its of 1841; while of course the coming of the batallni tijo caused an increase of expenditure. Miclnltoiciui FINANX'IAI. MATTERS. 311 caiiK' ni'ovidrd with orders on the ^laziitlan cuMtoin- lidiiM' I'nr Ji did not ap})rove the new methods, even preferring' tliosc ]ir;ietised in past years by the 'J\Ionter(y' clique.' One (it' Alvarado's last othcial acts was to suspi-nd the ji.iv Hi" all civil eniployes. Of course, and as usual, we lia\r 111) definite accounts to show how the public iiieiH V was expended; but as bel'ore, there was no (oiiijilaiiit or controversy. Jose Abi'ei^o remained in (•liaiL;t' of the comisaria; hut Antonio Maria Osio in Sejitiiiiliei' surrendered the administration of customs to Mainul Castahares. Tlie year brought about ninety foreign visitors, in- oliKliii:;' only prominent ofHcers of the U. S. naval i'di.e: but only thirty-three of the nund)er have a I'lacr ill the appended list of pioneers,*"* and aniono" the- ' named, there are eight or ten respecting the I \.irt (hite of whose arrival there is rot)m ft)r doubt. Lataillade and Teschemacher may be I'egarded as the iiH 11 lust known in later times; and of all the list, only three or four survived in 1884. Nearly all came, like the>e of Ibrmer years, ac(ndentally; for the overland iiuisii'^ratiou that had begun the year before was in ISJJ temporarily suspended. Theri; had not passed sulHiieiit time for peo[)lc in the east to get I'cports Innii their friends of the BartK'son and Workman liarlies, ami to make their i)reparations. Some [)ar- '^ I'iomorsof 1S4'-': Alex. Bell, Win Benitz, Geo. Bingliiiin, Ficd. G. Bluiiic, Adult Diuliiiin, I'ctcT Collins, Thwuloro Conliia. Stopiu ii ('ulvir«ill. 'J lioa L'iiiiiiniM>, .li'lin Kvaiis, Kcl A. Kurwcll, Josonli Fluiiiliii. llciiry J^. lord (?), .Mux, W. Fii'ie, OiiuK'sGuy, James B. Hatcii, Tlios llit'kinan V'). .Jaijii'.-: 11. , Ldiiis ilordau, Ralph Kilburu (':), Cesario l^ataillade, Fruiivuis Lip.ine, Hich. T. Maxwell, Wm Oliver, Geo. W. Ross (?), Rowan (?), Salines, I't'ter Sclniljtit {■;), K,I L. Stetson, Fred. H. Teschemacher, Jos. 1'. Thoaipsou, Ed visckr, and JoUu Yatea I?). !in km !4i3 ' nr^T^ 1 1 i» ■'' hm If;- If If'' I' Ml ill iSj }\i , Mi iJL. 342 MISSIONS, COMMERCE, AND FOREIGNERS-1842. ties, liowcver, crossed to Oregon to come sontli in 184;}, as we sliall see; but so far as California was concerned, the overland travel was the other way, lor a })art of the Bartleson company returned to tlio United States, some of them to reihain there. Nine or ten men, under the command and guidance of Chiles and Ho[)per, started from Sutter's early in tlic spring, went up the San Joaquin Valley, thmni^rli Walker Pass, and thence to New Mexico, perhaps liv the Wolfskin trail approximately, reaching Missouri in Septend)er.*'' In a rept)rt of June 3d to the supreme government, Alvarado stated that at the end of January a party of two hundred persons, including forty foreigners, liail arrived at Los Angeles from New Mexico. Their object had been not only to trade woollen goods tor live-stock, as in the past, but to examine the country as a field for colonization, their former home being too nmcli exposed to Apache njds. Most of them had gone back, many with the intention of bringing their '*Iu Sprinjier's list, Taylor's Disror. and Foimdcrs, i. no. 7. p. X), the 10 men who ruturned .ive named as follows: Bjirtleson, lirolaski (proiiiilily uu error), Cliiles, lloppc'r, McDowell, Pfitton, Rickman, Springer, and the two Waltons. He gives the route, however, as by Tejon Pass, Mary Hivii-, i'ort Hall, (Jreen River, and Sta Fe. Hopper, A^arralhr, MS., 1'2-lt), says tliiTu were !( in the party; and Chiles, Vivf. to Cat., MS., 11-1'2, that then- wciv I.'!. Marsh, Lit'ir foL'nm. Jones, MS., p. 14, gives the nundjer as 14; an''i,t. St. I'ap., Urn. I'rrf. y Jnyj., MS., iii. 101. Tliose who came last year — Workman party — show no disposition to stttif, except two. A'- qm mi, J)or., MS., .'1-4. Fifty hunters under Smitii lepi'i-.tili'.t the (iila junction. JJrpf. Ikr., ^IS., xiii. 17. August, Salvio Paciuio cum- plains that tlie trappers, and also Sutter's men, steal lii'i cattle, as lir cm\ l)rove, iS'. ,/().«', Arrh., MS., iv. 9. Nov., a party of 7 Americans, including,' one familv. has lately gone to settle in the northern part of tlie Sa' r.iuiriitu Valley. Slnr^h\< LrWr, MS., 18. As early as 1842, Joseph Smith tiilkul "f colonizing Cal. with Mormons. Yonnifx Wifr Xo. 10, p. 38. June, oondiiji- nation of Tag;,'ett to death, and of Riirhards to 10 years on Cliapala. !>' j'l. ■*>''• Pnp., Anij., .\IS., xii. 04-"), 102. The crew of the scln- CnH/ornid cont.iiiinl ."> kanakas, 2 New Zealanders, and 2 Chilenos. CoojM'r, Lihrodr Ck' i'tn<, .M>., 1!)S. Daniel Sexton claims to have raised the U. S. llaj' at his canipu'itli »( (lorgonio pass, ami to have celebrated July 4th for the benefit of the Imiiaus. rrcizee'o >S. Bmuirdiiio Co., 24. ROniXSON'S BOOK. 343 fiiiiiiliis.'''' A few of the foreigners may have re- uiaiiiL'd ill Cahfornia, but nothing is known of them. Tilt' Xew ^lexieans were under tlie eonnnand of Fiaiu'ist'o E. Vigil; tliey went back in several j)arties Kct'uii' the end of April, taking away about 5,000 head ot'liDrsL's and mules; and with one of the parties went Jnliii Howland to bring his family and effects for tlie iicw lancho which he and Workman had secui-cd.-^ T'lwanl the end of the year some twenty New ^lexi- aiii families did return to settle i)ermanently." Tlie most prominent features of fi)reign relations li:nii!g been disj)osed of in the cha[)ter devoted to .Junes' exj>loit at Monterey, it only remains for me to notice several narratives from foreign pens which l)e- Iiiiil;' to tiiis yea,r rather than to any other. The lirst cf these — Simpson's XarrafUr ami ^lofras' J'J.rp/orn- f'oii, both pertaining to 1842 fis well as to 1H41, hav- iii^' I'cceived attention in the annals of the latter year —is ]\()binson's Li/'e hi California. Though not pub- lished until 1840, it beloags more properly to 1842, liecause it is mainly a record of personal exj)eriences ami (iliservations wluch terminated in that year with the author's dei)arture. Alfred Robinson came iVom ]]est()n as a clerk on the Jirook/ine in 1820. He be- i:i!iie the resident a<;ent of Bryant & Sturi^is, spent a Iti-e [tart of his time in travelling from port to |»ort, i:i^a>_;eil in exchanofinuf the carwes of the Boston shiits: t'lr hides, muiiied into one of the best ('alilornian uiiiiilies, that of Captain Jose ile la (^uerray Noriega, and, with the exception of one tri[) to the east, resided '■MUtiimously on the coast for twelve years, until he '■'Mime 3, 1842, A. to min of rel. Dipf. Rr<:, MS., xiii. l(i-lS. '•/.'« Aiiij,t,'x, Arch., iMS., ii. 142-a, l."-S; M/,^ AVc., MS., xiii '2.1; /'/;'. SI. I'n/,., All;/., MS., vi. 105-7, 11."); vii. .■)4; xii. ")!». •-Nov. Otii, arrival of 1!) fiimilies uiiiiouuccd. J) come to settle: list not given. JjOM A ihjiIi'", Arrh., MS., ii. X>i). l;>lt'(.-. ill hWizii's S. lienmriiiiM Co., ji. 1", speaks of tlio coming of these fuin- i:Hs. who settled on li part of the Juriipa raneho. This Wiia periiapa tho >l'ivir .Mt colony mentioned in the annals of 1841, there being very likely an ^nur ill the earlier date. Sec Jlni/en' Emi'j. ^otci, 042-3. -v 3i'' 344 MISSIONS, COMMr.Ul'K, A\I» l-OIM'.lCXr.r.S \s\'2. yailcd on tlic A/rrf at tlic end ol" l,S4l!. An iiit'l- li^ciit and jictivc inaii oi' Itiisiticss, ii''(|Uiiiiitcd with fvcrvliodv Jiiid fiijoviii''' tlu' rt'spfct ofall, lli(»u<'Ii not pfi'soiially so |)o[)ulai' as soiiic ntlici's ul' tlu' Initiuii traders, liis opportunities lor a-'ciiratc ol)servati<»ii wciv exeellt'iit. Jt does not appear, liov.'cvor, that In- en- tertained the idea of writing' a l»ook; Imt (hirin;.;' Iii> ivsidenec,' he ohtained from his I'ather-in-law an intri'- estin,n' account of the Indians found ainon^" J.'adrc iJo- cana's i)a[)ers, of whicli lie determined to ])uhnsli a translation; and he was iiuhici'.!, in vii .v of Califoiiii,i\ incrt'asini;- ini[)ortanee to eastern eyes, to extend hi- introduction to the translation as well as he (Mid I i'roni ineiuorj and such memoranda as were avail. liilc including' letters of as late date as 1844. 'J'he risiilr was a mosi; interestinn' nai'rative, the title of whicii, L/J'c ill Cdliforhiii, is indicative of its contents. It is an aijfreeahle presentment of perserit'n(t>, minified with g'limpses oi" political history in ISi2'.»-4l'. comliined with sketches of the country and it> r - sources and its people, and includinL*" descriptions di' most ])laees, some of which are illustrated by the pen- cil of the author. ]iohins(jn wrote anonymously, f 'p- resenti'd names without any good reasons hy initial> throughout the work, and of course fell into some er- rors in presenting details; but as a whole, the honk i- worthy of much praise, and can ho unfavorably eiiii- cisod onlv bv comparing it with what the author with his advantages might have written had he undei taken the task in time. I have had frequent occasion te cite this wori;, and from it as an autlioritv Tr.tiiil! and other writei's have drawn a very large portion e! their information for the })eri()d it covei's. Jv\iejit till! works of J)ana and Forbes, Kobinsoii's was preli- al»ly the best known source of infonnatiou about I'al- ifornia down to the discovery of gold.-^ ^^{Robhiion) Lift' in CnH/uriiia; diirinij a n'^idi'iice of several ycnv in '/"■' teiTitory, comjtri.viuj a (Icscr'tptioii of thf roitiitn/ nvil the mi'y niininj^' operations in Mtxiro, Mini w lio (K'flai'cd that thci'f wcri! indiIiair lias eonie to li.i^ht, which w;i> (loiihtless the work of Sandels. It is a nari'ative lit' tlic author's voyaL;'e from Acapulfo to Monterey iind of his ohservations while ti'avi'ilini^ in ('alifoi'uia. 'iJicii' is a stroULjf element of fiction in tlu^ pi-oduction, (ir ;it least in some parts of it, intended apparently tn niliwn the story ratlier than to deceive the readier, 1111(1 not peihaps alfeetini:;- the value of the' writer's (iliser\ations on men and thini^'s in California, ol)ser- vatioiis which without oontaininj^ anythinq; espei-ially 'I It, le cl'- lok i- ci-'ni- V. nil aki'ii )ii t" itlilll 111 I'i ,Cl'|lt \] t ID- Cal- ,1 th':t IllJI'dl'- lie vri- ijhi, rii4i.f, (tint trtid'Hoiit of the Iiididi)'* of AUa <^'al!/oriiiii. Traii.ihi'id iV'iiii tlif uriijliiiil S/i(iiii.

  • >( Lil'u ill Cal), iiiid )). xii. 'J'J7-oH of traii.sliitiun. Tlio illustriinis m;-, Sta lliiliiiiii 'J'dwii, 1(1. I'rcsidio, III. Mis.si<)ii, S. Luis Key, S. (ialnid, S. liiicu.:- vi-ntma, Virlia IJiU'iia, ii"''t>'iiit of 1'. IJosuana, an Indian drcssiil in tlio ■t'llict.' I\li. I, I'vlti, I{i)liinson writi's to Vtipt. Fitch, announcing the a[i- ]i(aiaiirc cf his liook, of which several copies arc sunt to California. Ilojica 1'. will take no oll'cnce at the mention of his niarriagi! adxcuture Filr/i, I'll'.. MS., .'iss. .Mvarado and Vallejo, takiiii; otlence at some criticism of tlaii- iiiis^icn jxiiicy, ar dispo.sed to criticise Koi)inson unfairly. Attached til tlif h.iok, with distinjt title but continuous paging, is: liii.iriiiiii, ('h'lniijih'inirh; a hi^torictd account of (he orKjin, ci"'/i»n-i, anil frn- 'lilhiii-' cj' flic Indian'' (if the iitiss'ionarif ftaMislini' nt if St. .Iiiiin Cii/ii-^lrano, A/'a I '(/ 'foriiiii; '■ died the Aeaiiehcmcm Xotion; eoUuird ic'ilk tlv ijvinli -t citee, Jriiiii ll:i' niiixt i::!iUiiicnt and best instructed hi the inatti r. ll;/ the l,'i ei nnd I'll' hi r Friar ill ron'nno Iloicana, of the order of St Friinci-ici}, iijitisfniie tn!"- siiiiiiiei/ lit .•^aid nii-ision. 'J'run.iltttiil from the orhjUiid Spanifih inniiiiirrijif, /;ii'l»ara in April.-' In liis letter todeiieral N'allejo In; deserilinl luniself as 'physician, mining' expt-rt, and naturalist.' I liave occasion to site elsewhere some of tlie "(if- })lian's' I'emarks on local and personal matteis. hi September he sailed on the Dianioucl for 1 loiiolala.-' John J^idwell's pamphlet lias already heen nnticnl so far as it was a j(»urnal of his (.verland trip. It was a letter, dated at J^odejjja ^lai'ch 'Mt, l'S; another i)orti(pn, inehidinL,' travels in the Saciaiiieiito Valley, i:i A/.. Jan.-l'el). IS7!>; and a eomiiilation from the part deserlMn^' the eoiintiy ami visits to northern districts, in (')ihiiiii'.'< Xnlc.i, .■);i7-ossessioii, three are :i|i]par- ontly ( iniafSandels; one (J M af Sandels; an ptory of Liiut Sarmit'iito. All the names and most of the ineiileiits given hy tin- Kiiiu's Ori.liaii ' in eoiineetion with his voyage on the iSla Maria, t'aiit. Ilauli, Muia I'ananiii to Monterey, toueliing only at Acapuleo, are lietitious. ■"Sandels' letters to VuUejo Feb. 'j;}, Mar. IS, Apr. S, 1843, in I'l'/i/), /)or., .MS., Ni. .-a-). :ui, .r.T. '•"•Aug. 'JcS, 1,S4.'{, Sandels' application for license to .', not haviiii^ heen ul)lo ti( M c as iiuieh of it as I intended hel'ore' I wrote to til vou. I havi>, however, heen (lili;4('nt in inakiii'..;' iiKjuiries of men who arc; residents in the c(»untiT." liidui II tluMl jiroceeds to descjihe in succession tiitJ tiiiilic r oi" ( alilornia, its aLjricuItura.l productions, cli- iiiatt with a tahle showiii!^ tlu' weathor each day tV welcome to persons con- tiiii|ilatin!4' inimi,Ljration. He says: " I havi; I'lideax- urcil to state facts with impartiality. At least half of till' coiiipany return this spriiii^ to the l^. States, many of them well [)leased with the oouiitry; and otln IS so sick they "iumot look at it. l*eopIe n'ener- ally look on it as the garden of the world oi' the most (Icsiijate place of creation. Althouijfh the country is lint what I ex[)ected, yet if it were not uixler the .Mexican LTovermnent I should he as AvilliuLj here to s|Hii(| ihe uncertain days of my lifi; as elsewhere. It may he I. shall a.s it is."*' ■T.i'h'-.l', A JoiiriK'!/ to (''iH/onn(i, n.p., n.d. (Wostoii, Mo. 1S4,1?), 8vo, .'f- \y I'ltfiicc: 'The |mblislu'r of this jouniul, lioiiii,' aware that a j^rcut many jii isoiH ill Missouri ami otlicr wcstiMii Ntati'.s me at tliis time anxious to f,'et ci'iTcrt iiiloniiatinii relative to OregoiuiiKl Califoniia, ho]ie» in jiart to gratify tlu'iii liy uiMiiL,' puhlii'ity to tiieNU sheets tiirouj;!i tiie press; liavint; been so- li' itc4 tt do M) liy men of infoiuialioii \\ iio have ju'i'useil tluiii in nianuseript. Tilt' autlidi-, Mr .Folni liiihvell, a younj,' man of ^i»»\ aef|nii'emi iits ami um'\- 'tptiMiiulile moral eliaraeter, eame to .\lissonii fi'oni the Huiki ye state aliont I ytiii iii,'erous in business. Itut the many in- iliu(i:ii Ills held forth to (enterprising young men to go to California eauseil liim t >ailii[it tiie motto "\Vt stward ho," shoulder his rille, and join one of the (aliiiPiuia idmpanies whieh leave the rendezvous near Iadepeulisher th;.s((i|iy (if his journal.' Siiiiie liiicf ijuotations from Indwell's remarks: 'I know of but two .\meri- i-'an Liinilius here, those of Kel.sey and .Joel Walker.' 'It is a pmverb here, ami I luiil it a pretty true one, that a Spaniar 1 will not d < anything whi,'!i lie eaiiiiut d(, un horseback.' 'To obtain a v;:Miit you must become 11 citi;:e i I I f ' III '■^f I'ii 348 MISSIONS, COMMERCE, AND FOREIONERS-1S42. Jolm ^Tarsh, for six years a rosiclcnt of the couiitrv, **ooiii[)lyiii:L,' witli thorequosttol)eiiiaflcac'quaiiito(l w ith soino of tluj most into resting facts relative to Calitor- iiia," wrote a letter to CoiiinKxlore Jones on Novciu- ber 2r)th of this year. The writer was an ethicatril man, and his letter contains somewhat vivid pictures of Alvarado's rule, the Graham affair, and such otliLr prominent t<»[)i('s as are hrieily considered. Marsli cn i- dently (.K'cmed California a desirable acquisition inr the United States, and devoted some space to tlic t;isk of showing that coinnumication by land with Oici^on was much easier than had been represented. J haw had occasion to cite this letter, M'hich I belicvr has never l)ccn j)rinted, on several points."'" Another sim- ilar letter was that written by Captaiiv Henry A. ]* 'irco to Thomas Cunnnins of Honolulu. It is tion of the country's condition and pf as- pects IVom the writer's observations during his late visit. The same man while in the east wrote a letter, which was [)ultlished in the newspapers, upon the ts- tablisliment and possible future encroachments dt'tltc Hudson's IJay Company in California. There were few letters written by Americans in this part of 'ho World at this perit)d which did not allude more or less anil a incmlx'r of the catlinlic clmrcli. Wliethcr persons of any other ile- noniiniition woiilil when |iioii»ly tlispoicl ho. iiitt'rruj)teil l>y tlio Iiuv, 1 laii't sjiy, liiit think not.' ".Ml who wonhl conn; to this country must \n\u'^ |i:iss- fiorts from ihv uovcrnors of their resident Htat'!«.' 'Missions are nciily all irokenup.' 'J'he pcojilu all otiject to the ';is!iop remaining' in the couiitrv, fearinf^ they will have to i)ay tithes, '"'lie country is ackno\vleilj,'eil livall to he extri inely healthy.' 'It is selilom a Spaniard makes a charj^e aL'ainsta traveller for his hos[)itality: they are kiml in this respect, hut I caul siy how muili they \) r.' 'Capt. Sutter would give any information tu fini- ^'I'ants, and ! Iielieve render any assistance in his jiowcr. S. Jose WdiiM he another pmd jilact^ to arrive at. Mr (lulnac is noted for his kiudins.s to strangers.' Finally, directions about the route are given, though 'theriwuiM l»e many advantages in coming hy wat ;r,' the author advising the use ul paiiv- animals instead I'f wagons. ^" L'fi' r of J)r John Mnvh to Commodore Tliomnx Ap Catesh;/ Jiini.<, ••"«■ tn'miiiij iii/iirin(t/ioii 0)i <.'ali/(inii(t, MS., I!) p. Dated N(jv. 'J.'), IS4'_', at Firm of Tulpones. This copy was made April 3, 1843, by Dr R. T. Ma.\well, who k.'nJly presented it to me. VISCHER'S VISIT. 34a (lii'iH'tly to tlic desirability of American, and the dan- (>•( r nf Eii<,flisli, occupation. '" 11(10 may bo mentioned the fact tliat Edwanl Vi>cluT, who visited California in 1842 on the Ca/i/or- ),'ni schooner, jiublisluHl in later 3'earsa series *){' ])h()to- ^riaplis from pencil sketches made by himself, witli a |i;ini|tlilet of descri[)tive text, entitled Missimis uf Oil- ifni-ii'm; but it does not appear that any <»f the draw- ings were made at the time of his first visit, thttu;;h (l(iul)tlcss his recollections of 1842 added to lh<; \,'!uu (if Ixttli ]>ictures and text. " I'd). 1, 1842, PKi'AiiTAMr.NTAi.— I^i.i ( ri'\> Castanaueh For Conokkss — Ixoian Affaius— Fxi'kwtion to Mimhi. ciNo OK Ci.i:au Lake — The Cuolos at Anc;eleh and ^Ionteukv -J-,\ai,- (;EliATED AccrsATiu.Ns. DniiNcj tlio first lialf of 184^ Micheltoiviia n- maiiK'd at Ijos Ainj^clcs with liis balallou i\\>>. Mi' had assumed th(^ civil govormiuMit on i]\v last d;i\ nf 184l2, though holding the military command tV'>;ii .iii carliiT [K'liod, and as genci-al had ix-ndcrcd liim-t If famous, oi' notorious, hv his methods of conihictiiiL;" the <'ituntry's defence wluMi it was 'invaded' Ity tin' Americans. His chief task during these months \\;is to provide for' the support of his men; and he wiiiid continual waifare with as much enei'gy as it was [ms- sihle for a man of his character to show, against utriv destitution. He could not gi't from Mexico or ^^;lza- tlan acentof tlu! money that had heen promised; and the custom-house recei[)ts, one third less for the whole year than in 1842, were hardly anything it all in the earlier months of the year. Writing on Aiuil 2r)th, Micheltorena rendered the following accoiinl nt the treasury fi'om Septemher to date: " l']ntiatlas. i^iOOO; .salidas, ."jOOO; e.\isteucius, cuatro reales; tins WAll WITH DESTITUTION. 3ol latt r sum of (Iftv cents l)ciii<( the amount hv liad found in till' treasury at liis arrival. In Mareli lie repre- sent. il liis men as living on six and a quarter eents jirr (l;iv, the officers receiving only one fifth of their ii;i\ : yet he lookeil forward U) tlu? time when he shdulil get aid from Me.\ic(», j)ay U}> all arrears, and coiiviit his soldiers into farmers. These statenii'iits v.nv made in connection with some of the governor's iiu'.iu rolls ajti)eals to Colonel Vallejo for aid.^ Tlie I'ecordri fail to show exactly how the troops wvvr !■'(! and clothed. The po|)ular solution of the |iiol)lv 111 has always l)ecn that it was hy stealing iVom the citizens; but I shall have more to say o.: that topic later. ^licheltorena, by his gentlemanly maii- luis. iiad made many )»ersonal friends in the south; iiii.l I lie more wealthy of the rancheros and tiaders (loiil)tlrss contributed to his sujiport. Vallejo cites a It iter (''■ .' 'SO Ant(»nio Carrillo, written in March, in which ii i ii la of citizens is .said to have i>een in ses- siiiii t'lir three days to deliberate on wavs and means al'tcf hstening to a s[)eech from the governor on the >ituatioii. A forced loan from merchants was pro- ]ii>>c(l.but the proposition was not favorably receixetl. Tlicciiily result reached was that the gentlemen pres- ent decided to become responsible for the payment of Miclieltorena's salary, for which pur[)ose othei's out- side (if Angeles were subsequently invited to t-ontrib- utc' l''i'(im A'alleio the n'overnor I'eceived a schooner- lu;i(l oT j)rovisions sent down fr(»in I?etaluma on the Odifiirniii ill June, with a certain amount of iiioiuy. 'Mairh I.-), April '2."), IS4.% Miohcltoroiia tu V. Vidhjn, Ih,,-., Ms., xi. H4I, IKl.i. .1(111. "JTtli, M. to luliiiia. (if uiistimis. 'j'lio stiicU'st (.'Cir.i'iniy is n.'i|iiinil. ( 'I'L'ditor.s iiiii.st ^slll)mit to siicviiicus as well as soldiers and oIlicLi's. h'fi.St. />„/,., /;,„., MS., iii. ;{•_'-;{. Maivli l.')th, .\l)i-'go oid.'ifd to siis- poiiil idt IpucIv jiay until fiiitluT instriictioiH. yV/^^ ]!'>•., .MS., xiii. 4:1. Miiirli .'iiltli, (lUf tliird of the custoiii.s revciiue to liu jiaid over lo the I'omi-aiio, Willi uhiili to ]iay livil and military c'ini)loy(''S. One third of salariui to I to paiil; oil]i'c;'.s (if the liatidloii will },'('t-oiie fourth, and tlii'ir f^cncral nothing; ji'.il:,'i's of til... triliun.il iimst lio eontciit with their pr.) rata; Aharado to get ?l.!IU(h.n salary ai;eoiint, ilc jinj'i irwid. J)>jit. Sf. J'aji., Ben., M.S., iii. ;\\-o. 123-.-.: Ihi,t. /.'.<■.. MS., xiii. 48. ■■"((''./•I, l>oi-., MS., iv. ;!4!I-.VJ. Tlie writer says that this meeting was Secret, and not known to tlio public for several years. I 1 • t <1 '■'% i 3d2 MICIIELTORENA'S RULE— POLITICAL AFFAIRS. i i\yv So far as public funds were concernctl, the times were liard also on the northern frontier, thoui^h the cinps had been inucli better than in the south. A^ulKjo, though repeatedl}'' declaring that he could no loiini.r support at his <3wn ex[)ense the Sonoma garrison, was unable to resist Micheltorena's ap})eals, accoiupaiiiwl as they were by hints from southern men that he. was under especial obligations to aid in the suj)p(jit of an officer whose coming had been so largely due to his influence; but a motive still more potent in deterniiii- ing the colonel's action was the acquisition et" tliu Soscol rancho u^ranted to him this vear, and for w liicli the sup[)lies furnished for ])ublic needs to the aninimt of some $11,000 were to be regarded as the lu'icr.^ Another man who furnished aid to Micheltoiviia early in 1843, and received lands in payment, was Jose Y. Limantour, who had come to the coast as owner and supercargo of a Mexican vessel. What supi)lies were furnished and what lands granted, it is not easy — nor necessary here — to determine, so iii- volvetl in later iVauds and fori>-eries did the' whnlc matter become; but that there was an actual trans- action by which ^[icheltorena obtained aid IVdNi Li- mantour, there is no reason to doubt.'* ' March 15, l!543, M. to V., l)eg?ill^r him to send back tlic CaJi/nnihi with a load (if i)ro\ isiiiiis. Xo cimI's in liio south except on il'iiijated l.iiuls, junl theio devoured liy hiuiirry geeso and er(>\V[i! \'fi'lrj,i, l)i,i\, MS,, • i, Itlt. Voyat,'e fiMui I'etalunia to S, Tedro in .Imie. ('oo/Mr'.iLoiio/lm'l'i/.,M>. Mueli int'oiinalicin aliout the sni>piie.( furnished liy V. was lirou^^Iit nu' ia tlio liti,i,'atii)ii (if later year,-! respeetiny the Soseol rancho. April 1 't, \'. t i M. Has iecei\C(l no lejily to his representations aluuit the scarcity < I' >ii|i|ih'js for tlie troops on tlic frdutier and at S. V. If relief cannot lie ii'l'U'leil, lie v.ill not lie resjionsilile for lesults, and asiis to Ik! relieved from hirf i""!- niand. Viil'ui\, .MS,, xi. Xui. May l!(th, the coinisario I'nrui in ; li itli- iug, .ind v. cannot lon;;er suppoi't the troops. LL, xi. .">7". .lunc j'ldi. a juddie nieetin,!,' iield at Soiifinia to raise funds for su|iport of the ,!.mi lii'a "■'"I the erection of pnhlii! liui!din;,;s. '['\\i>. amount rai.u'(l, tlie Valle.ji' i I'.inu' the lari^'est suh.scrihers, was .St, (Mil!, hesides l.">,") fan. ,urain. 'JO iiead (/f caf.le. i.l'JO fjct hoards, I'J.TO') ailolies, and J2 lahorcrs. ('apt. ('astaueda v.as tliif di.v sent us A messenger t(j the gov. to explain the alisjlutc indigence of the .gar- rison. /(/., xi. 41 1 Vl. * As another means of raising funds, on Jan. '2d ^ficheltorcna (udei's tlic nogotiatio.l of a loan of .910-l'_',()i),) on future customs receipts. ]i);ili::l'.,v v.i'.li- out success; thouj.^h o:i .Ian. lOdi t'astauares w.as th.Uiked ii)r:-ouie • _.i Mtrous olier,' which wa.i accepted. Ihi)!. SI. I'aj'., llcii., MS., iii. "Jo-ii. THE GOVERXOR AXD VALLEJO. 3:3 111 ninncctiou M'ith Miclieltorcna's appeals to Ya- llcjd liir aid, there were some synij)toiiis of a coiitro- vcr>v between the two officers. Tlirougli PaMo do ]a(!i;>'na in February, Yallujo lieard a rmnor tliat tlio '4Mvcrnor had expressed doubts about the fact nt" Ills ii;iviiij4' sup})orted the troops at his own e\]»ciis!', ;,iiil all intention to remove liim from his command of tlu' iiorlliern line. The rumor was doubtless an- I'nuiiiKd, and the colonel himself did not perha}>s at- t;i(li niiU'h importance to it; but he felt sonicwliat sorr al/out his own instrumentality in haviuL;' brought tlic "'( lural and his vaijabonds to California, and ihercj wow manv reasons why a t:crievance aL-'ainst him and ii .-ii>ji( n>ion of friendly relations were rather dc^-iralilo than otherwise. According'ly A'^allejo, on tli(^as.suni[>- tioii that his word had been doubted and his honor iiliiiulcd, wrote some rather sharp letters to ^Michel- Idii isa. ciiclosing proofs of his past exijendituivs in 1)' liali" of the troops, and a request to be relieved of Ills r-ninniand. The o-eneral's reply was an assurance dt'Iiis hluh personal and official esteem for ValKjo; a tli'iiial that he had ever doubted his woi'd, or faih.'d to ;i[>;!ix,'(iate his past sacritices, which he ho[>ed soon to iijiay: and an earnest request that he would not dc- }iiivr tlio country of his valuable services. It was wclinigh impossible to quarrel with such a man under hiicli circumstances.* In'siihs the labor of conducting his financial cam- Itiii^ii, Miclu'ltorena had other (hiti<'s quite sufficient to (i(i'i;|>y the spare tinu; of an indolent ruler, who lai'i lyiiiade his appearance befoi'e noon, aiul had no tniiiliuss I'or office work at late hours. There was daily necessity to hear the complaints i)i' citizens con- oiTiiing the depredations of the cliolo soldiers, and con- stant > tl'ort was required to maintain a scmbhince of iiiilitaiy discipline in the batallon. ]\roreovcr, there was a variety of routine coi-rcspondence on minor iiiattcis ivqniring no special notice here, in \\hich the 5 W'll.Ja. Da,'., MS., Ni. .^-.f), :{«.-, 371; /(/., Hist. CaL, MS., iv. 3d-'-U. IlihT. C.\L , VuL. IV. 23 i r n-)4 MICIIKLTORF.\A> HUUv -POLITICAL AFrAIR?:. <.,n')icr;il's si'cfctaric^ required s of his ofHee, ^I ieheltni'cna turned his atteiitini! in the mission prolili'm, and alter consultation with tln' iViars. (U-torniined, i-alher wisely, as I shall explain nsoi'c definitely in the next chapter, on a restoration i,\' tweh.c missions to wliat was nominally the old system, a measure \\hich was actually carrit^l out. So iniich <-umot he said of another scheuK! dm'iseil by hini.that ot' estal>lishini4* a newspapei' at jNIontorey, in wliiih citizens inio-Jit nvid and criticise the acts of the guv- eriunent in their behalf/' It In midsunmier ^[ieheltorena left Los Anles with his batallon, and camc" to live at the capital. Tlieir are no original records of his iournov or of ;in\' cii- cumstances connected with it. Then* is indi id a notable absence fi'om all archives, publico and pii\ati', of anv lveiits nf this period. Many Californians remend)er the trans- fer, and all a^Tce that the Ani^-elinos were ]>ert''(tly willino' to part with their guests of a year. Lo-, Aii- H'eles was willing now as never before to r(>lin(jui>li its elaims to the hone.r of being the governor's resilience, wisliing its old rival joy in the ac(|uisition; wliilc tlio eholos themselves, havin;'' stolen every eatable ilnivf that the south alfordcd, were not sorrj' to transfer their industrial openitions to new fields. All that is known about the date of ^licheltorena's coming ii'irth ^ M'irhilinrnxt, Dif]e7-">'J. ilaivh l.'tth, jMojeut of a 'pliej^o de iiniire'ta.' /'/ ; ami J>t jil. St. /'((/<., /' ,., MS., iii. :!;i. May 1st, such a press of tm.-|ioint((l at !?.'>0 inr nioiith, Arr, hoc, MS., KJ. May (jlh, Mielieltorena depiivLS lieutenants >Iuciel an.' l.iiii"n of tiieir rank, scndinj; tlani as 'paisanfjs' to S. Diej,'o. Saat'ie, j'-h'\, M^-, iii. ."1."); Ucjit. y.Vc, MS., .xiii. o,i; S. l)i- iii.iiia ti> ('nii<4i'atulato liim ou liis safe arrival.^ It is >aiil that tlie usual atteiitious were shown to the n'ov- (iini- at diii'ereut poiuts on liis journey; that ]\lanuel ('a>tariares succeeded in raising among government rin'i I'lyes and citizens sutHcient money to properly /r.s- /./'■•/• liis Excellency, who made some glowing s[)eeclies nil his projects for the country's welfare, both on the (lav of arrival and in the later national festivities (if Si |itcinl)er UJth; and finally, that the sohliers l>e- !;aii their di-predations with the least possible delay.' Thus the iudications arc that the people of Monterey entertained no very cordial feelings toward their new ir.lci' and his men, their dislike bemg mainly of cour-Lintei'ev writes to Liiikin, not hnwover alluding 111 aiiyv.iiy t.. Ills recent arrival. Lnrlin'M J),i,\, Ms., ii. •_".). * V'jlhjn, .hoc, Ms., xi. 44.")-(i. Saivmlor \alkjo wan also sent down toL'i'ect liim, fN},)ain the .state of allaiis on the trontie;-, and invite liiiii to visit. So- lo una. Wlnirado, /list. CaL, ^IS., v. '-'0-1; Vulhjo, Hist. Cat., MS., iv. 304-S; •^wT'i/jo, Aj,ii„ti^, MS., 7!) '^O. ''Wiig. "JSth, a oustoni-iii ■ se nelador el' 'ins exemption fn>m the liilletin;; "! uliiLcia at liis liousc. CuMrv, Doc, M;>., i. lOiJ; /(/., Ihuicwn, MS., hti. m r.-r, Minini/rOREXA'S nULE-rOLITICAL AFFAinf?. time tli.'it tlioy flotorniinod to iiitorposo their oiiuiiji'. ti'iicr ti) iiixvciit his Kxci'Ilcncv I'roin marchiii"' hi; oimiiriii'iims tn>t)[>s tt) tlie scat of j^oveniiiiciit. l)!;t 1m Toii^ I left, his s.n'iirralshi|t was jxTniitted to iii.iri!i jiMi-tliwai'd, and was in i'ull possession of th<,' di'if town, then; to he seen niai'chini; and iiara(hn" his (TopiH'd and Itranded troops ahont the streets witli idl iinauinal)le pomposity."" This statement, thnii.^^h idtsnrd in some i-esjx'ets — flse it would luirdly liiid a placi' in the work eited — may si^'uily tliat the auih-ir haers(>n of Juan ]?adilla; hut tli; liurjiiirt of the dis('(»V('ry is not stated.'" ('a})tain Siit- tir, without .n'iviiiij^ exa<'tdates, elaims to have w.iii!' I ^licholtorena of impending' da!i'_,o'i' loiiu^ heforf t!i' revolution iirohe out. .Vnd liiudly, in AuL^ist or Sr|>- tend)er, Jsaae (Jraham olK-red to the ^'ovcrnor tln'sr- vices of iiimself ;ind foi'tv other foreiu'uei's li\ in ; ii till' vieiiHty of Santa Cruz, doin^^ this presumaMv ii the hope of t;'ettin;j^ a l)low at his old foes, Alvaiali and ("astro, in the ti'ouhlcs suj)posed to be hi'iv, in .■. ]»ut seven of the fon'iL;ners p>rotested that thcv li: I iniven (Iraham no authority to act for them, and I'l it thi'ir only desire was to live in (juiet, without lu in.;' drawn into ti'oid>l(^ by that "seditious evil-doer an I pernieious disturher of the jx'ace." ^Micheltoivna •; reply was that California was at peace, and his I'mvi' amply sutlicient. Il' the services of forei^'uers sli atld ))e needed, they would he notiiied iii writing thiiniu'i the p]-oper authorities.^^ Financial ditiiculties were not greatly modi.i d in " N'l.^nmis' I'n't'i. diiifl,; i-ji-e. '- All!,'. 14tli, I'.lth, y. to com. of S. .hy^r, ami reply. VallJ^, D-.-., "M<., xi. ir.*, \\\. 'S,.pt. 'JSth, Weeks, Morris, Majors, Jiurton, Sweet, Heatli. anl ISiKub to Micholtoieiia. Oct. 7th, M.'ti reply. StaCnr-i, Arch.,^Si6., ^^l~'^>- 1 1^ i 1^! P'- %hi k Ml U: [1 ':i .fir. JLN'TA IX'JXO.MiCA. .•;.-.7 ] ill 1 111" (li^jfreo 1)V tlio iliictiou of expenses or an incivase ol' re\(':;;ie v.;i- .1 . lalter of uri^ent, nt.'C(!ssity. and the Dtli of '. >c- (,il)ri a junta oi' ollicials was held at the i,^oveiii«ii-'> ]niU>e til devise means (tf I'eHel'.'* MiclieH oTena [U-e- ^.idil, ;ind exi)hiined the ohjeet of the iiieelin;^' in .in uMciiiii;;' speech; al'ter which A'allejo was chosen see- ntuiv, and tho iirst session was toriuinated Ky tlie ii;i|iiiintnii,"nt of a oommittoe of seven to report in t">ur ilav^.'"' At thu session of the loth a rej)ort was |!!\'- •.(■iitcd, (Hscussed, and ado[)ted, in substance as I'd- lows: The justices and secretary (»f the su[)reiiie court ).. r.fcive each a salary of §1,200; the u^overnnient xiTctary to have $1,200, with a clerk at i;?r)00; the iitliccs of prefects and sub-prefects to be abolished; ."LiluO to be paid to the principal of the school ;it Monterey, books and paper beinij;' furnished by the scholar-', but in other towns scIkjoIs were to bo sup- j'lirtcl by the inunici[)alities with contributions Ironi iltizeiis; tilt! coniisario to be re[ilaced by a treasurer iit a >a!ary of $1,000 (or $1,500); alcaldes and justices III' ill!' peace, l)einL'" entitled to fees as judi^'es of Iirst iii>taiice, not to receive tlie allowance of s^io per iimnth; and finally, the administrator and chief elei'k nl'tlie custom-house to receive the same salary as be- t'lv', th(»uj^h the latter's acklitional pay as inter[)reter was to be reduced by one half After thanking' tli" iiKjiiiIters \'i)V the reduction of $20,000 effected in the civil liud^'t't, and j)romising his best efforts to bring aliiiiit a ('orres])onding reduction in military expenses, lliclieltoi'ena declared the junta at an end."* "Tlic (itlU'ci's present were (Jen. JostS M, Miclieltorciia; eolnmls M. (!. ViilK jo ami J. ]>. Alvarailii; lieut-cnlonels Rafael Tilliz ami Jdsi; Ca.-.tr.i; t:i]ii;iiiis .liiau Alu'l'.a and Franeiseo Noriega; cliirf (if a''tillery. Cant. Maii lUn Silva; liiptain of tlio (lort, I'cdro Narvaez; cdniamlanto of tiio jiresiilial ^diu- l';iiiy. l';i[it. Nieaiior Ivstraila; governor's see., Manuel Jinieno; presiilcat i f t'.R' trilmiml, Juan ^lalarin; prefect of 1st district, Ramon Estrada; ailaiiii- iaat'ir (if tustoni.s, Manuel Castafiiires; vista, Pablo de la Giicrra; comi^jariu, Josi; .\liro;;ii; and Rafael (ionailez, coniandante of eeladorcs. '^.M.'mlii'rsof tliocommittee; Cistailares, Tellez, Vallejo, Malariii. AIuc'd, Alvanul.i, and Jinicuo. ^•Janta Coiwidtafira y L'conOiiiira ot JfoiiUiri/, (kltibre de i^'v /, MS. Jl ^ '1!^ « I ,, ij>:!-d5 it I ."t!?| It 'fij^ip :;| it ^ : ' ;■ !' I-' o i. 'ii ! if '• sr.s MICTinLTOREXA'S RULE -POLITICAL AFFAIRS. Besides tlio fra other eoiitcnjM- r.ll'V I'eeoi'd oil tll(! sllhjeet until .liiniliny 1, liS4l,nii Nviiieli date Mielieltorellil issued a |»l<»ela!natioll (Mn\ iuL^ into elleet tlie economieal measures recouuniiKl! I 1>V tlie junta. J-Jy tliis prcK-laination the L;-i)Vrr!i(i|"> salary was Ht()[)|»ed; three of the live; judj^i'shij)s liftlic tribunal were su|)i)ressed; some other minor ciian'^rs wei'e introduced hevond thosi; sULT'jfested in ()y a i-e!^'ulation that ofHeers for the jjrescnt niu>t Im' coiilriit with half-pay, a further tem[»orary savi:i;.; rf ovrr .-^lOjOOU was elfected.'' Ou November 14lli ;iii order was issued for an election, to be held in Derrin- bei\ of ayuntamieiitos and alcaldes to serve from tie' b('o-iiininL( of 1844. In this order the suppression nf the prefectures was incidentally alluded to, and lii'' tirst alcalde iu each place was instructed to jiri'Mrni the duties both of prefect and judg'c of first instamv.'' These iire blotters and fraqments prcserveil by Vallejo, the secretJirv, s.ime jiarts biiiii; in duplicate, and the wiiido pin'liaps not i|uite luniplctc. Tlnr; were ptTha|i3 otiicr sossiDnn, as on Oct. lOtii Miclicltiucna writi's to Lirkiu that there will be a nieetinL,'at his house to-nunTow at 4 r. M. to eoii-iiltr llie niatterot smui/uling, trade by whalers, etc. Lnrkiii's Doc, MS., ii. 4.'i. 'I'lu.' junta is l)i'ii lly nuntioned in Botrllo, Aiifilm, MS., U)S-',l; and Aiii'hI"i', JA//,ci,-;r,y, MS., l.VJ-.S. Vallejo, //('.s/. C'tiL, MS., iv. .S7!»-S->, uivca somo iIl- 1 iils--as to the accuracy of whicii I express no opinion — about tlie junta. n"t i.icluih (I iu the ori^'inal record. At the first mcetini,' after the f,'ov. had ni:i Ic his opcniuL; spc(;ch and left the room, I'rudon .subuiitted a, jiri^posilJ'H that the batallon be sent to Sonoma, where tiiey could bo fed and put tovnik. Tlie oltlccrs of tlie batallon protested that it would be dcroL'atory to tli'ii' 'H-' I'.ity even to consider such a proposition ; and the C'alifornians left the h ill in disu'ust. At a second meeting Vallejo himself urged the sending «./ tlh' aiii.y to the noi'thern frontier, where he could siip|)l,y them with jilenty of nuvit aii'l corn, but no money or liipior. Micheltorena was inclined to think fav.r.ilily of tlie plan, but the Mexican ollicers began to bluster as befoie. Ab:iiiiili made a speech, in which hi; declared that it was useless to talk of ell Htiiii' reforms so long as the defence of L'alifornian homes and faniiliis vas cnti'id to convicts, and the junta broke up without accomplishing .luythiug in tlio only direction which might have ail'orded relief and prevented revoluti u. ''" Mirlull:»r,in, Jldiiilo Ki-.ni6iiiiro, I il^' Km-ro, JS.'/.'/, MS. '"N' >v. 14, 1S4."), .Micheltorena's proclamation on local elections. I'-i'hr). J)n-.,MS.,i. 117-IS; S. J>;<-f<,, Arr/i., MS., -JDT-S; /V/,/. ■'iV. /'"/'• •'"'• MS.. X. :{i; M'.rhilh.rdirC.-i Ailmiu., Ki-IT; Di'-hi' n<\< Colon. //(V., ad !.. sl-.>. At Aiijieles and Monterey the ayuut. waa to consist of two alcahic.-, lour ■ * ■ i ' 1; iii i^^ A NEW OATH. 3.V.) Thl> iiii])(>rtaiit clianLju in local jjfovcM'ninoiit lias jil't liiit littk- Iraci; ill tliu arcliivi-s lui- tin; pt'i'ioJ (llu•iIl^' wliiili it was ill operation, from Januarv 18 11 to .July 1S4.'), licyoiul an occasional and inciJuiital allusion to alr.il'lis instead of prelects, Jiidii'd, from the middle of 184^ the chain ofarchivi! (■villi iicc is in certain respects I'xtreniely incomplct • ill (Miiijiarison to that of earlier years. ]t would al- most. >rr\n that thcTe had been a delil)erati.' ell'ort t* dotiiiv (»r conceal docuuKJiits relatiii;^^ to the l,^o\ci imr s acts ill these yeart*, for their absi'Uce is nearly as iiiaiki'l ill private and local archiw-s as in those of the (l(|iarliiu'nt. It is not unlikely that the researches ul' iatt !• years in connection with land litiij^atiitii may ]ia\(' had something to do with the tlisa[)[)earanee ol lln>r papers. Ill nliudieiicc to instructions from ^Mexico — wheiici' iin !, ,->s than sixty coins were sent, or at least prom- ised, I'm)' distribution to the crrowds! — ]\licheltorena i:i ScptiiiilHr and October ordered a })ublic and ceremo- nial swearing of allegiance to tlu; new constitution, tlir hii.^(S (>r(/d)uc^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 .'/EST VAIN STREET WEBSTEHW.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 #' iV -^s^ t \ \\ 4> iV' <■.' 0\ <^ '^ V h t:.5 t-c'- 330 MICriELTOREXA'S RULE— POLITICAL AFFAIRS. Not only (lid California swear to the bases, Iml on November 1st, throui^ii her junta departaiueiitu!, as- sembled in extra session at the capital and desirous of expressing' its obligations "to the illustrious mil !inr of tlie nation's regeneration as a reward of his civii' A'irtues and heroic deeds," she cast her vote witli ali- solute unanimity for General Don Antonio Lopi /, d,. 8;uita Anna, benemerito do la patria, for president.'-' .Vt tin- beginning of the year an order had been cir- culated to the effect that until the national organiza- tion could be perfected, all officials, including juilgrs and members of the junta, should continue in the ex- ercise of their functions,"' The old junta, conipused of Jimeno, Castro, ICstrada, and Gonzalez, or those nienibe-rs v»dio could most conveniently be assciiililiMl at ^[onterev, held two extra sessions this year. ( hie was on November 1st, when the vote of the depait- nient was cast for Santa Anna, and the other on t!i ■ loth, when it met to determine the number of nieiM- bers to be chosen for the new junta, as well as f )r tlie diflerent ayuntamientos.^'' ]\Ieanwhile Micheltni-ena had ordered an election to tnlco place in accordanee with tlie ]\Iexican law of Ji ^)th, though at a later date than was prescribed b\ at law."^ The primary election was to beheld on October 2'Jd; the seennih ary on tlie 2i)tli; and the electors were to he at xii. 7--'. Oct. .•?(l, M. to V. Vull^Jo, Boc, MS., xi. 4,j9. Jan. 1st, ivply. //., :;ii. 2. Swearing .at Angeles. Jj(pt. Sf. Pu]k, Urn. I'nf. y Jkvj., M"^.. iii. 1 l-i. At S. Diego, //((//e-.' iJoc, MS., 170. The friars take die oath. Jnli., Arr.oli., MS., v. pt ii. ',io, etc. -oSc-ssi.iuof Nov. 1st. Lrrj. 7?cc., MS., iv. 12. Nov. 4th, Miclicltnr. n.i'^ priiclanialii 111 announcing the vote. S. JHcgo, Arch., JLS., '21)',t; Val/'jn, I'lf., MS., .\i. '1(')S; J/ir/irlforcna's Adiniiihtrnlion, \o. Vallejo, Hist. CaL, MS., iv. ."71-li, wys that this vote did iu)fc represent the popular opinion. * ■■"dan. '24tli, 'J7th, Jiineno to prefect. Mi-heltorciia's Admin., W-Vl. Jan. 27lh, Ko\-. says his alTairsnre so urgent as to prevent his atteiidincc ;it scs- si )nsof the junta at present. ])cpt. St. Pap., Aiiij., MS., xii. 08. Fi b. '2d, pay of see. of junta to eontinue. Jd., Bin., iii. ll'J-'20. Feb. 4tli, 'Jdi'i. all last Year".s judi^es to hold over. //., Aug., xii. 70-1; S. Josi, Arch., ^IS , il. '1% ■'^ Liij.^nrc, MS., iv. l'2-i;t. -''Sept. 28, 1840, M.'s clcetioii proclamation. Movtemi, Arch.. ,M'^.. xi. 11; CiiMyo,J)«i\, MS.,i. 112-lH; Mkhi-ltnreim's Admin., 1:1-14, Mcrir,.. A';//.)- imulodi: Elcr.ioin^, 10 de Jiniio, JS/fl MS. ]{y the terms of this i'«', tlie primary election v.as to lie held the 2d Sunday in August, and the electoral college to meet at the capital on the last Sunday iu September. ELi:CTIONS AND IIOESE-TIIIEVES. 361 Mnnfcroy as early as Novoiiibcr lotli.'-" Having at- tcii'lcd to tlic usual proliniinaric'S in the sessions of Xi>\riiiber lGtli-l7tIi, on the IDtli the electors voted i'lir ;i deputy to congress, to fill the place of Andres Castillero, of whose services for California during his t ini of office I know nothing. The choice fell upon 3Ianucl Castanares, a ]\[exicaii, who desired the posi- tion, and was favored hy the governor. Antonio ]\[. ()-io was elected suplente.^' Next day, the 20th, si'ven vocales were chosen to compose the new junta, as I'dllows: Pio Pico, Francisco Figueroa, Narciso liotollo, Francisco do la Guerra, Davitl S[)ence, Ila- liinn Estrada, and ICstevan Munras, with the same uuiiih(n' of substitutes. It is to noted that though the name of junta was still retained in California, the tcnn osamblea, or assembly, was used in the bases oi'ij-amcas. 20 Indian horse-tliicvcs were still troublesome in Cen- t!;il California. In June various citizcms of the Mdiitci'ey district .sent a petition to Micheltorena, re- latin'j- 1.]i(;ir troubles of i)ast vears, and statiivjf that thcv would soon be obli<>'ed to abandon their ranchos, as nil majordomos could be found to take charge of ihcui, so groat v/as the insecurity of life. The Ind- ians came to the very town to connnit robberies. ('iini[)laiut8 had been made to the authorities, and soii'c expeditions had been sent out, but they had never aecom[)lished anything, and had generally failed mw a- )1 !i w if ■'TliP t'li'itora chosen wore Jominin OrtofTa for S. Diopro, iLniacin del Vallo f'li'Sta Jlii'liaia, Jgiiai'in I'aluniaros for AiiL^ck'S, .losi; l'\ lliicliia for 8. .losO, M.mui) Ctstaiiarps lor Monterey, and li,'naeio I'eralta for S. F. Lti/. Ji'ic., Ms., iv. (l'i (l;ie ills lirotlier, Joso .Maria, for salai'y as supreiiiu court judge. Zi'o- liill'i, I)„r., .MS., 14-1.-). ■^ Mv.cii-'i, Jjdsv.s ()r«;/'), Anh., MS., '6W; Dip. St, i'"l'., .!»;/., MS., X. "'J; Mirhdiunua's Adiii'oL, IS. IWTT h ■: ■•!:! ! > 1 : ■ i H SG2 MICHELTOIIEXA'S RUL]:-rOLITICAL AFFAIRS. to return tlio horses and saddles furnished l)}- the ranelieros. Sonietlinos the hitter had carried thiLvcs to jail, but they liad been set at liberty without |iu:i- ishnient, and robbers <.le razon were almost as ti'oubli;- sonie as the Indians. This petition having ln'tu forwarded by the governor to the coniandante of tliu n(.)i'tliern line, the latter sent out several expeditions, i.f Avhieh we have no details.'-'^ This was early in tliu year; but it does not ap{)ear tliat the soldi^'rs ut' tlio batallon after they came north ever [jerformed auv service against the Indians. In the south, howuwi', no hostilities are reported this year, and perhaps this fact should be attributed to the presence of tliu cholos. One expedition of this year from Sonoma coiisisttd of seventy Cahfornians and two hundred auxiliary Indians, under the command of Captain Sahadnr A'^allejo, starting jNIarch 5th and returning the iVlh. On the evening of the 12th a tight took ],)lace (Hi an island, where one hundred and seventy Indians wtiv killed. According to the official reports the object of the expedition was to punish several tribes wlm had been ])lotting against the white people; the island where the tight occurred was represented as in tho ocean near Capo jNIendoidno. It seems to haw httu in connection w ith this campaign that a negro deserter from the Cijane was killed while resisting ca[)ture.-' ''' June 4tli, petition of citizens of S. Josi'. Valhjn, Doc, MS., xxxiii. "A'M III., Hist. Cal., !MS., iv. ;3.")7-UO. Jan. 'JOtli, gov. orclci-s presiJial coiiiii.-iny t'l Ijo reiii'u'ani/.eil. iivd a detiiclnnent to Itu stationed at I'aeliei/o's luiicho, tlic raneliefos beinj; invited to share in the expense. Dipt. St. Pap., Ben., AIS., iii. .'!1. March 14th, Manuel Larios writes to Ca.strothat the cainp.iign against tiie Chuciles amounted to nothin;,'. S. ,/osi'<, Arch., ^18., ii. hiiiil ut !Moth, whicli was reached by 12 soldiers and .'SO auxiliaries by means oi' rafts. The I;Klian< refused to give up their weapons, and sfenicd trcaehernus; there- fore they were attacked. Lieut A. ^1. I'ico commanded tho f ncc eii tho niainland. VuUrjo, Due, MS., xi. :!4'J. April l.st, Col. Vallcjo's rep.rtto gov. The Ind. against whom the expedition v.as sent were the Motayoiai, l.,y the thitjvcs -it }iu;i- roublc- (if tlio .lollS, I if • ill the 4 ofthu vd any lips thU of thf cxxiii. 'Mil: I t'niii|iaiiy )"s ruiicli.i, '(I/)., i!''■l■^ (i. -April • vrr. ill tlie in. IV'C. ;i rafts. Ims;: tliLTC- |cc I'll the iv;virt to [ftayoiai, MASSACRE AT CLEAR LAKE. 3G3 Di" Saiulcls was at Sonoma wliou this party returned ; and lie represents the outra^j^e to have been committed on a tiil)o on an island in the northern part of San Fraueisco ]3ay, in the absence of all the fighting men, the [in "Vocation being a threat to steal the settlers' cattle. The negro deserter was found hidden here, jirochiiiiied a foe to Mexico, and shot in the back.-' Jiiaii Hojorges, one of Vallejo's party, gives many de- tails (if the raid, and says its object from the tirst was til (il)taiii Indian laborers and servants, of wliom a lai'nu number were obtained from another rancheria. lie says the battle was on an island in a laguna o'ramU', where none but the guide liad ever been,""" and I have no doubt that Clear Lake, and not tlie oix-.m nv bay, was the scene of this massacre.^^ An investigation was ordered, but the result is not known. Salvador Valkjo in such distant raids committed manv barbarous acts; but an outrage so ij^ross as this is icpresented to have- been would hardly have been cxcusr'd by his brother. I have had frequent occasion already to mention Mirlirltoi'ciia's soldiers, tlie cholos, as they were com- hinnly called l)y Californians, and in no complimentary iiianmr. Their character and acts, however, had so iiiHinriaiit an influence in bringing on the revolution • if the next year, that it is necessary to present the siiljji-ct somewhat fully here. The reader is aware that the batallon fijo was composed chiefl}- of crim- inals, a large part of them having been taken from Cliiliyoini, lloliyomi, Tuliyonii, Supuyomi, Pa'^ucnjolayomi, Sicomyomi, Ilay.iiiii, ;iail (.'lustinoiuayonii. Snow-storni;^ and the largo miiiiliers ami tliri'atiiiiiiL; attitiule of tlio Indians made it iinprudeiit to CDiitinue hostilities tlioiu'xt (lay. Sonru prisonera wore l)rou.;ht Ijack. /(/., xi. ii.')4. On tlie kill- ing' of the nemo. /(/., xi. 'M\. April "Jiitli, ijuv. to V. Says tlie pulilio mind ii tiuubled aiiout the killing of so many Indians; and he orders a strict inves- tigiuinii. /,/.. xi. 300. ■"Kin'i'.i (Ji-jihanii VImI, 7-8. ="'y;'|,„n/'w, Ikaiado^, MS.. -24-37. "'Davis, (lllmpsis, MS., '2[)0, mentions the affair as havin;:; occurred iii the ('IcarLake re.'ion, and as having been regarded at S. F. us a brutal outrage. But lie make.4't!ic date 1S41. i :i I V<.L^'* ^ \:\ 304 MICilELTOIlICNA'S RULi:-rOLlTICAL AlTAIllS. the jails of ^Mexico and Jali.sco, '.vlifre the rest, of tlioin iniglit also ]iave been c(-)niined without much iiijus- tiee. That sucli men would }>rove useless as .soLlifi's, and intolerably vicious as citizens, was to be cxi)ectLil. The sending (jf such a band of convicts was an ouliaue amply sufllcient to justify rev(jlution. Yet it must !).,■ admitted that the conduct of the cholos in Ca]ii'nn,i;i, though not exemplary, was wonderfully good wlhn c )m[)ared witli what might be ex[)ected I'rom llirii' vicious antecedents, from the outrages conuniltivl ]<;■ men of similar class in chfierent parts of Mexico, iVma their destitute condition, and from the bitterly l>i'<'jii- diced medium through which nearly all the testiiininy extant aixainst tiiem has come down to us. It wnuM be easy to fill a long cha[)ter with this testimony; luit I content m3"self with comparatively lew cltations.''- "'- Serrano, Ajmnles, MS., 84-00, says that Lieut Marquez was clciuly ini- plicatoil as an acconiplieo of Juaua Ilmiandoz in poisouing her husliaml; Im'. vas punished only liy l>eing sent to Sta Barbara. He also dcseriljrs ;i, h'iiif. Ciirrcsj)., MS., i. 120. Torre, Jhiniii., MS., 10(i-9, relates a beastly (nitni'^c by a party of soldiers on a drunken Indian woman in the streets of Mnnuivy. iSwan, /list. Sbichc.i, MS., 'J, notes the stealing of all tho contents ni •I'j-ii Castro's kitelien. Arnaz, llecuerdos, MS., 3l5-(), 50-01, relates several in- Btanees of robbery, his own .store being robbed twice. Pierre Aliil;in, a I'renelnnan and patron of tho custom-house boat at M 'ii- terey, was terribly cut and crippled for life on March 1."), 1841, by a ivirLV of sohliers to \vh(j:ii he had refused aguardiente. The victim received a peiijiuu fiom the .Mexican govt until ISKi, and from the U. S. for a few years l-ui, when it was slopped, most unjustly as the Californians think. Unbound Jj'x:, MS., '2S7-'J; C iMauciirs, Col. Doc, 17-18; 31st eon,'., Ist sess., Ji. L'.r. ])'<:., 17, p. 320; VaUpj\ IlUt. Cal., .MS., iv. 308-72; Alvanido, Ill-t. Cal., M = . v. 42-S. TJic crew of a French whaler in 1S44 are said to have had a light witli a parly of the cholos, in which several were badly wounded on belli si Ics, one or two of tiie soldiers perhaps mortally, though there is no a_'vt eiiiiut about details. Oslo, JI/s'. VaL, MS., 439—12; Gonu::, Lo que Sa'n', .MS.. 317- i>2; L'-.'/Hci; Mimoria, MS., 17; Swan's Hid. StetcJus, MS., 2. Swan, JA-"''- ri 1/ in './J, also speaks of a fight iu whicii the soldiers wero badly lieatea liy the men of tho En\dish man-of-war C^irysfort. Mrs Ord, Ocnrnnda', MS., 12J, 131-4, records two robberies iu herewn liousc, one of cooking utensils by the soldiers, and the other of a pMiM'li'i m I'ablo do la Cluerra's ollice, which was supposed to contain gold cuiii. ( H] tains Noriega and .'■iegura are accused of having been the chief culprii > in tliis allair. Coronel, Cosas dc Cal., MS., 40-54, tells of some minor (lepied.'.tioiis which came under his own obaervation as judge at Los Angeles, iu' Indiii;,';! description of the cholos' methods of catching fowl by means of lines luiitcl with corn. IJotello, .l«(i/c.f, MS., 10t)-7, alli'rms that the sohliers v,e:c en- couraged in their thefts by many of the olUcers. lie says one of the tliievci M •J : ! COXDUCT OF Tlin CIIOLOF!. Ti, TO is great unanimity of testimony from all Miui'is that members of the l)atall<')n were, both at jvis Angeles aixl ]\Iontorey, addietetl to petty thefts it" jioiiltry and other edibles, as well as of other miscel- laiicms articles that could be utilized in barracks; so luncli so as to become an intolerable nuisance to all citizens whose houses, stores, or ranchos were within ivacli of the marauders. This is about the sum ami ^^ub.stallcc of all that can be said against the cholos; was shot while entering Orefia's store at Angeles. Sec also the following nu- t'liiritii'iS all in edndenuiation of llio cliolos as intolerable tliifvos ami biMulcrs: ihh, Hist. Cal.. MS., 4.'i;!-10; Ah-nrado, 1/14. Cal., xMS., iv. 0; v. •2i)--J. X\- 4>; Vallijo, Hid. Cal., MS., '.'GG-S, .'JGO-l, :!70-7; Anr, J/r)/i., MS., :!I-G; (aancz, l.o ijiir Siihc, MS., o41-G.'i; Torres, Pcriprdasy MS., !_)('); ('astro, h'llt- r.V,», .MS., StMl.l; O'ariiiilo, Aivinfcs, MS., -IS; VaUrJc (,/. J.), ncmin., MS, llio; Kypirr, M' m., !MS., lG-17; Larion, ConvnlsloDf.", M.S., 17; Unstin'is' E,ni'i. (iiudc, Vl\'-1; Bdde„'s Hist. Statement, .MS., 40-1 ; Fvrster'.i J/ht. Data, M6.', ■JIS-I; Strccler\i IteoJl., MS., 51; Wood\-i Wumh'rni'j Sk(tr.h,-x, 'JliS. liiimlini. Hist. Cal., MS., 101- '2, .states tliut ho and others often talked with MirhcltorciKi on the outrageous conduct of his troops; lint M. was ;itraif. A'otcn, MS., p. "20, lolames M. for iiMt having nent away his eor.victs as he was often urged to do. In his litter of Dec. 12, 1S44, to the .suji. govt, while admitting that his mi'ii hail originally been malefactors, M. claimed so well to have controlled tii'iuthat not a iiinrder, nor rape, nor serious robbery had been committed; t!io lIlO iiiinor th(>fts comiilained of did not amount to over li?.")00; and soldiers i'.uil I'upcitcilly been punished with from 200 to GuO blows. Cd.-itaiiarc.t, Ci.l. /■''/f., ."it.-!l. Thos O. Larkin in 1S4.") stated that so far as ho knew, robl)cry hail lieen neither more nor less prevalent in 1S43-4 than in previnus years. ]lo luul kiiiiwn of but one instance of a person being wounded, in which case tlio natailcr liiid been prom]itly arrested; and he had once been called upon as U. S. consul to quell a disturbance between the soldiers and fomc .\niericail fir.il French sailnrs. Larliii's Doc, MS., iii. 271. Alvarado, Hl-t. Vtd., MS., V. M7-41, e!iar;;es Larkin with having deliberately misrepresented this matter I'U .ncufiimt iif his business relations Mith M., being perfectly aware of the con- tiniud iiiitr.'iges ennimitted. liidwell, I'al in i.V.;/-,s', MS", ll!)-20, who was auiiiiig M.s s..ldiers for two months, dots not think they de.serv.: to be called '-'"iivicts or thieves. I)avis, Glinijisrs cf t/w /\isf, MS., 127-!', who was miuli iuMeaterey while the batalloir was there, mIio was intimati> with ('apt. Paly, "!i whii-;(- vessel the soldiers left ( 'al., and wli') conversed with many ]ironii- 'aiit iv-^iilciits of the capital and of J.os Angeles, speaks in very coiiii>liine!it- MV tcriiis of these men. It is true that a few of them stole chickens, but M'lit ef them iiad great respect for their general, and behaved themselves v.niiiliTfully well. Abrego, in d rrii!i'.-< UamHiiiii', MS., 1S8, defends tho •h-ilns, who (lid nothing worse tliau .steal to satisfy their hunger and cover tlii'ir iiahcilne.ss. Jansseiis, Vid't, MS., 177, thinks tho soldiers committeil 'jii'.v trilliii;.; thefts, for \\ liieh they were often punished. Machadi), Titinitos '(wu/'.v, Ms., 'S'l-Q, says tiiey behaved well enough at S. Diego. } f' ^ 1! all 1-^^^'; h rrn it' 300 JIICIIELTORENA'S RULE -POLITICAL AFFAIi:,=!. and it is (l()uV)tfiil if any soldiers could l)o iX'sfraincl by any disci[)lino — certainly not by any MeKiciin dis- cipline — from such excesses when, as was true in tliis case, they were not paid, and very inadequately !c 1 and clothed. In respect of gambling, intoxicutioii, licentiousness, and pn^ncncss to disorderly coiidurt or murderous assaults, no Mexican or Californian sn!- diers had of late years borne or deserved a vei'v ]\\j;]{ reputation; but I find no clear evidence that ^Michrl- torena's men were any better or much worse lliau others. And this it must be remembered is a, \\] > n'taiiiing li()\V(.'V('r tlie frii'iidsliip anuii|>"rtiii'ji', and perhaps ini^'ht yield a sui'plus tor .l;'<>v- tiiiiin'iital and ei)iscopal needs. Oil Ihe -JOth of March, 1843, Michcltorena issued a (liciti- restoring to the ])adros the ti;ni[)oral man an'riiii'iit of twelve inissit)ns, on condition that one ci'^litli nt' the total annual j)roduce of every description sliiiuld be paid into the public treasury.^ In a })re- i ■Mfi ' Mirl,:li),rr-iui, Dfcrefo por d cual devuflvf la admin'intrnrion (h' ^f!■^'iollr■■^ d Io.< i',-iiili.<, .::) ill- .Ma zo, l,\:i,J, MS.-, .-ilso in Arch., S/a />'., MS., vi. 141-7; x. iV.l-.i; Ohrrn, JJor., MS., -J.'-o; Vn'ltjo, J)i>r., MS., xi. ;t'J7; //rn/c.' Mis". /;V,i,/.'. i. M.")S; Hull:'i l:\-f I'iport, iippcii., no. 1'.); J me.-!' Jlr/iui-f, 71; J):riiii I'c'n ii.ld.i, //'.'., ;i(M., S;?— t. Some of the (loeiunent •, licur il;ite of M.irch '_'(.!i ious as veil as wholly Californian, and thus interested in tiio prog- i".ss nf t'.io catholic faith and prosperity of the country, oiTers all its power in aiil iif th ■ missions, as it will also protect private individuals in the passes- sion uf Ian! 1 w'.uch they nov/ hold; promising, hov.cver, to make no new grant v.itiiMiit ,1 n port from the local authorities and from the padrc3, iinlcsa iu case wuutoriiii. ;io:i-occupation, non-cultivation, or necessity. Ill SI. Oal., Vol.. IV. 2i 'fff ""1 pm m l^^^^^^^HtUil i 1^; inH I^T^^nH -mm ! ■" iBr 1. ^ iiil ' iliil il uiiiil: Ik lili 870 MISSIOXS-COMMKRCn-MAKITI.ME AFFAIRS. liidc lie ('X|)l;iiiu:(l tlwit tliis action was taken in ;ir.Mi(l with tin- itlcas nt' |ii'('si(k'iits .linicno and (loniMLz; and stated as his motives tht! I'aets that tlie mi— idu c'slahlishnieiits liad now itecn redneed to tlie iiriv space occn] lied hy the hnildiii'^^s and orchards; tli;it the jKuh'es liad no snpjxji't hut tliat oi* charity; thiit |i;ili- li(^ worshi[» was liardly kept up; tliat tin; Luhaiis piv- i'eri'ed a sava^^e hie in the desert to one of s|,i\i rv will) insulHcient I'ood and cl;)tliin:jf ; tliat contiinKil chan^'es of the Jn(hans I'roni niis^;ion to private s.t- vict' and haclc again was a gi'eat -i deemed a privilege by them, though the new lil"' was in strong contrast to tliat of former years. I'l w it any dreamed of rectjverino: their old i)owcr and wraltli : but they hoped by the chaiigo to avoid at lea^t ccitaiu personal humiliations and annoying comjjlicatioiis with local and departmental authorities. On the etliir hand, the act was doubtless a wise one on tlic nait ui Michcltorena, who did for the friars all that 1 right to do. So completely had the missions u- had a het-'U im:->T()Uation of 'J'HI'; missions. :;:i sti'iii ;i'''l ill one v.ny oi- niiotlicr of all tli.'it \\;is \;iliia- lijf, tiiat I'cVi'lUU's could no Idllii'rr 1»(' deliver the missions in accordanci' with tlu' new reeu- latiiins; and IVefect J)uran issued c(»i'respondine' in- structions to the padres. The latter were exhoi t I tn iveei\e tlio property by inventory; to pertorni with the utmost eKactn<',-s the dutii'S imposed on their honor ami conscience; to invc^st any sur]»lus of revt'uue in live-stock ii- in means for new conversions, i)ut not in any e;ise to sell anything for money; and to make the best use of this opportunity to save the nef)phytes and their property from utter destruction. Xone of the I'liais wt'i'c to be transferred from the missions where they wei'e livino'.- I su])pose the chane'e was pronii)t- ly etl'eeted as ordered without opposition from either friais or administrators, thouLfh I i\nd no detinite rccnid (III the .subject beyond a few local items of laiiie]' iiiiiiortance.^ The i-iily changes to be recorded in the mission- aiy peisonnel in 1842-4 wore the arrival of padres Guinez, ]\[uro, and liosales from Zacatecas; the de- partuiv in 1844-5 of Mercado, Keal, and Quijas to the 'Aiiril:;. 1S43. gov. to admin. De/it. lire, MS., xiii. 50-1. A\m\ IStli, Duni:i tn iiadits. (i.nm, Uoc, MS., -Jl-ri; A>rh., ,Sia 11., .MS., vi. 'Js4-!). ■'.Ajiiil nil, ordor fnim prefect for 8. Jtjse Imliiui.s not iiiijiiuiiiateil to rc'lHiit tJiiinsclv'.'s to tlie jierson in cliarge. S. Jon:'', Arch., M.*^., ii. H3. Miiivli Cr) 1st, adinin. of S. Gabriel ordered to surrender tlie teiin>()ralitie.s to !'. Jv-tiiu',';i. l),)iK lice, MS., xiii. 4-_'. .S. Lui.s Key dilixered to I'. Zalvidea iiiAiuil. /,/., xiii. 4(i, 5(i; Dud. St. Pip., Ikn., MS., ii. 4()-';. April •j;{d, giiv. :ii.|i(iints ■hilci'vnitiire.'^ for the delivery of S. Fernando. ■ .ivonel, Doc, .Ms.. •-'■-'7. -June 10th, P. Zalvidea lends J. M. Osuna of S. Piego 8., 'J::!)- ;U; Sla Clara, /'arro'in',, MS., '28. ^ Arch. Arznh., Ms., v. pt ii. 3'), etc. *Tlie govt had, however, the assurance to call for a statement of ihiliiones rle temporaUdades dc religiosos in California, since the estates of fiim. ™ivc those devoted to charity, had been placed at the disposal of tlio t.vi.suiyl UnJiouml Doc, MS., 2-3. 'March 1, 1S4;1, M. to the bishop. 'This govt which lias nhvu. I'liod in being catliolic, apostolic, and Roman, and which takes pride iu mi. ■• ting I ' ' 5!! COLLECTION OF TITHES. 373 proiinuiiced tlian in the south, though nowhere out- side mI' Santa Biiibara (hd the revenue much exceed the < list ot collection. Vahejo at Sonoma tlatl}' re- fused io ])ay the cUcz mo, and liad a controversy, verbal iiiid ill wi-iting, with Padre Mercado, the collector. A'aii>i<» declared that he had for years suj^]iorted the cliuivl: at Sonoma at his own expense; that he would still iii.ike libei'al contributions for reli^'ious purposes. iuid woidd contribute still more liberally for th-j estab- lishniciit of new missions on the i'rontier; but that he wduld bv no means recognize the right of tlu^ bisliop ti) ;t tenth of his property, to be spent on impractica- lile and j)ro!itless e[)iscopal schemes.' A'^allejo was tiKi piiwcrful and liberal a man to be ]Mnushed by ex- coiumunii-ation, though that terrible penalty was freely lield over the heads of others. .Jose Sanchez was rel'iised the consolations of religion on his death-bed ill eiiiise([uence of having followed Vallejo's cxamj)le ill rrl'iisiiig the payment <>]\ his body, for a time at least, was denied Chris- tian liinial by Mercado and Quijas.'' in till' f.KO i)f tlie uiiivcrso tlmt it will romaiti wo, has lonrncil witli the trrcat- ist ilisjiK asiiic that .sordid avaficu lU'L'ti'iid?. ti) chiak its ainl)itiiius view.-: with I'fiiii iKi' to till' payiiU'iit of titlK's uiulur tho luvtcxt ut' hein^ liahh; to ]iay tliciii ilniilili' — totho lioly iiiothor oluiivli and to the civil authority. 'J'hure- fuioiiiia stuTi il duty to cxcrciso the llrst oliliuatioii of tliu dipartimntal i'Xui'Uti\u hy as.suriiiif all citizi'iis and your most illustrious lordship that this govt, riiiilidiiiL; altoL,a'thi.T ill divine ludvidciicc, will lU'id no iiioit! than its (iwu icvt iiui'.i and rcsomvc's for its iiecussitii's; and that while he lias no right ti) kiiil his eivil antlioiity, and will in no way nicildlo in the collcition or piyiiiciit iif titliis, ii matter left entirely to reliirion and to individual eon- SiiiiK'i'. yet he will feel the most grati'ful satisfaetion if eiti/eiis of the de- li;utiiHi,t will fullil in this respeet the first of theirdnties toward divine wor- ship iuid its iniiiisters.' Jh/,t. Sf. Pap., Aiitj , ]\1S.. xil. !lS-;i; Ml hrliui-' iia's Aihiinii.-i'i\.iiihi, ]'J-i;{, Mareh !lth, April 'Jdih, .hui(3 'J-'d, ]irefeet';< orders that the eivil authorities are not to enforee the jtayinent of tithes. .V. ,/oxr, .1a/(., Ms., ii. -JS, U;!; ,S'. J)in/n, An/i., I,r/er, MS., I-J7. .laii. -.'(Jth, l.ish- (i])":; (ink^r from the hospieio episcopal of Sta ISdrhara t!iat .'dl the faith- ful laii.'t pay tithes to tiie ad.'iiinistrators appointed —tlie [ladres being ex- uiiiit. Arrli. ()h:.-)jinifn,'M;^.,'2\. 'Ma'-ili hStli, IKtli, eorresp, lietweeu V. and Mereado. with referenee to l>iT.-nii,d interviews. Vullrjo, />nc,, MS., xi. ."iT-on; S.,h( nnii.t, /inc., .MS,, •yi-X \alltjo, Jlist. Caf.] MS., iv, TO-SO, tells the story; and al.so copies tlic !i|>iiniiiiineiit and iiisti'iietinns of Uartiudl as administrator uf tithes in tlii'.-.iuili, under date of Jan. Sth. Alvarado, //iyl. Cn'., MS., iii. XVCi; iv. loU :i, irireseuts (^)niias as havinj; preached very jiointedlyat \'allejo ineou- ueclieii with this matter, to the yreat indi;;natioii of Solano. "Juiie :.'.), lt>43, sons of Josii Suiichca to com. gea. isainl San Francisco de Sales as co-patrons of the siciind order. The swearin?^ of allegiance to these (li\ iiic pa- trons was to be perfoi'iued with all possible (•ci-ciiinny at every church on the first Sunday following xlu; recei})t of the j)!'oclamation.**' ]^ishop FranclscM alsD f->und time this year ti:) issue a pastoral letter, in w liidi he enjoined it upon his clergy never to speak in ]iiil)lii' exhortation or private conversation any W(U\1 ili.it miu'ht be construed as censure of the country's I'lilcrs. They must inculcate a spirit of obedience to tln' ;m- thorities. l>ut keep aloof from j)olitics. Anotlni' evil to be avoided was that of speaking against their bivrli- rcn, whether Mexicans or Californians.'^ Yet ;iiiu!lnr a.''hie\-ement nmst l)e placed to the bishop's nvilit. 1 ie succeeded in inducing Micheltorena to give ;i |.ia(ti- cal illustration of his devotion to chiuvh precc'[>t- ;iii>l to the cause of good morals, by marrying the wniuau he bail brought from ^lexico as his mistress.'" Foreign vessels entering any otlier pc^rt tli;ii! ll.at of ^Monterey were in 184;], as before, required to take 'Jft'2-5. ])o('.. I'railii !Mo.sa to Vallojo. Excomnmnicaticn from tlir 1 hourly oxjiixtiil liy many. IV('/'/o, J)nf., .MS., xi. 47.'!. "Man. I, IS4.'), liislioi)'n proclamation, boLjiniiinj,' 'Kcjoioo, for >■ re;uly lunU'i' lur iiowxTful protcotioii,' etc., iiresciliiny tlio cori'iiioi,i> oath, trrantint,' -ID ilay.s' iiiilulgoiico, ln'stowini:; hi;! jia-stora! liK'ssin;;. : cliuling 'What a nii'moi'ahlo and happy year for tlio (.'alifornia.!' Pd/c.'cs, MS., "Jl-'j-'i."). The i'ci|uirL'il oorcmony was porfornifd a' Mission on Ajiril Kith, L/., 'J2.')-0; and at 8. Antonio on Marili "Jii great rojoicinus, ln-ils, rorki'ts, Halutus of cannon, church adornment, . minations. Ai-'h. Oljisjiiulo, M.S., 04. " I'astoral letter. An/i. Olnx-juuh, MS., 2,"). '-' 1 have not seen any contemporary record of tho marriage, Ijut : nicmbcr tlie lact. 1- l) was landed secretly hy night at San Francisco, li;i\iiig g(»:)dson boai'd to the amount of ahout si, 100 l'(ir i!ie later ins[)ection of the revenue olScers, Of c.iinse the guard was hrihed to remain iu a statt;-rooni wiili a liheral supply of aguardiente and cigars, in pre- tcihleil ignorance of what was heing done with the (•aigii; and it is even implied that he had been selected i'di' this masters and supercar- oii's being guided in their choice of ports by the iniiu- i!iir they coukl l)ring to l)ear on local authorities. This method had now supplanted to a great extent the earlier one of landini>' e-oods in out-of-the-wav i)laces te lie resh![)[)ed after settlement at the customdiouso. 1 thiiik tliei'e can be no doubt that three fourths of li's' imnortations iiaid no duties, the amounts \'e n> I eiitei'ed at ])Jonterey being, as a rule, absurdly small. .M't'.i' visitin!>' ^lonterev, vessels were free to trade at r.'U'W or wholesale u[) and down the coast under no iv^iirtious as to landing-[)laces; and this in spitt." of .d' A I can laws on the subject, law^; su[)[)lementevl this V:\;r I'V a decree absolutelv i)ruhibitin!i' tlu.' retail ti'ado ly i'ereignei's.^' Indeed, the fear was that the Boston f-lii;'s Would aljandon the trade altogetli(>r, so dittieult Iiail i(, become to obtain cargoes of pivMluee, to collect tld'ls, iiiid to com[)ete successi'ully in trade with rivals, !!': m m- 'I'tn.s Cm of til (••Umpsex, MS., SO-00. The vc-scl \v;vi Ihc l>oti Qiiixoli', Paty, i;itc I'l'iuiids (if 1). i'nuieia tVuin Oalui. Davi.i uiiil Sjiwu' wuiu ■ 1, t!;o ivoeptor. I't. -j;}, lii-;;;. />/,/. tit. Pap., ,';-»., Ms,, i. is. it <1(H's -ot v]m\\\ iip- it i\m (icoreu, IidwcvlT, \v;;.j 1' in'.u.Ily i,;il).i,ilR'(l ia ('al. Iicforu Uio cail '\m. ,.i II 876 MISSIONS— COMMENCE— MARITIME AFFAIRS. I H i I y\i I i whoso number was increasing and whose methods were illegitimate. But it was from the Boston shi])s tliut the country's revenue was mainly derived, and to in- courage tlieir coming Micheltorcna at one timeresolvcj to go so far as to prohibit the introduction of forci^-n goods by Mexican vessels, though it does not ii])]ii;ir that he issued such an order this year.'^ Aiioilicr obstacle to the success of legitimate trade was tlic ])rivilege that had been allowed to whalers of selling- goods to pay for the suf)i)lies they needed. Not onlv, having no tonnage duties to pay, no long stay to iiiaku on the coast, and no extra expenses by reason of t!i(ii' connnercial ventures, could they undersell all livnl.-: but they took advantauje of their license to sell stci' -t- ly an amount of goods greatly exceeding thc'w |ni\i- lege, both on their own account and in aid of snni^f- glers. This year, in the fear of losing the benefit- ><[' tlie Boston trade, whalers were deprived of tlu; juivi- lege, always illegal, of selling goods at all.^" The total Ill i-i !• ;ie I,, '^Aiig. 13, ISW, M. toLarkin. LarLiii'.f Dor., :MS., ii. St). '°.K'j' ;! ;tli, whak'i's exempt from tonnage dues temporarily. P/iifn. JIS., i. •r.iT- viarc'.i l.'ith, IT^li, April 4th, stri^'t order.;, Ijotli gcR.'ral : the cases of parliealar vesaels, roipiiring that whalers \vitli gooa in force more than the (i iu(juths required hy !:rvr- national comity. LiirLlt'n Dor., ^IS., ii. 'J'.). Oct., a whaler seixcil at 'Mx Crn/.. Drp'. St. Pup., M.S., xviii. 74. Oct., Xov.. whalensat S. Diego r('i|iiii'el t ) ])ay tonnage due.i, and not allowed to take whales in tlie hay — thor,!.'li ;!icy did so all the .;.amo. ,-!. Dicjo, Arrli., MS., 7; LI., IiuLx. 1 IS; Jkpt. S.'. /'';,/)., All;/., MS., vii. 07. April 'Joth, Dec. 'Mat, stringent regnlaliona on l!i ■ ilo ot hide;!, niar!:s, etc., i.ssacd hy the juca at MonLcrey iirst, and lati'r l> '!ie gov. There was to he a police ngciit at every port, without who:i;i! exaiiiiaii- tioii and approval no lude could 1)0 solil, mider jicnalty of coiitiscatioa i.ad line, rid/, jo, D>r., MS., .xxxiii. ;3;),T; !, An/i., M^;., 'JJl; Mi-hfit ■■)■,', Kt.-t Admliii.flralion, li)-20; Jh>r. I/i.if. Pal.. M-^.. i. 4;>(J. "\'al!ejo, J/Uf. (Jul., ^IS., iv. .'l")G 7, says M. ai)proved his )ilii f r moving the customdiouse to S. F., lint had t.) wait for resource) from M dan. loth, complaint U'jainst Richardson for allowing vessels to an Sauzalito, and also allowing wheJi rs t.) trade. D/jf. St. I'np., Urn., M^ 40. .Tan. .'!Oth, beside. t 'Jo percenton value of some flour, sahnon, and I' ft 'con-iuniption due' of 'JO ]) .r cent on the "J.") per cent was collected. / Djc, MS., i. 400. Strict orders from Monterey on precautions with \' nt otiu'r ports. Id., i. .'iOd-7; ii. 'J-3, 7, 'J!t, lUi. March "Jlst, ordir I" all foreign cotton not obeyed in Cal. J)rpt. St. /'tip.. Urn., MS., iii. 4."'. Ainil 7th, order from Mexico to add 'JO per cent to import duties during i' »^^r rlMl- .it iii. ; r, rlr,, ■,i:n ]::*! ; 'A'^ EEVENUi:— LI JT OF VLSSIXS. 377 aiiii'iiiit ofrefcipts at tlio custoin-houso was only ^.vJ,- OUo. oi- al)out half ()f what it had Ijeeii in 1841. ]\[au- ucl ( astaiiarcs retained his position as administrator, tliniiL;h Pablo do la Guerra was usually acting in that iiil';i(ity; and the revenue employes obtained their salaiii's to the extent of };pl 1,000. A balance of somo ,s4(j,(jii(i was tur'ned over to Micheltorena for his army ami t«i Sal)-comisario Abrego for the civil budg'et. I iKv 1 hardly rej)eat hero that the income was alt :)gether iiiaJ (|iiate to the payment of current c.K})ensos. Ill the ap[)ended list I name i'orty-six vessels whoso |irrMiic(' on the coast is recorded in 184:3,'' though in Ti-'-:i» and Yucatan. /t. /'((■., -M.S., xiii. 4S, Jacob 1'. Lcesc iind Joel Walker — ur pnsfiljly eaeli oa lii; ()V. u aeeuunl — drove ;i larjje iiuiuher of eattle, liorse-:, and sheL'j) to 0'.'c;;ii:i i!;i.s year. /A ■7"7-i (», ii. 117-50; WdHcrs Xarraiiir, yiS., 12. .Vluut ■J,(jii.l I'M-i of wine and lirandj- exported iu 1S!;{. Cdafniicnt!, <\il. ])o\, '1'.]. Kevca'.ie oliieer::; in April tlio corj)3 eonsi.-ited of Pablo de la (luena (aet- iii'.') ;:iliiiiaiies, llieo a.nl li;',f:i.l K.strada. /(/., B< ii. Viid.-H., v. 11. Oct. Gth, Ca.sta.iare'; notiiies (lirc.'jjr do reuta.^, Mexieo, that ho lia.'i assumed his olliee of adniini.strator (iiii>UL,'li he niu.-t have as.sunicd it Ion;' before). /i ji!. I!t<\, MS., xiii. oo. The adaiini.strator is a 'mienil>ro uato de !:i juita do f;)nivnt)' of hia port — which must have been a great eii;;ifort to him. J)i [i'. St. Pdp., Mont., MS., viii. 8. \o euitonw oiiicer must ta'.;e aay {; ifiiji from a vessel before a settlement is maile about lier duties. /:i; c >ttoa good.s, .?.')40; 1 per eeiit importaliv;a, 8oS(l; c ).;;.uni[)'i.ion duty on ell'ccts, ."?'>, >-(i7: Id., on liipior.-j, $.''170; tonna;;e, Si,; li'a\ inu' a bal- aiicoif ."•'!;i,,S. '■ ttliich ;:.,'., M.'i., S.'); Lc,'l:hi's O//: Cunr-^p., MS., ii. S7, 110. Tot:d(.f rj- c.'ipta a ■. per li«o of vcs.sels, .>^-4J,'(j;!0, Civd list r.aiouats to .about ,viO,),(!bJ. (W((((/(/y.v, Ciil. I''oc.,'2[). .r.an. -March, various order.s by Miclieltorena. ui'g- iuij Cfiiuiniv, i;ui:,'(, .-.tiu'; a loan, su.spending back |iay,etc. />rpt. S'. J'n ^, I!'ii., M.-;.,"iii. LVS-;!.', rj:i-"; J)rpt. J,',r., MS., xiii. 4:!, 4S. Sept. iL'th, ci'in. j,ca. had n) ri;4ht to in:.erfe,e ami e'.umge rules of the eomis..ria, itc. lk;i>. ,^i, I'li/K, J!< II., MS., i. 4.'i. Some fra'^nientary account.s of no value in J/'J-Vn. .1/ „,. Ifurkllild, 1S44, Dor., |, 7, 10. ■^i" lull U.so for Itvll-,") at end of chap. :;xiii., this vol. Vessels of 18411: Aii;.caiulii\ ,l/ta.\ Bmrbuj, Adinillaiiw, itaniKlalitc, lintliu, llu'icar, Biriiivn, !:S iil 1 :'::n ill?' ill- '''t\ HIm ■■ W^^f 111 lip 11 n W 1 M it El »' ) li ' w ill 1 '^' ^ii'-J ] : :,: ; - :r : ! 1, ' ^ J,: ^; ' ^ i Mi 1 1 ?u3 MISSIONS— COMMERCE— MAPJTIME AFFAIRS. sonic fourteen of the number liad remained ovci' fioni tlie [)recetling year. There were six men-of-NWii- .ind ton wlialer.s; while twenty-five made new tiadiii'^ trips, sixteen of them being sliown to liave })ai(l duties at the eust(>m-h(nisc, thouo-h n'enerallv in very sninll amounts. There are no cireumstanecs connected with the ai'ri\;d of [larticular vessels this year which call lor i'urther notice than is given with the list or in- cidentally elsewhere. Cali/vriiin, Cfi'ifarnhi (;iuhr), Crn-oHiio, Carj/f/orf, C'^ifalina, Charh< W. Mr,r- ijaii, t'Inr'ita, ('ox'^fdnliii'', Co^stillntion, Corvo, (U)irl!f", (h/ruii', JJnlf, /);„. inoml, Dull (Jiii.rih'c, Ksincrnhlrt, I'hnin, J'diiin/, l\ riViiimiil (':), Clconir llnin/, Iiulr.r, Jiihii ■Idij, ■/orfii Fcuitu, (?), Jiiciii iizi'ii(ui((, Jnan Jn«i', juliii An'n^ M ]';n(;- LASD— FoEKKJNEIlS KiNiiLY TuiCATF.D IN CALIFORNIA — SrTTEIi's IvvfAIi- Lisii.MKNT — False Pretensions — Immkjuants of the Year— IIastim.s Cjmi'any — Tiiorr.LES ^VITII Indians — Cihles-Walkeu Comfany— A XiAv Route— Xaruatives— Names— Stephen Smith and his Steam- FNIilNi:— IIasTINCs' IjOOK — UiNOUANCE, PKiyUDICE, AND I)lX:i:i'T10N — List of Pioneers of 1S43. At tlio end of 1842 Almonte, the ]\tcxIoan minister in W'ashin^'ton, i)nbli.slie(l in the American newspapers a K'ttcr of warninLj;' to ])rev(nit emigrants i'rom Iteiiig (Irav, ii to C'alil'ornia by I'alse representatit)ns respecting tlir lordial welcome and liberal land grants to be ex- ] I ii;',l from the ^Mexican government. He declared t'Kit Abjxieo did not desire foreign colonists for that ]iart ol' her territory, and that by a recent law such i'mvigners would not be admitted without special per- uiifisicn. I give the letter in a ncrhe.^ ' ' i|;i\ iii^; scon ill yiuir p;t]ior of Friday an article t.'ikcn from tlie S/ l.nu:ii HijiilJInt,!. ill wliicli iIk' ])eo'(>lc of tliis ciiuiilry afo iiivitcil to ciiiiai-atc to Cal- iiuriiia iukIlt llu' ]ii'i'tunc'e t!iat tlio Mcxii'.-..! f;ovt will uivc lil)oial Lrraiits of haul to in'iooiii who .shall take the oath of alli';,naiicc ami coiifmiu to tiiu doc- triiit:! vi tiio Udukiu Cathuiic faith, I feel it to lie my duty to eoiitrailicL such a.;sL'rtien, ;uul to state for the information of those jiersniis who may fi'el de- sirous cf removing; to Cal. in tliat belief, that the Mexican u'uvt has never lliiiiiL:ht iif colniii/ing the yaid territory with foi-ei'j;ners; and that it iuis ex- plv'ssly provided ipy a law of March lltli tliat no fniviuner will ever he |ier- laitt'il tocoloni/.e or purcliaso land or proiierty in the said country without i:iuxiiii'.i.i permission of the govt of Mexico. Knowing as I do tiiat no such lHiiiii-Mii- able time which y(>'i may tix for that purpose; .iiiil t!iat hencefi)r\vard no individual belonging to tlie>ii4 United States is to be allowed to enter the said •K'- partmeut" — the same order being sent to Swii'ii'a, Sinaloa, and Chihuahua. There is a my.stery ahuit this ofdcr and th<; motive which prompted it tliat I am unable to penetrate. I iind no evidence thai it ever reached California; and in Mexico it was l.ejit so secret that the U. S. minister heard nothing;- <>( it until l)ecend)er. Then the ministei-, Waddy Tlii'iiip- son, wrote to Bocanegra, ministro de relaciones, eiuliis- ing a copy of the order and demanding to be iidornicil if such a.u order had actually been issued. Xo aU 'ii- tion Vs'as }»aid to tins note, nor to a .second or tliiitl on the same subject, though in tlie latter Thonijt^nii denounced the measure as "a liagrant violation not bolieviii'; tlidt the jirojcct r.ct fortli in the .'^f Lniiifi llfpuhHran is .1 \w\ of some ):i;iil sp 'tniLitor.; v,-!ii) -wi^h t') tike ii(lv;Mitii!;e fif the ci'eihih' ignorant, I thin!; it ]iV(>[;er to iiifcjrin the ]iui)iii! of this country (f facts of tliia new \i\-m\ of encroachment, le.t they slionhl 1)C deh brouglit into (liihi'iiltk's that would (nd in the dewtniction of their and the ('.istres:; of their fiicnoso of arrestini; the execution of a luoji r destitute of any proljahility of success audi calculated only to (ill tin of a few speculators, who care nut for the ji aeo of nations nor the 1 of their kiiul, and wlio oidy consult their avarice and cupidity.' Dec Almonte to Bulthiiore American, in Xilcfi' lli'j-, Ixiii. -77 (Dec. Sli^t .,. , ' lioiriC tv III' tllf il 1: true !.].. d illKl f. rtiuies \W ■ ri 111 ' >: Vliis , ; .M.illV c 1 ■ l.r-.d iii:ics.s 'J! ,1S4.', )• ll'>li A WAR CLOUD IN -MKXICO. 381 onlv of the treaty, Imt of every prin<'l[)lo of i-iglit and justice — -an act only to l)o palliated by an aj)[)r('hen- sioii of iiinnediate war, and not even then t(^ he justi- fied." He demanded a revocation of the order; and (,'V( II threatened in the event of refusal to sus[»end diplomatic relations. In a fourth letter of December ;{(it!i lie announced the termination of his otHcial re- latimi^', and demanded his passports. I'his bi-ounht a ic'i'lv from Bocane^ra, in which he claimed that tlu) iictinii of July I4th — neither admittin:rf nor denyinj^ tli.it the order had been issued as charij^iid — was a ociicial measure directed ajjjainst all foreii^riers, of \vli;it(,'ver nation, \vlio might endang-er the pul)lic trfin({uillity; said that 'pi-oper ex|)lanations' had l)een sent to the authorities of California; and quoted laws against colonization by foreigners. This cvasi(jn was (if course not satisfactory, but it led to furtlier cor- respondence; and while Thompson never succeeded in 'jcttincf a direct admission or denial that the order of July 14th had been issued, he did obtain before the end of January a copy of instructions forwarded to the governors of California and the other depart- ments, to the effect that "tlu^ order of July I4tli. . . in no manner related directly to citizens of the United States (!), but was general, and comprehended all, of whatever nation, who from their bad conduct should i»c considered as prejudicial to public ordei-," Thus the war-cloud passed over, and I think that no one in CaHiornia even heard of it at the time; foi' of the countermanding instructions, as of the original order, 1 tind no trace in public or private archives." '^ r.xpuUion of C'ltkenx of the U. S.from Upper California^ ^fe-^nnqe of thf Prcf^'li i:f. cdiiuiuiiiicatiiKj roj>ie.i of eDrrrspoinh tiee vtih (lorcrnmrttt of M ot'any treaty or ovcidiivs for the cession of California to lOm^Iaiid l>y ]\I('\icn,'' Tliore is, however, some interesting' infoi'ination ex- tant respeetinj^ the Eni^lisli scheme in its aspect of 184:3. ilohort C. WyUie, a ])rominent memhcr of tip' coiiiinitte(; of ^Mexican bondhoMers. vrot;; ;it some leiio^lh on the snhject to Ifartnell from 're[)i(,' in Au- gust. J !.e explained that thehond.-; had Ijeeii di\iile,l in i8."]7 into £5, 000, 000, a"tive, hearini^ intei-esl ,it five ]i('i' cnt, and .Sr),O00,000, deferred, hearin';' no in- terest until October 1, 1847, when they would hcfomo active. Atany time before 1847 these ilefern.'d bonds were, at the ()j)tion of the holders, exehano-e;iI»!i' ;!t par, with interest added, Ibr lands at five shiUin^s ;iii acre; and 12.1,000,000 acres of vacant lands woiv hy- jiothecated bytho o'overnment in dili'erent depart ni'iit^, includino' California. Xo lands had yet been takm, becariso the I)ondliolders })referred money ; but as I '-17 was drawino" near, and as it was almost certain ili.it Mexico would not be able to pay the doubled an, oiuit of interest after that date, it v.ould be advanta^oons to both parties to cancel that part of the debt. It was a prevalent opinion of the bondholders and th'if connnittee that lauds should be taken, if at all, on the Atlantic coast; but Wyllie believed that a location in Caliibrnia would be Ijctter for both Enolaudand V<\- ico: to the former because of the climate and other natural advautao'cs, and to the latter as a protociion affiiinst other ai^'oTcssive nations. What was want'il of Hartnell was information about the coiuitiy, t) serve as a basis for Wyllie's aro-uments l)ef iro the committee. Answers were desired on twenty-lour Juzff., MS., ii. 2. Oct. 9th, Boc.ine^i'a to gov. lias learned tluit l.*"^'l families have left Ark. and Mo. on the pretext of going to Oregon, lr,it nally to settle in Cal. Let no Americans settle in the country. Sup. d'oH SI. /'//'.. MS., xvii. 3. This is the only allusion to the order against Americiin ^-LUikis. " if. S. Govt Doc, 27th coug. 3d seas., House Journal, p. 20U, '3li; A'lVt-s' Jlelc stTurlty (»!' Itciny- aide t(i li\.' <|!rn'lly, and of the '.;'ovi'iMnncnt Ix-jul;; al»lc to jiiiiii({ tlicni;"' lor, says W'yllii', "the J>i'lti>li j^'oNcrii- jin !i1 will ,L;i\<.' no |ii'otiH'tion whatever to JJrilisJi sul»- jccts scttliiiL;' inCalilornia as citi/eiis ot" .Mexico, nor (|(. Hny wish to se(! it in any other hands hut tho^j" of }»I :.i.M. 1 know this to he the fact, and that Coui- iiKiildiv .lones' apiu'ehension was a perfect iniijflx'ni'." li:iitiiill was als(» I'equested to recoujUieiid a suitahle sih' ii'i' a settlenieiit.* On liis ari'ival in J"^i'(land, Y\'y!iit' |nih!ishe(l,iortlu> henefit o{'"traders,enii'_:i'ants, and hiiadholders," an exhaustive report on Mt'xicaa liiiaiircs, in which hook two documents are L(i\en [)er- t;iininL>'t(3 my present topic. One is a letter addressed hy the author on October 17th to liocaneij^ra "on till' L;icat advantages to he derived by the ]\[exican ivptihlic tVom the colonization of her public lands." Till' system reconnuended was similar to that of the I'nitcd States; and the benefits were to come not niily from the payment of public debts, and the de- vil' inacnt of the country's industries, but, in the case fif thi' northern frontier de[)artuients, I'rom the secu- litv ac(|uii'ed au'ainst the foreiu'n au''''ression to which tluy Were especially exposed. True, tlu-re was a pi'.;j;!ilice against colonization, v.'ell founded on the '"ihuiatitudoand treason of the Texan colonists;" but the latter were much influenced by the fact that they caDii.' from an adjoining nation, by the arts of huid ^^l•eeulators, and by the 'notorious project' of a part ^ * An.'. 10, 1S43, Wyllie toHai-tncll from Topic. Valhjn, Do-.. MS., xxxiii. oVX IiMiii .Mexico, on Nov. oth, Wyllie «i'oto ai^.aiii, repeating.; the siiliSt.iiKvj ot till! tonui.'i- lottor, .ind gi\ing sonui detailti about the situation ot' allairs in jIo.\ii.ii|ii,intiinf to trouble between ^lexicoand Englanil, but wliieh will not, the writ. r tliinks, ro3ult in war. /, Ix'iiii;' in circiiiiistaiicos diaiiR'ti'ically opposite, woiiLl adlici'e s|)oiitaneously and in jj^i-atitudc to tho Mc\ic;iii •^dvei'iiiiu'iit." Tho other (lociiinciit alluded to w.isa |>laii for ( 'alilbrniati coloni/afioM I'onned l)y Alexfindcr Forhes. This plan j)rovided that tlu; ,L,n>veriiiii(iit .shoulvl romaiii in tho iiaino of Mexico, hut l!i;i1 iill else should bo intrusted to the (;(»nipany and tlif ti 1- (tnists, excej)t that the mineral wealth should ln' shared hv tho company antl <;overiMnent. Xot onlv new colonists must |)ay a rent to the company, hutso must those who had already obtained j^i'ants of jiunl; and above all, there must l)o free trade, oi- at least ii froodom from th».' intorforonec of all 'va likely to seem Utopian ; but unless its essential I'eatmvs could bo adoptctl, ho did n(jt believe that col(ini;:a!iuii in any Iiis|)ano-Amorican countrv could bc^ made sue- cessful.'"' Forbes dooms tho action of Jones a suiiiciiiit indication of American designs; has no doubt that France has similar ambitious plans; and j»redicts that " if there bo not adopted, and that sot)n, a prudent schcmo of colonization, tho Californias will cease to bo a province of Mexico." James A. Forbes was at the end t)f 1842 ap])niiited British vice-consul to reside at ]\Ionterey; and this appointment, forwarded from ?»Ioxico in Januaiy, was officially recognized in California in Octo[)er.'' Ou Wyl/ie, Mrxico, No, 'ia sobre sii Hacienda Puhlica ha jo ii. T''); )I0S.-!C3' ■i ;; hout a FOIIEIGX CON-ULS. Mm' 1st Tlioiuas O. Tiiiikin was Mpixiinted cfnisiil of ihtj I. liitfd States at -\r()i'tt'i't'y; on JJeccinhcr '2d liis f .ri'( r itur was i.^siicd iii ^Icml'd; Ins connnis.sion was li>r\\;n'ili'< I tVol n w islnn<'t«>n l\l )tuai'v .'), 1844: and (•(' (111 April 2(1 lu: took formal |>oss(.'ssioii ol" i\\v. otli l)L'iii.; niinisti'i- of ivlations lUiiii'inKX'il tlie a|)j)ointinL'nt (jf Lonis ( Jas(|uet to servo as Fivncli consul ad interim until ^l. Ijanier, the rcarrier never cunie t'l ( nlit'oi'iiia, nor did Cas{|Viet until IS IJ.'^ In California, notwithstandiiiL;- tlie feelini;' in ]\[e\i- fii ;i.;aiiist Ameiicans, all foreigners were welcouied, iiinl were treated Mith uniform kindness hy both au- thorities and [x.'ople, Mieheltorena showing' himself n(^ Ii.'.vs favorably (lis[)osed tlian had been his [)redeeessor. Even ]IastinL(s, of whom 1 shall have more to say liresriitly, aihuits that stran^'i.'rs were now treated ■v.illi all the deceptive kindness imaLfinable." Jjid- ,'.(•11 asserts that the governor encourag-ed innnigi'a- lidii, a fact that is proven, moreover, by the I'acility v.itli v\hich land grants were obtained by all desii'ing ill' la and willing tj comply with the laws; but he a!-o states that there were occasional ruuiorsof an in- 'May I, \i^\'^, r.arkiu's nppoiiitmont. Saniij'', Doi-.y MS., ii. 20 5. Aii^. l"tli, MiulifltorciKi aildi'cs.scs L. as U. S. (xmsul. Jj(rl:iii'-i J)oc., MS., ii. 'J!*. IJ>.c. '2'\, i.xt<(|iii(tur issiii'il. .SV, J'a/i.ySac, MS., xix. !). Feb. .'{, IS-lt, Ui)slmr tj I.;.il:iii, scinliiii; coiiiniission. Lurl:in\-< ]>oc., ^I.S., ii. (iO. Tlio (.'oiiitiii.s^ii;!! wasd.ntiil .Ian. "JUth. /(/., Off. Correxp., MS,, ii. 7. April '_M, Larkiii assnims tlic (iltk'U. J/(i(-/OT»/("o«.-»/f(^P, MS., i. lly-k'af; V,i//., ,M8., i. 1; Jhjit. St. I'll])., MS., v. 104. April 'jili, j,'.>v. ijw<;,'iiizM ]j. aud aiilhorizes him to lioi.'it tin: lla^'. Lurkui'.i iJuc, MS., ii. "-^i; D-pt. Ik'-., :\IS., xiii. 71-."). Apiil lOtli, L. to U. S. sec. state, ao- kuowlcilyin,!,' roccij)t ks, etc., for ids ddicc. Tlu-ro l.avi' 1pi..|..ii -j 01' ;{ n^.^ appointed to the oiiiLT, and tliou;.'h udmc of them ' m\ "m 1113 ^N"v. IS, 1S4:!, Bocanoyra to Mioiioltorcua. Sup. Govt SL Pa2).,'Mii., xvu.:>; ;>/,/. ,5/. /'„;,., y,v„., MS., i. 00-6, liibT. Cal., Vol. IV. 25 '^im ! '' \J 3S6 FOREIGN RELATIONS AND IMMIGRATION -IS 13. tontion to expel all Americans, rumors which f'ni:,^( 1 tbe more timid of the new-comers to talk of eon;(ro- o-atino- at Sutter's Fort for defence, or oven of starti!^' ior Urec,^on with their live-stock." Vallejo, referring' t<» his correspondence with Stribliiig of the (Jijiiti<>^ noted a "constant tendency on the part of the Anieii- cans to raise questions against the countr^-'s authori- ties, ignoring their side of the case, reviving questions already settknl, presenting accusations against tho su])i'enie government, and m.dcing absurd (kMiiamls.'' Yet lie avers tliat he exerts himself constantly {'\ a\'oi(l involvinij liis o-overnment in complications witii foreiLTuers, who are alwavs treated with frank hosiii- tality, and, in tlie administration of justice, with ]cs> . verity than are natives of the country."^ There was a disposition on the part of the ]\Iexican element to <'oiiiphiin that ^Micheltorena was much too lil)i'i'al in bestowinu: lands on foreio'iiers, who were graduallv getting [)ossession of ])roperty that ought to he in Mexican hands, and that one day would beof ininKUsc value. These views were ck\arly expressed Ity ^buuu'l Castahares in a letter to Yallejo, in which he alludes to a Frenchman who had already obtained most i if the lands at Yerba Thiena, and seemed likelv enough to become possessor of the whole department if n<» check could be i>ut upon ]\[icheltoi'ena's extraordinary pow- ers. This letter is of much interest in connection with that vnusa cclchre of later 3-ears, the Liinantoui' case.'^ The New Mexican traders came this year a> ^nhhnir.'^ Cnl. IS4I-S, MS., ll.->-]fl, 1.30. April l.'^th, Sub-prcfcet ShuoI roiii|iliiiiis to tliu jircfuct tliat tlicru is ;i gatlioring oi fori'igncTs north "f i'Vatlur j;i\cr. Many rL-^iiU'iit;-! of S. .loisr Ikivc !Zf)no, including (Juliiae ami LasKii. taking tlu'ii' cattlo witii tlioni; anil sonic lunilicrnicn from the sierra have li'tt their ilel)t^i nnpaiil ami their contracts unfullillcd, besides takingaliin,i.;stiiK:i horses, and leaving an insulting letter for the judges. Moiilini/. .Ic'7'., M>.. \i. (1. In S. ,fo"- nel wants u piece of luud at S. F. before 'that couluundedFreuclnuuii {j'ttsi: HI. autlun'i- ucstions list tlio niainls. ' aiitly to [)iis with k hosjii- k'\\\\ 1cs> \\Q\v was 'HH'Ut to lllirral ill I'l'adually to 1)0 ill iuiiiicvise Maiuici le alluilt'-i ,)si nl'tlio inll^ll to nit clu'i'k iry pow- iiiicrtinu uiaiitoiu' \-ear as iri'fiMjt Suui'l Hi.if FiMtlur Ln.l l-a^--'". IriM liavo K'it l;iliini.;stiilin .1 ,■.//., MS.. Iritv I'l <'li:'^ Ils-i;!, will''' Ihicli was 'a- It.. II Man- AFFAIRS AT SUTTER'S FORT. 3S7 usual, iucludiiif;" iirobably a few families who remained ; but tliere is little information about them; the Clia- ouaiinsds committed no outrages that are recorded.'- Earlv in the sj)i'ing there wasre])orted the jti-e.sence of a large ])arty of Canadian hunters on the San Joaquin. Tlusf hunters had also commercial proclivities; tlie trade ill stolen horses experienced a 'boom;' and the Lidiaiis became correspondingly activc.^'^ At Xew Helvetia the state of Sutter's business affairs in 184:3 did not differ materially from tliat of the jtrccediiig year. (Jrop prospe(,'ts seemed good even after harvestini*' had beLTun:^^ but the result was dis- aiipointiiig, and the llussians got no grain; indeed. Slitter liad all he could do to ))ay the tonnage dues on the \cssels that came for wheat. In Octobt'r, the Hudson's Bay Company trap[)ers not having made tlieir appearance, the captain saw befon; him a rirh hai'vest of iui's, [)uttiiig forty men into the lidd; yet the heaver skills did not come down the river in such aliiiiidaiiee as was deemed desirable by SuTiol and eilier el editors, nor so often as demands for new credit. but a few skins were sent, and s()iiiegraj)e brandy and l!i(han servants, and rilles bought of immigrants. When liard pret-.s-'d, Sutter pronii.sed great things for l-^ll. authorizing his importunate creditors to do as ihrv pleased with him and his property if his debts M'tii lint cancelled vitliin a year.'' Th^ie are indications of some slight, controver.;y hetween Sutter and ^^dlejo, arising from the fact '■N.\".. inriitioii iif ii c':iv;ivaii itinli r Siil.iziir, with Km iiiiu uml la I'.nn- ilu's, th,,i. St. J'a/,., Aii'i., MS., vii. ICi, (17. " Mi:„>. ,■o.>.v /'(tj,., MS., r,(l; St. i''i/'. •*■■"., MS., xi.x. l!l-'JO: Dr/'/. S/. J'a/,., II: ii. J'nf. ;/ Jit:n,\, MS., ij. '2'i. IJcldun disti ibcs iS4.'l "■- till} (Irii'st year liu lias over liiiown in Cul. ///.'•'. Stntoiimt, MS., Oj. hiiii '>» tliO(lr..ii;;lit. XIUs' y.V;/., Ixvi. \, sa\.s llio sciifoii c.f Ks-tu'-It was very "try, ami tliat of 1S4I5-4 tlio driest ever kniiNMi. iihiiust liiinKss. R(il)l)iii.s, i>irir;/. MS., l-l;{, givfsaiucord (jf llu- wiNiliu r .it >t:i ]'i.iil.ara frniii .iaii. to Marcli. V y tVw rainy d.iys. iJavis, Olmi/is, .1, -M""., ".'l.^, di'sciiliin a heavy raiii-sturin at .S. F. in ^Vugust. ''Huikr Sm'tol Vunryp., MS., i.S43, S rsS FOnEIGX nELATIOXS AND DDIIGHATIOX-lSfn. I'ljit till' Ijittor, as coinniaiidaiit of tlio iiortluTii lini\ liis jurisdiction including the Sacramento Valley, lirn! occasion Mimotiuies to send ordc^rs and officers tuXi ,• ][i'lvetia in connection with tlie search for deserter^ and horse-thieves; while Sutter was inclined to clia!'r nnikr every atteni]it at int(M'fer(Mice, fi'oni whatever i[',iar1i'r it ean:e. Then^ is no evidence tliat A'all^jo (•v<'r showed a disposition to exceed his autliotitv liv nieddJinL;' in Sacramento aflfiiirs, or that relations li. - twe(>n the two magnates w(Te down to lS4o veiv nnfi'iendly.'*^ Tlu^se controversies have heiMi ex;:^- gerated with a view to inagnii'y Sutter's services in li. half of innnigrants. 7n his autohiography Sutter says: "Vallejo and others of the Californians, agaiiisf whom rather than tlie Indians I ke|)t my f )rt and ''•uns in orth.'r, were jealous of mv settlement. I o-avo passjmrts to those entering the c(Mmtrv, and this (licv did not like. I was iViendly with the emigrant'^, e;' v/hom they were jealous. 1 i'ncoura'''ed immiL>']'atin;!. Avhih; they discouraged it. \ sympathized with tlio Americans, while they hated them."^' This, as th'^ I'cadi'r k'liows, is not a well founded claim. Suttr ti'eated the inunigrauts well, hecause it was his intiT- est to s, whatevei" niay have been his motives. A liL'ttcr man would probably not have done so well; ami weie it not for the absurd pretensions and the iiiiliiuited flattery ol' later years, it woidtl be in doulit- fiil taste now to look so closely into Sutter's true iliaractcr and merits. }-Ieaiiwhile the magnate adventur(n' of Xew Sv/it- xc'i'land had taken stej)S to conciliate the new governor liy ^jcuding a messenger, ])robably Charles W. Flugge, tt Li IS Angeles, to make Michel tonnia ac(|uainted vith the situation. A store of friendshi[) was laid tip lA'twucn the two, to be utilized according to mutual needs. In !March Sutter was congratulated bv ^Mi- rheltorcna that there were no grounds of com[>laint jigaiust him nr his depcaidents.^"' ?: f)ti S{ irw t;, The immigration of 1843 was not so large as 1i;kI '">.t u a;\ti('i[>ati'd, owing perha[)s to contradictory iii- liKU's alidut tlie reception new-comers were likely to iiii'l iVdm Mexican atithoritii;s. Tlu^ hardships of tin' Iniig idui'iiev were (|uit(' sullicieut without ll;i' i>K of ;in inhospitable reception on the western ■'i"!vv. One liarty, however, dividing into two 1)"- '"!■(■ its arrival, came aci-oss the plains from Misson i to Culirornia direct, and another came down iVuin Orcein. L;ui,-l(ird AV. Hastings, a, native of Ohio, and moi-o "1' les.s a lawyer, had lel't Independence, Missouri, Jlay 1S42, with a com])anv <.)f one hundr<'d and sixlv "•^W'- ^''<-''., ^IS., xiii. 46; ,'iulUr'6 y'o-*. Ikmiti., MS., ^j. 7J. !l iUf ^m^^' llMiii 300 FOPJCKIN RELATIONS AND IMMIfiRATIOX-lS4,3. persons, including ciglity armed men, bound i'nr Ow. H'oii, beiiiL;' alter a time elected captain of the cuiii- }iaiiv. The adventures of this I'arty have no ,s|)(ci,tl hearing on the present sul>ject, and they r«;irli( I (Oregon iu Octol)er. On account of exccssi\(' r.iin^ and other conditions, the country, viewed tlirnimli the medium of homesiclviiess, "did not appear tn l)f in realitv tliat delii'r n/'.'/l; ll'^f'/.';'-' X'trr., J\IS., !•_'; l/i sjirriiiii, ii. l47-.")(». 'i'ho eiiii:.'raiits with the iliovii* piMltaliiy iiirhided the two Iv'lseys, Andrew and Jiiiijamin, and perliaps .Inhu and otlier nieinliers of the IJartleson coniijany. .Moss, PUnu'ir '/"nm^, yi>; isays.lohn .MeClnro was with J..ee.se; and tiiis is eontiinied liy (Uvea. '-'"Jlastiiik's iiinnigrant eonipany of ISHi: ISaininn ('.'), (ieo. W. ]>A\i<\\\}\ Vardanion hennett and family (inelmlini,' jieilia|)s Deiuiis aud.laeksnu \Vi\- iRtt), Winston Bennett, J. C. Briilu'es, Francis Clark (':), .Tanii-A Cuiitis Nathan Coouihs, Alex, (.'oiieland, .I'jjin Danlienliiss, (Jeo. Oavis, Sam. H. l>.ivis, L. AV. Jlastings, .James M. Hudspetii, Win ,lones, 'J'iionias .J. Sli;;il- den anil family, and Owen Sunnier, Jr. (and family ?). Belloiiiy is the n::.y one named by Hastings. Bennett, Pioiuer of \'/J, dcseribes the joiinn'V, 1 for Orc- lic (•()in- j .S])eciiil rt'ai-lit ! tliri)ii;;'!i til lit.' ii! l;i(! thus <((ilvi;(l til ; hinisrlf I'ouiid 111 I prfsoiis, ;-s states, ()\i'i'lai!it 1 \\r\\' 111 ill \-[-l. y stiirti'l ras ;iLi;:li!i letlf man. tlnmu'li at riviT to ill' HikI ill U'V hail |iaiiy, ;ii'k, I'tit lu'Sllll- (li'nve I'attlo ;.,■; W.iJbn the iliMVi'!- .vhnps.liihu 'I'll. \'. iH-lliir.iy. K-k-lilU lii-'"' iiii'S Coiiti'S i<, Sniii. H. us .1. >li-l- i< thoic'.y hii jouna'V, THE IIA.STINGS COMPANY. 3;ti Of tlie journey to Calit'oriiia wo liave no details oxceiit .sonic rather vaguely recorded troubles with the Tiidiaiis, for which, as there is reason to suppose, the l,;itl(r were; not altogether the parties at tault.-^ In ;i iii^lit attack on Shasta River, Belloniy was seriously WdUiuled in the hack by an arrow, and when the tra\ - cllci's had reached the Sacranient(j Kiver hostilitii's wn-i' rnicwed. About twenty Indians were killed, '•\irtiiiis to their own ignoi'anee anil insolence." '■ Tilt' (•■iippany .'trrived at a point o[)posite Sutter's Fort (111 (ir alxiut July 10th, without other misha}) than the tt'iii|ii)i'ary loss of two men, J)aul)eid)iss and J)avis, :viit) ;i!tt.r wanderiuij^ four or five davs with nuicli suf- t't'iiiiL; ;ils() reached the valley ranchos in safety. While tlif main [lai'ty was in cani[) opposite Xew Helvetia, ])avisaiid ^[iss Sunnier crossed theriver and wereniar- iiaiiiiii:^ ;ill luit Clark, .-iiiil licing tlio only one to iiaino Bnrmnii. Hi' .says that Siiiiili ami Ki'lficy witli tliuir families wuro the only oir'^ that tuiiR'tl liail;, anil if so, Hastings is in i.'ri'or about the (nigiiuil niiinbur. Daubeubiss, /Hoi/. Sbli'li. says l!> inon ami four families stated from ()reL,'on. •' Hastini^s' ideas on Indian atlairs are well illustrated liy the followiiiL,' lii'fiiuistanee that oeciirred just after they had jiarted from the eattle-drovoi'.-: '.\.< [ iiiovoil on, ii half or three (|uarteis of a mile in advance of the |)arty, my me litatioiis were interrupted by the sudden ajipeaianee of two Indians ill ilii.M- ]iiiisuit of a line, fat cow whieh had strayed from the ])arty to which 1 have just alluded. I gave chase to these intruders i>'.i my solitude wiihu'it liciii^ (jhserved by iheiu until I hadapproaelied within about SO yards, when I fuel iipiiii them.' They escaped to the willows. 'The party sonu came up, and the caw Very soon fell a victim to our returning appetites' ! Comment is iin- iiccesaiy. lliiMimj-i' Emhj. O'lii'/e, tl(!. " 1 la ;tini;s' version is that scver.i] hnndrcil Indians suddenly appeared, ailvammi,' witli 'frantic yells and licndish gestures and denuiniao grins.' A i-'Uii lired iu the air only brought a cloud of arrows, whereupon I-4- of them were slmt, and half a dozen more when they renewed the attaci ■11. ('(('. Js}l~S, MS., lOS-H), says that on the trip '_* or 'A men were eiiiitinually ., says the attack l'ya!i..ir. I'i.> Indians opposite the lUittes was uii .Tuly (ith. Of the niiinln'r. !)■) Were kilh'd, two of tliinn by Ii. himself at one shot, his mother being pn s- I'Ut in the thiekest of the light. Dr .Saiulels on the other side of the Saera- r.K'iitii h -ar.l the discharge of lire-arms. ' Kiin/n Or/ikaii,' \"isit to Cul., 'Jl. ScL'id.iu Sacramtiiio Jllud., i. ' I 1 II r r. TTTT .">2 FOREinX RELATIONS AXD IMMIGRATION— 1S43. ^'i^l riedb}' Sutter,as Bennett states. The new-couiei'^Mifiu scattered in difi'crent dirertlons, some remaininu' in tin.: Sacramento Valhy, some going to Napa, and siAcial going to work for Ca}itain Smith at Bodega.-'* The otlier cs i!i;i:i lifty men, women, and children. Xo contenipeivMy list was made, and thei'e are wide discrepanei.'s in ditferent statements from memory, but I a})[)en(l a li-t of twentv-eiidit men which may be regarded as aiii>rux- imately accurate.'""' -"' llastinirs, Eni!;/. On!(h\ 04-0, of whieli hook mnro presently, irivcs only .1 lifit't ii:iri';;tivc of tlio jwiiriicy. July I Dtli, Slitter o Vall>'ji>, aiuiumiciiig tlio arrival of ;i party of t'lnigraiits, to ulioin liu lias piven passpnrt.s ! !'"'■''/>, Jh)!"., MS., xi. -IJlJ. This was the letter which caused soinc^ cuutrovoi>'y alioi'.t Sutter's authority. l),',ulieiil)iss, />'«;;/. Sl'ti'h, was one of the nun wh'i \v;u lost, .'uicl he (lesciibcs his voya;.;c down the Sacramento on a raft uku!'' y:ens III thcii' new home, and it is lari>'elv from bioL;'rai)liicaI matt er t' inching those men that information respeet- iii'- the journev is derived."'' At I'ort Hall, there being a great scarc.'ity of })ro- vi-iiiiis, a division of the company was resolvetl on. ( hilt.s with nine or ten men, leaving the families and v.a"'i)ns in charo-o of Walker to follow a southern inute, i)resscd on down the Snake, or Lewis, IJiver with a view to obtain fresh provisions at Fort I>oise, til roach California b}' a direct route talked of by the laniters, and perhaps after reaching Sutter's Fort to xiiil aid to meet the other party. This plan was caiiii'd out successfully so iur as the journey was ((in- ii'nicd, tliough no effective help was sent back for Walker's juu'ty, if, as it is statetl by Fremont and (illurs, that was a part of the project. Chiles, llens- M. Iiityn', .Tulius ^rar'iii, Win J. Martin, ricrson 11. llc'iiliuL:, .Tolui Tlionip- si'ii (''I, ISartlott Viaus, Jus ]l. AValker, It-aao \\'illiaui.-<, .laincrt Williams, .' •liii.S. Williams, .S(jnirt; Williams, Wm IL WintiT ('.'j.and .lulin Wooik'iiC/). Thf ycjiii Co. Ilisl., liSS, lias ;i list \\-!iiili, oniitlinLf!) (if tlu>st' uaincs, iulds — • uiijiari'iitly on tlic giuiil autliority of BaMri'l;,'o — tlidsu of Ji'sso Jicasli-y, .lulm Ciiiii, Adam Fi.sliiT, Sanfuid, and ^Ntajov 'Waitim, for which I fiml no otlior aiithuHly. llittell iuMs Iraand .lolm van Cordon. Thompson is lumuMl only ia a ii''Uspa|ii.T ski-tcli. .Scu also //i.st. Or., i. -J'JO, tliis sfiics. The nai'ra- tivri irr.iTcd to in the next note naino from '2 to (! :t)j-: of '40, MS,, l-.'i; and nnieh iinri! fully in Xitp'i ('n. ///\7,, .'isy !)() Some details are also given in a .'iiiju'li of Atkinson in the //('A7»'»(/(»('« liii/o Imlr/i., Oct. 3, 1S70; of Iliek.s, ii the.?. /■'. Al'a, A\v^. 10, ISO,); of .Mei.'lellan, l.y Mnanita,' in the Oakhuid Ti-; but in the; vicinitv of Owens Lake the wajjons were abandoneil, and the mat'hinery l)urietl hi the samh' With the rest of their eti'ects on pack-animals, the -" Fri nioiil'.t Iii/i.. !().")-(!, '217; Jviaiiitii (J. ('. ^Mcl'iiorsoii), inOnl-l.in'l 'I'mn- ,s•(';v'/'^ tiaii. ■_'(), 1S7.'{; iiiul in S. Ju\\\ '1\, isdl; lliilwcil, iii ivsdlutiiiiis oil (Icatli (if Hc'ii.s!f_y, in S. F. J//it, .liiuu ISliS, iiinl otiiiT ]i;i|ifis of tlio time. SuttLT, J'l /■■■•oi/d/, J'riniii., MS., T---t, sayn tlu'.V iiail sfViTJil lights with hidians, ami that .Mc(ii'L' IVU into a lic:ar-trap. 'I'iio mvn who cunijioseil this iiarty seem to liavo bwin (,'hiK's. llcailing, llcnsU'y, ''^nitt, AVihianis ( l hrothers), Winter, Wooih'u, Mcliuo, and puiliaps JSrailky. Sutter, in his J'inri/, l, iin)ilies there were 11 men. -^I'lvniont was on his wagon trail on the Snake River behiw Ft Hall > ii Sept. •JUth. y.Vy-' E.,phn: F.c. Km. ^"In l)ee. \6i7t, Lieut Kern with "Walker passed wliat he ealls M'liilua' caelie' of mill-iron.'*, etc., less tiian a day's niai'eh south of Owens J.ake. 7v' /'./'.< Jour., ■lii-2-:i. ^'allejo, JJi.sl. Cal., MS., iii. ;!8;j !I0, re.'atesthat('hilcsapiioari.(l tit Sonoma with a lilaek nude and ;i negro to ask jterniission to Imild a.-^aw-iiiill in that I'egion. The perna.-:.--ion was granted, and C. t^aid good-hy in.'l started for Kentucky for his mill. A year later when ^'. had forguttm the eireamstancc, C reiijipeared with the ;-anie outlit as liefore to claim his lain!, saying that Wxa mill had lieen huried in the Tulare region. Baldridyc, l>'iij< (>/'4'J, MS., says the mill was founs from this point are desci'iljed as more severe tlian these they had sullered in the iiioiuitains. Their route, not known exactlv, lav up the j-reat val- lev, past the region of the modern Visalia, and thence across the Tulares westward to the coast range'. At Chi'istnias-tinie they were encanij)ed, witli ahundance^ (if game, grass, and water, which put an end to all their ti'oLiltles, in a delightful vale, still known hy Walker's name on the maj)s, on the head waters of a trihutary til the Salinas Kiver. In January they descended into the Salinas A^allev, thence |)roceedin''" to (^ilrov's lainho, anam-enginc ever seen in California. Smith, a alive of .Baltimore, over iifty years of age, and mar- iicii ni South America, hail visitetl the coast in IS41, ,1 and had ohtained from Alvarado a promise of lands nn \vhi(;]i t(j erect mills. He hrout>"lit his machinerv iViini Baltimore, hy way of Paita, on the (icuvijc IL'n- /■'/. \\liich arrived at Monterey in ^Eay. He Ijrought with him from Baltimore Henry Hiigler, and from " lli'fc'iciiccs to authorities have already buen given in speaking of the piiity iiiiilur (Jliiles. I flml in the archives not asinijli; reference totliearriv.il ef \V;ill;cr"s party, except hisdeniand fi)r passports in ]''elirnary. A writei'iii tin- ,SV,( Ci-tjz TiiitiK, July '2.'), 1870, speaks of a Major MeKiiistry \\\m in \.'A'.\ \v'\i\ a plan of crossing the mountains with a hand of frdntiersnien to eonijuer CalifMniia and estal)iish an independent repuljlic. Letters were iiulilislicd mill siHjeihes made; but McKinstry vas warned by the govt at Washington t!;at he -Mould not be allowed to depart on sneli a mission. ('. K. I'iekett, /'■'/■/■.< E.rjiii-iJfiiiii, 10-11, claims to have agitated the scheme of a I'acilie rail- Miul in ls4;j. Tnllidge, Li/c- of Brif/liani' l'iiiiiiij,-2\4-\'\ speaks of 'that boh [i to publish a book, and to return with another ])aity later. It is said by Bidwell, who was well ac(|uaintcil with him, that Hastings had come at first witli a hah- formed |)ur])ose of exciting a revolution, of wresting' California from Mexico, and of establishing' an iiide- ])eudent repub'lic with himself as president, or at Ica^t of annexing the country to Texas. Finding, liowcvo!', that the foreign population was yet too small for the successful carrying-out of his plan, ho determined to return to the States with a view of promoting an in- creased immigration through the agency of a gle)\viiig description of the country's advantages, supplemented "- Stiretcr'.'! RecnlL, ]SIS., 15-25; T,iri-r>:. Per^pectas, MS., 120-30; Sonomi Co. Hist., 53-5; llaslinv- enmient oi- the ( 'nlit'ornian people had any elaiin t(j lie cDnsnlted in the matter. llastiiiLCs' book, whieh appt^arod in 1845, contained a (K.'s<'ri]»tif)n of his jouriK-y to Oren'on, a hrief narra- tive of iiis tri[) to California, a sketch of tin; two coun- trirs, with sonicthiii'^' of history, and iinally advice to iiiniii^n'ants rcspcotiii!^ routes and outfits. The hook", so i;ii' as California is concerned, covered the same M'reinid as Bidweirs])amphlet,thesul)ject heini^- treateil ul' course more elaborately, thou^'h not with greater accuracy. The author was an intelligent man, witli .-oint' ability as a writer; but his book was a piece of special pleading intended to attract immigrants, and iicconline'lv all was iiainted in couleur de rose. ThoU'j,'h visited in a year of extreme di'ouoht, not a sinc^le defect was pointed out in the country's natural condition. •■ ill my opinion, there is no country in the known world ]insstslt', and of rceuiit liistorical events, lie displax.ii nothing' but iiicxcusahlo igiioniitci'uiid Idtti'T |)r(ju(rii.,.. Tlic pcMplo were "searccly a. \isil)l(! o-mdc in tin; scali' ot" iiitclligc'iico al)()Vo tlie barbarous tribes l>y wIkhu tliev ai'o .surrouiidt'd," tlioueli "tlie liiLilui- oidci' (,[ jMcxieaus arc [)er]iaps about 0(|ual to tlio lower ordi r of our citizens in tlio westin'ii spates." "Tlie priests, tlie most dissolute; and abandoned cliaracters of Hk- whole eoniniunity, are not only the sole propi'ietms et the learning aiul intelligence, but alst) of the liberty and happiness of the people, all of which they jiinvi 1 out to their blind votaries with a very sijaring liand." In desciibing the (ilrahain affair of 1840, he is niei'o absurdly bittt'r against Alvarado, so far as the po-^si- bilities of his vocabulary go, than even Farnhaiii. .V ^Mexican in man's chjthing, as italicized by this wiilri', is a [)hrase that fully sIk^ws his spirit toward the |iin- jilc. "Yet it is with these wild, shirtless, earless, and heartless creatures," alluding nK>ro [)articularly tn ]\Iieheltorena'scholos, "headed by a few timid, soulless, brainless ofHcers, that these semi-barbarians iufeihl to hold this delightful region as against tlu' eiviliznl woi'ld." Lest the "terrible ojt[)ression" of foreigners bv the e'overnment should fri'i'liten sonu' of his e\- peeted immigrants, Hastings admits that all is changed now ; that the Californians, from motives of cowardice, now treat foreigners "with all the deceptive kindness imaginable," that passports were rarely demanded, and that lands were freely gravited, notwithstanding tlio statement of "a certain hii.di t'lnctionary at Wasliin'4'- t()n." Hastings and his con>[)anions had settle 1 on lands without even makitig the formal applications recjuired by law, hoping to avoid the disagreeable ne- cessity of becoming ^lexicau citizens. To immigrants Hastings' information respcctini,^ routes can hardly be said to have been of any value. He says: "Those who go to California travel fioni Fort Hall w. s. w. about fifteen days to the nortliein If^m LIST OF I'iOXI'J'RS. S90 p,Ts-! In (lie rMlifoniiaii inouiitains; tliciu^c tliivo days to tilt' SafraiiH'iito; and tlicnci' seven days to tlic l)ay (il'St l-'rancisco. 'i'lic ( 'alilnmia route iVotn Fort Hall ti)ay oi'St l''ran- cisci" as tliey eau I'roui the States to Fort llall: and ill tart, the latter part of the route is found imieh more cli'^lMc for a uai4'on-\vay than the foi'UK'r" — rather a ra>li assci'tion to he made hefore any party had su''- (vnled in erossiiiLj;' with wa^'ons. "'I'Ik; most dirret I'liute would he to leave the ( )rei;'on route ahoui two Imiiihv'd miles east from Fort Hall; thence hearini^- w. s, w. ti the Salt Lake; and thenee eontimiing dowu til till' hay of St Fi-aiieiseohy the I'outejiist deserihed." lu conclusion, the; auihor draws a ^lowiny and ex- travai^antly colored pictiu'e of ( 'alil'ornia's pros[)eetivc ^I'ainlrur in the time, not far olf, when "n'e'iuiiuo iv|iiihli('anism and luisophisticated democracy shall he reared up and tower aloft, even upon the now wild slidi'c'^ .ff the great I'acilic;; where they shall ever stiuid forth as enduriiiLJf nioiuiments to the increasing; wi-^dniii (if man and the iniinite kuidni'ss and |)rotec- tinii nf an all-wise and overruling providence."^* I append tlie usual list of [)ioneers for the year, i.\tv->ix 111 nuniher. A^ s many more new-comers ■" Till- Kiii'iijruuls Guide in Orajon (iiid (,'ii/i/oniia, '■onfaiiiiiiij scriie.'i atid iii'-'iih Ills iif (I piirtji iif < h'cinii i'iiiiijrniil<; ii di'-'ntiiii',i_in I'lliiiivi' to the cqii'i/inii-iil, .iii/i/trw'i, and the imthod of trarrUiiin. By l,'iii-/unl ir. J/iistiiiiix, Imdir oj the (hjn ami Cat. (inii/rnlioit ql' IS.'/.'. Ciii- liniiiti. ISI,"), Svo, 1,")'2 p. The jKirt ik'V(jtLMl exclusively to (,'al, i.-^ fin.nd "■i p. (it -l.'i,'!. (Viu of iny copies of this work is one tliiit iiiade the trip overlniicl in l*^li) with the famous l>ounei' party. The work was rcjrrintecl from lliv' ^;iiiiL' tyiie, with a new title, ami the adilition of S pa'.'cs containing a hk'.trii of Cal. liy llohert Seinple, and a copy of the Oregon Treaty, iis llii4iiiij.<, A yrn> llixlunj (ifOriijnn and < '(di/hniin, itf. Cincinnati, iS47. 'Svo, h'^ip. : mill again \\\t\\ Col. Mason's I'cport on the gold '.'egion, as Id. Cin- I'iimati, ISKt. Svo, KiS p. •' l'i')iicers of ISI,'!: ^Mfred Ancclin, .Tallies Atkinson, Wni IJaldridge, ^'*iu liartram (V), (.iuo. W. ]julloiny, N'urdauion Bennett, Dennis Uennett (?), f|f WWf liWlt iJ p I I il r in 1 1 II |[|| i 11 I- i I 11 r SIhI if 400 FOREIGN RELATIONS AND BBIIGRATION— 1843. arc iinmcd in tlio records— and in my Pioneer Iio^is- ter at the end of these volumes — who (hd not roni;;iu in California, or at least ahout whom nothing- uunv is ];nown than their presence during 1842-3. Tlie list includes many men locally well known, eight or ten (,{' whom still lived in 1884; but the names liistoricaHv' most j)romiiient are those of Gantt, Hastings, IIciis- ley, O'Farrell, Reading, and Swan — the latter becuu.^o of his i'ame as a writer of pioneer reminiscences. ■laokson IVnnctt (?), Winston Bennett, Jolm Bichol, John Roanlnian, Tiios \V. Bradley, J. C. IJria.u'-s, Ileniy 1'. Cliaco, Wni S. Cliureh. .loliu ('. Clark, Nathan Coombs, Henry •!. Dally, Henry Dalton, John ]);iul)enl]irivi, (leo. Da- vis, I'edro iJavis, Bicli. S. J>en, liUdcnico (laliel. John (iantt, Iia van Gor- don ('.'), John van Gordon {:), Henry llii.der, 'I'lios M. Hardy, L. W, lla.'-tiii.'s-, Charles Heath, Sam. J. Hensley, Wni Hieics, .lames Ih'.df.petii, John iu-vi j, Wm Laroehe, Charles Levelain (?), Milton J^ittle, Hari'y Love, Charles Mu- Intosli, .luliua jMartin, Wni J. Martin, Arno Mauhe, W'm Money, Amlii- u Korris, Jasper O'J'arrell, Harrison J'ierec, I'ierson B. Reading, Jolm LnM man, John F. Roniii', Charhs Roussillon (?), Truett St Clair (?), JleiuvM John, 'J'hoa .J. Siiadden, ]5ezer Simmons, Wni A. Streetei-, Owi'n Smumr, -I:., Jolm A. S\van, .lohn Thompson, llartlett Vines, Isaae' Williams, Jauiea \\ il- liuuis, John S. Williauiss, Squire Wiliiuius, laul Wui 11. W Inter (?). CHAPTER XYII. MICHELTORENA'S RULE— POLITICAL AFFAIRS. 1.S44. EcoNnM> Ari'.eco and Pico Rknt to Mazatlax— Air> kkhm V\r,i,i:.i(>, Laii- KIN. AMI ]^IMANT(U'R — RlMoKS OF RkVciI.T — Aliltl'ST or AlA"AKAI)0 A ^'lAV(l|■.M■.l!\I. IvM'KCTI.Ii — Rls[N(i OK THK ("llol.ns — AlMlKsT oF CasTA- Sai;;- Wahwh'ii riiK FN.ri'ii Siatks — 1'kki".j;atiii\-; thr I)irK\ci,— Mii.iTi \ OufiANiZKi)— r.AiiKiN's Lkttkks— iNiirw Arruus rKKsimo CN Till' SaN" .loAQriN — .Ir.S'TA DkPAUTA MKVIAL — CaN I >i I lATKS I'l >R < !( i\ - 1 KM'i: TllK < 'AriTAI. — MONTF.UKV AM> Aso Kl.KS — S A V I A InKS AS A ( '(iM- I'linNlISK— (AsTANAliKS IN MkxICO— 1 Il.S I5iioK — \\'aKN I N(i Ai : AI NST I'nK- kii;m,i;s -\ii liKsii.Ts — (JknekalVikwok Miciikltoi!i;na's Ciiauactku AM> AhMlMSl RATION. A r till' bt'Lriiiniiio; of the new year ^licheltorena i-Mi,il a (leeree eariTini^ into effect the economical ima-urts decided upon hy tlie junta of ()ctoh(>r 1S4-"').^ l)y tins reform a savin!L>' of ahout .S40,000 was cifcctcd ill tlir estimated e\])ens(\s of tlie year, cliieily in the 'ivil liinlo'et; wliiU' hy a systcnn y^i lialf-pay ivchictinns ill tlir mihtary hranch, a lurthei" savini"' of about i^l'i,- ""II w.is jtromised; and the iotal sum to l)e re(|uiri'(l "f ilir tivasury for 1841 was rivhiced a[ii)roximate!y tn .^ I -Jo^OOO^ or 610,000 per month. Th(> remainin'i;- I'lnhLiii was wliere to obtain tlie .sliiU,00(). ]>y tiie '■'/;/ /Vi/f/, the government seliooner leaving Mnnte- I'V ill l)e('eml)ei-, Abrego, Andres l*ieo, and J^arkin Iuk! sailed for Mazatlan, the business of th(.' foiMuer two. and • )bab]y of the last as well, being to obtain IuikIs oil Miclieltorena's orders drawn for the amount "t ?^8,()()0 j»er month that had been assigned him on Jan. 1, 1^44, .]f;r/iclf(iri ixi, II'iikIo L'- sioners returned in the Coiifovnia in March, hut it does not appear tliat they broui^ht any niomy on government account; certainly they brought hut lit- tle.'"' The schooner made a second and third trip to the ]\[exican ports before the end of the year, curv- iug on the second Captain J. M. Flores as a e()iiinii>- sjouer to obtain succor, l)ut with results that are alt >- getiun- uuknowu, so far as the obtaining of nmtciial aid is concerned. Yet two Boston ships early in tl year paid $58,000 in duties, more than two tliinl.^ the total revenues of the year; $2,000 in money was obtained from Vallejo in payment, together with piM- visious sup[)lied the year before, for the Soscol raiiclio: additional aid was obtained from the trader Liinan- tour; and probably also from Thomas O. Larkiii. 8" that tlie financial troul)les of 1844, excepting perhaps those at the end of the year, resulting IVom extrani'- dinary events to be noticed later, were not altegctlicr insuperable after all.^ ]Micheltorena deserves credit for having given cuii- siderable attention to the subject of education, takiui '■'Larkiii snys tliiit >[iclioltoroii;i in 184'2-4 drew on the ^liizatluii custi'iiis for iiliont .'?l">'>,0*K), only a .small [lart of wliicli -wa.s paid, eontiiny uidiis liaving li('i.'n is.sued in Mi.'xico. Larkiii'a (Iff. Corrcup., MS., ii. o". Jan. '_'lii'l at Mazatlan; so he haa sent tlieni to Mexico. Lar/dii'g I'uji(:r», MS. WiUij". J/isf. ( 'itL, MS., iv. .'iSl?-.'), says that l'io(_) and Abrego succeeded iu s. lliiiii i;t a heavy discount eno'.iirh of the draft.s to p'-odnec .?10.000, a jmi t "f wli'.di was invested in powder. Alvai'ado, /fisl. CaL, MS., v. 47-8, exjilaiin Imw men having small ehiims of undouh'^ed justice against the govt, de-jiitc Mux- ico's notoriety for not paying debts, almost always could sell their cl.iiriis fur •_'0 to 40 1 er cent of their face to the ai/iotiKldn, who, after collecting lai'gi' amounts in all parts of the republic, got an order for payment by ;-;iviii,i,' tlit minister and his secretary a share of the protits. '■^ \'allejo, ///.vV. CaL, "MS., iv. .'ks.'), tells v.z that Micheltorena aiiiiliiil to him for a loan and received S'J.Ono, for which the grant v/as issued in Jum'. .\l\arado, /risf. Cdl., MS., v. '20',), savs Larkin on one occasion lent tho(.'ov, S-',tHK), and took a sight draft for .•?;i,'(K)0 on the Mazatlan customs, wliidi lie could not collect. The same writer says, /- ;iV(' alt"- !iiatrrial ly in till' thirds III' Hicv was yitli ]ir.i- 1 vaticho; r Liuuui- •kln. Sii r jtcrhaiK I rstranr- lt();4X'th<'r Veil <'iin- 111. tal^in;' itl;iu custcini! iti'iivy uiiliis ii. ;>7. .'^'i' l.hiift.s ciislwl IS. Vallt-'jii. ill sflliiigiit [lint nf wUioli ilc^jiitc Mux- ■ii- I'laiins fuf Icrtiiij; Wg>' |l,y jiivuigtllu lia iii'lilii'il *" 1,km1 in •'"»>■■■ Ik'iit the t;iJV, Lis, whu'li la' [iiv>'>ti-'^l some Y\ liiit provt'l ,ur I'l M'> J" |ov. |.riil'i»l)I;" hiMii Uuvudi EDUCATION AND REVOLT. 403 a (looj^er interest in the ])ul)rK:' scliools than any »>i' his iiri.'di ''essors i^xeept Sola atul Fiijjucroa. Not only (lid ]u' aid the l)isho[) in tlie establishment of his cccli >Iastieal seminary at Santa Ines, but the aidiivcs ot' !s44 contain many communications i'rom his jton ,sli(i\\iiiL;"a lively interest in the primary schools, which he is also said to have visited oJten in person. In jlav he issued a rcijflamento lor the })rimarv schools wiAvv trniale teachers, aniiyo.s, (»rdcred to be estab- lidud at each of the seven chief t(j\vns under the pat- imiaLiv of our lady of Guadalupe. Then! is little in- t'nniiaiion ivspecting the [)roijfress made with these .-(•JKHils, thougdi there was a beginnino- at several jihuTS. At Los Angeles Lieutenant ^[edina met with ihitt ring success as teacher in a school containing at diir time a hundred pu])ils. A scheme was also de- vi^'d to obtain fi'oni the Ignited States a teacher to n|i('n a sclujol of highergrade at Monterey; for which jiiiijioM' a sul)scri[)tion was raised in September to the aiammt of $1)00 per year for three years.* Til .January there were rumors of revolt in the Mmitiiey distri v't, the only tangible fact in connection with which trouble was the arrest of .Jtiau Ji. Al\a- lalii. Ill a ])rivate letter to ^"allejo, Micheltoreiia Niid tl;.i!, on account of certain vocij'cracKines !i u!c supplication of several [)ersons, however, mill 111! Alvarado's promise to abstain in future iVoiu '.Mnif I if tliis topic ill local annals ami clscwlu'i-o. May 1. 1S44. Mir/n!- t'lrni't, J,'i iliiiiii iiltnli J.'.'iciii /its A ndijii-:, MS., ui\d in the arcliivcs. May Stli, I'i|nlaiiKition I'll the siitiji'ct of I'lhication accoiii|iaiiyiii,u' the i-cirhiniciito. >'. Jii",l'>. Ai'-h., Ms., ;t()."). Many items of thi.s year on the An^reles school, i)'. .1 ,;'/'<. -l/-./,,, Ms., iii. 1-.'); V. I()7-'J'-'."), pa-sisi'in: ;>./-/. ,S7. Puj:, MS., xviii. -" ;!1 '■>; hi.. Ami., xii. 10, -.V.-T, 74 SS; h'pf. l,'i<\, MS., xiii. (H !t, Til, '[' H'lit, Mil, .suliscriptiou liy Jtartnell, J>ai'kin, Alii'ogo, I'lo I'ico, .lininno, '"'■ ;. 'iiieiia, ami Woltev.s for .SKK) each, and somu conditionH respecting ii,.-M,, aro lii: i lliis time, and allowed him to return lioiix'.' I^'luri'!),;., Serrano is tJu^ only C'alif'ornian who has tliou'^ht t , incnlion this affair in his nari'ative. He tells us tlmt ^Miilii'ltorciia, heinjjj informed that Alvai-ado \v;i; lilanninn' a revolution, sent Ca[)tain ^[cji'a to arr.-t him at Alisal. J-)Ut Alvara'lo refused to he aii-cstrl hy an otlicer of lowt.-r rank than himself, ddnmd lij,. coloiiiTs uiiifoi'in, ha comandante's house; lor some of tlie sn!- diei-^ in their cups had heen heard ti> gi\e \-eiit \ > '•>n<])ieious utterances, indicatixc of speedy disei' Iri-.. ' 111 ease the northern rumors should ])rove true, i( wa^ thought ])i'acticahle to station a foive of fittceii nr twenty men on the Santa iJiirhai'a Irontierl' The next (hsturbance to l.)e recorded, not imirli nidi- serious ill its results than that of January, was ;i !i>i!i-, i!ol against, hut in favor of ]\richeltorena. the ivvulii- tiouists heiiigthe cliolos of the l)atallon. It ecmrn.i early in .\ugust in cons(_'f|uenee of news from Mixi'i till', .ugh privatt! letters that ^Mieheltoreiia was to he s'l- iu'r>eded hv a Tiew •j'eni'ral.'' lllarlv one moriiiu'j'a Am:- (»nsl ration was made hy the soldiers, win* diclaivl they Would serve iuinny liim. It docs not a}i]>oju' wlilcli t\\vy i',aii :l most, the vt;iigvaiiccorCaliloriiiaii.s,\vli()S(' chic k- tiistliiv had stolen, or tlie |iossihly stricter (Jiscij dim ■ to wliit li a new ehiel" niin'ht suhject them. The h'a»h'r ;iiiiM!i- t he o Keers of the hatalloH was aj»j)areiitl_v ( 'ap- laiii Miji.i, with thv^ eor»|»eratioii (»t' Jose Man'a Casta- iiaiv-. The tumult, perhaps intended to intimidate (vitaiii ( 'alii'oi-nians who had been somewhat iVei' in tlicir expression of hostility to the cholos, lasted hut a I'lW houis, ]\lieheltorena liavini^ rebuked the otiieers, wlm were |>ut ii. L-r arrest, and explained to the men t'.iat llii'st' wer(.' not pi'oper methods ()t' ex})ressini;' their (IivntiiiM to a leader. ' 'astahares was sent to Sonoma, 1.11 parole; but lalliug sick at Yorba Buena, was nl- low 111 to return to ]\[()nteri'y in 8ei)tember, |)erha[»s wiilioiu having" i^'ono i'urther than San Franeiseo.' Tlh' I pie ot" the ea[)ital were considerably alarmel)ers."' TIu' alarm wa-- iiiii'eascd l)y the arrival at this time of a reenforee- iiiiiii to the- batalloii, a detachment of forty or lil'ty iiirii who had deserted at ^lazatlan, and had been re- laptiiit il and sent to California on the lialicar, land- iiii^ at San I'edro and remaining for a time at .Vnge- h's." Still another cause (.>f popular alarm arose from 'AiiL'. 11, 1S44, M. to V. Sends Castafiares ti> roinaia at Sonoma until lur- tir.i- m-.li IS. to 1)0 troatocl acuorclini; to his rank, but not allowiMl tn Ir ivi' ti...' \hvi\ Till' ;.'ooil (if the national Sfrvic'o ili'uiands it. VuViju. !in,\^ .Ms.. ::[[. '■1. All!.', ITtli, i'mildU to V. Castanari's ill at Ycrlia l>iuiia. I'mr- tlio liiiiiiti: I't' S.iiiiinia (I), aiut will ju-olialily l)o allowocl to go hai-k. / /., \ii. .S'i. > (it. .'lili, M. iuitlmri/i's V. to piTniit the I'l'tuiii. /'/.. xii. !!.». " i-;iil,iii, writing on Sopt. Iiith, (h.'sci'llics the all'air, ami s.My>': 'Tiii' [«: <■ \<\" vi iliii town wx'iv in gi'i-at alarm, cxjioctini,' a sack of tho town 1m' .!.e > ililii'i'.s: till' atiair was howovcr hiislu'il n]i.' /.'i/kin's i )t)\ Corr' ■■'i'., .MS., ii. !'•'. Lit. r. ill an aoroiint intt'iidoil to justify Mii'lH'ltorcna. afar tho nv.iln- t; 111, Larkiii wi'dti'; 'Iknnwnf hd trouMo or alarms oaiiscil liy thi' ciivuni- >taiii.'i', ill .Moiitorcy. ' Jle says thu atliiir was all over Iiy s .\. m. (apt. Alii'llii \v;is living at Larkiii"s house at tlu' time. A/., I)i;\, .\j>., iii. -j;). Au,'. ITlli, I'i'iiilun says that Monterey looks like a low ii taki'ii li,\- a»aiilt, |»::ly iitliri'is and .soliliei's to l)e seen. All families have retiieil to their r.-in- I"'. .\ inu division uf the batallon has arrived from Aiigilcs. Vi-tll'jii, [['■'■• Ms , xii. !S(!, Serrano, ApnutiA, MS., ST-l'O, and (.Joiiiej;, Loijin Sulu, .'l\, .'{VJ s, give some details of the night's oeeurrenees. "GiUcia, AjiiinU'i tiuOrc Mk/ukorcHa, MS,, l-j, was one of the lueii, and • ■ ■'* . '1 ■ ■ ■;■ ■' t Ell ■; i-'--^t'^%' M'^'i'M^'t' , vi j„,ni.' !m i l: liitiiinli:!! Ml liiili* ill 406 MICHELTOREN'A'S RULE— POLITICAL AFFAIR.*?. tlic current reports of war between !^^exic() ainl the United States, to be noticed presently. Thcic was little fear of the Americans; but an api)rehensi(Pii tint the ^[tjxicans niiij^ht make the threatened invasii^n .i pretext for plundering the town. It was in May that the Mexican minister of war informed Micheltorena that positive news had l)r> u re(xuved of a treaty having been signed for the an- nexation of Texas to the United States;'- tliat it nnly recjuired confirmation by the senate; and t!iat such confirmation would probably result in war. Th.' general was therefore to prepare f )r the defence n't California by seeing to it that weapons were kept in good condition, that the troo})S were well ornaiiizid and disciplined, that the militia was ready tt) hr callr-l into active service, and that the government was in- formed [iromptly of any aid that might be reiiuiivd - though no hostilities were to be committed anain-r such American men-of-war as might visit the (•iia>t pending the receipt of more positive orders or .«)iiio act of aggression on the part of those vessels.'' This oriler was received early in July, and was at once published by Micheltorena, who announced tli.;t in conse([uence of it he had resolved to establish lii^ headijuarters at San Juan Bautista, and "to det'tn.l the department, whose independence, religion, ami in- tegrity tho 2Mt>'M intrusts now more than ever to Ik r sons, and to me the dutv of showinuf them tlic path to glory and honor in case of war." At the sam.' time he ordei'cd the innnediate enrolment of all cifi- zens between the ages of fifteen and sixty years, in- i:ive< till' iiiily narrative of the reiinforccmeut tliiit 1 have seen. Jl'' ■^lys I'! iif tli'.^ .">() iiicn liad beoii tlcscrtors; and there wcro 7 womuu in tlic . iiniiaiiy. Tlii'V iiiaiolit'il from Anj,'i'l<'< uiidor Comandautt! N'aldts. '■'J'lii! treaty waa bi>,'iilh1 liy the Texan eoinniissioners and liy .I"hii '■ <'alhonn, secretary of .state, April I'J, 1S44, but was rejected hy ila >Liii!ti; .lune sih. " May II, l.'^44, niin. of war to rotn. ■': Dcjit. s/.' /'fill., Mont., M.S., iii. i;{l. .hmo (May?) I'ltli, niin. oi h.v. ai- ders tliat the militia 1)0 put on a war footing. Unit. SI. I'lqi., Bin , Ms., i. 80. PRErAilATIOXS I'OK WAR. 407 clufiiiiu" naturalized forcii^^iicrs, to be formed into nine coini'r.nio.s of militia, which were to bo drilled every Suiiiliiv, and to hold themselves in readiness t(j bo cilK'il into active service as defensores de la ])atria. Sniiif (lays later a series of formal regulations ibr tlie militia was issued; and it ap)>ears that the organiza- tion if defender^? was eH'ecti.'d to some extent, on })a- ]Mi ai Kast, in northern California; but in the soutli wr lir.'.r nothing of the matter until the end of llie wdv, when, as we shall see, it came up in another cou- iirctinu." ".Iiilv (i, 1S44. Michlirirrvn, ^fullihifi (In Df/pv/tn covfra fnn K!■., .MS., ii. 77; Id/hjn,' J.>o,:., MS., xii. Xt; S. ./.w', A.-'li., MS., iv, 4l)-r>(). Ci iiijiaiiics wfie to lit' fiirinccl at S, I)ifgii, An^jclus, ^■,:i !mi1i;ii;i, S. Luis OMsjio, .Monterey, S. Jurin I'auti.sta, S. .Toni', S. ]•'., iitiil ."-nil"!!!.! — all of cavalry. The cDloiieLsand lieut-coloiiels were to lie tho.su iil;'i;iily holdiui,' those eoinmi.ssioii.s; the caiitaiiiH were to lie naine'-/inrlii)ni-iit'ii!i' t' )ose co., A. M. I'lro. Sonioza as instructor; S. Francisco co., F. Sanchez, .\iit. I'ico as i;i- ^.^u^ttpl■; SiiUomaco., Salvador \'allejo, loidrii^uez as instructor. 1st sipiad- T' :i id .\i;i;rlrs. Fio I'ico, coniandante; .J. .M. Ramirez, adjutant and in>triii-t.ir; 1-t coiii]'any, I'aiit., M. ])oniinuue;;; 'Jd eo,, cajit., .1. M. I'aloniares. 'Jd i-|;iailriii (.t An;,'eles, J. A. Carriilo, coniandante; \. ilehetia co., J. A. ^■dV.i',; caiitaiii. J)t. SI. Pap., .In;/., .MS., x. -H-d. .Iiily I'.lth, at Sfuioma ."i:! Hull enrolled, iin.hidini; I'J foreigners. WiUijo. J)or., .MS., xii. .").">. ,luiy -1st, .");> citi/.i lis and '22 unnaturalized foreigners at S. Francisco. /(/., xxxiw 4i. .luly'Jikh, Michcltorena to N'allejo. intrusting.' to him tin; or;.'iinization if the roin|ianies from S. Francisco northward, (.'astro to attend to those at ''. .lipsi' and iS. Juan. Oidy ono person should ho taken f>'om a family. A/., xii. (11; /><•y,^ J,W., MS., x'iii. S!l. Aul;. 4th, ('apt. Osi,; and his comiiany if .'!-' imii at -Monterey choose suhorlinatc olhcers. Auj,'. 'JOth, list of the S. l'.aiiri> u company, 4S men besides caiit. and lieut. Sulx'runri, JJuc, -MS., In .hiiiuary the min. of war proposed the or^'anization of all the presidial C"m|>aiiiis of the Californiaa and the hatallon into a rei,'iinent, to have he- ^mc.i u.> ri;.,ular ollieers a coniandante ilo escudroii to serve as commandant in l^uj.i (.'ahfoniia. Me.vicu, Jhin. Gittrra, 1S44, annex, 'j;j-4, List of unat- w t ! 1 408 MICIIKLTORENA'S RULE-rOLITICAL AFFAIRS. Bosidi's takiiiLC stc'jis toorgaiiiz(> the militia, ^tlidicl- torciia moved all tliu servicuablu caniioii with muni tions from Moiitcrry to San Juan, whore ho pioiifiscd to malvo a final stand against the invaders slidiild the}^ make their ap[)earanco on the coast. The cijiital ])rosented the appearance of a military camj) I'li' ;i week or more, the soldiers holding possession, ;il\\a\s in readiness to retreat; M'hile many of the eili/niN had retired with movahle effects to the interior, I'cai- ing, as I have said before, not so much the coiniii;^ nf the Americans as the excesses of the cholos, win were likely on the aj)proach of an enemy to sack tlif town. So Consul Larkin wrote to his governiiiiiit. (U'claiing that the property of Americans was satrr than that of natives, and expressing the o])inion tliat ]\[ichelto]'ena, in case of war, could depend only un lijs 250 ]\[exican troops to follow him, the 150 Califnr- nian sohhers and the 1,000 citizens available as miliiia not being disposed to fight for a government in wliicli they took very little interest. ^^ To provide pecuiiiaiy means for the country's defence, the junta deitartanicii- tal was convoked in August, and authorized a sale of tlu' mission estates;^'' but before anytliing was dniir in this direction news came that the war-clond li.ul passed over, and ( ^difornia resumed its peaceful atti- tudi'; though the caiuKMi and other war-stf)res wrio not innnediately brought back from San Juan.'' t.K'lied .Tiiil ictiix'il olHi'crs, etc., in C.il. ; J. IJ. Alvuriidii, col. iiiixili.iiy mili- tia; Jdsi'' Ciistfi). li('tit-('i>l. Cal. Kijiiadron; M. ("r. Vallcjo, lii'iit-ci»l. [loniuiiiont cav.; IVili'o >,'arvatz, liiMit (if iiasy; V. rnuloii, ca])t. pt'tmaiiuiit infantry; Jiisi'' liauiiri'Z, lioiit cavalry; Xai'ciso Faliregat, liout Maxatlau militia; .Idsu (lu la Cliiorra y Xorioua, ret. capt. of cavalry; Saiit. Argiicllo, ret. capt. r.iv.; Just' Ivstiada. ret. liiiit cav.; ]):iiiiaso lloilriguez, ret. alf. cav. ; Aiiicctn Z;iva- leta, Isidoro Scitii, .lose I'ena, Manuel Vi'rduyo, and Sehastiau Hudii.'uez, R'lldier.s T'etired witli rank el lieutenants; Manuel Rodriguez, inv;il. corimral; J'.ieuterio X'illa, inviil. soldier; Lui.sa Argiiidlo do Zamorano, widow «itli pension (jf .S(H) per mcintli. Jh jif. Sf. I'cjK, lien. Mil., Ixxxvi. ;{-4. '■'Aug. 18, IS44, L. to sec. state. Larkin'.-, Ojf. Cunrsj)., :MS., ii. S. Va- Uejii to .Sliclieltorena, Xov. IStli, declared that it had not lii'cu the iVar nf invasion by foreiu'uer.s that had caused the citizens to leave ^lonterev. Ilrar Fffu/, Pnp., .\1S.,".S. '".Vug. l.")tli, L'Dth, '_'4th, sessions of the juntii. X»;/. /''''•■. -MS-. iv- 1^ -0; K;rnl ill 1844. With a view to ju'eveiit tlie iiiciir- j-jiiiis dl' Jndiaii horse-thit'ves. who wi've a (.'oiistaiit ter- I'di' t'l the raiieheros in central CahCornia, a scheme was (IlvIsciI in tile spriii!^' of tliis year, not only to send out an expedition aijcainst the foe, hut to estahlish a kind of t'l'Diitier [)residio somewhere in the Tulares, where a (litaelimeut of soldiers could he stationi'd ])ernia- iieiitly for service a<4'ainst t!ie Indians. In May the plan was announced hy ]\Iieheltoreiia, and certain vai;uely recorded preparations were made; hut all we knew of the result is that in the middle of Xoveml>er Ca-tro was in the San Joaquin A'alley eniLj^a^'i'd in this service, when recalled hy the outhreak of r>'Voit, as will lie seen in a later cha]_)ter.^'^ There was uii extra session of the junta, or asam- lilca, ell l-\'l)ruary lOth, convoked lor the [)ur['ose of clieesiiio' ji (jiilntet'tta for governor. The names chosen til he suhiniltcd to the supreme i^'overnnuMit as (.'aiidi- (lates were, ill the following' order: ^tichelton^na, Al- vai'ade, Tellez, Oslo, and Jimeno; and the r(.'sult was aiiinHUieed hv the L!"overnor in a hando of the loth.'^ I .,;rl;iii uiito.-A on Sopt. lOtli, that, as Tox.'ia has not lieini nnncxi'd, wailiko riliaiMtiiiiis luive liccu iHjstpdiKnl. I.arL-in'.-f < if, Conr/fp., MS., ii. 10. '" Nhiy .'il.a(|uiii. T'ou- triliutioiis to lii^ solicitcil aiul all to lie I'eailyat Sta Clara hy June lOtli. H-tn- iMlto, Ihif., MS., ii. 75-ti. May I.'itli, .sadiUos, oto. , to lie borrowed from eiti- ;:vn3. StaCniz, Arcfi., MS., 81. May 14tl), gov. to alcaldes of S. Jose and S.Jnaii: Jose (''asti'O to coiniiiaiid the foree in thi^ Tulares. I'lidrcs to furnish Iiuliaiis. J),jil. 7?M'., MS., xiii. Sl-'J. June llth, I'. Mereado n fers t<., x.4Cr, hi., S. Jo.-test- '• Tho l\;it the ul rolii- al'l'ilx- ■(Icrs (it ciiil scs- ['2straila, li, Ih'Iii'^ iifv, aii'l pl;ic<-' I't vocaleS ne SI I at (' junta t.'.'i tho Ul llKuk' SlinlllK'il 1 S(» ju^t (• actimi ntin;j; "t ut t'aey jorssi'iib; l„ I'Vb, 4th, l()th. ('"■*'"• [of ttm int., I,v. ,,u Apri! Iblvbeaguin llfil upon to ,■3 rupurt'.'l frnd Nvitli one exception, no action wa.s taken on any of thciii.-' Tlio exception to wliicli I have alluded was the old fpicstion of Monterey versus Los Angeles onai(iii so long as their opponents were in a majority. But Pio Pico brought the matter up in the session of August 24th, and a lively discussion ensued. Pico and IJotello insisted on southern rights, and Pigueroa agreed with them, though he did not think tho sub- ject (N»uld be legally disposed of in a session called t'ui' sj)ccial purposes. Spence favored the claims of Monterev; while Munras, leaning in the same direc- tiim, ])roposed to select some third town for capital er to leave the whole question to be settled in Mex- ico. Micheltorena himself as president argued at liist strongly against moving the capital away from tlie town where the custom-house was located, also eppesing any action whatever at a special session; I'ut lie tinally proposed as a compromise that further (letiiiito action should be suspended until a decision -' lacdids of the sessions, in Lej. Itcc, ^IS., iv. 17-27; Olrera, Doc, MS., 7-12. 'I'lii.' records of the opening session of Aug. l.ltli uirI the closing one (jf All;,'. L'dtli were issned in print Ijy Micheltorena in ban' Santa Jik's as a convi'iiicjiit [>oint. The tlirco soiitli- ( 1 iicis Would not ac('t;[>t any coniproniise, and at la ; \dtud solid in favor of lios ^Viij^^i'lcs; l.-ut tlif tv. i iioitlu'in nu.'inht'is with Arichcltomia voted lor tli • eoni|)roniise, the latter also decided the tie hy lii. castinj;' vote; and the next session was thus to I ,• convoked at Santa Ines. Xo session ever w;is In] I there, however, and iiothinu^ more was ever heard nf the j)roject. The coinproinise was a most ine.\|ilica- l)le eiaicession on ilie part of the arribehos, esjiecjailv if the })resident had the right here exercised of vu^t- ing a double vote,-^ Let us turn to the national capital and follow tlu' de|)Uty ^laiiuel C'astahares in his efforts in bi'lialfnt' California. J[e was a much more diligent re])resfiit- ative than had been his predecessor, Andres CastilKid; though perhaps the real does not quite ecpial tln' a[i- parent dilferencc, bei-ause the efforts o\' J)<»n Maiiiiil were I'ecorded in print, while those of ])on Aihlirs were not — even if there were any to be rec()it!c(l, which is doubtful. IJi^fore the end of 1844 ('a>ta- fiares received some connilaints from his constitiimt- respecting ]\[exican neglect, coupled with imi)licafiiius that the neglect was due to the deputy's own inatten- tion to his duties. As the best means (jf proving ! iiat such charges were unjust, Don Manuel resolved to print his communications and sj>eeches. Letti^is iri- tifying his zeal were obtained from such high digiii- tai'ies as Toriiel, Reyes, Cortina, Trigueros, and Ijh- canegra; and this coi'respondence, with the doeunioi.ts mentioned, was published in pamphlet form in 1^43. I proceed to glance at the contents of the paiuplilet •'' Record of the iliscussion in Daiidiiii, Doc, MS., loG; Olvcra, Ihy., \\^-, 11; Z.;/. Uic., MS., iv. L'0-'2. CASTANAIIKS IX COXCliKSS. ■113 ^Vlh livs '(•(ll< Ir.l, ("a -ta- titu ut-' i.-at l(i|i> liattcii- ":-;■ iiat l\., ill clu'ondldi^-ic order ns a roourtl of wlmt was Ix'lui,^ tlmie for ( 'alil'oniia in Mexico. '■' Having' left Calirorniu in Doroinber, Castauarcs (Ilrccttil Iii.s iirst oflicial (•oniniuiiicatioii to tln^ iniiiis- 1(1' (if relations on ^farch "Jfl. It proniisud a detailed iviioit to 1)1' presented a littK' later; contained a warn - iii'4 nl' impendini^ dantijer from foreign aLiL,''''''^^'**" JU'd iiitcriKil trouMes; reeonmiendcMl the seiidinLj^ of a force (if 7(M) or SOO veteran soldiiTs, properly e(|ui[)pe(l and iirovidi'd for, t(t protect the de[)ai'tnient; and insisted nil till' |ii'oiiipt jiaynient, sin ccchs'I tn' itn-tcsfo osition to the rej)orts of cci-- laiii coiiiiiiiLtees. lie declared California to ix* "a I'.iii^ih diamond, re(piiiinn' only ap[)lication to tln" lapi- I'arvs wheel to adorn the aureola of .\iiahuac with a jwrl 111" the most he.iutiful s[»lendor"! Missionaiy v,(irk must he a prominent element in the polishin;,^ j'l.'iM'css; and the fund must he devoted in t>-oi)d faith t I Caliioi'iiia, in accordance with the wishes of the '•^('ifitiiihirr.i, Cdlirrioil dc DarinnentnH Itdcitivoa nl /)< /i(ir/rniirii/(i di' Cali- 'i/:iniitt-; I'ldilifiiihis pur d. I'iinliitlnnn Mmniil (.'nsf'trinri:-:, i>iiii(lhnl ill lN-!.'> ami eoiitaiiiiiiLC iiil'iiriiiatiiiii iitiout events of the first |)art of tiint yciir, I ehoose to notice this Look as heloiiuin;; to lS-t4. 'J'iie letters of M'viiaii ollicials all sjieak of (.'astafiares in llatteiing terms. Toniel says; 'Hlril.iile V. |ior el liien, feliciilail, y atlelaiito ile las Califoniias que di^'na- iiieiite leproseiita, es iinpoiiderahle. Begun me coiist.'i en el lar;;o tieinpo . Manuel Micheltoreiia, .son sulieicntes elenientos, eiitrc otr'!S, |p.i!'a tenier el tnistoiiici d(^ su traiKpiilidad iiUeiior.' (.'astafiares to niin. of r('l.. Mar. "Jd, 1'>I4, in /./., Cnl, /)oi\, 10. lie insists that if troojis an; ;-!ent, ]irovi.sioii mn:;t W' iiuulf lor their support, as tiie eountry cauuot and will not li'apport tlieiii. I;a1i: ;;;. i-|l ^i| ..ili M;.,i i m ij 1 f * lllil ; i 414 ^IICHELTOREXA'S RULE-POLITICAL AFFAIRS. foimders — yet not exactly as it had been applied l)o- fore. For, as Castanares maintained most ingeniously and eloquently, under the old mission system the IikI- ians had neither become christianized nor civilizt'd, but had rather been enslaved, retaining their idolatry, but losing their native freedom and wild dignity; aiul therefore the fund of course had not been used a(^r(ir.l- in\\> as a connnissioner in quest of succor, coniplaiiiin'4 that the vessel had been sent back with nuiv de- spatches instead of the material aid so urgently tui drd; laid before the government some prnate letters I'loni his constituents, ineluding an account of the outiaL^v by the cholos on Pierre Atillan; and finally (lei(ins and presidios, and for the general promotion of education. ^lexican families to be sent as colonists Gilitiinii ci'.v<:.tl.li t..ai'.lv aljlu.„;v In till ni. taii;iiv> t I'.la.K' a truuI'liN, t'uiiilttuci ;is is no longer tolerable. In compliance with my ilutics, I have tlio sti.'i>3 anil exhaiistt'il all rusdiuves within my reach to cause ii I'f till' ihvspairto wiiich tlicy are reilaced. I'hc sup. ;:iivt cannnt f:ni the remeily, hut if unfortunately if; si'ouhl he s>, expert nuthiii:.; liut revolution, a desperate resort it is true, hut the only otio remaining " lio liave reeeiveil from Mexico nothing' hut an insupportalile tute- atiiins of every clas.'A, and no protection whatever.' .luiie '2'>t\\, ('as- niiiii. of rel. Id., Col. J)o'-., IS. .luiy 'JOtn. Castanarcs and Floieg epiirt to the niin. of war on the needs of Cal. arising from Indian and particularly the danger of American invasion. In Monitor ona!, March G, 18K"), and an editorial iu the paper of Mar. 8th. 1*^ a ' t HflW ^ F n 1 8 ■ 1 410 MICIIELTOREXA'S RULE— POLITICAL AFFAIRS. and aided by the goNcrnnient, the mission estutes, among other resources, being devoted to that riid. Foreign coh)nization to be encouraged, away iVoui tlio immediate coast, under s])ocial laws, especially coloni- zation by Spaniards, Swiss, or Geruians. Soli litis Avith their families to be sent in as large numbers .is possible to form a kind of military colonies for protrc- tion against the Americans; the soldiers being release ! from military service after a brief term. Su[)plics Id be sent regularly for the support of troops in Calit'oi'- nia,, not only to render its defence effective, but also \ > reestablish the waning respect of Californians for .Mix- ico. Education to be promoted by all ]iossiblo iik aiis. The i)orts to be fortified; and a navv-vard to be ls- tablished, with the comaiulancid de mnrina of the South Sea, at San Francisco or Monterey. The occii- pation of the coast islands to be promoted. The coast to be protected by a fleet of gun-boats or othei- ariiu'd vessels; and prompt ti'ansportation of the mails to he insured. Mexican merchants to receive every jiossi- ble encourasfement and concession, with a view nlti- nuitolv to oiiforco tlic laws against coastinn' trade l)v foreign vessels. The granting of lands to be regulateil, and orants nlreadv made to be fullv le'>-alized, notwith- standing possible defects of minor importaiii'e. J^resi- dios to be maintainetl in the interior and on the frontiers, one of them, in the nature of a militaiy col- ony, to 1)0 at Fort Ross. Parish priests to be i)ru\i(led and paid. A jiort of deposit for foreign goods to ho established at ^[onterey. "Uncared for ami abandoned as hitherto," conchi'hs the auth(»i-, California "will l)i' irremediably ht>l. aii.l I tremble at the sad consecjuences of such a loss. A ])owerful foreign nation M'ill pitch its canii)s tlicr': the adjoining departments will not be slow to ieel the effects; and California in the hands of her new master will be for its neighbors MJiat Belize is for Y'ncatan. Then will sprout the seed to-day lying ignored in tlio yeil; tlien her mines will be vrorkeJ, jior ports crowded, A rnornETic speech. 417 h'V ticlds cultivated; then will a iiunicrou.saiul toillmr Ir acquire property to ho defended with tlioir 1'""!' . 1 ; and then all this for our country will pro(hico tiic ii[t{)usito effects. Tlie ste})s thatsliall put Califor- nia under a foreijj^n power will be doubled for us in a i(>iitrnrvsens(^; and when there is no longer a remedy, wlicii there shall beij^in to be "'n'>t ,!'iaiiist the insolent ibreigners who sought to steal so [liix'iuus a pos.session.'"'' The only other essential fact ■'" Cfi.<^nV(rc s', California v sns mals. Ux/ioticion d'lri'ihla al Gohiervocn 1^ '!■■■■<. i,i;i'>i: I, )■(■(!,■ IS.'/ 1 III /./., Cut. J)or., "JI-.VJ. Ill Xjrx.'ro, Mnn. (/wrnt, l'!t, ]). 11) ."0, Minister Tdriicl recMimiiioinl^f Mexican coluiii/iitiDU for (,';il., i;:iil Ji'liiiits the iirgcnit (lauuer of losiiii; tli;;t dcpiirtineiit. .June 'Jlst, the I'lii, ^.Tti. of Ciil. t I bo suiijjiiuu with nil lie needs (1). J)f/)l. S/. I'tijK, Jliii., Ms., i, Ml-l. Julj IStli, Sl',000 onlured imid l.y Miiziitiiiii customs. A/., i. S2. Au.'. Itlst, .Sll.lH)^ duo from I'eclicr's estate initatyov.'s disposal. /(/., i. S.Vlj, Si lit. M. till' .^S.OOO per month to be paiil itc toda iircj'ci-vncia, as ordered in M.vlSl'J, A/.,i, 8!)-<)0. ■'•'Sc[it. (Itii, Ciistafifircs to min. of rel. Sept. 7th, reply of Rejon. ('(in- t'lunm, ( ',,/. 1)(K., 52-3. The aid ordered accordiiij; to a letter of (!en. I'LVica on Xw, 'JTtli, /(/., p. 0, incUnled 500 infantry and ;{00 cav:ilry uniforms! tho cnnvspnniiin^' armament; 300 complete cavalry e(|uipmciits; a laru'e (|iianti;y I f iiad a:iil powder at Acapulco; 4 pieces of ;ir!illcry; §S,000 per moiitli jjai.l ■i; .^I .zatlan iliat tliey were never sent at all. In November a riirnlar was issued forbidding all payments of funds \vitlioiit special orders; but Castanares succeeded in oljtainiiif an order that the California payments at Mazatlaii li' not suspended! This closed the correspondt-ncr nf 1844; but J. shall have occasion to notice the coiitin- uation of the deputy's efforts in the annals of is i,j. Clearly, Micheltorena's administration had not ]Kvn productive of any very brilliant results so far ns t!io welfare of California was concerned. The coiMlitiun of the country was not much better or worse in 1^14 than it had been in 1841. That such was llic ca^c, however, is not to be considered to any great i \triit the ruler's fjiult; nor does it furnish an arguiiniit against the soundness of Vallcjo's policy in liavinj; urged the sending of a Mexican officer to assunir Imth commands. That the result was disappoint! ni^' was due almost entirely to circumstances, which anise largely from blunders in ]\Iexic(). It is douLtfiil if there was an othcer in Mexico who could have duiio better in Micheltorena's place. There is no disa'jjno- nient among those who knew him respecting the i^vii- eral's character. He lacked force, and was even in- clined to indolence. He was not a man to act cither promptly or wisely in an emergency. He e\liil»ited himself in a ridiculously unfavorable light by his Mus- ter in the Jones ail'air. On other occasions in his (Cal- ifornia experience he manifested weakness of cliai-actcr, and he was regarded by his Mexican opponents as a pedantic dreamer of many theories. Still he was a gentleman of considerable culture, possessed of many negative virtues and no glaring vices, impiwing in \n'\'- son, with manners affable and fascinating, kin'l "t heart and honest of purpose, gifted not only wiih tlie power of winning personal friends, but with a tair ilo- gree of executive ability and tact.^'' '"I might quote long lists of Californian authorities on Micholton 'i ; s diar- I II ■ m - THE GOVERNORS CHARACTER. 410 ^liclioltorena inado many warm personal friends, and he ixcited the ill-feeling and opposition of no class. lit-' favored neither arriheiios nor abajehos, hut tried to reciiiicile sectional differences. There was never any Odiiiplaint of his favoring luiduly either Mexicans or Calit'oinians. He restored what was lei't of the mission cstiitt's to the padres without exciting the o[)positiou of any other class. He aided the bishop in his edu- catinii.d schemes, and listened to that dignity's coun- sel so far as to marry his mistress. He was lib<'ral t(i and well liked by the foreigners generally. He ivduri'd expenses without very vSeriously offending the 111(11 who lost their salaries; and in fact, without hav- ing- iiiii'oduced any brilliant or swee[)ing reforms, he peiroiined the duties of his office under dillicult cir- cumstances with creditable tact and abilit\'. There is iiiiicli to be said in praise of his policy in all luaiirlii's of government, and very little to condemn. As I have before remarked, it is doubtful if any available officer, Mexican or Californian, could have ddiie better; and though many even among his actor, 1i\it there is so little variety of opinion that it would serve no good ptir- posi'. Alvaraihi, Castro, Osio, and others of that class, while not denying tluK lie ii(ttsi'ss(Hl good nature and some other good personal (jualitiiH, (hvell iwturally nii W\a weakness, lack of energy, and even lack of good faith; while otliors, iiuludiiig foreiLjncrs like Sutter, IJidwell, Davi^, and Larkiii, are dis- posed til i\agL;erate his kindness, wisdom, and ahility ; hut on tlii> whole, there isiiiimaa pnniiinently named in California history aliont whose jiersunal char- acter t'licn^ is sucli a general agreement. On Oct. 22, ISl'J, ,)i>hu('. .lonc) wiMti' from Sta liiirbara to Larkin as follows: 'From all accounts!, the general UaiiiiM, alVahlc, and well disposed man; hut devoid of all energy, st;d)ility, force, or resolution; the very last man who should have liecn fient to guide the destinies of California. Ho appears to he tickle and very iiiulccided, and ifrepirt speji'... true, not overstocked with courage.' Lai/yni'. Santa Barbara — Financial Ari'AiRs — List of Vessels on the Coast in 1844. A cKXKRAL report on tlio condition of the soutlioru missions, in cliarn'o of the Fcrnandinos, was made out ill J'cltriiary, in response to a circular from !^[exico. ]ts |iiu'|)ort, in marked contrast to similar documents of earlier times, was as I'ollows: San ^Ii_L!fuel has mither lands nor cattle, and its neophytes are demor- iili/.cd and scattered for want of a minister. San Luis ( '!)ispo is in the same condition. La Purisima, thoui^h witlidiit ]iroperty or sowinjjf-lands, has yet a vineyard • il'iiKidcrate extent, and retains ahout "JOG neojdiytes. lilt' minister, Padre Juan ^Foreno, is ill, and is aided 1)V tlic cleriifyman ^liij^uel (Jonu'z. Santa Ines with -I'll iiropliytes, and with suflicient resources for their ^iil'p'irt. is in charu^e of Padre ,Joso Joacpiin Jimeno. Santa JJih'hara, administered by ,l*adi'e Antonio di- iii'iin and the writer of this re[K)rt, has the greatest tliiiicuh y to support its 287 souls. San Puenaventura I'liiaiiis in tolerably ijfood condition, with plenty of ivsdiuvis. It is administered temporally l»y Pudro t I p '■■ ' !: ^'a ii |i:; , ^ ! ■ 1'-; v' ■ 422 MISSIONS AND BISHOPRIC— TRADE AND FINANCE. Jinicno of Santa Bilrbara, and spiritually by the pres- byter, J(jsc jSIaria Resales. San Fernando, with few cattle, lias two vineyards, and is administered by l^adre Bias Ordaz. San Gabriel, once 'queen of all tin- mis- sions,' lias nothing left but its vineyards in dctfiio- rated condition, which, with 300 neophytes, are caivd for by Padre Tomiis Estenega and Presbyter Aiititiiii) ]\r. Jinieno. San Juan Capistrano has no ministii', and its neophj'tes arc scattered. San Luis Kty. wiili a [)opulation of 400, has hardly anything left, ami it> minister, Padre Jose M. Zalvidea, is in a slat" uf dotage. San Diego, always a poor mission, has noth- ing now. Padre Vicente Oliva cares for its 100 souls. ''From all of wdiich it appears that three missions arc abandoned, in totuni, for want of ministers and re- sources; that there remain only eight religiosos tlr- nandinos, with three clergymen to aid them: that only Santa Ines and San Buenaventura have the means of moderate subsistence; and that the oilier nine, destroyed by secularization, and their neopliytes demoralized, are in a moral impossibility of e\ cr rui.-i- ino- their heads."^ As to the success of the friars in administorinL;' the fragments of mission property restored to tlh'Ui hy i\[ieheltorena, it is difticult to form any definite iika from the few local items that constitute the only ive- ord extant. At four or five of the richest estaldish- nients there was doubtless a jjartial return of pvospii- ity, though even in connection with these we lia\e no information about the eighth of total products that was to be paid into the treasury. The padres of San Jose and Santa Clara entered with spirit into the discharge of their new duties, and took ste[)-. with ' Durnn, Iiiforme del Actual Edculo de las Mkione.s de la Alta Cdjorm al rarijo (l( ( Colciiio de S. Fernando de Mexico, Fch" IS.}'/, ^IS. Jl.::.iiill in his letter to Wyllie also n.'ports that 'the missions aro almost cntiifly Lriiioto ruin, and can iiuvci- he hrou^'ht back to their former state,' hut he luuk-s this state of things is well for the country's temporal jirosperity. V/'o / '' \i-"'J' i.'k Colour:., MS., 88. Castafiares, on the contrary, regarded the d. -i ;ifall uf tlio niissii. as as the greatest misfortune of Califoruia. Caslahuixg, ' ■L i>^-> :;i, 40-50. SECULARIZATION. 423 vliat SUCCORS (Iocs not appear, to collect the mission livi -stiK'k that had been lent out to (litlereut individ- ual>.- San Luis Obispo, not one of the restored niis- sinii>, and one that, accordinii^ to Duran's report, had 11,1 |iiopei'ty left, was formally secularized by Miehelto- \vu;\> decree of July 10th. That is, it was formed intd a juu'hlo, with the unoccu[)ied lands in the vicin- ilv as t ,/iilos, the few remaining neoohytes beinj;' made (iitiit ly iive, except that they could not sell their lands, and were to furnish six persons ea(,'h week to aid till' curate. The missionary house was to be the jiai-mia^e, and other buildini^s were to be dedicated til piilillc usL's. Tile ditches were to remain free for the ((imnion use of all; no lot was to be granted witliHiit rel'erence to the governor; and the local ooNtiiiment, for the present, was to be in the hands 111' all assistant justii-e, subject to the municipality of ^IiiiitLiey. I tind no evidence that any inunediate aitinii was taken under this decree, or that any other otahlishment was thus finally secularized this year.^ -M.iy-O, 1844, PP. Meroado and Miiro give Francisco Arco powers of iiti iiiiry to recover this property, of vliicli the largest item is 0,000 sheep, (iwiira hy M. (1. Vallejo. Arrc, J),jr., .MS., 1, .3, "). Aug. liOth, \'. to Aree. Dciiiis having any sheep belonging to tlie missions. The wliole uumlier \\\iS I'lily l.OIII), and thi'y were legally taken l)y him as aid to the govt. /'/. , :{0. Vjctiite ( loniez, Li) Qui' Sain', .M.S., 41'2-"_'7, recites a long story aliout a (juar- X'A that tii')lv place this year at Monterey, on tliis suhject. Benito Dia;: ao- lasid N'aih'jo of having enriched himself Ijy plundering the missions, V. iliinamliil an investigation, and some letters of friars sulistantiatin;; tho ^■ll:^■_'c' were produced. The writer, not very good authority and unfriendly t" \'., represents the matter as having looked dark for the lattei', when it was ia\.sti'i-iously hushed up. Jan. 18th, 1'. Merrado to .Mealdi'. Kef"rt; to aiiui'.Kr that 'vagal)ond.s' lie gatliered and employed in eoMimunitv "ork. >../•< , .l/v7(., M.S., iv. 0. April ll'tii, Id. to Id. '.Vshar[. reimiof formeil- illiii',' v.ith the maragenient of Ind., which belongs exclusivelv to tiie padre. .I.'(., .1/-../-, .MS.,iv. pt ii. 'MS. .Inly l.')th,'gov. to alcalde. The free liil. 01 S. liuenaventura must lie induced to leave the eomnninity lands and n;ttkat Sta JJarliara. J>(i cattle which he liutl lent to the govt iroi:' tlic .S, lUaelsock. l>cj>t. y.'tc, M,S., xiii. 100. i-^H I ' .!fi :i!:ti u 42i MI:>SION.S AND BISHOPRIC— TRADE AND FINANCR, In June tlio bis] lop asked thattlie gardens, oicliarl;, and vin(!yn.rds of the vx-niissiuns be given ui* to tin' ministers, that by tlieir usufVuet tliey might siiii|iuit th(-!insi)lves and th(i ciilfo. He desired "that the s;ii,l ])()ssessi()ns may in all time be respected as a sai-rc I thing, as true ecclesiastical pr()})erty, lH)th in rosjuct of the object for which they are destined, and of ili ■ true ownershii) which in them my churches ou'^hf, i > have, as soon as you order extended to each in paili • ular a title oi' ]»i'oi)rietorship in legal form.'"* In th ■ natural order of things, by the tenor of Spanisli ;ni 1 ]\Icxican law, this projierty or a portion of it woiill eventually revert with the buildings to the cluncli; and, whether a specilic grant was necessary or nut, there was no urgency in the matter, so far as tli.j twelve missions now under control of tlie friars wow. concerui'd, l^)ssibly the bishop's purj)ose was, Imv-- ever, to guard against lutun; deiiiands foi- (he ciglit'i of pi'oducts ]>romised, the vineyanls being the oiily jiroperty that could hr ex[)ecti'd to yield nuich i»i■ 'Mi' date was given tlu^ vineyard knoun as La ^Fayir.' Li August, when ^Nlicheltorena called upnn the junta, or assembly, to provide i-esources with wlii'h to resist an anticipated invasion by the I'nitcd Siali.s, *.liiiic S. 1S14, bishop to gov., asl;ing for mission ganU'ii.s. Ar S. Lui.-i and S. >!iL'!icl for siii'iin't "f w.>r.«liij>, witli .■iirc|itan(i' liy tin' lii.-liop in nanu^ of tlio rhurcli. I'i-", !'■'•■'■, Ms., ii. l!t- •_'."); S(Ui-aineiitu, Si>aii. Arch., MS., p. 11-10; JJi/it. Si. i'''j'; MS., vi. 147-8. SKMIXAJIY AT SANTA IN::S. 423 ••('lli'lMl lin) lii- ,1 ;i!,l • rjic III ■•■, 111 ■;!'.• Ill till' wllirll s i:ili>, h. A. ■■■>>>., Si. 1' 7'-' a ciiininlttee consistiiiu;' of David Spouce, Pio Pico, a;iil Xarciso Botcllo indicated the mission estates as t!n' 'Uily public pr()[)erty in the department on which fuiids might be raised ibr the country's det'ence. This irjMirt, a[tpr(ived 1)y the assembly on the 24th, author- i/A'.l tlio government to sell, hypothecate, or rent the i!ii>'i(in estates ami lands, and after jtaying all debts aiiil collecting all dues, to use the sur[)lus })roceeds to ]i;iy war exj)enses. Santa Ikirbara as the site of tho t|ii.-(npal palace, and Santa Lies as that of a college, Mill' e\ce[)ted; and still others might be reserved for iialiiui.'il tillage to afford subsistence to tho troops. This disposition was to be made of the estates at such a time and in such a manner as might sei-m best, un- (\rv :\ icglamento M'hich should pi'ovide Ibr a pi\)})er tii-ii iliUtion of the movable property and lands to v.liiili the m;o[)hytes were entitled, and also Ibr tho support ol' the curates. In other words, the governor \v;i> authorized to com})lete the secularization of die i:ii»ii>iis and to use national ])ro[)erty remaining lor pinpoxjs of national defence. Tho measure was a Ic^iiiin.ite one; but the alarm of war ])rovcd I'alse; ami Miclieltorena never had occasion to ])ublish the ill c;( (', or use the power conferred on him." Bislioj) Garcia Diego had resolved on tho establish- iric;i1 (pfan ecclesiastical seminaiy at Santa Ines, and ly I, IS authority padres Sanchez and Jimeno had ap- ]||ii 'i to the governor for a grant of land in sup])(jrt ;icli an institution. The grant tor six leagues was i>>U'' I oil !March IDth, and more was given subsc- tjiuiilly.' Early in May tlu.' bisho[) with his attend- •^Aii.'. "JO -i, 1S(4, artion of the asscmlily autliiiri/iii'4 suli' of tlic iiiis.si.in estai.s. /,,';,. y,',,-.,.MS., iv. 'JO, 'J.VT; ('/'•-/•,■/, J)„r.. MS.', KUl; //,i>/,.^. L,;i:l .'.'>'. N. /'V./r,, Ms,, i., no. 4,"i, ]). lU.VT; Unrtimiu'^ llriri' in Mi.--. < V/.v, >-, 1.')- I'i; ,/. „. i' /,', yior/, no. 'Ji'; ll(>i}'iiuiim\-> Opiiiinit.^, ;?.^. Wlictlwr the !is.scnil)iy cuiil'l r ,::fi.T siir h ;i jiDwiT, or wlK'thtir ^ii^ln■lto^(■n:l dM iint have llic p.avor witlmur iiiiisiilti'iL,' tho nssiiiiMy, art! (]nrsliuii3 that need not 1)U (lisLii!liop on Ma.v ■Jlii. -iai:: aiiuiUo, i)}iait. Arch., MS., vii. l-'J. Sfpt. 'JOth, two more sitius k I fit ■•i*il-\\ [I V* 420 MISSIONS AND BISIIOrRIC-TRADE AND FINANCE. m P ants started iiortliward, and at Santa Tiit's lie I'imukI tliu ^mnt, t(\L,'('tlu;r with a connniinication IVoin Mi- (.■lu'ltort'na to tlio filect that he had assii^ncd i^jiiii in jMoncy \H'Y year for the .seminarv, on con(Hti()n that into it should be athnittod every Cali torn ian in sisuvh ol'a hiL;hi'r education.'* It was on May 4th, at 7 a. m,, the founders assendded in the nnssion chiu'ch: ainl after a pontifical mass in honor of our lady of lul'iinv, and a discourse from J)isho[) Francisco, the constitu- tion which was to L^'vcrn the institution was ivud, and the seminary declared to he iti c.^sc ai-eordinn- to the ]>r(»visions of the council of Trent, beini^* eiiiiilr.l to all the honors and ])rivile!jfes coi'res[)ondiii'4 In a diocesan seminary. Tin- ei)isco|ial henedictioii wa.-, ])ronounce(l on the assemhled peojtle; and the louiid- ers, to<.;fether with tlu; live cu/(yi"fcs wlio wrti: to ])ursue their studies liere, si<.^ned their names to ;i record (tf th(' proceedinjjfs left in the nnssion hooks.' Fi'om Santa lues the l»isho[) continued his joiuiuy northward, visitin^,^ this j)art (jf liis diocese for the first lime in an otlicial caj>acity, aflordin^;' in;u!v all the peojile their first view of ('[)iscopal rohes am! llirir lii'st kiss of the episcopal rini;", and administfiin,; tliu rite of conlirmation to all the faithful, llis joiinny /.rniiitcil, ami juccpted 1>y V. (icuzalez. Juno 4, 1S4(1. /'/., vii. "J 4. Apiil ISl.'i, jiifiilic'iil iiDsscssion j,'ivi'ii of the Liliil-i, on wliicli ncoasioii it \'.,l> |i1ii;i- iru-cl tliat iliiriiiL; tlKM'xi.stcm-i'of tlic i'()llfL;>Miiie mass ca<'li yiMPshouliI l.c:,.iiil for thi' soul of Nicolas iK'ii, the alcalde who ;,'avc^ ]it ii. 'M-~. " SUi /iir". Lib. Minion, ]MS., 'JS-D. Alsoan original reeoril in Stini'ii , /'■■(•., MS., ii. ,"i7 S. The names were tlio.se of l>i-ho[)tiariia l)ie,L'oy Moien ■; I I^slv retary, Fr. Jose M. de J. (Jonzalez; Suli-deaeons I>oroteo .Vndiris and tiirva- sio N'aldes, scholars inu\/f(ini/iiurn of tiiu Msliop; 1'. Jose Joai|uiii .iiiinuo, rector; i\ Fiancisco de ,1. Sanchez, vice-rector; I'l'. .luan ,^^oreno a:i 1 .\:ito- nio .TimeiK); i'reshytero Jos(5 M. IJomez; and the 5 eolei,'iales, .lo.^'' dc Ins Sant(js Avila, Alejo iSalmou, Agapito Cabrera, Ramon (ioiiadez, and llio^'u Villa. ( 'i,/ii/iu Scw'niario df Maria SaiiH.ihnn de Oiiadaliipr de Santa Iii> -■ ''> Cri/i- foniidK — Ci'iintihicioiic-'i que jiam 1 1 urriijlo y (johicnio dil . . . hizi) .-nt / < ■' '''Wi 1 1 /l"*"Sr hou Fr. Franciiico Oarcia JUnjo n Mor< no, di'iuiMmo Vli'-/'"'!'' '«'« d'idr<'tioii hy the uoMiMior and citi/eiis is said to have heeii hardly less iiitliusiastic than at Santa ii;irhara, and his pn-scnce iiiijiaitvd unusual sfilcndor to the lestivitics and |)ro- ccssions of corpus ehristi; hut the general spii-it of the airihenos was not so cordial as to swerve the ven- Lialdt' old man from his pur|)ose to reside; in the sunny suiitli. After havinij attcndod to the routine duties nfliis |iastoral tour, visiting' his old mission of ("xinta ^ lai'a, and extendin*^ his journey to San Francisco, lir returned to Santa JJarbara probably at the end of lulv M It is needless to say that thebishoji did not succeed tlii^ yiar any better than l)cfore in jjfettint^ from the Mr\i(iin ijfovernment any jiart of his salary, or of the I'i'Mis fund revenues, which ought to have been spent in ' ';''ifornia if not })aid over to Garcia Diego.'' Vet iiili;i' ices were being brought to bear in Mexico Ky ( a.taiiares and others which were destined to result the next year in a favorable decree, if iiotiiian aclual .-'luring of funds.^''' ■May 1!), l.Sl4,lpiHli()p atS. Antonio. Lih. MU:n„, MS.,'2(i. M;iy I lt!i, Miiiitrny ii\nnt.. on i:n itation of I'. Ivcd, \c)t('n to |)uy t'Xiuiisi'ri of illiinii!i.a- lii'.iof tliu town for ;t W< ' li 4-28 MISSIONS AND BISHOrRIC— TRADE AND FINANCK. By a decree of September 2r5, 1843, the ^Iixican o'overiHiient had prohibited retail trade b}' foreii^mrs thr(»u;j,hout the repubhc. In January 1844, the i^nv- ernnient of the United States, through ]\Iiiiister Tlioni|)son, protested against this action as "an Dpen infraction of the treaty between the two countiifs.' Bocanegra would not accept this view of the case; hut it is not necessary to go into the merits of tlie aru'u- nient, because no atteinjit was made to enfon-c the decree in California. Yet American traders in tliis country were advised through Consul Larkin to pre- pare certified inventories of the goods which liny might be prevented from selling at retail, with a virw to later claims for satisfaction.'" The governor not only did not interfere with I'n- eigners engaged in retail trade, but he went furtlicr in his disregard of Mexican revenue laws, proliibiiiiij,- by an oi'der of July oOth the introduction of fut i^ii goods I'rom ^lexican })orts — except of course. a>; is rather awkwardly exj^ressod in the decree, on .•■ m- dition of iiavinii' the full duties exacted on such lihimIs wht'U brought I'rom foreign ])orts. For a few \>i is })ast ]\rexican and other vessels lind been brinuiii.: thcso goods I'rom San Bias and Mazatlan, as 'naliunal i/A'd" goods, and underselling thi> ]^oston ships, 'flu' tlieoiy was that they could not have done this iltlh' legal duties had been paid upon introduction et' the eil'Lcts into ]Mi'xico. 'Hie I'eduction of prices in ("ali- ornia was not the evil sought to be avoided, but tliiiv' was danger that the Boston merchants, if t'xpos.il t > such a rivalry, practically one with smugglers, w uihl aln.ndon the lii'ld, greatly to the (K^triment of tin' dc- jiai'tmental revenues. Thus Miclu'ltoreiia's iiir:i>iirc was one <»f self-ilefeiiee, just iiied by the circunistain'i's. and peihaps not beyond the scc.pe of his 'extniouli- nary powers,' I lind no record of any attciii|it to '■'(^lnvsll. lift 'I'll Tlidnipsnii iiiid IJocanrtrra. I'. S. (ii)iV/)i>c, -Stli ivng. 1st sc.-.s.. Sen. ji.ii-. .".!»0, p. l(J-'_'(), vol. vi. .Miirch 1st. U. S. niin. to Larkui, in l.>iAhi'/< Dor., MS., ii. m. DocrcL' of Sept. :;:{, lti43, in Dq'f. St. l\'}>., iti'H., MS., i. 48, ^^>.t THE WHALERS. 429 of ill ( 'ali- It tl lrl\' 11 1-^1 • It. lll> .lo- lU'!'. >.ni'i' -;l;iliri">, tfii^nli- llll t to irk'ii, /■■v., ovailt^ ronipliance with the order before the end of tin war. There was, however, a period of six months ;k'(oi(Km1 to new-coiijcrs iL>*iiorant of the deerec heioro \t< juiialties of coni^scatiou were to be enfore(>d.'* Aiiotlier measure that hatl been devised for tlio jin'tiction of the Boston traders as revenue payei's wib th(^ jiroliibition of trade by whalers. Sueli trade ill it-tli'. if legitimat'jly carried on, had been reLjarded as ln'iielic'ial to the farmers of the country, en ibUn-^ tlir!ii to e vL'lianj^'o } nnhiee not (ttherwise salable for odnils in small y the L'nv. to till- junta Aug 'JOtli, o'/c m, J)(,r., MS., S-D; and to aUaMts, ctr., Si'pt. (ith. h./.l. St. I''ij>., Mont.. MS., iv. 70; /'(' -'o, Doe., MS., ii. !i;{. iio- ]>'Uitcl liy Liikiu to U. S. SCO. state, v.-iili iDUiini'iits ii:i tin,' imlt'iifiicluiii'o ot CahMiniau ollioials, .anil on the lii'iiilits liUily to risult to Aiui'iiiuii trailers it tins eiiler couUl l)e euforeed. L. .seems not to attaeli inueli iin|iortanre to t!io alliL'itl sinu}.'i;ling wliieli pive rise to tlie onlei-, liiit iniiilies tliat the gov- iriiiir'-; pui-poso was siniply to have the ilulie.s ]>aiil in t"ul. rather tlian in other |«rt.s rl the ropuhlie. Larkin'K OjF. Corn--].., MS,, ii. 10 TJ. It will Ik; ri'iat mill red that Micheltoreniv had in 1843 annouiiceil Ills iiituntioa to i.ssuu such a re.,'ulation. (.'hap. xv. of this vol. '•'0,t, l!( ('J ?), 1844, M.'s order jiennitting whalers to sell goods under eer- tiii> ii s'rietions; with instructions reiiuiring renewed vigilanee on the part of r.veiiue iitlicers. Pinto, A-c, MS., ii. !)1-'J; J>t. .SV. I'lip., II, n. Cnl.-ll., M>.. \i. |1.">0-1]; LarkiH.fJ>oi:, MS., ii. 'J4-2,'J7S; /ii';iit, •1 '•(•'(., MS., ;{07. Feb. 14th, petition of Angeles ayunt. for the repe.il. l>ij,t. «. r(i^.,M8., xviii. 31-2. \..^] "^i ^- 4|1}^5r I t{ij:| l!' 'V'!'TWf''ffl; 430 MISSIONS AND BISHOPRIC -TRADE AND FINANCE. other craft showocl a decided inclination to anchor at SauzaHto rather than at Yerba Buena. The reasons all(\<^ed were the greater conveniences at Whalers 1 lar- bor I'or t)btaining wood and water ; but the chief im »1 i\ ^ was a desire to be free from all legal restraints. AV'ill- iam A. Richardson, captain of the port, resided at Sauzalito; but ho does not seem to have been ovt.;r- burdened with a sense of responsibility as a Mexican official, and in the minor controversies of frequent oc- currence was found, so far as he troubled himself about the matter at all, on the side of the whalers.^'' Each vessel bringing a cargo for sale seems to haxo been required to pay $000 in addition to her duties, a sum devoted theoretically to the building of a pier; but respecting the collection and use of this fund the records arc too meagre to be of any use; neither is there anything requiring special notice in the ivgula- tions issued from time to time on detailed methods of enf(jrcing the revenue laws.^^ Consul Larkin in his letters ot this year to the secretary of state, -bthu C. Callioun, gave a very complete general account of Caiifornian commerce, thouijh embodvinLT no points with which the reader is not already familiar; and tliu same may be said of Hartnell's n^port to Wyllie from an English point of view.^^ "Corresp. of the receptor, Benito Diaz, 1844, in Pinto, Doc., MS., i. '27-- 84; ii . 97 103. The small boats, or Iight»rs, employed on tJie coast, Imt chictly in S. F. Bay, were this year rc(|uir('il tn ulitaiu patents, or licenses, fnnii tlie govt. It (Iocs not clearly appear wiietlier vessels were forced to employ these I'ciiistered lighters rather than their own boat.s. Id., i. -71--; Dtt'f- ■''V. I'm'., MS., xx. ;?7-r>l; A7. Uni., iii. r>:i. '"■(an 1, 1844, reference to the exaction of the §000. Dept. SI. hip., MS., vi. 1.13. Feb. '22d, gov. called upim to remedy diflicnlties caiisi.l liy failure to follow Mexican regulations, and to fix sjmo method of dettiiiiiniiii,' the value of cargoes. Id., Uvn., iii. ,")4-7. Feb. '23d. reglamento in !» nr tides for the receptores, in /(/., J^di. Cii.tf.-H , viii. 13; I'inlo, Dor., MS, ii. 4()-S. I^Iarch 7th, rules for S, Francisco. Id., ii. ."jS-O; Dr/it. St. Pop-, /'''«•. MS,, iii. ,-):{-4; Id., lien, t'».■<^-//., viii. 3-5. June '28th, Hartnell's r.'gulatiims fcrcel.'uloies. Doe. 1114. C(d., iMS.,i.4()4. .Tuly '20th, a 'reglamento'lfeela- dores," probably the aa.ne, issued, Los vlw'/'/A.i, Aijitnt., ^1S., o. ()■ t. '-'ili rules to govern vessels auil merchants, lOarticles. Pinto, Doc, MS., ii. .S'< IW. "•April l(i, Sept. 10, Dec. 9, 1844. Jan. 1, kS4.">, L. to Callimm. Lar- /•;»'> O//". Co)-re.y>., MS., ii. 3-4, 10, 13-14, Ki-lS; llartneWa En, with two celadores and two boatmen. Diaz was a uiiiri' energetic man than his predecessor, and a kind 0, iinniercial awakening was observable at the future iiuti'npolis in the enforcement, real or pretended, of the revenue laws, A beginning was made on a small luiiMiiig to servo as a kind of branch custom-house, the luhorers being Indians from San Jose and Sono- ma, and the material being taken from ruins at the mission and presidio. There was even a projiosition tn dig a well near the beach, that vessels might have less excuse for going to Sauzalito. Progress on these iiuprovements was not rapid, because the receii)ts from all siiurces were not enough to pay salaries, and com- plaints were several times made that the laborers wenld (|uit work if the government, instead of send- iii!4 funds, insisted on certain tonnage receipts being bend to Monterey.-" In May Micheltorena declared the roadstead of Santa l>arbara open to the coasting trade, though the cxait ditference between its subsetjuent and former status is not apparent. Jose de la Guerra accijpted ''''The ccladorca, two of them serving at S. F., were Fr.anoisoo Rico, Raftael Estr.i.li, Hiif;ini() Maehailo, Joariuin de la Tdrro, .laointit l{i)ilriL,'uc/, and 11 it.n I I'iiitu, Toinas Soberaues succocdiMl ,)()«('• Alvarez as clerk in An^'ti.sl. TIkii' uiiv 4 or 5 boatmen. The captaiu of the port, Lieut Narvaez, at Moiitt'K V, was not a customs otllcer. •'Mail. '2'2i\, reecptoria ordered. Feb. \'2th, Diaz succeeds OnernTo. Drpf. •*^'. P'lj .. Jim., MS.,iii. 48; A/., Cit.if.-//., viii. '2. The well proposed, to cost ?()0 or sso, a spot having been selected in Feb. /(/., viii. S. Oct. I'd, action on tlir matter soon to he taken! Phito, Jhc, MS., ii, ll'j. The new biiildinir. Tnnililcsto j;ct material and to pay workmen. Likely ti> fall to j icccs in ^ov. LI., i. 'J7.'5-4, '288; ii. 4»--)0; Prpt. /.V,-., MS., xiii. f)4A Si'; J> ;-/. .s7. /''(/!., I!., lien. Vust.-JI., Ms*., vln. [182-3J. y>!W,>i»*P>«H< ',if H ^ '■ t"..! 432 MISSIONS AND BISHOPRIC— TRADE AND FINANCE. iaii If iiiil^ i '' the position of receptor, naming citizens to act a;' celadores as their services were needed. Los AiiLi'i'les, hearing of this lienor to Santa Barbara, wantod a like one f)r San Pedro; but of San Diego's old aspirations in this direction \vc hear nothing in these Vfars.-' Jose Abrego remained throughout the year in cliuiyo of the departmental finances, being termed tivasurcr instead of comisario, in accordance with the govei-iioi's hiUhlo c'conoinico of January. The total rccci])t^ ;it the custom-house for 1844 were $75,025, of wliic'i sum 610,421) paid the expenses of collection; S2;,7(i7 were turned over to the treasurer for the civil lis'.; while $40,489 were paid to the general for the sup- port of his army. The revenues, altht)ugh fil'ty \kv cent larger than those of the preceding year, were still but little more than half the sum rerpiired for cmient expenses after their reduction to an economical hasis by ^Micheltorena and the junta. I append a li.'W financial statistics.'^^* The maiitime list of 1844, as given in a note, run- tains fifty-three vessels.^^ The record is not neaily '' May 1 1th, M. declares Sta IVuliara open to ' coincrcio de escala y calio- tage.' diii'i-rn, J)oi\, MS., iv. 190; lhi>t. hW., MS., xiii. 8-l-.">; Ihj,/. Sf'. /''p., Jii'ii., MS., iii. SI. (Uicrra appdiiitcd, ami aucepta oil Jiiiii! 1st. A/., iii. .'>); Id.. Ben. I'll f. -11., viii. l-'J. Exjioiisca of the ollico: ivceptor, §711-; (.'lor!;, ^ISO; seal. §.")0; stationery, SI-. J>oc. lii.'it. Cal., MS., iv. IKiO. CnlltititiM for llr.st half of year, i?.")l!). J)i ji'. St. I'ap., Ben. Com. and Tirus., MS,, v. U. Juiiu (Itli, A!i'.rcli'.s waiit.s S. Tcho oncncd. J>i]i/. iSf. P(i}i., MS., xviii. ."7. '•'-Total revoiiiK's, S7'>, (>-•">, wiih (listiil)Utioii na in my text. CiistniiilnHist; rccijni^iii I'inio, Dor., MS., ii. 111. Total, acuordiiiL; to Lurl;iii'!<()f. t'orn.^ji., Ms., ii. ;{7, 110, ?7S,7;f'.t, of which Anierioau vessd.-i paid S'lO.Ii-O; Mexican, ^r),l!)-4; and ollieis, ,Si;!,7.'«). Rcreipta to April 'JOLli, S.".S,nOI). I'ieo, Jin:, MS., i. S,'). Animal expeii.ses reduced from .SI71,7I1 to §!!!_', ;US; of wliicli sum uhout $1 1;{,(M)0 was assi;;ned to military expeu.seti. and waa to he redi.tvil to ahout $100,000 hy a system of half-pay. Mh-lwltur'nia, lltindo Einn. Amounts paid out hy M.: hatallon, Sl!),-l;{0; presidial companies. ti'.MJiS; artillery, $:{,1)14; old dehta, Si',30-_>. D<'pi. St. nap., MS., xii. 7. Unc M. jiuraonally Dee. Hist, §7,')-l, on salary account. /(/., xii. (J. I'ay-roll fur un- attached ofliecra, pensioners, etc., .^r.'.OlO. Id., Urn. Mil., Ixxxvi. '1 'i. S'line useless statistics in Mi\i\, Mvm. Hacienda, IJitO. '■'^ See also list nt end of cha]). xxiii., this vol. Vessels of 1S41: .Id.nit- tance, Ah xandrovich, Amjelina, BarnMuJilr, Bcnj. Movjan, BoHrar, lirn'hen, Carj'ornin, Ciilalinn, Cha.t W. Mur-jnn, Cliirita, Constantini', J)i l/iliri'', Jion Qui rote, Enijle, Lunicralda, lama, (!(">. Ifrnrii, Grorijia, (I'lindahipr, lli'mua, Jlo'jue, JoHcJia, J(h'(n (luipuzroana, ,/iia:i ./osr, Jwniila, Julia Ann, Jiiw', LajnuKjc, houdrcua, Levant, Lion, Menkar, Modeste, Monmouth, M( na \V, A'aiUucht, Xeicton, Onjaca, Primavera, Uosalia, liussell, Sacrantenfo, San LIST OF VESSELS. 4.'33 ^;,» (oinj>lcto as that <»f the jiivccdliig and of most dtht-r years in rcsjioct of details concerning' particular Vessels; but it n)ay l)o regarded as containing' ajiprox- iinately all the names. Of the whole nundter, tif- tirii. more than usual, were whalers; eight were >iiiall ciai't or lighters, which had to he registered this year, though most of them had hocn used on the (nast le)r some years; five were men-of-war or national vrssels; four were traders which had wintei'ed on the cnast; while fifteen, composing the trading lleet |ir(i|Mi' of the year, may bo supposed to have brought now cai'goes, and to have contributed to the country's KVcinu — though in this last-mentioned matter there ;iio no records for the separate vessels. The two liMstuii slii[)s Sterllnrj and VandaVm doubtless |)aid a V. IV large part of the $75,000 which made up the vtar's revenue. r,-(incUquiii.i, f^nrnh, Savannah, Slcrlinrj, Tn-^no (?), Trhiidacf, Vandatia, \i''ii-riii, H';;)''. *n''/c, Ynlm. Ill the .9. F. ('nil. Jan. '-M, l.SS'2, from tlie Xciqwl (II. /.) M^rna-iu is a i:;iiiti'. (.'o'V'.s'yi , MS., ii. IS, 110. Hartnell, in liis report 1 1 V\ yilic, states lliat from 1S:!!> to April 1S41 tliere had enteivd 07 vessels ia :.;!. ,'il liiiii',' American and 19 Mexican. L'ngl. Coloniz.., MS., S."* Uisi. Cal., Vol. IV. 28 1 ^ fi H ? i ,'5.1 5 ^ '■ H ' I ' ; ' i ' CHAPTER XIX. IMMIGRATION AND FOREIGN RELATIONS. 1844. Jons C. FuEMoNT — His Eaklv Life— Fiu.'st Exi'kdition, 1S42-3— T'lrot;?— Si.i(isi> Trip, 1S43-4— Tiik Ovkhlani> Lmmiouant RoriK x'l (ti:ii,n\_ FUdM OliKCdN Tl) ('AMK)IIMA--AcI!OSS IIIK Sif.UUA IIV A Xr.W KnlTF— RiiTiKN East— Fkkmost's JJodk — Map — VAi.rK oi" Fkkmont's Sir- VKV — I'liK.II I>1( K ol- I'ldNKKU-i — KkI.SEY CuMl'ANV OK I MM IChAST'^- lS' A M KS - -TuE ]>ALK AiFAiK— Stevens' Cdmi-any— List— The Fii:>t AVaciiNS — I>V THE TuiCKEE Kol'TE — FoUEUl.V liEEATlKNS-Sl TTKI;< xNeiaii;s — Annkxaiiiin Sciiemks— U. S. CoNsn.ATE Knui i^ii Cilo- NI/.ATION — W'VLEIK ASK J 1 A ETNEEE— HlDSdN "s Hw (.'lIMPANV^ Wdulj'i Wan UEUiN(i Sketches— ALPiiAiiETicAi, List ok TidNEKKs. The innuijirant partios of 1844, like those of tlio prcCL'diiijj^ ycai', weio two in nuinhcr; and, as in ls4o also, one came tVoni Oregon, while the other t'i'(»-('(l the Sierra by a nioi'e direct route to Calilornia. I)0- i'ore either of these parties, however, there arrixi'd ;iii exploring expedition, leaving also a few setllns, ti which the atteiilinn of the reader is first called. In a t-ertain siMise this may he i-egardcMl a*-- the> third evpl"- ration of California hv the United States y-oviTiiiin nt ; since Walker in 18:53 had acted luuler or djsulirvcil ollieial orders from Cai)tain I>onneville — that is. In in-' ordered to explore the Salt l^ake, he had cstahlisiiril his winter (piarters at ]\[onterey; and Wilkes, cnmiii^' hy sea and land, had made an otHcial survey ef the Sacramento in 1841. John Charles Fremont, a man whoso name will 'h' prominent in latei' Californian annals, was a native d Savannah, Georgia, where he was born in 18I-1, ln^ JOIIX r. FUtMOXT. 435 f;i;^( ]• iK'iiii;' a Frciu-liniaii of some talfiit wlio liad !ii;ii liid a Virf^iiiihn lady of j^ootl family and some jir'ii)i'j'ty. He spent the lii'st twenty years of his liib ;)t ( 'harleston, South Cai'olina, wliere lie was ex])elled iVi'iii (■o!le-:i'e, and the Carolinas; and in 1 8;'.8-9, ae('omj)anied M. Nicollet in two exjJorinL? expeditions to the ii|>[»er Mi--issi]ipi rejjfion, being ajjpointed in 1838 second liciilciiaiit in the corps of topoiiraphical eniji'ineers. Ill l>ll lie had married a dauL;ht<'r tif Thomas H, I'.riiton, which has hccn regarded with much reason a- the most hrilliant achievement of his life. The importance of extending an accurate survey ii\< r the regions of the great \vest, geographically l;!io\vn oidy l>y the vague re[)orts of trappei's ami emi- I'laiits, was of course understood in Washington; and l''i\'inont, fidl of energy and and)ition. seeing in this wmk ;i sj)lendid Held for congenial, adventuiMUs, and liMiniahle em[>lovment, had easily ohtained, through ill'' iiilhience of his father-in-law, a conunission from till (liief of his corps to undertake the work. For tlii-^ service h(> was in every res|)ect well (jualiHed l>y iiiitural temj)crament, education, and e\|>erieiice. I'V(''iiiont's Hrst expedition was made in IS-I'J; mil ;i> ill it he neitluT reached (Vdifoi'nia nor e\ploi-e I ■Miy part of any new route leading to ('alifornia :t iiiav 111- disposed of very hrieilv here, 'fhe comi»anv, iiii>isting of twenty-two FreiH'h Canadian r<)iiu,L;ii a part of Uw trip was made by boat on the waters of the I'latte. reaehinn' th(> Missouri on the last day of September. There had been no I'emai'kable advi-ntures or discov- c'ries; but the l>arty had nuide a series of accurate nh- sei'vations on a portion of the overland I'oute, whicIi <'ould now be cori'ectly mappi'd and described. Fie- mont's report was dated ^larch 1, 184;^; and it w.is l»u!)lis]ied before the end of the year b}' order of tin; senate.' In less than three months afi ^r the rendering!: ef Ids first I'ejxtrt, Fi'emont was on the banks of tin' !Missouri with a company similar to that of tin piv- c(;din<'' year, readv to start on a second ti'in. The dli- ject was to continue his exploration of the Oi-enun emie-rant route, from the South Pass westward, until lie could comiect the former survey with tliat niiiilo hy Wilkes on the Columl)ia, and thus complete the transcontinental line. The details of tlie trip ;iiv therefore as unim[)ortant f<»r my jiresent ])urpiise;is were those of ] 842. The company starte(l June "Jiitli, and a few days later came in contat't with the ('liiKs }tarty, with whose journey the reader is ah'eady l';i- miliai'. The route was somewhat farther south I'laii that of 184:1, being up the lle[)ublican fork, and smiili I'trk of th(.^ Platte, oli'the eniiL!:rant road, and <>-enei;illv through regions not before ex[)lored except by (imii- peis. A })art of the men under Fremont went fioni .St Vrain's fort down to the Arkansas and back, tliiino j.roeeeding across the mountains to the Sweetwalii'. Tliev were at South Pass August liUh, and re; li-lic ' Fn iii'Oil'.-i lirport of mi exphiral'ton of the rouiilrii hi'mij hilumi the J/'*- uniiri lirrr mid Ike ItiK'kif Mnimtitinx mi l/ic lliir of the Kinh-ii ilic way I'lviiiMiit li.itl tiifiiid aside with a I'cw iiifii t(» iiiaivf a li\c «lavs' siii'\i'V nt'CJi'i'at Salt J^akt', on the wato's nt" which ln^ iiiadf a l)ntit-vi>ya<,'c. From Fort Hall ihry lo^k th.; usual I'Diite down the Snake .Rivcr, ifarhiic^' l-'oit j5ui>o ( )ct(»lifr 8th, and tlic Dalles the 4th (»rXnveiii- lii". This completed the line of overland sMi'\'ey \,y idUiicctinL;' it with that of Wilkes; hut l*'rt'nio!il niado 11 lMi;it-trip down to Foi't \'ancoii\-er mid hack, hii'ni'e |ii"jKiiin'4" I'of his homeward journey -whidi ltrin'_;s u> to that jiart of his e\|iedition which lias a [Ucjier |il;irc ill the annals of ( alil'oi'uia. (Ml the Llath of Xoveiiihei', l.'^-!:'., t he com[iany i 'f t\v(!ity-ti\e men started from the Dalles.'- Fremont's luiiulioii was to oxploi'O the TIamath, oi' Klamath, lih, , thilK'U to go south-east "to a I'eported lak-' cillid ^Jary's, at some days' joui'ney in the great hi-iu; and thence still on south-east to tiie reputed lluriiaventura Kiver, . . . llowin'>- IVoin the jlockv ^hiinitains to the hay of San i-'rancisco;"' then til tlie head waters of tlu; Arkansas, to JJent's foi't, ;i!i'! lionie — there iK.'ing no intention of ci-ossing the si.)i';i into the ( alilornian valleys at all. {"'ollowing U[i the l'\all Jiiver, they reached Jvlamath marsh, mis- taken tor the lake oi' that name, on Decend»el' lin'i; (li-;i>vci'ed and named in succes.sion Summer, Ahert, iiiid ( 'hristmas lakes; and, always in sean-h of ^Fary hake. ()!• the sink of the Humholdt, thev reached and ii.nijcd IVramid Lake on January 10, 1S44, it^ >al- iimu-tiout sup[)lying a weh-ome feast. For onr day. ■T!n' aullior says tliorc were '2'>: Imt I r.;iim. ti) lio (rast'irfniiii the ;iO of tlu' I'ollowiiii; list: Akxis Ayi>t, Ki'.iin; ■!?( llii'liMii, OliviiT lituulii'ii, I ajitiste I'.cniitr. .loliii (I. ('aiiii>lic'll. l\ir *':;!■■ h 1 1, M.iiuirl Chapiiian, ItaiisDiii Clark, I'liililu'it Cor.rti'aii. Mi-hf! t'i'lis, ll;iliti.sti' |)i'ri)siiT, .iaool) ])oilsiiii. 'I'lios [•"it/pitiiili, .ImIui ( '. I'rriii.nit, A!i'\i.-i '"Niiv, l.onis Mi'iianl, Louis Montimil, Sam. Xi'il, i'raiicnis rcia, .loiu's l;'«i:'. Itaiihaol IVaulc, Chai-K-s I'rcuss. llaptistf Talicaii. Tiiro.lciv 'liill. .t. *-!la:l'^s Tajilin, rliarlcs 'I'owiis. .To.-cj.h Wrrot, Ti'iy Wiiglit, Louis Ziaoil, iiM'! ii diJuuiiU lioy. 'ilic (loulitful uaun's must In: soUL;lit anion;.' tlir follou ii'u': ;\y'f. t laijj, ('(,ai-tpaii, Ciilis, Mviianl, .M intivuil, iVra, I'ow.-r. Wiiglit. .".ul /iii'li', v\ lioaii' not nanicil in the Calilornian [lortioii of the narrative, au4 are li'jl kiiuwii iu Cal. recurild. • -i'i ■■ ''is- 4:]s IMMIil.UATlOX ANIt roUDIcV liKI.ATIOXS. m .IllllliafV Kltll, lIlcV rn!l()\Vr/l ll|i tlir SullllOll Tlwllf. IH'W Tnickfc, to its hciid, air I tlicii kept, uii .s(tiitliu;iii| ill ijUcst t)t" tlio iiiythical San l>utiiav»'iit,in'a. It \s;i> I'll ilir ISth, (»ii what is now tlif ('ai-soii Kivcr, that 1' Vi'iiitdit its«tl\i'(| l(» croNs the Siciia into tin; Sacra- iiKiito X'alley, the cdnditidn oi" his animals' I'cct nut V, arraiitinL;" an attt'ni|»l to cioss thr ('((initj'y castuaid. Sii.'kin^' a pass, hnt I'wv hiath to cnttr- thi' I'uil.id- diiiL,' snows, tlic I'Xplonrs krpt on southwa'-d I'ai' u\> the castci'n liiaiich of" what is now Walker ltl\ci-, mai'lv to the rt^'ioii of the modi rn IJochc; and tlun, turniiii;' to the noi'tli-w fst, and ht'ini^" t'oi'ced to ahaiidoii oil the way a hi-ass howit/ei- wliieh they liad lir|toscd to \h' the 'I'i'llrkee. I^'roiii the Jd b> the end of l'\lirnai'y the t ravellers st r'U^u'led d( •>jiii- utely over the mountains and tht'on^'h the deep sndus, I't'einont and I'reuss m'ttiiiLj a vi(!W of the Moimtaiii i.akt', since ealled Tahoe, on tlie 1-tth. Th la:- eori'csjKnidin^' somewhat with thi' (,'aison Cahoii .nul .lolmson i*as> ot' kiter- maps, was fai'ther north than those hv which Vv'alker in Is;),"! and Hai'tlesuu in 1.^41 liad crossed aiK I tl le s(;ason was mori" uiilaMir aoie that this was really the most [K'rih )US C|n»- iii'-' of the sierra that luid vet heeii etlected. i''■'> tiUt of 07 horses and mules wi're lost or killed for fend. Six days' march down the south hranch of the Amer- ican J liver hroUL^ht Fivmont and part of his im u l> Sutter's Fort, w hei'e all arrived the ,sih of Mai An impetus was given to the active 1»v <»tn' arrival, as we were in want o littli '•II. lolllllil- poj tioii oy otu" arrival, as we wer(.' in want of everytluiiu'. •• According to Liiiiccy, Criiifc of l/ic ' Dair,' 4!>, ami ii writer in tln' //"''- jii ihh ii<-i- Jiii/it Iii(li/x iiihiif, Oi:t. :<, 1S7(), till! ^'iin was tomul in iati r vi.irs f-uiiiL'W lifix; lictwecn Aurora iiinl (li'iioa. I-,;ouiy iittcinpts to tell wliciu. iuit tails toiniiiii; liis nioanii .k Tlicrc liatl licm sonic troulilc itt Wnsliin.;'" t tlic taldiiL' of tiii.s liowitzcr from tlic uisciial at St Louis; ami an in'iur aiiou was sent to countciiiiai I tl IC CXIHllltlOll dur wiiicli fell into tiic Ijamls of Mrs I'lcniont. who slii-cwdly failcil to forwaiil it. /iiiilon'.t Th'n-'i ) "H>, 11., ciial). i;i4: U. .i'. Uuvt Do jiig, 1st I Sen. D uc, 11., no. FULMONT IN CALIFOUXIA. •i:,!) \\ litis l''ri'ini)iit. In (cilU't '"Miilt's, hnfscs, and cattle wrw^ to ted; tliL' Imrse-iuill was at woik day and ni^lit \,< make sutHcieiit Hour; tlio Idaeksmitli-slioj) was [»iit ill iv(|iiisiti«»ii t'(»r li())'scsl IOC'S and l)i'idli'-l»its; and jMck-siddles, rojKis, and liridles, and all the otlu r littK' I i|iii|inH'nts of the t'ain|), wci'e a_L;ain to he [)i'ovided. iJic delay thus occasioned was one of repose and en- iiivinent wliicli our situation r<'(|iiired. and anxious a.- \\r 'il'i were to resume our Imnieward journey, was re- tted \>y no one." Less than two weeks were s|t« ,iL it New Helvetia; and on the -Jiid of ^[areh the e\- .ir( rs eiwainiied on Sincli iir s randio, as a i)reiiara V^'V t'ly movement, of dt.'parture. Six of the company Wil'e lei 't in ( 'aiilornia.'' Tlie plan lor I'eturn was to go up the San Joatpiin \'ii!ley; through tin- pass discoV(;red hy Walker, lor Willi li Fremont suei^ested the name of Walker l'a> tn the Santa Fe, or Wollskill, trail; to follow that tiMil iiiiiil it tui'ned to the ri^ht to cross the Colorado; and liieiice north-eastward to I'tah J^ake tl T\ le jour lh'\' 111) le vallev w as from .^^arch •Jtdi to April Ijtii, Kiver of the Lakt , as apjdied to Ivini^'s Jliver, 1m ill- the only new name eiven. They were i^'uided liv (hristian Indians through Tehachejti Pass, ho far io 1 call determine from the nia[» and n;>rrative, and ii't, iliroiin-h Walker Passat all. On Api'il 18th they ui'I Xisil, the li!:u lismitli, wax ciisiliaf.'* >! at his ci ti^tr liitiisiiT waiicicii'il trciiu tl \VU r('f|U(': I?: !'• I ' ('aiii|> anil wa.s ii< , it iicard «a innsirit, tiiiit! of tliiiii hiiiig jiiTiwuis eliviiT llfaiilicu, .liisi'jili N'ciTdt, aii'l Cliailti J'liwii.s. Sutter. /' /,'. 1211 ;f_M4l -'_*, I'DiiiplaiiiH, as is his wont, tliat lie ln.^t heavily liy heljiiii'^ t, takiii;,' liis pay in ilrat't.s on the topii.'iaiihioal Imreaii, on wliieli lie 1111(1 I ' iljsiouiit "20 ]iei' cent, ile says that t\vi> men were tiieil liefore hii I'll' !>ti'.iiiiii,' snjiar, ami aeiiliitteil; Imt I'liinont was an^^'ry, ami ilixhiuvt il t'niii t:iiiii his service, one l)einj,' Xeal. I'urthii-inon; he . I'", to ailiiiin. of ciKsiii it .Moiiteiev. Has heanl of the iirri\al in t.ii' S;ii raiiieiito of a party of eoimiiis.-ionci s to siiivey ii hoiimliiry i iie lietwi en t:,.. [ mil M. I)i,.t. S>. J'i /!■,!. Cii-t.-//., MS., viii. |J'.'!)|. 'i'his v.in il.iulitless the report that caiiseil 'lellezto he sent. March 'JNth, Sutter's I'tter t'P I Svc. .state, iirkin, announcin;^ Fii'iiiont's visit, eiic'vost'd hy L. April I'Jth to U Lurk't fij'. Cun-ne(lition wa^ dated March \, 1 S4r), the aiilhoi- liein>j; at the tiuir ahout to uii'lertake" another trip, of which I shall >|icalc in a lati'r elia|»ter, and it was j)ul>lishe(l hy oiih r (<{ conjjfress in the saino year, to«j^eth<'r with a repiini '■'' the lirst expedition.'' Tho author conlined hiuiMJi' closely to actual ohservations ot' liimselt'and associuto. which he descriind in a style at once fascinatiny', ti'isf. and stroni;', hut withal modest and unassumini^', wlijili not only <^avc his writings imichpo[)ularity,butri'C( i\( I ^ /?<7'or' of ill'' h'rjil iriiKi E.V}ii"lirn)v In Ihi' Rorli/ Mdiniidlii" in llir //<■■';• y\;.'. mid to Omidii. mill, Cii/ii'nriiid ill llu' iimri JS.'f.i-.'/. A'// />/■« ivv I 'iipiii'm J, I'. Fniiiniil, rh\ I'lliilnl III/ unlir 11/ llli- Si llil'r iif thi' Cili'iil tSt'iln. W.isllili-- ton. ISJ.'i, Svd, ()!),'{ ]).. iii:i|i (ilid plates. {T. S. Wort. />oc. , "JStli ci>ni;. 'J'l srv-s.. Sen. J)i)c. 110. 174, iilsi) j)iiiiti'i, t;il.!c.. lllate^^. etc., ]i. '_'!•! -(i!llt. liesides the j,'eiii lal iiiap, tiiere is one show in.' tlii' iiiiiti! Iiniii the. Taiitu; i'e>:i(iii ti) Sutter's i'mt on a laiixef scale; anil .-iim- "I the ))iates eiiiilaiii jilant.s, fossils, ete., Ik hingiiiL; tii ( 'alit'urnia iirojier. 'I'Ik! eilition just disoiilieil is the one to Mhieli I refer haliituall\ jh /V • iiioiiI'm III jinii. 'I'liero are others, several of them in my oollcctiun, friiiii wiii. li and from Saliin 1 note tho following,': Fmnoiit'M Itiporf, etc.. Wash. (Is4."i. 8vo, •J7''< p. ; /'/., Xnn-iiliii' ]). ! /./., N. Y., 1S4(>. Svo, 1S(1 p.: /•'. X. v., IS4!l. Svo, KS(! p. (often lioiind witii J'r'iiKmt mid Kniorifn C(ilij'"i'ii'"[ (lii'idi-hdiik, N. \'., I.S4I)); lil., I.ondon, LSJO, Svo. These reports, or iiartnet them, arn also included in many of tin? hiographieal works on Kreiuont wlikli I shall iia\'e occasion to refer toelsewhert!. It does not foem desiiiihle t'l ).'ive hero long lists of refereneis to nii'iitions of Fremont's explorations, coiit.iuiiiii: notiiing that (hies not conio fi'om tiio original oliicial report. 1 havi; ,iI:iM'iy given tlio few slight refereueea to his presence in Cal. I'renss' map of Is4>, .SIsteong. 1st sess., H. Ex. Doo. 17, p. 1>44, vol. v., also slio\v.s Froiwnt's route of 1844. FllKMONTS HKI'OltT^^. 441 nliiu'li «li\iJfroi' nf praise fVoiu sciciitilic ('i'itl(\s. l>i»tli in tlic fxrcutioii of the task coiiiiiiittfd to liiiii, and in thu iiiirr.'itinii (»r his advciitiircs, l^'iviuonl shoui'd (hat he |hissc>sr(l a lii^'h dr^iTt' (tf lalt'ht. I havo hrni ahli' til n,'^^ ipi.ttations that niii^ht a|»|»ro|iri- atclv tntinu-h Ix- intfoihiccil (Vnin Ids cxiM-iifncf in thr Sicri'a Nevada, or ironi his j^frnfral n.-niarks on thv .ffoqanhv of the threat west. His visit to ( 'ahloi nia, 111' till' n'i4"ion now known as Caht'ornia, was hut an ihr'nliiil, dt' his t'\|»!oi'ati'»n, and his nanati\c lias no jiii; iirtanrt! as a record of tln) i^cnrral condition in the department,. Its o'eo^raphieal ini|»itrtan(,'e i> licsi shown h} the reduction ut' his niai», wliicli I piv^cnt. This is not the place to consiih'i' tlie complicated cniitioversies of latei'yeaj's respectinLj Fremont's char- urtvv and ahilities; hut on l! mi ¥ ''• 1 '-I m i J ■flmm' it! IXJUSTICi: TO AN EXI'LORKR. 4«o TO |:i)i;i,' if:il >USV oil lilt' liai't of llicll wllosi' ioUMli-'VS aild liaiil liiji> were destined to ri'iiiain unrccordt'd; and fiiiiill\ . Fic'iiioiit in I84G-JU made nuinv eni-iuiesjinionL;' tliu>t' who are now known as jtionueis. Yet all tlii'se tliiiius are not siillicicnt t(» account tor the ])o])ular pivjudice to which 1 have alluded, tlu' true oriniu ol" wliifli imist be sou^iit in the political campaign of b.nl. At this time Fremont's mei'its as a '|iath- liii 111' were al»sur- ;j >. intended to -strike a popular cho.'d 'r<\ the eastern .-Mti'-. and pri'iteil in bctoks and new.-jiapers which wiiv lead 1)V evervhodv. The u'eneral i>ur'i»orl ol' these ftatL-iacnts was that the pi'esideutial candidate had hfcn ii •; uiily the con(jik'ror of California, hut the original (Ijx'dViivr and e\i)lorer ol" the whole western I'e^'ion, ov lvreted hv Paeilic r i;i-t mountaineers and overland inuni^i'ants, who rc- .- iitrd as;i jiersonal wronj;' the praiseand honors awanl- i\l til one who as an exolorei' had onlv followed in their liai'ks. Thus a hitter leelinu" ^vas en''endei"ed, and imiiy ridiculous char^'es wei'e made ai^ainst a man who wa^iiut it'Npousilde for tlu- a dtsurd )raisc lavis lu-d inion .liii. A- tiial Ik'Ioii we liax'e seen, J< remon t ch umed no honiirs y l^ed t o sucli men as Wall. vi'r an( 1 C ii'son ;ini itznatnck, men whose sei'vices were n(»wiier(.' nioi'e lirarl t; liii'ii 1 1 acknowled*„'ed dian in his book. He nien- vcr and o\'er a'j'aui tlu- fact that tlie tranin-rs I'i' iiiiuu^-rants 'lad every wiiere precec lek was ;dti>n'ether didert-nt IVom theii's; it dlv Hi was !■ ixuloic x-j.-ntiticallv a countr\' with which they had Inii- hern fai'iiliai-, but respectin<»' which their know 1- •OSCS. lie 1 u'''(' w; not available for *i^eosj^ra[)hical \n\r\ it'ii'Mied his task in a manner cr^'ditable to his inti iH'e and ener;j:v; shirked no hai'dshiits invoh'ed in nuance; and described his achievt'iiu'iits witli il ilile ]\i(K lest v. His work was the tirst and a verv iHirtaut step in the great transcontinental surveys IP |i- ■! ;* ' m i. nu liKliflii if i V I 441 IMMI(".RATIO\ AND FOUEIGX nELATIOX.S. tli.ii arc still l)t'iiio' jirosocutod; l lor hi.s ser\I,v. as topi .'graphical cuj^iiiccr FrciiKJiit closcrvcs prai.su. "\Vo have socu that ITastinL>N, colniIl^• down iVriu Orejj;"<)n in 184;], had met certain Calit'orniaiis Imhih,! norlliwai'd in dis^-iist, who carried l)aek willi tliciu sevt'i'al t'amilie.s ol' the llastiiin's coui|)aii_v. Aiiiinii- the loriiu'r seem ti> have been Ijeiijamiii and Andivw K(dsey, who had come with IJai'tleson in 1841; aii;l amunt,r the latter were other Kelseys. M(jst of tli'Ui, however, came back to Calilbriiia in 18 14 in a cuiii- pany which, the leader's name heinn' unknown, mav be calK'd In' that of Kelsey. NothiiiL;' is known of iho organization or adventures of this party, Ijcyoiid the focts that it consisted of thirty-six persons and ai- rived in the Sacrauiento Valley [)rol)ably in .hnic I give in a note the names of twelve men who are ku'iv.a to have been mend)ers of this company, including t!i.; two Kelseys who had been in the country befoiv, ;ii had Buzzell probably." The onl}' document of tlio year that throws light on the names of these uiw- comers is a defcnice which lieniauHn Kelsev found it necessary to make of his character and conduit iu 8ei)tember. l)r Bale, for firing a pistol at tSalvaiinr Vallejo, l)y whom ho had been lloggt^d, had been si i/,r 1 by Solano and his Indians at Sonoma, where Colmiil '''J'lii; Kil.vi'y oimipaiiy fi'oiii Drogmi, 1S44: Win liuaiiott, David T. Bivl, Jos. Willui'il Jliiz/.fU, Jlfiiiy lAiwIcr, Will Fowli'i-, Win j'ow kr .Ir, Win Jlai- gravo, AiuIr'W Ki'lscy, Beiij. Ki'lscy, J)aviil Ivelsoy, Suiniicl l\ilst'v, <'i;iii- villr I". Sv.il't. Ill the Yi,/'} Co. Ili'-^l., W'l, tlio iiaino of Win J[. Wintorus aililcil — pcrliajts fiiriH'ctly, us tliciu iijiiioarM to lio .soino duiilit of his li.ivii..,' coinc witli liio ("liiles i>aity of lS4;i; W'illaril JUizzclI is (.alleil .losi pli Jiuzzl''| iiiiil it is said, 'tlu'V luft llieSafrainciitoaljoilt tun milt's aliovi' Ivuiglit'.s Liiii- iiiir, and went acrox^ tlio country to Win (ioiiloii".s place, on Caelio Crcili, ani\iiit; in June, where all those whose iiaiiie.s liavo heeu given stiiycii I'l' alioiitone month.' l>ennis iind .lackaoii Bennett iirst a[)ipear un a S. ]•'. paili 'ii of July, and it is notiiniti.' certain whetiier they eaiiic in this jLiity or wi'.ii llastiie^s the year helore. Auii. (iili, Sutter to .Mieheltoren.i, aiiii"UiK'iii,,' the ai'iival of a party from tlie ('ojiinibia, who wi.sh to settle and lieeoiiie lM" 1 Mexicans. J>iyt. SI. /'•'/)., MS., xvii. !S.'). Aug. 7th, Sutter to Lai kin, .siyi:,' the pai'ty contained M ])ersoiis; and another large lonipany was |ii( pariii, w ooiiK'. Ldrliiii'.-i J)o'\, .MS., ii. I.")7. lirief notice of iininigraiits leaviiii! n:i- gou for the more fertile Cal. Xil's' J'' Jliot. Ur. i;./ C'aL, '.iSrS, Tin: sTi^vEXs co:\irAXY. 445 SO. ni fVi'iii II thrill Aiiili'i."v ;4l; ;iii:l it" \\v\\\, 1 ;i Cnlll- \vi>, iii.iy \ 11 ill" lllL' vmul tli'j ;U!(1 ;ir- Juiir. 1 re kii'iv, a hVuv^ t!i>; l)i'torc, ;i> it of tlio lesL- iicw- nind it idili't ill 11 >i \/.r 1 CoIuikI .1,1 T, r.ipi, , Will Iha- 1-, y, t;::!'.'- \Villtl'l-!5 lii.s li;ui:.; isrpli llu,'/.' ; .'aolio Ci'oili, 11 st;ivi''l IT S. l-'.'i>i"'' '•' Liityoi' v.ilii aii'iioiiiK'iii,.; llClMllill! p""! uldii, ^ilyili4 pirliariii.t' |rlivilll.'(';v- /„,(. ur. a.rl V;il! i", I'.aviii',;- rescued liiiii iVoiii the Tiidiails liefcro tlicv fi'iild liang liiiii, liaf tlie Ivelseys, tlio F(»wK.'rs, 1 [arn'iave, ]iuz;'.cll, Swift, and JJird sii^ned a document on Sejt- tiiiihii' "til, to tile ell'ect that all had eoiiH! fi'oia Ore- • n,ii tii'.-ether. and that tho cliarijcs uiado wei'c alto- uviIh'I' luii'ounded/'' The second innni'^'rant ])arty of 18i4 (.'auie tnitler the irai!er>hilt of I'di^ha Stevens, tIloa'j;il it has hreii ;iho caHed the Mnr[»liy com[)any. fi'oni the name of ;i lai;4e taiuily, aftei'wai'd prominent ('itix;ens of Santa (lira ('oimtv, which came v.ith it. There wei'e over ii'y iiieii in tile party, besides women and childi'en, \,!irii tliey left t!ie Missouri 1 liver in ^lay. "Jdio r-iitr was that usually followed to Foi't JIall, where til'' cMiiinaiu- sepai'ate!. al out half the nu'inber^ 'foin<<; tip ()ii'<4'uii, while the' re, i directed their course down till' ^Fal■y Hive)', as Wahu-r and Hartleson had done h"! n'r tlu'in, imtil they readied the sink'. I i;i\e ill II' names in a note.'' Tliev had ahout a ilozeu ' l''i'\/n, y/,V. ( ■,//,, Ms., iv, ,'.;II-S. The wnttT states that IJalo was triKl anl fuuii. I guilty; but that .MiclR'ltdiTiia riloastd liiiii, ftariiii,' tioiililc \\ itii tl;i' l!ii;;li^li cuiisiil. Aiiotlicr SmiDiiia (Hiaiiil nt tliis year was that lK;t\M'rii ' .lit. I'riiilou ami .Miahiu Liisi', in whirh tiio two c imu to lilows, ami iii< nii- >i| iciii'o 1 f which tlu' luttir vas ai-iiii.sacil iroiii uliici.'. Jirjil. S/. I'nji., MS., V. ill; /./., JJai., iv. r.l. •An.'. '.M, \>^-H, ]IiiiiUk'y".s (li'pnsitii)ii. ValliJ,,, Dor., MS., xii. SS. S [.t. Till. .'''aiu. iul,:{. 'Stevens e()iii|iaiiy of JSU: Ivliiniinl liray, \'iiiceiit Calvin, Fraiieis jli'- l.i'.'.'l, .Iiilia I'ldiniiiiy, .Joseph 1''. i'dster, Calel> (Jreeiiwooil ainl his two sons D.i aiii ami .lolni, Nl.ittliew llarhiii, liiteheock, llit.lieoek, Jr (/I, Olivn r .Miiiniit. hiiinis Martin, ratricU Martin, i'atriek Martin. .Ir, .lames Milhr "ii'i tiiiiil; , Will . I. .Miller (lioyi, .Vlleii .Moliluoinery ami wife, 15ernaril Mur- 1 .V lltiiaiil 1). Murphy (hoy), Daniel Mr.rpliy. .T.unis Murphy i.inl f. ,rl IIIUlV. .'.lilies Mniphy (hovK •Inlin .M. Murpiiy, Martin -Murphy, with eliilihen aiiil t'rjinil.'iil.Iven." ?^lai'tia Murphy, Jr, ami family, .Martin ".Mnrpliv (lio\ i, I'ai- riiju W. Miii-phy (lioy), I'atteriion (hoy), Mrs I'atter.si.n anil ehiUheii, Moies m w i 1 ;f '': i: i ■ iil ii. 410 IM.MICRATIOX AXl) FORErflX KKLATIOXS. Avni^ons, the first tliat cvlt completed the tilji iiito tli(3 valley of Calii'oniia. The Stevi'iis ooiiipaiiy was pi'(>l)al)ly the tir-r t\ cross the sierra hy the I'ruckeo and Hear rivt t>. ,11!,. stantially the route of the railroad; hut the |i;iiii(M- lars of the crossiiij^ are van'uely and confusediv ic- cordi'd. A Journal is said to have heen kept !iv I'ownsend and Sehaltenheriu'er, hut to have heen lost." The arrival at the siidv iA' the Iluniholdt was Lite in October or early in Noveniher; and some tinn' wis spent here in rest and j)re])aration for the tiiji mV( r tile mountains." ]:>efore thev resumed their ieuni'V the snow had begun to fall, and their [jroi^n-ess to tlio sunnnit, which ot'(;upie(l nearly a month, was of ('(Hmsl' slow and attended with i^reat sutleriuL;". Accunliii^' to numerous ncwspa[)er items of 1 875-80, the Tnulj ■ ]|iver was named at this time for an Tndinn ^uilr ti whom the name Truckee had been given on ni'cuunt Stliiilloiiln'i'i,'er, Klislia Stevens, Joliu Sullivan, Mioliael Sullivan, R(il)i'rt Sul- livan, and .liilin Townsend. The must cum, letc li.-st is that in the N. /'. ''(/', St'pt;. IIS, |S(14, l>y a woman who seems to have lieen one of the jiatty. ji r- IsapT .Mrs Montu'omerv; lint it does not specify tliose who came to Oil. ;n di.siinL;uished fioui tliose who went to Orei^on. My list has liccn reviioil liy Scha]lenliert,'rr, who is my only authority for Fiomhoy and I'attei-son, t!ii' laltei a hoy with the Hiteheoel; family, and whoso name should pirhaiis take tlie place of lliteheocli Jr. Tlie Onjim J'iini. A-i- ivs("inl)l;inco to a Freia-liinaii so called.''- Early ill 1 )i(L'iiibt.'r thoy encamjiod in the region of what v,;is iiiiined later, tVom the teirihK' experience of ;in- iitlici' iiiiuiiu'rant nartv, Donner ]jake. lEere thei'e serins to have been a divi.sjon, one jiarty [iroceedinuf in advance to Sutter's l^'ort and sul)se(juently returniiiLi,- to aid the others; l)ntthe details of movements fnjni this jiniiii ;ue contlictiiiL^.''' Evidently the company I'eaclud the v;illey in two or more detac.'hments. and perhaps liv dillcrent routes; hut it does not clearly ap|)oar that the t'ainilies left hehind in their mountain camp sui- t'( ivd more than the ordinary hardslii]>s of such an , :qu rii'iice. On ])ec(!ml)er l.'lth Suttei- amioui.ciMl tlir arrival; and either he or Micheitorena, from mo- tives that will he ai)parent to the reader of the next (•liaptrr, saw lit to state tiiat the ncw-coniers num- '■r;./('i/>r.s ^'r.^^s•, .".(J8-'.l; (!nl,l lliU X,ii-^, Miiv •"), ls7.'>; i'tilfij<,c/,n,„h''r, Npt. jri. IS7S; Ji'iiio UiKi/l(, Aiiu'. 'j;!, l.SNI; Site) fi nil 'ifo IJn, Si^pt. -t, I'vMJ; \ /■: A'i'i, May 10, 1S7."). tto. '' I'lr.iy'ii vorsiim i.s that tin.' lar^or ]iatt of the company pressiMl on tn tlio .Viiieiicaii Kivi'i', lijaviiig the rest at llniiiier Lakf. Tlie latter kept on, liDivovii', until tlu'V (-'ncaniin'il on what tiu' writLr siippo-ics to have Ix.Dn the Yuba. IIei(,' thoy staytil a \\ii.k, ami achihl was horn in tiic .Mnri)hy family. Tlicii S inon, incluilint,' tiio \\ litLT, pri'sii'il on hefoio, loavim,' .lanics MiIKt in ^;hiiiu'i: of tliu woMirn ami oliiMivn with the o\en for food and the wai^ons i.ir biulter, and icaeiiin!,' .lolinson'.s I'aneho on lUiar ( 'rei k I >ee. '2'M. .\ month iifti'f llii'ii- arrival at Sutter's a jiarty weni liaik and tiroULrlit in those lett bt'liinil. (See iiniiortant a. 1>. Muriihy in eoiivei-sntiun. Meanwhile, w hi n •ill in cainii were on tlu> point of starvation. Miller and his little hoy started H:;t t'l seik relief; and Were lueky enough after ahout a week of \\and'iin;^ t ' iiirit till' relief party. 1 siis|)eet that this writer'.s ■leeount of Millrr'.s .I'lvi iitures and the siitrerini,'s in eamp are very nuuh oxaufieiated. Til'' I 'ill aeeount reads: ' 'J'lie Stevens company passed up tlu' Trii'keo kivii'. lalled Sti'vens Kiver liy l)rTownsend, to the forks, where the I'umitr ainl Ki'ed families perished, and eamjied at the lake on the south fork of tiki Tiiickir. l>r 'I'ow nseiid's w ife and Klleii Murphy crossed the mi>nntains ly MIowiiiL' the north fork of the Truekie, and strii>k the Sacramento 40 mih s al«)Ve Sutter's Kort.' I'.idwell, Ciif. ';/->', MS,, IIH, 'JJ-'-a, sa>s the party iiiiiR' liy the Trnckee and Hear rivers; liut their wa>;ons wfie left on the sum- mit until sprin};. In Suiter Co. Ili^t., IS, it is said that Sihalli'iihoiu'cr wa^ li'it ill ihiir^'c of the wagons. Aecordim; to Sehalhnlicrger's stateiin'iit in Mtldasliim's l/i.^f. Iktiinir /'nrl;/, he with l''ostor and Montgomery remaiiieil Ivliiuil at the hake, ))uilding acahin later nsed l>y the J)oiiners; and tiiiaiiy vr.iii tluy wen' forced toatt-inpt esi-ape, ,S. was left ill and lived alone at tho Mbin iiiitfl a rescue party came in March 1S45. ,l,\ 'mi Jl:;i .:iS nm 1 1 1 1 448 IMMliii; \TI()X AND FOllKIfiN KKLATIOX.S. Ix.'rcd (»iii' Imndvcd ;iii(l fiCty, and that another lan'or t'tjinpaiiy was closu at hand!'* On tht! i^onei'al tojiic of foi-ei^^n relations in Isu tlicrc is little nioro than a series of detiiched items t'» he pi'esented. Mieheltorena's jtolic-y toward stranLTOis was in no respect less iVieiidly than het'ore; and it" any considerahle nund)er ot" Californians disa])j)!(i\( ,1 that j)olicy they left no reeoi'd of their disa|i]>rM\al. Even tlu! alarm of war with the United States in the summer, already notiee'd, dot's not seem in tin' least to have disturhed I'riendly relations in ( Vili- loi'nia; tlionL>'h there was a question raised alnnit the ]»roj)riety of enrolIin<( foivii^n I'esidents anmnLf the ilefensores de' la patria, and thouj^h in ^[exico the Calif'ornian rej)resentative eontinued to ur>j;'e that tluj country should he closed to Americans.'' For* i^iicrs took an imjxirtant j)Mrt in the revolution a'^niinst tlii' ij^overnor which heyan this year. IJut all coiiiuctiil with that aflair will 1k^ recorded in the iollowiii^- chaptt'rs; also wluit there is to be said ol' a Ltviuial nature resjx.'ctini,'' Sutter and the state of aii'aiis at "Doc. 1 ) 1S44, S. to Viilk'jo. TIk! immigrants caiiu' tlii-Diiu'li "M Fn'- nioiit's roiiti'. ,iiul arc imw guttiii;,' tliuir wagons down. Tlic niuiili(i- is nut statoil. V(tll jo, />iit\. MS,, xii. I"J-'. \)^\•. IStli, gov. to f'a.-itro, aiiii"iiiK'iii.' SiittLi's (ksjiatcli on tlie arrival ot' 140 oi' ITiO mon. (Iiii rni, I)ii<\, MS,, i, -1,1; Ihl>t. St. /'!/>., MS,, V. l(l'_>-;{; /./,, .l/(;/,, .\. ,■)•). On April 'J'Jtli, I.aikiii li:M askcil .Sutttr to kri'plii^n fully jiostoil aliout tlio nuniliois, uaniL's, etc,, ut all immigrants that laiglit tome. Ldrkin's '///', ('urrcyit., MS,, i. ". ' ' TIk! /itolnm of S. F. rL'sidints lit for military .^urvico, ]>r(.'piin'il I'V llincUlt-'y -Inly "Jlst, contains tlic nanirs of many foreigners, Viillijuy /'«■■,, MS., x.N.xiv, 4_'. Jnly I'.ltli, AleaMo J.ecsc icptjris Hat while Cliiles, N'iiios etc., ai'c willing tosnpiioit the govt, J»a\v.son, Jlanly, etc, oljjeet. hift. .>>. /'-(/)., Ms,, xvii. Sl-li, Jnly i.'itli, Larkin to S[)ear, stating tiiat forei:;i)ei-3 not naturalized cannut lie ieiinireay v. here. AMERICAN I'ROSl'KCTS. 440 Xcv, ][L'lvotia, where tlieiv was little VMriatioii from tlir tatu <|ti(> of the preceding year.'" Of eouise iniliiiiy (Uities devolving upon the captain in connec- tion with the I'evolution ohiiged him to defer the |»ay- iiiiiit >'f his del>ts until a more convenient season. Ill the matter of aimexat ion schemes at Washington, t'lc \r,ir hrought no new developments. The [iroject \\;i> In a sense taking care of itself with the ra[»ii (if American inunigration ; hut a shar[) wivtch was k.'pt on tlie coast i)y the l^acitic s(piadron, three vcssi Is of which Were in California in 1S44, and all was hi lieved to be in readiness for any one of the three riiniuviu'ies likely to occur — a rising for independence nil till' part of ('alifornians foreign or native, an at- tiiiipt of England or J'^ ranee to take j)ossession of the cdiiiitiy, (>r war between ]\[e\ico and the United ^lat>s,'' ^Meanwhile Castauares in Mexico uttered "' J II liis 1)1(1)'!/, 4, Snttur saya he vas madt' oaptuiii in tlu- Mi.'xiran army ami iuiu:iii'laiito of the iiorthfiu iVoiitiiT hy .MiclnjlUiiiiiu, iiniilyiiiL,' tliat ic Mii> lnii^ lufurt' tli(.' I'i'vohition, ami that uiuh'r this niiiiiiiis.sidii hi- foinuMl a i(;'ulaf Kairisdii wliiuh lie l>i'OUf;ht into a gooil ntato of »lisci[)line ln't'oro tho l: IV. railnl fur his sli'x ices; hut J find no locorcl of either eonimission or apliijiiitniciit. Sutter diil not use the title, nor was it used hy otiiers in eor- n spoiiiKiii'o of the time; and i have no reason to suppose that he ever Iiehl aiij iiiihtiuy rank except such IS was olitained tVuni Alvarado, or was eon- fTnil (111 liitn (lurini; tlu; campaign of lS44-.'> if^iirtial error, see p. 407). l>ec. l."ith, S, eiiniplains that thoUi^h acting as postmaster he has to use his own li'iM-s '■ Very time he has oi;casion to send despatches to the govt. \'"llj", I'nr., MS., .\ii. 12"2. Ajuil 17th, S. to gov. Lecse is becoming more and iiioie insolent; he should he told not to meddle in Sacramento matters, thf V:ic.i rau'. /*'(/'. MS., xvii. S,'i-4. .Tune 4th, justice of jnace at .s. ,(uan coini)l;iins I'f .Villi liciins with passes from .Sutter, who go aliout catcliiiig wild Imrscs iiUil hiiwiig stolen ones. I a//c/o, JJoc, MS., x.xMv. ',V2. In tin- .Suthr-Siiri^.l ''ii/c •/.".. MS,, 'J'J- (J, there are !' lettersoi |S44. Most are liki- those of form- r yi'iu's, in which Sutter asks for soinelliing and promises to pay soini'thiii ', witli Odii.'-tant excuses for not jiayiiig at the time. Some Indian laboii ly wi!V sent down. His harvest betran the 17th of .lune. His largest vessel luai'.e a trip to the Columliia liiver, and his launch some time in the siunnkr \v;is agmiiiid atlloss. In August In wouhl soon havi some hats and bridli-.s rtai'y; ill Sipteiiilior his halher would soon he linisheil. On Oct. HOtli, ! e wiiite from Moutere}-, and Nov. iltli from 'S'cil.a lUn'na. He cxpe<;ted simii tiine(.-t ."I 'rcitain ])erson ' who was coming overhaul, and if he did not so liini. thru the lust he could jtromise was to pay his debt in beaver skins this winter: I'riiiiont, /iV;,( /•^ 124(5, says '.Mr Sutti r was about m.iking arningc- nii'iits tn irrigate his lands by means of the Kio r., 10, It), 19, ;{1, 37, etc. The author speaks of C'al. ii» 'tliicii I d with the pcrlidv of our ueighborj of the north.' 'The ambi- Uiui. CvL., Vol. IV, 'jg :Y-f ; ?: ijil' 'im mm \i ■:. r ■! 4.-.0 IMMIGIIATION AND FOREIGN RELATIONS. frequent .'iiid incfTi'otual warniniL^s .aLjaliist tho Amni- caiis \v]u) wi'i'e crossiiii^ the mountains every year in lai'^cr iiuiiil)ers, ni«»st of tlieni "without other |i;itii- nioiiy than th<'ir ritles," and who were taking' jnhiui- tau^e of Mexican neL;li'ct to insj)ire the Califoiniaus w ith ihslovah\': while Consul i^arkin assured liis liov- eminent that the L>"eneral feelinj^ of tlie peo|)le toward Americans liad been most friendly since the visit (if ( 'oininodore Jones. At tlie he^'innini^ of the yi'ur All-cit M. (Jilliani was appointed U. 8. consul to re- side at San Francisco; hut he never came to t;iki' tlio place, and at the susj^gestion of the consul at Moiileicv. his» resignation was acce|)ted, and Larkin's jurisdictiDii was extended to cover all places that were near( i' Id his than to any other consulate.^^ tioii iif the V. S. is not Hiiiitod to the possession of Texas, but extends to that (if Cilit'ornias, whiili liy .i thoiisiinil titles is more desiialile. ' (':il., 'nvtr 1,()(H) Iriigvics t'iMMi tlic i'a]iit;il, ailjoiniii:,' Imstilo territory, lias liesiilis tliC";!' two fatal elements anotlicr germ Ktiil more prcjudieial; that is the syiri|)atliy wliiih llie in!ial)itaiits liavc w illi our northern neiu'hljors, many of whma Imvo intiinate i(,'lation.s in tiie eoiintry, not only throUL'h tiie eoMimerec. tliat is exelusively in their hands, but by the stron;,'er bonds of niarriaj.'e and iu'dp- erty.' 'It is to lie feared that the American emigiants in Ori'^dii air higiii- nin;! to (listriliute arms aniom; tiie Indians in exchange lor stolen Ikusi ^t aiil eatlle.' 'I'll supii'ino gobierno est:i conveiicido de (pu! Calil'oinias cs IkjV la !iiiibi('i(in de todas las naeioiies, y hi Cdiidueta observada ])or iiiicstms veeinos (l(d norte, respceto (h; Tejas, no dejii dllda ya do (|iie esta naeion C5 nuestra eiienii^a natural.' In one place he speaks of 1,000 ariiud Aimiitaut in tiic Sierra de StaCru/! April HitJi, .luiio 'JOtli, Auf;. 4th, Larkin's letter-. Jf an American lleet should now attack Montcn^y, there would not !« ♦iic same fi'eliii^,' as liefore. L(ir/:iii\i Ojl'. < 'unrsp., MS. i. 11; ii. 4, 7. Wibsti'i's \ie\VH in 1S44. S'icntniciifo t'nioii. Nov. 0, KSOH. (!win, Afi'mo!r<, MS., ',]~i, lefers to interviews in 1S44 with .loliii (_!. Calhoun, sec. of state, in which he spoke witii great enthusiasm of Cal. and the desirability of obtaiiuag it, c-- pecially S. F. Bay; ami said he had proposed, through a secret ai'fiit in ^lexieo, to setth^ the Texas (picstion by fixing the boun(lary as a lino niiuiin.' fi'oni a )ioint niidway between S. F. and Monterey due east to the Uio < iiaiuU, and di.wu that ri\ er to the gulf, l?10,OtX),000 being offered to Mexico .■isnn in- ducement. Sutter, Peru, h'aiiiii., MS., 14l-'2, says ho asked Fr(jmont wiiethcr if he s!)ou!d declare his indepen(lenco the U. S. would annex him. F. vl[&-'\ he thought it might be done, though the govt would have to be censiiltitl. Castanaivs, (.'ol. Doc, 'M'y-1 , urgetl that colonization by other foivigiiers slifmld be encourageiL but that .Americans sliould on no account lie ailniit ted into the country. IJustiimante, J/ch). Hist. Mex., MS., i. I.", mentions in April the report from Micheltoreua that Cal. had been invaded by uvti- l,iX(0 Anglo-Americanos. '".I.'in. 9, 1844, Gilliam's appointment, ftavage, Doc, MS., i, H.". Com- mission forwarded Feb. .'id. Lar'ciii'tf Dor., MS., ii. CI. J'lne 24th, Larluu argues that only one consul is needed in Cal. /(/., OjK ('nrrrsp., MS., ii. T. Oct. '2.")th, .sec. state announces (uUiam's resig.nation, and the extin>iim oi Larkin's jurisdiction. /'/., Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., ii. 233. Dec. 31st, tlisijurso- BRITISH IIOPKS. 451 TJt •^pectlng llic English sclit'iiK^ (»r ('(ilouixatidn I ]ia\e to note ail iiiterL'stiiii^ continuation ol" thr corn- siioiidcncc betwuen llartnell and Wyllii.'." In April K.iitiii'll wrote at some len^lli, re|)lyini^ to Wyilic's siiirs nt" questions upon the condition of Calilotiiian all'airs, chieily I'roni a connneivial point ot" view, and with rei'erence to the advantages tor eoh)ni/ation. jliiviiig answered the questions, lie g(»es on to say: "J liave spijken to the governor. No instructions whatever liave been received in Calilornia touching the exchange of deferred bonds for hui\\)\v ran for you with res[)ect to granting a tract of l;tiii| i'lir colonization. His laeulties do not allow him til -i\e more than eleven leagues to one per.son, but 1 can ask for one tract for yoti and another for myscll"; ainl \ am almost certain that I shall sticceed in obtain- ia^;' t'iie pi'ivilege to hold on to them a reas(inal)ly ^ailieii lit time to enable settlei's to come <»ul from hii.;!, 111(1, sa,y two years from the time of the grant, wiihniit being ol)lige(l to stock ol" cultivate them, as iiiIk ]'s iiavo had to do. The governor told me jilainly thai he wished very much that settlers would come (»;it \'vn\n Europe, so that all the vacant lands should lint lie given to Americans; and he even hinted that he .-Iioiild like to take a sliare in the speculation hiin- si'll'. He has always professed himself particularly iVieii.Hv to the Enu'lish.''-" And in his replv iVom llniKihihi in November Wyllie says: "American \iews I'll (he ten'iti)ry are apparent, and if the (piestimi of Texa- liad led to a war, the restdt cannot be revious grants of land under till' Mexican government to British subjects. Be iiioiitsii" till.' olllco for last G months, $1.'?1.34; expenses of hospital dcpait- mint, S7JI.-J2. Id., Of. Corre-'i>., MS., ii. •_>!. "> ■ •■l):ip. xvi. of this volunio on this topic in 184.'?. "// ri (1.1:11' s EnijlUh Colo iiizcU ton in Cal. Letter to Robt C. Wijllie, April lc4.'f, Ms. i mm ii«: > -^'i '":M 4V2 IMMICUATIOX AM) J'OIlKKiN IMILATION'S. ': i !■• ! ready llii'ii t<» ij^rasj) all yu can lor me and y to laAor us lie cuuld sccrctU' liavc one tliir.l ..f tlic allot.iMcnt to iiic and V')U so tliai his iiraiit ;i|s,, v.duld come under liritish protection."-^ Xntwitli- staiidinijf this alleiL,^'h interests, the ai^cnts (»f the lludsons ilav (,'oni|tany in California, one of them the J>ii;ish \i consul, seem to liave aided the I'evohitionists ;i;_;,ijii>i the Ljovcrnor hy furnishing;" aims and ammuniilnn.- Tiarkin warned his ijjovcrnment that the iin|)ort,iiir • of this couipany had heen L;'i'<':'.tly underi'ated. ;i!ii| that there had heen an a|>i)li«';ilioii in its hehalf \\rf, to which the reader's ati'Miiiun hiis I cell already ilirecte that country.-' ]^r Wo(>d arrived ()ctol»er ;'. I ,111 1 .sailed J)ecember 15th, heinijf present at sevcnil hall- -'Nov. jn, 1S44, W. to If. I'(/A/.'., iJoc, MS., xxxiv. 71. Am:. iMli. Liirlviii ti) SCO. Ktate. Su,i.';,'('st.s that it' l'Ji;.'laii(l ).'et.s Cal. an (^tl'oi't hlii.iiiil !« iiiadi' t'l rvchangc S ilogrcrs iiortli of i\w e'oliimhia for S dogrcos .south of 4J ! Lui-hiii'^ o /'. Cnrrr.-'/)., MS., ii. S. '^TliiM appcar.s from a K'ttcr of I.arkiii to ilio sec. Ktntu. L(trhiii'< /'"■■, ]\IS.. jii. ;{:i7, ami from other ilouuniuiit.-! of 1,S4.-) rolutiiig to a I'ill f"i- iln ;i;i furiiislicd. ".liiMc 'JO, 1S44, Larkiii to poo. stato. LarLlii'." Of. Cun-f/K, MS., ii. (J-7. Ilittdl, ///.v/. ,S'. /■'., !l(), talk.s of a vi.sit of Sir .l.i.s Doiighis in Is4l. (iiiil ill s (lis.i|i]iroval of J\ao"s iMaiiagoiniiit. In Yalu Co. Jlist., ■_'!•. uiiil >'. .lou'/'iiii ( '.). J/i4., 11. thoro i.s soiiiu rathi r vagiio infoi'matioii alioiit ilii'ivim- ]i;iny's ojirrations in tho.-^o hi.-it yoars, Irom tlic ri'oiilk'ctioiis of .F. A. i'lir'n*. 1'horo is a, romarkahlo ul)Sonoo of all oonti niporary rooonls or corros)i"iiile!iti.' ou iho Nulijoot. -' Witiiilcnii'j Rkctdun of jnoplf find '/tiinj.t in South Ann riiri, /' ''iW'"' Culifariiitt, and of her jilocx rl^'itid, (Ini'ln;/ a crnis<' on hoonl (•/ tl"' ( ■ '^^ ■''"'/''' Lrviint. /'ort.inion//i, and SurdniKili. Jli/ Win Maxvcll Woo/f.M. /'.. <"/•;/'"' l. S. Xiiri/, Itii" jli'it unrijion of t/i^ J'd'-ijir .si/nadron. I'iuhnloliil'' :. l^-l''! I'iiuo, jSG p. That part relating to C'aliforiiia i.s found ou p. •Jl.-iT. D(XT>)n, WOOD -LIS 1 or I'lOXKKIiS. 4.*,3 filhl liiiilici's \\ itii wliii'li tlii' ( '.ilil()l'lii:uis .-iinl li;isal nllif. I- iiiutually ciitcrtiiiiifd each ntlicr. IIcuIm-m liii( i |i(ii-|)ictmv's <•!" tlir person ami ('liaracler "I' Mi- i'|,i''t'>:ena ami otliei- pi'oiiiiiiciit iiicii wIkhii lie im't, iii.!;iiii'4 .Niicli lorfiu'iirrs as SuttiT, (ii'aliain, ami ( 'h,l' -. Most of liis remarks arc devoted to 1 lie maii- li( ;■> .ilid <'Ustoins ot" the jtcojile with whom he lamo ill ciiiitact. ami with whose hospitality and nio^l other (■!i;ii;ii'ieristii's he was o'rtiativ pleased. lie sa\s luit liulr of jiojifics, hut conveys a tolerahly accurate idea lit' til'' louidry's ^r(>ueral condition and prospects. hi X.iMiiiher, with a party <>t' otliccrs and ( 'alirornians, In mule a toiu' to the rancho of Joarjuin (Jomez. Ho >,i\v AKarado at Alisal, surrounsideiits, and are iiaiind in the ap[)ended list.-'''' About half of them ■ I'loiH crs of lSt4: Henry Ailains (?), (Sco. Amlorson, Olivier IVaulicu, Junes I'. rireliWdurtli, Will Ileniiett, i;)iiv. T. liinl, Heiiiy ISuoIver, ('. 1'. Ilriir.,'s, li'iiHiiinl i'liiiy, \'iiieeiit (/iilviii, .Idjiu (i. ('Miiipliell, I leriiiiiii (J. Ciinlwell, .J(/lm t.iitii', •liiiii(*.s Ciisli, Clement Ci)loiiil)et, .luliii Cnnners ('.'I, (leo. C^i'ik,(;uo. A. r..icni,iii. Martin Curcoran (?), l)ai)tistc^ I)i lusiei-, ("ul hittniaiin, John ('. V.v- iiitt. i'liipiiias Fallon ('.'I, iJaini^erfielil Fauiitleroy, .losejili IC. Foster, Henry r.ivviii' Will Fowler, Win Fouler .)r, .1. ( '. Fi<-iiiont, Fraiieois ( ieiilreaii, ''.nlo< I . (Jlein, Alexis (iodey, Henry A. (Jreeu (?), (^'aleb ( Jrienwood, .lolm (ircgiiiy ('.'I, .lohii Haiiies, Matthew HaiMii, Win Haiyravc, .laiiie>< Henry, Nun. .\. Jliiiekley, Andrew Hoeppiier, Thoinas Hudson, Laurent I liierstel {?), .Mliert li. .loiies, I)av. Kelsey, Sam. Kelsey, Charles A. Lautl'. I'eiiy .Ml- ('■".u I'.i, ,1;i!i .MeKeever, Olivier Ma;,'nent, Oeiinis Martin, i'atiiek Martin, I'iit. Maitiii .fr, .losepli Mascarel, .liiines Miller, \\'in .L Miller, Allen Moiit- ^'iiiitiy, I'lernard Murphy, 15. ]). Murphy, I)aii. Muiphv, James .Muiphv (-1, ■' 'lin M. .Mnrpliy, Martin .Murphy (-J), M. Murphy Jr, I'at. \\. .Mm pliy,'Sam. Nial. W. Ji. (> •■.orn, AVm. I'eiree, 1!. K. I'etrow.ski (?i, Ifenry I'. I'itts, John l''itti!- i'. ', Itaj liiel Praule, I'M. Itead, I'i^'i're Richards, Henry liiehardson, l.'iiii> l.'oliiildux, F>niL>.st ]iufus(?). John Sawyer, .Moses Seliallenlpi'r,i,'ei', l'".li.sli,-i Stevens, .Inhn Sullivan, Miehael Sullivan, ItohertSullixan. ( Iranville ]'. Swilt, 'iliin.loii Talliot, Charh;.'* 'I'own.s, .lolm Townsend, Alliert 'J'reseoiii, Jos(']iIi Virn.i. liph. Wakott, lienj. Washliurn {?), .Fames W. Waters, .lames Wil- ouii, Ju5' ph W. Wolfskin, Ouo. T. Wood, uud Geo. F. Wyinau ('.'J. :rf':| I!* lf;-':!i«i w4M IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ! 1.0 I.I 1.25 IM Hi It. m ilM In ^ IIIM 12.2 2.0 1.4 ill 1.6 y} Repouts - II IS Tukachery — Resolves to Bueak the Tkeaty — Affairs in thk Sni Tii— Risinc at Santa Barbara — Polidy and Motives of tiik Foi;- LHiNKUs— Sctter's Contract — Preparations at New IIelveiia — \a[.lejo'3 Protests — Occurrences at San Francisco — Weber's Ai;- lucsr. Ix former chapters I have brought the anunls of Miclioltoreiia's rule down to November 1844. I have described the governor as a gentlemanly, affable, kiiid- lieartcd, and personally popular man, possessing mueh exicutive tact, though lacking energy and inclined to iiulolcnce. I have shown that the policy of his ad- ministration was in most respects conciliatory and wise, tliough not productive of great benefits for thu coiintiv, by reason of circumstances largely beyond liis control. I have described the little army tliat came with him from IMexico as a band of criminals, inosl (»f whom were taken fnjni the jails, and whose conduct in California was nuich better than might have Iteen expected, not notably worse than that of ordinary soldiers, Mexican or Californian, in similar circumstances, but whose presence was a bitter insult to ilio Californian people, and whose discipline and .su[i[K)rt exhausted the energies and revenues of the (455) 11 430 REVOLUTION AGAINST MICHELTORFNA. \v ') 'li^ -ii (lupartnicnt, sadly needed for more iiaportaiit and beneficial uses. I now have to describe the rcvulu- tion by Avliich Micheltorena and his convict ai-iiiv \vere driven from the country. The motives of this revolt were three — populai- dis- content and indignation at the presence and petty de[)redations of the cholos, the personal ambitidii df certain j)roniinent Californians to govern their i-dui)- try and handle its revenues, and the old feeling against ]\rexicans iJe la otrci handa, imbittered by quaiids with officers and men of the batallon. And these three motives had nearly equal influence in prothiein^' the result. All witnesses admit the agency ot" the tliird, as do most that of the others; but certain classes of men have been disposed to exaggeratt^ m- ignore the influence of the first and second respectively. That there did exist a strong popular feeling against the batallon is a fact that cannot be ignored, and there was abundant justification for a nmch mote hit- ter feeling than was actually entertained. Alvai-udo and other active leaders in the movement, how(!Vei', have grossly exagy'erated the evil deeds of the ohdlns, They have represented them as an uncontrolled hand of thieves and assassins, accusinof them of nunienms outrages that were never committed, and uiiiusth- blamiiio; tlie ijencral for not beinij able to contnd liis men. Tliey have pictured a reign of terror, which drove the people — their lives and property and tlio honor of their families beinuf in constant peril to rise as a last desperate expedient and overpower iiilc, and have even had the assurance to claim in <^i>\nr instances that the Californians revolted against Miclii'ltorena chiefly because of the hitter's dis[)osi- tinii to I'avor American inmiigrants. I shall have luiich to say later about the part taken by foreigners ill this allair; but it is well to state here that the gov- iiuiii's foreign policy had little or nothing to do with till' lising, at the beginning at least. It should also 1)0 stated at the outset that the Californians from be- <;iiiiiiiig to end had no thought of throwing off their iiatiiiual alleu'iance to Mexico; thouijjh that view of tlir matter was somewhat current in the United States at tin; time. I need hardly add that no class of the (.'alifornians had at first any personal grounds of ob- iirtion to ]\Iiclieltorena as y:overnor; thoui^hthis does lint imply that there were not several individuals al- tii^vtlicr willing to take his place. 1)( lure Xovember there had d(Hd)tless l)een talk of Using foi'ce to get rid of the batallon, but the [)lan had pidlialily not assumed any detinito form, even in the mint Is of the plotters; while on the other side there were but vague suspicions of danger. Warnings were f^^nt to Mexico, but such warnings were not infre- 'lUeiit, coupled with appeals for aid.^ Juan B. Alva- 'As larly as Maivh Cast.'inarcs expressed fears of internal trouliles inCal., onaceuiuii of the eondiict of tlio eoiivicts, and for other rt'asons; and Micliel- t'Miiia, iiuiiiiiounciiig the outbreak of the revolt, spoko of havin.L,' predieti-d till' tr.iul.lc ill lii.s letters of Apiil and August, (.'ii-'ilai'iaivs, ('„l. J)ii<\, 10, .'iS. .Muiiii,, i:''/,liji:, i. 'M'.i, whose book was printed iu 1844, says: ' L'autorit6du Nvil t i'>. .'T^r. 'fe '...^i ■l! i!. 458 REVOLUTIOX AGAINST MICIIELTORENA. rado li.ad in .sf)nio way, not cleai'ly explained, i-eiidLTcfl liimselfan ol)j(.ct of suspicion at the hej^innin^- i>\' tlir year;'" l)ut wJiile there is no n^ason to d<»id)t tli;it .\1- varado, Oslo, and })er]ia[)s Casti'o liad taken a prmni- nent })art in j)reliniinary speculations respecting- tlic hest way to ij^et rid of the obnoxious ^Srcxicans, and in fomenting th(! po[)ular fceliuLi;' against them, lliciv i- reason to bt-lieve tliat tliey had not agreed n|MiH a plan, and that tlie final outbreak was without tin ir innnt'diate leaderslii}) or even knowledge. ]\lir|u']|(i- ri'iia's pei'sonal j)oj)ularity, the obligations under wliidi lie had put Jose Castro l)y defenihng liim in Mexico, his iX'lations witli Vallejo and the uncertainly re- specting the hitter's probable coui'st>, a fear tlial tlie foreigners niiglit aid Alicheltorena or th.at the Aiiini- cans might taki; advantage of a revolt to sei/e tli.' country, and finallv a lack of assurance that the sdutli could be induced to (,'ooperate — were circunistaiuvs which troubled tiie leading C'alifoi'uians, obscured tluir prospects of success, and delayed the perfection oftliuii' ph)ts, if, as is believed, they entertained such plors. At any rate, on the 14th and Loth of Xoveinl" r, :i party of perha])s fifty Californians, under the KadiT- ship of ]\ianuel (\istro, desus Pico, Antonio Chavrx. and Francisco llieo, having driven oft' all the govvni- nient horses from ^[onterey to the Salinas \'al!iv, 'pronounced' at the (Canada de San Miguel, si'i/.ed a{ San Juan Bautista such pai't of tlu; arms and iiiniii- tions stored there as they could use, and set aliour the task of rousing the peo[)le to support their imtri- otic enteri)rise. One version is to the efl'ect that ;it a fandango some of the Californians had a iiiiarrl gt'iK'nil Miclic'ltoreiia lU' paniit /.jultc aironnic; il est prolciljlc quo d't nii tarl il ^C'i';i, traitO (■oiiiine .sc.-* iireil('tT:^s(>urM luoxiciiiiis. Lcs C'alil'oi'iiieio iiilliKiil- iVjiL'toiit Minu'ciit (|U0, lie rect'Viint I'icii dii Mcxi(|iK.', ils pn'toidiMit iri'iiipli-'yi'i' k's ri'VuiiiH (111 |iiivs (jifa snider dcs ( 'alifnniimsi; ils iijoutciit qiic > ils I'oii- sciiti-nt ;i cutreti'iiu' mic pctito tron[ic de .si)ldids, ils no voulLiit jkis avoir.'. I'raiiiilio Ics attaiiui's dos f^'ali'riciis, . .ot tout [Kjrt ;i croiro (jUo lo ui'ii^ial -Mi- clioltuivna, no tariloi':i |ias u.subir lo sort dcs gcjuvonioura Yictoria, niiri.i'ai''i Cliioo, ( liiliorroz, it (.'arrilln.' -boo ohap. xvii. of this \ol. IH o' i\\' till' that Al- a prdini- 'tin;j: till' :is, ami in llirlv i-; I uii"n ;i out tluir Mirhelto- lU'V wliicli 1 ^Ifxii'o, taint y iv- that til" 10 Aini'ii- si'i/.*' tlio the soutli uin^taiii'i- jurcd tlir'.r on ot'tlifir h pints. )Vflii!iiT, :i lu' loailci- ,, ( Mia vex. 10 ■j.'nVol'll- as Valley, , soizocl at nul iiinai- sot Jilioiit Ihoir patri- t that ;tt a ([uarrl ijuolot outavl [lioin iiilliHi''- ^lltll'rlupM'"'' fj„,. .lis a.ii- lie uriM-;il Ml- rRONUXCIAMIFA'TO OF SAN MIGUEL. 459 ai;'1 ciiiH' to l)]o\vs with ofliccrs of tlio batallon; and tli.it in thoir aiigor Ca.stro, Pico, and Cliavez, witli a (lii/.iii III- jifteen others, left Monterey that same night, (hiving away the horses which were under guard in tlaCannolo Valley.^ A more probable and better sii]»|Hirtod statement is that of Manuel Castro him- sill', who says that the plan was formed and signed at ?drrr, AVmw., MS., 117-1,S. On Sqit. I'^tli, Mi.lioltorciia wislifd tr) Imy of Vallcji) 100 lioisrs for the govt; niid (.let. 'JmIi. \'. wriLos that tliey will be sent via tiie Sacramento, at .*.jO caeh ( I). Id'/'/", />',r'., Ms., xii. Do. These were doubtless among the animals taken I'y till' irhrl-;. ' '(V,.,/,„, n,larl,w, MS., 97-9. Larkin in a letter of March 22, 184,'), says 111 or I,') luen 'eanio into' Monterey and drove olF the horses; and diiriujf tho muiith iiatliiied attoiit 100 men. Larkti'.'a Oj}'. Coinsp., MS., i. .'?,"). •" in i\iv MirlK Itorriia L'.cjii'flicii(i' i)i KSl."), I'ieo claimed tiiat tlio people of M"iitirt V lose vn ma.sse to demand a meeting of the as.senibly, etc., wliich is fii'Minl, Castro, nlii supra, and Vallejo, I/ist. Cal., MS., iv, 409, talk about llif biis.s iif ']'ac\ibaya, anil the restoration of Alvarado to tho governorship, t'l' whi. h he had been despoiled. 4 '^11 ":';f|n yim WKti V i i 'l-MttMl ')\ V--A. '•\{ :>' ;, V ,!! •■ ill 4fi0 REVOLUTIOX AGAINST :\IICriELTORr.NA. prised, and looking upon the stej) as tooliastv." Tin- re[)oi't was sent to Mexico at tin; time, and it has (,f't.>i been stated since that Colonel A'allejo, as well as Al- varado and Castro, was a leader in this proiiuinia- iniciito; but as we sliall see later, he took no part in it whatever/ «Nov. 20th, Alvarado, Cdrtanrlarloii, MS., 1()S. A. wrote fmiii S.iii l\i!,l.. Wouil, sm';^('oii (jf till" Sttriiiniiili, was a iiiciiil)i;r (^f tliu jiai'ty <'f liuii'ii; ~ i i wliitli Alvaiado alludus. Tlio visit to tin: t'x-j.,'o\'. was on S'c)\'. lUtli. llu was found 'surroiuidud liy Bcvural of his ccjuiitryincii, witli driuliiiiy iiiatt:iiiils oil tlio taldc at whic'li tlioy wiTi; sitting, and fmni sulisc(|iic'nt events it isrci'. tain tliat thuy liad assL'inhled in furtliLTancu of a political conspiiaiy, wliioli soon (k-vi;loj)c;d itself. Alvarado has the ai)[icaran(.'c of pliysical stri'ii;,'th iiiil mental eneri,'y.' Oslo was met at Cioine/.'s raneho, 'a lar;.'e, d-.iik, gi-.-ivr-jni,;;. inj,' man, neitlier in manner nor costume resembling a Mexican.' On N'nv. lltli the American ollicers visit'.Ml S. Juan mission; and at a hall gi\iii ly I'adro Ansara letter was receiveil liy one of the Mexican oflicers wlio had iic- comiianied the hunters, probably Capt. Abella, stating ' tliat '_'() soldiers had tleserted from ilonterey, taking with them eveiy luM'se.' This was aliiiiif.' or t'{ A. M. on Nov. l.")th. l,ater in tiie day the whole country was said to Ij.: in revolution, under AUarado and Osio, though tiiere was mueii unecrrainty about Castro being implicated. Tiie people at tiie mission were friendly ti the reliels, and jio objection was made when an ox-eart came to carry oil' am- munition. Wood remained at 8. Juan two nigiits more, ami on the I7i!i started for Monterey, where ho arrived on the I!)th. The Mexican oilicir-i had been alloweil after some objections to return with the Americans. 'Jlay liad Icai'iied during the past few days that the rebels were seizim,' all su]ipliis and arms to lie found at the ranchos; and they found the capital in a sad state of alarm. Wood's WaiHlcriiiii Skitch' .•>, "J.")!, "Jjit, '27;{-S5. Francisco Kico, Mmn. Hist., MS., l-.'i, tells us that after the jilaii Mas fornu.dat Monterey, he was sent with it to Alisal to obtain Aharadn's ap- proval, which aft'jr man.y objections was given. This statement of eoursi.' cun- trailicts that of Alvarado. Castro, I'clarion,, MS., !(7-!), says that he lir.-t ^;ubnlitted the plan to Alvarado after the pronunciamicnto, and tliat lie di- clined at (irst to sign it, retiring to S. Pablo. Alvarailo's statement in iiis y//-'. ('(il., M.S., v. '2'2-S, agrees with that made in his letter of the time— that ho disapproved of the haste shown by the hotdieaded young Californiaiis, hut jiined the movement and went tt) S. I'ablo to work for the cause, Ji.ilULl (.ionzalez in a record made at the time, Valhjo, JJoc, MS., xxxiv. 1 1'.', .^iiys that he and others had repeatedly warned Miclieltorena that a revolt was brewin.g. Francisco Arce, Jlcinorhm, M.S., .'35-7, was invited to take ]iaitiii t!ie plots begun at flannel Castro's house, but declined on account of |ic!siiiial favors fi'om the gov., promising however to keep silent. A letter aniiouiic- ing the revolt seems to have been dated Xov. 14. Di jif. Sf. P(t[i., Anij., -MS., viii. ;{4. Vallejo, lliM. Cdl., M.S., iv. 417-18, speaks of the movemriit as having begun at Alhsal on Nov. 14th. Micheltorcna wrote to ^lexi o tliHt the government hor.ses were seized Nov. l.")th, together with all cat*!'' ainl hoises in the region, so that Montcicy was cut oil" from all supplies. ' '('-''(• fiarrx, Col. Doc, 57. ' Everett of the Tanxn, who left Cal. on the Giiipn:.^oai,ri on Dec. '.!d, car- ried the first news to Mexico, reporting that Alvarad j, Castro, and \ .lUcjo had pronounced at Alisal Nov. 14th, with 300 armed ,iali(inoii. C(i-I:?inri.<, Col. J)oc., 5(i. Tuthill, Jlht. Cal., 149-50; Hall, llh'. S. Jo.^'. l.t! 5; the author of Yolo Co. H/st., 11; Tinkhain, J/isf. Sforkloi , 87; ■■uid i;..liinsoii, L/J'e ill Cal., '2r2-13— the last being the original followed by the otii :-— ttll us that Vallejo, Alvarado, aud Castro Imrmouized tl.cir old dili' rcuoes, I i\ THC GOVERXORT-; MOVKMEXTS. 4G1 li ^liclu'ltoi'i'iia's first stc']) to put down tlic revolt was to i.v-iu' a ])r()cliunati<)ii on the 18th of Xoveiiibei", the tiiinr of which was, tluit, wliuroas a band of liorse- tliir\cs liad pronounced at the Klo, therefore all tak- iiiH p:irt in the nioveuient would l)e tried under the liiws, and lose their property. Forei_L(ners so forij^et- t'lil <>(' the hospitality shown them as to join in the disorders would be put to death without quaj'ter; tlin>f who aided the rebels woidd l)e executed or con- (IimiuumI to the presidios according to the'ir deo-ree of ^•uil1 : but any who might present themselves within I jniit days wcjuld receive pardon for past (»frences;^ At tlu s;uiie time — or probably a day or two before issuing tlir i>r.)clamation, for we have no exact dates — Coloiu!l Telle/ and Captain ]\Iejia were sent out to reconnoitre with a force of eighty men. They reached the Sali- nas liiver, but returned without having overtaken the rclx'ls or recovered the lost horses, tlunigh they did obtain from the ranches a few cattle that had es- eaped the clutches of the other party.'' Finally, with most of his batallon, perhaps 150 men, ^licheltorena inai'elied out of the capital on the 2'2d to crush the reliellioii, "bt)tli because the necessity of eating made itsell" felt, and because the rebel forces were on the in- crease, destroying and carrying away eyerythin<_f, al- tumeil iit;!iinst Micheltorcna, .and captured S. .Tuan whore the govt amiTitiiii- tinu was stmi'd. The outbreak of the revolt is also mentioned witliout iiuy aiMitiuiiid information I'equiriiis,' notice in ()., An;/., MS., x. 47-8. ' Xi'iiily all the authorities mention this expedition, some implying tliat there wci" two, one under Tellez and a later one under Meji'a. Wood, Wan- iliriii'i S/:,irh(s, '2S'2-'), on approaclnng ^Monterey from the interior, spent tlio ni.'lit iif the I.Stli at a rancho, where the people were in great trouble Ix'causo tlie iiiglit before Capt. Mejia's foragers liad seized .a herd of cattle which a yoiiii;.! iiKin of the family had eollL'cted in anticipation uf his ajiproaeiiini; iiianiai,'!', In his report to Mexico, (.'a«taria !■(.■<, Col. J>oc., 'u, Micheltorcna tkiiineil to have jiaid for all the cattle taken, in (trder to show the contrast liotwtiu the conduct of his men and that of the rebels; but this was jH'obubly aliginv c if .speech. m 1 { * n 402 IJKVOLUTIOX AflAIXST MICIIKLTOKKXA. 1 (III- li ! :i I tl)(ni<:fli not yet inaiiifL'stiiij,^ any political plan m' ^rean\vliil(.' the Californians under Manuel ('a^tid labored to increase their. strength, the leaders nieetiip; but little opposition among the j)eopK', but li;i\ in- considerable (ntlieulty in obtainint;' \ven|»onsand ainiiiii- iiition. ^lesscu^^'rs were sent in all direclioiis ii rouse the ])eople. Jose Maria Villaviceneio and Jmvc Antonio Carrillo were notified of whathad been don,, and were expected to cooperate with forces from S.mla B;irbara and Los Angeles. A courier wa.s sent in gi'eat haste to summon Jose Castro, who with Jiloui twenty-tive men was absent on Indian service in tliu Tulares. Influences were brought to bear on Wrlur and Gulnac at San Jose to secure the support of ini- eigners. ^Manuel Castro made a visit in person to the Santa Cruz region. Francisco Ei(^o was .sent, to San Francisco, which ])lace was also visiteil by Aiitn- nio ■Maria Qsio, and Alvarado })roceeded to San I'ablu to rouse the inhabitants of the C^)ntra Costa, ;ind (- pecially to labor with his uncle A'allejo. Xatunilly Ai'o have few details respecting the rebel movcnicuts in these days, and the few extant are contradirtniv and unrelial»le. It appears cdearly enough, ho\V( vi r, that reenforcoments were obtained from all the pl.Kis mentioned above except perhaps the south; thai ><>\\\^' military stores were obtained at San Francisco liv Ilico and Torre with the connivance of other oCiicials that Joaquin de la Torre joined the rebels and \\;h associated with Manuel Castro in the military <rea near Sail .luan, and assumed the cliii r iiiililai'v eonnnand. All aj^-ree that he did this with mueh I'ehieiaiiee, real or pi'etended. He was riii'inlly to Miehelloretia, heln;^ also under n'reat [.'-r- sn;i;il ohligations to him t'oi- past favors. There is no iii'id to record all the variations of o|.'inion that have liivii cxj^'essud ahout his action and motivfs in this allali'. Tlio Californians have hcen much niystiHt;d nil the suhject. Some think lie had l>een an oi'ii;'inal Irailti' in the plot with Alvarado, and that his rcluo taii'v was a pi'eteiice; others, that it was real, his s'TUiilcs haviiiij^ liecn overconui by the arijcuineiits, ciitivaties, ridicule, and evciu threats of his associate ( 'alifiiriiiaiis, and of the men uiuler his coniniand: still ntlui's, that he ti)ok tin.' comniaiid with a view to lud[> Ills fticiid, the general; and Inially, there an.' some — !"i(Ii Vall(>jo and Alvarado acceptiiiL this theory — vdid insist that he had an und(;rstandiiig- with Mi- clii'ltnivna from the iirst, the latter requesting him ti) tak(.' command of the movement, and to coiuluct a ^llalll campaign which should drive him honorably iVniii a position and a country of which ho was heartily tiivd, without the risk of shedding cither ^lexican or (.'alii'iii'iiiaii hlood! This theory has its charms, ac- I'^iuiitiiig for soD^e things otherwise more or less inex- I'licaliK', and is i, t altogether improbable; yet in the al)si'iiL'(; of positive proof, it is perha[)s as well to con- "IX'L', lOth, Ah-arailn, Cirla fhhidoiu MS., 11(1: /.'/en. Mi m. ]Iiveincnt. Kieo t'lU us that tlio recci)tor, lienito Diaz, and Conuindante Joaiiuin IVna, aided I im ill his work, (iernian, Suiyno.i, MS., !)-l'J, narratog at sonic length a ij.uuixl lutueeii lii.s brother Luis German aud Gabriel Castro while tho rebel ijivts were at Sta Clara. '9 A h .■• ' -■' h... '•■..: ' * n Hi| P ;■ ;: 4 ■^■V:, lii lull!::*' ■III '" it*" 404 RKVOLUTION AGAINST MICIIKLTOIillNA. cliidc that Castro (lecnicd liis own interests as well as iinTniati('iis ((» ho on tlu; side of the Ciililornians; and that he satisfied his scruples of conscience, so fni' as such a man liad any scrujiles, hy roHectini^ th.it tlic moveniont was ayainst the l)ata.llon, and not the; mn- ei'al ij ( 'olonel Vallejo fell |)erliaj)s more det^ply th;ni any othei- man in Cahl'oi'nia the disorace of having' ]ii> country used as a })enal coh)ny, though lie IumI umi, like tho ^tontereyans, come directly in conla .t uit'i the cholos. Ifc knew that the country c(»iil(l nit prosper under sucli a burden; and he was (he mnic troubled because in a sense he had been instruniciilal in introducing the convict army. He had doubt!. v> ex])ressed liis views freely, but there is no contciiiim- rary i^videnco to contradict his statement, and that nf othei-s in later times, that betook no i^wt in jtrnnmt- ing the revolt of November. On hearing oi' llic ris- ing, Vallejo, Xovember IHth, wrote the goviiimi, assuring him of liis belief that the onlv ill-feelin'j nf the Calilbrnians was a-jjainst the batallon, and >ii-- gesting indirectly that as the troops were useless ami 1)ur(lensom<.! both to tbe general and to the couiitrv, and as there could be no peace v»hile they reuiaiuiil. tho best way ut of present difficulties was to >rii.l them away.'^ Soon came Alvarado's letter ef the 20tli from San Pablo, in which the writer desciUxil '* Serrano, Apuntes, MS., 100-7, relates that he was subseiiuciitly shnwn by Castro a letter in wliich Miclieltorena wrote: 'My godson, a nvult ka broken o\it at tlie Cafuula do S.an Miguel, among some hot-lienik'il young men. Tills snits me, l>ut I do not wiuh for any personal perst'iutioii nr ven- geance. I'nt yourself at the head of this movement, and wo shall coin'' to, 'in nnderstanding.' Vallejo, J/ht. C'll., ,MS., iv. 41'2-1!», adds tliat tlic kttur was sent in duplieato to Castro, and one of the copies was captured on tlio way; but this writer's version of ensuing complications l)et\veen tlie two Castros is utterly al)surd and unintt'Uigible. Alvarado, Hi"!. ( V(/., MS., v, 2:], also speaks of the captureil letter. xVrce, ^/<•lllorlt!i--s (•()iii('nii»i- iiul t.liat lit ill jii'iuiidt- of the fis- o'ovd'iiiir. [-iccliiin' lit and sui^'- isclfss ami (• CoUlltfV, I'cinaiiu'tl, ,S tl> M-'I'i' cr dl' tlio dt'sctilioil l\lCllt!y shnWIl il, !l li"v"lt 1k13 TiiuaiU'ii youiiL' I'ditiiiii "!■ ^'i'-'' uillciiiii" t"-'"' lliat thf IctttT Ipturt'il 111! llii:' IwL'Cii tlw two fri/., MS„v. s,, ;«> K', WIS iiui in'v.-"ii:itl.V- l<) givi' oa'iiit hi- I, il,, v.itli th'J liUl !"• tlnvat- ClI wli.i! liad occurred, dcclai'cd tlic inoviMiiciit to lie a just and j>o|)idar one, and callud ii|»t)ii N'allcjo to sii|»- ]Mirt it, I'itlu'r in jicrscjii <»!• at least l»y seiidiiin' his lutlici' Salvador with liorsi's and supplies." 'riio li lilt Is rt'ply \v;is to send J)on Salvadoi" to confer wiili Alvarado at San Pahlo, and to hriiiL;' hack ninru iiiiiiiite (h.'tails of what the I'ehels had done, what tlit'V intended to do, Jtiid what were tlieir |irosj)eets itf >iicct'ss, for Vallejo n.'tained all his old spirit of cau- lidii and fondness for hein^" foiuid on, or at least not \ti'y >ti'on>4'ly against, the winning' !-.il. " His posi- timi was u somewhat dilHcult one. A- a Mexican nlliccr his duty was of course to obey and sup[)iirt his >u|ici'ior; hut in d(/uig so he wo';i 1 he- ohlig .1 not mily to take sides against his friijudsand cdnntrynicii, :ni.i to defend a band of convit-ts wlx'se pre-^eiice ho (JLTiiicd a curse to California, but also to pay from his own pocket the whole ex[)enses of the cam[iaign; wiiilc on the other hand, he had little doubt tiuit, witimiit his su[)])ort, ^Micheltoreiia would somi lie coiupelled to yield, send away his troops, and thus prevent revolutionary troubles and possible bloodshech llis decision was to remain neutral: and to a\'oid the filtliii'ation of obevinsjf the ueneral's orders to send iviiuforccments, though it nowhei'e cleai'ly a[»pfars that such orders wore over issued, he disbanded the Soimina forces Xovenibor 28th, on the plea that he iituld no longer su})})ort them at his own ex|tense as li(j luid been doing. Tho men were left Ireo to gain a living as best they could, and doubtless some of them jiiiiicil the rebels. "^' ".l^v(,y(.A,, CarUt Ihlanon, MS,, p. 108. Xov. 20, lSt4. In tliis letter A. stiitt.s tliat J. J. Vallejo would join tho rdiols; ami In; spuaUs uf ii "imsiKiMdi'iicc hutwoeii liini.sclf and .Michcltoreiia, in wliicii M. had de- I'liirt'd thu iiijiiriou.s rt'sults of tl ivvolt, inhnilluil tin; ju.itifc ot' coinplriiuls, :i'iil inuii.isfd to aiTiiUge all satisfactorily as soiju as thu i '(iUhxiiia siiou'.d ^nivo with ordoi's and aid; while A. had replied that ho could not ooiitinl ikMiiiivcinout, which rosulted wholly frau the oimduot of tho oholos. '^Xi> (latp, V. to A., with blotter of i4 j)oiut3 on whioh information is i;i>^'-> notifying him of having disiianded the trcvpa, Hist. Ual., Vol. IV. SO k 1 M 1 If f rrr^ 4G0 RFA'OLUTIOX AOAINST MICIIELTORENA. ]\Tiehcltorona, inareliiiiijj from ^tontcroy on i]\r Jill with I .')() iiK'U and two or tlirue jj'um'cs of nrtillriv, (MH'uin|)i'!l i'our or five days later at the Ija^'una Scca, on tlic raiicho of Juan Alvin^s, ten or twelve milis soutli-east of San Jose. The rehel font's, 220 stnni'^-. niarelu'd down from Santa (?larato meet him, em auiji- ini^ in the hills of the Santa Teresa rancht>, a mile nr two from the lake and the general's eamp. Al'tor two or three d-iys of maiueuvi-es and neixotiatinns a treaty was coneluded, hy wliieh ]\lieheltorena a'^rccil to I'etire to tin; eai)ital and send away his hataHitii. while the ( 'alif )i'nians promised to retire to Saii Jm>o mission and wait for the geiUTal to fulfil his agree- ment. Sueh is an outline of the caiuDaiufn. M;(." Jn his //i~/. Cfi/., .Ms., iv. HOll, he explain.s his niuti\is. .i.ii in^' to tiio.se I hiive nu'ntioneil lii.s helief that M. ami (^:istro hail a sriict iniili'istandinj;, anil his unwillingness to take part in any sueh faree as tlio /janipaign was likely to ln'. (.'. K. Pirkett, in Sh/irk'.-i /,'ry;/v.v. .1/. ». l'JS li, relates that ^'. took a leading ]iart in plainiing this revolt, l)ut that l.itiT ;nost(if his men ^\■e^(^ indueed to join Sutter's forec in aid of .Mielultiinii.i! '' .Mo.st of the ( '.difornians greatly exaggerate the forees on lioth ^iili •*. 4ii't i),ten l.K'ing a favorite numher for Alieheltorena'.s army. All agrei' that t!:t' weather was very eeld, disagreeahle, and rainy. Several S[)eak of a ^iiiiiil detaennient sent luit liy the ichels in advane(! of the main force to trv to sin- juise tlio fo.'. Oslo, J'll'it. Cftl., MS., 414 7; Alrnrmlo, //;>7. ('<(/., ' M>;., v. ;2;>-l; (larciii, Ainniti^, .MS., ;")-(); Lar'>0'>, Ciniriilsioiicf, .MS., 17- 1!'; (-!■ rmnii, Suri'unx, MS., :!-.">; JC:i/>i; ('((.■ilm, /,'rf., MS., 104-7; Torre, llrmin., .MS,, IJl). None of these give any details re(|uiring special attention. l-Jieo, JA /". //'•'•. MS., 7-H, gives more partienlars, agreeing in snhstaneo with .Alvarailn s iku'- rativc, to ho noted i>resently. Vallejo, Wn^t. Vul., MS., iv. 4--'(t~l, sniiis 1 1 iuiiily that Cr.stro .simply agreed to wait until Mieheltorena enuld u'lt rii'ii- foreements fiom Me.xieo, thus hetraying the Califoruians. Ariia/, // «ii''"-. MS., (i7 H, I'ioo, /lco);r., MS., oS, Amador, Mcnorhix, .MS., l.">4 (1. iiinl Botello, Aiifi'i.'i, .MS., IIO-I-J, state more or le.ss elearly that .M. ".;s innlr- stood to have promised merely to ask fi'om Mexico authority to scud li ■< hh" away, lioronda, Xola.i, .MS.. '_'■_', claims to have guided the ^'uner.d hnk tu Monterey by a shorter way tliau he iiad come. CAMrAinX OF SA\TA TERESA. 4;7 sililr fnr Infantry; 1)ut witliout ;i conflict, because sucli i-, till' masonry of every Californian, that while 1 had imt a single notice or a single spy, knowing only tht> nrdinid I trod, the sliglitcst strategic niovcmcnt of my r\]icilition was instantly communicated hy these peo- iili . w ho travel on theii' horses fortv or iifty leau'iies a (l;iv w itiiout fatigue and as a pastime. J'^inally 1 suc- (.■iinlcd ill getting them into a narrow defil(\ where, as 1 iuKanced to light them, they hegged that 1, like a, t'atlici', would liear their complaints, as shown in tin- ciH'losed documents. It would ha\e l)een a woik of \\\v minutes to destroy these men Wiio have ne\er luard a shot nor the whizz of a hall, who came as to a _/;V.v/«^emharrasse(l hy their vei'y weaitons,hi'inging with tlu'iii to the war their chikh'en of tender age, in fact ivciy male; hut the revolution would never he calmed, aibl liy I'oi'ce and terror it would he necessary to put tothr knife oi" to shoot half the dei»artment, while my >iii;tll numl)er of valiant men would inevitahly he kilkd liy rilK>d)alls in the vuipeopled camps of tli(! desert, without seeing a single foe, or having anything to eat, iMvaiise they carried off (.'verything l)efore them, with- (h'awiiig every kind of supplies, in imitation of wliat I (inlered done at the tinu' of (Commodore Jones' iina- sinii. I have ])ut them olf hy offering to send away the IkkI men for good I'easons within three months, in nrdrr to gain this time, dui'ing which 1 await the si'liddiier Ca/ij'ontld."^'^ Jn this re[)oi't the; I'eader will not fail to note a sli'j'ht admixture ol' ti'uth with a ];ir''-' auioiiiit of the senseless gasconade which chaiactci'- izeil the writer's despatches in the Jones alfair of I S4i'. It was Micheltorena's fate; to make an ass of hinisi It' wlicucver ho had occasion to write for the eyesof tho Mr\i(Mii government. Ill'' Ijcst narrative extant of this cam[)aign is that writtei. hv Alvarado to Valleio at the time. ( )!i Aoveiiiher 27th or '28th, the rebels received a nies- NiiiV fidin ^[icheltoreiia, in reply to a request to sus- '*D>i;. !•_>, 1844, M. to chief of stall". Casta I'lans, t'ul. JJoc, oD-GO. *1 m u|l| 1 lli ,^M u ■mi h;;Ii ■ Bivn I ■: I 4,8 11 EVOLUTION AGAINST MICIIELTORENA. ];('n(l his iiuirch witli a aIcw of jilbiyiiiL? tlio ])0])ul:ii- (.■x(.'iteuieiit, that tht3y must lay clown their anus ,iii,l suhinit ti) his (,'loincncy, or lie would destroy all Ixiniv liiiii without (juartcr. On the night of the 2ath, tliry lesolved to attack the •^•oiieral at Alvirez'i^ rauclm, inarc'hiii!L>' out of Santa Clara, two companies of litlt - me)i and musketeers of i'orty and sixty men nsjuit- ivt'ly in advance, with r20 under Castro and Alvuiadu in the rear. Tlxn' hoped to caj)ture the foe hy .-til- prise, and favored by the darkness and rain, approiicliiil within -00 yards; l)ut a u'un was accidentally di- char at Santa ( 'lara lor further negotiatii'.ii-: hut I)eing refused, he threatened an attack fur tin next morning. Instead of an assault, liowcvci', "H Decemher 1st there was anothei- conference with Ai- varado, and the general linallygave his word of IkiiihI' to accede to the wishes of the Californians. During' tlie night artick's were drawn up, and when tlie gen- eral showed some further liesitation, he was thivat- eiied with an attack within an hour; and accordin'^lv, after a personal interview with Casti'o, he signed the treatv, and soon started for Monterev in the ram. nuich t() the disgust of some of his oiliccrs and ni' n. ^'■' Afi'iirarJo, ('(trifi, ]'riiirii)ii: ('(iinpri'iit. i}<- Lui/iiiki Sicd, 7X,/'./. M^- ' '"•' vritcr iv|ire«iiits tiu! treaty ;is JKiviiii,' licuii ni;iiR-il on iKc. '_M, liut lln' ilni-"- UH'iit lis ]iri'si.'ivccl in cdjiii's bcaiN ilatc i>f l)cc. {.--t, as wc shall sci'. Oiir I'tlin" xufsioii lit' llio uaiiipaigii, ]^ii'i.'suiiialily Ilia;. i>I' C'lia.-- M. XW'ljcr, a.i '.•.•■'.n m >■ TREATY OF LAOUXA SECA. ■ii;3 T;i;it ^lidicltoruna sii'-iu'd a treaty at tlio La^-uiia biiidiiiL;' liiiusflt' within a CL-rtain time to di:siiiiss IVdiu tlii >t I'vice or seiul away to ^[o\ico tlie soldii^-rs ot" iho liatalloii iijo, witli some of tlie moi'e vicious oiHcei's, tliri'c can l)e no doubt; indeed, he adnutted as nuich in ]ii> n port to Moxi(.'0, and never denied it subse(|uently sii tar as I know. The oriL>'iiKd of the treaty is not cxt.iiil; hut I have co[>ies, the genuineness ol' wlii<'h tlidv is no reason to call in (juestion. At first the pirinil within which the men were to he sent away was lixi'd at two montlis; ])ut the general insisted on cliaiiying it to tlu'ee, and alscj on the condition that Jniviii'ni Co. Hi"!., IS-]!), mill Tinlchnm'x Wft. Slnrl/nii, S7-S, dosui'vcs iiotii-c lifii'. I (|iiiit(; fri)iu 'I'iiikliain; 'Ocii. ^liLlicltni'cuu Uxik the licld tu iiucll thi; iiisurL'i'iits, ;iii(I iiiaiohed to within I- mili's of S. Josi'-, wiicro lio wiin met liy iiM iiiHU'il I'dix'c uiiilor C'apt. W'ljlier, Castros army liaviiii; lied from S. .los/', li;i\iii,' tlu' iiilialntaiit.-i to tin: tender mercies <<{ an ai'niy lecniited from tlie .Mixiu.iii ]iri^oiis — a hand of desiicrate convicts, \vlio wonld jiluudcr and ran- siK'k tile town if tliL'V wore onco allowed to enter. \\'el)er isiiew tliis, and Iiaviii^ a tartro stock of goods on hand, lie was naturally anxious to ]irotei.t liis ]iru|!trty, and pronijjt action alono was demanded. Depending on his frieiiil.sliip \\ itli Micheltorona, and resorting again to peace measures, he sent a note to that general, informing him that Castro had llcil, and reipiestini; liiia to march around the town. W'lir knows no fiiends, and Micheltorenii iuforiiHil Weber that ho must march through the town in pursuit of (.'astro. This meant destruction of propeity if not of life, ani_'ni d ''}' Alvarado and Castro stated the cause of the trouble to bo M."s failui.' to i«iy as he h.id ])romi.sed, with a view to some relief, but with results not v\ corJal iJ'j'l. HI. Piqi., MS,, vi. 123-0. carrv nut 'poso an I st l^e ail- coiisisti'iit away tluj on of any low I if n'l illtt.'lltinll his agret- und'i' till' I kept his conti'iil 'if deed; and rested tin [)f Drccni- helicf and lad si-iifil lie and es- ;lio lie Alviro, Jatu) Du't- ■'^'' ullor.'iinJ'J/p"- 2. Tlic'di- force to Mill- movoiuont. -l. |tlK' fuo'i' quar- ivt as HI II 111 iis lied to private ■ui-roil U' th:;t |isury afUT nil- [f these articles if his cliii'!-. iilition C.l) tiiat liat citizens in iuut ai'.i'iuiit ;•> iltoreua, Fi'-i*' Irkin's lettelMif [ill A';/..s" AV;;.. liliyii'lei-'i*i"» Ition >i-'ni'il''y Ifaiiuf toRV , not i-i corilcil. MEDITATED TREACHERY. 471 cape from tlie sujierior forees tliat ()[)]iosL'd Idiu, not intending" to keej) his faitli, but to eoiitiiiiie the sti'u^'- i^le. The j)roiiuiieiados had for the most i)art returned to thi'ii' liomes, leuvint^ ('astro witli iifty men at San Jose, ]ioorly armed, destitutt', and eonstantly in I'ear (if an attack t'roni the (^^eneral's fon-es. Coidident that the war had only just be^nm, Alvarado was naturally more anxious than ever to secure the sn[)])ort of V^a- llejo. Tiiat his apprehensions, or hopes it' the tt'rni be |ii'eferred, were well founded will })resently a[)[»ear.-^ Ill a i>roclamation of Decend>er KJth, Mifdndtorena announced to tlio peo])le tliat tlie cloud of civil war threatening such dire results had [)asse'd away, because he, ••])ieferring the voice of humanity to the horrible loar of cannon," had llown to the fr(jnt, not as a ty- rant, l)ut as a friend to those who led the movenumt. He liad listened to their complaints, recognized the jiisiice of some, and had not hesitated to [)romise relief; so that the citizens had retired to tlus bosom «.)f their fnnilies, und peace was restored. "This iVank- iiess will always be the guiding-star of my j)ro('ee'd- iiiLi's." wrote the general."" Vet he had sent orders to Am Ires I'ico in the south to arm the militia in defence of the government;^^ and he had .sent Colonel Tellez and ('a[»tain ]\Iejia to Mexico for aid. In his report (if JJecendjcr rJth sent with these ollieers by the SKninndh, a document which I have had occasion to (|U(jte several times before, he says plainly and with- ■' III the lettc cited Alvarado writes, 'If the phiu had tiecu to destroy the general with all his expedition, it eoidd have tieeii done in livi; iiiiiiutes; Imt lis it was iiieroly to get rid of his liatallou and preserve hi.s j^ovt, iiolhin.ii t'liilil 1)(; done' !)Utas:.eiit to the treaty. Alvaiaih) had heeii dangerously ill lit S. .hise for several days after tlie treaty. •-i>.M.'. l(i, rS4r4, .M.",s proelaniation. hir/lcsf Print.; Olixra, Dn\, M.S., -7-11; \'iilli]l(,, y>)c. , .MS., .\ii. I'JS; Mii/n Ifuri/iit, L'.r/iidi n/c, no. .'1. Dee. I'itli, M. sends some copie.s of tlie pioelamatiou to .1 use (.'astro, statiiiL; also that he has sent Tellez t.i Mazatlaii to j^et pennissioii to send away the hatalli.ii. (,'iiirrii, JJm'., MS., i. 4-_' W. ()n Dee. Ttli, he had Miitteii to ('"Varruliias in the south, that he liac dc iikiho"! Ho goes on to ur^c, it is true, that an order l)e issued for him to rctiic Avith his officers and men, "each one worthy of a statue," not because he liad ])ledged his word, luir because lie had little ho})e for the sending of an ai'iny 1,500 or 2,000 strong to save the countr3\-* The general made no ])i-epa rations whate\< r h> conijdy with the treaty, but did all that he could \n ])repare for another resoi't to force. If he ever had an\' intention of keeping his promise, it soon yielded to the railleries of Tellez, who had not taken jiait ia the cam[)aign,-''' and to the reviving h()[)e of siiecrss through the aid of foreignei's. I have no doubt that his treachei'v was lar- per-sed; and they returned tiie horses to their <»\\i!ei> as promised.-" The article calling for contribufi(Mi< -U''i.if(iniiir<, Col. Doc, .■)9-(iO. The oritur liopcd to get a njily limii Mexico early in Maivli. '■'Osio, //(V. ('ill., MS., 44S, Arce. JAw., MS., 41, .nnd otliers stat^' tliat Telle/ wa.s suleeted for tlie mission to Alexieo eliielly liecimsc M. e"iiM no liiiiu'er eiuhii'o his reproaehe.s foi- the eowai'ilieo ilisplayeil in the Sta 'I'ln-^a e:iin[)aign. Nearly all the ("alifoniiaii witnesses whom I have cite.l in tM< chapter speak in general terms of M."s failure to do as he had agreeil: ami I need not re])eat the list of references. -''Dec. li'th, Castro, writing to Micheltorena on this 8nl)je<'t, snins to complain that tlio general's ollicers wei'c attempting to utilize the rituriiiil horses for themselves! Vullijo, Dor., MS., xii. IIS. Others say that an at- tempt was made to drill tiic batallon in cavalry tactics. M. never a iisnl the t'alifornian < of breaking the compact except by failing to return \-i.'iae nt the property, evidently but a pretext, even if partly true. PREPARATIONS. 473 from citizens afforded an excellent basis for a disa- urrriiient; i)ut it does not appear tliat lie ever called {(ir ;iiiy such contributions, or eoin[)lained that tlu'y \V(iv not paid. Without ti-ouhlinn' hiinselt' to justify ]ii> actions, he went eahnly ahead with his pi'e[)ara-- tions. and awaited the or^'anization of the i'oivi^'ii rciint'orcenients, just as if the hreaking of a solemn i)l('»lL;e was an ordinary method of gaining- an advan- tage over- his opponents. Larkin wrote ot hoth })ar- tics producing ditliirent treaties, each denying the o'cnuineness of that shown hv the other;'-' hut there is nothing to confirm that statement, t(» say nothmg (if its iidierent improl)al)ility. ]\[ean while the Cali- fdiiiians throughout J)eceml)er did nothing hut await (Kvcliipments, tlicir leaders protesting against the gi'iicral's policy, and Vallejo using all his inihiencc to iiuhice ]\[icheltorena to keep his promise and to ])re- veiit the foreigners from interf 'ring. Both ]\[ichel- tdi'ciia's treachery and the ])olity of the f »reigners strengthened in one sense the s[)irit of revolt, and crealt'd a personal op[)osition to the govei-nor, that hail Hdt before existed; but the rebels were at the same time terrified, and became timid about engau'ing porsdiiahy in such an une(pial struggle. At no time in ])eceinber did their military strength eijual that whirh tlu'V had orixanized in November; and besides, thiw had lost for the most part the support of Web- er's rifle company at San Jose.'"' -' Jjirk'di's Off. Conrap., MS., i. ',]~k '•'"IVm'. II, 1S44, I'iiilre Mfirado (inlercd to iniit the north for seditious cniKhu't hy Castro. Valhjo, J)o<\, MS., xii. 117. Dee. I"2th, ( 'astro to pov., a>suiiiig liiiii of the good faith and friemlshii) of himself and party. Ktitreats liim 111 't to resort again to foree. /(/., xii. IIS. I)ee. l.'itli, C to Alvar.ado. lujiurts that Tdlez will come to attack them. Djmger imiiiimiit. A. must coiiie at oiiee. ^loney must be ol^taiued from Rae. He, C, has already pleclged idl his jiro)ierty. iioi'ses uuist he had from S. Rafael. Victor (.'ast:o Pi'i'iiis well disposed. Montenegro has not come. If A. goes to S. ]'"raneisco lnMiui.st try to get army and ammunition secretly. Id., xii. I'JO. Deo. l.'itli, Aalliju to Sutter, explaining tlwit by the late treaty all had been satisfac- torily settled, since the 'pnetorian guard' of criminals was to be sent away, ami th'i'e was no opposition to Micheltorena. There was no ground what- ivei' to fear any further jihjts against the govt. /r(iia ^vrittcu in Decoiiibor, which I give in a note as tin; best })o.S8iblo source of information respecting liis pol- icy as declared by himself at the time. The first was aJdi'essed to Sutter on the 23d. It showed a itcift'ct understanding with that officer, and contained i ust ruc- tions for military movements in the near futiue. It also contained a brief defence of the governor's pro- posed treachery, in the form of a claim, doubtle-^s I'al.M', that he had seen a plan against the government, ^[rx- icans, and foreigners, of later date than the treaty of Santa Teresa. The second letter was addressed to Castro on the 29th, in reply to that officer's j)rotest of the 27th against his apparent intention to renew hos- tilities. It was for the most part a vague and evasive plea, the only definite statement being the I'also on ■ that no orders had been given to Sutter. Not a woiil to Castro of new plans or of bad faith on tlu* })art of the rebels.-" to same. Tlio general sent commissioners to Mexico, but docs not swin ili--- posed to attack Castro at S. Joat'. /'/., xii. \2o. Ucc. 20tli, gov. to Al>ie.'ii, ^."),8S7 to 1)0 jilaccil to the credit of Vallcjo for supplies fiiniislied. />rjil. .V, I'ltji., lien., MS., iii. \',\A. Vallejo, Hist. CuL, MS., iv. 4;!."), .say.s ho went to S. I'ahlo to consult with Alvaiado and Castio, and in eon-scijii'iicc uf tli" gond'al's treachery at one time oU'ered to join them if they would 'Aw. liim exclusive connnaud and limit the war to the expulsion of the batallon— wliicli Castro refused. -^ ])ec. 'I'M, Micheltorcna to Sutter. 'I have received the letters of your- Bclf, of I 'al)Io, and of J uau. 1 entirely approve what is said in that of t!ie lii>t. A\'hat you m;iy do, I approve; what you promise, I will fultil; what yoii spcinl, I will pay. They showed me a plan of two articles ' (treaty of Sta 'rci'o<:ii, 'promising to sustain nic, and ashing the punishment of the bad men. Tliis was just, and I granted it. Afterward L have seen a real (verda Icm) pl-i a^.;aiust the government, against every Mexican and foreigner. To a brave man like you onlers are not given. To act is to concpicr. The citrscl schooner ' (the r((///o)v«V(,, expected from Mexican ports), ' whicii 1 taunt lose with swords and money and saddles, and the arms and powder lunc do- tain me; but if the former arrives, I will go with more forces to meet ami aiil you. No attention is to be paid to papers or statements of anyljoily. Tlie country claims our services; our personal security demands thcur, and tlio government will know how to compensate all for them. I approv.' mtiioly your second letter brought by Juan Moreno. God and Liberty. MoiitLroy, Dec. 'J.I, 1841. Manuel Micheltorcna. If you have not started for any roasoa. without need of new orders on learning that I move from Monterey to San Juan, j'ou will march immediately, and I will calculate the time t ) art upuii tliem (rubric). D. Juan A. fciuter, Seiior Capitan. ' In Mkheltorena, F.j-p' ilknl, no. 4. Dec. '20th, M. to Castro. 'Convulsions whicli disturb the public order can produce nothing but disorder. The springs of society being broken, vach one FEELING IN THE SOUTH. 47; lelt I >reiia ,0 as llu; f his pol- lirst was a j)i'rrcct A instriu'- tui'O. It lor's pio- les8 false, Jilt, !Mi'.\- treaty dt' rc'sst'il t'l protest" (if mow hns- 1(1 1'vasivo I'alsc 0110 ot a word lu- part *>f 1 not sci'iu ili?- to Alii'c.'ii, 1. l>ri,t.'Si. d\a ho \ve:it 11 'IK-L' uf 111" 111 \ot to depose the governor in favor of Alvarado ami Castro. !Micheltorena's policy had been very lavdi'- ablc to foreign settlers, and so had that of Alvaia'lo before him. Both, while entertaining, [)rofess((lIy ut least, a patriotic hori'or of foreign political encroacli- ment, favored the coming of all who were willing to become Mexican citizens and obey the laws. The onlv difference was that Micheltorena had had UKue applicati(jns for land grants and passports than Alva- I'ado, and had been less careful to insist on full coiii- pliance with legal formalities. There was no gnniud '-Coroncl, Cona.t dp Cal., MS,, 55, says the people resisted in .inii^ mulct the leadership of Hilario Viirehi; and Pico, J list. Cal., MS., 104-.'i, tulls us that his l)rot]ier had to train a cannon on tlie crowd. *^ Dec. 13, 1844, Castro to Alvarado, enclosing cojdes of gov.'s litters "t Dec. 7th to Covarnibias, Carlos Carrillo, and the alcaldes. VuH'J'j, Doc, MS., xii. 114. FOREIGN IXTKRVENTION. ■177 f(ir fcai" — nor iiidood was tlicro any fear on ihr ]>art of Iradiiiu' tnrci^niors, thougli Sutter, Bidwell, and others liavf iuqilied that such was tlicoasc — that the success (if llir ( 'Mlilornians would result in oj^pression oi' inuni- ynuits.'' Yet most foreij^ners in the north supjjorted Michcltorena; and it is necc!ssary to explain their umtivts, which, thoULjh many and varviinjj w ith (hi- ft iviii individuals, are by no means involved in mys- tery. Joliii A. Sutter acted in this matter of course, as in all iithers, solelv for his own interests. JJnth .MIcIk'I- lorciia and Alvarado had heen his friends, his ohli^a- lidiis to the latter bein*^ nnich greater than to the Inniicr; l)ut he thought little of these things, and did Hot ( \cn act on the theory that Michelt(.)reiKi was a lultr nioi'e easily managed than the other. He went (lii'L'i.'tly to the governor, warned him that tronl)le was liri'wiiig, and made a contract to aid him with all the Juice at his command, in consideration of having all Ills (■\[)eiises paid, and of receiving a large grant of land in addi;..on to that already obtained from Aha- lado. It has been suspected by the Californians that a niiK Ii greater recompense was ])romised befoi'e the ivvdlution was ended, [)erha[)s including means to pay the liussian debt; but there are n(^ proofs that such was the case. Sutter pretended at the time, in his (iinvspondcncc with Vallejo and others, to be acting tVdiii a J latriotic, desire to sup[)ort the legitimate gov- ennnoiit against the ambitious plots of Alvarado an^l Castii). A. little later, when dtjfeat had endangered lii.s personal prospects, ho set up the })lea that he had as a nnlitary officer merely obeyed the orders of his "Till' idea 1ms alao liecn more or less current tlmt tlie niovoiiKiit MLraiiist Miclicltiiicua was favorable to tlie success of English over Aun'rican sclieiiie;; I'Ut tliDiiL'li Fciiljes and liim seem to have given it soiiio encDUiageiiient, yet it will I'eiiineinliered that llartncU represented M. as not only favdraliie to l>nt ili'sinms of having a personal interest in the Englisli project. No theory Idit liMil its advocates. Rivera, f/iif. Jalajia, iii. 097, tells us that M. was ousted '■> a party favoring annexation to the U. S. !; and Pio Pico, Jlisl. CuL, -MS., l'W-4, fuund some reason to suspect that the gov. had a project of unit- ii'e' with Sutter to declare iudepeuJciicc ! SI - t» .n. m^ 478 nKVOLUTIOX AfiAIXST MICIIELTOIIKNA. 'IV "iil I ''^ iH'i supoiMor. Til later yoixvn lio was anxious to lir ri>- j,Mi(K'(l as liaviii'L^ l)oen in this att'air the ('liaiii|ii(iii of American intc^rests, l)ut lie lias also a\,\- time com[)anions in exile acted from the same nnitivts, and the\M'ontrolled others by their personal itilhiiiicc. Sutter also controlled some in the same way; luit Ik; liad a much more powerful lever. Not oidy did In: insist on a land grant for himself, but he ol)taiiit on which side they fought so long as it was a'4aiii>t IMexicans or Californians. At Monterey Larkin, and some others of tlie iiici- cl mts probably, had a business interest in jMiclielte- re a's success. Other foreign residents were j)i'rsi)ii- al well disposed toward the governor, whose liltcval coi 'nercial policy pleased them; but at the same linio the recognized the justice of the j»opular claiiier agf nst the convicts. There was therefore a diHeivnco of opinion, resulting in a kind of tacit agreement to ^^ Sutler's Pers. nemiii., MS.. 78-S8. He admits that the contiiiot w;v3 niailc ill Moiiterey before tlie revolt broke out. SUTTKR'S ACTS AND POLICY. 470 rciii.iiii TU'utral, witli, as I sujiposc, n pnmiiso on tlu5 ]i;iit i<\' li.'irlviii and others that (hirlni,'' Michrltoi-i'iia's iilisciicc the capital sliould ii<)t lu; alh)\vc(l to fall iiit<) thr IkiikIs of the rebels. Undoubtedly, in addition to the classes of foreij^ners I have mentioned, there were many whoso sympathy was on the side of tlu; Califor- iiiiui^; hut to them it seemed important alxtve all else that tlu' foreigners should not quarrel ainomi^ them- Ivcs, and they therefore wisely i-eniained inactive, r limited tlicir eft'orts to opposing Sutter's plans and jKi'siiading their fi:. nds not to meddle in quarrels that (lid not concern them. A few seem to havi* joined Sut^^ri's force with the deliberate intention of disor- ganizing it, and in this way did some excelK'ut sei'vice t'lir their a(U»pted country. Ifaving thus e.\[)lained the motives by which the foreigners were inlluenced, Ij)r(K'cod to present a brief narrative of preparations hoforu th(^ end of the year, on which available informa- tion consists mainly of correspondence bearing on Sut- ter's movements and designs. The militia orijanization ordered in the sununer to re- pel American invasion included a company at Xew Ilel- vciia under Sutter as captain, who soon notilied the i^ovciiior that the force was ready to defend la iMitrla.'^'^ In October Sutter and Bldwell went down to ^lon- terty. At San Jose on the way they learned from Forbes and others that a revolt was being planned, and tlicv warned the w)vernor of the danixer on arrival I/O O at the capital. Then the contract was made, Sutter ]ironnsing to render assistance whenever called upon. Hi) returned home by water by San Francisco,"''' and at once began his preparations for a campaign. Bid- 'Muly '2^. 1844, S. to gov. Depf. St. Pap., MS., xvii. 84-.'). He says Sin- dair imd liiifus .iro his officers. The artillery only requires practioe. ^lauy men liuMiles tiiose enrolled will serve; and lie has 40 Indians who shout as WfU iw anybody. If muskets arc sent, he will organize a company of Indian grenadifis. ^'Siitdr'sPers. Remin., MS., 78-88. He went up to S. F. on the Don Q"itoti'. lie says, without any foundation I suppose, that hardly had he left U[\r,i Biiena on his launch when an order arrived from Castro for his arrest. "uuJ ut the Snamnah, Wandering Sketcfw/i, 2'27-8, met S. at Monterey. 'iHi* 480 m RliVOLUTION ACAINST MICHKLTOREXA. Ill *i-.i well roinainod for a month or more until after tlic ic- volt, and on lils way home met ]Miehelt(jrt'naretuniiii..- from the eamj)aiL>n. ^'he govei'nor said lie liad lircn unable to suceeed for want of liorsus; hut sent assur- ances to Sutter and to all Amei'ieans of his frieiidsliij) and of his ability to su|)})ress the revolt! From San Jose Alviu'adoand Castro also sent friendly grcrllii.;> to Sutter.'"'^ On ])id well's return to Xew Helvetia, Sutter cilldl upon all Ibreij^ners in tlie north for aid. Jlc.xni had the assurance to inform ValKJo of what he was doing, cainiig upon him for horses, and assuming' tluit the natural and jn'ojier thing to be done as ;v matter df 0(jurse was that the two should woi'l; togetlier to sa\.' the country from the attacks of rebels! A'^allejo'sivjily "\vas to send a copv of tlie treatv of Santa TeiiN;!, \>v which, as lie assured Sutter, all dilticulties had Itcrii peaceably settled. There was no danger or oppusitinu whatever to the governor, but if such should aii-c, lie ^'^Jlli/irrlls Cat. IS.'fl-S, MS., l]'.»-'2-J. Ill his Dhinj, p. .">, Sutt.r s:i\x: 'In tlie fall ISUl \viit to Monti'iuy with Majdi- JJidui'll ;iiul a tVu .iiim 1 111011 liow it was customary to travoll at tlicsu tiincs, to pay a visit t" (im 1 MicholtoiTi'iia. I has hccii I'uct'ivod witii the j^ivati'st civil ami military linii'Ms. (luo (lay hi' gave a j;ivat tliiHT, aftor diiKTall the Troiipi's were paiailin.', aii he ready with his vessel to take the (icn'land his soldiers ■^o .Mexico. 1 hula c liiatti'T tit ei- to>a\L' .■jo'sri'i'ly .\mts», I'V lia>l \.ltll'll (I ari>c, lie Sutter siiys: ;L ti'W iiniRil isit tn (!i-'ii'l itiirylimi'ii'--'- iTc [liiriiiliii:-'. At ill" liino 11,1 iii'cii:iriiiu' 11 of llll' I'lit- , isitnl nil my iiiysoll wiTO ii't tune tli<' ,1 lii.-i troup.'S SllMil'lS ll.llli .Ihiwiuvwhut ■ usforeii'Mi'ii tlic wiiitei' "t l\:',r:nl'i tn In; ic,.. lliala iuc\vitli:.;i''';it ,,f;iU vliiiti- nr iu \v!ii''i 1 liliiirv I'iivt'.is l,u. i rcoL'ivol linl the -!'"■'. (y lau.lCastnt I'll Aiiilinshler tliel-ii''!''!' lilof-ihiuiiy lilt %\ - • ^'^""' wiiP.l 1 1h^ tlio first to of civil V ai'. The peoj)le had risen to rid themselves of a band of tiiii\ icts, and could not justly be termed re1)els. |[aji|ii!y, they had accomplished their purjtose without Minilslicvl. Why sliould forein'Uers, who ]iavt> been iiuist kindly treated by all paities, interfei'e to I'enew llic (luanvW Sutter was enti'cated to hesitate and iviK'ct before takinijf a stei) that would nt>t onlv en- r(i;n;n>e the ujovernor — whose authority was not in any way thi'eatened — to violate liis pledufe, but nuist -(.rimislv (hsturb the friendly relations that had ex- i-[^\\ h(t\\(>en the Californians and !oreiij^nei-s.'" This appeal did not ivach the foreigners as a class, to many III win nil its force would have been a[)parent; and it liail '» cii'ect whatever on Sutter, who simply went on with liis preparations. Idis agents sc^em to have; trav- -il ovi/r the whole northern I'roiitier in (juest of su[)- I'lies, takiuij some of Valleio's horses at Soscol and ''ikr. ;;-, 1S41, S. to y. Vail, jo, J),>r., MS., xii. !•.':!. I'l-oin tliis it is iviiloiit tli.it y. liiul written on Due. I.".t,li. In 7./., xii. 11!), l-'.', I luivo a k't- t riifV. (i:i l)i>i3. l.">tli, and of S. on Doe. latli. Tlicy are copios finni a siis- in.'iuus xourei', and tlierefore, as tlioro is sonio di.scrcjiancy in dates, I Iiave (Will 111) attention to tiioir contents, tlimi^'li thogeneial jjnrport seems all right. ''I'ee. is. IS44, V. toS. aiirn-a, Dor., MS., i. 44-."iO; I.dj. //(r., MS., iv. "O'J-l; Ihi.t, SI. /•„;,., MS., V. l-JO. It is of conrsi clear to the render that Nittci's ihiiiii that Castro was collcetin;.; a. force, at S. Jose had no weight; for 'y till" tiei.ty he (Vas allowed to maintain tho oi-ganization until the l)ataIlon ^'llM Ih' vent away; ho had in reality dishandud a largo jtart of his force; Jj'i .Mil-Ill Iiiiiena's actions were anijilu juatiticutiou of all possible precautious. UiHi. C.VL., Vol. IV. 31 Y' ■§ .vj li^'j 482 REVOLUTIOX AGAIXST MIOIIELTORKXA. ['] ■- ' ■■■\ H ' •(. iM P(>ta]iiina, tlireatenini^ oven to attack Sonoma, .m i talkini^ very IVeely about their intention to cajituic Alvai'ado and Casti'o dead or alive.*' Befoi'o t\\r cii'l of the month, Cf^stro wrote to Sutter, denuuKhiiL;- ex- planations with reu^ai'd to his military prepnrations jn a time ol' peace. A co])y of this (ionnnunication \\a- sent hy Castro to Micheltorena, with a letter in w hidi lie announced his heliot' that Sutter, under ])rcti'\t nf deiendin,t l)v force the attack which Sutter was said to conti'mjil;,!- on the puehlos, and expressed his i^rief and sui|iii • at — or ratlu^r ids unwillingness to believe — the i-iinvnt reports that the j^'overnor had authorized Suttd''- actions with an intention of violatinsjr the trcatv nt' Deceml)er 1st, and thus plunging the country in rivil dissensions.''^ IMost of the (.^alifornians insist that Sutter ntrcii ,1 ^iicheltorena to bring him tlu' heads of (\istiM and Alvarado; but this charge |)erha[)s does not icsi n\\ any verv strong foundation, though Alvarado uci> so far as to (piote literally the broken Sp;ini>li ia which the promise was made. On the •J'id n|' Hc- cember ^licheltorena signed and forwarded thf th '■■■ ument contirming all land grants approved by Sntti i. a most potent agent for enlistment purposes, wliirli lijifured i»rominentlv in later litigation as the 'Sutter o'cneral tiL;".'" Also on or about the 2"Jd Snitn- <'Dcc. inth, Osioto V. Vallijo, Dor., :MS., xii. VITk Kcply. /-/., wmv, si. Xo (late, ^'. to gov. . iiinratiiig Siittt'f's outra'.'os at Suscol and Najia. /'/. . nIv. .1 •. Jkr. "JIM, V. to Ahaiailo. '/(/., vji. I'JO. Xo date. Haiiio to Ninic. /■'.. xi- ."^l, with allusions to otlicr coiiv.si). not extant. It would sconi that iiuiny '■; tlie ( 'aliforniau l■an^■lll'l■o^^ aided Sutter, ]ieiliai)sniore or less apuii.«; llnir"! 1- ^-'Dee. '-Mth, 0. toS. a/irrni, J)or.. MS., i, oil-OO. Dee. "'JTtli, C t' M. /(/., i. .'")l (!; />o/>f. Sf. J'liji., MS., v. 1I<)-'2I. (ieneral mention ot Sutton jiieparations in Dee. 1S44, in Sire ^ /■".< /.'<■<•()//., MS., o.'t-,"); Jirhh »'.< //■' '. N'"'-. :MS.. :{(); TiifhUrs JH-f. Cal., Ult .")0; S. Jo>:r i'lomrr, Mareli 0, issi": .'>'"";' Co. //'if!f., 18: /irools' Foin- Month-!. 'M; Jlni'lnti, yo/ti.t, MS., 1 -">; \'iil':i'<. JJixt. (ill.. MS., iv. 17.'?; Almmilo, llhl. Cal., MS., iv. 'Jiri 1."); v. (:7._ *•' Lntnl Coi)iini.ixi()ii, jiassiin; L'. S. .Sup. Court I'lpts, '2\ Howard, '-'"i.", -'i'-. 408, il'2, etc. I shall liavo more to say on this subject iu anotl u pait'i my ^^•ol•k. |i!* '■ ARREST OF WEBER. )ina, iiu I •jiliniis in atioii \v;i~ ;• in w liicli ll'fti'Xl lit' r a ninvi- rs aiiil in- i'csi>t Ky ntiMiqiliitc (I sur|ii'i.;(' lu' ciiri't'ist I Sllttl'l'":- : treaty ^'i :,ry in ''ivil ;tor ntVnv.l ;^.\istri> an ' rati" ,u''"-"^ >|tau!>li i'l lid oT !>' I the ,/,/., N\:av. '^'i. .11. /./..Ni^-''|'- L'.'Av. II: >^'-. |i tlKit many "I iTtli. <•■ t'lM; ]„•.ontic, tlni'.i^li Sutter's plans were well known, to wjiit lor liiiii to conuiiit the first act of hostility; and all \v;\s therefore sent hack and restored to the launch.^' Aiiiii!i»'r event that occurred ahout tlu' same tim.>, ami lacrits attention here, was the ari'i'st of C-harlcs M. W'thc'i'. This L^'ntlfmaii, it will he remenihcrc.'d, hail .lided the Califoniians in the campaiu;n of Santa Tti' :-a: and now, while; it does not appear that he oi' liis rniiipanions d(>sired to extend their service bey(»nd tin' jDoU'ction of San Jose, he was strongly op]K)sed til Sutter's plan of interference, Couli(l(jnt that the luici^Ufrs were being induced by false repr(!sentations ill! I a most unwise action, he went uj) to Xew Jlcl- vitia to ])ut matters in their trut; light. This was nxatily what Sutter and his companioius (Hd not Av- siic, as it would interfere with their plans; so they siiaiily arn^sted Weber as a [)lotter against the go\- irniaciit, and kej»t him under arrest till the cam[)aigu \v;:,. (ivcr, and his tomjfue could do no harm.''' "('nsti'o, in liis letter to Sutter of Dec. i24tli, sayt i;ii oril("r lui.s Ix'cu is- fi'.uil t'l ic^tuie Jill tii<\, ^IS.. i. (10. I'iiito, ill :i IrttLT tip til'-' ;uliiiiiiistriiti)i' of cu.stiniis at Miiiiti'rcy, .'<]K'iiUs of tlic ali'air, li.iiiics .\!iiji-liii as a k'ailcr. ami says the ciistuiii-linusi' lio.'it was iiseil to trans- port tli'> I'aniion, anil was ilaniajiX'il. /'into. Par., .MS., i. "JKO. ]{ol)crt l'>ir- liie, I'liiimr Soc. An'/i., .MS., ,S!I-!)I, i-elates their liaviiit; horioweil the tiutiim-liiuise l)oat for a eoUeetinj,' tri)) roiiinl tiie Kay. He a;:reeil to eairy I'njuisco ( iiierrero across to S. Leanilro to join Castro, (Jneriero put tlie s\vivilL.'un anil other arms from Sutter's launeli into the Imat without llir- iiii's lii. iwletlge, though lie had some trouMe to make Sutter Iielieve in his iiinm ell: e. '''[u.Siiff'rCo. lli-t., IS; .Vur!/.[anli U), |,S7, is given a fae-simile of the following; iloeuineiit; ' We tin- suiisrrih- irs oliu^eu as eouneil of war have unanimously re.solveil the fo'.lowiu;:: isr, tluit Mr Wehcr he put in irons anil iletaineil in the fort (N'ew Helvetia) until siK'li tiiiiis a.s we may receive onlers from his Kxoelleney the piveiimr as li'iiiiiil-i his disposal. '2d, that Mr Pearson 15. Reading lie re')uesteil to keep Mr Wihir in a convenient room, and utl'or'il him such necessaries as ciniini- i-t::ini s iiiMV admit of and his safe detention may reipiirc — I. A. Sutter, Ji'.m T'lwnsend, William I'ickey, Isiuu; (iraham, Edwaril Mcintosh, Jasper U Tain II, S. J. Ileusley, John JJidwell, secretary,' CHAPTER XXI. EXPULSION OF GOVERNOR MICHELTORENA. 1845. The Governor Breaks the Treaty of Santa Teresa — Foreikn I .tirfep. ENCE — Fears of Californians— Sutter Joins Micheltorena at Saii- NAH— CaPTI-RE of MaNI'EL CaSTRO — AlVARADO and C'ASTKd .M.\U(|1 SoVTII, For.I.OWKD BY MlCHELTOKENA AND SUTTER — CArilllK oK TIIK Garrison at Angeles — Conversion of tiik AbajeSos — Nkohiiations AT SANfA Barbara — The Casii-aign ofSan BrENAVENTUnA— Cami'M(,\ OF Caiuenga— Withdrawal of the Foreigners— Captire ok SrrrKii — A Bloodless Battle — Defeat of ^Iicheltorena — TitKAiv I'mi Governor, and Castro Co.mandante General— Micueltohen a am) the Baiallon Sent Away— His Later Career — Affairs in the North — Sutter at Home. Michp:ltorena had resolved to break tlie tivaty sigjnud by him at the Laijuna de Alvirez on ])('(iiii- ber Ist. It was a treacherous and at the sanif liiiio a most foolish resolve, since it changed the revoliilinii from one directed exclusively against the convict'^, in Avhosc expulsion he should have had as deep an iiitti- est as others, to one against himself, with a popular feeling that had not before existed. The cletiiinina- tion was wise enough, however, tiiough none tin' K-s treacherous, if, as some believe, he desired to be Inici'd out of the country. Sutter had promised to sii|ip<'rt ^licheltorena in his war ai^ainst the Californians, ami had raised a force of foreigners and Indians fu' that purpose. This as a stroke of business on the |»ait I't the Swiss, or of revenge on that of Isaac Graliaiii, calls perhaps for no very severe criticism; but I'! tin.' mass of foreign residents it was a most unjust iiia'tlc, THE WAR DCGIN'S. 4sr) iiii(;illo(l-f<)r, and injndicious iiitoribronro in niattei's tiiat nowise conoLTiied tlicin. jNIauy would not liavr ( ii^;i .;L'd in the enterprise had they been aware of its triit' nature. Others desired a quarrel with the Cali- fniiiiaiis, with the hope that it inii;ht result in — sonie- tliiii'j,' or other, they hardly eared what. The people (if \\\r. country were of course L'-reiitly alarmed: and luaiiy rumors more or less absurd wi're in eireulation. It w.is feared — and there was no al)sur(lity in this — that Sutter's taking up arms for Mieheltorena was hut a pivicxt to seize northern California. Many believed that the governor had j)romised to the strangers the lands and cattle of all who o[)[)()setl him, that foi'eign- (is and ^lexicans were to possess the country. The arniiiin" of the Indians was another terrible thing in the tves of Californians, it being currentlv rumored that Sutter had armed 2,000 savao-es to be turned Iddst! (,u the country. The leaders of the rebels, ex- oipt from a purely niilitary }>oint of view, were slit iigthened by the popular feeling that was spring- iiri up against an administration that would exj)ose the country to the inroads of foreigners and Indians in addition to tliose of the convicts; and the nt;w as- ]Hct of atfairs was all the more favorable t(j them it t!a V entertained the ambitious schemes attributed to th. Ill, lor now they were amply justiiied, and would he sustained by all, in deposing Mieheltorena if they muhh <>;i (he 1st of January 184") Sutter marched with his inice from New Helvetia to attack Castro and Ahaiado at San Jose. His force consisted of about ■--II nun— that is, a company of foreign ritlemen, I'oi-- liuiicis of different nationalities, about 100 strong, iiudci' Captain Gantt; a company of about 100 Indians ••iiimiianded by Ernest Rufus; eight or ten artillery- iiuii in charge of a brass tield-j)iece; Dr Townsend and .lohn Sinclair as aides-de-camp, .fasjx'r O'Farrell as (|uartermaster, S. J. Hensley as conunissary, John ?3nrTT?FI iiiiM : id Ul'-: m m 433 ];X1'ULSI0X OF flOVERXOR MICIIHLTORrXA. . 1 BidwcU as secretary, and a fv.w suhoi-dinato officcis, V. H. lie \din()n at the I'ort. Tlie line of march \\as by way of 31aisli"s rancho, whei-e ]\larsli joined, tlioiigh lie was no IVicinl of tlie cause; Sunol's rancho, where, as Sutter starts, they captured one of Castro's spies; San Jose Mi>- sion, wliere many of the men got di'Uidc; San •]<»<:, where tlio lifjuor-shops wei'e kept closed, and v. liciic.' nearly all tlie (,'alifornians under A. ]\I. I'icn jiad iled; and thence hy San .Juan to the Salinas, in ;i wcik or more from Xew J [elvetia, wliere they were JMiiir:! in a few days hy Micheltorena. From San -jost' a conmiittee of citizens, consisting of l\)rl)es, Suudl, aiid (xuhiac, came out to meet the army ami dissuade its leaders from continuing in their unwise coiu'se: Imt without success, as Sutter (' '-lared that he had gouf too far to turn back." Somewhere on the way to Salinas Sutter's men v.i it lucky enough to capture no less a personage tliau Manuel (.'astro, the original leader of the revnH, and ])ossibly the person termed a .spy in Sutter's naira;i\i'. Perhaj)s, however, the <^•l[)ture was etU'cled Itriinv Sutter's arrival by a party of men organizt'd tn ym him from the ivgion t)f San Jose and Santa ( 'ni;:, Several partici[)ants tell the story, but none sue;. (.(Is ' Tliis is Suttor's own iitatpineiit in a lottor of Jan. 12t,Ii to Flii','gt', wliicli 1r' siL'iis as '( '(iinandantu Militar d'l Xorto.' (liurrii, Dor., .MS., i. (i.VT: J)(/it'. ,SI. I'd/'-, MS., V. |-2;j. In his /'(;•.■-•. UnnlH., .MS., Suttur says liu kil 4!)0 men, iiii'luiliu",' 40 (."alit'orniun suldior.s who had dust'i'tod from N'lillujuat Sonoma — and hitcr dc.scrto.I from Sutter also! JSidwcll, <\d. IS.'/l-S, MS., ]"2J, say.s thi.'ri' \M:re uhont SO rillcnuMi and t!0 Indians. John ( 'haiiihcrliiiii, MiiiHiir.-t, MS., 14-"20, who was one of (lantt's company, gives soMie jiartii'ii- liirs of the organization. Ifu says many joined fJic 0()m|iauy against tlicii' wislies. AVig;,'ins, h'linhi., MS., S-11, was another member. Sutter also mentions in liis Jfittri/, p. 5, tiio deserters from Vallejo, and the departure 'with music and living eoloi-s on the 1st of January, 1.S4."), to join the geiRTal and comply with his orders.' Xo list of Capt. (Iantt".s company, sn Uiv as I know, is extant; but 1 name the following who seem to have belouL'ed to the expedition, though some of these diil not go south: Sutter, (iautt, t'natt'S (lieut), liidwell, Jtensley, Sinclair, O'Farrell, (iraham, Coombs, S«iii, Hi_i' I'.illows: "Don Joaquin de la Torre, Don Francisco nice, Don ^Manuel Casti'o, Jesus and Fran(,'isco IMco, ;;iid nthers iiaviii^' I'ailed in their ()bliL;-atit)n to tlie i^(i\ ciiiinent by not returning horses and cattle to their nwiii'is as they had solcnuily ])i'oniisetl, bindin<^^ and (.ai'iyin-^' oil* X. Alvarado, a soldier of Monterey, Ibr- i;vttin;4' my consideration and leniency, and revoltini;' aiu'W after several had come to ask f )r y>r^y>c/r,s' dc srijiindiid, and while they were .u'oiuL"' and coming wiihout the slightest insult and with absolute liberty, as everybody has seen — this comandancia L'-eneral linds itseh' ill the una\'oi(lable necessity of using its powers ai;;iinsl the ingi'ates who may I'emain with ai'ms in tlii'ir 1 lands. Therefoi'e, and having to march at the head ol' my troops, I declai'e the city of ^Monterey un- der martial law, the comandante de batallon Don duan .!, Ahclla, being intrusted with its del'enee, aided by til.' bra\e ofticers and troops whom 1 lea\'e under his iirdei's, and with the coiipt'ration of the vecinos whom I ealled to arms, and of the two Judges, it being the duty of all citizens to ])i'otect their hearths and to maintain pid>lic order, while 1 in the mean time have the pk'asurc of reestablishing it and of bianging you yii.-i'.-. I ' «l;;rJ: '^('iinti-(i, I'l'ldcioii, MS., 107-1">; /lniirii'.-< SUiiiitunl, M>., 1!(-'J.'?; Ldriitu, VciiiriiU'ioiir.i, MS., I0--0. Wiiistim llciinutt, Phmn'r of \'fl, was one of the |«i'ty (if I.") from .Sta Ciiiz on tlair way to juiii Siittur. lie says Castro and uiiDihir wc'i'u captured, and wci'u oxi'lumgcd for llrown and .luhn Cariienlur. lliiiiutt did not j,'o to tlie south. Aharaih), l/i-<'. Cnl.^ MS., v.r)()-7, tfllsus I'l :i jiaity ijf 40 m^'u under llensley, uttaeked and flefeated l>y tlie alcaliK; of S !■'. ;i!id l.'onuialdo I'acheco. 'Jdiero is no other evidence of such an occur- r..i.ci.'. \ihUi 1-1 \n nii I il it ' '1 " ; .,. ij i t -■■ ■* 48S KXPULSIOX OF GOVERNOR MKIIELTORIOXA. the olivc! of j)('ac(! Aviiicli ctirtaiii ])C'i'vorse iinii Li-.c stolen from you."'* Two r Miclfllornia inaiclu'd out iVoui tlio ('ii|)i(al to eil'cM-t a jiuictioii w iih SuttiT and crusli the rchcl force, lie had, as in ilie f(»i iiu-r canijtaiLj'U, about I ■">() iiu'u of the batallnn, lo euforeed j)i-ol)al)ly Uy tsvi'nty-li\e or thirty MexiciM I'csidents of Moiitei'ey, who went as vohniteers. At, Sahiias, on or ahout the Dth, tlie ^u'Peral joined (',i]i- lain Suttei', I [e had now a total force, Me\ii;iii , foreio'nei's, and Indians, of al)(»ut 400 men; hut tli ■ foe liad not waited to Ite crushed.'' Meanwhile* Alvaiado and (*astro, wliose foi (•(■ li;i dwindled to less than LOO armed C'alifornians. \rc! ■ not much discouraixed by tlie overwhelmiii''' I'orcc Ir,- Avhich thev were threatened. thoU'j^h of course ther.' v.'as no thought of I'iskino- a liv came back to hii.i. ir was resolved to transfer the struggle to the suutli. whei'e till' teelinj^' against the ("onvicts was ahcidy strong; where the j>eoj>le would be much exciteil I'V ^licheltorena's treachery, and still more by his scml- ing against them an armed foi'ce of foreigners nml Indians; and where, should other motives fail, a jiowerful appeal might bi' made to local pride by a:i offer of the governorship or capital. As to the foni.;'!- ers, Alvarado understood ])ei'fectly the circumstain("< under v.hiih tlu'V hatl enlisted; and he had eMiy ]'eason to ho])e that the company could not veiT Inn-' be kept together, under the ox})lanatious and iuHucncc *.T:ui. 4, 1S4"), M.".s proclaiiiatioii. Dipf. St. P(//,., J/o»^,MS., iii. IIMJ. .Tan. Ttli, Aliclla's onler in oniisi'ijiifiifo of i ivcctliiiL:, about pi-vcautioii'i i.i 1 ,■ tr.Ut'ii with )ier.sons iiitciiiig tie town. ]i/., iii. ll-J-l.'}. .laii. l'.")!)!, I.:iiki:i wiites that 'thoiv are jierhr-jis IT:) l'oreii,'ner« .staiuliili,' ;,aiai(l i:i Mouti-n y a:.il otiier places to supiiort tieii. .^iicheltol■elKl.' Lafkiii's Of. Curi'isji., M>., ii. 17-lS. •'I.arkiu. in liis letters of tlie time. of. Corn.''))., MS., i. l!)-'_'0, :i"; /■'., Doc. Hist. ('((I., MS., iii. li', gives t!io date of leaving Monterey as .Ian. (itli, a.s does Roliiusoii, L'/c in Cii/., 21'J-1.'>. Larkiu uive.s M.'^i force in one \<\mo as ].")() solilieia ami siiine citizens, and in another as from l.'iO to2.)() Mc \iriius. Sutter, in his P< r<. llcmiii., M.S., says M. marched out with 81)0 men, haviii,' 2(K) in Monterey! In Ilia Diunj, ti jwcver, he puts thu united force eu tlie Saliuas at 000 men. ki:tim:at of tiih ukbkls. 4 so ;'ll li.'ivi' .ion w illi IS ill ill'' lllnli, IV- Mt'Nlfa'l rl's. At, lied ( ';ili- ili.'\ic;iii , ; but til • forcr li;i 1 ailS. VrV' • force liV irst' tliri'v' ntt's riiii'- Vlviifiiilii ; l\il,>. it :he south. vs alivndy xcitcd I'.v his M'liil- o-ners aiul Its i;iil. :i ide by all lU' iovci:JM- mistiuiii ■- vei'V loii'4 inlluciv.v ..iii. 111-11 l^iiuliiiii-* t'lk' •J5tli, J.ail;i-i iMoiitivi y:i-..il It.-/)., MS.. 11. |)-'J:0, :!"; /-'•. as .Ian. tlth. : in (iiif l'li>^^'- I iiR'ii. Iraviii': fol'CO I'll tl»-' 1 ;^?l^ -' , SRI *• J 5 i 'J ! i'ii : 11 1 II i 1: 4D0 KXI'ULSION OF GOVERNOR MrCIIKLTOlJllXA. nhod our Mood ratlier tluui ponnit oui" oouiitrv (u cn- (luro tliis iiifiiuious o])prL'ssioii. You art' «4'oinL;tM jnin that baud of advcuturcr.s at Sau .Juau, l)ut di i,nt ilattcr yoursc'lf tliat our lives will be dL-strovcil l,v those baudits to whoui jou have proiuist.'d oui' iMiiclnts iiud ))ro|)ei'ty."'' They seeiu to ha\c startcij iiiinir- diatelv ou their uiarch to Los AuLCelcs, whcrr. ,i-^ we iliall see, they arrived the 'Jlst. They eouKl not have had uiuch luoi'e than 100 nieu at the ;.t;irt, thou;j;li s<»uie recruits were gaiiu.'d on the way. Xd details of the uiareh are kiiowu.*^ (Ju tlie loth, a week after ( 'astro'sd<'parture, 'Mi( !i(l- toreua aud Sutter started froiu Saliuas in wlinl llicv t'.^ruied a ])Ui'suit, thr>uu;'h they uever eanie \\i;ii;ii ;i hundred miles of the rebels till the latti>r eaiiH' liick I'roui Los Ali^'eles to meet them. ]>eforo starting' tliry had a suspicion of what Alvai'ado's policy was lil^dy to be in the south; for they wrote to Flun;<;'e, aa nil retainei- of Sutter's, as the only man excejjt Andi'js ]?ico in wliom conlidence was felt, asking him t > take steps to prevent the schooner Qilifortiia iVoiii t'Jlin';' into the liaiuls of the rebels if she should ariiw at {•ian J?edro. Sutter also wrote to another (iii'iiiaii friend, to defend his men an'ainst char!.>'es that liad been made that thev were servin<>" for oav aii, lSl.->, A. iuul C. to M. (Im'rm, Dor., MS., i. CI-.'?; J> i-t.J^[. I'll/I., MS., V. 124. 'J'lici-o is iiioru in tliu ilociiiiiciit, Imt iitti rly uuintclii.'i- M'j. 'J'licsu iiic':i acted well, but oil this occasion tlicy wrote Koiiir vn v iioii- aensical Keiiteuces. ''Janssens, \'iila, 'MS., 181-5, .speaks of haviii;^ talkcil with t'a.stio as he pas.sed liis ranclio. lie filso saj'i that order.s were issued for tlie ai'ivsti'f Covan'uhias and Juau Cainarillo, tlic former escapiug and tlie latar luiuu' j)aroU'd. Ciarcia, Jfirlio<, MS., SI, joined the foivo at S. Luis 01)is;">, •Man. 1-Jth, S. and M. to l'liigg«- (riirrm, Do::, MS., i. (35-7: /I'j.t.St. I'-qi., MS., V. rJ:2-3. Xo date, S. to Ocssen. iVa<.;uiout. Id., vi. 14(1-1. THE OEXKRAL'S MARCH. 4-)! >■ i a 0''* (ir fi'ur iiiil(\s in a day. Cattlo wiTc takoii f(»i' su1».-ai'liara," writes I^ai-kin til I'.iii'ott, "( astro may 1)1' in ^loiitcrcy. The I'or- ti„;iii IS now are very anxious to meet tlat ('alil'oi'- iii.iiis; liut in a I'rw weeks tliey will heeonie tired and jit rliaps li'ave the Ljeneral and i;'o home to their hniis. In this case Casti'o may win the day.""^ .\iiil indeed, the foivii^n anxiliaries wt-re disi^'usted wit 11 tlie snail's paee at which tlioy ad\anccil. Some (lex tied; and many more, i'rom this cause and i'roni yiiiisli's e\[)lanatioiis. were in a state of mind tendinis t.i tlescrti<»n. Xotliinjj;' of im[>ortane(' occurred on the way until hy the (laviota Pass tlu^y arri\od cai'ly ill l\ liruarv at Santa lj;irl)ara. llere thev i'ound no mill' rents, and were uro-ed in vain hy leading" citizens til suspend hostilities; and hei'e, and at the liincon a little farther on, they encamped for more than a week ill the I'ain, and had some ne^'otiations with represcnt- ati\('S of the foe, which I shall notice a little later.'^ At Los Anj4'eles the troiihles connected witli an ;it- teiiipt of the Picos and C'arrillo to ori^anize a militia "Mail. 'Jl, ISl.-., L. to 1". Lin-l:ui\-i Doc, MS., iii. 12. Also other lottcra of .hill, '^'ith iiiid Muroh l-'^.l. Iy Castro, and furiiislied some .supjilies. for wliieh lie LT'it no jKiy. .M, ;;eeiiie(l to dread (.ivertakini,' the foe f-.aj'. The following authorities speak of M."s •pui-suit' of Castro witli ;,.c adding anytiiing to what I have given: Jiainlini, ]lltl. (Jul., MS., ll>i-:i: Coiiz'li'z, Mi'inorUn, MS., 13-18; Lnrh", ConruUio.n-.i, MS., I!»; o..;;-i, //'-'. ('-(/., :MS., 44!)-.")0; Pico, Aroiilrrimiuito.i, :*IS., .")S-(;0; Xii/'t; r'.f Life, Ms., 110-11; JUco, Mem., MS.. 10-11; S'arrison under Jjiouteiiant Mediii;i ^l' the hatalloii. The jtlace was taken after a li'^ht, in wliich several men were killed or wounded, the If.nln of the attat'king [tarty heinn' one of the hitter. Liitj.' more is known, thcrt> bein;^' no coiiteini>oraiu'ni wreakinu' veii""eai 1 O i~ ICC n ^c di if tl lis voliinif '^.riiii. 17 til, I'io I'ieo to alciilik', an iniiiii|)(ii'tiiiit coniiiiuiiii-'ntioii (in tll(•^;llil jeet, eitiii|iliiiiiiiiL; that Uic (.■scii.'idroii lU; irixiliiiivs li.id not liucn jnitninli.i lii^ 001111111111(1. ilo is now going Iwick lioiiie, liaviiiu' done his duty. /'>///..>' yV(/(., M.S., vi. 07; /'I., Amj., xi. I.'!(!. In lii.s /Jis/. C(U., MS., Kiii, I' lie \\:\ tro(i|i!- of ('astro's arriiiil at Ant,'i'l(.'s \>y si K'ttcr from Castio liiin.silf. .liTcd Ipv Mii-'iioU II ti) r;iis(; fiuid.s for tiie vlVS of,L;ani/;ation of civ i ■ d wasalt.sciit at San .hiaii ( 'apistviiiio for that inirposi! when ' { 'oroncl, Co.ffis di' <.'al., M.S., ,")(>, ii.sscrts tiiat if M(-'diiia's kilk'd; and that tiio ali'iildc and st'vcral otl ii'iM wi'iv iniiiic'i lialfl V ai Ti'stfi .1/- .MS., II- ivs tlR'ie were llnvi' Ki th d and .six woundeMl. I'i y//.sy. r,f/., ms., 1(kj-7 las it that OHO man known as .liian Ti .li the d niniincr,' wii . kUlcd in tlio ti','ht, and later .T(js('' M. nancras of tl ri.son \y.v\ sliot m c<: b'ood as ho was tryin ,' to vsa\\H! o\ or tho wa J/i'r}ii)<, .M.-i., iiM, iiaiiK < tho driinunor i'.iid a civilian Olivaivs as w aii(' oiv Soto as the man who killod one of the ^ai' ill. <;,nvui. Castr d( ,w- oral airroi^ that ); ittor was killod w iilc tryui'; to oso,-i[io. J5oti MS., IIP., thinks ToiTc had ."lO or (i;) men. l>andini, Jlisf. Cn!., MS. ()(i-ll, savs lour nicn wore Kuio d. Castro, A'l MS., {iO, Vallojo, ///.s/. r,,'.. MS. riiiii.. MS., II.-) -J 1, l'i(;o, .1, iid .Vlvarado, //'is'. Cit!., M.- that.ruaii ]liL,nU'ra of StaCni/and Aiitiiiiio ^'a/(HK'>', of S. .T(i:Ji', of tho attaokin;^ jiarty, wove killod. Castro mak'-s tho stroii.,'th of tlio j;.ini- son 'JO inoii, otlu'i's as low as 7. Ho iianu's liiinsolf as assooiat',; ooinni.iMil'jr, and iiioiitions Lioiit-Col. So^iura as oiio of those oai)tniod. Alvarado lays the attaoking foiro was ")(> volunteers, all oliioi'i's, K/o(|uiol Solioiaius hoin,' si'c- onii ill ooniiiKUK 1. ]'ico names Boiiifaoio Olivaies as one of tl le woini U. All till Aj. iL'ree that Torre was I'ry were ea]ilnn'(l. .See also /,< (led ill tiio foot, ami that several j^ioeos of C lUionc, MS., ly-'JO; titrrano, Klitll MS., y,j-(j; Biu'liic, Xutus, MS., 8-y. '•!■" .It'll iioli'd.'-' LviliL;- iis my ^iii'h Til I'll'iv 't(.'illy ill , an ml »r tliii'ty (iltr|V;| (•iir,iti'"> 'MS I iccll- cdiii;! Ill' ii'ilit. Ill U: \i-Ai\ry Liiil.' 't cited there is no dctcumentarv record of develop- lariits at Jjos Angeles; nor is it kn(»\s'n what action was taken at the nieetinL? of the city authoiitics on til' -1st. Alvarado and ValK'jo in tlieir narratives ivunstjnt that th(i Pieos, J. A. Carrillo, the nicnihers iif ilic junta, and other prominent citizens wer^; at iihcc hrouudit into th(^ presence of t!ie revolutionary ladcrs, some under ari-est and others undi'r threats iit'aii'est, and were suhmitted toa [)rocess of intiniida- tiuii and tlatterv comhined, which soon transformed the aliajenos into stronj^ j)artisans; that is, they were ivqMJred to choose l)etween holdiuLif office as patriots "11 till.' side of freedom, or bein_i»' shot at once as ad- lidviits of tyranny. This version as presenteil hy the LTi'ntlemen named is not without dramatic etfect; I'lit I suppose it has little foundation in fact, though it i> not unlikely that threats had to be used on some I'f tile surenos, while prosj)ective offices had an effect y I'tiiii; m:ide Castro's 'mayor general,' or chief of staff. Many condemn the tiiiidiii iif Andres Pico as treacliery to Micheltorona. Gomez, J.o (jiir .Snle, •Ms., 7') >,;,yg ^^1,.^^ Pico was the only one of the Califoruian.s against wl;om •M. HI, iiicd any hitter fellinj,'! wm 8'2'J:fd"p (I rph < 1 i'k : M •Sf ''*i 404 KXrULSION OF GOVERXOIl MICIIELTOREXA. cNpectcd from Snttur's ioreii^niors aiul Indians, ;i;i I the i^'ovcM'nor's baseness in enlisting such fnr'cosa'.;;iiiist the ( "alii"' )i'nians. Their arguments wore strong ;i;i,l most elK'ftive. Tliere was hut httle ()p})Ositi(iii. Mew and suppHes were obtained for the campaign, .uid southei'ii meiid>ers of the junta were converted to u state of mind fa\'oi'able to the popular cause. One of tlie most important things acconiplishcii was the foi'mation of a com}»any of foi-eigncrs t'l ccjuntcrbalance the force under Sutter. The inti'ic^ts of foreign residents in the south were not in any in- spect dilferent from those of the northerners: nur were tlieir political symjiathies materially dill'tivnt, though the loud-mouthed advocates of Americai n- quesi were not very numerous in the soutli, v.liri\> neither Sutti'r nor Uraham was ])o])ular, and v,ln;rc most of the foreigners were more or less content \vil!i Calit'oriiian methods of life. The svmpathv f^\' \\v southerners was Ibr the (Adifornians. and they ;i'.te 1 in accordance with it, but not to any great extent \n- cause of it. Thev did not wish Jjos AuLjeles in It- occupied l)y IMicheltorena and his men, who on tlnir march were understood to havi' seized all the jn(i|" ity that came within their reach, and who would nntu- rally resort to forced loans if not to indiscriiuiiiat.' jilunder on capturing a town. They looked with im favor on Sutter's [)ers()nal schemes, did not relish tin' airs he would put on nor the power he woidd \\'\ \<\ in case of success, and above all dreaded the unfriendly feelings bctwet'U Californians and foi'eigners l!iat woidd be sure to result if Mieheltorena shoidd -ui- oeed by foreign aid. ^vToreover, they did not exjHrt to light against their countrymen, understaiuling tlio false representations under which most of Sutter's iiuii had been eidiste that their o|i]ie-.i- tion in connection with other influences alread;/ at work would cause them to abandon a bad cause. Tlu' strongest motive of all was probably a desire \" jHit an end to the war, which it was evident could I" ct- FOREIONICRS OF THE SOUTH. 49j foct'fl (|ulelvOst by forciiiLf ^Miclu.'ltoreiui and liis men to ](;i\r the comitrv-*' At any ruto, there was little or iMMiilierence of opinion. Stearns, Workman, Vij^nes, riowlancl, Wilson, ]\[(.'Kinli'y, ]3ell, and other proini- iinii ( itizens exerted themselves personally ; and about liftv liieu were enlisted for iniiitary service. Tlu.^ Iradeis seem to have been James l\Ie]viulev and Will- iaiii \V«irkmam, though there was perhaj)s no formal liiiiitary or_ii;anization.^"* rii> Picov.as induced to convoke the junta, wliich nut (111 .laiiuaiy "J8th, j)resent, vocales l^ico, J-'i^-ueroa, Ho- tdli. and suplcnte Carlos Carrillo. Agustin (.)lver;! was cIiMxii tennxtrarv secretary. Don Pio, the ]»resident, (ijK iii'd the session with a speech, in which, with the usual superfluit\' of words deemed dc rii/iiciii' in such eases, he amiounced the ap[)roach of ^.iicheltorena, '• AIul Stearns, in a letter tn Larkin, expresses this last view very strmiLrly. 7,'i/'/,w'- /)oi'., iii. "iS. 1). I>. Wilsdii, ()h.-:irr., MS., 4ii-."i(!, jiive ; ]iniiiiiiii'i]i'i! t'ltli.' iloirc for liarniiiiiy w itli the Californiaus, and the feelinL,' that men 1 kc the eholos Well; riaUy the element iiiost uni'avoralile to American and ;i'l loll i.'ii enterprise. Uidwell, ('d/. JS '/l-S, MS., I'Jt, lias no ddulit tho soutli- I mil s uere in syniputiiy with the insiirreetidn. hut tliey were also inllnem rd I'V ( Nu.'iciated reports of ontrajies hy the ^'eneral's forces. Many new-comers iiiaid only one side of tlsc (jiiestion, iind really thouj^ht they v. ere savini,' t!ie tiiwa Irojii ])illage and outrage. Alvarado, Jli-/. (dl., MS,, \-. (i."i-(!, tiiinks II I'lU pidininent men really favored his cause. The rest followed their lead, or \\t le ai tuated hy a dislike for ( irahain and Suttei'. John (.'. .(ones, writiii',' tu |.;nkiii, expres^;e.s the opinion of Sta ]5iirhara tliat .Mi(.'iiell()reiia's success v.iiiild liMVe heen aj:reat misfortune to the Californians, largely tiirough Sut- tir'. ihllueiice. Lark'ui's //.•!•., iii. 7">. '" 111 a letter from Cahuenga, Alviirado and ("astro later spoke of h.avim,' .'U lil'.riiicn. J)ii'i. Si. /'oji. .MS., vi. 17. .M>ist authorities agree that the V, hiilc iiuiiilper wa-: iroMi 40 to •)(). Wilson, ()l:(!, says there \\i:c,"i,l in ilili'cri'nt coni]iaiiies, iini»lyiiiL; that Workman was the couiuiand.T lit' hi.; coiup.uiy. 'J'he Caliloi-nians generally represent McKinley as having 1" I'll in comiiiand; and .lones in a letter of tho time al.so names him as leader. y.':('. /■/(■< /;()(•,, MS., ii. (i,"). Davis, (llinii'im, .M.S., l'j;>, say.i .MeKiiiley took no in.i\i' part, and that Sti'arns did not leave tiie town. Uidwell, dil. /S.'/t S, .^|s., I J I, says th.it the prInciiKil fia'ce w.is a coiniiany of 40 nioiintaineeis U!;.Kr William Falhui; and Sutter wi'otc on .Inly ;flst of 'O'lallon who l;u\r. luil .-luaiiist us v.iUi lii:'. g;ing for the sake of getting some horses.' Lrtf i'»'..7J<-'..".MS., iii. •_>:!». Michael White, Caf. All t/ir Hai/ Ihv!.-',, \JS, MS., lil-'JI. tells US there were 100 men in liis coniiiany, umier Capt. Workman and Lit ill ]; iwland. The writer was enlisted against his «ill. Tlie followin:,' r.iiii air named by one witness or another as liavimr served in this campaign; Juiiic< .Mrlviidey, Ahel Stearns, 15. 0. Wilson, Alexander liell, Kichard LaULjIiliii. Nathaniel I'ryor, Alex, f-'ales, Miccuei W'hiie, 1". .Mace (?), James Bivkwoarth ('.'I, Janus Uarfoii (';), Win Fallon, S\'m "A oikman, .lolin Jtov,-- lauil, l.oiiis N'i-jnes, Win Garner, Sam. ('arpenter, Henry Dalton, Uuuiel tiex- toii, John llujJ, Callajjhau {'A), (.'oruelius I'^rry ('), Wm Smitli. iii it I i '\: ■i ) 406 EXPULSION OF GOVERNOR MICIIELTORENA. Vvliose intentions were not known, and tlie invasidii df the city by the livision of the north claiming' tn act in defence of tlie country. He therefore called upon the junta to consider the situation, and to take sinh measures as would check the niovenient of hostili. f(jrces and restore tranquillity.^" The only l)Usiiii-.s transacted the first day was to call upon Alvara a committee. This document was a forcihhs in'o.nt- ment, not exaggerated, and comparativ ly ^V, ' IVmi vt'rhiage, of the events of the past ivi> : illis. with which the reader is familiar. The atkiio'-.s callc I attention to the fact that hitherto Micheltorma .^ authority as governor and general had not been <|iiis- tioned or threatened Ijy anyhod}^ the movement lia\- ing been directed against the criminal soldiers e\r!u- siv(>lv, and the iifovernor himself having recotniizcd it:-; justice; but now they declared that ^Micheltorciia, liv breaking the treat\' of Santa Teresa, by arming fnivi^u adventurers and savau'c Indians ao-ainst the ('aliiMr- nians, and l)y giving a high command to a man wIii was known to have made threats at^ainst Mrvii-aii authorities, was guilty of treason to his governnii iit, and should be sent to answer for his crimes bef( ivfh' tribimals of the republic. The assembly should t , i chargt' ad interim of departmental atiairs in accord;; a ■ with till' laws, and in re})orting the charges agaill^t ^lii-heltorena, should })etition that the connnand Ijc conferred upon a native or a citizen of California.-' '* rico's discourse of .Ian. 28, 1815, in Vallrjo, Dor., ]MS,, xxxi\ !Ni: Ilniiiliiil, />of., MS., .")7. Ivitliculoil liy ViilU'jo, //('-Y. Cnl., MS., iv. ;tj:i, without any ;,'()oil foundation. Tiu; .'<|it'OL'ii was wordy, Imt sunsilile i!i'Uj.;ii. '"' .ilnirditi) iiii(f ( 'd.th'ii, Kf)>isii> ))i rnntrd Mirhilhir iin (/irii/idaii I" '■-- • hic'i ilr/xirldiiiititd/ /lor /'w (»V/r< dc In, li'iris.on di I Xorli',J'J tli' J'Jiurii, JS.,' . .i " The !) aocoin])aiiyinj,' doouniont.s ari' not given; ))Ut tlu'v loasisifd of < ■• ■''■ ■','■ that lia-i alivaiiy luru citoil. Sessions of .Ian. 'J8th -'itth. /(/., i\. p. -"^ '■'• Ih/.f. Sf. /'«/)., 'MS., V. 1; /(/., vi. 110; Slit Cntz, Anh., MS., .'id; N. Jo'- Aril., MS., i. .1; Wdlijo, j'Jur., MS., .\:;.\iv. 103. ACTION OF Till: JUNTA. 407 \ 'm i\ - -1 11 vasimi (if l;- tn act led u|Miu f hostilr l)UsilifSS irado aii.l the licad tlu" ■l'M\\, 'arriil^i as •ii'o-'iit- ^"'•, ' r:'>i!ii llliS, (M's callc'l I'ltoi'i na'.i ii'i'U (|lics- nent hav- ers CNflu- (fiii/cd it> )i\'iia. Iiy ; Calil'nr- iiian wli" Mevicaii erniiiiiit. »ctrrt' til' )iil(l t/e fol'daii'v au'aiii>t luuid bo Irnia.-' I, xxxiv 0(1; 1., iv. :JJ ;), 1.1c i-\V'\\^\\. \id III "-■■ ■• Lix, . •'- ll()f<" ■•■.■ liv. )>. ■> '■'■ liCi; N. J'J-'-'- Tiie ('oiini)ittec could find in the evidoiu'o betoro it !i'> iiTison for ]\Iicht'lt()reija's ]>rcsent action, after liaviii-j; iiroclainicd tliat tlie country was at peace, and tliat lie had yielded to the just demands ol" tlu3 uiah'- cnii!' iits. The cani[)aiiL>'n .seemed to he mei'ely a pei'- .s;cin inn of those who had wished to st'ud away the halallon; and the governor's relations with foreigners, ;iim1 (Specially with so suspicious a character as Sut- in, instead of strengthening his cause, \\vn\ prima fuel e riipived all his claims to popular sympathy in the Miiiih. ]]oth sides of the cjtiestion should, howevei', liij heard; and to that end the committee re[)orte(l in tli(.' session of Fehruary 1st that the [)resident of the jiuita sliould appoint a committee to wait ou Michel- 1 iK na, to consult with him on means for ])utting an rii(| to dissensions, and to request that })ending nt.'go- tiatimis he would sus|iend his advance on Los Ange- la, and thus avoid l)loodshed. This rej)ort was ap- I rn\(d Itcfore the session the same day. Pico had > \\{ the governor a letter l)y SepLilveda, enclosing his sjn'cch at the earlier session with other records, and t'\j)laining the object of the junta to prevent dissen- >'iMis.'-'' Also on the afternoon of the 1st a meeting of l!ii' people was convoket. St. A/;<., :MS., vi. 2-8, II -I'J; t-'.i- 1:< •., .MS., iv. ;J0 1, .•!():); /V/.^ l!n\, MS., \iv. .S. -t-.'. l-Vb. l.-t, I'ic.. t.. M. ■^ii'hidoi-i iM, KriKilk'nIc, no. 'i. M. vtj[\\wd Frli. Uli, from Airoyi) lliiiiil,>, •'.villi,' liiiuily that in ordor to rt'ply lie iiecdtil a tojiy of tlie (.011 ilituUoii nut ' iIji' Ih;iiii1 in ciinij)! /(/.. no. tJ. •■I-,!.. I, Ci.stro to alcaltlc. Deyt. St. Pnp., Aw/., MS., xi. IliO. Ui«T, CM.., Vol. IV. Ui ! '$ ai ! 3 (,-K,!l f. I p ''iff I M t 408 EXPULSION OF CJVERXOR MICIIELTOUKXA. wore to iiriLi^o Miclioltorena to resjH.'ct the uiii\( i>,il dosiro of the people l)y coinplyiiit^ with tlie a^-iviim nt of Santa Teresa; to dismiss his foreign alHus, whosu presence with arms in their hands was ai,^ainst the laws and a menace to the nation; and to send the Ind- ians hack to their rancherias, tlieir arniini^ hein •• ii iimst impohtic and dangercdis act. Should he consent to these terms, his person and position would he respL'ct- ed, and the junta would cooj)erate witli him torotoic oi-(h.r; should he refuse, he would be held rcsj)()iisil)!i' for the war that would result, since <^very Califm iiim vas ready to take up arms in defence o' nation.il in- (>gritv.'-'^ Ca[)tain ({uerra was already at Santa l>;ir- hara, where some of the other coniisionados juinfil him, and eaily in the morning of the 7th tliey i;i!lid on Micheltorena at the mission. lie refused to tnnt otiicially with them as representatives of a junta wlii'h as he maintained had not heen legally convened: l>ut helng ahout to ivsume his march, he consented tncui- fer witli them as private individuals on the way. Ai- cordinixly thev called the same ov^enint; at his (ampat ( 'arpinteri'a, l)ut accomplished nothing. Next day tin' general started for San ]3uenaventura, but retiiiiird on learning tliat Castro held that i)lace; and at'icr a coid'erence with Sutter and other officers, he uimli' known to Guerra his ultimatum — that pardon \\, Doc, MS,, i. (iS-7-'; J)riit. ,SV. I'll/,., MS., vi. 9 10; Coroiwl, Dor.. MS.. ■JII.V 7. The (irigijiul icsolution i)f the junta of I'Vh. 1st, with a note from I'uo, w„s sunt to M. on the oth, when the eomisionatlos started. Mirhi'llonii'i, /.'//"■ dkiite, no. 7-S. ^'Fcl>. 7th, !lth, Guern to Pico. Do,-. //,V. Cat., MS.,iv. 1151 .">: '/"'■'■■i, JhH\, MS., i. 7.V.S; D(]it. St. J'ajK, MS., vi. \-2. On Fel.. 4th, hnw.v.r, ik- cordin,!,' to Lri/. J'lC, MS., iv. .'VJ, ^I. ha . written to Pico from .Arroyo lloinlf. in reply to I'ieo'a note of vho 1st, imimising to answer questions "ii. lU f A. Uiii\'r-;il iM-rcciiuiit k'S, wIiiim; r;ii;ist tlii; Itl U' IlKl ing'a must CDIlSt'llt til )C r(.'S|K'ct- . to rotoiv X'S|)iilisili!i' lati'iiinl iii- Saiita IVir- dos jiiiiicil tlioy*i-;ill.''l ;e(l 1't tivat unta whii'li voiic'l; l)Ut itcd tocon- p ^,vay. .Vr- is caiiiiKit •xt (lav till' returncil and aftfia he uiaili' loll Woulil tho lives ut d J^ivr Uji lositiDii vi liipiiors. d'lrrra, Doc. >!>..-;''■- iillort II''. /.•'','"• l.>l-.">i ''■""■'■■'• h, liou- vtT. :io- Arrov"!!"!"''"' irwaril iK'twoii jirigiii^il ri'i'i-ii'''' In \Vil-"i. "'•■ no rico covERxoR. 499 Tin' junta, not liavin;^ received tlic explanations^ ])iniiii>e(l 1)V Mic'heltorena on the 4th, nor liavinL;' any tvidiMico that lie had rej)lied to the ctMuisionados, voted on the Titli to demand peren)))t(»rily a rejdy wiMiiii an hour after the receipt of the demand, which was sent to Giierra, with a threat that if no answer WW') ivccived l)y the 14th the assemhly would take such steps as it mii^ht deem proper to secure the I'i^dits (lithe people. The day came, l)rinL,^ing only the news that the governor had refused to recognize eithei- the junta or its eommissiom>rs. Thereupon, on motion of tiie pri. -ident, it was resolved, 1st, That ^ficheltorenas authority he ignored; '2(1, That the two jiositions for- lurily held by him be filled according to law; 3d, That tl I' junta continue its sessions at Los Angeles, and take measures to make its authority respected; and, 4th, That it proceed to prepare foi'inal accusation-; against ^Nlicheltorena, to he presented to the su[)reme govi rnment. Next day, the 15th, Pio Pico, as senior vocal, was declared to he the legal governor ad in- terim. The customary ])roclamations to tin.' people and orders to sul)ordinate authoi'ities wei'e issncd. Alvarado and Castro gave in their adhesion to the new regime, and Don l*io, having announced his in- tention of marching in person against the i'oe. puh- lished on the 17th an order that all citizens, natixt; or I'orcign, must present themselves in arms for active i-etvice on the following day — an order which was ol)eyed very promptly.-' liiiJ wmo personal intorviews with M., who askod him not to cxort himself til liriii^' aliciut u peac'cablo lUT.iiiUfiiit'iit, since ho \\ i-hi'd to ;,'i't out of liio ciniiiliv lioiiorahly hoforo it shoiiM faU into Aiiirrii an hamls, ''lei). \i), 1S4."). T. S. Avila tc;stiliea that cm the (Itii lie heanl Mieiielto- rinas.iy ijiat lie ignored tlio assembly. J'l/ii. Sf. J'hjj., Hm. I'l-'f. ij ./":;/., .^IS., ii, tO- 1. ]'"eh. I'Jth, action of junta ihmandini,' an immiciiate answer, Cdinimiiiiiateil l)y I'ieo ami ( )lvera to now, tluerra, and tin' (leiiph'. /.(■/. !,'< c, M>!., iv. ti'J; M/jf. 7.Vc\. MS., xiv. i:); UHrnii, /lo-:, .MS., i. 7!»; ])>/■/.. ^1. I'll' , Anil., .MS., .\i. l.'iT-S; Mii'lifltun tin, Kxiit'ilirnfr, no. !•. Fei>. 14ih, biurri Id junta, announcing tiic refusal of .M. to treat with the eomisionados. /'()'•. Ili4. CuL. MS., iv. 11,V> (i; J)rj,l. .SV. /'h/k, .MS., vi. Hi; <,'iiirni, Jinr., Ms., i. S|-'2. Same date, action of junta ignt>ring .M., iiroclaimed hv I'ico. /-•'/. I!":. .MS., iv. XWf, ni> 1' "i ' it m '% 500 KX1'U:.SI(A' OF COVKRNOR MICJIKI.TOEKXA. Castro, with most of liis norilicni division ;i;hl i ^i.'W wild joint.'d liim in tlio soutli, pcrliaps lou in nil, Lad left Los Angeles -within a IV-w days after F(b;ii- ary 1st, and on or about the 8th liad o('euj)ied San Jhicnaveiitura \vith a view to watch ^liclieUoi'cna's n)ovonients, ami to prevtMit his advance as lon.^ a< possible, while pre[)arations were being made in th.' city. Here he is said to have thrown np some sli^Iit intreiichments, to have sent out })ariies of scouts (o olisei-ve and worry the enemy, and to have perfoim,:! a variety of evolutions, respecting the unimpoi'taiit details of which there is no an'ivement amou"' v.ir- masses.'-'" ^Ileheltorena and Sutter — the latter having taken thi' ]>reeaution to have his land gi'ant signed bcf uv li'aving Santa ])iirbara — -started Ironi ( 'arjiintrii.i southwai'd on the 8th; but learning that ('astro h.jil (x'cnpied San Buenaventui'a, they marched back a'^aia to their lormer camj), or perhaps to J'^1 Jiincon, anl ^•layl'd there a week. During this time ]ji(a;tcii;!;.i ('oates, with lifteen men of Gantt's company, niailc a rcconnoissanco over the hills, and all were caj)tui-cil by an advance ]iarty of ( 'alifornians, probably u!mI;i' ]\ianuel Castro. Tlierc^ is contlic.-ting testimony a> tn how the capture Avas eli'ected. and room for sn^-pirii a lliat it was not much against tlu,' will of (he foicigiai^. .Vt any rate, they were well treated in Castro's can!]', with ilnto (if l."t!i. forw.Ti'di'il to 'M. on same diito witli a long letter of cxi'l;!- liiitioii. in'otcst, ami wai'iiiii','. Iil.,\u\ 11. I'oli. j.'tli, jiiiitu (Icclaris I'ic ■ to 111' gov. ail iiitcliin, his cotniminicalioiis to ilillcivnt nllii iais, ami hi-; jintii'l:' liroclaniatioii to the in'opU'. /.c/. /iVc, MS., iv. ;{.">; /)('/it. S/. /'aji.. M"^.. vi. Ui-17; J I-, ^'. .Aw', V. <)1-'J; 'ill, Awjilix, X. .VS-(iO; Sla Cruz, Anli., M>.. ,*](!. IV'b. 17th, Alvarado ami Castro ackiiowliiliro I'iuo, who says lit' will niJirchairainst.Sl. Lr;/. AVi'., .MS. , iv. ;)(!. l'iL'oto.^I., npr(iacliinj.'aiHl wariiin,' him. ll/if. Si. /'«/'., MS., ix. .S-ll. I'ico to eitixens, ., l^Ji These throw no light on the deiails of Castro'.s iiroceeding:). l*fi 4 i .i)' TIIK cr.XK lL A'I Avixri' he:; 14' tlioroii^lily relieved nl' all Tal'S of tlio Calil'oriiiaiu l'o'j'l-ess -(III iiii tliward and l)y ^larsli's ai'^unient- t oVer half of tho loreiun allit I' that now -onu li th- in nuni- liiT. remained with the conviets and Indians, and i!i,i!iv of those Were rctaint'd oidy \>\ their unw illlui;'- iH-s to alnmdon a eause in whieli they had (jiiee em- At last, on the lath of I'^ehniarv, the dav on whieh tlie Jim ta voted to iu'iiore ]\Iieheltofena's aiithoi'itv tli- ittel' ol'( lered iin advance soutnwart th d. ir IS ai'iiiy itdcd San Buenaventura that dav or tlie next. (';.>tro I'etired without resistance at the eiiemv a >- f; acli. ■I, thoU!4'h Sutter s])eaks of a chai'gt^ led hy hin I Y.iueli c'omnellet 1 the Californiaiis tt) break and m-^- tlioiii t.iiiHdN t in \. Slrootor, 'Ah cliinia. MS., ,S.")-.")1, ''ivos nioi'o (lct;iil>!iil)(Kit tlio catiUvi, V tliaii aiiv oUier lie h; tli.iL time, aiul served as iiitiTprclti' lictwccu Casirc lajipt'iuil to arrive at S. r.uoiiavoiituia just i'.t (I ill K' iirisdiicrs. i;ami.'s kiii'iit, iSwi It, tlio M iiipliys, ( oiiiiilis, aiK I .Mclntiisli as ai Ik til luiialjur, aiiil says tlicy weiv (U'taiucd ■") days. Strcetcr went with tliciii t ) '•lUU'fs i;aiii|), alii I wh K'li (HU'stiiiiii'd L'l'catlv (,'\a'_'''crat(.'(l tlic d Ull,'l'l'S (1 f at- tael ill;.; Cist ro. Ill sjiite of ( 'ajit. (JailU's ciitlt .'{."> men Ijesiiles tlie jvi- Ill.SOll tin.111. iSmter, ers decided to leave tlie cnni[iaiiy, tlie writer eiiining nurtli witli P> MS. that C'lates and liis men at'ti r iv :il)seiiee came liaek with a stmy that tliev liad liieii eaptiired isCiI iiu ]iarole, and lie, nut witlimit .^iisine'.on:; let t Md.iors, .MS., 14-'_'l), names SlieMi W vman, am II ni L't>. I MiCDon iberh. lipt:' Xidover, Ailiriilnns, MS., Ill, the men had Ijeell w as anion:/ iruei I at ;a]'iailiara that they would lie ea]itured it' not i ifiil. 'I'lie news of the litiiie and relea.'eii<'s, an. I arriving at the I'^ncino in San Fernando Vallry ;tt jiightfall on Fol)i'u;iry 19th. ^Feanwhilc! Castro had retired to Los Angeles, where he had been joincil \>y Alvarado with reenforcements. The two had auain '''Sutter, in. hia Personal Iieminh., MS., affirms th::t lie led tliu advaiiri' vitli (lOl) iiion, by tlic nioiuituins, while the general \vM\ the rest of the unuy ( !) iiinl the artillery came next morning i)y the beach roail. Sutter ( imss. 1 the hills in the night in a heavy r.iin, ami at ilaybrcak was in si^jlit nf tin' mission, half his force having loitereil behind. Sutter made a chiiive. :ui^l the foe tied to form again in line of battle half a mile away. Biduell \v:is sent back to get permission to attack them, but Micheltorena refiisicil. He could easily have routed Castro's army, he thinks. He mentions no tiring nf cannon. Castro, J'llarlon, MS., r24-7, says the long rains had ciaiii:i,'ol their jiowder, and that .M. with his artillery conpelled a retreat. (ioiiAiliz. McHiorki.'i, MS., 1I^-'J4, Wiggins, Itnnin., MS., S-11, and Arnaz, n<'':mnlv-:', "MS., 70-1, say that two or tlu'ce cannon shots were lired at long range. '•" Feb. 10th, J. C. Jones to Larkin. Announces the occupation of S. Ilnoiia- Ventura, Castro's I'etreat, and tiie reports from Angeles. He thinks M. knew of I'ieo's approach l)efore ho advanced. 'There is no doubt that this news is irue, which has put a death-stroke to the hopes of Castro and his party. The Californians must now submit to be governed by Mexicans, .-'iidwith a lOil i.f iron.' Lnrkiu'n Doc, flS., iii. SO. Vallejo, Hint. Cal., MS., iv. ■ilT-'^. re- ceived from M. a letter written at this time, in which he announceii llir; goo'l news from Angeles and his confidence in success. ^"Almrmlo, llisl. Cul, MS., v. -IS.-^^, 4S-,-,:{; Vallojo, f/i^f. O,!.. MS., v. ?.-3. (lon/.alez, J/i ;»(i/7r(,s, MS., •J.V-1, .".peaks of M. having receivi.i 1. tters from Alvaradi) and Castro, the former read to the men and containin ' iii.sult.s V hile the latter was read privately. Otiiers say something of the r.'.'.'ipt of ktiers, but nobody cluiius to have aeeu the interview. IJf?'lflltf BATTLE OF CAIIUENCA. 503 'unners usimj; otuixj ami filing o\er a hundretl times; while the others I'Ci 1 1 CSS s hot s, usm<*' ball and HI some cases |)eriiai)s nail ston •h es. The result was that a horse on the ))ittiot side had his head blown olF — some say two lii)is"s fell; while I am impelled by a spirit of histori- lirncss to record a rumor, not very well autlien- cal ticali'd, that a mule on the side of the chol OS was sli'i'itly injurcil. Not a dro]) of human blood was .'<|iill''d on tlie battle-lield of C ahucn''a, or ol' Alamo, as it is calletl by several writers familiar with tin; I't'Lii 111.^- Just before night Micheltorena moved his I'orcu eastward across the plain, with the ap[)arent intention ot executin0 iiifii, iucivas'il liy 'M lillcmiii at rafiuijn;4a. ciiciiiv vi't. An interview with i'icD is dosired. JJ(/,I. >>'. I Feb, •jo'th. alcalde of S. Di I VI! arrived, w i X to l": it!i the: ) si'^ns (if t!i , MS., vi. i; l'eo])le hero lukewaiiu jdiont ])oIi- tics, yet a Jiaity of volunteens .start to-day to join -Vlvaiad > and Ca.stro. /./., B'lt. I'rif. y Juzij., ii. 114-15. Tlieso volimteera, aa usual for the S. Diegan.j, Wui'e too late. •"- .Such are Forster, Valle, Botello, etc. 'jii i .(■!•■■': ''m m •. I'l IT I C04 ExruLsiox OF (;ovi:::\oR micfi'iltoiifaa. the liver at its IxmkI, and iMlowiiiLC it do.vn t.i t'lo city. Acctd'diiii^ly a lai;L,'c jtart of tlio Calitnini.ui army withdrew tlirt)UL;'h tlu' Caliiienga Pass. Tin u till'}' proceeded to the left until they reached ili.' river, and after ascundi 111^ its course lor a lew mil.s, encamped for the ni'^lit. Thus when the sun iino on the 2 1st it found the two ai'mies a'^ain facing' r.nh other on the Vordui^o rancho, some ten or turlvi,' miles from the battle-lield of Fi'iday. There sicms to have l)een more camion lirin,i^ for an hour or iw. on this Saturday morning, thouijfh this is not (|itlt(.' certain. Then Michel torena, raising a white il;i.;', propose(l a ('ajiitulation. Thus ended the hattlo of Cahucnga — accompaiiiiil hy a war of the elements, one of the sand-^lnnn; lieculiar to this I'egicMi — the second of the naiur iii which a Mexican governor was defeated hy the ( '.lii- fornians. I have hrielly described its general I'l.it- ures, with as much accuracy as is deducible from tli" mass of confused, contradictory, and often false testi- mony extant on the suh/iect. I append in a dmI" some items from this testimony, and proceed to tako u]-) an im])ortaiit feature of the conlhct, tlu; ji.irt taken therein hy foreigners, not noticed before.^' ''The iKU'ivitivc of ]5. D. Wilson, Oh.<''r)Yi/innn on Enrlif T>rn/if,y\>>., V<-':'], uho was .'111 cy.> witness of all that oemn'rcd, is on tiic wliolo the I'ii.ifw:, most consistent, and l)est .sujijinrteil stati'niunt of tiio whole iillair, thoiijli tlio suiilior (Iocs not i^'o very luinnti-iy into ilotails uxecpt on tlio part takni liy f')ri'iu;ncrs. 'i'lio editor of liiu /,:i.-< Aniji li ■■< ('n. Ilisl., A\, a|p])earH to liavn .-tMl a copy <'f Wilson's n^iiT(iti\(! whieh was made from my ori;,'iiial liy a lui'iiiljir of liis family. Tin; letters of John C Jones from Sta l'i;irl)ara to 'i'lioin;is C. J.iukiu on Fcl). -J.'id, LMtli, T.'irk'in.^ J>n,:, MS., ii. (m; iii. .'!7, and of J., tot'io U. S. .see. stiito on March 'J.M, '.'Uh, Id., Off. Corr^sp., .MS., i. -J-' ■_'!; li. IH- '_M, contain the i.'arliest ae<'onnts, agreeing; substantially w itli Wilson and with my te.xt. Jones savs 'unhirtunately notiiinj^ living was killed exceiit a few hoisos;' and he attrihntes the general'.s defeat to his slow movements, (K'lieiul- enee on camion, the oniiageoiis plunJeiiny; of private property liy Ins nun 0:1 tlu) mareii, and to Sutter's liluster. In his first letter ho mention, d the rumored killing of 1 1 oholos and one foreigner. I.arkin also nienlioiud iv- corded nimors of several men lii.'ing killed, llotll .statothat tllocamii'n:iil:iii; continued on Saturday morning. Mareh '_'d, reports of the defeat re.u in 1 S. F. ; 1"J cholos, one foreigner, one Indian, and one ollicer killed ! VaUcji', I'oi:., MS., xii. ir.'t. Sutter, /'')•.'!. Urmini-;., MS., says they saw tin; enemy on the night lnf(ire the hattle (I'.lth). .Vdvanced at sunrise, Mieheltorena commanding ;!!• .n't:!- lery and infantry, Sutter the cavalry. The tirst shot broke the wheel jI uue M.'\^W .llllnniia!! S. I 111 !1 (.•lu'tl til ' .'W lllil.->. SUil I'li-i' 21'0 sr('lii'< ir Of twM not (|niii' ■liitii il;i--, 'oni|KiniL'(l ,!i(l->loi'in~; IKUIU' ill tho Caii- K'l'ul i'lal- iVom the "also tcsti- iii a nil'" 1 1 to take tin; part s, Ms.,i';-.r), t'lie cli.ii'cst, , thoir.'li tlio iiirt takrii liy ■stoliavi-MMi liy :i iuiiiili~l' td 'riiniii:is(A .l,)f J., t.itlio :-2 •1-i; li. I'.'- Isoii iiiiJ with (■XCt'l't :i. iV'.v cuts, ill 111 Hit- y liy liis i!i>:i ii-nti'iH. '\ the llUUli'illr.l )•> lcailli":i I'l-'-i latrea. Mil^- \-allcj-, !''":■< 1 nielli l"-f"ro i„..l,„rt:!- IwinH 1 .ii one DEFi:cTiox OF 8UTTi:?v's :mi:>:. no,- ?iiii']R'lt,oroiKi Jiad Uiss than fifty ol'lr.-; foroi;;-!! rillo- iii; 11 loft Nvlion tliu buttle Ui'gau, and tlu-so left, him v.iiiiout Hriiiii" a shot, belii'j^ so iJcrsiiavKnl hv tin; of till' ciiciny's puns, ami scared away tlic jnmncr-'.. Then was tlu' tiuio to Imt wu hail lial lilcic. .Soinc of the M'/xican ili'a:,'(i ln^^ c'.iari,'!', vi r and Home of tlicin (le.-;cr!e(l rilLiiiiii.' ^^. ;.'iiineil a |iiisition cm a « ■h, hill K"'aii ti) \\a- 1,, ■A hill ami (Irfciulnl liimsrlf till iiiLiht ami ciicauiiieil. Next inurnin:,', heiii;; eatucly sanoiunleil ami ilfjirivcil I'f ^1l|l;■lies, lie Muriemlered. S. was, however, eaiituied the liist day ajiil kiRW lilt little of what occurred suhsequeutly. lu his hhirti, ,"i-(l, Sutier sivrf: ' Near Sau I'Viiianilo the enemy occmiied a line (Kisitioii, and aii:ie.iiel ia full strciiLjlh, joined hy a eompaiiy of Aiuei'icaii ti'aders e.ihiiu',' f,.iuiSo. li'ira and auotlier cunijiany of the same consisting,' of Traders an 1 'r:a])]i( is ami llie wliolo force of the enemy was over tlumsind men ( 1) will jirovided villi iverythin.', and our force has heen no more asali.mt ;i.")')or l!7'' Men, ami liming' the liattlu of ( "avmiga near Sau fernamlo t'.ie halance of tin; mounted ri.liia 11 and the Artilleiii; deserted, and myself fell in the hands of tlieca- n;iy. . .A few days after this, the general, surrounded liy the enemy so that liu could get notliin;,' more toeat, capitulated.' \Vi_;gins, li'ininix i-.iri:-:, MS., .S 11, ulio was present iliiring p.irt of the battle, s;iys .M. had several iior.ses killed and jiu Indian woumled; the loss on the other .side hein.'proli.ilily twico lis great. IJavis, (I'tiiii/K-tia o/ the J'aM, MS., 117-"JI>, was at Aii.;cles during tiiis iai)ipai_;n, having charge of Dell's store while tiie owner was alisentat (',iinKiiL;a. He gives a vivid and interestiii'; account of the iion.coniliat.-nit in- li.iliitiuita of the city erowdingon the hill listenin;; to t!ie Loom of distantcan- liiiii, wiiiiiag fornews, and praying fur the safety of relativcsaml fiicuds. Uo iilio devotes some space to praise of M.. .Tud to a development of the ahsurd tlioory that he mi.udit with his superior arms and disciplined trnopj Iiavo flunglitiTcd the Californiaiis, hut was restr;iined liy feelings of humanitj', or- ikini:g his men, as the writer was told, to lire o\er tin; enemy's iica 1. I'ho Y' Jo i '). lli^l., 1 1-1-, contains a fair account, of the campaign, drawn mainly from r.ird and I'orhes, though the latter in a letter falls into some r.lisuril cii'oi-s icspecting tlie liattle, as will be noted later. Sic ul o ChninUn-l I'nt's J/r(/(ii/V.<, M.S., 14-'_'0; letters ill Nilcs' L'ti/., Iwiii. ili.l-lj; Xi/( n r'.-i .Idri n- '".vv, MS., Ill; S. F. r/irciiirl.', Feb. i:!, bSTi;; II.. .rniie l,"!, 1S7!)— this ar- tirle cuMiing from the Sniioma Imlcr, and being \\-holly false, if not intended us a liurlesipie, of which tlieie is no indication; Ti'ilitU's J/!sf. < 'nf., l.")0; AV/;- I '-'iii'.i l.'/f i)i ('-(/., "J I •_'-!. 'i; lfn}tohilii I'Vicml, in. (W; Lot AiK/ch.-i Jli.t/., 1."; H'l'lni'si/i.^t. StatciiH'iif, MS., ;{!); Jor--fi r'.i Ph^mf Dd'ti, .MS., '2:)-7; Temjdr'.'i I'.cr.M.. MS., fl-7; Str<'>•, cr'.-! Xo/< ■■>, MS., '2,)'2; lUnj.: Kn,i(iii- jilly. 'I'lHjy had Ihtii \va\crin!^^ IjuIoil', and wcii- imt sorry foi' an uxcnsi; lo witlidiaw fVotn a had c-aiiM'; ))iit tlu'V went tliroiijj^li tliL' I'oi'nis of lisk'ninu,^ toiiinii- nionts IVoin their eonipati iots of tiio sontli. Wliilr ]»ostod in tiiu bud of tlid crock, afrui- the fn'ini;- h;rl li.- c'un, they were visited l)y ^^cKinl(y and Wilson. wIim came as representatives of their coinjiany, )»osted in iIm same _i,niich about a mile below, ami who laitored [> show tl>."t it was neither tlie ihity noi- the interest n( ibi't;i;4'n I'esidents t(» iii;'ht for the [)ar|iose of kee|iIiiM Micheltorena's rabble in ( 'alifoinia. (.'attain (iaiitt and other i)rominent mendxi's of' his com|iany, ulm liad come out to meet the otluirs at a little dist.UMj from theii' camp, admitted the foi'ci; of Wilson's na- .soninn', but replied that their men wci'e afraid of !o>ii|H' the lands which M ichi'ltoreiia had granted or |>r'.iiii-.( :| them. To remove this dilliculty, I'io I?i A'asseiit I'^r and came in |»ei'son — so say Wilson, Hi , and I'irn liimself- explainiiiLj to the ibivio-ners mat Mielirl- toi'eiia's grants and j)romisi's wer-c; worthless, b,'',iii>i' lauds could not be granted legally to any but .M( xl- II iiiL,' tiix' had tlie pooil luck to kill three eliulos ami mortally wouml ;in(itlnr, V iiercuiMin M, at once riiiscd a white tlai; over his larriagi^ IK' ai^i iiav, rales that 'Iriuichul Es])ino.sa rode out het'ore the foe, ehalleuf^iiiLr iriiiMi.t. when a caiinoii-liall killed his hor.se iiiidi r him. Vallcjo. lJi.-niit of the wlujle allair. I'ien, , !"<«'.. Ms., (it -.'t, learned from eliolos who remaini'd in the country that SMimnI their nundier were killeit. Ciareia, //k/kj.s', MS., SI 5, .says the ('alili'iiii.iii^ had three guns, one of ^^ hieh wa:i in his charge, llico's gun was disai'Miiiti'l «luring the hglit. iJoleUo. ,!/(«/(.>■, M.S., II-J-IS, witncs.sed the lir-l duy's light from aMJistanee with I'ico. Ue thinks there was no intention ..| liurt- ing anyhody. (ionzale/, .'Iciii'irian, M.S., :!:!-.■)(), who served under .M.. ui*'" boine iiarlicidar.s of no es|ieeial imiwrtance. Jle represents the si>l.iici's ai having heen anxious to light, while the general was backward, ;ind s ly- t.i.u the Californiaiis tirst ))roj)osed a truce. Tiie u.nraiive of lluelna, Ae'''-, ■M'^- D-ICi, is one of the best e.\tant on this matter, though hy no means ■.. en all sutijeets. See also, as containing no delinite information of any 'al'iclit already jtresented, iifrniito, A/nniti'/i, MS., !)0-S; Tvrir, Hcm'ui., Ms . l:.'i ■■; A,--e, 'Mtiii., .MS., 4-_'-(i; Amador, Mi in., MS., l.Vi-ll; (Mn, IliH. ' ■ '., M"- 43-J-4; IJctii'liiii, llUl. CaL, MS., lOO-lL'; Ord, (),;,rrci,rki.<. M-., hi''-''; )'«//<■, Lo J'(i-trn furnished them horses, and the latter that tile Indian cunipan}' went with theiii. Sutter and Bidwell re[iresent that the .agreement to withdraw Mas mutual, and that the southerners hroke their promise, thus causing defeat. Tliis is supported l)y Wiggins and Galindo. A/niiifc", MS , 4!t. .1. A. Forhes, 111 a ieftrr in Yolo Co. Hint., 12, gives tiie follo\"'ing vivid hut imaginary pic- ture of tlie hattle: 'Wild firing began hy tlie Mexicans with gnipo ami can- ister, witliDiit elleet, and soon the rille-shots from MeKiiilcy's men lie,'aii to full iipiiii the Mexican urtillerynien, hut not a shot was tired against Sutter's iinii. McKinley had staked his all on the issue, having delivered his sioro ol: giiuds of all kiud». worth more than §o,000, to the California party gratis, nfHiawil 'I A ■ ■ w fi\ m * i' 508 EXPULSION OF GOYEnXOll MICIIFLTOnF.XA. .J- ■, Sutter was not In the ravine witli tlio ritlcium, ]>\\t caniu there wliile the negotiations were in prn'ii((|iieiu'e was of no avail; liis old ar^iunents had 1 i.i tlieii' force. On his way hai.-k to the L,''eni;i'ars |».i>i- tion, he and Bidwell, his aid, were surroiUKJed an 1 {•ajitured by a party of Califoi'niiins. They v.-eiv I before Castro, kindly received by him and AKaia and after a brief detention at the r'liicho of C'ahuciiuM, were sent under paroU;, Rowland beln^' their siuvty, to Los Angeles, where they were lodged at the hotis.' of Abel Stearns. There is room for susj)icion, thwu_;'; there is no proof of the fact, thai Sutter's capture was not altogether against his will, being merely a juv- ai'ran<''ed method of 'honorably' desertinn' ^Miehellnre- ria's cause. It was evident from which quarttT t'li,' Avinds were soon to blow, and it was high time fur tlic wily Swiss to trim his sails accordingly. J hit l"ii' a jnvvious stipulation with hnn or his nu;n, the ("ali- fornians woukl have been amjiiy justihed in shnwin.^' him little mercy. His head v:as all, and |)erliaiN a little more than, he could reasonably have ho[ie(l to S3 save. and ii.;'\' ho hail como on that fichl to ofTor his life in tlicir cause. Tin' Mi \"- ioiiii infantry i\i.'|)t up a (ire of musketry at M. Kinloy'n liarty, and he, iinp.:- tient of delay, desiring; to speak to many of 1 is friends in Suctei"« pai tv, k':t his own men, and rusliiuL; out km tiie ]>kun with his riMe in one Iiand aiul \v,;v- iiiL; lii.s hat with the otlier, i)assi'ii at a, run under a storm of nui.-iket-lialis. an 1 nnhurt, was received hy his friends in Suttei'"s J'arty, wliere ids cu.^'eiil layi- ments soon eauscd their defection from the Mexicans, anil tlie result "us thi) eaiiituhition'! ^' In liis Prr^oii'il lii'mhiitf., MS., S. saya that wlicn he went to tiie nviiie lie found his men l)aliotinf,' to deeide whether to desei't or nut, Mai^ii's iti- (pienee Iteing very ell'eetive, and tiie eoniin;; of tiie southein'Ms to the ea:iiii scltlin;.; tiie ijuestion; tiiat wliile .Mvaradoand Castro treated him wit'i u.iat kindness, there was a large pai'ty liotii on tiie tield and at Angeles in l.oi'i' of shnoliiig him; and that diii'ing the tirst night of hisea[)ture \w w,i> Suil to write advising M. to surrender, though he wrote in Kieneh and in -uli a way as to let tlie general know ho WPte under eiiiiipiilsio:i. 15idwe!l lu i.ir- ryiiig "rders had before lieen taktn hy Castro's men, Imt had escaii' I. it' implies that Sutter's visit to the men was after they had made the a_'ii' iiuiit and left the ravine. Maurieio (ion/ale/ testilies that S. joined tin un'iiiy V ith his foreigners and Indians. Manuel Castro says S. surrendered lii:ii>i..t Voluntarily, linelna tells a similar story. Osio has it that S. \\;ived :i «liito Hag and gave himself up, liegging Alvarado's favor. .loiies wroti' nt tin; liiao that 8. uud Graham went to Castro's camp aud surrcudered themseh i ■. ^ii^- llKil, I'Ut jtl-HM-l-CvS. rs. !li< i liad 1 i-t ■al's |t. wi- iidi'd ;iii 1 iM'(^ l;iki :i Vlx'arailn, 'aliucii'it, ir siuvty, tlu' liin;>r 11, tlluU,;'; Ay a ]»x- iclu'llnre- lartcr \\u; m" fill' 1 !:(-■ hill I'll' ;i tho ("ali- 1 .^ll'.>\vili'4' )L'vli;ijN d llOpl'll to |in.l 111', III"!'.-- I's |i:irtv, k'lt niil lui'l \v.:v- Ik. t-luiUs. aii'l jsult w;n th(! I to the r:vi:ie Mirsli's i\>- to till' I'limii ■iji with great li'K's ill fa^'W III' was toroC'l liicl in siK'h n IhvcU ill oai- Lea II' "1. H« |u' a:,'ii"'ii"-'iit tlu' 1 iii'i'i>| I'i'iii hiawvf liviJ .1 vvliito nl iiitl:iii'4\ Jose M. Castanares to»»k the initiative on I'h; 'general's side. V\o Pico and Jose Castro had lai'li a, personal interview with ^Micheltorciia, and liiially coniir.issioners were appointed — ^"al(les and Castafiares for the ^lexicans, Jose Antonit* Carrlllo aii'l Manuel Castro for the Californians — who [)ro- r I' !• d to arrange tlie terms of a treaty,'"' The treaty signed on the Canij)o d(> San Fernando na Siuidav the 22d, by the comisioiiados that have ii'Vii named and by ^ndieltoreiia and Castro as piin- • ilKils. was in substance as follows: Ai't. 1. ^[irliel- t'liTiia, not having received iVoni the supi'eiiii' govern- iiieii! ihe order asked ibr through TelK'/ ti> retire with tn' 'lia-i fallun, an 1 1 tiiiiik, liko Lucifor, lu'vor to visa iiiiuiii; it is tliouL,'lit in; will i.clullislllHl.' '''OiiRMjil .TL'i'Dunts of tlio iiogotiiitioiia, coiitniiiiiij,' littlo tliat is reliiililc, in !'i'-r>, li:.J. l'„l., MS., ll't •_';); 'Mnn-t'h, lli^'. Cal., .MS. v, Uli-SI; [\iii.j,,, lli.li. I' if., Mr^,., V, I'-'JI; CoifM/r'., Mf„i., MS., -JS-;}!); biisiJcs many iiiuii- tioii.iiif tin- tri>aty. It is saiil that ILiinliiii was sccrutary uf tiie coiiiiiiis-iou, "Uil tliat Castro si'lit food to ^^"s ciiiii) lor liis liu'li. I'ii.'o.iftfr iiis iiiliTV icw v'ith tin- L'l iii'ial, ill which iio sa\ ; llic l.ittrr warinil liim not to ti'ii.U Castro, I'l'tiirihl lo .AiiL't'lcs, wiiriiL'i,', uiiilrr (i.ito I f l'\l). "Jlst, ho wnti's to sonn' ono ''11 till' li"li|, siij,'i;L'stili;,' that M. .sliouKl ho lilaih' to at'kiiowh'ilgo tlio luts uf till.' assiiiilily jiiiil I'iro's apiioiiitiiu'ut (is ;,'ov.; ami al^'i ri'i'oiiiiiK'iiiiiii,' cuu- t: m to |Mi Vint him from hivakiii:; tlii.s treaty ai ho did tho lormof om.'. l>i pt, •V. r,(;.,, Ms., vi. tiS-70. < liiiiii! 11 1 ]|||||; i Mmtm if HI ;io EXL'ULSIOX OF GOVERNOR MICHKLTORENA. liis men, tlio revolt of the Californians boint^ a'^';(iii>t tlio latter, and being no longer able, with his siuall force and resources, to cheek the conflagration \\ liir'u has become general throughout the country, agrees to march with his troops to San Pedro, where Castro will furnish a vessel to carry him to Monterey. Art. 2. At San Pedro those who wish to remain in tlio country will give up their arms, and the authorities are bound to protect them as citizens. Art. 3. TIkisj who wish to follow the geneial will embark for ]\ruiite- rey, whence, with those of tliat garrison, they will >;iil in the same vessel, or another if that will not ImM them, for whatever port of the interior they ni.iy choose, taking their arms with them. Art. 4. ( )\n' cers wisliing to remain will be consitleredas belonging' to the Mexican army, and will be ])aid from the ]iult- lic funds, their lives and property being guaranteed. Art. .1. The same privileges will be accortied to .Jl citizens who hav(! aided Micheltorena. Art. (!. All tile armament and war-stores in the armory at M la- tere}' arc to be delivered to the connnander of the le- volted firces, in order that with them he niav tlet'iu.] the departmental and national integrity whieh the genei'al intrusts to him. Art. 7. From this date (ho political command is turned over to the first vo >! nf the assembly, as that corporation has provided in ae- coi'danee with the laws, to wliitdi end tlie ofeneral wlil at once issue a (^ircular order for i)ublication. Art. 8. lie will also issue another order that Lieutenant- colonel J(^sc Castro bo recognized as comand.into general ef the department. Art. 0. ]\Ii.rheltoi' nas division will mai-cli with all the honors of war. v.itli nmsie, Hying colors, and three pieces of artillery wltli lighted mateln^s, the Hag to bo saluted l)y C;t-!i'e'i drununers, but the guns and appurtenances t'> l^J given up at San Pedro. 37 •''" Toiivi'iiins cchOn'ados iMi ol Campn dc Siiu Fernando cntri' Vi* S • s (I-n, do Brigadii y Ciiiniiiidante (tt'iioral do csto Dcjiartamoiito 1). M:uuk1 Mi'lul- toroua, y el Teiiicuto Colonel do KjOrcito D. Josl' Castro, couiauduiur I'w l.u THE GENERAL'S DEPARTURE. 511 Tlic ox-Gfoveriior seems to liave boon allowc*.! to dictate the terms of this romarkal»le, not t(^ say ab- surd, treaty, according to his own fancies of what w.'iiJtl nialvo the best impression in ^Mexico, tlio (^ali- t'oiidans being willing to indulge his idiosyncrasies witliniit limit, if they could only get rid of the bata- I'oii as a military ori>"anization. On the 23d Governor ricu issued a proclamation, congratulating the [)eo[)lo (Ml the peace of Caliucnga, and setting forth in some- wliat llowery language the blessings that were to bo slii)\vt>red upon the country under the new regime. Xrxt day the treaty and the changes of governnient iv-^idting from it were officially circulated by Juan I'aiiilini, who had accepted the position of govern- nii'iit secretary under Pico.^^ Little is known in detail of ]\Iicheltorena's subse- (junit experience in California. Xot more than a day or two after the treaty, perhaps on tlie same day, he stalled with, his batallon, enjoying all the military lioiinis that had been promised him, for the coast, and (•ii('ain])cd for more than two weeks at the Palos Vei'- i\r^ I'aiicho near San Pedro.^' ^[eanwhile Pico and fiKi'zas iironunci;iil;i3 en ol inisino.' S. ./o.sV, Arch.. MS., i. 5-0. Copies in Ah;t,-'ido, llisl. Cat., .MS., V. 7.')-(J; Val/ijo, lli^l. Cal., MS., v. l.'i-lS; ;il.^o pvliitiil ill Mlchdlor- net, Krjx i/icnt'', no. I'J; tniiislntioa by •\. A. Forhps in Ynhii',,, /list., PJ. Till) (irst >S articlos arc .siL;iicil l)y tlio four coniisiDiiadciM iisMiU :is tlio principals; the 'additional article,' which 1 have called art. S), I'V M. and C. only. ■'•I'.l). '2:id, rico's proclamation. Vall'jo, Doc., MS., 67; Dejit. St. Pap., \ ./...- , MS., V. t)S-t)l; /(/., Aihj., X. 55. Fob. 'J4th, Jiandini to to\ra nu- tliiM'itics. .S'. ,/o*', Ari'h., MS. , i. -J, 5, (). I Ikuo not found tlio cironliir oidcis ;'''i'.iiis( il by M. in tlio treaty; but Fol). '25111 tlio bishop sends to P. l)uian tliat (iiiit auiiounciiig i'ico as gov. I)< pf. St. t'lij'., IMS., vi. 11 1. "' III Jones' letter of Feb. 'Jtth we road: ' .Melvinley writes that the LTonoral shed tiai's like an infant at Angeles, and publicly tnUl the people that ho tlioii^'lit 111! liad doiu! wrong in tjiking np arms against tlio citizens of (Jalifo;'- Ilia.' l.iirkiiCii Doc, MS., iii. .'{7. But [ do not think ho passed tliroUL^h the city atall. (ioinoz, Lo (Jm' Snlic, M.S., l.">(i-',(, speaks of the noble and frank iioar- iiia'iit' .M. in contrast with I'ico's downcast oyesaiid staiiiinerlngs|ioeeh i>ti this ('■vasinii of tlio fiirnial transfer of the command; but I liavo no reasnn to sup- liusc tlaio was any such occasion. Uavis, (llimittox, MS., 125, calh'd on M. sivoiid times at Falos V'ordes. Mauricio (loii/aloz, Mrmorini, MS., ;{() ,'J, Was with tho force, and suliaeipiently returned to Angeles to deliver the ar- tilluiy. Ho speaks of si>mo insults oU'eroil to tho cliolos by tlio iieople, and ivliitis that Josi5 Liniantour camo to S. I'cdi'o and had business interviews witli M. Coronel, Cona-i dc Cnl., MS., (id, also had an interview with M. Alvaiado, Hi4. Cal., MS., v. «G-9, and yallejo, Jlist. Cal., MS., v. 18-20, I* 1 '' 1 .: .( IS 1 I f Ll-2 i:Xl'ULSIOX OF GOVEn::OH MICIIELTOnEXA. liis associates made a contrac't with Joliii Patv i > trans|)()rt Miclu'ltoi'ciia and his troops, 200 iu uuimIh i', to ^Iiintercy, and thciico t(j San JJlas, in the />/,, Quixote, for the .sum of $11,000 in siKer, oi- itse(|ii'i\. alent."*" The vessel left San Pcch'o ahoiit ]\[areh li^ili and arrived at ^[(^nterey ahout the 19th. ]Ja\is, wIid was on hoard the Dun Quixote, describes liinisL'li'nn.l Patv as !iavini>' been charnied with the heariu"' di Micheltorena, and with the deportment of his soldii is. So impressed wore these gentlemen with the gencial'^ allable manners that they aecej)ted his explanations ot ])ast alfairs with entire credulity, and seem to lia\ • honestly believed that this kind-hearted man IuhI spar<,Hl his beloved Californians fi'om a terrible slaugh- ter. '^ At Monterey the vessel lay at anchor t'oi' a week, the soldiers not being allowed to land, and (hi ir comrades of the irarrison joining them on bd.nd. Seven or ei-dit ollicers of the batalloii remainf(l ju California under the tei-ms of the treaty, as did a fi w soldiers, besides lifteen or twenty who had })re\ inti^Iv left tlie service and had been scattered through the country. Miche'torena was permitted to goon shniv, where ho held interviews with leading citizens, ami obtained some staten;ents to bo used in his di Iiikv. Ho was joined l)y his wife, and hnally sailed in \\\r last davs of March, receiving; a salute from the ''iiii-; of the ibrt as the Don Quixote left the haibor.'" if' talk of M. stoaling cattle, offorins^p-antsof iiiissioii estates to frieiiils, spikiii^ the gun-i lii't'iiru !>c'iiiliiii; tluiu liacU, etc. March (lili, llusoii (?) coiuiiliaiis of the Holiliirs spuiliuj^ liis wall ami tiireatciiiu;,' to shout liiiii if lir ilul nut sell them lirainly. lU/.t. St. I',ip., MS., vi. II-J. ' '"lull. "J.Ttli, I'i.ty t) J^arkin. Ivxpeets to itct tlie contract. Siq'iiliis ti lie gatliircil. Lurl.i i'k Doc, MS., iii. ,'il). Muich 7th, /'. (Juixnte iv:iJy for sea. J)iji/. St. rup., MS., vi. '20. Mai'cli Sth, contract b.twecu Ti.' > aiul I'aty. .S|,(HK) payahle at S. IVdro; 81,t")() at Montaey; S'.I.CUO in '.i i diiy,. I'ico, l'"i;;\uT(ia, and hnu'o -uirctien for the ."?,(,()!)(). 'i'lie govt also to p^'y I 'i' fond. The Kiini was jiaid in July. Id., vi. llO-l. March iStli, no incuivat .Monterey to pay the (. *^ J)'iri.'>, O'liin/i.11.1 of t'lC I'axl, M>>.^, I'JT-'.K Davi.s did n'>t make tiif trip to S. I'.hi.-i, hilt says tliat I'aty \\:\ i dcli.^dited to the l.ist wiLh hi^ jiass^ li^or-. ])otli Miclu Itorena and I'aty are said to liave hien masons of hi.;h di -ivr.aiil the uiinv intimate on tiiat act onnt. ^-' March "JOtli, M. at Monterey to Vallejo, mentioning Castro's .'i|iiioint- ment. Will stum sail. T^/Z/r/'o, /i..-. , MS., xii. 1)0. March L'lst, L.okia lo ^i., a frieiuily letter e.iprcoji.ig ^ym^^atay for I.i.j misforUiiics, due tJ lacx- rARi:wi:LL to thk general. 513 wro'o from S;iu Bias on A])ril 19th, sondiiij^ to Pico smii'' (locniiieiits, iiicludiiin' his own (M.'s) appointment a^ (■■ institutional govcrnoi' in accordance with the tcrn-i Mill l)y the junta in 1844; and he next appears in the iiriiids on Julv 9th, when he had an interview with ]'r(>;dent llerrera, hy whom it is said he was not wry warndy received.*'^ I have not lounrl his repoi't to l!ie <2^overnment, whose action in conseital, where it is still to be seen.^* The general ccsiivr kiiiiliicss and aversion to slicddiiiL; lilnod. Lark'ni\< Of. CorrPK])., M.S., i. -1 '-'. .M:ir. •2Uh, the vessel still at Jiiiclior. M. alloweil (i days ti) settle liisaCiiirs. /(/,, ii. -JO. Aire, Mmi., .MS., 4t-7, tells us that M" expn'^sed iiiiuh uiiilitude ti) himself and a few others who had taken no ]iart a'^ain.st liiiii. As lie walked down to the boat, dressed in lilack vith only his gener- al's sasli, with his wife on his arm, l>jth were eheerfnl, saln;in>; :iU t!iey wet. SiMTiiiiM, A/iiiii/i'.-i, MS., !IS--!), mentions as the otlieers who remained t'ol. Si'^'viv.i, ('ai)t. Flores, lieuts Villa and I'adilla, alls Duefias, (iariias, Servin, aiiil s.:ni''iez. ^'' Mi liil/nrrim's Admin., 28; Dcpt. Si. Pap., MS., vi. 82; Bmtamnnif, ^l'i:i. Hit. Jl,x., MS., ii. 170. '* C'lll/onila Jounial of AsKfmftli/, 1873-4,1). 14.'t; ll(t'i<'n' .SVrrt/w, Ti'. .iVo^^, V. 10; Taitlor's Di'^rov. aii'l Fmnvlrrs, i., no. 11; set; also a lithoLrraphie j'urtrai!, in /,'a;;(,sr'y',>t TV/fi O/Arr (S/'»A , p. 114. His wife Dofia Josef;i lnien.es i^ s^pin;. 11 of na a bright, intelligent, pleasiug, and generous wumun, who vaa lii.My respceted by the Califomiaua. 'Uisr. Cal., Vul. IV. ii frti :| i ^ * I ' • 1 M m m . 1} '••I n I 'If] I ' ft ';^l „ 1 ' ^ • ■», 1 i-ii f. i- i ! t IS .-14 KXl'ULSION OF OON'HRXOR MICIIRLTORKNA. was a mail of good education wlio inad(^ some litctaiv j)retonsioiis; and wlio on tlio evening of Septeiiil)i r '27, 1845, a few months after his return from Calitiir- nia, read in a public celebration at the University nf Mexi<'o a literary i>roduction, which, if we may credit the bitter criticism of Carlos Maria l^ustamantt', |mt all his hearers to sleep.'*'' In Feliruary 1847 Mifln]- torena served as adjutant-general under Santa Aimi at the battle of Uuena Vista, or Angostura.'"' In October 1847 he was appointed comandante gciinal of Oajaca, but the ai)pointment was revoked bcciitisc his presence was deemed necessary at Queretaro as ,i member of congress.'*^ In April 1849 he writes t'lnm Mexico to Manuel Jimeno.*" In 1850-1 he w:;, comandante general of Yucatan;*'' and in 1854 his name no longer a|)])ears in the list of officers belong- ing to the Mexican ariny."" Diiring his absence in the south ]\Iicheltoreii,'i. as we have seen, had left Ca[)tain Abella with about titty men of the batallon to protect ^Monterey. It is not easy to form a deiinite idea of what occurred at thu capital tluring the period; but it a})pears that a j'arty *'• nHKinmniitr, ^[rm. /fiif. ^^('r., iii. 4G. 'Esto pcdiintcsco niilitjir ti^ne totla la auiliKjia y ovgnllo i[\w. da la ii,'iii)ram;i.a, y (]uo h> ooustitnyeii uiiirto ilu Imi'lii on tiiila liiioa. I'oi- iK'sgracia c-t mi paysano, y sin duda es ol ()a j;i i'.ku.) mas orgulloso y tonto nuc ha visto Mexico'! In May IS.'{.'{, outlic ()i.c:i-<;iiii nt tlic removal of iivn. Vicoiitu (Jiiciix'i-o's remains to Oajaca, Cul. Micliclt'irt'iii took a iiidminent part in the exorci.ses, coutrihutim; a eulogiitic oriiii m, ;i Latin disticli, and a poem. OiKmro, Sain rain) EkIwIo iIc O'l^'ffrf, O.ijaL'a, I8;j;{, Svo, i;i p. in J)oi: Hi^t. Cdl., Ms., a. -ill, I have anuiiglnal iloc.i- ment entitled < 'hronoloijin, l\u\, MS., ii. 'iO.'l. ^''Dof. HlM. Cut., M8. , i. olKJ. It is a brief note containing no in tion. *" J/c.r/Vo, Mini. Giiorrn, 1S.')1, p. 11. '•"^' Taylor, (),l:U and I-Jmls, no. 1 1, p. .W, nays that he died in Micliuacan about l6oU, uuniing no uuthurity, and presumably having none. ',■. oto. X. ". I !ut:J 'i 'Miia- lie litt'vurv SeptciiilxT iin Califor- liversity nf may crrdit numto, put 47 Mi.-h.l- anta Anna tura/'' In lie ^'clliT;!! 0(1 ln'c;Hi>i,' retaro as a A'ritcS tVnlll -I lie \v;;> 1 1854 his ers beloii'-'- eltorenn, as L about lit'ry It is lint •rod at the Kit a 1 tarty CO niilitiir tione Ituyou iiliii'io ih lo.s i'IOmj;! I'l-i'ii I the ofiM>:i'ii I't 1,1. Mirhrll'>lfli:l ^i-itio oiati 111. :i \hijii'-ii. Ojiaca, li ui-igiii:il il'K':i- L'y, iistri'n"i>iy' llinyers inailii'l lor. 10 l'''^*^'*- liclu'ltnrri;;i. j^aluiii: i?ti'. 17; tn.1,1 .v.". my'x Th' I "Iff ligadier'-;' ninJ i,r lit) iii'^niui- AFFAIRS AT MONTEREY. 6i: Mi . .aciu di' ( 'aliforiiians was (organized outside the town, with a \ii\v of atteniptiiig its ca[)tiire, which was prevented iimir l)y the iiifiuence of citizens and ibi'eigiiers than li\ tiif strciii^th of the u'arrison. At the end of Feh- lu.iiv. after a series of hostile demonstrations con- fusedly recorded, on receipt of rumors that Alvarado aiiil ( 'astro had been def<'ated, (labriel de la Torre, in coiiiiiiand of the force mentioned, summoned Abella tn siirrciider. The captain refused, and Torre made 1111 attempt to enforce his demand, yielding, as ho stated, to the solicitations of S[)i:nce, Jlartnell, and I'alilo de la Guerra, who came out as re|)resentatives lit' tlic townsi)eoplc, and because news soon arrived of what had really ha})j)ened in the south. "^^ Imniedi- iitely after the surreiuler at Cahuenga, General Castro, It aiiii*>' that ]\Iicheltorena niioht break this treatv as I'.r had the former one if allowed to land at Monterey, dispatched Andres Pico with a small i)arty to go to Monterey by forced marches and assume command. Ill' left Los Anueles on Februarv 24th, and arrived at Monterey before ^larch 5th. Torre ])ut his men at Pico's disposal; and Abella made no objection to giving up the coinniand. Thus Micheltorena's men ■'' Miurh 1, 1S4."), Abella to Torrn. Refuses to surreiuler the town with- (iiituiiiii-(ler from Mielieltorciiii. Dor. IfiM. ('a/., 'SlH.,ii. ll{. March "itli, 'I'ihto 1 1 (' istio, expliiiiiiiig tiio re;i;«)ua for ninkiu^' the deniaiiil iiiid for not having t;:fiiiproach, with a view to gain ocilit M'itli the new govt. Josiah Helden, Ilisf. Slcd'nieiit, MS., 'MiA), says tlic Californians marched on Monterey ami (Kiiianded its surrender soon aiwv the govei-nor's departure. Mrs .Miclieltorena v.as not sure of her own stihUi'rs, and JJeldcn at Larkin's rei|iiest orj,'anized a guard of (i American litliiiieii. who thereafter kept guard at her house. Aliella and his othcers Mcif at tirst inclined to surrender, Imt Mrs .M. protested and carried Ikt I'liint. J.ater came a second demand (that of 'i'orie already noted), and coni- lai-sioiK IS were sent out, who made an arrangement hy which the Californi- iiii' were to hold the fort, and tlie garrison the town, one party or the other 1 1 yii-lil later according to the issue of the struggle in the south. Swan, ///•/. >'.''■ /('>■, .MS., ;}-4, says tiie foreigners stood guard under the diiectiou of S|icinc and l)r Stokes. Feb. 4tli, news of tlie troubles at Monterey had I'tMohid S. V. Torre was said to have won over most of the garrison, and cMii to have occupied the town, VtiUcjo, Doc, MS., xii. i;{4. (iarcia, A/iioiff, M'^'. , U, says that some of the garrison went over to the Califomian.s. (iomcz, /. . ','"■ >■""'"', ^IS., 190-4, and (iarnica del Castillo, Itecufrdo-s MS., 4-7, Uilk HI vaiimis movements of defence and oll'ence, of spies, of shots lired, of t'll■e.lt.^ to blow up the govt house, etc. Felipe Butrouuud Santiago Estrada M\- nai'iLil as leaders a: "^ng the Californians. IPUr w ■Ml, <«' flit ^ H !• ] -i Mr. 1 ji If !fff : m 1 i8iii )l; l! f.lO KXITLSION OF GOVERXOR MICMEI.TORKNA. t n wcro not periiiitted to land, and tlu^pun-ly inuv/inniv dau'ji'cr of new troul)li;s with liini was avcitrd.''- TIkti! was an alarm at Sonoma that Sutler iv|i(.it was founded on nothimif nioi'e terrible than Suttti's boasting of what he would do on his return/'' ?\Ii;iii- while Sutter was detained fr(ili;ilily at their homes bi'fore the enil of March. (Jaiilt ;iiiil !Marsh before leavim^ the south made; a contract with Pico to attack the Indian horse-thieves for a sh.ii. ni the live-stock they might recovpr. None of the imm- '''Fel). 2.3(1, C.istro'a instructions to Pico. Pico, Dor., MS., ii. -2' s Al varado, J/inl. Cnl., MS., v. S!l-!(.'{, tiiiuhs M. hail noidcaof inakiiii;:i mw >U\nA. M()i^t ( 'aliforiiiaii writiM-.s merely nientii)n I'ico'a taking comniantl at Moiiii n\ ; * tlieri: is no m'eil to rei)eat the references. •■■» Fei). Ist, V.'.s eiirular. Vnlhjo, Doc, MS., xii. VA'l. Feb. 4th, (itii, Mil, Osio to V. A/., xii. l.'tl, i:t(i-7. •■'Sutter, /'criioiial l!i niiiiin., MS., claims that many wore in favor nf >hHot- inj^ liiin, whioii is likely enouj^h, and that the di.scuvery of M.'s ovder njiiiii.' liis papers was all tliat saved liim. But of couiso hth, S. to I'ieo, assertinir tli it lu' iiad acted merely hy M.'s orders, antl askinj; to he released. J^i'/)/. S\ I'lif-, MS., V. li'l-4. Arrival home on April 1st, after liavin^ been 'reijuitt. i "itli all honors.' Sutter's JHary, (5. Before April (tth \w had made an Indum < iiiii- paign and killed 2*2 of the savages who had killed Thomas Lindsay. l>' :'. ■>'• Pnp., MS., vi. 173. rKTURX OF GANTT'S COMPANY. 817 M' UiV/lll.'ll-V •r till liis ; loi'cr til iOih'l \'a- i stiri'iii'^ lie Vpi'lt Sllttcl''s : jiutli'ifi- t h.' Iii4 uHicfi' ill asiiiil'T 1 o alliiwiil •raiiii'iit*. ixl, \':ii'a. wanii'i's, [l*ass ami i;i tlif l>t any 7 s. Al- ;i iii'W .-taliii. it Moiitiivy; 4tll, titii, Mil, tvor 111 ^lioot- (inter aiiioiij; iH'tcil l'> tlie if lii3i':i|'tiliv lui jiri'iiiist'il King tliat lin j)l. S>. !'"]'■> .,|uittri with IikII.'iii ''I'll'- ll.'l tlin 1. lost anvtliiii!^ l)ut tluMr titno, or sufferod any op- -.-;i(in In'causc of tlicif iinwisi- ineddliiit^ in politics, I'^li tilt; most of'tlicin, not l)u"mg citizens, were not v* l.-ally protected by the treaty.''^ ' I'd). 27tli, ci^ntract lictwcon gov. uml finntt. Dcitt. Si. Pnp., MS., vi. 171 J: V. /•ii/i., Sur., MS., xix. '20-2. Maivli 1st, (iaiitt t<> .1. A. t'lirrillo. Ill • lues tlu't iliiiigf.>iiis;aiiif;t liiiiisclf, Maish, llciu-lcy, uihI 1 >i( key, in a li'ttcr iVi'hi (anilli), arc iiiitomnlLil iiiiil vury istiaiigi'. ('//•/•/ 1 1 (liaiii.), Jhic, M.S., Idl. llo was then at S. l-'ruu'i.-R'o ranulio. April I'JtIi, C 'u.sti') to \V< lit r. .'^uftl■l•'s men wishing to settlo may lio otieml guarantie.s; liosidcs, they are pro- tiiti il l>y the treaty. Letter in JJall'-cL'ii M(.c. Laittl Lutvs, M.S. iSfrt I V' ! ■ t i 1 5 If Sf f\ ' -i ) y \ ' 1 m ^ 1 M H # CHAPTER XXII. RULE OF riCO AND CASTRO— POLITICAL ANNALS. 184"). Pico an'h Castro in Command— Lus Axuklks tiik Capital— Skssion-j of ASSKMIII.Y — Kxi'KUlKNTKAtlAI.NST M K.'IIKLTOKK.NA — PuiSONKUs' Rl.Vcil.T - ■Ir.NTA j)K (iri;ui!A at Montkuky — Acts oy ^NIkxican (iuvKiiSMKNi — Ei'iciuis OF Castanauf.s— I.NiKSTiiA'.s ExrKDiTioN— A Fiasco— 111.) \i:'s Mission— J. M. ("astanauks Sknt to Mexico— Pkoposals roi;c Castro as coiiiaiulantL' general, both holding olHcr ml interim under Micheltorena's enforced acknow inl;^- nient, and Pico also legally as senior vocal nl" ili' assenihlv, dates from the treaty of Cahuenc>;a on tlu' 2:1(1 of Fehruary, 184."). Neither had any special a-^ a southern man, had also the sup[)ort, politically, dt Alvarado. Don Juan J^autista, if, as many helii w, he had ho])ed to secure the governorship for him-'ll". had been forcetl to make this concession as an altiiiia- tive of lailure; and wlien the danger was past, he was (518 I LOS ANCKLES THK CAPITAL 610 not :i mail t(» lnvak liis word, ii(»r did In- dcsiic to j la<' liiiusclf in opfii r('i)L'irK)ii Jii^aiiist Moxico, or to stii iil» til*' old sectional aniniositics,' It is not known wlietlicr there had heen any posi- ti\(stii»iilation that Los Ani^eles was to he the capital, lis |iai'tot'tlie prict! paid lor sontlu;rn coo[)ei'ation; hut the silenc(; ot" northern politicians on the suhject durinL? tlii> year indicates that such was the case.- At any late, w ith a southern jjfovernor and a southnii major- ity ill the assend)ly, there wasn«» ht»[te t'oi- Monterey; and to Los AiiLjeles the capital went and I'euiained tlieii' without othcial pr(ttest, the sessions of the as- stiiihly heiiiL,' held there, lor the most part without the attendance of noi'thern niend)ers. J?ico made tl nan JJaiiiliui his seci-etary (jf state at iirst, and a littli' later JdM' M. C'ovarruhias. lie was unsuccessful in his ef- foits to brin^' the treasury als, 72, says ho Was iiiL'uil by Casti'o nml l)y utliers to iiiakf liinisclf p)Voni<)r, on tlii' li',i,'iil gidiiiiil or ])rotoxt that ho liad not serveilout liis tiTin wlicu MichcltDrciia had oiiiK' to itlifvc him; hut lie rcfuHod, hi'iiij,' ilutoriiiiiiod imt to isct an I'xaiiiiilu (if vi .latiiiLT the laws. 1 suspect tliat a utill sticini;er iiiotivi' was his ]iii)iiiise til I'ii'oaiid his Irieiiils; hut it must hi; adiiiitti'd that .Mvaiado, thioii^^hoiit liis (.aieii', was rarely if ever found takiu;,' a position airainst tlu! letter of til ; law. I'iio, //;.,/. r,(/., .MS., Vl\ 2, tells us that he distrusted (astro fi i the tiist, iiiakiuL; an ell'ort to have Vallejo eliosen us {.'eiieral. .Many olii;cis aitreed wi;h hiai, lint it was feared that if the matter were pressed ( '.istro would eom- liiit smne aet of violence. March "Jlst, .1. (". .loiies, wrifin;.,' to J.arkiu in appiiival of the general result of tlie revolution, says: ' lint as to our new u'l.iiMor. Vo gods! Tlie iilea of I'io I'ico l)cin'.,' cliiinilied w ith the title of rA.ellcncy I It is almost too ridiculous to ludieve, lint still I'io I'ico \\ ill lie a more ellieient goveriKir than Micheltoiena, and if he errs, it will he throu;^h i-iiiirance and li:id advice. 1 do not helicve, howc\ti-, tli[it his rci;,'ii will he liiii.;; there will he a tlare-up no donlit liefore many mouths liitwfcn the ( 'ali- fiinii;iiis themselves. The great hugs of Sonoma ai'e to lie crushed; there will h.' im oliice ai'signed to any one of that great family.' l.nrLiii\-< /)iic., .M.S., iii. 7"i. March 4th, l.arkiii sends his respects, etc.. to I'ici, and asks for infornia- tim .iliout the changes of govt. /'/., (>//'. < 'orn.yj., MS., i. •_'!». Feii. L'Ttli, liisliip Garcia Diego congratulates I'ico on his accession. J>'i"'. N/. Paji., .MS., vi. 111. '" Private iiidividuals in the north coni]>lained freipieiitly of the inoonvcn- itiid' .if so distant a capital. Vallejo in lii.s letter to IJiistanuiutc recoin- iiicii.j. d Sta Clara as a central and altogether suitahle place. CJO HULK OF I'ICO AND CASTRO -POLITICAL ANNALS. li'i. the custoin-lioiisc at ^^otlton'y, wlicrc Abrc^'o ret liinvl til"' treasury, and where ( 'ast ri> eslal)li.>lie(| his iiiiH'n y liea(!(|l|;irlers, with I'^raiiriscD Arce as seeretai'V. ('is- tro's iiiihtai'v authority in tlie south was dclej^aliii to Josu A. Carrillo, wlu* was an enemy to .Pi(!o, and ulio ((eeiipied a )M>sition as coniandante of the soutln in hue similar to that of N'aliejo in the nortli. 'I'hus the ('(MKhtions were not I'avorahle to liar- mony. With tlio governor, eapitah and assemhiv ,it Jjos Ani^('ios, and the eivil otiiees aU in the h.iinh nf the ahajehos, whih; the military li(!ad(]uai(e!s, cusdiin. Iionse, and Ireasnry wer(( at Montei-ty, undei' the mn- trol of {irribeho politicians, a renewal of tlie ol 1 - tional quarrels, as well as of those between mililaiv and civil authorities, mii^ht safi-ly hv. pi'edictrd. \> \. perhaps l»ecaus(; the spoils and advantages wen^ iikhi! evenly divided between th(3 north and south than in former years, the (jUan-el was not in 18i5 so bitterer so disastrous in its elfects as might hav(^ been ex- pected, '^i'he troubles were, moreover, not so much between the two s L'tions of the departnu-nt, as lu tween the general and governor; and in niosi , v ;, the ]>etty conilicts were waged on southern soil, In- tween the Pico element and ceitain soutlu.'rn nic:) wlio represented, and were perhaps abetted I)y, the ( ' i-iro cli(pic at ^Monterey. Outside of the personal and official jealousies r>v ferred to, the reader will hnd but little to condenin in the acts of this administration; that is, in com[)ail^o:i with the average of preceding ones, and before' lli;' outbreak of the iinal and inevitable st(jrm that brought it to an end. Particularly will there be f )und niiir!i to be mildly praised in Pico's general policy duriiij: the 3''car 1845. He was not a brilliant man, anJ 't- fectod no radical reforms; but he displayed a crcilita- ble degree of <;ood sense and moderation in his i i an- agement of public affairs, and was far from dest r\ lii;^' the ridicule that has been heaped Uj^on him bv his countrymen and others. This will be particululy SKSSIOX OF TIIK JUNTA. CJl ;i|ip;U'('ni iVoJIl tllO tlll'cc rolIi»\vi|i<^r clunitcl's, devoted te the iiiijiortaiit }.>»'iu'j'al t(t|)irs ol' misNioii airair^, ti;i(le, liiiant'L', iuiiiii^i'utioii, and l«)rt.'ii,qi relations. Tilt' asaniMca, or junta, wlioso sessions ot" January jiiid I'V'Inuary liave aliti'.dy \>vv\\ recorded in roniiec- tjnii with tlnj i'e\rilulion,'' met aLjain at Ijos Ani^flcs ill regular .session on tlie I'd of' Mai'cli, and Iield iVe- (|iii lit nieetinn's until ( )etolK'i', the nortliein nienihei's, .S|.( nee, Munras, and l']stiada, heini;" ahseiit, hut se\ - t i;il southern suplentes heiniL,^ called in at vai'ious times In I ike their |>laees.* J*ico, J^oti'Uo, I'^i^ueroa, ( Virlos Caiiillo, and lL,niaeio del V^alle were the niend)ers and >uiilci.*^es wh(» Were present i'roin Man-h to May. Till' tiist matter that came up lor consideration — and tlie only imp(»rtant one e\t. Pap.. MS., x. 77. s7; /.(';/. I'rc , MS., iv. W'-M. ■_'.")(» ill, •-'(Id; Ihi^t. St. l'(ip.,S. .I„»>. MS., Y. ill!; /'/., Hi II., ii. 101. Many minor imitiiiu iiKittir.-), iiuludiiii,' hind ^.'ivints. I Kill runiplaints, day.s of niiH'tiiiL.', ic.^'nlations of voting and diliatc. icjjoit.s nl' iciiiiinitt(-'i.'.s, I'Xcilsos of inuiiilnjis lor nonutti'iidanco, ftc, ivi'i'lvi; no fiirtlii r notice. I amy note, liowtviT, the following itonis not pcrtainin.; to tlir tiipics treated in my text. March "JStii, lour law.s iiro|ioscd and snit to Mi\!r.if(ii-apj)n>viil, Lstand'Jd, on trade, opening the port of .S. Oiego, ,'ind pro- l.iliiiiiiL; the introdiu'tion of lic)iiors; ,'!d, on thi' ap|)oiiitnu nt of gov,, ihep.e.s- i'l 11' to appoint him for ."> year.s from a list proposeil Ky tiie assi luldy aeroid- iii.' to art. l.'lt!-" of the ha.ses organi^•a^^, the 'Jd ]iai't of faeiillad xvii. of art. h'il giving the pre.s. authority to disregard tiie list in tiu' ea.se of finnlier ili-ji.utiiniit.s — not to have etleet in Cal. ; and 4th, Alta Cal. to extenil soutli to S. Fiiiiandoou the liaja (.'al. frontier. April ISth, I'lst, action on ndssinns. .\prii S.V\, educational /irijcrto dr li'i/. A|iii! •.!.")th, disiiission on conlii niation of hiinl grunts. April 'JSth, pro(). to estal)lisii a mercantile triliunal at .Mon- tcn y; also secret .session to })ropose candidates for gov., with no result gi\tii. .■\liiil .'foth. May 7tli, land grants. May !Hli, I'Jtii," Uth, \arious minor mat- tcis. V, itliout results. May Kith, a forest law passed, proiiiliitnig t!ie cutting (iftiiiiheron private lamls iind regulating it on p'.iljlic lands, .^lay I'.lth, tin; ■<(v., Oivera, to have an assistant as .soon as the assemhly canatlonl the funds; iiaiii IS (if war with the U. S. May iMst, mission matters. May '2M, local tiniihlcs between judges at S. Francisco. May 'Jdth, trouliles caused hy the iili^Liu I' of memliers without legal excuses. May "JSlli, decree on the renting uikI :-ale of niiasiuiis. r'l. ■■ 'hi .: ^' -.i ■*^ , :- *i ' ., ! ;;. I W' Urn it-J f! m ■ 522 RULE OF PICO AND CASTRO— rOLITICAL ANNALS. ])n'si(l('Mt, aslviiiuf tliat tlio ox-^-ovonioi-'s rcjxji-ts In' not «-rt'(lit(Ml, and that judLjiiK'Mt he defl'iTcd until full r\- planatinus could be I'ccfivod tVom a couiniissioucr w ho would soon l)e sent lor that |)ur|)osc.'^ The assomlilv iiaiuo(l Spc'iu'c and Ahrcij^o at Monteivv, OIvimm at Ann'flcs, and Fi-ancisco di; la, (xucrra in Santa l!;u- hara to colK-ct I'vidcncc on the suhject, indicatni:,' in instiMictions issued some ot" the sourot'S IVom which and points upon which evidcnco was to be sought. At the saint' time ]\IiL,nicl IV'dron^na and .1. A. ( 'ai- rillo wcio a|tpointcd to visit Mexico and pr^^sent the char'n'es. Both di'clined the servi(M% and Pico was authorized to aj)point sid)stitutes; hut nothing- niuiv is recorded in the matter at'tiT the end ot" April.'' On the 'JSth of ^[arch, however, Pico had sent a r( pi rt and defence to ATexico, \\ itii a collection of twehc (h'l - uments in support of his statements. The doctnin nts have heen alread}' cited; and the only jHH'uliarity nt' ]Mco's defence is the fact that he re]»i-esentely as one ot his chief otfences, alludini;" to the ilK'^al si'ssion at Mmu terey in the spring' of 1S44. This [)hase of the >iih- ject was lather weak." M«'an\\hile there were disturbances at the mw capital, more or less political in their si^'nilicaiKv, In Mairh Siuiplicit* Valdes was ai'j'ested on a cliai.:'' of ha\inn" conspired to seize the public fuiuU aiiil ]»roclaiin .Miclieltorena !4"overnor and general.' At the same time AFatias Moreno, afterward a soiiievhat prominent man, was j)rosecuted for iiuh'corous ixpirs- ^ I'Vl). 2.')tli, P. ami ('. to pri's. liifit. St. /'t/.., ..IS., vi. IS. '■'M:ir. Itli. aiiiMiiiitiiuiits. /,.;/. /;'-■.. .MS., iv. .'17 14, ;UM> S. I'i.'oto |Hncp, Alvariidi), iiiiil ( 'asti'D. /' Olvcia with m-tnu'. ]>• j'l.Sl. I'liii. .MS..vi. 71 ■">. .\piil!ltli, .\l>r«j:u'>iii,striii'. t >tak«'statiiiir:it-iit ."xii'li )il'iiniiiiiit liirii, .scaiili fill' (li)i\. .'tc. V. J'ii]>., Siir., M.S., .\ix. I '_'. .V|'iil 1 I til, .MiaMc Mscciliai' ]ii'i uaifil 'JO p. of iiiattif iiiidci' .Miri'jio's iustiii. . /.•;/. ;.'.'■., .MS,, iv. .'Ill r_'. Aiail -SM, (.'anilloan.! IVdiorciia .Icdiiic. /';■'.>'. J'lt/:, MS., vii. :VM. '• Mil-Ill llii ■nil, /Crpi'ilii ntf riiiitfii il (irmnd, JSj.'i. In Mimilur ('■m'ti!., Misy •-'7 s, 1,S4.-); Mhiin-ri, .May •-'!• :tl, isi,-.. *■ .March "Jtitli, .\;,'a]iito Itainiicz was tlirai'cii.-^cr. An iiivcsti^'atioii f 1< ri'l. Ni> i-f.siili.s rcconl ■il. Jh/il. iSl. i'(ii>-, Ms., vi. •2'; nl., lii ii. /'c/'. i/' ; . li- 54; Jtipl. I,':,., MS., .xiv. -11. n TUMULTS AT TilK CAPITAL. 523 • ions aijjain^t tlu> jj^ovorninont in wrltiiiij^. There was ;;ii ,<\\U'Y issued to biuiisli Moreno across the iVoiitier, hut lir was set free a few nlonth^( hiter.''' In the niirht dl' A|)i'il 8th, some twenty criminals confined in the jiill. '>y ^'uardl louse, overiiowered their n'uards, seized thi ii anus, and stationed themselves before the cluii'ch, win 'V they kindled a bonhie and ojiened lii'e with raiiiH'ii and muskets U[> and down the street, shoutiuL'' "D.iwi with Pico, Carrillo, and Sanchez!" As the citi/.iiis bej^an to assemble in arms, the enthusiasm (iI'Uk' rci)i.ls cooled, and most of them surrendered to l!ir autho;;ties. Three or four of tht; riuLrleaders (ilitaini'd hoises and escaped, to be retaken later and MiitciK-ed to six years of convict liie at Ara|)ulco."^ At tlif beniiming of ^lay, for reasons not explained, Carrillo was tem|)oraiily relieved of his conuuand in t',i\i>i- (tf Andres Pico, by Castro's ordt-r." .John (■. Juiiis wrote to Lai'kiu as follows: "I have just irliiiiird from the pueblo; th(>viire all at lo<;n'erl leads tlitic l*io Pico is most unpojiulai', and .lose Antonio Caiiillo, in my opinion, is endea\'orinn' to sup|>lant liiiii. 'i^he present j^overnment of (/alifornia cannot (\i-t six mttnths; it will explode by spontaneous riilllhiistion."'- ■ iM I "M.inli ■2(5tli. r>lst, .luno KUli. Sr.tli. A7-/. /.'-'•., MS., xiv. -JS-O. ".\|Mil !ltli, CiulnsCairillu toCjipt. (Jucri'a. 'I'ncrnt, Dnr.. MS., iv. 'J.VJ :i. .\pnl KUli, .r. .\. Ciinillo to com. i>f SU Jlailiani. hi., v. HIS !l. Jli.anlo I'rilir. IlitiUo X'aliiicia. ainl Coi-dcro arn iiaiiud as IcacliTs. .Inly, 4 iii'.ii liiiiiliiiim.i. ( 'astro \vi.slns flicni sfiit. away on i\ir Sn/dlivl. /)y his ail\ ict ^ave themselves up lor trial, ami Wt'iv aei|uitte(I. Jose Arnaz, /i'ir»( ;•(/(«. MS., 711 >>l, K'^"^'^ "'"'0' liart iculars I'f tile I tlorls of till' citixeiis umler Covarnihias aiul I'alom.ires to reia|>luii; the I'lisoners. He .says their leader was one I'aiisliiio, a Spanish larptliter, wli'ijuid heen unjustly imprisoned liy .Alcalde Sanehe/. They were not sent t'l .\.M]Milco, hut take<« north liy Castroand linally released. .M.niuel C'astro, llil'i' (till, M.S., I4J ."i. says the |irisoneis were Inilians. "May 1st, commuiid of the pla/a .surrendered. J)'jit. St. /'up., Aih/., Ms., \iii". 44. ' M.iy 1st, J. to L. L leave the countiy, but that within a few inenths Caliibrnia w'ould share the fate of Texas, ami h< le-t forever to Mexico. The aduiinistration wa> - iniL- what alarmed, suunnoned Castahares to a confeieuir. and prt)[)osed to send him as governor and g' lu ral .111(1 Carrillo liiivc been at swords' points. Tlioy have (Icaccildeil i ' p i'S'i:i:il laid si'ui'ii lulls iilmsi', ami laiii ■ ulinost to blows.' Junes was a iim!. ; I'lio l< l-,)!d <'\M',",'<'ratt'd vii.'Ms in tiicso days. "May'.'ltli, lull report of tlio" iiifotinf,' liy -L M. Castanaies. i-.. a"'' signi'd by all tliu otlicxTs parlieipatini,', in Amiijo lUt I'luUo, Aug. '■'<'<■ \'>i^- AI.>!. >i'«)iiL;!it a ic iiiatti r . litll.' at- lltliiMilitlv If LlUiTl'a. tllr -JUll V ( 'a>t!'w, cal I'oi''' I vrs^cl. [(( atfiial rc- ■;m'niii-r n[ 3sist iiiva- was (1 un- to Mr\ii'u CASTANARKS IX MKXICO. 5'Jo to i.-t'>r(^ order and save the country. Don Manuel was willing to accept the position tcinj)()!'ai'ily, l»ut he ivt'used to start unless he could carry with him not (iiily a^sui'ancesand ; ti mises, with definite instructions to M nd away the worst of the cholos and to convoke \hr a-si')nl)ly, but also 200 cavalrymen perfectly armed ainl diuipped, a coni[»lete equipment for loO iiifantry- iaci> of the hatallon, some (;annon and 200 muskets willi the proper immiti !MiV Jan. Ot!>. ilodanitioii of ToUu/ imd Mcjui — Miclu'ltorcnii's itt^oiits tlml tlicy adhi-re to ( Jen. I'juedeH' proniiiicianiiL'nto. Miiroro i/i' Si)in!oa, .Inn. "Jii, I^J'i. .Fan. IStli, ileoroo .suhjcctiiig Cal. to art. l.'U, fac. 17 of Ikksis ori,'.iiiii ,i.< -tli.it is, allowing the prcs. tu appoint a gov. without regarding tiui li.stot laiKiulat.s sent \>y tiie assenihly. Mixiro, Col. de Liijik {Palacio), lS44-(}. p. ^Sl. '" l/ij'ir, Inytrncck'iif.f (ht GohUrno Sitpremo nl Conuitioiinilo /"'/■■( ' We fornin, IS.fO, MS. Later in this chapter I speak again of Hijar'a nu urn. VLS. hk-!i will Host pl'c- V i'X|i< di- of Cali- IkIlT tilt' ■iiiitt<'(l a xlics. I lilt . Tllriv- Llt ;ilv,;iys ) jirinhn'c fVvls t'.iat b; lu'.t IV- lillUllt tv- 0(1, -This OS lie ^ll(•- fiiid aniKi- :iiniaii. 1' i'-l'^' tba. thi'y liiii. 'Jn. iNt.'i. liil'i:iiiiilil:itJS si. I„i--'i I'ali- nil :"U- A MILITARY EXPEDITION. 0-J( spiff ^Ilclioltorcna's downfall, order luid l)c;"n restored ill Calilornia, wliich was by no means disloyal to the n;itioii; iuul on May "J.jtli was ]>i'inted in the official newspaper Pio Pico's report of ^rarch L'Hth, in which lie uave a correct version of the late tronhles, with as^iuances that his countrymen were law-ahidini^' peo- ple. '" In reply, a comnumication was despatched to j*ii() on ^[ay 'iSlth, virtually i-i'cogniziiiL? the Icujality (if his j)osition as governor, askiii'j^ his cooperation for llic welfare of the country, rejicatin^ the sjiirit of lli- jai s instructions, demanding California's vote for pres- i,j( lit. and renewijig the promise' of a nulitary force. '^ In .iiiiie and later, several orders were sent to the north heai'ing on the imminence of war with the United States, as will he noted later,'"and in .fuly, as we have seen, Micheltoi-ena arrived and was not very cordially received. With one exception, there is no otlit r topic to be noticed in this connection.^' The military expedition determined on by the gov- ('riiiiMiit as early as April was long enshrouded in a kind of mystery, for reasons not ver}' a[)i)arent. I liavr already noted several allusions to the matter. As late as July 18th, the minister of war assured coiin'iess that there was being fitted out 'a most bril- liant cxpcnlitioi^,' the success of which de[)ende(l on a st'( ivt which he had no authority to reveal.'^ It was ill August that the veil of st'crecy was lifted, and it Ix'iaine known that a fully etpiipped force of at least (jOu men, veteran troopts, was to be sent from Mexico " I'inria ihl Gnhirriio, May 2."), 1.S45. containinir Pico's report of March 28tli, eopiiii ill sniistaiice next (lay ill lUislnwniiti , Mini. /iiy'. M(.r., MS., ii. lo;!- ti, \m;!i inovioiis lueiitiiiu of the siilijcct in /i/., ii. !('J, ivtO. Mustaiiiiuite ilia- liki'.l Mh'iicltorena, anil was very ready to liclieve that tlie I'alifornians iiad liiiii jiistilieil. 1'he report of I'ico has lueii iioteil in conuectii.n with tlio Mil h'hiiriiid, JC.r/iiil., printeil in other Mex. new sjiapern. '■Mav'-M>th, Cuevasto I'ico. .SV. l'itj,..S,i,-., MS., xvi. 17-1!); O'lun-ft, Doc, .MS., \ii". I'm. '''\iille.io, //(V. '"'((/., MS., V. «4-!), quites a letter of ,lnne .Id from (am- tilliiD to Castro, announcing tliat the latter wan to he conlii-ineil as coinau- liiUite general. 'The pill = .i hitter one, hnt they will have to .swallow it'I •"1m Nov. there wa.s n, report of a union of some kind between Cal. and Sonni;i. /^l/,^•^(;H(l)/^', Mrm. ///'.•(/. Mi.r., iii. loS. '^ Uiiatamuiik, A'wtro lieruul Diaz, i. 46. •liltlti I :«.. 1 ^ '1^ • i \ I .'' ■* ^^- 1 m^ ' ; r.2s nvLi: of rico and castho— political a:;:,'als. by Acapiilco, liiider the coiiiinMiul of Colonel I^naiio Iiiit'stia, an al)l(> oliiccr educated in tlu; militurv schools of France. Salvador ]\[. Tturliide was the a'4'ent, or coniisario, who, under Iiiiestra, supciin- tended the oiitlit of this army. Largo quantities n\ stores were [)urchased at the capital and sent nn mules to the coast; four vessels were chartered ;it Acapuico to transpoi't the troops under two nieii-di- war as convoys, and the troops themselves, inchidin^f Ihi'ct! hundred iidantrv irnder Colonel ])aneneli. maiched from ]\rexico in detachments, which in ( )r- tolx'r v,(M'e scattered alonuj the route to Acapuico. !Mi'an\vliile Anihx's (^istillero had been sent to ( 'ali- fornia to suiH'tintend pr(>parations for the rccejilion of the force," and a controversv had broken out at the cai)ital. It was charij^ed that there had hicii waste, extra vao'ance, and even dishonest manau^eiiient in fitting' out the expedition, so that the funds liKir- ally but carelessly provided by tlic es (jf mismanasjfement, and threw the bl'.une for present difficulties on otlior shoulders. In the details of the scantlal we an' imt interested,^ and the results are not very detinitely ^'Xo (late, ("astillero'a instructions from Gen. Iniestra. Dcpt. St. Pitfi., ^18., vii. ."{T -8. It was probably in July or Aiii,'ust tliat he left Mcxiin, and the expedition was then expected to sail fi-oni Aeapnlco about Sept. 'JlKli, '•'^ liiiislra, Expcdicwn • ('(ili/urHins, L'-.'/.'i, a series of lonjj; cditoi'ials, «itli letters from Iniestra, Iturbide, and others, in the Ami/o del I'm'J)h\ ^ijit. 2. '.>, IH, '27. Oct. 4, '23, IV), »), Nov. l,"., i"), 27, Dec. 4, 184,"). it wis cliarjj;ed that tent-poles were sent from Mexico on nuiles; tliat 'hard tuck' was liUewiso transported, its cost in Mexico bein;;; about the sanir as at Acapuico; and that the charter oi one of the vessels at least cost as niuch as tiie vessel was worth. Much ridicule was also directed to the ciiiplnv- nient of a large number of nuiaicians; it being suggested that Califonii i. liko Jericho, was to bo taken by the sound of trumpets miraculously, l'\' tliis 'expedicion nuisico-niilitar.' The transports ehnrtered and lying ut Aiiimlco for months at great expense were the Mircario, ( 'ntnUmr, ( 'onro (fe A' 'ijni^''", and i'rimavt'ra; and the convoys tIh^; A Mac and Corrco dc ('ali/'onii-'i. hi many numhera of the Amiiio from Sept. to Nov. appeared a series oi '[in'- guntas sudtaa,' one of which was, 'La cspedicion A Californias, por lin, va n no? llerros visto al Coronel Iniestra miiy despaeio en un eafi^, y nui\ con- tciito al purcccr, niieutrus que los buquca cstaugauaudocstadiaseii A' i['iili;o, IXIESTRA AND lIlJAR. ->'20 I'lc rdotl. It seems, liowever, that before tlio end of t!ir year the arms, ammunition, and sarious ctliei' >tn|is belongiuL,^ to tlio expedition reached Aca|tal('o, as (lid ;i larijfo ])art of the ti'oops; hut tlie men j(.ined (itihi'al Alvarez in tiie revohition of Deeemhei- against JVcsident Herrera, and all tlie stores, to^^ether with tlir >Iii|)s, fell into the himds of the revolutionists, wliiK; California was lei't to del'end herself.-* L<'t us retui'U to California and to the month of JuiK'. Jose ^lari'a lli'jar, Mexican eomisionado and I'niniri'ly director of the I'amous llijar and Padres (N)l'iiiy of ].s;]4, arrived at Santa iJai'hara on Juno sill, lie announced his arrival, presenting- his iiisti actions next day, and was welcomed by Govei'iior V\rn on the 11th, Ijy the asstMuhly on the 13th, and ly ('astro and Alvarado a little later, no secret heln<^ iiiadc of the nature of his mission.-' lli'jar had been s, Icf-ied because of his knowledn'e of Caliiornia, where liis unpopularity, arisin<4 from the colony affair, was suppoxMl to have died out. ]Jad there been any ifitiiculties in his way, his mission would doubtless lijivc been a failui'e; but as he really had nothliiL^' t;) y se ost.i apolill.iiiilo la gallota <|uc so Ucvo allA ili;sil(! esta capital. Y.stn no 03 (.■al'-iil;ir li /a /iiirsfrrt, .'^iiii A la ••-(/(/('>■//•«.' •' I'lc'.^iili'iit Taivtli's in his inUlrcss of .lime (», 1S4!), to coiif^rcss. (jiialiilcs t'.io fiviiit lit' this I'xijcdiliiiii ns ' iiorril)lo ;in 1 |i,iniri lal.' M'.iirn, Mii:i. Jl'lwiDiii.'i, 1S47, aiincN'., p. !)t. (li'ii. M.iiiiiil .M;iri|iu'z dc IjOOU writer to lliu ','■0 lit' ihi-uiriii' (Gnai/iiias), Sept. '2'>, KsT'^, tli.it lio was a iiu'iiilicr of Uio .■.,,..1:.: 1 1.1 '. ii i... ii. . t 1 :i . l i i . i... . i l I'spcilitinii, and blame i tlio |).'irty tli;it prr\i:iitri| its (!c|i^'.rtiiio and lliiis lost, CaliKiniia. The news tli.it tlio tixpfditinn \v:is in uiiruulty and nnoiiM |ii'oli;i- Illy lint I'oino rcMi'hcd (.'alifovnia on tlio llniuitih, ., Urn. I'ref. y JiiZ'/., .MS., ii. IK!. Siu also lia.-.ininaitU', A'^co l!:i\"if I'i'i-., ii. 14, 58" '■''•liily 1st, Pico to uiin. of rul.. .TnuonTininir Ilijnr's arrival iiinl ti'ciptio:! at .Aiiirlis; likcwiso tlu; ' incxiiliivilil ■ iilcisuro iii my hi-art' with \\Iiiili lo (.r,1..i-.,. I . I, 1.1 ;....>.- I 1.: . :.. .t i : i ;.i ....1,..'. . ..t ....»; 11...... ..:..,:.... . .• , - . I 'ijt., Jleii., .>!.■> , HI. (l)-l. .luiu! Uotli, lno to i^irliiii, (Icsciilun,!,' llijar's iiii-i.sion. i'dltijn, l)vi\, MS., xx.xiv. V.V.). .Juno I'Jth. I'ico announoos 1 1 tlic |niiiilo, that tlio Slip. j.'ovt is snkiiiL; to iinnnoto tlio wolfaro of Cal. l^fft. S-. /'a/,., .-(//;/., .MS.. X. 77; al.soin Avila, JJuc, .MS., 143-8. Hist. Cal., Vol.. IV. Ul '^lil fir C30 RULE OF PICO AND CASTRO -POLITICAL ANNALS. do l)ut to iinnoiuicc tlu; avcIcouic news thai llic revolutionists had iiotliiiiL^ to fear from ^[exicti. 1|,. met with iio o|)|»ositiou whidoviT. Ifc was .n, educated i^^enth-iuan, who j>layed the i^uitai' and inailc liiniseir a!L;reeal)Ie. J le s on l)e(*end)ei- IDth, prohaMv before he luul spent all the advance of .salary reciixcil in !Mexieo.'-° At about the time of llijar's arrival, Castro snt Jose ^faria Castanares to Mexico, })resunial)]y in loii- se(juence of the ]\ront(M'ey meetinjjf of ^Iny 'Jlin.tu explain California's needs in connection with tlic ru- mors of coming war. Of his instructions, or what \\r tried to acct)m[»lisl in Mexico, nothing is known, ami nothing was known at the time; but Pico and thras- sembly suspected that the mission might not h" t'l- vorable to their intei'ests, and re(piested the suprtinr gov']'nment to jiayno heed to Castanares' reprcsrnta- tions on matters pertaining to the civil adniini>t ra- tion. "' On June 27th, in accordance with the lonm. mendation brought by][ijar, the assembly hallotid for a (ju'nito'ha of candidates for governor, scKctin^' the following five names given in tlu; order of jnvfi r- cnee: Pio Pico, Juan ]:)andini, M. (jI. A'allejo, Jd^.' de la Guerra y Noriega, and Antonio ]M. Osio.' In II llf 1 i Is 2«Dec. ]9th-20th, death and Inirial of JTijar. ncpt. St. Pup., MS., vi. |:i';; Arch. Sla 11.. MS., x. 'lAl. Aniaz, liWiirnlo'', MS.. H-l-:\, says that llij;.!' tdld liiiii lio had autlioi'itv to declare himiu'lf jioveriior or ficiicral if lir -hnii!'l deem it best. Alvara.h), I/l.--4'\. ilevote eoii.si(h'ral)le space to Hijar's mission, wlii.li th( y ridicule, lilamiiiji; Picoalso for dividgint,' the iiatiircof hi.s secret iii^tiuc- tidiis. They state that H., rinding ho cotdd aeeoniidish iiothiuL', r. ^i;.'IH'll. They say also that ho was coldly reccivecl liy all hut Paiidini and snnie ot'tlii; old colony men, speakinu of inipolite toast.s and speeche.s made .'it a h.iiifiMc: given him hy JJandini. I lind, however, no contemporary evidence that the old trouhles were remend)ered, or that Hijar ha/. /'re, MS., iv. -JJC-T; iJejit. St. /'(iji.,MS., vi.S-I; viii. 8-:i; <''i.^tro, IMiifioii. .MS., 14:)-!». ■■'"dune 'JTtli, Pico's proclamation of the result. Dar. Hist. Cal., MS., ii. M: D»i>t. SI. J'<(/)., MS., viii. SO-.*?; /-/., .S'. ,/.««■, v. <».")-(!; /.,,;. !!(,■.. :M>..iv. 71, 70; July '-"Jth, Celis to VaHcjo. V(dl,jn, J>o<:, MS., xii". U"). 'Wliatiisi- lection I' writes Jones. 'This I will wager, however, that fOiould the piisiik'iit select from that number — a thing most improbable — Baiidiid will be iheiM::ii; and ill my opinion, of the live he is the man most fit to fill the otliee; he wouW, !i \LS. that tlic exicii. Ill' was ;iii mil iiiaili' I |M)liticS IS, iilid he prolialiiV iistl'o S lit )1y ill fiiii- v'-Jltii. to h thf rii- V what lit' Down, and iiid thi'as- Hdt he t'a- SUlU'fllM' vpi'fsiiita- (hniiii-li'a- \\w ivculll- - hnllotiMi selecting of |iit t'cr- Irjd, .hN>' l)sin.' Ill MS., vi. i:i'l; jvs tii:it IH,j;.r tl if li.' >!i"ul.l ;uii,:^"'''t- Id SDUii' i>t the ,t :\ li.-niqiU'; UiiM- thiit tlic Is wli.'itrvcr. \, S-Ii; ''•i.<'''0, , MS., ii. 40; 'Ms..iv.:t. 'What a St- Itlu' I'll siilout ]ll,flluM:i::li; L'c; iu'woulil, SUPRi:>[E COURT. rm tlir saiiK^ iiionlli there wore fears at tlic capital that tli( re was t(» he aiiotiier revolt of tlu.' pli.soliel's, .losij Aii'i'iiio Carj'illo ha\iiin' in the mean time heeii i-e- sttnvd to (.'ommaiid.-' I ai»[)en(l an outline of the as- Miiil'lv's ))r()CL't'din<'s for June and Jul v.'"' The thrcc^ •,n'eat matters that oocupied the atten- tjdii of Ihe U'j^'islators at Los Anu'eles in July were the I'eorLfanization of tlu' suju'tinie court, consf,'',i- tieiial I'efonii, and a I'cstoration of the |ii'efec(ure.s. T!ie 1iil)unal superior, accordinn- to the act, of th(^ as- x'liihlv on July 2d and Pico's proclamation ol' the 4th, was to consist provisionally of twi> juslii'es, (<> al- triiiat.e as presidents, and a fiscal, each l•eeeivin^• a, >alaiy of S'J^OOO and hein^* appointed hy the ^ovci'iior iVeiii candidates named \)y X\\v. as,->end)ly. The ti'ihu- iial was to ap|toiiit a seci'etai'V, lirst oficial, ami clerk; was to he divided into two chamhers to c(»nsidci' cases lit' Mcond and third instanci' respijctivt'ly : and was to lir -(i\erne(l hy the law of IS.'!?. ^^en leanu'd in Hk; liw were to he ohtained lor justices as soon as j)os.-.i- liiAM'vrr, never go tliiwn fur govoriior in Califoniiii.' LitrLii)\'< JJoc, MS,, iii. ■-'!■.'. •■'.(lino Kith, Carrillo in I'ico, nml govcrnni's dnlciv. l>tpl. SI. I'ltji., MS., vi. ■♦•.' ;t; 1,1., An;/., xi. rHI-."il. ^".Sc-isi(ins (if ji.'-sciiilily, ■liinc IS1.">. .Tunc 1 Uli. laml grants; C(iini)l:iints df pi'ivatf iiiilivicliialsagainst lncal autlioritii's; aliscni f incnilu'is. .Iiuu: l.'ltli. (liicn'.i cii' Sta iJarliara takes liis .«eat; lanil gnmts; Hi'jar'.s insti'iii-ticiiis. .lime liitii, l^tli. lanils; liijarH niis.sion. .Iiine "Jillli, lamls; liamliiii retires from .siirrt:nvslii[) ill favor nf ("uvarruliias. ,Iiiiie li.'til. lamls; eoniniittee on polit- iral iii\ isiiii of tlie il( iLirtiiiciit urged to make lia.ste; V'alie not }i( rmitled to ri-'tir.'. .111110 "J.")!!!, lands; petty loeul afl'airs; eomniittee woi-k. .Iiiiu.' "Jlth, liiiil-; S. hiegans want a trilmiial mereantil; report on cimrts; (|iiiiiteiii.i for L''Viiiior. ,liine .'{Otii, lands; I'onrts. Uotello ami Valle geniraily m.iuoiio- li«"l tlie disenssioiis in tiiesi! days. J.i'/. 1,'ir., M.S., iv. (it 77. S('.;~ion (if .Inly "Jd, organization of eonrts. .Inly 4tli, ditto; and divi ion '■! ilcjit into distriets and p.'irtidos. .Inly 7tli, rejily to eritirisin; jilpsent m;'iM- i"ls; \ot(! to pnlilish I'orresp., sliowinii tliat due eilorts Im.l In en iiiaiK' to si'- •iniittcnda .ee. .Inly !)tii, lands; sn]ireme court. .luly I I tli, l.'inds; elections; nistitiil' .nal reform; V,i!l<; Jillouod to retire; alsot lucira for l.'tdays. .luly Mill. Illtli. IStli, eonstitiition;il reform; Spcncc and .Miiiirasstill "sick." .I:dy -l^t, s.iMip topic; long discussion on jiarli.'imentarv rules; IJotcllo vs I'ico; .'IV. lint .allowed to decide a tic by liis vole (/. rnliilinl. .Inly 'J.-itli. llotello !iil lift the asseinlily in disgust, lint now returned to liis dutii's; dcclaratioa "1 favi.i- of the federal system of IS'24; ( 'astro s representation to tlie sup. i^'Vt ic.id. /,';/. A'-r., .MS., iv. 77-104. The more important topics are fur- ihir iiotii'cd in mv te.\t. >i>h» ■ ,,>P*;' m i 1 !■ Is; .^ it f I ■! r,r,-2 TA'u: of rico and castro pomticai, A\\.\r.=!. Itlc, Mild xm to ri'Saiitia;nt Ai'i^iii'llo, Kaiinniido ('arrilln, .lost' AluvMd. S;d\ io 1 *aclicco, and ( Juill<'riiiM ( 'astfd.^' ( 'a nil In i In- clined tlie a|)]»ointii»eiit iiiiiuediately. and IJouilla l.iti r. as did IJaiidiiii appointeil in ("arrillo's jtlaci'. .ln.iii ]M.daiiii, } •resident ii, Imt lii^ ]>l'i)test was not lieeded. Ill Sejit cinl );■!■, nild lat •!■. ;iii a1teiii]tt was made to (irn'ani/-e tin iiit liv ealiiii'^ in the siipleiites, hut ait|iarcn1 Iv without siu-eess.'* In the matter of cinistitutional I'rfdnii. sifj^'^'cstimi- had heeii received iVoin Ili'jai" on eliaii^'es alfertiii-' ( 'a!if(»rnia alone; while (Ui those atfeetiiii^' tic ii.it iMii.i! system, propositions were i'ecei\-ed from Mie!iM;ic:i|i. I'uehia, and ( "liiapas. ( )n the iirst point, the deci^i..!! reached hy the assemhly, .luiu^ 1-ltli, to he siihniittcil to the su[)reine ujox'ernmeiit for a]>pro\"al, was t!i,it I'l ( 'alifornia there should hi; e"rante(l exception'il \-\w<. •jiviiie- to the u'ovenior, asseiiihlv, and miiiiieiiialii i(> H'reater powers than were held in ot liei" states, ami also that duties on forei'.,ni l^ooiIs should Ixn'ediiccd ;;t least leu per cunt, no class of yoods beiiiLj prohi' :Utl. 3'Jn!y i.l-ltli. Le;,. /?cc., MS., iv. T.VS,-); /V,-'. //,V. f,;/., MS, ii. il; I>r/,f. S'l I'<'i>., Aiii}.. SlS., X. (U-T. •'- /..,/. /■'.-•.. MS., iv n;-!': K'f. Il>^l. r.il., MS., ii. :A--2: I>.S'. /'■'./■., MS , vi. .S"i; /,/., Aiiiir/>t. S/. /•,i/i., Ihn. Pnf. yJir.i. \\< . iv. 41, .pi ■/". .Inly •-•1st, Hciinciia ui'ci'iUs. /-/., iv. (7. Au.tr. .Stii, Sijit ll;;i. ('•iiiiicl iiiul I'.imill.i ilocliiic. /'/., iv. 4t, -Ki. Auj.'. -Otli, Mahaiu c'i'iii|liiins. //., iv. 47. ScpK '-Vpili, •J7tli, l>.iiiiliiii (Iccliiirs. Id., iv. 4.V((. \\vj. iMlit'i Ol t. I:it, .-iL'tioii of iissi'iiilily iiiiil cIliMts to ()r.,'aiii/i! tli<' cnurt. /,"/, /,'•■. .M>.i iv. Il.;-|,-., •J27-S, •_>:{7 S, '•JSI-_'. SM-'M J>r/,t. S/. r'i/>., MS., viii. J'.i; /'•. -!/(;/., X. 7.'!; xi. I(!l. M:il;Miii li.iil liccii siiuMicd l)y tlio as-suiiilily, Imt hcslili pir.-ciituil hi.s iLiini.s mi lire. 'M \i. l>i [■>. Si. I'liji., MS., vi. 1;}7-S. ill I ; ' 1.=!. ri:i;i IK TUi;i:s nr.sToni-n. :stliitirs, e (lutii> iiiii<, ;niil il mi til'' 1st miii- sral, M:i- ( 'nl'iill'l, '• A '»!■' "_;'"• tl'lill'l 'l'- lillallltrl-. •c. .|r,;ili ril H''':iili-' 11. liUt lii- il lat'T, an (■aliili'4' ill SS. Ilil'o'CSt li III'" alVi'i'linu' i.. ii;iti"ii;il liclmai-in. ic (li'ci>ii'n suliiiiitti'il 1^^ t!iat I'i licipaliin"' tat.s, a:iil (•(1ncH'(l;;t rolii' itL'il. [,, MS., ii. -l- Ipt.S;. P-'!'-' nr./.-M'^''^'' ., si'j.t ii;'.i. liii ci.nii'laiiii. . Mvj. IMhM L,. /,•..•,. >1>- Iviii. •^'.'; /'•• ly.lnr.hosiui -S. ;i!i'l trade ill iialloiial i^^oods Ixiu'^' tiitii'clv iVce. Sd |;ii' 1- iiali'iiial atlairs wi'i'c »'(Hict'i'iii-»l. the assiiiiMy \ iti(| liiially, nil July LTttli, in I'avnr of tin- li'dfcal sys- r ISJI, with souu' UKMliticatioiis to i>ri'Vriit ciii- tfiii " traii/.atiuii tit |MiU( r, and to insure individual ri^!it>. third |ii'o)ec|, and lip' only one of tlic three lie a! was |(iael icaily carried into eil'eet, was a di\i.--ioii the de|)artnieiit into districts, an I a I'esloratiou roinier SNstelll ol |ire|ectui ! )\ tile pI" .Inly Ith, lailiHshed hy I'ico July a.'li. Alta ( 'al- ii', iiiiia was t,thal; lit' L'ls Anu'eles, iVoni San Luis t/hispo south, with tliii'' |iaitiilos, I. Ijos Aii,L;"eles, 'J. Santa iJai'hara. an 1) ii"io; a lid lh'> Lid, that, oi' Moiitei. V, i"i •oiu Siii Miguel north, with two partidos, I. Monterey e was to no ^ elha lliieiia. At Monterey tllel liivt'ect, ami in every other pariido a suli-|ii'ercct. .\i Liis Aii'i-eles and Moiitci'ev the avuntaiiiieiit OS v.i iv to remain ; and in eai I •h oth P tl lai'lKlo there was t'l !i>' a Junta iiiunicipal, consisting;' ot t le justice ot ihr lieace and two citizens, presided oNci l.v tl It.' sUli- ll'l t'ect. Ill i]\c 1st district the suh-prel'ect S we ■rcisL' the jiowers ot' the jiidects, excejit cii- t;iiii ones reserved lor the L,^o\'eriior. ,V1I the new itiicials wen^ to be utiveriied hy the iornier re<;aila- iiii-- II I' 1 S;)7, except st> far as they niiejit coiitlict \Mih tht^ constitution and with the jiresent decree;'^ .Manuel Castro, i)e|)jiew ol" I'ict), cousin ot' tln! u'eii- ri'ai, and ;i j)r()iniiient man in tht.' jirst ino\-einiiit auain-t .Miclieltt)rena, was matle prefect of the :l\ ili>triit, and assumed the ofKce .Vun'ust '2A."'' 'I'lie •"•liKiu i:!tii, llijar to I'ico. Ocpf. SV. /V(/.., MS., vi. ;i.">-7. Acfion .if .is- ■ i'il\\ .luiy lltli, Ulli, llltli, -Jlst, 'J.'.tli. L';i. /.'.'•., MS., iv. '.»l-li>:t, •.'7n-:t; J>ii'\, M.S., S."); ('((rrillo, JJv., Ms., ;{-l; Vdrrillo (./.), Jj<.r., MS., ll-'.i. ■'iilv 4tli, "(til, (lecivu of !i.',.<: litnt. ('«/.. MS., ii.47; A-;/. A'"'., -NiS ii-o's IkhkIk nstiiriiiu' iird'co. IV. ,\)-s;\ Jh i.f. St. /' •'"•"•, MS., V. !)S-10|; /'/., .1////., x. CO :!; St,i Cniz, Arr/i., .MS., :i(l. Ilii; !iif.rt liml ;i .siilary nf .s|.."i(M», Witii a wr. at .Sci[)tat Alij,'i'li'.s, .SiKKI — all to jiay tliiir own ollicc ixjiins's. .Ml .ipiiuiiiiol 1 y till' j_'.i\-. except tlio siili-prcfcet of VctIki lliuiia, « ho wa.s appoiiil(il liy '■ill' Jill f. it with tlio govt'nioi-".s ajipioval. "''July 12th, Castro's ui)poiutim.'iit; July iMh, lutttr of acceptance; rM it- -ii'J I* ■ 1:' ' ' li Cn4 Rl'LK or I'iro AXD (Wsnto I'OLITIf'AL ANNALS. n|)|H)iiitii)('Mts of sul>-|>r»T('cts will Ik; yiwii in ((.iiih,' tinii with local annals. Mailv in .Inly (uiit'j'al Castro went down to |,i Ann'cli Alioiitthf saiiK' time llir Sulfilinl ludii 'lit ('a|>tain I'Moivs with the Mfxic.n ilrspatch i4;^fera ted.. .lones and l^arkin also IMI ini^ I ;ili eri'or respecting' the news IVom Mexico, repres( iitili^- the coming;' expedition as intended to |)unish the ( '.ili- f'orniaiis and tlieii' foreign allies a'^ainst MicheltiUviiM, all of whom were in ureat terroi", hut resolvrd t" resist to the death, and to that end were cnLia-'cd iit VUL'. 2.1, in. Dor. IIUI. C'lK, MS., i. 4!»l: ii. St; (' i.s'ni, I),- i. I ;{■.', i:t7: /'fi>'. /."' MS. dv. tM-(i; Jhjit. S'. J (i, :{(U-'>; /(/., Aiii/ilii, \. (iS-!». '(/'., />' /(. .MS, .liilv'.ltli,ani\i.! ,., .MS., viii. I •_>; A/., .!»;/., ]:i(i S; Si. ir '}'■ Siif MS., xvi. 17-1!); X. ./-..v(, .l/v//.. MS., iii. •_': Shi ( >; J/v7(.. .MS., !M -.•{; (;<:n'i, />,„:. .MS., iv. ISS-!». .Inly ll'ili, McKiJile.v t' Liiikiii I'll tlif ;iii-i\iil. J^uiL:n'.i lhii\, .MS., iii. -Jls. iliiriii.' •uoli al .liiiK' "Jlst, Ciistio Iciivts iliu L'ciimiaiiil at .Mnntci'i'v tn Alvaiv IIS ahsciii'i' 1 AnLT'Oi-; 111 citlllT />./'/. SI. I' '!'■ .M. . I line ."{(Itli. < '. (Mi.vti'l it not vet arrived. I)i,-. //isl. (',,/., MS., ii. J 4. rtli,.l< t.. I., r/.i />.. .MS., iii. -.M-J, .iiiil siiuilii-i'lia- leltt III liis ietteis (if .liilv -dtli lie sav.s: ' l-'lniii al iiiiit.<. till ital i.s ill a must i-eliellii Millies ami lleil fi'iim that |> il .1 ■11 isoiiK rly state. .Iiisti ei' lias I iusi'il 111! 1)V 111 iv" (^iivcnujr IS must iiii |ii>|iiili r; In- i.s liy till- new serretary (( '(ivavrnbias), who is plaianleil ahii'i>t I'Vi r;. • lay. The lloMoialile .Vs.seniiily are at log^'cllieails, ami eoiuiisioii i- tiiuoruc' of the ilay.' It is iil.-io saiil that Castro uiul llijar hail nuaircUcil, voTK roil i'iii:sii»i:\T, r!ii>iii'' forces 41 or niurst' this was all wroii I- ^r cXlco inl iiM iiitt'iitioii to avt;iiLfi' Mu'lu'lturi'iia's (liiwiiliil iiml tlif Calif )niiaiis had in* I'cai" of such a iiiowiiii"'iit 111 ii|iist;ii»('lM:^^ pcrtV-ct I\- that tluM'\|n'(|itioii uastodc {riitl I li«' (•(Hiiitiy aLfaiii; .t A nuricaii iiisadfr It iii'i I asv to (h'tiTiimio whotiior Ijarkiii iiitcMtioiiallv I. iiii-i<'|> i\'st.'iitf(l tlu'sc inattiTs [\ty cUbct 011 new jv ai-- livrl iiniiii^Taiits and at WashinL;toii, oi* whrtlirr ju" \v;i-> misled hy (lasti'w and Alvaradu, wlio \vi>h('il to (• iiiii al ihi.' j»r'c'[)ai'atloiiS bL-iiin" made against the riiiti'(l States. (';ilit(»iiiia's V(»ti' was cast on Aiin'iist 1st l)y the as- MiiiMy I'"!' I Icri'tTa as pi-csidciit ol'thc i'r|)ui)n«', thftii^h ir, wlum d eame trom .Mexico more (leiimte re|)orts alH , hrou_iL;'ht hy Andivs ('astilleid, who came to co-comisionado with Ui'jai'. and esj)ecially to Ind ee tiicl'c (irdcr- art ;e I'l'. pare tor the reception ot" Iniestra's ariiiv tills e.\|)et'tation of war with the United States, with iTsiiltiiijL^ acts and corresjxmdence, iiichidiii;^' the re- iTptjoii of overland immigrants and (.'astilU'io's iieufo- tiatiniis tor till' j)urchase of Sutter's Fort, was the piiiHipal mattei' to he noticed in the last half of this Viar; hut it is also a toj)ie to he treated in a later '■■h¥'*'^>'-\ *".liilv7tli, 'JiUii, J. to L. .Iiilv Kttli, L. to SIT. .stilt.' aiK /.iirki />«; M.^ .ii.i .1.1, li; AV-s" A'.;/., Ixix. •-'():{. 11; A/., O//; (' Ito.V. )'../„ ./•yv-y.., .Ms. (/ ol' J'l Ami' Ist, vote fur lltTicni iinnouiio'i MS. A.;/. /.'. M- l l.v I' lot />n to mill, of rcl. />. St, ■ //is/. I 'ill., MS., ii. 71 />'.-■., MS., x.\x. 147. Vail. //('-/. fill.. MS., V. 4;! 4.(iv.lit.s I'ico Mith li:i\iiiL; iiiiiiiage.l tlii.s all'air very .skilfully to ;.;.•( tli..' vnt.; throvMi for H. lira, wlio wa.s not p.»i)ular, while ( 'astroaii.l Alva r.ulo Wfii;al)siii it; liiit tl H iju toiiM. latum f..r tl ii.s \ ii'\N- ot till' matter. I).>iilitless tlu- lieiirei'df tile .le ^piiti'li ot May -!Hli lia.l iiistnietioii.s a.s to wlio w.i.s t.> reeeivi; tlie vote, aiul the t nHl.irniaii.s were |;la;l t.i .ili.'V or.lers, not cai in,' who was pre.-iiteut. Iiixerii, //'>^ ./'iliijut, iii. 70."(, .states that ( 'al. did not v.ite. l'eihai)S the vote .li.l lint arrive in time. On Aiiril "Jlst lleirera's aeees.sion to the ])reni(leiiey hail 1k''1i iiiitilishe.l in Cal. /fr/i/. S/. I'tii,., /Sni. I',"/', ifjir.j., MS., v. .'{It. On I't. OJUlt. /.' IKli, a vote wa.s also thrown for Castillo as justice of the Me."{ie;ili MS., IV. I'Jl M. ' o.)C, UVIA-] OF !•!( I) AXi> CA.sTIK) rOLITU.'AL A\\.\l,-<. cllMptcr'' "Oiilyolic (tf its |»Ii;isi'S, tiiC colltrnvcixy !|,,.^ to soiiu' (xtciit Ljrow out of it, ivquiriui^ Jittt'iitioii In ti . Pico chiiim'd tlic cxcliisivr ii_>iit to of^'jini/i i!,,' iniliiia accoidiii^' (o Mexican dccivt'S ot'Jmic; an. I 1,'^ icalousv (tt'all iiiiliti'.rv iiitci'lci^'iuH) was .sliarc-nize(l except In (»Mic(.'rs of tin.' re'4iil,ir army, and called uj)on (Jeiiei-al Castro to put allotli(i' ollie.i's, includiu;^ Alvarado ol" course, at the di-jnisi- tion of the ci\il authoi'itii s.'* This the L;'eneral deeim,! ■■-Si'c clia|i. XXV., tlii( vol. Sept. Idtli, Jlij.-ii' V> I'ico, jiii'.umnciii;; Casii- lU;ri<'H iiii|H)iiitiiicut, ;iii'l rci:vipt (if .Vl (K^ ' inr ti:i vi.llri;;c\j(iur tions, niiiilaiy nr^'uni/ation; eeleinationof tiuMlestaof the lU'.li. Sept. I'.'tli, forms of eeleliiation; ( 'airillo ahseiit on aecount of siekness; ( 'astiliei.iV :i,i- pointnirnt. Sejit. lIUli, foini of ceremonial at tlio liesta. Sv'pt. I'.Hli, el i.- tioi's; niilitary <'i'j.'ani/atinn; l>otello ohjeets to a ])ioelamatio i will' li Pico p"Mposea to )nililisli, Sept. '_'2d, preliiiiiiiary re]M(rts of coin.iiitte.s; mi(p. e I'lrt. (Si'pt. "Jkli, re,%'ii!al ions for militia in 11! articl(>s; a treasu'cr to ln'iiji- poiiiled; lands. Sept. "Jdtli, lands. Oct. 1st, lands; cattlesteali.ii.'; s'''. to jM't liis salary notw itlislaiidini.' the adjournment; sup idurt; rci'T. lur to election of senators of tin; repulilie. Oct. ltd, land j,'rai ts. Oct. Stl, i'','iil:i- tions for the .sale of hides; land grants; sessions suspended for the w ■ uii'vx year, heciuise inaliilitv to ]iay .salar' -s makes it necessary to allow i inIhts ion tire. Lnj. J!,,-., S|S., iv. lOl-iUl; (Jtr,m, Doc, MS., S7-S. O '. Htli, i'ico's jiroelaiiiation elosini.; the sessions. *''An,i;ust. Jh„-. Ili.^t. ('fit., MS.,ii. 100, ll'J-l."?, llS-10. Sept. -i. TieJ c:dls for infori.iation ahout rumors of distiri mces at Monterey, /■/ ii. I'-': Mid i.^ assured Seiit. I'Jth l>y Castro that ■ il is (piiet now, tlion'.;h t .■ re had li.'en \iiieasiness in conscfpieneo of rumors ihat tlie |irefect and citizen- v.oui'l attack the soldiers, y>^/-^ Si. Pen J!.,. .MS., v. W-i-i. "Sept. idtiK 1". tot'. Due. iii>^i. cuL, :ds., ii. MS-y. GKXiXiAL A\i» rn::F;:cT. yJ7 i f-,\; !:,.t oil IrlT. 11/.' tl,.- lilt 1 l,i> l.V i\v- t\ ill lli.' tin I.IT- stii I'llts, th. n.,.,!- ■1\ :i'<)'.r :ilivi I a L^'i nu'ral oiiKt aiiinillii!;;' the ^oxcnioi' s di.'- •i'. r nil the iL;ri)Uii(l tliat tli(> oliiccrs in (jiu-stioii watc in ac'i IN .' service am I tl urelMrc uiKie his own cDiiiiiiauu Till' prelect tle.'a issued a proelaiiiatioii in deleiici^ id' ri;ux. hiinsidl'at llu- head ot' thu ■ d - lis and .save 1 anirv! ( Jeneral ( 'astro r^ ].!ii .1. i>rai>iii!4' I )on ManuiTs jiatriot ie /eal, hut reinind- ce was a dutv helon;,;'- he tloulile liil 111-- ill'"' Ml) 11 that the eountrv's del'eii Iv to th le foinaiKlaneia LieliflMl ciilirnilled to some extent in Oetoher, the oiilv deiiliitc ivsldt heili'.;' to pr. Vellt the enlist lut'lit of det'eiisores, and to lav the roimdations of a still more Mttei' eon- re\i'!>\ for I84(!. So far as t he iioitli was eoncetned, t Casiillero's visit and his tour with Castro to Soiiouia and XeW lleK'etia tended somewhat to allay [»elsonal (listens ions in the last months of 1845 - .iij S. ])t. 'JIMli-nOtli, prtfi'cfs )ifo(>laiii;iti'iii; (":'. \ CI: /Ay/. St. I'll/)., .MS., vi. .")(i. Laikiii, Oil'. ( S. ht. -.Vlth tli;it lUMttui (;•/■' ■■/' MS.. .ill-- ii. '27, w iit<'-j •Vi'. f.'1't.! Ill',' Will s(^ illld Worse lii'UVciIl the tWO pvi-tic.-:, S()t!i.it till' iK'diili! liiiiilly carcil wiiat llau' was fXcliaii'/eil forTiicir'iNMi. 'lit. 1st, (."a.stri» t) prc'tVct, CNiirissiir,' sur|ii isc, c'ti\, at iii* priirlaniatinn. Dor, Uis'. Cdl.. .MS., i Oct. ;M, D.ii .M.i I'l iln' I'lnl-s Iiini Mf at : KiiL't! a Utter to l>Mil .lose, usili',' itil aiiil fori'ilili' 1 ii.< !• -ii.'iiatiDii, Imt iiiitil ixliived jiroposes to iltsi'liar:,'( uif^'iiaL,'!'. faiti Hu has I liullv am f':irli vsly tlie lutie.sot' his otlic M: iinicl was a nun li al iler lii-MI I li::n .1, oiiil was c •iiloiilly not so iiiaiiai,'(!alile as the latter liail e\pceteil to liiiil r \: Oct. l.st, a fiiciiil of till' aullior vroto to lloliiiis f.!h' (•'!>. irivi:!','a filuoniy ]iijtiire of tlio country s imsei alile and disoi drrlv tioii, ai'isiii;: from internal disseTi.'ions; Init .'dl foi'(i,,'ncr.s gro>!sly ''.sau'L'civit.'d till! ililiiijukics ill these days, 'J'lii.s wiitef. states that I'ico liad Jkcii arresteil ii'.nl imnn.sonei 1. Oct. loth, A. .^r. 1' ICO a t S. .lose to ])refect. A\'aiit>i ili't.iilcd noconiit of the trouhlos; thiiii;s there should he no revolt .s.ive for i-.ri'.:'s caiisi'S. Jh„-. /f;.paratioiis for Castro'.s trip to 'h- northern frontier. I'iiifo, l>ii>\, .MS., ii. 'J IS. Dec, lOtli, (ten. ("astro to (irefuct and toCastillero, Jii i'oiisei|iieiieu n:' inus just received, .iesirea to see them ia ^Monterey to take steii.s to ,a\ 1 1 1 I'ivil war, Cnslro, Due, MS., i. •J;t!». l»ee. "J.HIi, ( 'astro is gniiii,' south ixwA iiiianil at .Monterey. Dw. Hist. Cat., .MS., ii. •J.'i."i. \v X irvaez in con V.'Hejo, Hist. Cal., .MS., V. 41) S, Manios Pico for all tlio t.-ouhles. 0-i ' ill., MS., l.').")-!), thinks Castro at first tried to act in I I'ii-ii, hilt was iiifhi \! IV Castillero to turn a^ains t hin; iirinony witii llotello, A null .•', ^■. l".'(l, thinks the ol 1 triumvirate, Al Tii-uiii'' to overtiii'iiw I'ii-o and recov vavado, (^.istro, and \'alU jo, wero r the cajiiial. .Mo.=(t ( 'aliiorniaii.^j liiin Iv 1 cl'cr to the oontrovor.sy of lS4ii (J us a goicral matter, w ith a gcni'ial ■J 538 RULK OF PICO AM) CASTRO-POLITICAL AXXALS. IS At (lie caj/ital ill tilt' inean tiiin' tlie ali;tjcn()> not oiilv cii'ciilatcd e\a;4'L,^e rated ruiiiors of iiortlicni Iroii- l>k's, l)ut iiiadi; .soiiut j)r<)L,a"('ss in tlirir (twM |i]ias(> ,,t' the ciiri'ciit (|uaiTcl.'" Ill tlio iiij^flit of SeptuiulnT I Jt h IGtIi, the j^arrisou rtjvolted, l)iit next day I'l'turiic 1 t i duty, siiiiic cliaiiLji,'-; lu'iii'^ made l»y the n'oveni ir an.l asseliiMy ill tlie oilicel's coiiHiiaildill^. Jose .V. ( ',ir- I'illo aee;isei)i\, MS., iii. JT!!. '■"Seiit. ITlli, I'ieo to Castro, llilario V'arehi, Jose Carrillo, and lacil"! Sanclie.', seemeil to lie riui,'leader.s. .V junta de Liuona called by the as--riiiMy on the lijtii put Lieut Soumza in eoiinnaiid, ,i:id left the chief i niiiiiiainl — Carriilo's ])lac( — for the ,u';'ii(ral to ihi iile iiiioii. I>i)<\ JJi.i/. Ctil., MS., ii. l.'iO. Sept. ITtli, Soino/a to rico. All is tra:ii|ail, the men regretting tlieir in.'ts. nipt. St. /'(I]'., MS,, vi. ."tl. Scjit. IStli, I'icoordersapro-iccutionof Caiiillo fill- saying that he could prove I'ico to liave reduced the troojis. Id., vi. "i4. Sejit. IS,h, to Castro. Protests against ( 'anilio's restoration to tin; cum- HMiid. /. I'm/ . M^., vi. 14;). Sept. .'Mtli. ))refcct pulilishes Pico"s report at Monterey: and (ion. Castro tcl!) I', that he has oi-dcrcd the dishaiidinent of the reliclli'ni- ti'u(.>;i3 as a ijuni.sliment! 7>^>^ St, I'lqi., MS., vi. J7; /(/., Moidvrij, iii. lUU. l! !! GOVERNOR AND ASSEMBLY. 639 Uliiii lii.s autlioritv.*'' The n'ovcnior protesti'd that th(!«-' was no fouiidation in the current reports that lio Av.i'- disposed to ignore the niihtai'v authority; and he urged u[)on Castro the necessity of uiiiti'd cirorls, so that tlic cliiefs ot" tile d('[)artineiit niiglit no longer Ije (ihjccts of ridicuK'. J>ut a little later, in a i-eport to ]\Ie\ico ui'ging the sending of inilit;iiv foi'ccs under a iieu '4'encral, he accused C'asti'oand AKarado uotonly el' crejiting dissensions which endangered th<' territo- rial integrity, hut also of squandei'ing the puMic funds.'"' The assembly adjou.rned on to e'o home and eju'u a li\ in li as tl lere W a iiiniiey with which to pay their salar i)i no u in'i ions the nojthern mendjei's hacss attend; realitv because thev were nnwilline- to ser\ xncc, ostensibly on accoiuit of sickue-ss, but in ;is a mine I'itv and at a southern cai>ita '1^ Wo (lavs helore tiie ;idjoui'nment, (October ath (Ith, a genei'al eh'ction wa-> held, the last unt. •_Mst-'J!)tli. J)t/>i. .S/. /'.'/-., /;.//. I'll/. ;i .iiiy.'!., MS., ii. i; MS., iii. "J'JT. I'ica's in-'ssciii'iTs wrix'.Iu.in Siiiiiilvcil.i timl Li'ipiiarcla C'otii; ('anillo'.s, Cant. .Tciso Can illo, .J( (ISC hii''i), am i.l 'I' uv)Ihi Saiu'lit'/, w lid ro- tuiiiril ill Xi)V. Cajit. Valfiitiii Cy Canilic; iuiil \\.\A iiitiiisteil witli a CW«f, /A"'., MS., 17- IS. I'Diuiniun /•('■«/■('(((, id tij Sta Dull) ii'a oil .Scj)t. il. •:"Oft. -.M, I'ieotu Castro. J)i f/. Sf. I'lj,., MS., viii. 17-21. i)>■•., MS. , 51. Nov. ."Id, .loiK's writes: 'Tlio civil aiiil military aiitlioritiis arc at oijcu War ill tiic caj)ital. 'i'lio j^ovcrimr ami iipii|)lc li.iV' rct'ilscl to allow the can- non to l)p iciiKJVcd to tlii.s ]>laci^ iu coiii[iliaiicc witli Castro ",s onlcr, aul iI. A. (\n nilo IS on Ins niarcn to pstalilisli his head /i"'.< l>oi\, MS., iii. ;}i)4. \ov. lith, 1'. to vi. !))l-7. JUII I'tcr.s iu Sta Jlarhai jf ivl. /-"(///. SI. I MS. '"^Lcj. n,r., MS., iv. iJ^IM. ■'■Oil .Tnlv 'Jiitli, in accordance with a vote of the as 111.] semhiv, ami in conse quelle liuMi>licd 111 a >f son I U' current cliarjj'es tliat that liudy «a.s not acliii'_' le;,'al!y, I iiilkv ilociiinent hi.< corrcs|i. \v ith S] >ence am 1 Ml leo show- in;-' that they had been lcL,'ally siiiiimoiicd ami re|pcatedly \iri;ed to attend he- fine I ijilent es were (.a Neil in /' •(), ( DCi jKiiiiliii'i'i Clin (c.t riif III ■■< I'li'ii a'r'iiilM (!> horses to iiiaku tin jumiiey, Siieiiijo had sure eyes, and learcd the An^^ele.i cliinalo. -•V!? 51 J ;i m§ u I- rilf- C40 RULE OF PICO AND CASTRO-rOLTTICAL ANXALS. noitlier cvor wt'iit to ^Mexico to tal o his scat.''' At the siuno time thero wore chosen th/co vocali s I'i.r the assembly, to take the places of S[)cnco, ?»ru!ir as, and Estrada, whose terms had expired. Tin; ,-;ic- cessful caiiditlates were Juan JJandini, Jose Ahri'-o, and Santia'.ifo Arn'iicllo, Icaviii;;' one norlln'ni iikiu- bcr aL,''ainst six southerners, with .Joa(|uin ( 'anilli, Abel Stearns, Santia^'o E. Ari;iiello, A;4-ustiii < )!v(r,!, lL,niaclo Paloniares, Antonic^ 3.1. l*ico, and J.ia j.iiii Ortej^a as su[)lentes.''* At thi> end (jf Xovembor there were some n-'W de- velopments in tlie ])i)litico-mHitary (juarrel ;i( L .> Ani^'eles and Santa IJarbara. Jose Antonio ( '.niillM. with the Varela brothers, Serbulo and llilai'io, luiin. 1 a cons])iracy to depose the L'(n'ernor and M'i/.e iils pei'son. An attack was to bo made u[)on his 1imii>.j ill the ni^'ht <»t" Xovend)er 2Sth; but .Pico \v;is in- formcvl ot" the plot, j)ut Carrillo under arrest, aul called upon his i'riends in the city and i-am-liM. |".i- assistance. Tho Varelas i-an away, and even >iir- oecnled (»n the LM){h in cai)turinL5- the horses o(" a p.uty of I'ancheros who had come in at the !j;'overn'iii(is. Al'ter an investigation belbre the alcalde, it w;!s t\r- cided to banish Carrillo and Ililario A^arela, wiio Were [)ut on board the Clan'la and sailed (bi- .M;!z:i- "Oi't. r>tli, election. Olnra, Dor., MS., .^7; i>/>'. Sf. Pup., MS., \i. :.\ •'*()(t, (>r'. //;>■/. (Jal., MS., ii. 70, SS, 'Jl.'lOS, lJ(i-7, Lid, 110, lM;iv. 1101; ( '((,s'/;v), Dor., MS., i. It'.); S. Jo.-«U Arc/i., MS., iji. (i; Drpf. St. I'lii;., MS., vi. 4!)-."i'J. I'lio S. F. doctor wa.s not clioscn hccauso tlio voiiipi-niiii-'ifhi from Sonoma ami ("ontr;i Co.sta fiiilcd to appciu'. Tlioso a\1io went to Aul'cIcj were Xai'eiso ISotello, IVdro Carrillo, an:l Antonio ]•". Coroncl for An,! Ifs; Juan ..M. ^Lirroil for S. l»ii\L,'o; Fianeiseo do l.i (lueri'a and 1!;iiniuii 1 )L'.iiTil!o for Sia Ji.irhara; and I'aWo du la (iuerr.i and Joai[uin l".se;iniill;i for Mmitcny, y.i;/. /i'"'., MS., iv. '-'S'J, 'JS7. Liconijilelc reroi'd of iireliniinary org;iii -aojU of liic electoral junta on Sept. liSLli, iu Corond, Due, MS., llo-17. IIEVOLT AT AXf;i:LES AXD SANTA BATITIARA. Ml 0.:[]\ (]uj 5t!i of Docoinber fnmi San l)'u'«jfo. Scrltiilo A'.ircl.i was detained in ]>ris(in, l)ut, (••^'■.•tjicd lid'oi'i' tin.' (11(1 of tlio voar; wliilo tlio o\ilo.s i'ouiid their wav iMc'k cai'lv in 184G, Carrillo not dcMMiiin'r himself safe ;U Any'oles, but joininu^ Casti'oin the north/'' The onthrealc at Santa ]>.irl)aia, presumably ;is a ]irt of the same i.!jeneral plan, occurred on XoxciiiluT •J'.tih. one day later than the |»ro|)osed movement at ilic capital. A lari^e I'umber of citi/.ens under ( 'aptaiu (liimcsindo Floi'es, Jos(j Antonio dt; la (luerra, and Jm-,.' IjU^'o arrested the sub-prefc-t and alcalde, de- daiin'L;" their purpose to ignore the authority not only (f those officials but of the govei'iior also, and to rec- (•;nize only Clener;d Castro. Th(^ al!c\'4'eil !4ri( 'Nances wciv that the civil authoi'itie.s bad disi-cM-arded a [)eti- li HI of the citi^^ens to bo relieved iVom u,'iiard duty, atid t'lat at the ca[»ital nnlltary officers had heen op[)resse(l iiv t'.K! !>:()vei'noi'. Idorcs, the comaudante at Santa .bbbai'a, was tlu- chief insti'^'ator, and doubtK'ss had an riii(!ci'standin;j,' with Carriilo. At a nuM'tin^- held on t'lc :!Oth it was proposed to march on Aurj^eles; but the ii'V, ; beiuL;' uidavorable, this project was abandoned. Hii Ducendjer I Ith the jironunciados hetil amtlher i;ic-iin;j,', at wbich it was d(>cided to send for th(> snb- I'ltfcet and submit to the civil autlntritv. IJv Pico's <>r Icr thi're was a later attenii)t at le^al invest Il^mI ion, ] Miling to no practical results; as it soon became ap- li.iient that a bu'e-e majority of tht> people had direct ly "1' indirectly favored tln' revolt, and that tliey would 'Nov. notli, alcalde's investiu'if i"io. Xd i1rt;iils i \('0)it (hit .I.-/' A. T:iiii;i, Aga'>iti) Eamiivz, Diiloics lIi,-.'U"ra, Casiiniio Ituliii), a.nl I! >,w i\> \nt\' ir-.vAr.l as ac(;i)ni]ilicL'-!. Jhpf. iSV. /'<(/)., JJci. I'r'■;.'. .v. /'fi/i., M<.. vi. !)■;) 102. V. tn (Mis aiil t.> ('apt. Vi^.-i't of tin; f 7,„-;''c /./., vi. '.'-;•: viii. -J-J. Siiiliii^r ,,f tlKTxik's. /-/.. vi. G:!; A/., /.'ni. I',v Sci'. ( ' )Va( iiiliiaa :i:i'l ih.' subpivftvt.s. /).>,: l/i^t. C'., Ms,, ii. -J.'.-J, '2.i\\ '.'all. jn, />.„•., MS., >.\\iv. 170. J)oL-. 'JUh, (sraiie cf S rl.ulo V.iiila. I)it'llo, Amih-idd.Sii,: MS., I'-iJ- \ t(jlla us that nil oiithivak of soiiio ])risi>iis [)art in the disturbances just descrilx d is not brought to liglit l)y the evidence. Friends of I'i,(j in the soutli helievi'd that Gastro and Carj'illo wciu acting in jierfect accord to overthrow the govi rimi'. Su«'h was j)rohahly the ca.se, thougli it is jxi.ssibl., as Vallejo and Alvarado insist, that CarriUo may have acted inde[)endently so I'ar as the details td" tlii> par- ticular revolt were concernt;(_l. At any rate, Ca>t lo ja his comnuniications, while he ui'ged the peoj)le i^ jnv- scrvo harnionv and sul)niit to the lawful authorities, had no l)laine for Flora's, and acce|>ti'd that nllir(i'"s the(jry that the revolt had resulted from l*ico"s ar- bitrary acts."' 1 have also a j)iivatc letter from I lihi- rio Varela to Castro, which shows not oidy that the latter was in secret comnumication with the had' is of the .southern revolt, but that I?ico, with the sii|i|i(iit of the northern jjrefeet, was believed to be preparing for a (joipe de c.stado against the general.'''^ Thi de- velopment of this quarrel will form a prominent tnpie in the earlier annals of the next year. ''T>ec. 2(1, Siil)-iirtfect A. C.inilli) to Pico, aimounLing his arrest ami that of tlio 1st aliiilik (:ilip:irciitly Xi-liolas I)iii)aii(l Antonio Itci'liiu'iic/, l>/jil. ,Sf. /'(!)>., ]l(')i. J'nf. 1/ J ir:;/'. , .MS., ii. KiS. Nov. ;{()tli, .Jones to Laikin, do- scril.iuL,' tlic all'air as tlio work of a j,''"'o "f outlaws, wiio now have im--. s^iuu of the town. JIojk-s ttiat Castro \\\\\ sustain (lie uov. L(irl:iii'-< Jtnc, MS., iii, 3S(i. I>e('. mil, reeoi'd of sulmiission and iHdiiii.seil ]iarilon. Jji /il .^■'. /'i."). Jan. Htli, prefect still in quest of eviil'Miif. iJipt. St. I'lij)., MS., vii. iis. ''''l>ee. I.")!!), Castro to l'"lorcs, Pieo, and to the people. r>c/i/. St. /''/'i MS., vi. (i.'i 4; /(/., Jim. JUL, Iwxvi. !)-!!. Tlic general announced lii> [im- pose to eonie in |ier.son to the .south. ■'^Oct. "J."!, i.S-i.'), N'arela to (astro, nsirvritla. 8ays tii.'it Castro's orders tn him Iia\i' i)een olieycd; and that i'ieo istryinu, hy oilers of good places ir tho custoni-iiouso when it shall li removed to the soiUli, to gain support .-iMni];,' the ]ieopIe against Castro, though not with much success. He continni >; '1 will also tell you that coniniunicutioiis fi'uiii SeiKjr Manuelotu' — Maniii'lt '.i-^tr", the i)refeot - 'have been shown me, in which ]w tells tho gov. to make lin lr" ill til jilV- liorit'us, (»llii-cr s ici I > ar- iiii 1 lila- .hat llii.' I Icadi'TS sllplMiit iV('liariiig Tl.r .li- L'llt t'>|iic st iiu'l i!wt mz. Jiii't. Liii'Uiii, cle- • , MS.,ia, l-;;oih. .11- ^ >V. /'■';'•. IiccmI his pnr- )'s ol'dfl's t'l j.liiccs ii! t!io ipovt iiianui; oiitinni>; 'I mnuH ^i>a", to uwk<' 1"^ , my tiii'ii'l. ,0 ]i"iirt witii •aill"i- N'^v, Liiiii-' ni" y.'ur ,0 1 t' 11 yuu, IXDI.\N AFFAIRS. ")4;) Till' Tiuliiins wci'c slill troiiM'-soiiic, tlioii'^li tlicir tM\ a'4'c sav - Ui -wi 111 tl IV ('X('( '|)tl()ll I (I! Kllllll Hi T\ KtKias Liiul- III the spciiiL,^ iuid Willi J lain JjraiKli r in A<»\n'nii)ei X It' (•(iniiiK'd ior tlu; most part to tliu stcalinu;' of liiiiscs and cattlt'. ( )iic of Pico's lirst acts was to try a !i( w cxj)ciinK'nt in Inilian policy, hy luttiiiL;' a, contract \n |iiiiiisli the savai^'cs. Captain (janttand J)r Marsli, Willi Ihcir foil owt rs who had marched south uiidt-r Mi ■hcltorena and Sutter, a<^ree(l to undertaki! an ex- |ir lition, and to free the country from its Indian ])ests at iheir own expense. 'I'heir compensation was to he j(ii) cattle, and one half of all liv(!-stock that they liil'_;hl recover 'oin tl le roohers. T\ us raid was to iic'-un apparen I'l' itlv in I'oiiiiection with the return iiiaivh of Oantt's company to the north; hut 1 find no iiilwiiiiation respectiniL;' its j-esults, (^('eiit that in .Juno ( 'apiain Sutter declared jiis helief that the contractors t he ahle to acc(»inplisli any of the i^reat thiiiL^s |i!itiiiiscd, hecause the men were not willinn' to accom- WMllld IK I aiiv tliem 01 SiMii aftt'r makiiiLT this contract for the country iiMiili (if the capital. Pico made an eflort to organize a raiiipaign against sduthern horse-t liieves. From April to J uneacti\c']in']»aratioiis were made, on j)a[)er ;ii least, for a Lirand cfuiihlned mo\cmeiit tif volunteer irom a 11 t le southern towii> 'f he 1 "orce was to anil from San Fernando on .luiu' lath; hut alxmt hi'fore that date all communications cease, and are left to conjecture that the Indi; ms ^>1 )eratioim '■• r.iainlor wiis killt.'.! on Nov. ."iOtli, ;it AiiU'Sti's nini'lio. Dnr. IHkI. C"'., M--., 11, •Jl'.i, -J.VJ. '"111). '27, ls4."i, loutruct hftwot'u IMl-o ami .rnlm Marsh ami .lohu Uaiitt f'lr an I'xpoili.imi against the Indians. .Mso (ion. Ciistrn's insti uitions ti) tlaiitt. I>i'i,r S'. Pn/i.. .MS., vi. l(i!)-71: /'/.. AiiijpI'.i, \i. 14()--_>. A!s ect'cnvd til in N/'t lidrhani, Arr/i., .MS., 4."); h'slinllllo. l>or., MS., ii. s,"). .\ci,iiiilin>.; t" th'^ CI Ultra I't, any men \i ho joincil tlu! jiarty niiu'lit talic their ow n animals iiciu icl lict'orc the division was made In tho instructinns certain liimidly tiilies wure named %vhieh must lie respected, an. H ' v.H'i-c not scfinusly iiii,('i'i'n]>tf(l ;i1 this lime."' in t'n' (Sail .fose r('n'i"ii at tlm iioi'tli ('Miiijilaiiits nl" ''I'ltrc |,i- tiolis seem Id have heeli solliewlint le>s rri'(|ilt'iit tii;i;i in loriiief years. In Juiio ( 'olonel Alvai'adoaiuK.niKvJ that lie had tal;».'n eonnnand of the lorci's imd was ul)out to niarcli a'^'ainst th(.' Indians, niakiiiL;- ;il the same time some e\tend(.'d explorations; hut his;icliic\r- nients are not of rijcord."'' Noi1h ol' tli<' hay uc rcid of a I'aid from Sonoma to tlic^ I'e^ion of ]toss, niadi' l>v ranc'heros with a view to obtain Indian laborers, ;\:;^ biought to ]ii;lit in tlu^ local eonrfs on accoimt i^f.i ({Uai-rel about the division of the spoil.^.''' At New ][elv(!tia Sutter's men made a few sneressfid raids i<\\ lioslih; I'aneherias, ha\in;^ also .'i de^'ree of sncci'-s i.i mnkiiiL;' treaties with several chieftains. Th" caiital:! still sold Indian children and the laboi- of ol It r ciiji- iivcs to his creditor's aroimd the bay.''"' A Walla Wall i chief I'rom Oi'Cj^'on was killed at S!itb'i''s Fort carlv this year, oi' at tin; end oi' Is I i, by ( Iimxc Cook, fini!! Vvhom he had stolen a nnde; and hi- tribe were iiiiirli e\cite(l about thi^ matter, proposin'j; to send I. jit!) wari'ini's to .'iveiin'e the act. I^lijah W'liit^', misauuniy and Indian a;jfent in tin; Walainet A'alley, i'c|iiiin',l the matter to Consul Ijarkiii and Gin'ornoi' Pico, ur '- t ''■'April IDtli to Juno 7t!i, orders iiikI corrcsp. on tlio proposod pxpoilitiim. 1' III. i.'rr., MS., xiv. ;!i, :;; s: j)ci,i. .V. j'n/,., .\,i[-■:. \i. ir.- (5; /(/., lUii.Pnf. i/./ir.:i., ii. 1(U, 1();»-1(>, I W: .SV / /;./,7r-/-.r, .l,v/,.. MS., U •••;)-.");); (I'mrni, 'l>n,\, ;MS., iv. rsS-!l, July 1st, l>. 1). Wilson h\m\ .hm\\y\ Bund.'i a diary of lii.s ivi'ciit expedition atrainst Ww Indians, w lio arc still troll- l>ksom(>. Jhjil.SI. /V(y(.,MS., vi. 4;',-4. An.u . furtiicr u'.ai'nis. /./.. .1,.;/., xi. 1".!); /./.. IS' II. Piif. !/ ■fir.;/., ii. I.'J'J. (\'t., alarm can-oil \>y tlio iDiiiiii;,' of \Vak, a Vuta t'liirf, wilii ISO jioT.son.s toS. IVrnardiiKi; hut lii.s pui'iiis^'provcl to ill) fficndly and connucivial. Drpt. S/. I'Kp , MS., vi. 177; /'/. , - 1, /'/'■'(•., .\i. hv.ui "I Jnno 'ilst, Alvaralo to I'ico. Vd'frjo, Do<:, MS., xx-xiv. 1 13. .\u-. '.M, iiroiiortod attack ou Sta (,'laia, in wi.icli two nun wiM-e UilU'd. A'«/i' /.'■ ;■■' ' (•, Aii.i;. 10, ls7-. Oct. I'.ltli, coMipliints of dpp'.'cdations on the raucli'i d 1 Ii. ■ tWio. JJoc. Hinf. ('ill., MS., ii. 1!)!1. Doo (nil, ]>.il«if at Sta Cr.i/ asks ji.r- juissiou to scud out '2'> men every fi)r{:ni,;lic. /'/., ii. '2.~t'2. ''^ .\ugnst, proeiH-din.ns licf^iro I'lc ,ji;d,:re. P'/ii. S/. P •[>., Brj., MS.,.-. ."•s-'J-OL Sevcial Indians were Idlli'd ;ind l.)0 woi'o captnred. Aiitimii Castro mid llafarl ( 'arefa .■ifc named as the leadori^. Win iSeiiitz complaiiicd uf out- rage-; eominitteil at Ids ranelio. Two women were outraged there. ".s»//rf s'«)7o/ Conr-p., MS., •27-:5l; J'']''- '■>''• i''ij'-i -^l-'^-. ^''- '""i ■'''/''• Jkc, MS., ;.iv. 10. m VvWLI.A WALLAS. St.- in: lliiit Cook if guilty slioiild ho broii^lit to justice. A;i iii\ t'sl i^'iitioii \v;is ordered, hut (»t' the results we kiiiiw only that Suttei- deelaretl th(i ehief — ;i trouhlc- siiiie fillow nuMied Leieei' — to liave heen killed hy ( ' . L ill seli-detenee ; and that the Walla Wallas vv- liMihtd nioic or less hostile, their eoiidllet H'ivili;^^ rise, II,- \\c shall see, to some sensational rumors in 1S4('».''" '■M,iv^L•l■il^o Hiiiiii/iihi /■'riiiiil, iv. "JK. Hist. Cal., Vol. IV. Ua I 'l? h \ :\ !i p I 1 1' f y 1'^ '^ 11 .M E' \' nm 'im 1' CHAPTER XXTIT. THE MI8.SI0XS-C0M.MERCI-: AND FIN^VXCE. 1845. Skctlarizatiov to bk CoMrLKiKD— Pico's Polioy— CiinosnuK^ifM, Id vir. OI'.MKSTS VlKWS (iK l'i:i;si liKST DpRAN — IIaNDoS ok Al'l.'ll.. M.W. .\\l> 001()ilKI!-~ri;KPAi;ATIoNS AM> In VKVIoUIKS — DkIITS - I'iCi I's Itli.l \.\ TIONS KOK SaLK ANI> IiKNTINIi OF Till; M ISSloNS — TiIKKK KsTA 1'.LI>IIM1.\ I - Sold — l"\)i'R Kentki) — Ecclksiastioal Afkaiks— I'loi s Fish— Com MF.IU'K— KoRKKiN (ioODS-A Nf.W ClasS OF SMr(i(;i,IN(;- WllAI.KIO- CrsToM-iiorsF. — Ai.VARADo as Ad.ministuaior — Misiiu Pout-;- Tki A • URY — Abreoo and Vali.k— Financial Difkmtltif.s and Stati>ii( s Castro and Pico — Tiif, 'Star of tiif. Wkst' Wreckfd — DisTuiiii tiov OF VliV.i and IvKVliNLlC — LiST OF N'kSSKLS, l.S-ll 5. The niission cstat(\s occupied Pico's atteiin t'l 'm till! tirst iiKinths of his rule. It was cIcsiraMt' li'im rvery point of view that the process of soculaii/.it'hin should bc! coui[)lctc(l. As was evident to every iiri>nii in California, the old system was dead, past all 1i"]m' of I'ecovery. No step short of complete seculari/.ation coukl have l)een more henelicial than ^lichelton na'- of 1843; but under the administration of the p.-idiis there was no restoration of prt)sperity.^ The reniii.iiit-' of property were small and unequally distrihuhij; many of the estates were burdened with ever iiutvas- int;' debts; the Indians lit for work were few and un- manageable; and the friars were old, worn-out, i!is- 'Gleeson, //(V. ('nth. Church, ii. l.")(i-7, thinks tlio missions wiii >1 iwly but surely uaiiiiii^i,' wlicu Pico iluiilt tlio I)1()W that foinplotcJ tlieir inin; liiit tliL'iv is no ovidcnco tiiiit tliis was so, or that tht' friars theiHsi'lvos tlii'iirlit so. '\'\w\ soiiK'timi's coiuplaiut'd of tin; acts (if govcrmni'iit, lecalloil thi' I'.i-t glo- ries of \.\w iiiis;;ions. and pointtvl out tho ruin that socnlarization lia.! c.ui.seil; huu I lind no expression ot a belief that jinjsperity could be restored - -ive, nl course, by a ci,niplete return to the original system witii many alisui'lly im- possible conditions — though Duraa and others expressed the contra i\ li'.-lnl. riro-S MISSION roLK'V. .-47 fiMiruLfed men, uttrrlv iiicoinpitcnt ti» ovcrcoinr the iil-t;K*los tliat l)L's»'t tlii'ir putli jis jnliuiiiisti'atois. 'I'lic (-1 iti's wci't." (Idoiiicd tt» int'iiu'(lial)K' ruin iit an early (lilf. llllluss tin- values they re|)reseiite(l eollld l»e real- i/,. I and |ir(»i)erly invested without delay. Ci-editors til 1, landed a ehan^e which should eualile them to lol- |. (I their thies. Thor(! were some, indeed, who desired t(i M't possession of the mission lands. The; tTovernor \v,i> in duty hound to proti-et national property, and \\.i> wilhuLi; to help his I'rieiids anioULj the two classes jii-l mentioned. Further than this, he was anxious, III ns ho[>e, to deal justly with tln^ e\-ni'opliytes, and 111 ^;i\v in the nussion estates a source ofiMtssiltle I'ev- 1 ::ni' to he utilized hy the n'ovei'inneiit in emerL;'encies; While till' j)adres, repi'esentinj^ the Indians, oj)])osed a (■li;iiiL;'e, it'at all, only hecausi,' of tear that their wards iiii^lit ho choatod out of theii' riu,dits. That indi\ id- ii,il> were actuated l»y sellish motives, and thai hi>;'li niiiciiils were likely to misap[)ly i\\v net jtroceeds, ai'e Ill's thai do not aU'ect the soundness ot' the views 111 III hy l*ico and others ivspcctin''" the necessitv of liii.il secularization. It was ini])ortant that the estates >li!i;ild he saved from ruin and made to yield a reve- nue. That revenue helonL,'ed to the i^overnnient; if til ■ authorities did not intend to spend it wisely, they ;ii to he hlamed. Their announced intentions and tli'ii' proposed methods were altoi^'cther praisewoiiiiy. Pii'o sent Carlos Cai'rillo an del A'alle to t he !iii>>i<)nai-y prelates with an e\[)lanation of his views, tn the elfeet that the mission estates nmst pa?^s into liii\,itL' hands if any part of the pro|»erty was to he Nivi(| for the neophytes. He desired advice from tlie pailres as to the host methods of earryinn' out his plans, at (lie .same time suj^j^esting a sale of tlu; smaller <'s- taMislnnents and a I'entinu* of the lari^er ones, the liroceeds to be devoted e.Kclusivelv to the benefit of till Indians.^ Duran refused llally to take any share ■ M iivh ISth, r. to C. ami V. Arr/,. Arzob., MS., v. pt ii. 45-8; ,«. Pap. Hi-'., MS., xi. 50-8. 1 15 1 I \ ^: ' IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) V // // m. i?- y 1.0 f la iiM ■" IIIIM 2.2 I.I .' m 2.0 nil 1 ft 1.25 1.4 1.6 p 7i <^ /^ ^? ■c^l i'^ ^'5' ^/ y >^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 W^T MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 , '^^ /* m^ i/i 548 THE MISr-IONS-COMMERCE AND FINANCE. i;l ! -^ i!i 1 1 J , 11 di in "tlic tremendous responsibility about to Ijo incuiir*! before (xod and man." He was sui'})ri.'^ed that a l;iiv- ernor ad intei'ini sliould dare to undertake sueli inno- vations, and declared the real motive to be clcai' — "the master-key which opens all windows to see, not through a screen but the clearest crystal, the mystciv lurking behind the absolute liberty of the Indians.' Their ideas of liberty were those of school-boys oLul when tlie master is sick and school closed. The 'in\v masters' will luive use only for the strong and well; Vvdiat is to become of the rest? He would never cuii- sont to a sale of the missions, Vvhicli belong not to the nation, but to the Indians. A 'supreme injustice' was about to be pei'petrated in the interests of nun v.ho wished to ufet the estates at less than their real value.^ The governor did not, however, abandon his project, u[)on which Duran was soon induced to luiik more favorably than at first. In April Pico issued a bando, in accordance with a resolution of the junta, which called for detailed ac- counts of debts and assets from all in charge of mis- sions. He suspend( ' '' e granting of lands neai- the missions, as they mi^ be required as Cijidos for mw towns. He sus[)ended also the granting of freedom papers to neophytes, and enjoined u[»on the [tadiis tn abstain from selling movable property.* The call I'or re])orts and the injunction respecting sales were cir- culated by the prelates to the })adres. The re|)lics of the latter, so far as I can judge by the sp-ccinicui before me. contained little iidbrmation ab«)ut tin' financial status of their respective estal)lishnjeiits: but to the injunction most replied, some indignantly 8 March 2()tli, Duran to Pico. Anh. Arzob., MS., v. pt ii. 4S-.")I. ' April IStli I'.Jtli, ri'poi'tot'coni. of junta. St. J'(ij>., J/'/.s.s. um/ Cd/oii., ^\^., ii. .TJS-'.t; Lnj. l!,r., MS., iv. A-l'.i. April '_Mst, Pico's banilo, identical v.r.h tl.o report. Di lit. HI. /'up., S. Jost', MS., v. !J4; iSVa Cruz, An./t., MS., 4,'i; JIiirlnKtii'.i Jlrif'f, 17; llaffmaiiK Opinions, .'W. ''.Sta Inc.s, (Id it 1?1,I.")1; Sta IJiirbara, .*!2,705; i\>.' assets mentioned in ritlur except iiniall (pmntitie.* of tallow and hides. Air/i. Ar.uh., MS., v. pt ii. .■/..-:!. S. Pernando, nodebt, a few cattle. Arrh. Stit B., MS., x. 187. S. iiiogs a little ])roperty, no debt mentioned. / /., x. ISS-i). S. ro|)orty at all, except in the case of nseless articles, with the governor's permission. Dnran sul>- Siijuently aihnitted, however, that J-jstenega at San (Iiihriel and Jinicno at Santa Incs had been at fault ill iliis matter." On May 28th the junta, following to a great extent {il^parently the suggestions of Padre J)uran hiiiisc^li', wli;) had heen won over by the eloquence of Juan l>an- (liiii/ passed the following resolution, j>ublished as a (Iccree by Pico on June 5th: 1. The Indians of San Iiai'ael, Dolores, Soledad, San ^liguel, and Puri'sima arc warned to re-unit(.; and occu}>v tliose missions within a month, or they will be declared )n-4; .SV. /\tp., Mi'is. ami Colon., MS., ii. 4K'>-10; Arch. iSla B., .MS., X. '2.'}.")-8. .July .'M, Duran to padre;^. Pko, Dor.., .MS., ii. 4». "S. (Jabricl. Dept. Pic, MS., xiv. "i; Arch. Arrjtb., MS., v. pt ii. '<'^, Tw. StaCruzand S. .Josi''. /(^, v. pt ii. 04-5. Stiiluus. Sta Invn, I/ih. Mishm, JIS., .'W. Something in the proceedings at S. Gabriel Hecnis to have oilciiilcil P. Dunui, who again refused to have anything to do with the matter. Arrh. Arz:tl>., M.'\, V. pt ii. 50. Tlu old man, however, soon changed his tuiiul, and on July 21.st v.iote to thank the gov. for the good judgment he luiJ sihov.n in appointing the commissioiiers, who had acted with the grcitijt Kioderation and prudence. Pico, J)oc., MS., ii. 51-3. Don and HiU :iru rocommended as worthy persons, who wish to rent Sia Bdrbara, July l-'lli, McKinlcy to Larkin, on the a^)poinUnent of Pico and Manso, Lark'ins I'ljc.y Mo., iii,"218. I'tlBi^l^^i DURAN'S VIEWS. 5ol S'2r).84r) respectively; and nil those from San Miguel iiorlliward, except San Curios, San Francisco, and ,S;iii Jose, aggregating §58,870; with San Rafael and S;uita Clara at 817,230 and §10,173 respectively, and Si'lano at zero.*^ 1 'iulre Duran proposed in August some regulations (1( -i.4iK'(l to secure i'or the padres under the new ad- niiiiistration a certain control in the matter of com- ]ii;l>(>ry worshi]) and of personal service; but it does iidl a[ii>ear that any action was taken on the sub- ject.'' The debts that encumbered some of the mis- >i(ms were found to be serious obstacles to the secur- iii'i- ot* i'avorable leases; and Pico, at the susTfijestion of the junta, consulted Duran on the practicability of ] living the debts out of the pious fund recently re- stored to the bishop's management,'* The prelate's iTsjiouse was prompt, to the elfect that the fund could liut bo used fov the purpose, and that the encumbered establishments must be sold to pay the debts. In tiie lii'-t ]>lacc, argued the friar, though the remnant of tlu' fund had been restored, on pa[»er, to the bisliop, it was far from certain that any })roperty would be struied; secondly, the fund, if entire, could not justly hr used to pay debts which the missionaries had not ciiiitracted, or if they had, had also left abundant assets for iiuvinLr; and tinallv, if consent should be given, the ailiiiiiiis.trators of the fund might deduct the amount ii([iiired from the sinotlos of the friars — a manifest in- justice.^'' There had probably been no hope of ob- taining the friar's consent to a use of the pious fund, luit only to the sale, which he had hitherto opposed. '-/'/■•o, PnppJrs de 3ns!o», ^IS., 7-1 1, '20-4'2, SO-00, ll,-)-4n, 147, 1.V2. Tlir land of S. liafat'l was valued at $S,000, which accounts for its high ivhitivc ligiire. " Aug. 1st, D. to Pico, with a reglainento in Garticles. Arch. Arzof>., MS., V. pt ii. 57-8; Pico, Doc, MS., ii. U3-4. "Sept. 10th, rcsolutiou of the junta. Le^f. /.Vr., MS., iv. 114, Vl'l-X 8cpt. lltli, Pico to Diiran. Arch. Sla B., M.S., x. '2;j'J-4'2; 67. Pap., Miss, and Coii.ii.. MS., ii. 417-18. ''Sept. I'ltii, D. to P. Pico, Doc, MS., ii. 05-8. lie suggests that tho missiims in deht be ollercd to the creditors at ii valuation fixed by appraisers. Ui t. Till. 1). suggests that the Indians sliould be allowed to retain their littlo gaiiiriis on couditiou of not selling them. Arch. Arzob., MS., v. pt ii. 5S-G0. 'if I .lii I i' ."': rrfl' 032 Tlir. MISSIONS— COMMERCE AND FINANCE. i I: r i ill '^'i- Mmi : !■ 1 J Pico's rcLi^ulations for tlio sale and renting of tlie missions were issued Octobcir 28tli. This decree |)ii»- vided for the sale at jiuhlic auction of the abandoned San Ilafael, Dolores, Soledad, San Migui^l, and I'li- ri'sinia, and of the mission j)ueblos of San Luis ()his|).., Carmelo, San .Tuan Bautista, and San Juan Cnpis- trano. From each of the pueblos were to be rcsrivud the church and buildings for a curate's house, town house, and school; and from all the establishnicnts disposed of by sahi or rent, such produce and i^nmU as were necessary to su|)port the padre and Indians till the next harvest. The product of the sale w.is to be paid into tlie treasury and used for the |),iv- ment of the; debts of each establishment, tlu; suijikis going to the prelates for the support of public woi- ship. ]^ids were to be received from date; San Luis, Purisima, and San Juan Ca[)istrano were to l)e sold on Decend)er lst-4th, and the others on Jainiarv 2d-4th. Santa Cruz and Solano \\ere not named in the decree. The remaining ten missions were; to he rented to the hisjchest bidder for a term of nine ycais; San Fernando, San Buenaventura, Santa Bui barn, and Santa Ines on December 5th, and the I'cst as .soon as obstacles arising irom their debts could W removed. There were reserved the churches and public buildings already indicated, all of the princijial editice at Santa Barbara, and some small pieces el land occupied by the Indians. The renters were to take all other property by inventory, giving bonds for its return in good condition, and for the payment of rent quarterly. The government reserved tlic right of watching over the property and of preveiit- injv its destruction or waste. The Indians were tol)c entirely free to remain in the service of the renters or to settle elsewhere; and they were to receive tilks to their lands on application. Each ex-mission <'iiii- numity was to be governed under the laws by I'nur cclailores, chosen monthly from among the Indians, and subject to the juez de paz. Ten or a dozen Ind- IH; SOLD AND RENTED. 553 iaiis were to be furnislied l)y each community for tlic |i;nlre's service and that ot" the churcli.^" hi Xoveml)er an order was issued in ^Mexico that ;ill id'ocei^chngs connected witli the sah:; of missions lie >usj)entled; hut this document beh)ngs pro])eriy to llir annals of the next year, when it reached Cahfor- iii;i. ^Nfeanwliile, bchjre the end of 1845, the three iiii>si()iis were sold and the four rented, nceordinn" to tlir I'cgliunento. ])ecember 4th wei'e sold San duan ( '.ipistrano to John Forster and James ^NfcKinley for yJU): La Purisima to John Temple for 61,110; and S;iu Luis Obispo to Scott, Wilson, and ]\lcKinley for ,s;, 10 — tli,> titles being issued on the (Uh, though the ])ire was not in all cases paid, or full [)ossession given, luilil tlie next year." On the oth were leased Santa ]).iil)ara to Nicholas A. J)en and ])aniel Hill for !rl.-00 per year; San IJuenaventura to Jose Arnaz aiiil Xarciso Botello for .*31,r)oO; Santa Ines to Jose ^l.in'a Covarrubias and Joa(]uin Carrillo for 8580; ill II I San Fernando to xVndres Pico and Juan !Manso i'ni' .'^1,1 20, the executinu" of bonds and formal ufiving nf possession not being completed in all cases until the next year.^** (!F general mission matters outside of those con- ih'iti'd with the disposal of estates, a bare mention will suffice. The presidency was held by JJuran in tilt' south and Anzar in the north. Two friars — Jose M. (Uitierrez and IVIiguel ]\Iui'o — left the country during this year; and one, Juan Moreno, died — all be- "'/**'''o, Itfiilamiiifn para la cnnfjcvarioii y (irrlrndn (If Ia.t Misioiic<, ^S (h, <:><•'., /,s',;.;, >is. Tr.anslation in I'/alhrlSi I'l/iorf, appen., '21; T. Ilnrkinll, 47J: .A,»r.-(' Ihpor!, ITv, DinniUc'.f C'nlon. J list., mhl., !)0. Sec also Arrfi. Si" /;., MS., X. lUO-0; (llreni, Due, .MS., T,; JJar/iiiaii\^ Ih-hf, IS; ll,>ff- UKii's Ojiiiiiov'', .'J3-4. Nov. l()tli, J)nraii to Pico. Says the liulians are ho full nf lilicrty that there is no such thiiiy as restraining tlioni. On account of the seareity of laborers, fear of roblierie.s, etc., lie fears bids will lie very luw. .Much property luis disappeared since the inventories were made. Arch. A.-y^',., MS., V. ptif. GO-1. '■ Sec translation of all the papers for the three missions in U. S. ri liol- thii, Aiiiiolhint'ii Brief, U. S. Sup. Court, append., p. l.w-HO. Also .sy. Pa))., -V; > . MS., xi. ().")-t5; Uiihoiuid Doc, MS., ;W()-1; .S". /.hm Oh., Arch., MS., II. '.v. I'ltp., Mit.'f., MS., xi. (J8, iVS-a; Anh. Sla JJ., MS., x. I'W-T; Arrh. Ar.'Ji.. MS., V. pt ii. (il-.'j; Ilat/m' Miss. Book, 373-7; U abound Doc, MS., 331; Ikpt. St. Pap., MS., vi. 130. ;■:■ I m i'hM ! If ' %'m TT" 504 THE MISSIONS— COMMERCE AND FINAXCE. ml ■\'ii 'II It •I ' inc^ Zacatecanos. From ^Mexico oanic nows that I lie old college of San Fernando had been almost iiiiiKd by an earthquake.^" Bishop Garcia Diego still re- sided at Santa Barbara, but was unable to aceoiniilish anything in behalf of his diocese so far as 1 know, except to represent his difficulties to President llci- rera and Governor Pico.^^ In Mexico the form ol assigning the bishop's congrmi and the friars' siHuih,.'^ was still kept up at the treasury department;-* tli()iiL;li there is no record that any part of the $18, GOO was paid. By a decree of April 3, 1845, whi(tli seems tn be the last ever issued on the subject, all the pious fund pro|)erty not alnnidy sold under the law of I,s4i.» was restored to the administration of the l)ishop .is in 1 83G." There arc extant, however, no iigures to sh' iw what property if any was turned over to the bishop'; agents under this decree; nor is there any riM-oid io show additional payments in 1845-G of interest duo from the govermnent on the proceeds of past sales. In 1845-G Consul Larkin continued to send his government not only current statistics, but cleai- anl comprehensive descriptions of connnercial methols.-' The methods, already uiore or less familiar to tlio reader, did not change materially in the last docahol' Mexican occupation; and it is only with the hisioiy of commercial events, changes, and statistics th il I have to do in these chapters. i 1 ^^ Arch. StaB., MS., xii. 14G. ""Jnly4tli, bisliop to I'ico. lias no means with which to support ship. Will try parish fees, though they will not do much good. Wi-li' !i Buccessor might be found for him. J)e))t. iSl. Pap., MS., vi. 142-7. *J7tli, letter to President Ilerrcra on the Linientablc condition of all n'.i interests in Cal. The only method of relief he could suggest w,i9 to \h i new force of priests and missionaries for old and new cstablisi ^n\{ ^ Europe, paying tlic expense from the pious fund. In Memorial III ' 20, 1S40, cited as Nov. 27th in Bu-ilaiwiiilc, Mem. Ilisf. Mcx., MS , iv. '^^ Mexico, Mem. Hacienda, 1844, prcsupueato 7; /('., 1845, p. W7. sinodos were .i>12,G00, and the congrua §0,000. '■^'^ An original of the decree of April 3d in Pinart, Col. Doc. Son.. ] no. 747. -■' LnrHn''.i Dctcrip. Cal 1S45, MS., p. 98-100; letters of March '.'-', and Jan. 4, 1840, iu Id., Off. Corresp., MS., ii. 35, etc. wor- ; i:.at >c;.t. .ijll.S ■■', ^ ' r.jiii • Ian. !:;-t. TliO lint, IS43, TRADE REGULATIONS. 6J5 riovornor Pico issued, March 22cl, a docrco revoking that i)i"liis predecessor datjd July ;30, 1844, by wliicli till importation of nationalized foreign goods from M( \ican ports had been prohibited. I find, however, 11(1 ( vidence of complaint either against the original (Pid'T from Mexican traders, or from the Boston men iij^ainst its re[)eal. A clause was added to this decree, rr([!iiring strict compliance with Mexican laws on the coasting trade, to which of course no attention was paid.'* In the case of one vessel, the Star of the Wc^t, ati attempt was made to reverse the former pro<;ess liy entering at Monterey foreign goods intended to be iislilpped to Mazatlan; but tlie loss of the vessel and (■ai;;i» l)y wreck gave a dismal prosjwct to the devel- ii]iiiu'nt of this new commercial industry. '-^^ Another lit' Micheltorena's refjulations now revoked was that ]ila(iiig restrictions on trade by whalers. These craft iiiii;lit now sell goods to any amount in exchange for ]in»(liicc by paj^ing the regular duties. They wore no longer required to pay a tax of thirty dollars each, and were perniitted to go or send their boats freely ti> Sauzalito or any other part of San Francisco Bay." I'^acli vessel had to pay this year, as in 1844, a tax of -'March 22, 1845, Pico's decree. Pinto, Doc, MS., ii. 12.3-r); Dfpt. Si. Pup., MS., vi. 77-9; /(/., -MS., ii. 210; Dept. St. Pap., Aug., MS., xi. 1G7. Feb. 22d, circulated iiiL';il. Sept. 9th, tax of 1 per cent on money transferred from one dept to aiiotlK r repealed. Doc Hist. Cal., MS., ii. 12; Dept. St. Pap., An;/., MS., is. ."ili. Feb. 19th, circulated in Cal. Sept. 9th, 2 per cent of lines on wmug- glcrs to be devoted to support of hospitals or to charitable works. Dae Hint. 'n'., MS., ii. 11. April, orders on introduction of cotton goods. /(/., ii. 17; Lcj.H'C, MS., i v. 92. ■w'H i;i ' I c:.o Tii:: missions-commerce and finance. iit'ty dollars \)vr inoiitli lor a lict-nsc to oiijjfago in tin; retail ii-atle. From tliis rcvumio the j^uards kept > u l)oar(l wer-o paid, and tlu; balanco was dovoted to lln; constructiou of a j)ier at Monterey."' The asscmMy ill March decided to prohibit the importation oC br.ui- dy and ordinary winces, and this resolution was si nt to ^lexico for ap[)roval."'^ Juan ]3. Alvarado, as his share of the revolution- ary pi'olits, was made administrator of customs, takin.;- possession of the place on May 1st, and Pahlo d' li (iuerra, the actin^- administrator, resuming' his pKl- tion of contad(jr from that date. There was no malciial change in the personnel of the revenue depai'tiiicut at Monterey under Alvarado, and his administratinu was niark(Ml by no special events requiring attention Imic In June, being named by Castro to connnand an expedition on Indian and exploring service, he plactd his resignation at the dis[)()sal of Pico, who— in coiisc- (pience perhajis of troubles between himself and ("as- tro, and somewhat unexpectedly I think to Alvaiad ) - — accepted it in July. The transfer of the office in (Juerra was delayed, liowever, on one pretext or an- other, until December 20th, Alvarado having in tin; mean time been elected to congress.^^ At San I'ran- '-'" In Nov. it was proposed to abolish the guards, to whose prcsi-iici^ incst traders olijected; but not the tiix of iJiiOO per year, wliich most were uiliiii,' to pay. Jfcpt. Sf. Pap., Ben., MS., iii, »I-4. There are rceords of 1) nr I.' vessels au'reeing to pay the tiix in IS-l."). Id., Cn,:t.-1[., MS., vi., passim. -8 .M;n-uh -JOth. Lv,j. The, MS., iv. 40-1. Vallejo, Doc. MS., xii. l.-)7, y. ■'■ 7. in a letter to E.K-president Busfcimante, urged that tlie ports of Cilii'iiiiia sliouM 1)0 made free; and the expenses of the govt be paid by a diriit V.w »\\ produetivo property, with a small allowance punctually paid by tlic ii:iti'iii. I'ieo's regulations on the sale of hides, in ]>oc. Jliif. Cal., MS., iii. I"4; I "• U(jo. /he, MS., xxxiv. 1G7; Fitch, Doc, ISIS., 371; Leg. lice, MS., iv. :2j1)- 4-J, .S.").")-G; Dcpt. St. Pap., Aug., MS., x. 7.">-0; xi. 104. -'•'Mavch IG, 184"), Alvara(lo's appointment by I'ico. I W/fy'o, /)"'■., •M'^. xxxiv. 12'J. Takes possession of the ollicc May 1st; and June 'Jlst leaver (Uierra temporarily in charge. Dept. St. Pap., Ben. Cuxt.-ll., MS., vi. (1 7; /''•. Bin., MS., iii. 09, 77. No date, Pico, on receipt of Alvarado's notcnf .June 21st, I'elicves him in favor of Guerra, deeming liio office incompatilii' "itliii military command. Dept. St. Pap., MS., viii. 23-4. July 17th, T. t>) A., to Bame elicct, but in slightly different words. Vallejo, Doe., MS., xwiv. M''; Oiurm, Dnc, MS., iv. 11)1-3. Sept 5th, etc., A. still acts as administrator. Dept. St. Pap., MS., xiii. 7. Sept. 9th, A. has not yet surrendered tlioolfioe, on account of difficulties and lack of orders respecting certain payunoits. Id., CUSTOM-HOUSE AND TREASURY. 637 • 'iV «:■'■'>:■[! cisio Rafael Pintt) was by Alvarado made roi'ii)t(), lliMiry 1). Fitch sltvcmI as receptor. I iiiid no foinmercial ivcords ri'spcctiii^' citluT Santa liiirbaia or San I'cilro. lOaily in tlic f^t'ssions of the assenil)ly at tlie new sonthcrn <'ai»ital ii |it(i|»osition was a(U)i)ted to open San J )it'Lfo as a liist- (•l;i>s poi't, equal in cNH-ry res|)L'et to that of Monterey. Tliis was sent to Mexieij fur a[)proval, and notliino- iiKirc was heard of it."^ The treasury remained throun'hout the year in tlio ham Is of Jose Abrego at Mt)nterey. Tiiere was an attcinpt to move it with the capital to Los Ani^vies, hut Ahresjfo protested ajjfainst the rit^dit of the dej)ai-t- ineiital authorities tt) interfere in any way in his olHce, iiiiih the supreme goveriunent sustaining liini, refused to permit the change."'"' Ignacio del \^alle Jiad been apiiointcd treasurer in antici[)ation of the cluugi!, and seems to have acted in that capacity at Los Angeles, , I ;>' tii, li.st of customs (ifliL't'i's at Monttivy, witli salaiios. /'/. , vi. 4 ."i. Sept., Riifacl Sancliczaiipointcil 1st oHiccr. J)('//I..Sf. /'rf/)., MS., vi. li','?. July l.")tli, Eutiniio I'rejo appointed in ^lexico celador at Monterey. •"'AiiK. .'Wtli, Pinto appointed. />(/'!. St. J'k/l, lini. <"iis/.-JJ., MS., viii. 10. Sujit. -'Ttli, .laeinto Kodii^niez and Piinlilo Solieiaiies ajipoiuted to ri'i'nforeo tlic ^'uaid. /'/., viii. 11. Fel). "Jlst, li;t tile liouse reniain in its jnesent state. J'iiilo, hoc, ^I.S., ii. 1'21. Sept. 'M)i\\, total expeiiditrireson the hiiiMiu;,' now imiiiileted, !?2,(J78. Ikpt. S/. Pa/' . JJn,. Cii.^-H., MS. [•_>;{.") 7 1. J>ee.';!()t!i, Cistrci orders the com. to let the 'ceptor liiive all the tiles he may need. /''"'", Due, MS., ii. '1\{\. I'aid to J.eidesdortr.s.-)0 I'nr a Mexican llau for the liiiMiiij,'. Id., ii. 'JO'J. This (lag was in later years presented to the Suciety of Cai. rioneers. Jnly 'JOth, Pinto comi)lains that the custoni-lionse eslalilish- iiiiiit is a laughing-stock. To-day a vessel came in, and lie went dnwu to t!i ■ licach to borrow a boat to go oil' and visit her; but no attention was paid til Ills shouts by the vessels at anclmr! /'/., i. "J!)"). ■"Session of March '2Sth. J^kj. I'd-., MS., iv. SO-41. The new estalilish- iiiciit was to liavo an administrator at !?l,."i(K), a c(jntadorat .sl,(l(K), .i ckrkat S4S(1, and two guards at iif.M). The Monterey custom-house was to be put on the s.iiiie basis. Sta Barbara, S. Pedro, and S. Frauei.sco were to lie /nicrto.^ iHi'iHircs for coast trade, to have each a receptor at .SriUO. The aliajei'ios had ln't something of their old spirit, or they would have closed the northern l«'rl- altogether. "Aug. 1st, the treasurer announces this decision of the pres. l)<]if. St. P'l]:. lien., ^IS., i. 101. May ITtli, Abrcgo to Pico. An argument that the ilcpt. authorities had no power to move the treasury or change its oliiciala. lJ:penses o'l'owing' out of the revolii- tion, involved the new adnunistration in .some tinaniial ditfiinilties, which were, however, greatly les.senc(l Ity the eaily arrival of the Tas.so and Cdlifovnia, and liy the I'act that the customs revenue for this yeai- was nearly double that of 1844. One of Pico's first orders in February was to suspend the payment of all di lits, havinij;- in uiind chiefly the debts recently incurred ly ^licheltorena in his etforts to defeat the Californiaiis. There was ik^ desire to rej)udiate any part of these oblii-ations; but it \ is deemed unfair to m\Q tlicin the preference, by carrying out ^licheltorena's s|M(i;il agreements, which he had been led to make so I'lrily in his time of need. Larkin had advanced large sums to the cK-governor, to be repaid from duties on the iirst cargoes thut should arrive, and ho protested against the suspension, as perhaps did others; hut Pico in re|)ly assured him that the debts would lie paid, the delay being necessary for an cxaminati< ii nt' resources and a plan of distribution by which justice ^' Juno 19th, 2.jtli, Valle addressed as treasurer by Bandiui and Curilld. Vdlli', Doc, MS., OU-70. Ill Sept. the iissetnb. considered tlie advisiliiiilv iif appointing a treasurer to taiic charge of govt funds. Leg, lice, MS., iv. IJO-i. ^' Aug. -JTth, Abn.go to I'ico. Dept. Si. Pap., MS., xiii. 9-10. ''^Dcc. 30th, Castro to Pico. Dejit. St. Pap., MS., vi. ()4-5. Saim- date, GuerratoPico. Id., Bi-n., iii. 84. Feb. loth, Avce's letter in Vailrjo, Doc, MS., xii. 184. See also Valle, Lo Pasado de Cal., MS., 38-9; JJotello, Aiiak^, -MS., 125-0. FIXANTIAL CONTllOVKRSY. ■.:>o i;ii ,I:( 1)(! (l()i»() to all. Liirkiii was also i-ciiiiiidecl that '• .[u(uIat(Ji's must take I'isUs." liy tlio end of Alarcli 1 .1. iiK'iit scoins to liavo Ix^on rcsuiiKul on a l)asis tliat iJlnidc'il all claimants a share, though a small one, of ti:i levenues;"*^ but in September thcjre was another susiKiision of payment in the case of the Michelto- rciia chiims. (^)iiite natin'aily there had been disaij^reemont be- tunn Pico and Castro about the distribution of public I'mids, especially as to the shares of the civil ;iM(1 mil- it;ir\' branches. ICach had a host of friends to be re- warded with pi'otitable positions; Imt (.'asf:r(; liad the j!(l\antai^e, because it was easier to find « ;)rete:vt iVn- iiicivasini^ the list of militai'y ofHcers than that .if civil ('!ii|»l(iv('s. and tlio general did his best to give tvery- liiidy a connnissiou. Alter a series of wf'anijlings, of Ml h we have no detailed record, the two chiefs maile nil a-j^reoment to divide the revenues as follows: Act- ual iiidebtednessgrov^ini^'out of the late ])olitical events and including the Micheltorena claims were to be paid tic i>i' l)c paid over to the governor for the civil list, and i\v<> thirds to the o-eneral, thrcjuuh the treasurer, lor !!;i;';i , h:.*,.^ %Mli ■"'' March 27 til, Pico to Alvai'ado, who is diroi'tc;! to rosf-rve frnin tho diitioH of til' rr(/;/bn(/a .S9,000 for Capt. I'aty, and .SS/JO') fur other payinuiits, and t'limikc an C((iiita)ile distribution of tho hahmco anioni,' iin|iloyi'.s. />(•///. .S7. /'";■., lirii. CiH.-H., MS., vi. [:$,"):?-.")]. March 5th to .April PJth, corrcsi). l)i.'- tuf, ii Larkin and I'ico. Livkhi'n Of. Corrctji., MS., i. .SO, ;{<»; IiL, Dn'-., MS., I"'. tiJ. It>7. May "JTtii, I'ico urges Alvarado to cooperate in promoting; econ- oiiiy, since full jiaj'uients cannot ho ni;ido on account of oliliijation.s yi'iiwinL,' iiiit lit tlu! late .struggle. J)ept. lice, JIS., xiv. 4S 9. lU'hjre August some of -Miilii Itoi'ena'a drafts had been paid, including !?,"), (100 to IJniantour. Ju-jit. W. /V/,., MS., vi. l'20-l. March 18th, Gucrra and Hartnell certify that Mill' -Ian. lS4;i tho oustomdiouse hiis paid over to Micheltorena ^s;i,2."i(). Mie .iriiount of outstanding drafts not known. Larkiii's Doc, MS., iii. 70. .Mill- li L'Oth, A))rego certifies that M. turned into *'hc ti'easury .*!207,<)S'2 in re- 'fiiits of cniploye.s, oHicers, and troops. Id., iii. ', ', 88. Sept. 9tli, ^-.'O.OOO .still unpaid on M.'s drafts for horses and cattle weized by hitn. Alvarado tliiiiks actual employt'-s should have the preference. JJi}it. St. J'"/>., MS., vi. ■^S^'J. Sept. llth, Feliciano Soberanes claims §782 for live-.stocK. .SV. I'a/i., J/'«., .MS., xi. (J7. Sept. 18th, an order to .suspend payn\ent of tho Michel- tuiiu.i claims referred to. JJq^t. Hi. Pap., MS., viii. 11. I i| ■ir^^rv: i; -itf 500 THE MISSIONS— COMMEr.CE AND FIXAXCE. military expenses, neither to interfere in the distrilra- tion of the otlier's .sliare.^'' It may seem strange that Pico and Castro should have consented to pay the whole indebtedness in inv]'- ercnee to other expenses, but a eonnnunication iVoiu Castro to Abrego thro\YS a flood of light upon this subject. It appears that the chiefs had reason to ex- pect the payment into the treasury, in addition to tli,.- regular revenues, of a sum sufficient to pay all (Khts and leave a suq)lus. ]^ut the goose that was to lay this golden c<^g — doubtless John Parrott's St(.ir of tht> Went, which was to pay half-duties on a rich cargo to be reshipped to Mexican ports — failed by a visitaticii of providence to keep her contract. This being iho case, the first part of the agreement Ijecame ot* coLiise a nullitv; and the creditors had to wait."'^ The total revenue paid into the custom-house in 1845 was about $140,000, of which sum about SL4.()i)0 were consumed in expenses, leaving $r2(), 000 foi' the civil list estimated at $42,000,'" for military expenses amounting to $34,000 for officers alone, and i'oi' the payment of outstanding debts, to an cunouut nut ^' No (late, agrecincnt between P. and C. The l.itter wiis to pay fiDin liii share .*!l'2.") pernio, for seliools in the soiitli. Dcjit. St. Pap.. MS., vi. 47-S. Jnly'i.Sth, Aug. 7th, 1'. to Abrego, and reply, referring t(» the agreement. //., viii. 4-."); vi. lL'0-1. The purport of tlie agreement seenisi to liavijbeiii kiiuv.;! as early as June 'J.'ith. I Vt/'c, iVo''., MS., 70. July 11th, 14th, a projinsitiiui was ajiproved in the asseniuly to give to Cal. one half of her revenin -. t!iL> other half going to the national treasury — that i.s, for the support of the mil- itary department, whieh in theory was supported by the n.ition. />';/. /.'n., MS., iv. '24.")-!). Thi;i was a scheme to get more for the civil list than tlic ngrceinent granted, but it hail to be approved in ^lexico. The natimud ;.'ovt in August gave Cal, two thirds of her revenue — more than the assembly :i- !;i il; but I lind no evidence of any attempt of I'ieo to enforce this. Doc. lll^f. < <('., MS., ii. 73; Sup. GovfSf. Pa])., MS., xviii. 1,'). '**' Castro to Abrego, copied to I'ico by the latter on Aug. '27th. J'cjit. Si. J'ap., MS., xiii. S-'J. Abrego at the time of the agreement had !?;i.(«iit nii hand, of which sum he was ordered by I'ieo to send §,"),000 for urgent, e\- pensc:A at Angeles, and distribute $4,000 among employes. /(/.. xiii. 10. ''•• JCstiniatc of .Tunc ;M)th for the yeai', specifying all branches and (lliceis, $4'2,.V)0. Li'fi. Iti'c, MS., iv. •2(!:)-."). The items were, assendily S12,80;», ,l,")V- i;rnor".s oHice'Sl«,'200, tribunal 612,7.")0, prefecture !?4,000, treasury i^-2,Sr,:\. A partial list of March foots np SI4,!W."). JJ'pl. S/. Pap., Bcii., MS., iii. IIW. Revenue officers 813,000. /(/., Cuxt.-IL, MS., vi. 4-"); Sup. Govt S/. /''(/'., MS., xvi. '2-3. Cost of military otiicens, invalido.^, etc., for a month, alo ar- tillery company, •S'2,S43. Jhpf. S/. Pap., MS., xiii. 3-o. Some fragnunt.iry statistics of distribution in /(/., passim. DEBTS AND MARITIME LIST. 561 ];nn\vn. Existing accounts are too fragmentary to t;i\(' any accurate idea of how the funds were distrib- uted among the three classes of cLiimants, none of v.houi got all that was due them, and none of whom sull'ered much inconvenience I'rom the loss. According to ;m elaborate statement [prepared by Larldn for tlie V. S. govermnent, the total indebtedness of California at the end of 1845, not all accrued in this year, but iKiiH' of it dating bade more than two or three years, v/asin round numbers .$158,000. Of this sum $0:2,000 was (hie to twenty private individuals, Vallcjo and Laikin having the largest claims; $r>2,000 to twenty- li^ht civil employes for salaries, Jose A. Estndillo (III lie tribunal being entitled to the largest sum, $3,000 ; S4r),()00 to fifty military ofHcers, V^allejo lieading the list witli $5, GOO; and $19,000 to the soldiers of dilfer- ent companies.*" 1 name sixty vessels in the Californian fleet of 1845, tlMMigli there are al)out a dozen doubtful names, many (ifdicm resting only on the statements of men who tlaiiii to have come to the coast on tlieni;*^ two are '" LarlhCi^ Off. Corrrxp., MS., ii. ] 1'2-1(5, with full details, namrs, etc. In /'/., /•'("■., MS., iii. <,)8, is a l)alaiico-sliect of tlio ticasurcM-, showing the total iiniiiiit of iiionoy diribursed by Michcltorciia in IS4'2-."). Tho sum was .'.M'.I.JIO. divided asfollow.s: prosidial companies, SI S,0(X); artillery, .S| l.(KK); l'.it.ill(Mi, Sl'JTjODO; hospital, ^J.oOOr schooner CaliJ'vrnUi, !?:{,00'0; Tidaics tM.'i'lisliment, 81-!1; invalido.'i, §:Ui, etc. '' Adiiiitfaiicc, Alfred, America, Ar(jn, Baihtl, Bajio, Behj. Morunn (?), /,'«//, < (I'li'oriiia, California (sclir), Clnrda, Coiistniitiue, Constifii/ioii. ('oirlilz, I 0,1 (Jni.iole, J)roiiiio (?), Eric, L\y>aloii, I'ama ('!''.], Fannie (''.), (Iwtare, linn- II nh [''.), //clve/ia {'>), Iferolne, Iliheriiia, Jfopeiirll, John and KHznhiih (''.), ■hji'iit Giiipiizenana, Jnanita, Jidia, Julia Ann, Levant, Lion, Mn'jnuli(t, Mri' i'''i. Mari I 'J^cresa, Jfar/hn, Matudnr, Medicin, Murea, \asli dni/:, Ihijufn, P'^'hic, J'orlnino!/lh, Primavem, Hi /ndilirano, Sarah, Savannah, Snlnlad, S!arofl!ie U'l.if, Sterlinjj, ?V/.>i.vo, lluiliil litidex (':), Vandalia, Vuneonvcr {':}, Yi'iirri,! (ill, Wnierhj {':), and Win Xi/e. .Viiordin,'' to .a t.dilo iii the l/iuioliiln Frimd, ii. S7, the niiniber of veascls liaviii',^ (hat port fm (.'al. was !), wIilL' thei'" a'.'rivi;d 5. IjMrkin, Off. Curriyp., MS., ii. 3, (-7, 111, f.::i\es a table of fihippin'^ at Montei-ey for IS-l.'* as t'ollosv.S! AiuiMcaii vessel.i'JT- Mexican IS, l]uf;lish 4, (Jifniati ;i, Fr('U<'!i Ii, Ila\\aii'm .';, t 'i.d ."iS; incn-of-\var .", whider.s o, traders 4S, total oS; .shi]is 'Jli, barks 17, l'iij;s .S, schooners 10, total 58; total crews, not including men-of-war, r.So; t I'.id tonnngo, 14,(170 tons; cost of ear;,'oes, ,SlS!),,"iOO; Aalue in ( 'al., >',^!!7,')■)i); '!.ili' 1 jiaid, Si:>8,;i(i!>. The amount of the sums as given for each ve;:.sel in Iho lin \y .s|42,:)(iO; and a total of .'^^141,!)!;} is •,'iven in nne I'ceord of the cus'.oni- liuu. . Tho total receipts for the year at 8au Francisco wore .?! ,0ii9, of wiiicU lli^T. C.vL., Vol. iV. M i!,.$r («, I'f I'^l ■i: I 3G2 THE MISSIONS— COMMERCE AXD FINANCE. ii Boston ships that liad wiiitcrecl on the coast; rifHin wei-e traders that brought new cargoes this yeai-; twelve were wlialors; eight were men-of-war; and thii'tcon ■jame on miscellaneous or unknown business — to brino' despatches, to collect debts, to obtain cattle, or to re- pair damages. The notable arrivals, if any may hu so termed, were the Matador, which paid into the treas- ury i;^G7,000, an amount far exceeding any cvim- paid before by one vessel; the Star of the IFe.s'/', a pioiicrf in a new class of smugglers, wrecked near JMonteroy; the T((ss(), the fir.st to furnish revenues for Pico's iu\- miiiistration, and the assault on whose cai»taiii was one of the most prominent current themes of San Fi-ancisco local annals; and the llussian Xas/cdnik, whose supercargo, Markof, published a narrative of his visit. I have given for each year a mere list of vessels; but have reserved all details respecting each V(\'^sel lor a general list for 1841-5, which I append to this chapter. I thus not oidy eflect a saving of space, hut produce a result much more satisfactory to the reader than by a scattering and repetition of particulars.*- pum .$'271 w;is paid out for expenses. Piiifo, Dor.. !M8., ii. 2i."); Dcjil. Sf, Pop., lien. Mil., Ms., Ixxxvi. 1,'J. 'J'liuic iiro no other sUitistics except siuli as ;iie fijigmentjiiy iuulof no value. Davis, Oiun/jsci, MS., 203-0, spcak.s of astuiuiiur j'roni SilUa visitiuf; S. F. Bay this year or in 1844. " List of vessels, 1841-5: Adiiiiftaiic<\ Anier. ship, 501 tons; 2:) men; Peter Peterson, master: Henry Mellu.'?, sup. and eonsiiinec. Arr. Jlont. from Boston ^lar. 4, 1S4;!; taru'H, $li),221; duties. !?2, 407 (20,407?). Passed 2 winters on the coast, touiliiiy repeatedly at all the jiorts. Sailed for Boston in autumn of 1S45. .l/oV, Amer. ship. SOS tons; W. D. 1 'helps, master, llail arr. in 1S40; and nailed for Boston in Dec. 1S42. Alfred l!ol)inson seems to haviMlcpartiil in her. She was the last ship sent out hy Bryant & Sturgis. Her e\|iliiit uf spikiiii,' the San Dicfio guns in the 'Com. Jones War' is recounted ('Kcwhoiv, Alcxytiuhr, or Alxninlrorlch, or Jdtrii Alejandro, or Alcxmiih r tlf Jhir, Russ. hark. At S. F. from Sitka in spring of 184.'J and antunm of |s4f. Oii the 2il trip she had some trouble about cnterini; S. F. before goiu'^ to Mi'iit.; alx)Ut support of guard put on board to prevent smuggling; and al«nit Imi- n;;ge dues. She came for wlieat from Sutter; and S. tried to pay tlie (iiiiiiai;o with !i draft on custom-house, which was not acceptable. See .VovA '/»('/,•. Alcvdiidd- Barclay, Uernuui whaler, at Sauzalito in Dec. lS4;t. I'liiiai's also in IS42. Alj'nil, Hamburg burk, at S. Pedro Feb. 1845, in ballast from Callao. Aiiiprira, ]'>ngl. man-of-war, ."() guns; John (lordon, com. At Mont, nnil S. F. July 1845, bound to Columbia Uiv. At Honolulu in Oct. VESSELS OF 1S41-5. 111 tills list tlioro are iiaiiiod 148 vessels, of wliicli a doz'ii or iiiorc rest ou doubtful reeords, 18 being fouud ijajy J mil'/ Ilia, Fr. whaler, at Mont. 1844. Her crew had a tiyht with soldifis of tilt' liiitallon. J /•;/(-!, Fr. wlialer, at Mont. Aug. 1843. .l;iiiiiic/io, Mux. schr, 1)3 tons; J. Blanca, master; Jos Limantoiir, .sup. anil 1 "11. According to Mofra.s she now helonged to JJizat & Koussell of i>or- (k',;iix. Arr. Mont. Oct. 1S4I; cargo, .?!,'), oSO; dutie.", .$l."),7-(j. Sailing f"r .<. ]■'. .'•he was wrecked near J't Keyes, the crew and part of cargo being .saved. .Muiiiis makes the date Sept. '27th, but it was at least a month later. JliiiLal, I'uss. brig, 180 tons. At S. F. Oct. -Nov. 184") for grain from Sutti r ;ai(l others. Iliji.), b;irk, on the coast in May 184."). Drpt. St. Pap., M.S., viii 4. Ili'i-iisf(ili'i\ Aiiier. ship, 40.'l tons; Jaa H. Hatch, master. An', from Bos- toiuft Mont. .July 7, IS42; cargo, §27,1) t.'!; duties, §2S,.")4S. Fined i^^.'.'JO for ailiuitting a private Individ. Iteforo the revenue olhcers. Spent '2 winters in L'al.. iniikiiig the round trip up and down several times; and sailed for Bos- ton ill 1 'ec. 1H44. Ill i.'J. Mori/nii, whaler, at S. F. autumn of 1S44, and jierhapsalso in ISl.". ill liha mill. Jcnnij, Hamburg brig; 130 tons; John .Niein, master; A. M. Eicilla. sup. Arr. ^lout. from (.'allao l)ec. 184'J; cargo, . So, .304; duties, §(i, 802. .Sailfil for Mazatlan in ballast Jan. 1843. UnVnia, Mex. schr. Brought back 1!) of the exiled foreigners in July 1S41. Ilolirar, Amcr. brig, 202 or ISO tons; (iorham H. Nye, master. Said by Poiice and Simpson to have been on the coast Nov.-l>ee. 1841. At Sta B. Ike. .lau. 1842-3. Back from Honolulu Jiuu? 1843; John ('. Jones, masler; A. 11. Thompson, sup.; cargo, .S2,3'Ji); duties, S3, 121. At S. IVdro Nov. 1.SJ4; iliMlorick, master. LarL'iii\< J)oi\, MS., ii. 241. Uni'iitiiza, whaler; Waterman, master. At Mont. Sept. 1841. JlriHii'ii, whaler, at S. F. Aug. 1843. Ih-'iHiir^, Engl, bark from ('()1. Biv. to Oahn. At S. F. July 1844. Re- fiisfil to pay tonnage because driven in liy weather. This view sustained by (jiiisul ]''orbes. J!''li, Swedish brig; arr. Honolulu, Sept. 184r>, from Col. Biv., via Monte- rey. I'liH/ornia, Mox. schr; Cooper, master; arr. at Mont. June 1841, from Mex. (iia^t, i>Mying !?201 and .S4.')7. Lay at Sauzalito Sept.-Dec, and sailed for .Mont, J)ec. 31st. In 1842, John lioderiek was mate, crew of 14, all foreign- ' iisliut 2. l';xpensu this year $2,831, besides S'>,428 paid to I'eirce & Brewer rn- I'l'evious repairs. See iSV/xji-'o/^.s Xarr., 2S2, 2!I4-."), .■>.")S, for amusing 4. Her cargo to Maz. included 127 casks brandy, 2.'! bblsof wine, Olilils pisco, 1 bill olives, 1 can . Diego iu Sept. Clnritd, .Mex. bark, 202 tons; Chas Wolter, master. Paid §382 in s]irin; of 1811. On euast July, Oct., 1842; detained for a day by Com. .Tones.u .Ni^i.- terey. Two trips in b'''43from M;izatlau; cargo, .SI, .'{91, duties, .S2.'!!l. Vin;ri t, maiiter in 18-14-.'). Duties in 184,"), §7.")0 on cargo of §U,500. Culitmliid, Engl, liar!;; llumpluies, master; Wm Wood, ynp. Air. Muiit. .Tan. 1, 1841, from Orejron; ilutics, .§2,311 on cargo of §1,777. Jas l)rm_l,is and a ])arty of hunters on board. I'ohiinhiin', Mcx. .schr, .").") tons; Manuel Turiucio, master. At Mimt. .luly 1841. Duties, §:)7; cargo, ,§4.(il. CoiiHruite, Chilean brig; Francisco Unamano, master, 1842. Dc/it. St. /'"/., £cii., MS , iii. 1.3. I'oiixidiitiiic, or Grand Dnkv, Ru^s. brig, 220 tons; formerly the Wtillui-p. At S. F. Nov. -Dee. 1841. Carrietl 100 of the Ross culonists to Sitka. ^Via■ tcred at S. F. 1S43-4; and came again for grain in (-)ct.-\ov. 184.'). Voii^f(l/it/!oii, U. S. inan-ol-war, 40 guns, 350 men; Kearney, cuui. At Mont. fr. Honolulu, Sept. 15-29, 1S43. From Chuia, siiuadroii linnail tni U. S. Coiistitii/ioii. (^), v. a. man-of-war; John Percival, com. Left llonolulu for Mazatlan via Cal. Dec. 2, 1815; no record of arrival. CorKiiir, Anier. brig, 182 tuns; ^liehacl Dowd, master; Dav. Spenuc, con- signee. At Mont, from Callao May 1841 ; cargo, SI 1,944; duties. Sl-.-'IT. Corn) (Craw lish?), whaler, at S. Fran. Aug. 1843. C'"irlil:, Ihigl. barli, 312 or 345 tons; Wm Brotchie, mastci'. M Mniit. Aug.-Oet. 18tl from Col. Riv. via Honolulu; duties, §10,905; R.icaml llirnio passcngci.s. ])aelv from Oreg. in Dec. with .Sir (ieo. Simpson, Joiiu .Mcl,ou;;li- lin, and Diillot de Mofriis; tonnage, §518; sailcil for Oahu Jan. Mont, again in Aug. 184.3; and again in .spring of 1845. (!iir'i, luigl. man-of-war, 28 guns; .Jones, com. At Mont, from Honolulu on business connected with (traliam aO'air. Ci/rirf. U. S. man-of-war, 20 guns, 250 men; Stribling, com. Ocl. io-l'ec. 11, 1842; tlience to S. F. widi Com. Jones in Dee. isl-j NmV. .\t .\t .Mont. IaI'i .Mont. VESSELS OF 1841-5. n,) : : 11 un;]ei' liritisli colors; 8 were Froncli ; 7 Ger- liiii I or Swedish; 5 llusisiaii; 3 South Auiericaii; men stolo the Lfft Ikmoliilii .hiU I, lS4:i. anil S. I'oilro Jan. '2'2d for Mazatlan; l)ack at Mont, and S. Fr.m. il.iy. Jji'tl MdiiL. Junoll.l fur southern ji irt.saml Honolulu. ]'aek a^aiii ill Muiit, Dee. lOtli-liUli, and .sailed tor Ma/atlaii. Lo.stsonie deserter.'^, inelud- iiiu' a ncLj'lo named Xorris, who was killed by (.^alifornians. Some ilis-^ati.s- f.i.lji.ji aliout the desertciH as tihown l)y eofivsp. Vdllcjo, l)oc., MS., xi. ;!-_', ;iill,:!il, 'M',\; ' Kiii(/'.'i(>r/ihaii,' !'/ men; Dornin, cum. Arr. S. V. from I'aiiani.i, Dec. l."i, IStJ; at MiMit. .Ian. a-lO, 1S4I}, and sailed for Mazathui. l)J/ilios, whaler, Sept. 1S14. ])hiiiiiiii,0.")0, I'erhaps eamo back and wintered on coast. l.ilt .''ill 1j. I'V'l). anil returned from Hon. to S. F. Maj"; cargo, .i>i,IOS; dutie;, tl,7^"'; tonnage, .S;!04; ^\ln 11. Davis, !-up. l>y connivance of guard .SJO,0.)0 (.f;;i"'ils Were lamled in the night at S. F. On the coast Nov.-Dec. 1844. hi lili. |s|."i carried Micheltorena and his army to S. lilas, returning in May, iiud sailing foi' Hon. in Dec. Jiri'iiiio, , i^'iyx K'~ti, Fr. wlialer; Malheilie, master. At S. Fran. Sept. IS41. y.'/v'r, U. S. store-ship; Lieut C. C. Turner, com. At Mont, and S. F. autiiiuu of 184."), according to Laucey. I'.wi niidd, Mex. selir, ()2 tons; Hugo Reid, master. At S. I'edro May IslJ. .\t Mont. Se])t. from Hon.; cargo, .^1,107; duties, $l,;iO."). At the pnts.hm. 184:!; tonnage. .s^-JS. At San'l'cdro Jan. 1844. lUl'Wloii, Fr. whaler; Desir(5 ]'>atan, master. S. Diego Sept. 184.1. I'diiiit, Anier. ship, 'M'A or .'{07 tons; (,'. Hoyer, master. At Mont. .J:m. I'^4J from Hon.; car-go, Sr),.'i."il); iluties, .S."),8(iS. Again in Aug.; cargo, SSo i, ilatirs, .SL.lS.'J. Her ni;itu was consulted by Com. .Jones before taking .Nbiiit. ill Oct. Wintered, and left Sta 15, with horses for Oahu iu .Ian. lS4,'i. Hack (iDni Col. Riv., Xye, master, in June; cargo, .^IS.'S; duties, S-'-L Left Mnut. and St.i B. in Oct. Nov., for Jlon. Back at Mont. Juno 1841, with cai'go to ■J. ('. .bines. Ai'r. Hon. from Cal. A])ril 184."); Wni P. Reynolds, mate. liajU at M(jnt. June; cargo, .S(i,0()0; duties, $_',450. Was wrecked on tho cyast dining this voyage, according to statements of Larkin and Swasey. Fdiiif, whalei-; ^litcllell, master'. S. F. 184."). I'niifa (?), Mex. sclir; Lin Mitour, master. Spencer's list for 184rt. '" //, Fr. whaler, 40!) or ."1)4 tons; Duval, master. Mont, and S. F. Xov.- 1 . . •V.i. Tonnage iind duties, .Sd-Jl or .'?.")4(). .Susjiccted of smu;rg!iii,ir. Aw'n, Dor., M.-^., i.^'JCI-G, ii. M--2; L'ltmUlto, Doc, MS., ii. G;{. P'ossil)ly ii'isa in 1815. /-■, (>70, Mex. l)ii','. 10.") tons; .lose D. Yndarte (?), master. Mont. Oct. I'^f. fr. Acapulco. C'argo, !?.^,000; duties, .S()ti7. f ruainln, Mex. brig. At S. I'edro in .Iuiu3 1S4'2. (The FirdUiund also named ia 1S4.'1.) t'''lhnj Fish, U. S. schr; Knox, com. Tender to VinccnnesoiXJ. S. Expl. Exped. AtS. F. Oct. 1841. Ui'inji' ffi'iir;/, Amer. bark, .'144 tons, 10 men: .Stephen Smith, master a!id "iMier. Arr. Mont. fi\ P.altimor'e and Paita May 184:t; cargo, S.j,941; iluties, •-7.711. Brought the 1st steam-engine, which was set up at Bodega; also tho 1 h "GG THE -MISSIONS— COMMERCE AND FIXAXCE. !iil.M,i .iji •I and ill the case of 20 — inany of tliem wlialorH and iii()v;t perhaps American — no nationality is mentioned in tho Obtained a cr'jtlit of 9 months for duties. At Sauzalito in Jan, S. Die''o Oct. 1S45. Lost sonic KS4'J 1st pianos. ISU. C'eoi-fiin, whaler; Hull, master. S. F. 1844. (liKiildlitpr, lighter on S. ¥. Bay, !> tons. 1844-5. (Jiistitce, IJrenieu bark; Clement Norton, master. Proliablya whaler. f/aiiiit/oii, whaler; Hand, master. Mont. Sept. 1841, Jhuniuh, doubtful name of 1845. /Ji'lvclia, doubtful name of 184."). Hdroiiic, Fr. man-of-war; Lecomte, com. Mont. July 1845. deserters. Uihiriiia, Amer. whalnr; .las Smith, master. S. F. 1844, 1845. l/oi/iw, or Jlouijue, Amer. whaler; Jos Hawley, master. 8. F. Aug. and Feb. 1844. Jlo/ii'Wfll, whaler; Geo. Littlefield, master. S. Diego Nov. 1845. Index, Kngl. bark, '211 tons; Wilson, master; Seott, sup. Mont. Sept. 1841. Cargo, $'2, 45!); duties, §2,770. Also seems to have wintered l,S42-.'i, and left Sta 15. for Valparaiso Feb. 184.3. John and Eiiziibntli, doubtful name of 1845. John, J ay, Amer. whaler, 400 tons; Win J. Rogers, master. !Mont. .Sept. 18, 184:$. Joxcjita, lighter, 3 tons, used by Victor Castro in S. F. Bay, 1S44. JoK'/th Pffdjodij, John Dominis, master; doubtful record of 1.S42. Jdrcii Candina, Colond). sehr, 17'2 tons; Josi5 Legarda, niaster; Mig. Roniaua, sup. Mont. Feb. 1841, fr. La Union; cargo, §7911; duties, 8111)2. Ji'ivfii Faiiita. See Fanita. Me.x. schr, S. F. Nov. -Dec. 1842, Jora/d'iiipnzcoanajMvx. brig, 210 tons; Snook, master; Mig. I'lHlnircnn, cons.; Aguirre, owner. At Mont. fr. Callao June 1841; cargo, §8,427; Spriit!/ {':}, schr, at S. F. Dec. 1842. Xi'Wtoii, whaler; John Sawyer, or Sanger, master, wlio died at S. Diego Nov .SO, 1844. Xin/a, ^lex. sciir; Hen. D. Fitch, master (and later Norton). Arr. fr. MiU'atlan April 1841; cargo, §4,508, duties, .':j240. On the coast till Nov. Xiiiih America, Amer. whaler, .'Jl men; (leo. Deston, master. .Mont. Sept. -Oct. 1843. iJajdcn, Mex. brig; A. ]i. Thompson, owner and sup,; at Sta B. Juno 1814; cargo, $1,555 and §4,075; duties, §704 and §1,913. Sailed for Mazatlan ApiMJ 1845. Orcjoii, U. S. brig; Carr, com. Formerly the Thos Pvrlcinn; bought for tlic U. S. Explor. Exped. At S. F. Oct. 1841. (Jirzd, whaler; S. F. Aug. 1841. (hizaha, doubtful record of 1841. I'd'tjii-, Amer. whaler. Mont. .Aug. 1845, Pidatiiia, at S. Diego Oct. -Nov. 1842. ! * ' 1 If i; - It' ■it,] il iu 'rps. Aim ' 'I 5G8 THE MISSIONS— COM:Mi:nCE AXD FINANCE. 1 ; -r it ill trade. Of that nuiiibor, 30 came chiefly from A\i'x- ican and South American ports; 8 from Boston; 7 Porpoke, U. S. brig; Riuggokl, com. of U. S. Expl. Exped. At S. r, Oct. ISH. Touched at Mont. I'drt-iinouth, U. S. man-of-war; Johu B. Montgomery, com. At Mmit. Oct. IS4."> fi'inn Honolulu, J'riiiian rii, Mcx. lnig; Alex. Cliicncs, master. S. F. Oct.-Xuv. IslJ, (.'laiiiii'd damages on account of Jones' taking of Mont. At Mont, autuimi of ISll; Clias ]5aiic, mabter. At S. Diego Marcli 1645 fr. Mazatluii. Mont. June; cargo, S."),()0(); duties, .$.')3S. Hiij'id-, Anier. whaler, 24!) tons, 'JO men; Henry S. West, master. Muiit, Sept. 1S4;{. Iiiliif, U. S. .store-ship; Isaac Sterrctt, com.; at Botlega and Mont. .Ian. l.S4'J; and again in J an. -Feb. 1S43. Jt'i jjiiltlicaiio, Mex. transport. Probably brought part of Miclicltoiviia's army in -Aug. 1S4'2. Xuevo licjnihlkaiio named in Feb. Also at Mont. tkt. liS4.); Machudo, master. Hiihi rt Loiivn, whaler; Sauzalito Sept. 1843. liu-i'ilia, see Savannah, ligliter, 124 tons. Patent applied for by Win .liiliii- bou .\|)ril 1.S44. liDxtil'inil, Engl, brig; ITenry J. Crouch, master. Brought bisliop ami others to S. Diego Dec. 1841; tonnage, $;{07. Sailed in the spring of IslJ. liunxel/, whaler; at Sta B. Oct. 1844; duties, §30.50. Sacrmtuuht, sclir; running ou the river and Itay. Patent applied fur Ijv Flugge for Sutter in 1H44. >S'";( Fraiidaqidto, lighter, 5 tons. Patent applied for by A. 15. Tliompsun in Aug. 1844. St Lnul.% U. S. man-of-war; at Mont, in 1841, to carry away Estabrook and protect Americans, according to Mofras. No other record of lier prm- ence; i)ut she was at Honolulu bound to Cal. t>iijiji/ii)r, whaler; Cartwriglit, master; at Mont. Sept. 1841. Mofras s;iys she liaii)ooni'd 3 whales in one day in the harbor. Sanih, whaler; Myrick, master; at 8. F. in 1844 and 1S45. tS 'Vaiiiid/i, U. S. man-of-war, 50 guns, 010 men; Arm.stroug, cum. : at !Mont. Oct. 3-Dcc. 1844. Carried Tellez and Mejia as Micheltoreiia's aliens to Ma/.alian. Surgeon Wood published a narrative of the voyage. IWk at S. Fran. Oct. 1845 from Honolulu. Soli'dd'l, Mex. brig, 105 tons; Chas Hubbard, master; Henry Dalton. sii]). On coast Oct. -Dec. 1843 fr. Mazatlan; cargo, §3,700, duties, Sl,'J7!l. J"'!]!! Swan, a well known writer of pioneer reminiscences, was left by this veshd. Back at San Pedro in July 1845 with despatches, and Capt. Flores as pas- senger. Sl(tr "f Onyon, schr, built in Or.; Jos Gale, master. Came down the coast in 1841, and was sold in Cal., the men returning with cattle to Or. in 1842. Star of the West, Eugl. schr; Wm Athcrton, master; John Parrott, own- er. Wrecked at Pt Lobos near Monterey July 27, 1845, and all that was saved was sold to Belden and others for §3,000. The Star brought a vciy valuable cargo from Liverpool, not intended for Cal., but for Mexico. Appar- ently the Califoruian authorities had agreed to take duties ou a nominal vul- r.ation, a clean profit of the whole amount for them; while Parrott would t!ien introduce the goods free of duties at Mexican ports antl thus realize a large profit. Davis, Gliiiipsei, MS., 1G7-9, tells us that all the MdUteayans liec.inie wreckers for tlie time, some making great gains; though 3 nun were drowned. Swan, Ill.-it. Skclchi'S, MS., 13, thinks the plan was merely lu pay duties in goods in Cal., while cash would be recjuired at Mazatlan. Slcrlinij, Amer. ship, 380 tons; Geo. W. Vincent, master; Tiios !'•. I'aik, sup. Arr. Mont, from lioston April 1844. Still on coast in 1845. Sumnuah, schr; built in Napa Creek in 1841. At Mont, from S. I . Nov, ve3.';i:ls of is41-5. oca 1ST) iri'.'s»MJB\i 11 ;>rr\-- stoii; 7 At s. r. At M.uit. N>.v. is 12. lit. autuiim M;iz;illau. ;er. Munt. Mont. .Tun. clic'ltori'iiii's Muiit. Oct. r Will .Toliii- liislitip Mini ing (.1 lM.i. plied fnv hy 5. Thompson V Kstiiliroi'k of lifi- prt'a- Moi'ras s;ivs (■oiu. ; at lui'.s a'.'fii.H lliick at Dalton. .sup. •:','.). .liiliU this vo^^cl. ores as pas- 10 down the le to Or. ill aiTott, own- 11 tliat was it a vufy CO. Aiipav- loiiiiiuil val- rrott would us lualizf a dontfifvaiH ;{ iiR'U were ercly to pay |os .!'•. I'ark, S. I'. ^' '.>'''• fii'Mi Honolulu; G from the Columbia Rivor; 5 lioiii Sitka; 7 were lighter« oniploycd on Calit'orniiin iiiliuid II I'J, 1S43. Sailed for Maziitlan. Swan say?* .slio wa.s loaded with potatoes « liirli were sold for §|{,7riO, and the schr for ^2,000, Capt. Uavi.s rctuiuing oa tin ( ■ill/oriiid. Cooper, L' ;/ of thi' (UiL, MS., call.s her the IIumIki. y'a.sso, Anier. bark, .'514 tons; Sam. J. JlastinLts, master; .loliii H. ICviM'ett, pn]i. Arr. from Boston Juno 'JS, Is-tj; earj,'o, t;l."),!(U(J; diUiis, .Slil.tn;. !;•- fncil to land her goods unless permitted to ( ngage in coasting trade; and iho autliiirities yielded rather than lose so largo an amount. Tiiero was a phiJi to sci/t her in 1812 at the time of Com. .Tones the eaptiin being arivsted. Sl:o sailed for JJoston lato in 1S4H. Came back Feb. I)S4."); Elliott liibboy, ma.stir; Ihiiiy Melius, sup.; cargo, §;i"),(K)U; duties, jiaid at S. Oiego, iJKi, 107. At S. F. Oct. lltli some of the y«.ssv\' men on .slioio lati' at night were arrested by a |i;i(rol, or by a party of men claiming to be such; and ('apt. J.ilibey nn at- teip|)tiiig to interfere was badly cutand beaten, his companion, Xatliaii .S]ieai', In iii,' also beaten. This all'air gave vise to much excitement and corresiioiid- eiin, j.arkin coming up from Mont, on the l.rvnul, and (i of the assailaut.s l.Liii„' :.eiit to iS. Jose for trial. I>«o penalty was ever inllicted s.) far as tlio r . I. Ills show. See corrcsp. between Prefect Ca.slro, Larkin, I'orbes, sulj-pie- Iiet, judges. Com. Page, etc., extending to .May bS4(!, in Laikiii\'< Doc, M.S., iii. ;i.'.)-:{, ;!27, .■i47; iv. (iO, 101; Id., ij]!'. Corrc^j/., i. o;{-(i7, 77, '.'7; <'(i--. No reconl of her touehing. Vandalin, Amcr ship, 491 tons; John C. Everett, master; W. 1). .M. How- ard, sup. Arr. Mont. fr. Boston Feb. 21, 1844; no reciiid of cargo or dutic.-i. Still on the coast in 184."). Three sailors were arrested for a robbery. Beiii;' Eii_'!i.slinicn, they were claimed by Consul Forbes. Larkiii alsointerferecl, a^id t' liini the men wore given up after ii, month's imprisonment. The correspond- tiiei.' on this subject is somewhat extensive. V incomes, U. S. man-of-war, cf U. S. Expl. Exped.; Wilkes, com. At S. F. fr. Col. Riv. Aug. 14 to Nov. 1, 1841. Sailed for liouolulu. ll''Ow/(, U. S. man-of-war, 24 gun.s, 250 men; Jos. B. Hull, com. At Mont. fr. Hon. Nov. -Dee. 1843. Also on coast July-Sept. 184j fr. ^lazatlau for Honolulu. \V,,n-i,i, whaler, S. F. Nov 1845. Waverlij, doubtful name of 1845. 4 ■: m 870 THE MISSIONS-COMMERCE AND FINANCE waters; and came from variouw ports of Aiiiciica and Europe, the exact business of a few not beiiiK- known. Wm O. A'?/'', whaler; Budington, master. At S. Fran. 1843. A^Min |,St,"; Stevi'Hs, master. Y'jrkfoirti, U. S. Tniin-of-Wiir; J. H. AuHck, com. At Mont. fr. Hdii. Ndv. 2.'J-7i 1841, TiMik 8oin« testimony on the Uruliam utKiir. A!,'iiiii at S. F. Sept. 1842; Nicholas (?), com. Yiiha, lighter, 5 tons; patent applied for May 184.1 hy Theo. Cunhia. Tlie autiiorities for tlie inltn-mation in thi.s li.st are chielly scattciid docii. niontn in many different urcliives piil)Iio and private; but I muy nuiitinii hIsd as valiial)le general autliorities the Jlonoliilit Friend; I'oli/in xifin; ami '/''//(. viranrc Adrorutc; the eustum-houiie records in Dcpl. St. I'a/i., Bin. C/i.ti.-l/., MS., iii.; v.-viii.; Lm- I'ANV KKO.M OllKCON IN JlLY — Ci-VMAN'S DiaKV— l^UKIiON TUAIN OF 1845 — Pai-meu's Joi'UNAL — Cookk's Scexks— Calikoknian Aoents at Fokt }Iai,l — The Swas?:y-Todu Company — Sublette and his Men — The (iiiKiSDY-IuE Company — Names— Women and Ciiildken — Recollec- Tioxa OF Miss Iue— Statements ok Knight, GKE(isoN, Dewell, Elliott, anu Tl'stin — Fuemont's Thihd Kxpeihtion — Ovei: the SlEUIlA BY Two Roi'TES IN DECEMBER — A ]>LUNI)EP>— KlN(!S RiVEK AND ]vERN River — Bir "ograpiiy— The Hastings-Semple Company— A Narkuw Escape — Pioneers and Visitors of 1S45. Overland immigrants to California in 1845 num- bered about 150 men, besides women and children, who may be estimated, for we have no definite I'ecords oil tlie subject, at nearly 100. They came from (jre- o'oii in the north and over the Sierra from the east in six (!0inpanies; though one of them was not fitted out oiiLiiiially as an emigrant party, and two of the others Were [)roperly but divisions of the same com[)any. Not more than two thirds of the whole immigration remained permanently in the country. I shall notice tii(! six companies in the chronologic order of their ar- rival.^ 'Ik'sides those companies, Biilwell, Cal. IS4I-S, !MS., 1'25-G, and Sutter, Perx. Iliiinn., MS., KMi; JJianj, o, say that among tlie foreigners ojiposing Miclit itoiena at Caluienga were 30 or 40 niountiiineers just arrived. Croni.se, .\||^ Wi'iUk of Cal., 54, tells us that in the spring of 1.S45 nearly 2,000 Mor- iiiuiis k't't the Mia.soiiri for California; andTustin, I'ecolUctionii, MS., '2, speaks of ii .Mormon conijiany xnider Barstow wliicli eamc with his party to the .sununit (if tile mountains (?). May 'JUth, Julian FoUen petitions for a traetof hmd ia tlie S. Joaijuin Valley for himself and "20 foreign colonists — about whom there (571) I t.V: W- :■ iiW C72 IMMI'.JItAN'T (O.MI'ANIKS AND I'lONECRS. The first c.'uiu' from ()r(.\L,^()ii in July, and ni,i\ hj culled llio McMalioii-C'lymuii coiiipany, the (Mptaiu liaviuLj 1)C'('H (iretui MfMalioii, wIki, us tlii? roudcf v, 111 I'cnH'miicr, hud liist, coine to Culirovniu in IHH \\it!i JjurtK'soii; and Jainus CJyiiiuii, who twenty yeui's h - lore had been in the lloeky ^lountuins with the I'lii- ti'adei's, havinuj written a diai'y of the tri[>. ^lost . ])crnar(lino fc '.a Jaboncra, as a Kite fora .settlement. /: Hiram Acres, .lames (?) Barrett, Wni 13^ ;el, Martin lirown, Buchanan, Benj. Carpenter, S. U. I iia-^o, Morris R. Chili is, James Clyman, Thomas Cochran, Joseph Davis, DiiiK'an, St Vrain Dura: , John EUick, Lazarus Everhart, Abner Frazer, AVin Ira- zer, Marion Gioson, Hayes, (Jeo. Hiblcr, James llonck, Huet, Lenoir, Fraiil; Lightstouc, (^irccn Mc5lahon, Janiea W. Marshall, Wm Northgnnis Kd. Owens, Henry Owens, James Owens, John Owens, Thouiaa Owens, K. K- Payne, Mrs I'ayno (a widow), J. D. Pcrkey, Al. Sanders, Frankliu Scars, Sipp, Owen Suumer, and Liudy Tliorp. John EUick seems to havi; lutn ui California before, being called also AUick, Allig, Ilig, EUig. Liglitstom.'.i name Tin: McMAJION'.riA'MAX P.MITY. ".T witli )i'i'iu;i- ' u( !(■/.- Vrr lil 11. .1 ill til ■ ai'ri;Liis;;s IS., IV. .". '. uilics at "^. •Jli I. l!l •uii.sillo t) itaiiL'i-', -"-' ,-nnM (?) U. Cluiso, s, Dmii-an, W'm I'la- oil-, Fi-aiilv ■ns, i:. K. .dill Scars, vo lii'i'ii i:i om/j uamo i:i ilotailjia.s no spocial iiii])()rt:iii''i; or iiilcri^st, lli" a])- ] 1. iitly uiiprovolcL'd sliootinn' of two 1 ndiaiis t)y Seal's I" iii'4 the only exciting,' incident. Crossinjjf the Ko'^iU", Ivlaniatli, and Slia.sta rivers succossively, the travellers struck tlui n[»i)er Sacramento at the end of Jnne. ( )\i till- Dth of 'luly tluy encani[»e(l ont^'aclie Creek nt'ar ( Joi'don's, where they were met l)y Sumner, whose jallier was in the party, and were hos[)itably treated hy Wolfskin, Knifj^ht, (ji-ordon, and others. In a day or two the party was broken ii[). Some on July l-th slaited ibr Sutter's Fori.' (lyman continued to record his movements and tliose of the men who remained with him. llis lu'st trip was to Yount's and back. Then he went bef,)re (lie end of July In' way of New Helvetia, Jiiver- liiMiv's, and San Juan, to ^Foiitercy,^ spent tlui lirst (lays of Auij^ust with Isaac (Iraham, and returned to Xapa by Santa Clara. After a hunting,' tour with the Ivelseys he visited Yerba iJuena; but he lost his ink- i-land, and the daily i-ecord was suspended for a time. At the beginnin^M)f ])eceniber we iind him at Clear ].:dce; a id his diaiy Ibr the winter is tilled chielly v.iili a record of the weather and of his huntini^ ad- A ittures. The huntiu'*' was ufood, but CIvman found liitle else in the countr\' that ])leased him; and he SMoii began to plan the ornani/.ation of a company in spring to return eastward, while many of his asso- ilu V. as It'll lly Lichtcnstfin. In Ydo Co. H i ■•<'., Si), nw aecoiuit of the ari'iv.-il is fivni ciii the aiitliority of S. U. Cliasc, imvliiuli .J.iiiifa L'.nvis, Tlioiiiiis Smi,li, i,;i'! Xils(jii McMaliou at'o iiainod, il.mhlk'^H inaccurately, us iiicinl)!:r.s. ( 'liaso f.ivis ■2\ name:} correctly, ami siiy.-i t!h' jiarty luinilicro 1 .'!!). f'lyinaii, in lii:j J'.iir;/, iilso says there wore IJO nieu, l)Ut uaaie.^ mily McM.ihoii, Scar,<, l'"i'a/er, ()v ' ii-i, and Suniner. ' III lii< letter of Je'.y ir)tl), Sutter says: '.\11 of this people have a de- s^'Ciit (!) appearance, and some very useful nn'ii ai.inii'^'st Ihein. Some of them vill remain here, and the majority will spread over liie wliole country lilio r.s;: ;1. A f,'oo possible, to explain their movements or rehitivo ])ositi()ns at any i)articular time. Colonel Kearny with some ;300 U. S. dragoons passed over the mute to the South Pass and back, theoretically perha|)s to })rotect the emigrants, and practically to eat u[> ihe grass and consume the water at all the best canijiiiig s])ots in advance of them. One of his officers, Phih[) St Geoige Cooke, saw fit to record the tour in j»riut; and his narrative brims over with philosophical nllcc- ^ Dlarii i\f Col. J'n Chjninuit Ovvrhtiid Jonriieii from MixHonri t... iti-'i/jii anil Citliforu'id hi ]S.'/.'/-0, MS., 14S ]i. Tiiis is ii literal copy iumiU; in 1^71 liy R. 1". Moiit^'unicry. Tlie oiigiiial is in the form (if !) siiiaU im-iiioiiuiilmu l)i)oks. 'J'lio diary i'\tc'U(lM from May 1S44 to April 1840, wliiii tlio wiitcr Btavteil on his vi'tiirii. A tenth xolunic, ik'scrihini,' thu rrtuni, has liccii list. ('h/iiiaH'-'< iXolc Jlijol:, MS., '21 p., is an ahrid^nniont of the sanio ori^'iiial i.iailo l)y Ivan IV'tnilFin 1,S78. It contains bL>nio aiklitiona which will be iii>tin;i.l ii' the annals of 1S4(). ''' I'lil/iirr'.i Journal of Trnvvlt over th' Rocky Moiaitalnn to the mun^hof thi' f'oliniiliid Ji'urr, etc. Cinciiniati, 1S.')2. I'Jnio. ISi) p. 'I'liat puiiuu narratin;.^ tin; trip from IniU'pLiKhncc to Fort Hall, the only paTt beariii,' ia- - - 13tli. IS on tioiis to the entire exclusion of useful inf )i'mati()n/ Let it suffice to regard the route to Fort Hall as a great national highway along which ox and nuilo trains passed westward during the season, not with the frequency or regularity' or convenience of the more modern railroad trains, but yet witliout hardships and dangers so excessive as to jorevent the travellers from licing horn and married and buried on the way. A'ery few, comparatively, left the ^Missouri River with the intention of going to California; but more were tempted to swerve from the way when tliey reacheossible. . .On the other hand, as an induce- iiiciit to })ursue the California route, we were informed (•fits shortness when compared with that to Oregon ; as also of many other su[)eri()r advantages it possessed. These tales, told and rehearsed, were likely to produce the effect of turning the tide of emigration thither. ]\[r Greenwood, an old mountaineer, well stocked with falsehoods, had been des])atche(l from (.'alifornia to pilot the emigrants through; and, assisted by a y uiig mail by the name of ]\lcJ)(Higal, from Indiana, se far succeeded as to induce thirty-tive or thii'ty-six wagons to take that trail," in addition to thi; fd'tcen v.agons that had l>een fitted out ex[tressly f)r Califor- nia.'" Sutter, who had receivetl h.'tters Ironi J Castings, ' <\)ob'\iSri'iii'!i (tiid Ailri iilun .« //( t/tf (inin/; iir Hiiiuaiiri' t,f Miliftiri/ L[u . I'liil. I8.">7, rjino, p. 'JS2 l!!M), etc. 'I'lu'V piissod tlic cuiiLrraiits (in Miij- LTitli- I'litli, t!io ii\itli(ir notiiij; a vodiliiij,' liy w liich ii \k\\v of liliuikcts was iiiiiilf to il" ilniililo tliity; (iiul iiLjaiii nut tli( in un .lulv Stii on the letuiii niarili, \\\\vi\ till iMithor nii't ("ajit. .Ine Walkor cm his way to Cal. I'alinci', Jonriud, p. IS, 'A\. iioticps the sanio uioutiugs. " I'dliner'M JmiriKtl, 4.'?- i. ' Whnt ttio n^siilt of their expedition has liecn I !i:ivi not l)een al)le to k.iin;' tnit he adds in a note tiiat tlie eniii,'rant<, 'not lii'lin;^ Californiii eijnal in point of soil to their high-\vrou,i;ht e\iiectation's lia\r made the best of th«,ir way to Oregon'! The same writer, p. 10, speaks \^l h ' ' Uiwt ill C70 immigra:;! companies and noxEinir-!. .'vihI ('x.})ec'to(l "a very lars^'o company of more as l,()(iO souls," wrote in July, "1 am very <^lad that tln'v iiic-jt uitli some good ])ilots at Fort Hall, people wIkj went over tliei'e from here to jilot emigrants by the ikw road, which was found right down JJear Creek on niv farm.'"'' ^I<^st of those who came to California stale, in the narratives to bo noticed later, that they started oi'iginally lor Oregon. 'I'he second company to arrive in California, heiii'^- the lii'st oifshoot of the Oi'egon innnigration at Fort ]lall, may be called the Swasey-Todd company, IVdin the names of its latest survivoi's, or it nii''!it he termed the Snyder-Blackburn j)arty, from the names of its best known members, as it aj)pc!ars to liavc had no regular captain. It was composed of twelvt; i>v thirteen young men, who, with their pack-animals, determined to press on in advance of the teams.'* I give their names in a note, chieily on the authority nf bwasev, wlu) was in 1884 a resident of San I'^raii- cisco.''^ There is a degree of uncertainty respecting the exact relations of this advance party and the main com{)any, since most witnesses, mend)ers of the latter, whose narratives I shall notice presently, say nothii);i' of any such division; but I su[)pose the truth to l>e that a j)ortion of the teams managed to keep up willi of ;i party of CJeriiians from St Louis, 4 iikmi, 2 women, and .'} rhiMicii, uitli •_• \v:il;oii3 iiiiil 8 imilc.-i, who staitcd for L'alii'oniia .aid tiavtlk'il witli I'alniur'.s c.iiiipaiiy to Ft Hall. Soo IllM. Or., i. ihrl, tlii.s surics, for a piili- lij incotiii.ct ill (Jr. in .Fiine ISK!, at wliich lcv-;tiinoiiy against Cal., iiiiil tlir motlioils of turning,' tliu stit:un of immigration thither, was taken from u lit the victims. " LarHo's Dor., i\IS., iii. 220. '" Mr-s Iffaly, in /(/I'.-i JUoi/., 33-4, snyn 'n party of young men coticluili'd to "pack through," that i-j. to go r to Larkin dated Octoher 8th. He says: "Yesterday Mr Sublette of St Louis arrived hero with his party consisting of lii'teeii men. Ho passed both of the companies of tii:i.;rants," who have; crossed the most difficult passes ami are close l)y ^Iv Sublette is a brother-in-law of .Mr Grove Cook, and a man of considerable prop- erty. He intends U) establish liimself here wlien lie likes the country. A oixxl manv of these emioratits have cash more or less, some t)f them several thou- sand dollars in sjfold. Xot one comiianv has arrived hefore in this country which looked so respectable as this. I liavc now a great chance to buy plenty of well broken American oxen and wagons from the '■' JviiiL;lit, Earhj Evevt>i, MS., .'5-4, .saya tli.it his jKirty, witli fifteen w;ig- nns. Went on to tlie TnicUoe, from wliieli point lie witli .McDoiigiil iiiul Siiy- ili'i' went on lieforc to SutterV, \rlionoo lie returned to meet his party on llio suiiiiiiit, Aviiero lie fouiiil that hin wagon ami other property IkuI heen )inni(;il I'V till' explosion of ii keg of powder. Miss Jde, Bio;/., 40, mentions tho i'\plii-;inn near the lake, and also the faet tiiat tlie wagon hclonged to a niem- 1 !■ of tlu- iidvanee party. Sua.sey, Sl'i/t^nicut, MS., i-'i, Maysnothing of tlii.s; liiit ill conversation to-day (April ■_'.'{, jSSO) thinks that Knight may lie right. '' An'ording to the A'l »• lldvilia IHiiri/, .MS., ,'{ et se(|., the liest possi- lilc authority, CJihlea with (IreeiiMOod and a few other.s arrived Se]>teml)er '.'T'li, more came on the 'JStli, and 1 1 on the IJOtli, having left tiieir w,ig- I'Ms ill the mountain.^. Sept. HOtli, preparations to send haek aid for tlio.so in tlic Siii'ia. Oet. 'id, part of the new arrivals left the fort on a hunting tour. .'^'ittii, IHani, (>, also has the date of arriv;il .Sept. '27th; and says that on tho liDl'i he s"nt aid — that i.'^, liy Knight on his return. Sua.sey testilie^ that ae- iMiiliiig to his memoranda ho arrived Sept. '2(ith, though .Snyder always in- Mncl it wa.s on the '2M. Bid well, Cnl. JS.}1-S, MS., ll'-_', aii.l Ui'lden, Hint. Siafc., MS., 4'J, mention the arrival, and name some memhers of t'le iiiin[iiiiiy. 'The allusion must bo to two portions of the Crigshy-Tdo company. In S. Ill 1 1-. /)iuri/, M.S., >5-(i, are the following entries: 'Oet. 7tli, to-day a party tiiiii tlie U. S. arrived, having with them Mr Sublette of St Ixmis. 'I'hey I'lvirt (iO wagons in the mountains.' Oet. lOtli, part of Sublette's party suit fur S. F. Four of them got passes. HiBT. Cal., Vol. IV, U7 ^if < ! ;'i 1 ' V » 1 1 T ' !' 1 ir rii n u .^1 1' Mt il"4 fi r 578 IMMIGRANT CO.MPAXIES AXD PIONEERS. young men, wliidi jircfcr liorses so tluit tlicv i ;m travel in tlio country.""' Xono of tlio firtt'cn .wo known l)y name. Sonic of tlicni arc pcrli;ij)s ii; the list of tluj next company, and others })rol)ab]y in tlie general list for the year. Sublette and three iiun, not of his original coinpan}', were met by JJi'yant in July 184G on their way cast. 1 now come to the fourth company of immigrants, passed on tlio way ly Sublette's, the main body left at l^'ort ]Iall by Sw^iscy and his companions in August. I call it the (Jrigsbj'-Idc company, .bilm (vrii^sbv havinu!' been, accordinijf to some authoiities, the captain, and William ]■>. Ide not only a proniiiieiit mendjcr but also somewhat famous a little latrr. There were about fifty men, whose names, so far as I can ascertain them, are given in a uote.^" ]\lany of '» Oct. Sth, S. to L. LaHlirs Doc. , MS., iii. 31"). In Jan., Sublitz -pioluljly the same man -was ;it Vuiba lluciiawitli .sonic of his company; and nnUvitli- standing Suttcr'.s juai.so, luMvas })ronounccd hy Lcidcsdorlla 'great l'ilag:.'inil.' /(/., iv. (). J a IS4( Clynian had met Ml' Saljlcttu on the plain.; wilii a p.iity Lu'gely conij)oKed ol' inw'iliiLs travelUng for their liealth. Knight spenlis • 1 DriKnl!, <'. nil. .lilllU 11- l\i ii/ii', 'Hi"^ 'nllllHV. NimIi ley, Nio. '\''J- JiiscluipUM-. ,,lllU-lltl.T■ Ir, I'l' I'x'vl^'i lliufi llmiiuili, \ls:i;i'l I:""-, (ncfliiw of [irh. Stevens Kieli. Wyhs. rt .-eil.. ll'is lit- in M'jt eer- T-i. Win I'i. I'.iitim <•>- f',..,per, Tlios tllr aii'l sou ill' ■r men brouglit tlieir ijiinilics; and of men, women, fliildren, thcro wore doubtless over one liundi'od -; in tlio company. Under the guidance, ot" tlit; iiiwoods, they lel'fc Fort Hall about the middle of Ai'.uust, and proceeded slowly, without other nusha])S tli.iii the loss of some cattle and the burning of a wa-'iii with its load, down the Humboldt, across to tli> Truckee, and into the mountams. The work of (■i(i»ing the Sierra with the teams was of course a tcdiniis one; but the winter snows had not yet begun to tall, and Ide, bringing his Yankee genius to bear on till' j)roblem, is said to have devised new methods Ciai'tim (tioy), Davis (?), ]5ciij. Dowell, Wm B. Elliott, Sam. FieM (V), Isia;ic .\. i liiit ('/), John (iil(l)s, J>. (Irant (?), Calol) (ii-oouwooil, .Joliii ( Ircciiv.ood, Jaiii's (livi,'Kon, C V. (iiitlitii, .lames A. (iritlitii, Kraiilc F. (;i-it;sl)y {':}, (I. W. (Iri^sl)V ('!), Joliii Oiij^shv, llcs.s (?), Dav. lliidsoii, Wm JIii(ls'j.'i, Dan. Me il"\], .JanicH Idc (?), Loiiiucl Lie (hoy), Wm ]iU% Wm 15. J.lo, A. l\iiiii'\- [':), S. Jviiiiicy I?), Koht ('. Ivoyo.s, 'i.'hos Ktii^'lit (?), I'at. .Me(Jlii-i.stia:i, II :ir>' Marshall, .lolm .Marshall, ]SIcfi'u:< (?), (J. U. Night('n,i.'oll (?), Harvey I'Mrteilicltl, I'ottcr (?), Charles iioothi'i- CO. Wm R. Koulutte, jioraeo .Saiiiler.-i, ]V1:\ Seott (':), .John iSeott, Wm W. Scott, .John .Sears, Eugene I', .skinmr, (i. .\l. Smith (':}, Thomas {':), Foni. Tustiii (hoy), Wm I. 'I'n.-itiii, Wilmot (':), iU'K Williams (?), Joseph Wood, Wrigiit (/), Dav. York (l>ov), .)ohu York, W. i;, York (hoy). \" ii^t was made in early times, so far as l know. I'esides the lialf-dozeti liny-i ineiiti(>iK'(t ahovc. there were douhtless many others. Those m(>n who Were .ueiimiianieil iiy their families were, apparently: Anderson (?), IJonney, T.iil'.iu r.'i, Davis {':), Klliott (7 children, inehiding several sons, some of them p'DUii', (irillith, (irigshy, llndson, Jde, Kinney (?), .Meeres (?), I'otter ('.'), Utailitte, Scott (?), .Skinner, Thomas (?), Tustin, and York; i)Ut it will lie no- 'ieid tiiat nearly half of these are among tiie donljtfnl niemliers. (Jf the ,")(i men iiiiued in the list, ;{.") are named hy several authorities, anil there is no luoiii f^ir doubt about them, 1.") of the number giving bonds for good behavior ;it Si.n.iiiia in Nov. Of the •_'3 names marked as doubtful, two, Fiehl and Flint, .ilso gave bonds, but d.o not f-i^em to have been rememl)ered liy anybody ii'iueiiiliers. (}. ,M. .Smith is named at the fort in connection with the i>.uty, I'litimt positively as belonging to it. These, with Felix Scott and the two Kiiiiic ys, whote presence at .Sutter's Fort is recorded, may therefore have I line in Sill )lette's or some other party, though Miss Ide remembers familiei iiaiueil ' KeiMiy' and .Scott in the Grigsby-Jdc company. Eight names — An- iler oil, IJiillin, ]>avis, Grant, Meeres, I'otter, Thomas, and Wilmot — rest only 111! tllr memory of Miss Ide (Mrs Healy); and some if not most arc probalily irniiieiiii.;, or at least belong to men who went to Oregon instead of Cal. The twolliigsby.'? I suppose to have been sous of ( 'apt. .John ( irigsby, though I have r.'i ]iii>itivo evidence. It is not clear that .James Ide caino to (,'al. F()ur^ Nidifeiigell, Koether, Williams, and Wright — are mentioned by newspapers or eouiity histories as having come in this party or with members of it. Ile.sa is iiaiueil in the X. lid v. J)'inrij, and is remembereil by Uidwell. 'i'hos Kui,'lit may bo properly enough included in this or in the Swascy-Todd I'lirty. The fact that many Avent to Oregon the next year in parties of which lie lists .iie extant makes it diliicult to lix these names accurately. The mat- ter i.s 1) Avever clccu'ed up as far as posaiblo iu the biographical sketches givca tlsewhere. w u 5S0 D.IMICRANT COMPANIES AXD PIONKER??. of v/liirli oreatlv lessoned the difficulties. It mm tlitt'ervnt dates and in small parties iVoin the lOth ii» the 25th of October that they came down IJear ( V(m1c to Johnson's, and made their appearance at Sutteis.'' Here the comj)any broke up in a few days, siunc i^oiiig south, but most either remaining in the S;ui,i- f'if ill II i '• III Xrw llflvetla Diary, MS., the entries on the subject nre as fulldw-;: Oct. JStii, 'X'isitofH of tlio ])iii-ty from tlie U. S. came to tliofort, liiiMiiiu;,' \,itli tlicm letters from clili'eri'iit friends in the U. S.' These were juMlialilv inrm- litiFH of the relief Jiarty from the fort. lOth, 'Two (Muii^'i'iuils from the liia 1 eomp. (if l.*i wagons eiimi; in to-day for provisions, and imniediately hit.iL,'.iiii.' lull, 'U. (Jildeawith his party from the wagons. l)r Carter also.' I_',!i, Honney an more from the wagon.-i aiid re- port the wagons most oa to tlu; iilain.s.' 17th, '5 wagons from the nits arriveil last night about \'l o'clock.' lUth, 'Last night 1 more \\a_on helonging to Mr lless; to-day "J more belonging to Mr Todd and Mr Koiilctte - l or ."i wag- ons more are cNjiected immediately-.' 'JOth, 5 more gons. Sexeral of tho men engagi'd to woi'k at the fort. 'Jlst, several more. 'I'M, a (lernian fam- ily from the U. S. •24th, ;{ mol'e wagons. "J.'ilh, 4 wagons, those of M, ajiil Skinner. .SOth, Idc started \ip liver. ,'Ust, Skinner and Tiistin sliiMgliii;; the hatter sliop. Sutter, hinnj, (i, notes the arrival of a large party witii (i!) wagons on Oct. 7th; but there is perhaps an error, as this was the il.ite i^f iSublettc's ai'rival. Dewellsay.s he readied Johnson's on Oct. 7th; M.iiMh.iil at Sutter's on Oct. "iOth; Ide at Sutter's soon after Oct. ^otii; and others late in October, without s])ecifving the day. Idr, nioi/nip/iiral S!.rt<'/i (Claremout. X. II.), ISSO, lOino, '240 p., is a Inuik to be more fully noticed in the annals of 1S4(). Chapters iii. iv. [i. 2S ."i!);.io devotetl to a description of the overlanil jouri"'y. cliielly from the reeolleitii)U:i of Mrs Sarah 1']. llealy (Ide). Tiie Ide parly, Ki in uuml)er— father, lu.ither, daugiiter, two grown-up sous, two small sons, an adopted boy, and four uioii who drove tiie teams for board and passage — with Km cattle, left h"iii' in Illinois ill Ajnil and joiui^l the train at Indejiendence, bound like the rest for Oregon. Tlie crossing of the Sierra is somewhat minutely deseribeil; and at- tention is particularly given to ide's skill and energy by which the t aim were lirought to the summit in two days. They found the spot wliere the Stevens company of IS44 had encamped and left their wagons; and then 'i.iir emigrants on coining to this plain all made a rush for the long-soiiglit CaH- fornia; ambitious to bo tirst — iK)t waiting much for one anotlier; the lust teams leaving the rest; e\ery one looking out for himself only. Smne Hiiit to one jiart of the country and some to another.' The Ides soon went up tlio valley with I'eter Lassen. Thomas Knight, E(irli/ EvitiU in Cut., MS., ciiine fioni St Louis with Burgess, joining the IJatchehler eo. for Oregon at liidc- pendencc in April, .lames (ircg.son, Sfa'cmeiil, ^IS., p. \, etc., i-.iiae with his wife, a sister of the Marshalls, from Illinois, bound for Oregon. !'« ujatiiiii Dewell, .\a/ia Ri'iiiirfrr, Oct. 12, 1S7'2, came from Indiana for Oicl;.'!!. and left Independence May (ith. John Brown, the captain, was succi i deil hy (Jiigsby at Laramie. Win B. Elliott, Santa Jfofi Democrat, Feb. .'>, |S7(!. left Missouri with wife and 7 childrcu in April. Win J. Tustin, lxi'i-nlli'ih>i:f, MS., 1-2, came from Illinois in April with wife, eliihl, an Co, /lift., '.V2, this company is incorrectly represented as coining fn in Oivgoii. Sec also MctJhristian'.i Narrative, MS. All these authorities give .soiiie slijht details of the journey. m\ -H" FREMONT'S SECOND VISIT. 581 was iu lOth 1m Attci's.'" 's, sDine Saci'ii- as follows: riii'jiii:; \'''''l' ilj.-ili'.y !!>' "1- im tlir liiul y lfi't:iL'.iiii.' also.' IJJi, r.tli, '<;. M. iiiiii.-! mill If- c lilts iinivcil bflollL'ill'i to —I oi' .'i wirj;- fVlTlll ot ill''. (Icvmaii fulii- :;i. of la.' a-lil itiii sluii,i;li!i:.; l):iity with lilt s till' il.itt' "f Ttlr. M.irslKill ml otlii'vs lute ) |i. , is a lionk . |,. -JS .V.lM-o \ ll'ColU'i'ti'lll:! tlliT, IllotlllT, Jlllil folU' 1111.''' Uft Ik'Iii'' ill kl'tllC ITSt I'of il.f.l; jaiilat- ,.|, the t.'aiii.-i ,C)t whiTi^ tiiu 111(1 tluii •oiii' •soiiirht Cali- ,,,,.; 'tho h<-st Soiiio wilit I wfiit up lli'^' j/., MS., I'uiii'- ;.r,,ii at lii'h'- siiuc with lii^ I. I'm ajaiiiiii (),.,..i..ii, ami UCCrr. It'll hy ,'. ISTii. h'" '/,•,',•,,.//. .7;.iy;.-'. .■uasl'ii'Dro- ,„ <:,. //'•»•'■. all. li' »'"''^ (■,■, Mll'l'l't-'L^"' ... SUllll.' sUi.lh'' iiiciito Vall(\v, or j[?<>iii,'Jf t^" the Xapn and Sonoma val- li'\ s. Of t]\c latter, about tweiitv a|»])eari!(l at Sonoma iu Xoveml»ei-, wlieii older settlei's siijfMed iruai'aiilies I'di their ij^ood behavior, GeorLje Youiit l)eeomintjf se- oui ity tor most, but the names ot" J. B. Chiles, Will- jiiiii Henitz, and Manuel Torres a|)])earin}jf on a lew of 111" jiapers.''* Some of this (•omj)any went to Oregon ill I he sjiriiiii;"; and i»f those that remained many took a |nnM)inent part in the troubles of 1840. Ill December came the fifth company of the year, Fii'iiiont's exploi'ers, who cross(Ml the mountains in tui) iiarties bv widely diifi'rent routes. Jnnne(hatelv arii'i' coinpletinuf his report on the exploration of IH44 asaheady noted, '"^ Fremont had hastened to St Louis, and or!j;anize(l a company for a third expedition. Jn May or June he h^ft tlie rendezvous, near lnde[)end- nirc, with about a hundred men, inciudinuf a lew of his (iM romi)anions, and proceeded to Hent's Fort. From tills point he started in August with about sixty men, iiiciinhno' half a, dozen Delaware; Indians. He ascen. '■'S.e chap. xix. of this voluino for Fri'inoiit'.s "Jil e.xpt'ditioii. "i he stations aloiii; this route wiicro ol)servatioiis of lat. ami Ioiil'. were t.'ikni were, W'hittoii Spring, Crane Inaneh of the lIiinilioMt, lieiid of s. fork 'il liniuliohlt, Connor Sprin;;, l>asil ereek, 15oiIing spiin;,'s, Moore ereek, So- comii spring, Sheep Mt., Liiko \\'alker. FrtiauiU's (Jiuij. Mem., oG-7. t>E !i If' *"i m ns2 IMMIGRANT COMPANIES AND TIONEERS. hii I ht ! TIic main i)arty in the iiiean time — under the i^uidaiicc of Walker, who liad heeii met soinewliere on tin; wav as he was likely to he at any time or ])laee in the yii at hasin -followed the emigrant trail down the J Iniiihiplilt to its sink, and thenoe turni'd southward to Walker Lake, where tluy rejoined Fremont on the 27tli. ' After two days the parties again separated. v,i(!i an agreein(;nt to meet on the other side of the Siena. at tiie i'orks of the main river flowing into Tiilaivs i^ake, ahout whieh place of rendezvous I shall liavij more to say presently. The main hody, perhaj)s uiidi r the connnand of Theodore Talhot, guided hy Wailvri', and aeeoinpanied by E. M. Kern as topogi'aphcr. (v- niained at Walker Lake to recruit their animals until December 8(h, when the southward mai'<'h was ir- sunicd. \^y a route somewhat to the right, oi' west, of Walker's in 1843, they reached the head (tf ()\V('Us liiver — so nametl for a member of che com[)any '>n the IGth; followed that stream down to the lake, > "I' l.s;i4, and down the south branch to the forks ol Kriii Kiver, so named later for the artist of the party, w lnic tiiey eiicam{)ed on the 2Sth. This was whei-c they e.\})ected to meet Fremont, and here they waited lor him three weeks." Meanwhile Fremont left Walker River on Xovetn- ber 2ytli with iifteen men, reached the Salmon TiMiir, or Truckee, on ]3ecember Jst, crossed the suiuiiiit '*y the emigrant trial on the 5th-Gth, and then, le;iviii'^' the trail to the right, descended by a more southern route into the valley,'^^ and on the 10th was welennied '■" A'r;'w',t Journal, 477-SO. The I'ditor li;is coufoundeil tlio t\M> inr.iiis, rcprosciiting Frc'iiKnit as liiiviuf; followuil tlio liver. -- Kcni'n Joitniul, 4S()-4, with ii full diary of the march finm >\.'\ to ilsy. ^•' Martin fork ami Haiiiiltoiicivck are named Due. Tth-Sth with I ilitiidcs. I suppiise them to have been named for members of the company; hat Mai'tni — or at least one Martin — was with theotliLi party. /V< ///o/'/'v '/ ".7- -'^""t 2S-;?;t, .", is the only delinite authority for Frcnumts trip. Kouti ■; 'hrnvuoji l'reu.«s' map of 1848, U. S, (Joct Doc, alst coug. 1st sesa., II. Lx- Duo, li, p. 044. ruidaiico tlu! way lie Li'i'i at Uiuliiililt Walk.T 7th.' ■(ul, with e Sid'i'a, Tulaivs lall liavo »])s uiidi r Walk.')', iphci'. r>'- nals until i was I'c- . (»)• west, of Owi'iis pauy ^>ii J lak;', "11 ^Ist; f'lii- u\(l round i- l':,»of •1 V, where here they .-aited ihr |i X<»veai- loll I I'llH, luniniii hy In. h'aviii;;' Miutk.e'rii l^veh'i'iiicd two pnrlii's, [x ,1:'V t'"l^-y- ll!:a'it\l>l"'i- I -• Imt .M:ii'tii' Is ^•. -.;/. -1^ '"- i;^, D.x'. IT, FREMONT AND WALKER. 583 af Sutter's ]"\)rt, wliciico after a stay of four davs lio liastened southward with aid lor Walker's party.^^ Progress u[) the San Joa(|uin Valley was slow, on •w- (Munt of the eattle that were Ix'injj;' driven alonhirii, .MS., •J'J-.'i. Frc'inont, (li'.ij. Jinn., K), f.ay.' liestarloil on tiie l-Kli. Dcu. lOtli, Sutter to Vallejo, aiiiii>iiiic ill ; I'li'inu'.it'.i ari'ival v.itii j'-ait ol' liis cniiipuiiy to (jbtaiii siiiijilic-i ;.iiee. "Ji'd, S. (o 1:1. ],i.!l; relrni. hn-/.; ri'iniiiit has {^une to iiiee t \Vi /hi iii. wr,. ilkerand will visit Monterey on his t Nerlia an. 4, lS4l!, stili-iu'efeet a llleio U) lin.'leet. 11; learil of the arrival of coininissioiierri tu lix the lioiuid- iirv h IS.;; oft Aw Mex the U. S. ( (i.s/r MS., i. ■J.-.l. llidwell, Cnl. le . .M.S., I. latter's d: 1. () )t fitter s al).senei' a Uisfaetion at ilidweir,- lil.il iiMilfS, et t the lime of F. "s arrival ;uul ul later Slitters — iuubiiity tuiur- /■'/•rlllitn/'.-i (I'i'Oi/, Me K) 'I reinont's eonijiany of 1S1">: I'lanehs Allison (?), Anirnsto Archanilicau, irant,("has.l. \V. I!ri :i ( 1. ( 'aninlieli, Kit ( ar- •a, Tl WmCli teili Cm, I'hil. ( 'oiirteau |''|, .leronie ( nk. .1; Davi ireekeliria; lines ( 'onnor. Crane raiieis l;ri;_'u.--. ( F. t ' euiz- Deiiiiy, l>neli('iie (?), Si(iuuy lain. ( ioldsiiiith ('.'I, ( iuth- l!.;!;i ItlCrl, I'ahhol, ,1. ( '. Fr.'innnt, Alexis <; lii', iialerCn, JIaniilton. (leo. llas!itt(?|, Thos lli'll. Ilul;lparil (?i. ^\■lll lln.Ldir IM "vi. Ivern, Henry Kill!,', l!asil Lajeiinesse, Louis Laiiieire, .MrCiady, M; iliii t I 'a, 'I'hns S. Martin, ljuei< .M:i liisdon A. .M. A. M( Rich. Owens. Poinsett (?), Itajih. I'raule, (iiarl's I'reiiss, ReddieU (?), Hi.' it ('/), Lui,'eue liussell, .lohn Seott (?), .las Seeoiidi, Win Sij,der (''), Stenp •(iiieiifeldt), Stradsneth, .lames Swaiiieii, Cliari Th Tal- i'li, i.iii \Vi ey (':). Joseph R. Walker, Wetowah, White, ^^'hiLlon, and M; it more than half of these 00 ■.() of them , Af .'H can lie jiroved correct, though ire i>rol)alily so. A tew are il''liiiitcly naiiieil as mLiiilie itcl\ ■A ilh .f I'ditioii ill I'lu ,noiit'n (Iki;/. Meat, and K( ,ly ]'i\'moiit, who apjilied their names to localities; and si'iii;' .-ire reniciidierc tioii 1>V Martin and ly newspaper Viiiter.-i wiUi .>uiiie pi\ or arc^ accredited to this expedi- liLy of accurac 'i'M WV 084 iMMicuAXT coMi'ANiHs AND r:o\;;",ri?;. 1 ih rotunicd to tlio cnst in 1847. All lui^'lit pro-ivily n crosseil both streams, and had found them to he nf considerable size; but he crossed Kern Iliver far soiiMi of Lake Tulares, of which he did not reui'ard it as ;i tributary, but of another lake at the head of the \ al- ley;'^' and he had no doubt that Walker's orii'-inal ]iass was near the head of his own Iliver of the Lake. Both men agreed to this theory at their conf('i'ciii'(! east of the Sierra. Xo other conclusion was consist- ent with Walker's statement that his river was tlic iii'st of any size soutli of the Sail Joaquin; and liaviii'^' reached this conclusion, nothing was easier than to name a ])lace of meeting.^- Thus the error was mainly Walker's,and the result, fortunately involving no loss of -' His error is proved l)y the fact that wlieu lio reached Kind's Riv.i in Jan. 184(5 he believed it to he the S. Joaquin. Kcni'.s Journal, 4sr)-(i. '^^ Frciimiit'.f /I'l'/iiirf, '17y2-'.i. See also liis map. -'Tliat is: Fremont iiad but to follow up the first largo river altir iioss- in;^ the 8. Joaquin; and W^alUer had but to follow down the first river ,i!l'.i' passing round the point of the mountain. Frc^mont in 1841- had inti'iidi'd to go tiirough Walker I'ass, lie port, 'liH, '2'A, and there is nothing in his ii;iini- live to show that ho did not believe himself to have done so; but it is ncus- sary to conclude that the two men, on comparing the notes and map oi tho one with the recollections of the other, had decided not only that {''n inputs pass of 1844, which had also been traversed by Walker probably, was tarilier south than Walker's original pass of 1S;$4 and 184.S— as was iiidenl tnn', though the ditlcrencn was less than they supposed — but that the Kiiu Kim r. flowing into a lake distinct from the Tulares, was also south of the (.ni^iiial pass. This removes all difficulties, and agrees substantially with Kmi's uut very clearly expressed ideas. . ! THE IIASTINGS-SEMl'LE PAllTY. 58.J he luis- lis, \v;ii I re ciili- sliilti>l- OllC 1)1' r Villi 'V I it li;i 1 olis niitl uiiiiin.;'. • IIIMIIU- .lU'!lt 111' ,ty wiili Kill ;il>i> to l)i; I'l Ml" south (I it as ;i the val- iiKil |iass :> Lake. !ll'cl'cU''i' colislst- tlirilr-t haviiiu' than to mainly 111) lossol .'s Rivci' ill laftrr ii'tiss- , l-iviTMllfl' iuti'ipl''! to ^11 his iiarnv- lit is iioccs- luiiil) of the |''i-('i;ioiit's [was t'aitlier |i,k-cMl true, 1,,. oiii,''""' lii'c, is known to (lie iv^iulcr. I leave the e\|)lorei's on t!:iiTes|)ectiv(; riviTs until needed i'or the annals of I ■ HI. Fremont's (»fHeial rej)ortof this third expedition lias never heen })ul)lislied, and thefj^enihsnian has never s'lii littof'uHil his t'n;qiient [)roniises to furnish material fir my use; theiv'fore I liav(3 heen obliged to< I raw u[>on nlher sour(;c!S of information, tlu; niost im})ortant of V hieh I specify in the a[)penTled note.''" The sixth and last ])artv to enter California in 1S45 V. IS that of Jjansfoi'd \V. Ilastiii'ji's. 'i'liis man, as we lia\e seen, had \isited the coast in IS1;», and return- ing' to the states, jiad delivered lei;tui'es, and wi'itten a hi i!v in which ho painted California in ^'lowing colors, a; a lield for ^Vmerican settlers and con(pierors. His ho ik was not published earlv enouuh to have much Ll'i'tet this year; and his other etfoi'ts do not seem to lia\e been very etfective, as nearly all the emigrants di' the year started for Oregon in spite of his advice. Li .lulv, however, he had a comi>anv of tweiitv-two nun bound for California direct, more than half ot •'" riio cliicf iintlioiity is the Jonninl of Mr Edinn-tl .)f. Kcni of an rr/ilor- •I III' Miiri/^'^ or IJ iiiiilio'ilt J'inr, Ciir-iuii J^ihc, iiml < Jin us r!ri rdiid. Iitkc, In '•. 'I'Ik^ jouri-.al cxteiuls froiii Nov. ^tli to l'"cli. VXi\\, iuul iic'SL'iil.L';t tint tiiuiits of tlie main jiui'ty. Tlio aiUiior gdvu liis iiaiiio to Jviru County Kciii Jiivur. Xext ill iiiqiortauce is tlie <_lrv(jriiiilii'-nl Mi mar hjioh ('jf/xr I'lrni'i, hi ill list rdt'iiiu iij' /lis nuq^nf >)rr;iiiii 'iml ( '(ilij'(iniii(, lii/Jnltii Chnrlnt I'-'iil, tiililrex^iid to the Sviintc of tin' U. S. \Vasiiiii;,'toii, 1S4S, 8vo, (>' I'. S. Govt Doc, 'Mth cong. 1st suss., Son. Miscoi. l)oe. no. 14S]. 1 (ilitioiia of Wasliington, lS4i), iSvo, 40 p.; Now York, lN4'.>, Svo, 'J'J ]>., I Fninoiilaitd Einori/, Soti'.^ of TranI, also iiulilishod London, 1(S4!I, IS.ifi; I'liiladoljiliia, 1840, Svo, p. ]-'2(i, with additions iroiii (lill'oront soni'cos. iiirinoir is hy no moans a coiinootod account of tlu^ expedition, l)nt eon- i i!i:id(.'iital allusions to the narrative, with taljles of latitude and lonj-d- ■, dates, etc. A resume of the exploiation is given in Wiirn ii's Memoir ■'•"iii/iani/ the ma/) oft hi' Tarrit.ory of tin' IJ. .V. , ctr., ISJ'J, \\ 48-50. The mr iKites an edition of Fremont's narrative tlien iu jiress; but so far as I •' , it has never appeared. Marliu''< i^'urrntiri' of Frrnwui'f E.'judiiioa to if'niia iu IS.'i'i-t!, MS., 58 p., is a very eonijileto and interesting account III' rxpef the eveiit.s which followed it, dii^tated for my use to '. Murray in \^''c>, liy Thomas S. Martin of Sta ISfuljara, a man who came v\ I lit with Fremont's inirty, but returned to Ca!iforiii.i iu later years. See nil account in Laiirii/'a Cniise. if the JJale, 34-(i. Many of the authoritie.s I Vcinont's opei'ations in 1840, to be cited later, contain allusions to his val ill 1845; and I might add a very long list of references to books, pam- l '. and newspapers, on Fremont's life and services, including this trip; but • I •lio'(;il to nial^c a Ioiili^ di'tour to avoid liostiii! sava'^cs. [''loiu Fort Hall tlu'V followed the usnal ti'ail. iJoidcs Ix inM' latu, tliisi-oinjiany was inadiMinatidy sii|»jtrK.'d with fiod, and its nicnilx'i's, dcpciidriit, tor tin; most [»arL on (In.' rillo of Sniitli — '()ld IJony' the hunter -wcic vrvy near stai'vatioii in tlu; niountains.^'"' '' li" tliey luid ;ir rivud one day later, they would liavi; htcii eiit oil liy the innneiise <|uantity (tt'snow," wrote Suiter.'''' Ilut l)y !L(oo(] luek they escaped starvation and the simw.s. They catiie out at Johnson's raiieho in two jiaiiiesef six and lour res[»ectively, and ari'ivi'd at New liilvctia on Christmas. A full list of'theii' names is ajtpindcd, Semjile hein_ith the usnal aiiiiii.d list of new-comers. It includes nianv whom v/e>!Kill iiiul ^' A list of their ^2'^ iiaiucH in j;ivcii in the liiilc/ifiiilriirr J!i~i-iiiii /■.'.ri,n.i:>.,r, July (), ISl."). ' Mi'ii of tiiu riglit .'Uiiiiip lor siuli an uinlfi'talciii'', ami K'live riglit \villin!;ly for the jihiins. Ajipari'Mtly rc'.'ai-dlcs.-i of nil (liiii,i,'ers, t.'iiy venture foruai'.i, Imoycd npwitli hopes of .siieev'ss, and stinnilated hydeeLscf (laiing, hy tiie ''. 18, is a notice of ■") or .'J irlUMed and (lisgusted Califoi nians wlio [.is.-ul through iioonesville, .Mo. I have no idea who they could have hei u. '^-liioil. ULi/r/i <;/■ A''f/..:'V ../I n. Sni://l, \iy 'I'Mdes,' ISTo, :ilS.. 17 p. PiC- scnted to me by John A. Sw.in. Tiiis is the most detailed aecnint of thi' trip extant. See also sketeli of Henry tl. Sniitli ]n Lirmiiijtr L'ii/; llalL i/tiCi'titvunhil U'jokvl' Al'inn In, cou. '■^^ Sutti'r's l)!arif, 0. announcing the anival on l)(!e. 2.")th. Arriv.il al.^o recorded Dec. 23th, ia A''. JJelv. JJiari/, M.S., '2'i-{i. Lawyer Nash airi\i •! eu the --'(ith. ^'Members of the Hastings company of 184.j: A. H. Crosbv, li' 'ai M 'Wii- ing, L. \y. Hastings, Wm N J-oker, W. M. Mendeidiall, J. ll. Na !i, i. Urt Seuiple, Henry C Smith, Napoleon J5. Sun th, and Ira (or.) . B, ) Slelil)iii '. iinsi; names are given in a letter of Sutter to Vullejo on J)ee. ■-'(uii. I'l'''/ . 7' h\, M.S.. xii. loO; and also, with ll{ who did not come, in A//'.^' /i';/ : •-'■-''<■• 7. ^Jendenhall is also called William and Henr^ as well as I'hilip. ll:i,l'Alini:cda, LIST OF NEW COMKIIS. C87 t,i!he(l for land lio|)e(l to ohtain it withont that I'or- iiialitv. Jlow they We're reeei\'ed Ity the ( "alirnniian ;i:itli(»rlties will hi; tokl in another chapter. The w hole iiiimher of ioreiLjners whose names appeal- lor the lii'st time in this year's i-ecoi'ds is over loiir humh'ed. and this withont iiu'lndin;^ the; muster rolls df the ''. S. (■r;d't; hut the numher of pioiiei'i' residents named in the a[)])ended list is oiu' hundi'ed and seventy.'"' Tlii.s iiiiml)er mi"'ht be laruelv increased, and le^itimaUly '''rioiiocra of lS4"i: Jliram Ai'ivs, riiailivs Alliiii, Fiviiuis Allisfii, lli.r.'iuo II Au.stiii(?), (). (If (iiuiiiU^ l5:in|Uo (?), .iaiiics IJin'rott, \V. 1>. li.iiry, W'm ll^irul, W;isli. A. Iijiitlutt, Win J!. l!a.sjli.iiii, 'I'lit'i). K. l>;nij,-li. .1. (1. liiixiur, N:iivisrc) Uciini'tt, Al<'\. Ijeiit/lioH'C'l, Susan l>iu:,'i'itavi.-i, .liiliu \V. l):iuil, JKiniy, lii'iij. 1 lr\v;ll, .lardli |)(i|i!;('n, llc'ius l» iv, iiin;_', ,1. l)ii|i:i. i'llliott. I.a/.ania I'.vciliart, Will Fallon, ('. .1. Fcllow.-i, Win FisluT, 1{. I". Flaiinin;:, I'lcl. W. Flan/. Lmii.s ( ias(jiu't, .lolin ( iililis, Marion < ;il)s, Jac'!;s!in (?), FM. .Johnson ('!). .lulian, .loliii H. Ivcllry, lloli'.Tt ( '. ICcycs, 'I'h'iUias Kini,'lit, 'Fhcodore (!. Kohlcr, .Milton J.add. ISasil Fa jtiUKs.se, |)an. Fiahy, I,..v,'luii Fee, .John Jjcwis, l'"rauU liiglii.-itonc, WmN. Foktr, I'at. Mi 1 hristiiin, 1; ddiii;,' McCoy, MfDonald, Ale;;' MLd)oiial(F «iro. McDougall, .Fimc;; \lc- |).i\\rll,' Mcli.cii/,ic(Vi, Akx. .Mi'jorsCn, Jlcnry Marshall, ■lami':< W. Marsliidl, ■I ihn .Marshall, Win .\Fusliall, Tliomas S. .Maiiin. W. M. Mi-.idunhall, 'J'liomas -Middklon (?). .rolinr>. .Moiitgoiiu'ry, .John F. .Mont;.'omL'ry, Win 1[. ^lontuoin- fi-y. .Fihii Jl. Nash, John Xial, .1. .M. Nichols I'/i, (1. Jt. Nightuv^^'H ('•'), ■^mi. Xniils, AVin Xoithgiiivi', (!fo, W. Nilttor, Win O'Connor, A!'ici t rai.l;.i!il, .iohii l'arrott,.Mary''l'attor.siiii..J. J). IVrkcy, J'fiiy, Xoali Foturs. liarvcy Cor- t'lliilil. Will licynolds (?), Jliram Jaiiusaw, Wm Itod/oid, Coo. Fodmaii, • li'o. Jindycrs, Charles UootJU'i', Jloriuo Sandiis, .loliu .'^cott, Wm U'. Scott. 1 rank Sears, John ISears, IloFert Seni))le, J''ivd. C. Smith ('.'). Jleiiry C. .Smith, ilaiini Smith, Xapoleou B. Smith, Sam. Smith ('.'), Thomas Sniiili, Thomas .1. fiiiilli, Wni M. Smith, .Fieol) It. Snyder, Jlenry Spiel, Fred Starke, Ira Stvb- liius, Swanich, Wm l'\ .Swasey, .Anthony .Sylvester, Win Thonips(,ii, Fiiidy 'ilinip, Win J. Todd, Henry Trow, S.ani. Turner, I'Vrnando I'u.uin, Wi.i.J. Ti,:.iii, Ceo. WalUleo, .1. Wa.sld)iirn (?), Wm T. Wheeler, Lewis Wi,Lnnaii, VVi.i C. W'il;;on (■;), .John Yolk, David York, AVni K. Y(.rk. I'or l)io.;i-ai'liieul uotiijes of all these men, aue rioneer ile^iater ni end of these voluiiiea. w i ii m W li 583 IMMIGRANT COMPANIES AND PIONKKRS. enouij^li, by iiddinuf ail of Fiviuoiit's ex[)lorers wlio served ill Calilbriiia from 1845 to 1847, and also thr naval forces servinij; on the coast for the same ])erii.il. many of the saik>rs and marines doing garrison ainl other duty on shore; but I have thought it Ixst to omit both classes here, as being sufficiently noticed elsewhere. Ide, Marshall, Parrott, and Semple are tiie Jiien of 1845 who became most widely known. The registered foreign population in 1840 has hcvn given as ;)80.^" In later statements females must he excluded for lack of reliable data. In the period dt' 1841-5 new-comers numbered 420, and the fitninn male po])ulation at the end of 1845 may be regai'd.d in round numbers as 080, the number of dei)aitun's and deaths during the half-decade being a[)pru.\i- mately 120. ^"See pp. 115-17 this volume. CHAPTER XXV. FOREIGN 11ELATI0N3. 1845. T'ltniUON CONSHLATKR— LaKKIX, LKIDESDOnFF, FoRBES, GaSQUF.T, AXT) La- TAiLi.AiJE— British Schemes— Notiiinu but Sl-spicions— Hudson's Bay CoMPANV — Suicn>E OF Kae— SoHEMES OF THE Uniteu Statks — Bv- (HASAN TO Latikin- Plans of Maksh ani> Wehkr — I.MPEMUNff Wau — Amu'.sT OF .Smith — Oukkus fiiom Mexico — I'lio's I'iioclamations — Mii.iTAUv I'ltEPAiiATioNS— Kind Tkeaimen r of Immiuhants — Mexican ()i;iiK.its FOK Kxpn.sioN' of Amekk'ans — Castko I'EitMiTs 'J"hi:m to 1!emain — Affairs on the Sacramento— Si-iter's Welcome to New- comers— The KrssiANs Want their Pay— Sutter Wishes to Sell out — Diary of New Helvetia. -I. ^ 1 Thomas O. Laiikin continued to perform tlie duties of U. S. consul, duties which consisted mainly in fm '- iiisliincf aid to destitute Americnn seamen, and wi'it- iii^- to the secretary of state on the country's uceneral iniidition in respect of conuu(!rcial and [)or!tical al- liiis.' In October lie went to San Francisco and made an attempt to l)rinu^ ilie assailants of Captain liihhey to justice-.- hut otherwise, noui.' of iiis diplo- matic corresj)o»idi-nce with Californian authorities 1 'i|uires notice. In ()ctol)er he aj)i)oint(.'d AN'illiam .\. Leidesdorff as vice-consul at Yerha Buena, which a|tpointment was recognized as valid by General Cas- ' f.arkin's Off. Corresp., MS., i., ii., passim, ^^any of the (■oninumica- t' n spcciiil topics aro noted elsewhere. Tlie linaucial accounts of liis '• lor the year ai'o fimiid in /(/., ii. '21, 34o; IiL, Dae, MS., ill. ]."(l; M'Hili i-i ;i,{\>unHl(ite Arrh.,'b>\'f>.,\. I-lo; ii. lO-lS; VnUcjo, J)w.,'S]^.,\\y.'\\. ITS; Litrkin's I'ofti rn, MS. Hospiial expenses for tlio yrar wero alMnit §S()(), iui. I other expenses alioiit ^oOO; while his fees ainoiiutei! to Ic-^s Uiau |!i'0(>. Ill' pieteudeil to regard his position as a very buri'enaomo and unpvolituhlo ■• See chap, xxiii. of thia voliunc. '^m M (689) 590 FOr.EIGX RELATIONS— 1845. IM.Ui I" tro, wlio rcallv liad notliin^ to do ■with tlio matter- but not by Pal)l() do la (iuorra, achiiinistrator of cus- toiiis, who was ,su[)]M)rtL'd in his refusal by (hivti'iioi- Pioo. ]\Ii'an\vhilo Lcidesdorff was instructed to -;» on uitli Ills duties on board vessels, and get alon;^- <>■.{ siiore as l)est ho could until his appcjintnient shduil bo conhrnied.^ In October, also, there was sent (;> Ijarldn from \Vashin2^t(jn an a[)pointment as cnn*'- dontial ag^ent of the U. S. government, which luj diil not receive till the next year.* James A. Foi'bes did nothing as Biitish vice-consul v.'hich lias left any sjiecial trace in the archives; h'l'- in addition to his consular duties he assumed f'.. mnnagonient of the Hudson's Bay Company's est:'! - lishment at Yerba Buena, after the death of \lu:-. Louis Gasijuet, acting consul of Fi'ance under ;i:i aj)])ointment of earlier date, arrived in ATarcli hy tin Pr'nuiirei'd to take possession of his office. His sal- ary was about .$4,000, for which in 1845 ho made some iiKjuiric^s about the past trouble between ^Mii'Iid- torena's cholos and the crew of the French wlmL r A)i71. Xov. 'JOtli, 'JTtli, (Jucri.i itvA ricotlisapprovo. /(/if.S/. J'n/i., MS., v. Imi-T. Jan. 'JO. IS-Ki, I.aikin to l.uidcsdorir. lAirl:iii\'^ (If. CornKp., MS., i. 71. U)ct. 17tli, JIkc/i .iiKii'.i /ihi^nir., MS. ''Maroli Kith, airivud at S. Dii'go. Lurkin't /)nr., MS., iii. !1'J: I'lii'n, Z)or., MS., ii. I'JO; /),/.f. Her., MS., xiv. .V_>. .July IStli, atl'iiir of tiu: .lo- stiitcrs. Viilhjo, ])oi\, MS., xxxiv. 144. July Kith, Larkiii to sir. slate. jAiil.iii\i Of. <'niri:'<]>., MS., ii. 'JO. "An;;. 'J.")-((, 184.">, aj»|ioiiitni('nt and exequatur. Dfpf. St. Pap., Ji(i., MS., xi. 173; Sup. aovtSI. I'a/)., MS., xviii. 11. Sept. '-'d, I'avon lolliurra. Dipt St. i'cq)., Muiit., MS., viii. 10. Hi i; Cdll'l- <}•}'. ( nr- -a" N"V. nil'. i''ir- |v. l(«>-7. 71. 2; I'hi'n. l\ tlu; lU'- \.K'c. slato. I/... .t':7.. LARKIX'S SUSPICIOXS. 501 iii.Iiitonnnpo of an Enuclish and FroiK^li ooiisiilato in ( '.ilit'ornia — wIkm-o neither nation had any commercial ill! rests to protect, or the sli^'htest •ij)|)arent need of (Mi.-nlar service, ('ostini;' a salaiy of .*i54, ()()() to Gasquet ami 81,000 to Forbes — as a very sus[)icious circuni- st,incc>. Indeed, rorl)cs was allowed to attend to his (iv, !i pi'ivate Inisiness and that of his company, rarely vi iiiii,i4' Monterey. "These consnls have nothiriL,^ to (! 1, ;ip[iai'ently ; why they are in sei'\i<'(! their p)vern- ii:t!ils bc!st know, and Uncle Sam will know to his (11. t."' This was an extravajjjant vii'W of the matter, l;;'.t it pleased the i>'ovcrnniont at Washington, and the American press to some extent, to accept the sus))icion ;.> a K'!4'itimate one, and to believe that Ciasrjuet and I'urlx's were |»lottin_u,' to wrest from l^ncle Sam his ]iiiispectiv(! ])rey.^ So i'ar as French schemes for ob- t;iiiiin!4' ( 'alitbrnia are concerned, Oascpiet's [)resenco Vwi> the only oround of fear known at the time or since liiim.nlit t(» lin'ht. The fear that England would seize the country rested on a slightly better foundation; for inthccom- i!iiiiiications ( ited J^arkin announced that the agent of till' Hudson's J)ay C'om))any had ])resented a bill for an !-< and munitions su[)plied to the Californians in til :r );i*:e sti-uu-u'le; that Foi'bes raised his consulai' i\'j: r<»" the first time and ih'cd a salute on hearing of ?i I;v itoi-ena's overthrow; and that now the jMexican oil iv abouL to invade California was "without doubt" ^ nt 't I'litish instigation, and to be ])aid with ]>rit- i-li gold! Truly, these were alarming cii'cumstances, if in the troubles between California and ^lexico the Ms. •J'l;;. 'Wr! lilt. Ul'i ., AlIK .liiiio-.Tiily, L.'s letters. Lnrhiii's Off. ('orrcsp., MS., ii. 'H-iV, Id.. Dor., , iii. ,'lli.")-7; X. 1'. Jounad of Cuiinncirc, (juoted in A'iVcs' /iV;/., l\ix. I'liivlianni), Instructions, M.S., pronounces tin; .■nipeiir.Tiici' (if tho coiisuls 1 •,"iliiil;iti'(l to produce tiie impression tliiit tiuir icspectivi! fro\eriiiiii'iit.s I tiiiii iloJLtiis on tliiit L'oiuitry wJLicli must nt'(.'essiinly 'k' iiostile to its in- ts. Oil iiil proper oeoiisioiis you slionlil not f:iil jirmleiitly to warn tlio :u(l (leoplo of Cal. of tiin dangta' of sinh on enterprise to their jieaie and l'(.Tity to inspire tlieni with a jeidousy of Kuropean dominion, and to M in their bosoms that love of liberty uud iudepcndeiico so natural to tlie ricans cuutiueut'l n'i I ■M ;'. m i "5 ' ii n 592 FO]li:iGX IlELATIONS— ISla. British lion was (lisj)o,so(l to roar on botli sides. The status (jf the English scheme in 1844 is ah'eadv \\v]\ known to the reader.' Many of the bond-holders wrw. in favor of taking Mexican lands in pa3'nient; and some were in favor of locating those lands in Calilur- nia. The government, so far as can be known, liad nothing to do with the matter, and offered no enciMir- agement; but the men interested doubtless hoped th.it, if tliey could secure a broad tract of land and estidi- lish on it a large colony of former British subjecis, the^/ ' 'I eventually obtain from the governnu .c such rv .lition and ))rotection as might be uecdid, and that ()ei-haps California might become a Jhiii^h province. So far as evidence goes — I have no ])()\vrr to penetrate court secrets — this expectation w;is Hh' sum and substaiKH' of the English bugbear; and tlirw. v.ere many tedious and diHicidt steps to b»3 talceii Kc- forc it could be realized. The year 1845 brou'dit no new develoj)ments, except that an Irish priest api)li('(l in ^[I'xico for a gi'ant of land to be settled byacolnny of Irishmen, and has been accused of haxdng acted at the instigation of tlie lilnglish govei'innent. Tliis Mc- Namara project was perha[)s an outgrowth of W ylhi's l>lan,of which we hear nothing more;'" but it hcl(iii;;-.s \\\o\\i properly to the amuils of the next year. An article in the French papers, quoted by the /.nmlnn Times, in which it was stated that Santa Aima liid l)een on the point of ceding California to England toi- 25,000,000 piastres, brought the subject uj) iu ]i iilia- nient in Mairh, wdien, in re[)ly to questions by \\ ni t- Icy, Sir Robert Peel for the actual governmcnf, and Lord Palmerston for the past, explicitly denied li.at the rumor had any foundation in fact." Thete was *Soe chnii. xix. of this vol. for corresp. of Wyllie and Iliirtiu'll. ^^' In 1S4,"> ^V'vllil; \v;is nou. for foreign alliiirs iit l:.imolnlu. Stc hi-! I'or- r(.";p. witli Com. Sloat ami Admiral Seymour, in llonolutii PolyiicMiii. li. Ii'.l- 100. " //rt^xa/vrs Parl'mmi'iitarii Delinffx, Ixxii. 4.30; Ixxviii. 4.S0-'2. In Xl'i' Ii'i'tJ., Ixix. 147-8, is an article from the X. V. Courier cm the evident inten- tion of lui^hind to possess Cal., iiicludiug a letter from Caleh ('usiii:i : in tliu 1 ast hititory of the matter. No evidence is presented with which my naikrs ilf^f^^f •f January 10th. llac, after lia\ iiii,^ made a will and taken an opiate, deliberately li!i'\v out hi.-i I)rains with a pistol-shot, in the presence dl'liis wife.'" As to the motives of this act, the in- (|!icst revealed nothing" beyond the fact that Rae had li>' u for some time in low spirits. It is supposed, liMV.ever, that his de[>ression grew out of iinancial liMiil)les, and his failure to manage the comi)a!iy's l;!^.iness successfully; and that it was aggravated also liy the excessive use of intt'xicating liquors.''* Other lani ives, b(^th domestic and political in their nature, aii; nut iilicady familiar. The Monitor Cotiitii/., Ajir. 10, ISt."), contains i'\- li';ic;.i iViPiii Auicr. pa[iL'r.s 1.111 i'L'])ori.s that thiciuiiciit.s sliowin;.^ Sl;i Aiin:i'.-i nc- guLiii; oii.i wiLJi ilii'^Iaiul Lad fallen into thu iiowor of his fui's at Voi'ii Ci'iiz. '■' /.''('•, IiiV( a i'ldcloii Jniltriid sohic < / Sniciilit) ihl (fjciilc di' la < 'nitijun'iia dc. In Dnhia dc llinlnoii 111 Ytrbii JJiii ii((, I'J dc Encro, IS.'/'i, MS. This is a ivu- iii'.l 1. 1 llic! imiui'st IkIiI tho next tlay. It aiJiicars that alioiit 8 A. Ji., \\ lu Siai-Liir, a servant, and Mi.s .lohn Fuller wmo att. acted by loud \vords tu r.,u ',i i-.Miin, where they found him with liiu coat oll'aml a jiistol in his haml, (inclining his intenUo:i to ki.l liinise!;". Mrs lliio fainted, Imt Sinclair .snc- CKiKd in SLizin;j the pistol liel'ore it could he dischar;,'ed, and hastened tot'all lliacldey. liae. however, olitaincd another pistol, proliahly from his coat in iKiDllier room, and accoini)'ii:ihed his jmrpose, hcing dead v.-ju n IlineUley and tiie lest arrived. It was lihowii that he had taken a slroiij,' dose of eaniplior- ii Cil taictiire of opium, or pare;..;oiic, just liei'ore tiie act. The witnesses v.erc t'.iieair, .Min Fuller, Hinckley, .Joiin C. Davis, .loliu Hose, \\ in Reynolds, au I Na.liaii Spear, w:io also acted as exaniininy burgeon. Jas A. Foihes pru- I'lr.ccd jiae'.i will, or inslruetioiis for the ilisposiiiou of the conipaiiy's p:d;>- ri'.y. v.hieli hi.d lieeiii'.ellvercd to him the ilay lielore, though dated .Ian. ■J.llli. Tile \i'i'dict was death hy suicide. ■' i iieljis, loi'i' (iiitl Aj'U 'l~\-'i, .speah.s of him as a hard diinktM', espei.-i.illy after li,;siuess reverses. ^Irs Itae, /uirny'.i l/ij'c tj' McLtiini/iliii, .MS., bays iDiliiii!,' (if the suicide or its causes, hut states that tlic, company V. liusiiie.-'j \v;u ill a had si;ile, it heiiig impossible to collect dchts. Oct. ."id, I'orhcs eoni- plaiin (.f the impossihiiity of collecting the .Slo,UOO due the coinpiUiy. Jjt/it,. ^'- l'''i'., MS., viii. (i7-Ti). Hint. Cm.., Vol. IV. 33 llO' i Mm mm ■ 1 1 1 ! ill III ii m ' '' '. ' 1 1 1 *1 lil^" i I'j I 1 1:13 -li n-riranf had succuinbed to the at- tractions of a native (^alif'oriiian woman, wliirh fact naturally led to a quarrel with his wife; and the sit- uation was eoni[)lieate(l by the fact that it was to liis wile's father, l)r McLoughlin, that he owed his posi- tion." Larkin believed at the time and later that the suicide resulted niaiidy from the part Rae had taken in the I'cvolution then in progress. He had aided the Californians with arms and munitions belongiiin tn the company, and had been present on the lieM nt Santa Teresa. Now Micheltorena seemed sure to succeed; and his vengeance was likely to com|)l(tc tin' ruin of the company's establishment, for which Ik. hv reason of his nnjustifiable and unsuccessful intii I'l r- ence, would be held responsible. *'' After Rae'sdcatli Forbes took chai'ge of tlu; establishment at ^'ili.i Bui-na; but there was little to be done except to jUi - pare for its abandonment, which took [dace tlic t lowinu' year, when ^IcTavish came down on the I coiircr in ^larch 1H4G, as agent with instructions t sell the com[)any's house, settle all business, and n turn to the Columbia by the next vessel, with tli mains, family, and effects of Rae.^" I II- u: vv- I como now to the plans of the United Stat s re- specting California, or rather to what was said abmt " T)avisi, aHmpxeif of flic Past, MS., 7-, tolls us that Kar, -whom tin- writer know inliiiiatoly, was a vciy sonsitivo man, and was drivou to liis (k:iili liy sliaini* and nKirtifioation wlion tho soanilal hooauio publio. llittoll, //'.''. >'. /'. , !•(', also alludes to tiiis uiattor, jjrohahly on the authority of Loo.so. '■■'Juno (Ith, L. to soc. Hlato. LcirLiii'.f Off. ('orrc-ei-t Birnic in an .1"' ol 18(!.") coufinns Larkin's statoniont, and donios that fauiily troublos had any in- fluonoo. Suttor, /'( rsoii. Jicinhi.. MS., (i7-S, saj's noono know why J>'io Idkil liinisolf. 'Ho s.iid to mo one day in a lit of niolancholy, "Jt is ji;-r lit woathor to ontono's throat."' In the Alfn, uhi sup., tho finding of Rai ' i"iiy on Aug. 'J(i, lh.")4, l>y workmen oiniiloyed in digging for a sower on ( 'i.iMiinr- cial St hotwoou Montgomory and Koarny is mentioned. Tho ootliii li.i'l:i glass plate, and lioro liao's name. It was ro-intcrred in Yerha Jiueiia r. nn • tery. In /Ian if miil P(il/(ii\i Men find Moil., '2',\, the finding is put in \s.\2. I liavo much doubt about the identity of tho reujains fountl. ^'^Larkhi'n Off. Corrcsj)., MS., ii. 51; Jlotiolulii Frkiul, iv. IGl; J/oAwy's Jiccoll., MS., 4, Mm SCHEMES OF THE UNITED STATES. 505 It is said to the ;it- 'liirli tact 1(1 tlu- sit- iVtis to his I his j)()si- !!• that thi' luul taktu aided thf [()nj4'iii.u' tu ic lifld nf d sure to uph'tf the licli h<', hy il intcrrci'- lao'sdrath at Y<'rh:i ■e))t to l>i'r- .cc tlic t'ul- |n the I "'I- uctiiiiis tit ss, and ii- itli tht.' ic- Stat-s rc- ^u,i'■ , ii. -j;!. Al>o in an .!"•' ^'' Iks liiiil iiiiy iii- Iwliy Jtiii'lallol "It is ji'.-f tit Igof U;u' l""lv Icr on CniMiiHi-- lie cotliii li'i'' '^ l)a lUli'lia nlUr- IpUt 111 is ' 101; JilcK'i'fs thein; for 1845 lirought no modifications in the plans themselves. American wi-itors spoke in the most o'lnwing terms of the country's natural advantages and njoiious destiny. ''' Thcy^ declared its separation from Mexico inevitable, were certain that England was stiaiiiing every nerve to win so valuable a prize, and e(iually sure that the United States must have it — though there were some who h(»peil to see the end attained by purchase rather than by a repetition of thi' Texan iuijixlt-i'V. The works of Hastin'jfs and Fremont having been noticed in connection with the visits that gave rise to them, as also that of the Rus- sian, Markof, there are no other l)Ooks of 1845 on ( ah t'ornia that den)aud attention; but I give iu the aii]n'iuleut I should grieve to see that country ]«!-- into the hamls of England. . .1 am by no means sure that another sister iv|i'.lilic there. . .will not be best for us. .. Whenever tlie foreigners in (,'al. make tlie movement, it must suceccd.' 'J'ho author did not believe tiicre Wi.iiM l.)e a war on account of tlio Texas matter. Tlie X, O. Courkr says 'Cal. is Jcjtiiied erelong to be auuexcd to the U. ^1 {•■ ■) ^!"' ; ^Tli ',.( , * i '"\i V,; i:i 59(> FORKIGN RELATIOXS-1S4.5. And T can do no hotter than to quote in ni\' tc>cf :i lettei' ot* .lames ]3uchanau, secretarv of state uiilr President Pt)lk, to Thomas O. Larkin, written in Octoher, at the sanu^ time that Lieutenant (lillcsjiie was sent to Calitoi'uia. "Tlie future destiny of t!iat country," says Buchanan, "is a suhject of anxioin soh(;itutle for the government and people of the Uiiitnl States. The interests of our commerce and our wli.ih- tisheries on the PaciHc d(;man(l tliat you should exert the 'ilance in discoveriiiLi; and dcfciitiii'i' anv attempts which may l.)e made hv I'orei^ii e-ovcin- inents to ac(|uire a control over that country. In t\u: contest l)etween ^lexico and California we can take no })art, uidess the former should conunence hos(ilitI^s S.;' on w'iiich the .V. 0. Tro/iir coniinents: ' Tf ;uiy evidence wore wautiiirto fcliow Uiu spirit of iiL^jruysiijii a;ul national pluniler w'liL. li lias sjizcil u[)tiu iliu niiad.-i oi' a pirtion ol our pcijile, thi' fiPiV'^.pin;^- ii:ira';r:i;)h tsiipplici i: i.i ;;1> u- (l.aice. . . \V)iat \vc fcarod lias Odiiio to pass; and hct'i'i'o the douiils of tlr.' .■ a- liuxation (if Texas arc settled, we see inllueuli:il journals eallin;^ out lui- l!iu ijinexation of Cal. An I liow. pi';iy, is this ])ropoal to lie lirim;''.it ahiit? Tlie country, one of tlio liest in the world, is reiiri'scnted in glowiii',' e il i; ■■, and -Viiieriean citizens are indueed to o;ni.,'rate. Tiuit llioilsaads will Juc /C the invitation, it recpiires iiosi^vr t) tell. Tlie American poiiulalion will ;:i ii Ikj sulliciently niiinerous to )>lay the Texas game! The st.indai'd of revolt v. .11 be raised — the ,'40Vt will lie ovci-tiirown — the cry of "liberty" will he r:;:.-^ 1 in this country, and thousands of the yo mg and ailvenUirous will lly 1 1 ilu relief of their (i/i/>r(n ■.(• hioo lier refracLory ])rovince to oliedi.'iice, and another " Lone Star lie^^iiihlic " v. id spriii'; up on the shores nf the I'acilie. A little while lon;,'(n" tlio "lie ;iM: : cf t'alifoniia " will he knocki rj; at oar doors; and we sliall have the ahiuid cry of reannexatioii. It will be all right of course; it will only bo "ext-.:ul- in;;; the area of freedom" — but will the spirit of robbery stop in its nipui.ms caiMcr?' etc. Xih's' Jir/., Ixviii. llij. •We 1 ly it down as an axioui— to be enforced by war if necessary— that when Mexico ceases to own ("al. it must constitute an iutcrral pirt of ija Aineiiean Union.' X. Y. ('ouncr, in /'/., Ixix. M7. '.Albert .M. (iilliani. l,ue U. S. Consul at Cal., is of oin;iio;i that it must soon fall into the hand i it the Anieiicau I'ace, a.id that .a railroail direct from S. F. might be ina lu tn great advantaoe.' /(/., Ixix. '1X\. Tin; same number co.itaiiis IjarUin's 1 ttir of d'.dy, taken from tlio N. Y. J r-ri/nl of Co./r/jccv, in wliicli lie givei .■'_ d'- scri,)Lioa of current all'iirs caleul:i!ed t ) promote immigration and civaU: t!>:irs of i'j.igdjii desi jn.i. lie incorreody represents tlu (,'a!iforniaiis as prrii ini',' to rejisb an e::pcdition to be sent against tliem at I'higlish expen -e an I '.:> a- j^ation. In fd, Ixix. '-'H-.'i, ii an artiide from the /Idlli/nnrc I'nlr.'o', in vdia.i the v.-riter, evidently L)r V»'ood of the U. S. navy, says: ' I think I can I'lv-O!' in th ■ i.ievitable destiny of this territory one of the most eliiriciit I'oiT!. -x'S fi'om wliicli new and liberal are to combat old and despotic iiislirn i 'ii.^. (.'ireunis...inces kiiov,-n to nio hero assure me that (Jreat llricain, as the u.i.ili- dog of dl^sp)t;sln, .sees t!io same thing, and is ready ti^) arouse every M'i"t and luaintaiii licr iiulcpt'iulciKH', wc ssliall itirIlt Ini' all tlio kind odict's in our powoi- as a fsi.ster ivj)ul)li('." AVhilc tliu exei'cisu oC connjulsion or iiii[)ro}ic'r intlurnee to acquire tcri-itory would 1)0 ivj>ut|;nant to the sentiments of the pri.'sidi-nt, "lie oii;ld not view with indiilerenee the transfer of Cali- fs inia to Great ]i5ritain or any other European power. Tile system of colonization l>y foreign monarchies on the North American continent must and will he resisted hy the I'nited States," This is in ]"el>ly to J^aikin's eonnnunications (jf July, and the writer a^iees that the presence of Foi-hes and Gasciuet ntl'ords grounds for gi'ave suspicions. He urges L.U'kin to incite the Californians anainst fiireiufn de- s:L;ns, and contmues: "Whilst I rc[)eat that this '.'•'ivcrnment does not under existiu'j: circunistanees iiilcnd to interfere between IMexico and California" — t!i"re was as my reader knows no j)resent controversy 1 let ween the two, though it had suited Larkin's ]iu;|ioses to rt'p.'csent the contrarj' — "they would vigorously interfere to [)revent the latter from becom- ing a British or French colony. In this they might MUi'ly expect the aid of the Californians themselves. \\ hilst the president will make no etlbrt and use no iiitluencc to induce the (Adifornians to beconie one of till' free and independent states of this Union, yet if till' peo[)le should desire to unite their destiny with niirs, they would be received as brethren, whenever this can be done without affording Mexico any just cjiuse of coniplaint. Their true j)olicy for the present ill I'egard to this question is to let events take their i)\\ 11 course, unless an attempt should be made to transfer them without their consLtit either to (ireat Britain or France. This they ought to resist by all the means in their power, as ruinous to their best interests and di-structive of their freedom and inde- peiidencc." Buchanan concludes by ap[)ointing Larkin a euniideutial agent of the government, expressing 11 mm f-l i^'V'f; ; 1»' 598 FOREK ! X RELATIONS- 1 8 15. oonfidence in his patriotism and discretion, rofum- mending caution so as not to alarm tlic other lorciiifii nucents, and referring him to Gillespie, with whom he is to cooperate.'" The ])rospect of a war with Mexico, as a means of ()l)tainin- viously unfounded were the rumors of intended op- pression occasionally circulated, that no pretext l'"i' a rising could be found.-' The only attem|)t at organ- ized action on the part of foreign residents during tlio year was one which, though not clearly ex[)lain('d, was apparently not intended to have any revolutinn- ary meaning. It was a call issued at San Jose, ]\laroh 27th, to all foreigners residing in northern Califoinia, who were invited to assemble at the pueblo the 4tli of July. It was written by Marsh and signed by twenty- "Oct. 17th, Biirhanan's Iii.itriictio».'<. Original M.S. '"^ Amerkan Ji'eview, Jan. 1840, iii. 8-J; A'iV,-,' /.V;/., Dec. 1845, Ixix. •J44._ '^'A Mexican writer in tlic Die. Univ., viii. 1.57; Oncrra, Apioiii-'^, ."')3, picttircs the Americans as having been scattered through C;il. uwuitiuj tlie signal to commence a war of usurpation. This was Ijy no moans tiiic uf all or even most. im A CALL TO FOREIGN RRS. 599 tliroG names.'- The object, as e\i)resse(l in tlio docii- iiiciit itself and as exi)laine(l by Weber, was to j)roniote union among tlie Ibreii^nu-rs, and to prevent their tak- iii'4' sides — esj)eeially (Hftercnt sides — in CaUlornian (jiiarrels as thi;y liad done in the late troubles. Weber jiiMs that the organization was d«.'signed ultimately to result in wrestinu' northei'n California from ^le.xieau rule and making it, like Texas, an independent state. Jt is not likely, however, that the plan had yet as- >.umed so definite a form. The main idea evidently was to i)revent ibreiij^ners from wastini*- their strenijtli and to prepare the way fm* united action whenever it might he deemed necessary. I can hardly believe that ]Marsh and Weber were planning an actual revolt, tliough there were man}' who i'avored such a course. The meeting of July 4th was not held; oi- if so, was iKit largely attended, and accomi»lished nothing that is known. That Marsh's brain was teeming with the linlilics of the future is shown, as also the general (liift of his schemes and those of others, by the ap- junded extracts from a letter to Larkin."'* -' 'The \intlersi<,'iieil, in (.'omiiioii with all other forciguera with whom they ii.ivc b.oii iilile t! , 'Mil. \V. liellomy, James \V. Weeks, John JJaubenbi.ss, Thomas (J. ])0\\.n, l'"iij. Washburn, l>anell Mihier, I'eter llcgarty, M r tlli A\ mm ',' u %a^l i Nh ■■-'■ 2i IWii ft' i^lm w fnilHS liffi ;1 mm^ hH COO von i:if; x r i: latioxs - isi j. TIio war llnvat('iii'nsc(|Uiiic,. (,f tlji! annexation oi' Texas was a jnominent topic in Caliloniia, tlioUL;h, as W(! liavi; seen, it eo|)Ie liad not nincli oj'eatei- I'ailli tliat there would \h' a war than was entertained in tli' States; l)ut the authorities w(n'e Mexican, and as such liad to heheve oHicially all that ^lexico threatencil, besides really shaiinii' to a ('onsiderahle extent in tlic )ular indi_L,Miati()n against the United States fortlu' icy observed in Texan atl'airs. J need not ripcat here v.hat has been said of Mexican nu'asures dt' tlii' year concei-ninu: Calilbrnia,-' thoii''h most ol' tlir,>i; measures wei-e adopted with sole reiei'ence to del'ciicc aj^ainst American invasion ; but 1 may state that tliciv came I'rom tlu.' su[)renieL;dVei'nment repeated warniiiu^ that wai' was to be declared, with the coiTes|)c ''n:;' orders to put the department in ii state of il r; and that rumors to the same elfect ari'ived v\\ a m atlvanee of such definite; orders.-^ It should also In' will first 1)0 \iiiit(Hl to form iiii intiHrral ])artof the grcatnnd glori(jii.s icpiiMii', etc. It inii.st iill 1)1' iiniti'd, not onlyCal. luiil tiiu icgiciii iM'twem this niiil the ('"uliliiilii:i, hut it must t'Xtt'inl l";ir iiurtii (if thiit river, to tin? -111111 |Fiii:il!(I lit kast...l am iiitorna'd hy intclliiant ])ri'soiis from the Walliiiuette, that the inhahitaiits tluTe were ilesirous to unite with C'al. J.a.st winter soine oI the ]irinc.ipul men of C'al. expres.seil a, wish to me to uiiit(^ their (hstiiiits pir- liuiiH'Ully with those of tlu^ jieojile of Oregon, ami wished to knou' wlnthi-r in jny opinion a iii(>i)osition of tlie kind would he well received. I thouulit it would he aci'ei)tal)le. It' you should think iiroper, it might i'' . beamiss to I' el Alvarado's pulse a little on this suhjeet. 1 merely suggest this. Well, thru, sujiposo il union hetween C'al. and Oregon— that nature itself has elcaily pointed out, and the course of events will, I think, rendei- inevitable -tlic cupidity of tiie II. H. t'o. and the and)ition au — speak^nf the numerous immigrants coming, thinks the current abuse of (,'al. by iiitor- ested parties in Oregon can ilo no iiarin, and promises to write on ("al. fortlio J lastern pa])ei'.s, as Larkiu had suggested. Aug. rjtli, M. to L. Larkiiiti Due, MS., iii. -247. ''See chap. xxii. of this vol. "April 1st, Oareia C'onde to com. gen. Texa.s annexed; war iicccssaiy; lie on guard to avoid surprise and resist invasion. Sup. O'ovt Sf. Paji., MS., xviii. '_'-3. April .'id, C'uevas to go\. , on the arrest of Stephen Smit'i; hostili- ties to be expected from the U. S.; use all precautions. jM'jif. St. I'"p., ^I''., vi. 41 'J. May Mth-l!)th, reports of war between U. S. and Mex. breiiglit uuollicially by'tho Murli Tcn'xn. Lcj. Urc, M.S., iv. 50; Dcj'l. St. Piij>., Ben. Cunt.-JJ., .MS., \n. [479]. June 7tb, Mexican decree for raising a ourps JUNTA AT monti:i'j:y. fiOl [Ueiici' i.( topic ill ()t (Mllrr S])(.'CU|,|- r.Tii.ii..s tiT I'ailli (•(I ill til' (I as ^Ul■ll i'cati'iii''l, it ill llii' js lor till' ut ITpcat L'S of till' of tlu'Si; dt'lclict' hat tlu'i'c waniiiiu^ •spc ""n-' ' t! 1 ('\ I ii 111 (I also Ih' KJllS IVpulill'', (Til tUl.i Ml'l ■llltli ]iiiial!il liiiiiutte, tlial iitrr siiini- <<{ l.'stiiiii's l"'i'- |\V wllctll'-Till I UioULilit it aiiii.sx t'l f'-'i'l \\\\\, tluMl, li;is I'li-ally vitulilc— tlic IJritisli ,^1'Vt iricms t'liiuro ki' — spfal^ i.f by iiitei'- |i ('ill. I'oi-tlie \v iicci'ssiiry; /'((;/., MS., Iiiitli; hnslili- Ilox. lir>'ii;,'lit it. >''. ''";'•< Ising ;i corps ]•, .'ur.lcd that St('[thc!i Siultli of Jiodc^a, l)('iiiL;'Jit Sail I lias ill ^larch, was aiTcstod as he; was alxnit to sail ill I ho ,/n/iii ^liiit oil a. charufo of hoiiin' foiiconiod in a California indopoiidont iindiT the scliciiR; to diM'lare protection of (h(! United States. There heiiiLf no proofs against hini, he was ivleascd and jiei'iiiittcd, to return home, where the aiithoiities were directed ttj waich hiin.'-" In consiMiiienco t»f niniors Iti'oii'jht hv the Mtirla Tii'csn, a junta of ollicers was held at ^[ontei'<'y th(3 •JUli of ^la}', at which the most patriotic seiitinuMits Wire expressed Ijy Alvaiado and others, and Castro was authorized to send a vessel to Acapulctj lor news and aid.^' Jose ^l. Castanares was soon sent on this mission, as we shall see. On Auoiist 7th the assein- lil\' was convoked in special session to considiT a com- iiiimicatioii I'roiii (leneral Castro, with reports that v.;ii' had probably been declart'd. The rejxirts had Imcii brought to San Francisco by a U. S. man-of- w;ir, v^'hicli vessel was said not to liax'e iired the usual wiliite, a circumstance in itself deemed suspicious. After reference to a committee and si.\ days of delib- of 'ilcfriiaorcsdulnslcycM (5 inilcpeiideiicia.' />0('. IIIM. t'ti/., MS., ii. ;)l-'2, IT''*; L'j. y.'ic, MS.,iv, iSO. July !)tli, mill, ofivl. to),'uv. on sum,' subject. J>iji/.S/. l''''li.,Aii;\iii. 11. Any. 'Jjd, sto( U, produce, etc., on the coast to be removed to !i I'hue of safety, A close wateli to be kept. /(/. , xviii. 10, Aug. 'Jltii, unite t!i'' force.s for a march to the frontier. /-/., xviii. II. Sept, 4tli, pavuient of th • ilefcnsores to be stopped. iJrpt. St. P"ec, ■J4t!i, ;'"\ , .iuthorized to arrest any persons whose conduct seems to reipiiro it, /';■'. .S7, Pap., MS., vii. Xh Sup. Hort ,SV, Pap., :\IS., xviii. 14. Some of tiH -<■ order.^ were of course general routine onc.j, issued to otlier tlepurtinentij as v.,11. •'■ April Ctli, Aug, Otli, Cucvas to gov. June 1 1 tli, Parga at Tepic to Gov. eoroiia. JJcpt. St. Pop., MS,, vi, 4<)-'_'; Xilc-i' l'c. J/'isl. c/iL, MS., ii. 107; Valhju, I),,,;, ^IS., x.xxiv. I.jI. Aug. ;{Otli, Pico to VjiUejo, (inleriug liiiu to oruiiiii/i' Ins rcgiiiient and 1)0 ready for the iiow.s of war. (ireat coiitidwit'c uxi)ioc., MS., '_>(); JM»: lli-l. ''"/.. ^18., ii. lOli. ' Eellow-eitizens! United we shall he able to save our iniiiitry in its tiuic of need.' ^J'-Aug. 2Stli-:{0th. Doc. Ilixt. Cul., MS., ii. 100, Il'J-13, llil. It ai pwin that the right of oulistin'C men l)(jIon;;ed to the civil aulliorities, aiid Alva- rado force I''"':' 1.-). Auu'. I'ltli, l()ini>i>scii "I •'" liuuliicitv t') a- L,-. //;-'. '"^•• Ivo OUl- 'JlHilltl'V !). 1' .-iri'™!'' Itios, aii'l -M^''" liuiti-o cii!i'.' to PATKIOTIS:^. 003 that was soon to follow under Iniostra.^* Pico pub- lished these orders in due form September 9lh-i:jth; (liclai'ed the decree of Auyust void so far as it con- flicted with the new rejj^laniento respecting the organ- ization of the defensoies; and issuetl a new [troda- iiiation to the peo})le, calling upon them, in the usual ilowcryand extravagant terms, to ' fly to arms' for the defence of their beloved patria against the attacks et a foreign usurper.''" Th*.' llight to arms was by no means instantaneous or universal; but a few young men were eni'olled as defens(;res despite the lack of a cordial understanding and cooperation between the governor and general/" At the end of the year all were waiting, more in curiosity than terror, i'or the iiews that war had been declared, for the a[)j)eai'ance ot the invaders, or for the cominu' of Iniestra's Alexi- cm army. ]\lean while Castro had made a tour in tlie north to learn the attitude of Ibreii^n residents, to nvei\e assurances of patriotic zeal fr(jm the magnates t/l' Sonoma and New Helvetia, and to confirm, by su- perior orders, Vallejo's military juri-^dictiou over the whole linea del norte.^* ■"'Sept. null, Castillero to I'ico, with Iniestra's instructions. Dcpt. St. I'cji., MS., vi. ;{7-S. '■'- Sept. ittli, I'ico publishes the printed circular annc., MS., i. 15'J; .S'((/'. iluvt St. J'a/i., M>., xviii. 8. Sept. 13th, I'ico to gen. and prefect, (inclosing reglaiuento, and exhorting th( in to activ; cooperation. JJor. /liM. t'al., .M.S., ii. I IS-',>. "'Sduu; -.iniuiportant records of Oct., including niethods of enlistment, (luaiicls about the nnlitary./'"^''", local complaints of abuses. ]>< pt. SI. i'(i}>., .w- 13-17; J/uiitor //isl. i\,l., MS., ii. ISS. Ocl- •>tli, rim's bando establishing registers for die enrubnent of defensores. 13 arti- ■■li:^. Ih,,t. St. Pap., Mont., MS , iii. li7-lS. I'e.bli.she.l at .Monterey Dec. --!;1:. Torre, Hrniin'isrenriuK, MS., rJS-l), flls us that all nuiiutions of war ^^^l■|' removed from .Monteivj' to Alizal rancho eithci- us ii precaution against the A Miencans or awuiis tl'i \iiv. lltli, Casti'o delegates his powers to V. Valhjo, Dor., M.S., xii. 1"||. Se])t. 'J!)th, Larkin to sec. state. 'The gov. has ordered the militia to liri'|iiii e for war with the U. S. ; the farmers aio liUewi.^e orr blaming tliu C/aliibrni.in ;iii- thoriiies for the maimer in which they enforced tlio laws, or failed to enforce them; but the iimnigrants had no cause of comjJaiut whatever. There was not in 1 8 4, J the slightest sign of disposition to o])p:vs.s foreigners in any \vay. There were rumors, Ibuieiiti'd by men who tlesired an outbreak, and circulated among new-comers on every route, of an intention to i!il\(; out all Americans; but these rumors were unfound.l, and were credited only by the ignorant, who ilid net comc! personally in contact with the natives, and who never coulil understand that the Spaniards, as tli' y were called, had any rights in theii- own countiy. "The 8[)aniards v.ere becoming troublesome"! — is a connuon remark of old [)ioneei's, who justify theii' ac- tion of tlie next year by dwelling on the growing j'-al- ousy and hatred of the peo[)le toward .\inericans; Kiit all e\ idcnce to be drawn from correspondi'nce of tliu time shows that not only were the people still friemlly, but that the authoi'ities, I'ar I'rom being hostile, wvwi even more careless than in former years about enlnir- ing legal formalities in conjicction with [)assports, nat- uralization, and land grants. In April, Castro, appointing Weber a captain "I' militia, calliiig uj)on him to aid in tho defence nf the country against foreign aggression and Indiui jirrsseil into tiio niiiks; otliors mIiohi Iu; pressed tlic alcaldes i-Jiit li"!iii' to tlieir iiareiits.' Larkin'n Off. Corns/,,, MS., ii. -JT. Hoe. •JOtli, I'. ItiuMii to I'ieo; writes: ' I'or lo que toeii :i la pohtiea yo voy de aeiierdi) ewi io* dn /t'li'is jiolitieos (jiie erecii iiue no taidarenius en ber objcto do cumiuista estr.ai-' la. Av'lt., Arz'jb, MS., v. i>t ii. 0',i. m Plil^ r , "; ' > IIOSriTALlTY TO AMERICANS. CO.-) lilli'fl ill liltiiuial 3r.s ^•(•I^u Ullitrd ipitalil y red tlio ward ill •lit li.id lliaii aii- ■CL'd the niii'i'aiits was not ;)l)lL'lltrd d aiiiMii^- to driw! foiuidc 1, ) did iH't and wli) as tli'V count rv. ■' i>'ii lu'ir ac- n'4' y-A- of llu; icndly, V, Wl'VvJ enl'oic- ■ts, nat- itain i>t' 'v\\r<: III: Indian . !)iir;iii ti> ustiMnu'-ia,' ]:ii(ls/aiid dii-ectini^ him to invcstiijfate tlio views of ]• '^idcnt foroi!j;'ners and the legality of their enti-y, \\as (■iMl)]iatic in liis declaration that poaci'ful, ]aw-al»i !i:iL; i'Mrriii'iiers woukl he I'ullv i>rotected."' In June, ho as- f-.nred Larkin of Ids wilhni^'ness to allow the entiy of Americans from the Sandwidi Islands, althoa;>'Ii Iheii- ]i :ss[)orts W(!i'e not in accordance with the latest iii- ; tiuctionsfrom ^lexico."" And in Au;^'ust, as we have ^I'cn. Pico, in calling" upon the |)eo[)le to arm in del" -nee n|' their counti-y against the Uinted States, declai'ed t'lat under no circumstances must I'ort'ign i-esideii!s bo treated otherwise than with the hospitality cliarac- ti listic of Calilornians.^^ In Se[)teinl)(M', liowevei-, with a more positivi.' an- nouncement of im[)en//■ (■/.'■< M. ■: L.,„<1 Lfix:^, MS. 'If any of tliu foivitriicrs who particijjutt'il in tlio iiiovriii- ill nf Sutter t-Iioald (i''iri' to si'ttle poiMiuinontly in (";il., iunl fi'cl ilonlilful of 1 he ]>rotfi lion of I ho j-'ii\t, you iii;iy frculy otic r to all whoiu you lu.iy liud useful .•iml iailustiioMs, ii.l t!ic j;uiii';iutics tlioy luay ilrsire for cstaMisliiui^ tlicui-elvc-i in tills il. iiirt- I !Ujt anil for livin;^ KCi'uri'ly iu the oxt'.rclM! of tlioir rrs|K'i'tivo ocunpniioiis. ^ I'll nil ;ilso iiiforui tliuMi that the frii'mily fcclini.,' of this otlicc toward tin tii i ;'."("iily .■-ocurvd to tlu^ni,' liy the treaty of S. I'V'i-iiairlo; 'and >(>u may a.s- sire all those r(>ferri'd to in that docuuieiit, as well as any other forti :uers ic- biiliii ; on the fnjntier, that they shall roueivu all tho proti^ctiou sviihiu tho i"-'i|"' of my auUiority.' ■'.Til' II (Jill. L. Lo .lec. state. Lnrfyui'a Off. C'nrrcx/i., MS., ii. '2'.\. =■ All.'. -JTth, Pico's jirocl. /)(,(•. Ilisl. ('ill., .MS., ii. I()(i. ■'* Order of July lOth. ])ul)lishcd in t'al. Sept, |-Jtli. The iiiin. of rel. say>! 1" i'i o; ' rho iutrodiietioii into the de|iartiiieut of families which, from t!;c -^': — luri and ( 'olumhia aic scttliii;.,' in the new Orc;roii '-that is, the diversion I ' '•'.!'■ Or. i imiii;ralioii toCal.— 'must produce iiiconveiiiciices which, liy tin ir i.;:'!:!c', cap.iiot iail to cause a siiliversion of order, to com pi i, 'ate cjiir torei'.;u 1 lid. ins, and to create other cmlparrassiiiciits which will retard the pro;.:res3 e '!ir constitutional rc;;iii',e. The president has his atteutioii lixed on that I' ji :' tiiient; desires to consolidate in it iieoe mid union; and to ii'uiove all I : ■;:ieU; : ill tile Way of .so praisiwoithy an ohject. lielieviiij,', therefore, that riiioii.r oilier inenn.s to that end, one should lie that of iireventinj,' tiie entry '■' • id families, he orders iiic to say this to you, in order that you may issue I'l iiiost positive orders to that cU'ect.' ('ii.'>trii, Uor,, MS., i, |."iil; ,S'((/). Unvt •'■'. /';'., Ats.. xviii. .S. Sept. !>lh, .Mvariulo to I'ico. Sutter li.as I'lanted pas es — oil what authority the writer knows not — to 40 Ameiica'i.i jnst a.dvtd (tho Mc.Mahon co. ) Vii:ilancc is needed, /'c;-/. Si. /'. ^;., Ms,, vi. i ?! 606 FOREIGN RELATIONS— 1S45. dilated among' local officials ; but no attempt was ma li; to enforce them against the immigrants known to 1»(> on the way, and who soon arrived. In Xovemhci', however, Castro, with Andres Castillero, and [)evlia|is Prefect jNIanuel Castro, made a tour of observatidu in the north, largely with a view to ascertain the nuniiici" and dis[)osition of the foreigners; and during tliis tour the immigrants were summoned to appear befon- the general, which Elliott, Gibbs, and Lewis did as rrjui- sentatives of those who were in the Sonomaand Xapi valleys. On being asked for their passports, they <;ii(l thev had none, and exi)lained, throuijfh Leeso as iiit( i- [ireter, that on leaving the United States their desti- nation had been Oregon, for which no passports wiil- necessary. Castro then had read to them the Mexi- can order of July 10th, to which they replied that the allen'od breaking-off of friendly relations between the two repul)lics had been after the\' left the states; tliat their intentions were in every way pacific; and that to return across the mountains in winter was utttily inipossiI)le. If allowed to remain, they [ironiiscil to submit to the laws in every respect, and to go away in the spring if their petitions for licenses to srtth; were not granted. "Therefore," says Castro in his decree dated November Gth at Sonoma, "concilialin^" my duty with the sentiment of hospitality whicj' (h^- tinguishesthe ^lexicans, and considering that nio-^tcf the said expedition is composed of families and imhi^- trious people, I have deemed it best to permit thrin, provisionally, to remain in the departniciit" — on rnii'li- 80. Sept. IStli, Pioo to Castro. litis onlcrrd tlic prefect to prevent tlic entry of foreigners: e.iiiiuit go north liiiu.self on .'leeouiit of other duties. hK. viii. 11. Oct. 'J;fil, Sutter tos\il)-prefeet, iielvDowh'ilgiiig the receipt i>f iiisfrurtiniis to i)re\ent tlie entry of foreigiier.s, will eheerlnliy comply to the lnvt 'A liis nhility, liut asks that some nieniber.s of the last company 1)0 given jia.ssc-.! V'o'. y//.s/. ( '"/., MS., ii. L'lCJ. lu liis J)iin-ii, (i, Sutter say:', the ori'.ers v, err rrceived Oct. 'Jlst, and re.id to the aHScmhled imniiiirantHon the '_'.'!d. Alsoin A . Ih'i'- J)i(irii, MS., 10- i 1. 'I'lie meeting was adjoui ;ied t" the '_'7th, hut no iiif. tin;,' M teeorded on that date. Oet. Nth, J. ( '. .loiies write* to Larkin lV>.ia Ma Biiriiaia, to look out for tronhle, as the Me\. ;,'ovt lia:i declared tlia^ '>ii »!ie eomnieiieement of wai' all American sliips and other property will I" iniiueai- atcLy seized. Larkiu'a Dvc, MS., iii. o^l. I. VI. ^1-'^!:! CASTRO AND THE IMMICRAXTS. 607 IS iiia:lo l\ to \n) [XM'llill'S tit inn in liis tniir \)\r the 1(1 X.'iifi lu'V-.-iiil as iiit( r- ]v (Icsti- rts wmj Mfxi- that the tVecn the tcs; that and that s uttcrlv ni ISfll to ) away , srtth; in his ilialiii'^ lici' M^' \Un<{ (it I iniht- it lli''ia, )n (;(•!!' li- nt till' I'tit'y us. /'/.. viii. iistriK'timis lu'st "f liis iiissL'-i'. ]>(>■'■ civivci'ivcil .iii.V. //•''•• iiauu'i'tin;-' ,u irni.i ■•>" that '111 t!i« I l„- iiiiliiU'-li' tiiin of tlieir assouibliiiij at Soiioiua iiiulrr tlio vit;ilanco (if X'allcjo and the local authoritios, oboyirijjj the laws, i^fivin;^ bonds for good behavior, applying within tlirco months for a regular license to settle, and promising to depart if this is not granted. Tho\' accepted these conditions; and, as we have seen, about twenty of the lunnber appeared to give the required bonds before tlic end of the month.** ^[eanw]lile, one of tlio foreitj^ners was sent to the Sacramento to assemble those of his comj)anions who had remained in that renjion; and at New Helvetia mi November I 1th Castro issued another order simi- lar ill pui'port to that of the Gth, but even more favor- ahlc to the immigrants, since they were not — unless their case was covered by the other order — re(|uired to give any bonds, and might witli a pass from Sutter ^(1 to Sonoma or San Juan in quest of enqdoyment. Sutter was exhorted to use great prudence in keeping the ibreigners united and submissive; and to present ac(auate repf)rts of all new arrivals, to whom the priv- ilc'vs crranted were not to extend witliout new or- deis.*'^ Thus we see that the immigrant!-., Americans "'•' ' '/f.s'/co, Orddi del rommnlnntc ijenrral gobre pcrmiinriicia de citiviriidoK dc / ^ K-hiduA Ciihl '", di: \or. JS.'/,1, MS. Bonds of the foreigners — Yonnt lieing li'iiiilsiiiiiM for most, in Vtdlcjn, Doc., MS., xii. lo'J-To. '' N(j\'. 1 Itli, Castro's order in favor of immigrants. VaUcjo, Ihx'., MS., xii. l.V), Nov. ."Jd, news at Sutter's Fort of arrival of Castro and Alvaraiio at SiiiiiiiMa. X. Il to aid lii.i I iiuiitrymen and their families, 'hut if it is not in y' <;enerositv of the A^allejos at Sonoma and Xapa in reheviiiL,^ tlie wants of" destitute {"amilics was hy im means sur[)assed by that of Sutter at Xow Helvetia. Sutter liad returned in ^Tarch, as wo have seen, from his brief imprisonment at Los An_L,^e]es, none tin' worse in any way f )r his participation in the late iv\- ohuion, since all his old j>o\vers had betai conlirmed by tlie new authorities; and his loss of time and mnn< y may be rc'-arded as eountcirbalanced by his '<>cnei,;l <;'rant' from Micheltorena, which tlie new goveimnciit in a sense tacitly conlirmed by takint^ no steps, so i\\v as is known, to annul it.''^ Inimediat(dy alter his ]•.- turn, Sutter made a successful cam}»aii4n against the Indians who had murdered Thomas Lindsav,and wlm M'ore committinuf depredations amoini the raiicluiM.' cattle, killing twenty-two of their number, and lo-iiiu' only one of his twenty-two men.*- During his absence in th(! south a report of his death came to New ]irl- tlu'iii ti> vote iuul thereby put. tliciii under sonic tililigntions ;is Iwivinu' i" i- f. ir:iioil nets of eitizen;-lii[). \><>ih li;ir;rr;ivo and VowU-y, JSiiir /'■nj, }i\>.. 1, nitc the eiiuiin;^ ot le of liearini; aims. Col. \'allcj(,)'M letter to I'A-presideut IJuslanianto on Nov. 'il'd, eL^cw liei'i! liotiecd, \iillijo, J)or., ^IS., xii. l.">7, eoniahm iiiueli almut tlio coiiiiu;,' if overland iiiinii. ranis and the iiiijiossiliilily of stopping tliem vitli any l'ii-.u iivailaMo in C'al. JIu i.jieaks of ( 'astro's visit rnd niea.suics. ■"Of iMiiro Mieliellorena had no ii„'lit t'> grant sneli power.^, norwiM coulirniation liy tile new !,'ovt liave heeii of any le-al foi-i ; hut Siiltir\.n U'ft nndi.'ituihed in tin; poo.se.;si(iu of his supposi-d powers, and the grantees may lie .'^upiio.scd to ha.e aeipiired from this state of all'airs .some ri^lit-J i:i i'(|r.ity if noi. in law. In his letter of Xov. 'J'Jd to lv\-pre,>i-<'l i:ito foreiuu liands t!iron,L;h 1). .hian A. Sutter, who was authorized to tli.it elleet liy (ion. .Mieln Itorena, as is sliowu hy a doeumi'ut in his ].iis-ir-;>iiiu si;,-ned liy the said L^'Ueral; so that a midtituiie of Aniejieans eoinini; wiJi^iit le_i;:d ]iassports. not ii.itui'alized, and ah.^olulely limiualiiieil to oeeuiiy lan'l"! ]i;)sse;;sious, hold immense ((nautities of tiio i iehest lands in this j art of t!:o ilepartuient .s(jlely hy the ticio issued hy Sutter under the autliority eiltd. VatUjii, ]>oc., JIS., .\ii. l.")7. '-'April L/ih, S. to A. Tico. Dipt. St. Pap., M.S., vi. 17:1. mm ■ 'it ■ .'»■! in TSir), lavc jKil- irsiiiic--, t..r(';ii- tlif wlu- fn tin; > late ivv- liriiu'*! Iiy 11(1 Uloiiry s '"■(.'iii'r.il )V('i'niii(.'nt _'j)s, so iar tvv Ills IV- >;aiiist tilt' , and v.li" Iraucii''!''- 111(1 lo>in:4' is al)>i'iii'^^- vxv 11 rl- Is Ihwiim l"i'- /■/.-;/, M^.- 1, IliuuriiiL; :ir;iis. |::a, I'lsicw li^'"i; n- c'diiiiu.: > f lilli any l"i''t! Its, niii" \v" ii'l lit Sll'itu- \ :n liiiiiu! ri-lit-i-.i r.lls'.UUi: 111'', Ir liiuc I ;i.--"l l.iziMl to tli.it li.i jiiis- the IihIImiis in ciicrk; will sciul some iiiori' liiili:;ii ciiil'lrcn wIr'u iiu iiiiikcs iiiintliur mill; ' tliis yciir I will have ;i uoml li;i;\c t, tliiiiik (lod ill 1r';iv(1i.' ()ri;,'iiml in A/rurndo, II'ikI. ('id., MS., iv. •Jl."i. .i:,ly '22(1, S. to li. A lo;i!j; letter on Ins [n'osiuits. Will sow MOO fiin. of w iii:it. ' I will foicc the iillhir (ini'c, iiiiil wlicii it tui'iis one yc;ir irooil out not only fill my ilihts « ill Ih" puiil, Imt I will liiivc a vciv laru'e .iniount over.' Will In ;i];^ water from the .Anieriean i'"ork for iri'iuiition and mills. The Itussiaiis uiil give him a eontraet for all the grain ami other ercps he eaii raise. It' lie Iwnl some needed .ii'tieles to the extent of y.'). ().)(), he eonld maUo a. fortune in Ivvo years. Tia|)])in',' Mils fair to lie protit.ilile, though a. great many of his lMr.< are wrongfully ohtained liy others. His enemies, I'li'igge, Wilier, Mar.-h, and others, al'c doing their liest to injnn^ his eledit. ' 'I his year 1 Jiay a i oii- siderahle amount of my debts, the half to the If. iJ. Co., a good amount to the Russians, and at le.ist half to .Mr Tiioin|isoii and otheis, in tan.' Wishes I,, to eiime n|i and examine the ]iros])eets, evid ntly hoping to get from him some ]ieeuniaiy aid. /^ur/.iii'a JJoi\, .MS., iv. '2'JS. .luK lilst. luig list of artiiden w liiih L. is ask(>d to furnish — on cicdit of eour.se. Id,, ui. I'liJ, '2IU. Aug. l"_'th. Marsh to J.arUin. E.speets -J.Oiiil innnigiants w itii ll.rtin;,'^ mostly of good I'haraeter ;ind some ]iro|ierty. "(iod speed (hem. I liiul lather noni^ would eome tlian that they should he like a portion ot .•^oiuu of the t'ornn r eompaniis.' /lio;ilil give a )iart to m w settlers; 'it will lie olir greatest interest and make oiir lainls valualile.' '.Next year in this inniith ue shall have l,()(H) and tlioiisinuls of emigrants here,' who should be given lamls in th" Tulares. New rouicis well armed and 'will light like lyoiis.' .\fter the rains the new eity "ill h' 'foundated.' I'luiloii i ; to leavi> the eouit of Sonoma and liiiild .a Imti ! h. re, 'J'weiity splendid ploughs maile here; would like to have 40 running at once. A .saddler at u|ile will lie astonished ,it my farming luisiiiess.' Id., iii, '.<\'i. Nov. ."itli, seems to h.i\e ]iaid iiio-it r (iildea's •.•rxicis )iartietdarly u.seful Jd., iii. ;i(;:i. .Ian. I. IS4(I, Sutter to I'ludon. A l"ii',' letter in I'reneh. mainly devoted to urging I'rudou to usi' his inl'ueib r witli Vallejo to permi' the entry of cargoes for the v;d!ey free of dutic-.. N'lir position |;is Vallejo's secretary) gives you great chunees, and if you kiM " U'•" V (if hi . ; .1 - ,' M:n>.li. .in.l 1 jiiiy 11 i"ii- nxill lllll"I.Mt crs, ii\ fur-.' KUlill',' to L-'I't ilv ;il>t. 1 ai:,' /./., iii. -SM, vitli lla-'.iH'.rs [luMii. I ilil'l ti.iii .if .- iiiif A 1,'iiihI iiiiiny 111' ;.'iinil \';ir • V^lllfV. //. !)1. (l.t.-l. C'l. i.f V. Ii'.iii .f ^iil I'Ui uii;j!"iis. . liiililnVii ;-"""l a clill i'V >lii';i 111 iiiaKi' 1 IikI tli'iu^ali M iir Is Ncw-i'iuiui's • city uiU 1)' a. Until li'io. ,;,' 111 oin't'. llii^ iiist |/,/.. iii. "•I'>. ,nil ti' ii:i\'^' lliialiy ]'!■■ lilr- . rMi-is \ 1..M-,' Ituv v.. Ill' ,\ liiiW 111 >'iiii^ l)llt l"V lis -■ri .-i.'i tlio I'iiit- 11; a M.'vTTir.is AT \i:w in:Lvr/iiA. oil rVops at, New l[cl\i>ti;i wcm n-ood this year: iiiid oilier bfaiichcs of iii(lu.stry weru in a cnmjiMi'ativcly |ii(is]K'rous coii'litiMii — so imicli so that Suiter waseii- iililed actually to j)ay oil' a lew of his smallest dehts, ti' iiiak".' oood his ('f(>dit with Jjai'kin t'oi- a sniad niiMiunt ill iron and other lUM'ded y its L,'eneral tone the con- clusion to Ix; creditors with ma^Miiliceiit promises for ill" near futui'C. To Sufiol he continued t:»send Ind- i.iii lahorers, with rerpiests for now credit, and threats til maki> Marsh and Weherpay deai'ly for their 'iiiso- l lice and ro<4'uery' in altackiiiL;' his soKeiicy; hut tiii.illy, hy sendiiiL;' ilown some wa^^'ons purchased from the iiiiinii;rants, he so tar appeased his ei'editor that III ■ latter ap[n'ars not to ha\H; acti'd on his threat to Iii!>' the matter hefore the authoritii ■u; We 1 y other cr<'d- iTiiis. ir loiiil from tin' iiioiiiitaiii.-i li.is In fiiuinl; tluri' will ln' ;i railroinj .") years! (.'npy in V(itl, //i-t. ('al., .MS., v. 'Js ."J}; /'I., Corn -/i •1. MS.. i.-)7-(;4. Siiiti r-Siiiiil ( 'or., MS. , ji, 1-10. Tliis debt explains Sir (ieo. Sinij.son'r, alhisinii t.i.stU- tor during his visit in 1841. See chap. ix. of this vol.; also Hinipiniii'.^ .\iiir., i. 32.J-7. •'Tor some particulars of this matter, sec chap. vi. of tills \i'. I'l* auu)unt of tho debt iu 1845 was about $31, COO. PROPOSED SALK OF THK FOHT. 013 ; to tlio 3 of Ih*! thstaiid- and tlie a littlo rchnsrd, 1 j)lt'i»>i'(l nntniiH'il ilaiirr nf LIikU< Ill's at Sitka [led, thus ts of the ehoso to }nt li^dit. cs to aid nd iiiially Mexican 's indebt- niortLjag'o ,vent into the war Mexico.*^ uiplatiii»,' a desire , the illi- ially ii' a xieo, was aliioriiiaii eall.v h.'- hetia, nr ] 1)0 ■ n<'- )bli;4atiou Jm till' r;l«>i)f Ifoct. <'"''■'< lusioii '■' ^"'" ,V( I /■'•., IpHOli ■' 1» \'- The fis officials to "save tlieir ivsponsiMlity" 1)}' actiii'jf t'lir the best interests of tlieir ^overnnieiit, and on tlie theory that the nation would sujjport Ihiun with money or troops. It was theivfore theii' duty to do all in their power to ae(piire Suttisr's Fort. Aeeord- iii^ly Castillero and Casti'o, on their northern tour in X(ivend)er, brcjaehed the subjeet t(» Sutter. Th(»ri' is iiiiK'li uncertainty about wliat was siiid at the inter- view of Novend)er 1 1th. Sutter himself states that tliey made liini a deiinite offer of .s 100,000, or the mission of San Jose, for his establishment; and that lie. after consultation with liis friends, declined the eller because the proi>osed sale, tllou^■h advantai^'eous to jiini. Would leave the settlers and innnii^rants un- jirotected.'"' *^ Sit/tfi-'A Di't.-i/, 0; /(/., Pi'fifim (o ('oiirirrx/f, .'>; /il., PcrnoinJ /'imlii., Ms., i;)2-8. ]Iu s;iys tli;it the visitors wci-e ju.Toinpaliic'il by J^ccsu iiinl I'lii- iliiii from SonoiiKi, iind tscortdl hy iih(;nt ."il) (1.) i.iini; tluit tlicy .it oiico ii:"iU'lio(l tlu'ir Inisiiu.saof Imyiii;; tlic fort; Hint In; u.'n liuu'li surjiiiscd, iii'Vcr li:i\ ill',' t!iouj,'ht{if sc'liiii:,', Imt consulted J!( Miliiii.', J lid well, I li iislcy, .'iihI J.okt r, wli ) tlioii;^!ittlii!]ni('o!ig.)od (Hie, 1)11 tn slid, ' Wliaci-t t > Ih'cdiik; ot'us?' ''i lii«i (Ilk riiiiiK'd iiic; 1 WHS IkmukI they .should li.'iv o )iro tec lion; hut tor this I .sin mid li.n (' ;uct'[itoil tlio oIrt; (jftcu huv(! I rcL;t'etti'(l that! did not neccpt ii; niiil fill tills groat jsauiilico 1 luiW'! Ik'iii jiaid uitli liotliiii;^ hut iii,L,'ratitudc' ! Tho (iilitaiii ac'coiiijiaiii(.'d tin; visitors forli) iiiilisoii ilicir diiiaitun! iii;.\t day; and all V. iro ovi'itakcu liy Ileiislcy Avith •'>{) hoiscimii, fi'ariiiL; that .Siittcr was liciii'.,' kidiia|ipcd ! J'ludoii laiuc haik and lii-..;td an iicccjitainc! ot t!iu otllr, eta 1 1 111; at last that ( 'astro hadaiitlioiizcd liiiu t) iiniU! Imth oli'rrs, f;i\ ini; liitli the .''100,000 and the mission istatts ! Afionliii;,' to the A'. Jlilr. J)i ir;/, .MS., C.-ai) started Nov. 12lh; i'nidon slaiti'd to ovim taUe liiiu Nov. l.'ilh; and llriislcy arrived from Jloel; N'nv. I4;li, j/oin;; haik next day. See also Itoss lii'iv, lie, ill the Ora'tdiiil, xv. ."44. '('islillo was iiii])o\vered to ].r.y as miuh a.i .';O,(/i;0; and Jietually otl'eied Suttc r in addition icvcial jino tniets of niis- sioii lands now worth millions. Ihit Sutter, vith a:i nii.--elli>:h devotion to our iiiti rests wliieh has never lieeii ))ro|jeily aiijireeiated, njeetcd all tlie:,e tiiiiiitinir oil'i'i's, jirel'eriiii;,' to unite his fi:rtuiie witli the AiiK'iieaiis.' Swasey, '"'. /;( \'i'i '!, M.S., ;(, .niid also in \ariiiiis iieusji.ifM r i.riieli's, spi'aks of ll:o (jfn r; hut seems not to have had any jieisonal kiiuwh lUx of it. Hiduidl, ( 'ntl( r (ill aeeoiiiitof t'astroM jealoi'.sy, hut Mieeeeded in sijiiiil^ ii:;; his«[)iiroval of "^itter'.T conduct i:i Jiiilin;; Mielieltoiena ; hut lie sr.y.i nothiii:,' < f any (;lilr — til ill',' douhtless jiretty well aware that none was madr. 'i'lie eoiniu;^ of ( '.Es- till, ro and Castio win not ia ii'ality uiie.'iiieeted; for as we have seen, it had Iki -I announced at the fort on \ov. lid. Xov. oth, Sutter, writiie; to J.aikin, sai I h : had no ohjeetiou (o ( aslro's eomiii;,'. thouu'li he thouuht it vor.l 1 he piiiilent to leave liis fo:-ei; at Sonoma to avniil alarmin;,' tlo setth is. Lrnf.l.i'n I'" ■., M.^., iii. odO. Oa Xov. (itii ( '.istro ha 1 not (jiily auiiouiiced his coi:ii:i r, liiit had sent a messenjjer to assemhle the forei;,'iier.i. Sdrcr/p, l)oc., M;-^., ii. 4J. Sutter uud Bidwull i^noro thiu jiart of the visitors' husinesj. Xov. 14i.li, i-^i^ I' :l •' 1 m. 014 rOUKKiX IlKLATIOXS -1841. Were tlicic IK) cvidi'iici' oil this iii;itti>i' Ix'yoiul !\ri' Slitter's statement, as indc'ed Hiere is none on liis side, it would lie lii'cessarv perliaps to coiichide that lie li;i,s told the truth ; that ('asliliei'o and ("astro, L;'oiiiL;' liu' heyond any powers or means tliov conld have |ims. .sessed, U( a a i»lea, advan('e(l jati-r tor a well known |)ur|iose. i . (o anyone a('<|iiainted with the circumstances and tlii' man an utter ahsurdity— but hecause he lacke(l l-iiiU that payments w<»uld 1)e pronqitly made. 'I'liciv is, however, some further exideiicit, leiivin;^ n<» douhi in Diy iniiul that Sutter's statement is false, and that tlic oli'er was made if at all hy himself Xotifyini^' Liir'ia of his inti;r\iew with the commissioners, he wiile; "No douht their visit will he to our mutual hen* lit. ] am now on the most iVieiidly terms with J ) >n .his.' Castro, and with Sehor ( 'astilK'ro."''' A Hat iiiiisd to accede to their wishes would hardly have led to a r-tate of thiii'Lj^s so satisjactory. ]jidwell states that "Sutter was inclined to dispose of his fort and land." About ten days alter the visit A'allejo wrote to I]\- president ]^ustaniante as follows: "It would he vciy desirable to clo.si' that door of commuiiicatit)n between the U. S. and this country, even at some saia'iii'i', ('astro and Castillero havi';^" made ])ropositiiuis to Sutter for the purchase of his establishment, he : ai I that he would cede it to the rrovernuient for ,slOU,<>ijO. 1 grant that this is a hie^h ])rice to pay for afvw jucits of cannon, a not very scientitieally constructed bastinii, »ome fosses or moais, ti'ii or twelve adobe houses, rid corrals of the same material; but the security of ilw country is what is to be paid for, and that is | licc- Sutter notifies L• t!ie arrival and dcpartui'o. J,(tr/:!n'fi Our., M.S., iii. ',]~l; alsn^V. JIilv. JJirityi hut .'liitterH (Icniands fur ivady money were so «'.\CL';-,sivc! that noLJiin.; cuulJ Lo done. (Sutter proposed the aulc lirst through i'riulou. .nd Mr Ills siilc, 111' li;is nili!4' I'lil' IVI- |MIS- ntl'i'l' I'oi- ciipl.'iiii, t'nl' >11( 11 jsis is ti" ami till' ;c(l I'jillli rii.'iv Is (loulil in thai llir 11' Lai'lviii IC Wl'iili'". 1 Urllrilt. ) >n ,l.is.' it I'ol'iisal ^' led to a atl's tliat \\i\ laii'l. " t(,' in i'A- •V vrry ri'll 1 ln'tW saiTilii titioii- to lU' ,10U,tiOO. >\V jiiccrS 111 >astinii, bu^'' IS 1 111'- ll(.v- it t!ie MS., Diarj />, ,•;,,. -(''IS, liyautli viiy; lolliiiio' '-■'J"^'* RUTTI'.Tl WFLLIXO TO SELL. (115 Ii -«."'■•' A,t,niiii, Sutler li'mscir wnitr on .T;ii\ii!irv I, I-k;, (o A'iclor J*i'U(l<)n as tollows: "I was astoiiislKMl t'l lnar liowii tliciv," at V('rl)a IJucua, "the r('|M)rt lliat I had sold my I'stahlisliirciit to the L,'(>vciiinicul, It appears that ccs iiicssirui's have nut kcj)t it sccfct. What do yoii think of it '. Do \n\\ lidicvc that the -(•venmioiit will hiiy iti* I would like to he sure ot" lliat, so that 1 nii'^ht take nccrssaiy lueasuics. lu cax' the e'ovcrMUin'Ut derides to make the jiurehase, do vmu think it would he possihli- ti» ohtain a |)ai't of the |iilre on aeeouiil sutlicieut to pay a part of my dehtsf I rould |L;iv" possession of the estahHshnient after liar- \e>t. 1 l)eii('V(! the i^'oveiiuneiit will do well not to neglect this matter, ioi- next fall then' will he many iiiiini;j;i'ants IVcjm the Ignited States. ''°- And linally, Sutter wrote to Castro early in ISK!, "heiievinL,^ that tlie ;^'ovornment will huy my estahlishinent, I will |»ut all in the l)est eondition" for the Mt'\i(!an ^'arrison which Castro is advised to send lor- sei-\iee aL>-ainst the iianiii^raidsl''''' In view of the fact that Sutter's stato iiieiit is eiitii'ely unsupj)orted, of Jiis stronuf t(Mn[)tation te misi'epresent the matter, and of the inlu-rent im- piohahility that lie would refuse oi' the Mexicans make such an offer — I Jiave no douht tim I'eader will , iiiul obtain compensation from the L;ovt. Man. 1, lt?4(i, S. to I'., in \'■ siupect from tiie titles heailin;,' liiis note. "^6. to C. Original letter in Caalro, JJov., M.S., ii. 'Jo-O. 15 '. ?;!' I ! m « 010 FOREIGN RELATIONS— 1845. and Castro a(l()i)to(l anotlicr and dicapor niothod uf acconipli.'sliinji^ their olnject, hy rccoimnoiidiiig to their govorniiK'nt tho purchase of the liussiaii inort^Mn'c though Sutter does not a{)pear to have known anythiiin' of tliis scheme/* In connection witli affairs at New Helvetia, an im- j)ortant diar}' should be noticed here. It is a dailv record kept at the fort by Swasey, Bidwell, and Lukcr. as Sutter's clerks, and during a })art of the time Kv Sutter himself, IVom Se])tember 1), 1845, to May iT), 1848. It deals chiefly with the arrival and depaituiv of employes, visitors, and immigrants; and is of the greatest value as a record of exact dates, as a souici' of information about hundreds of early pioneers, and as a contemporary journal of local affairs. I owe its possession to the kindness of William F. Swasey, of San Francisco, one of tho authors and a man tle('[)ly interested in all that relates to the pioneer history of Calif( ■ " ornia. "Apr. '2',i, 184(1, the Mox. govt tells Pico tli.at the subject of acijiiiiiiii; Sutter'.s Fort lias bocn defcrretl. No details as to tiie nature of th<' pioii'T-i tion. St. J'n/}., J//,M. find Vol.. MS., ii. 411-14. •'■' Xiin /Jilivllii, Jjinri/ o/ Eiriils IS.'f.'t -S, bi/ Sira.'if I/, Hiilirc//, I^uli r, nn'l Sliittii; MS., ISS1,'21"J !>. ("op.V from original. 'J'iiere are unfortunately .sukil' long bhinks in the rucortl of 1840-7. :h()(l of () their 0' •thinif , :in 1111- a daily Lokci', tinu! Itv ilay 2^), 'parturc i of th.' 1 SOUl'Ci' ITS, aii«l owe it> rasoy, <>|' 1 (ltH'[)ly istv)rv I'f if ai'iiniriiiii il()|iii;;l- till' 1' f.iil.i r. 'ifi'l luiti'lv !^"iiiu CHAPTER XXVI. LOCAL ANNALS OF THE SOUTH. 1841-1845. PoppLATroN — San Dikoo— Last of the Puesidial Company — MrxiniPAi. Afkaiks — r ^^•cIIo.s— MissKiN San Dikco — San Lri.s Key— Paihie IiuuuA— Wastino-away ok the Estates— San Jtan Capisthano — I'lKBi.o OF San J tan de AkoIello — San Dieoi'ito, San Pascl-ai., ANij Las Fi.oues — Los Angeles District — Statistics — City ani> Si lUTRBs— Local Events— Prefectire and Municipal Government —Criminal Record— Kanciios— San Pedro— Sa< Gabriel— Dec \i»- KNCE UNDER MaJORDOMOS— SaN BERNARDINO — A(iCA MaNSA— SaN Ei.RNANDO — Mission Rented— Santa Barbara District— Presidid AND Town — Sib-prefi.ct and Ji;i;ces de Paz — Ranciims — Mission — Inveniokies and Renting — San Bcenaventura— Santa Ines— Padre Moreno — Tim College — Purisima — Padre Abella — Small-pox — RciN and Sale. Southern California in the half'-clccadc of 1814-15, tlie territory and period embraced in this c]ia[)t('r, oaiiied in white population about 500 souls, or Irom -,S50 to 3,350. The ex-neophyte Indian pojiulation fell off about 1,500 souls, or from 5,100 to 3,000, of wliicli latter number 1,880 were still liviiieace. llespectinL*" the ])opul;i- tioii of llu' district, e\(;ludiiin' Indians, .estimated ;it ITjO in 1840, we have nothing- but ]\Iofi'as' lin'ures cf 100 in 1842 and the fict that thei'e were al)oiit 70 men capable of bearing arms i.i 1844-G. I su[tpnsi; that this population in i84a may have been o50 souls; and the ex-neophyte pojiulation (500 at the missions and ])Ui'blos, 1,000 inchiding (he I'anchos, and jioiliaps l,r)00 or more inchaHiiL;' those living as fugitives in gentile rancherias. All this however rests on a \cvy slight i>asis. ll\o. half decade was a ]ieriod of tranrpiil prosp(Mlty, but unt'Ventful even when compared with the past monotonv of existence at this least bustling of tlie California towns. A dassilied sunnnary is ap[)cii'l d >X'., MS., xi. .'50;!; .Un/>.M, luptoi:, i. .'{•..Ti-d. Oit. "JOtli, rrt'ii'ct'.s onici-s to JCsliulillo. iVtivy, /' ■, M^.. iii 4.">. May 'JS, 1S41, cuin. of frontier calls on jnoz to return :■■'■ II UiUsUcts anil bayi.iiels lent for defeiico, Ao.t An;/. Anh., MS,, ii. oS-!). Jiuii) isrj, Inil. liavo risen; only ."> men at S. Diego, '.I of them \nui:. f"r- eiyiirvs; i>ll tlio rest absent on tlieir ranulioa. ])i'pt. St, Piip., Amj., M"".. '^^ )•_'.). July 1S»4, Juez .sends ii list of 71 eiti^ens eapablo of serviiiLT in a ■ ivio lonipany, not inelinlin,,' foi'eiirner.s or Indians. Ihpt. St. Pay., MS., s\;n. 4, .Sept. 1S4.'), referi^i'oe to ."i."{ iiaines of men in tlio jurisdielion able to bi-ai" ami:;. /(/., Bill., I'lrf. y Jii:.ul;i- iiatA'd at <_>'ures of il)ont 70 suppose 50 souls; inissiniis prrhaps itives ill u a very hsperity, die i'.i>t [.• of the Ippelid d Ira;/'', ''''i Ituni ;■" 11 ■,s-i). I,,, M-.. iv. HI :i ■ 1^"'' Is., NV.li- •*■ IjV M liLMr (>r events and institutional proo-ross.- Sectional strife v.us tcmpoiarily at an end: San Diego was the iirst 1o welcome Governor ]\Ii \eltorena; was spared a - Clironol()i;ic sumiiuiry of cvoiit.sut S. Diej^D: rsil. M;iy-JiiiK', ,a leportuj II- in;; of the Jiul. of tlic .'-icrra do .f;iiimr on tlio fiiiiiticr, louilin;:; to coriTsp. iictWL'cn alcalilc, ])rcfcct, ami };ov., witli orders, procaiitioiis, and couiiilaiiita i-i lack of nica and arms; lait no ca.-iUaltk.s nor dtlinile I'l suits. J'cjtl. Sf. j'nji. .1,.;/., MS., vi. ;5-J, 4:!; xii. ."iT; -/>r/-/. /,Vr., MS., xii. 1.'!: Fi/cli, J)o:, MS., l(i({. ]»nU!4lis proposcil an estab. of the II. 15. t'o. hero. This vol., ]i. lMO. Doc. Ar- iival o( ]5ishop Gar 'ia l)ic'L;o. Id.. lOo, .')■■)•_'. iJuo. 'JOth, atunuiltat Lal'laya I' >ultin;,' in one or two deaths. No further details. It wa:Aproli:;lily . a quarrel 1). I ween sailors or Indians. JJrp'. .bV. y'«/;., ^'1»,'/., MS., vi. ts_'. l.stJ. \'isitof I i,;llot de ^lofrasand his investigations in Jan. This vol.,'2-!l-, '2.")0, "J.jIJ; .l/o/Vc,-!, r..-1'hi):, i. .'J!>J~.'!. Aprir.Iune, trouhlis with the lud. of Jacuni. The i)re- livt thinks the inluih. liave provoked the troubles by unwise e;jntluct, Imtordcr.j lui ther examination and auUiorizes defensive nicasuies -that i.-^, the b.)rro\vii!g (if .some armf from ('a])t. I'iteh. ti. J). Arrli., MS , "JST-S; J>(/i', til, J'lip., An;/., -MS., vi. I'J,'), I'Ji); this vol., p. o.'JS. l)eath of C'apt. Z:iiiii.irano. \ol. ill.! p. ;{■_'!». Oct. 'JOlh, Nov.. (.'ajit. I'lulps of the Alirl :.[nkv-, th,- ;,ninsof the fni t ill connei'tion witli Com. Jones' ^^\ploils at Monterey. 'J'liis V(;l., \i. .'!_'0, li-'l, .'MU. Arrival of (iov. Mijlieltoreini, raid his troops from Mex'co in .\u- •■;;st. /./.,2S<)-'J;!. Vv'halcs taken in tlie liay. Ilmji^'K.ii.Xoti^.AW:,. iStJ. Oaui to su]iport the I'ases oi'Liaiiieas, or new Mex. eonslitntion iu Oct.; ah;o dictions, l/ai/m' hoc, .MS., 170; this vol., ;i.");)-0]. Is41. July, a militia c iKipany to lie orqani.'.ed under Capt. Andres Pico. Id., 407. Douhtful IV iwA that the guns of the fort were aijain spiked by tlie crew of ;i v, lialcr. 1 '., i;;;!. 154."). lOUbrts to opi.n .S. Dieuo as a Ist-class port and establish a ciis[om-liousc. /'/.,.")]!>, r).")7. Elections in Oct. Id., ^40. Civil and municipal ,LC.)vt and listof oUicers: 181 1. K isario At^'uilar, juez de ]'.. Ost, princiiial, or propriciary); Jesus Moreno jue/ de pax, (Jd, supleu;", or iii'.ci ino), appointed the precedin;^' l>ee. by tlie lu'eiect nt Los AnLre'.es and aj)- .11 dasd >V gov. Ill Fel) epositary of inii'ls lu jto M. Zavaleta, secretary; Fi M. a: Mav; M;i •IV erdif'o ■•nil 1 Jose. M. Ah jii' ccsdeleamiio, appointed \>y jiie/,iii Fcl). at jirefci't's order. .Jan., ali C( f all its required by prefect, .s'. J). Arch., MS., 'JiiS. l'"cb. Si •> due I'ilch on ille'cally collected but not paid for want of niunicijial funds, to i)c j^'iid .1.1 nJily rebate of F.'s ta.xes. /d.,'2ij'.). Marcli, a: line of c: /'/., -27 like 'nioiite' than 'tliirty-oii",' isbeconiiut; popidarand must be tito I'releet reeommends a bando ; ipp-.d. i!!,' rallies. lUe Id., 2o',). M; ■lime. ■ s salary iSlO and expenses ^o^.Tk); iu ilie treasury !;<'>. :t all ;4;uiics ot chance, iiiclui ■i[ial rccci])ts iSJs, expend. IV (». Ihj.f. .S'. /', .1";/., !M.S., vi. 1!). April, sentence could not be executed lor want of b A f. X< 'J)U blii no iiri.soner hired out at I "J rcales for l.")day.- J'. AiYh., MS., '276. -May, ^'iiidrcs Ibarra and llafacla Serrano by prclc.L' ;'i;-- I must pay tax on their dram shop or the liquors are to lie eonliscated and til pusited. /(/. ,270. All Ind. was iini A 12 A iiiau sent to collect it at the Ind rea'.es for playing; a jfaiiie ol the eiiljirit (1), but later had to f,'ive up t laii s expense eomiU'oinisei the matter with wo liorse swbhSIO. Id. I'r.lect rs juc7, to collect i<20 lino and iS12 fluty on otter skins fioiii Osiiiia, lo piiy J. A. J'istudillo the rent of a room for the juz.uado. and keep the rest for arais and auinmnition in case of Ind. troubles. Id., '270. June, nun iKr of Lieut. Jose A. Cjarraleta bv I. ifc J liana (iastelum across the f roiiih It^l't. St. l'fi]i.. All;/., MS., i. 7'>, iv. 14. .luiie-Aug,, niuiiic. receipt* i\[iend. Stl. /'/., vi. UO. Dee., Itobinson, a storekeeper, lined .^,'1 and Jiut in <'Iiaiii3 for refusiii;^ to serve on the patrol. Id., vi. SL A, sailor of the I'rim i- V'lK lined .S") for eiittiii' another of the CV(///<*/ iiijiircd party. S. J). Arrh.. MS., I'sS. besi le.t jiayin;_; ;„-^lS to tiio lo4_'. Jose Ant. Cuugora juez de paz; JojJ yi. Alvarado supleiitc. Gou- for lying with an Ind. girl I'etra, and woiuidiii,' an ind., Jose Miuia, who inteifered. I'etrii was given '2'> blows and sent to the iuit;si( n nunnery; and Jose Maria vas given oO hlow.s for iiis ';it:i\i- niieato.' S. 1). Arr/i., MS., '2S8. Tv.o Ind. lined 20 reaies for beutiii'; a man and tlic latter '20 reaies for selling the former hrandy. A foK i 'ini' lined .'1:8 for creating an excitement by the false announcement of the bishup'pi arrivi'd. Id, KS4.'i. Joaquin Ortega jne;; dc paz: Josi5 Maria Orozco suplcnte. OitoL'a resigned in -May, and J. A. Gongora was ai)i)ointed by t!ie prefect to suiiclmI him. M;;nucl I'ico encargado at Sta l.-aliel. Jose M. Orozeo ieeeptor(jf the port, J'iiilo, j)ui\, MS., ii. 10. Oct., an Ainer. wliaier entereil tlio bay for repairs anil a.ki'd j ermijsion to take wludes. The latter w^s declareil by ihc prefect to lie lieyund liis autliority, but he. directed the alcalde to p'^niiil the repairs, collecting TJ reaies per ti.u for iluties and sending the money lo ihi! prefect; but the captain went on v.itii his whaling operations in spile oi tin' prohibition. Soon a (ierman whaler entc^red and was allowed to reiiuiiii ]inr ( ! tiemjio t uv preeiso. great care being taken. H. 1). Arch., MS., 7; Iil ■ lu- ll.. r, 1 IS; J)(j',t. Sf. J'lip., AiKj., MS., vii. <»7._ JSti. Juan ^lari'a .Matron jue/. (lo pa;:; Thomas Ridington snplente. Ol•^. Jut;: Marroii issued an order to the inlialjit'Uita to turn out and conatriu t u v.;:tering-])laee in the arroyo and buihl a public corral to keep cattle tniin dain:v'i:ig the town, renaltici are aliixcxl for failure to obey. S. /'. Anh.. MS., Iil 1. Two cx-ncophytes for having SloIcii liidci in th'ir possession , m- tcncod toO luonthsof iniblic work. Three gentiles for stealing an ox. (! uiniillis. I'liic;' liid. for stealing a res, ;t months; for killing a res, (i months with eh,-, ins. \.i'.'>. I'lanciseo M. Alvarado jiiezdo])az; .Jos-.i Ilamon Argi'iello, suiih'iito, Al'.r-.'ailo was suspended by tlic fuili-prelect in Nov. — because as he eiuiiiuil lie v.cnt to a baptism at S. Luis, /Ji' Ai:;onio I i.uudiUo apparently served temporarily in Nov. -Dee. Alvarailnatul K tuiillo served ;,s er.ptaiii if the port and receptor, Fitch being also nainnl an receptor. Juan M. Mai-ron was elector de partido. .Siuitia ,'o Ariii- llo was appointed liy the gov. as sul)-|)refcct of the partido on .July I'Jtii :.ii'l tool; posM usien i.f tiie ofiiee on the ."Oth. J:ti,l. Si. i'((ji., Pi'(J. i/Jicij.. MS,, ii. Sb May l.")tl), (lov. I'ieo oiders the 'Jd alcalde to return to his dii.ii's, 'J'liii ii t'.ie only record f,ir the year in .V, J). Arrh., ?dS,, .'ib"t. June ilili, (lov. toalealde. Sta .Margarita has alv. ays been in the jurisdiction of S, Uico, S, Jiian not extending beyond S. Mateo, /h'/t. Uei\, MS., xiv. ;iS-',(, dt,, wlia'ers must be treated v.ell to attract them to the port. Yet there v.m troidilc wiJi the L'. kaguis, granted in 1842 to J. .M. Marron, who wai claiiu.in: !*• fo,eL.(!. lUieiiavisIa, A league, granted 18 b") to Fell [le; .lesus Maihad > ■ l.itii- ant before L. 0. Cajon, 11 leagues, granted iu 1845 toMai'faAut. Lsiudiil'Mlc PRIVATE RANCHOS. 621 Olltl'll)- atisi'ai'- luinciit Rent 8-'. 1 S. I'clil'C ic cusloni- woimiliii',' 11(1 SLllt U> lis ';if.-i'vi- V. forc-i;'in r he bislii'p 's tc. Ortc-'ii ; to siu\c>'il iplor of tlio Lim liiiy fill- iiro.l liy till' I jiiriiiiL the loiicy to tli'^ spile oi till' n.'iuiiiii imr ,7; /'/../"• lU'iito. Oct., . ciiii:>tnul .x CJil'.lo Irom k 1 1. Arrh.. ssion . Ill- (') IHOUlllS. dtln.'li;.iiis ■), siiplmitc, 111! o;;aim.'il -aiiil •lii>'J ilso lUlllU'll ._ ^o Ai'.Tiii- ly I'Jl'.lUU'l /(/:.r/.. M'^- Ilia ihr.ies. .luiic Dill, lit' S. nil".'", iS-l). t'^t., t tlii'iv \\:i3 ^!10 (ir ?:!<>• iains >'!' "!>• /»;;/., li. ^^' for iiiHolios atioii (luiiiii< at. ri.'.>:iiul isioii. \''"a cUlilli:il'l I'C- v\nu\ ..':.iiii- EsliKluloile citizens, promoted to the governorship. IncHan dep- K'tlations as I have said were coni])aratively sHylit, and not only were the dozen or more ranches rcoecu- picd l>y their owners, hut more than twenty new grants wti'o made by Alvarado, Micheltnrena, and Pico, j'rominent hajipcnings were the bishoj)'s arrival and that of the governor, the visit of" ])ullot de ^lofras, and Phel[)s' exploit at the time of the American in- vasion. At the end of each year a juez dc paz, popu- larly known as alcalde, was appointed by the prefect at Los Angeles to manage local affairs for the next yrar; and the successive incumbents of the ofhco were Aguilar, G<')ngora, Ortega, Marron, and Alva- lailo. In July 1845 San Diego was deemed worthy I'lilroi'cna: heirs of Miguel Peilrorcna claimants. Canada tie los Coehcs, 400 \;ii;is, j^'iauted iu 18-llt to Apolinaiia Loreiizaiia; Lestrailo ehiiniaiit. Ciica, ^ Ita^'H', graiitcd iu 184.') to Maria. 1 nan to Amlrt's and .lose Manuel; Andres et al. rlaiiiiants. tiuejito y Canada do I'alonifa, .'i leagues, granted in 1^45 to .losiS Marin Orozco; claimant (luorgc W. llaiiilej'. Laguna, 3 league-*, granted iu I'-iU to J. Manritjuez; claimant Abel Stearns. Nacion, le.igucs, granted iu 1 i') to Joliu l'"orstcr, wlio was the claimant. I'aulia, (J leagues, granted in |-'ll ti to \'. Marago (?) antl Luis Arenas; claimant Louis Vignes. I'aunia, 3 Iraiues, granted in 1844 to J. A. Serrano et al., wlio were ll'c claimants. Kiiirou (lei Diablo, '.i leagues, granted in l.S4.'( to Juan li. Alvai'ido, whose Inn's were claimants. San Bernardino, 4 leagues, gninted in \Sl'2, 1,S4.">, to .liisi' F. .Snook, wlioso widow was the claimant. San Dieguito, 2 leagues, -r.mted in iS4.3 to ,Juan M. Osuna, whose iieirs were claimants. San Jacinto, 4 leagues, granted in I84'2 to Jos(5 A. Kstudillo, who was tiic claimant. Sau .hninto y San (iregorio, granted in i.S4;{ toSantiago.Ioiinson; Louis Robidoux, (hoinant. S. Juan Capistrano, mission granted in 184.') to .lohu Forster, who was el.; Mision Vii^ja, or La I'az, to Agustin Olvera, el. Forster; I'otre- 1..S lie ,S. Juan Cap., Forster; and a lot to A. Kios in 184.3. Santa Isabel, 4 I iiu'ues, granted in 1841 to J. J. Ortega and l^dward Stokes, wlio were tlio 1 launants. Santa Margarita and Las Flores, granted in K841 to I'io and .\iiilri:'S I'ico, wlio were the claimants. In March 1841 the I'icos asked to «'X- change Temt'cula for Sta Margarita, paying for impidvemcnts on the latter. Ji'/'f. Sf. I'ap., lien., l\ y J., MS., iv. .">. 'i'einecula, (i leagues, granted in 1^14 to I'Vli.x Valdes; Loius Vign(>s claimant. .Iiilian Maniiipic claimed the l.iiid under an eailier grant. See JJ'jil. lt<<\, M.S., xiv. ;{,'), ;{ll; Ikpt. St. I'ap., I',< '. 1/ Jitz;/., M>>., i\. KM). IVnu'cula, ^ league, granted in 184.") to Pablo Apis (Ind. ) who was the claimant. 'J'ia Juana, abamhuied by Argiicllo on iiri'.nmt of Ind. Iiostilitii s, and 'denoumu-d' by J. A. .V^uirrc in 184|{. Argil- (■1!m protesting. The courts decided in Aguirre's favor, buttiov. Micheltorena Uac Argiicllo (i months tiuie to renew ';is possession, which lie apparently i- ' iiuiplished. //oy/c.s' Em. A'o/f .i, .")I7 -J. Vallc do Tamo, 4 leagues, granti'(l i;. l.s4."{to>l. J. Ortega and I'Mward .'^tokes, whoweie the claimanis. .Sco land com. lecords in JlojfmaH'.i Ueport!^. All the grants mentioned above Ml re tinally conlirmcd. See ul.so .V. I>kijo Index, MS., liy-'J3, for rclereuco tu doc. on land graiits, including pueblo lota. ! I, a! yt i C22 LOCAL ANNAL;S OF THE SOmL of briiii^ iiiadt' a partido of the Los Aiigclos district, of which Captniu Ai;i»uello was appointed suh-pici'd t. jtrocoediiiLj \vi(h the least possible dehiy to (juanxl with the juez de [)az. At jNIission San Dion^o Father Vicente Pascu.il Ohva continued liis niinisti'v in 1841-5, and fn >iii 1S4;.> nianno'cd also the meagre renuiant of tempi i- rallties, Juan ^Faria Osnna having served as niajm- donu) in 1841 and prohahly until the padn; tixik charge in A])ril 184.']. ^lofras gives the nunihcr i4 Indians in the connnunity as oOO in 1S4l', and ;i i ollicial report of 1844 as 100. The mission retaiiH.I the ranclios of Santa Isabel and ]']1 Cajon uiiiil 1844-j, and a[)[)arently an inte-rest in certain por- tions later. It was the father's boast that \\r iii- ci'easiul tlie value of the propei'ty, though tli(M'(> wci • oidv ten head of cattle when he took char^•^•. OT events there are none to be recoi'ded.^ Padre Francisco (lonzalez de li)aria servid a( Smu Luis K(>y until his death in 184"J at the agt; n|' i; ) years. ^lofras speaks of the de[»lorable t-onditioii d' this iViar whom lie sav. "lon-ed to sit at the admin- istrator's table and listen to the ribaldry of mjijoi- domos and \aqueros who would have thought tlhMii- selves lucky a few 3'ears before to have been iIh' father's servants."* After his death Padre Zalvid '.i 'May ISO. Osnna niiijipnlonio at a salaiy of -si-'IO. Tlio ]iai tn tlic mission uiial>li! to jiay the salary. .SV. J'd/i., .)/(,sw., MS., i\. 10 IJ. I''.- silily tliori-'toiu O. lett tin: i)lac'i.' Wcforo KSI.'t. .May Ttli, .Ihm' Fidil, a i)ii>~!Hi Iiid., fi.'cnspd of stoalinj; cattle, wliifli lio dcnii'il. Tlic aiitlioiitio.s ' took uio jiri'caiUioii to apply an aiMtrary pnnishniciit of some azotes,' wIk ti li'.nii- i'essed and was sentenced to wmU 4H day * for Alvarado and pay a, line ol .<.i. iS', J>. Arch., .MS., '210. .Inly, an Ind. complains that the major-domo Lm p.s him at the mission, tliou;^li he h.is the paiiers to pi'ove himself a fi'cc man. Also that the maj. owes liini .SlK which he will not jiiy. //'(i/ih .1//«--. II.. ■'■■'■'■>. ]S4J. Mofras' statement of popnlation. y',".(7)/ii/-., i. ;;•_'(). |si;{, Tliis ini- I'la and other.s tinned over to the jiadivs liy NUeheltoreiia'.s or.ler of March -!iili. Tiiis vol., p. ."ili'.l. 1S44. Ivstado of sontliei'n mi.ssions dated March IStl. S. ])iego has 1(H) Iml. and no ineiMis to snpport them. I'iro, I) r., MS., i II: this vol., p. A'1'1. Jnno rS4r). I'. Oliviv'.s report on the condition of the ims- sion. .\r<-l,. Sta II., MS., x. 18.S-!t; this vol., p. r.4S. ' Francisco (Jon;\ilez do Ibarr.-i was a native of Vian.a, Spain, boni in 17'''-. He liecame ii Franciscan in the pi'ovince of l5iirj,'os, came to .Mexico in \^\'.\ uud to Califoriiiii in 1820. Uegurdcd ut the time of hidurrivul us a prunu iiij SAN LUI8 RKY. 023 if! i h % -::^ ramo from San Juan to talio liis j)la('e, scninjjf until jiflcr IS4J. Tliis mission liad (JJO Indians in li-'4"J and -JOi) in 18 14, the cstabHslnncnt at Las I'dorcs !►(>- \\\'^ included in l)otli cases. Josu A. I'^studillo served a- majordomo until required under MiclieltortMia's or- der to turn over the property to Zalvidea in A[)ril \-\']; l)iit the padre innnediately put evtM-vtliin-^- in rliars^'e of a new majordomo in tlu> ])erson ol' floaipiin (!ite<>a, who in turn was succeeded hy .Juan AT. Mar- vin in July 1845.'' The destruction of mission [»rop- ini< to ls.'!.">, ulieii lie rctiiii Mexic JI( liaek (':iliot ill Oet. ISIfO; Imt iiotliiu'' iiioii! m time til ]i ■rforiii tlio Imrial ser\ ifu for i'lidre is known of liim till IS.SO, from wliieii ito lie served at San l-uis lley until lii:i death in isi'j. llisdi'utli w.is ddi 11 one. from apoplexy, 'i'lie dato is only known Ironi the statement li F. tiidillo, ]>iil(i-<, M.S., ;<."), wlio reinemliers that his father th naiordomo t .o ■harge of !?:!,(M)0 or .S4,()0(» left liy tiie jiadre, ^Wuyr it up to tlio Los ir.reles an horities. Moreover lii.aira was seen hy Mofras in .I.in., i' 1. .'U.'!, anl! 7" ly later record than IS42. At S. Fernando ir was known as an eHii-itiit nianau'er, and was not an nnpopiil.ir in.in. li. was nicknamed r.idre Napoleon trnni his di sitioii to Imasl and insist on tin .'ill peril irity ot evervtliinjj; at his own mission, an ' ' " " ' " ■ 111. I al-o for tl le independent lo in w hieli he eiiticisc'il the acts ot the aulhoiities in :'.cciil;iii/iii'' tin; mi !-ioii and ilisposii fiiii v' of its lands. Mrs Or iilio y (sar savs lie was wi Hod liy them 'I'eipicdi let rememliers liiiii ;is jolly am 11 Hked liy the Ind. at S. J.iiis, a ilain. nn.'ussiiniin'' in.aii. d I III ■ f . iiidie.itiiiL,' a. plain, iinassi ily, l.ifi' ill. Cul., 'M .">, sjieaks iiiila\ oralily of him as Itol) hort, thick. .Id hose looks did not 1) lie his character.' ni d i;i liino for his mi'aniiiss; hut d an imiii 'Use iinantitv of hiilcs and tal- 1"U- which he would not jiait with on Mli;it sceiiu'd to tlu^ supercargo fii t.rii d th IS circumstanco may lia\ e ha eli'ccL on tlio latter s cntl- IS41. .T. A. Kstndillo niaionlomo. ;iccordinir to many records. iliiatioii f>f property: vines .S;j, (KM), treis 6KI", lenco .Sliit), hons"- .SKK), toial ;;(). Jhi,i. St. i; ".'/• M.' VI. .Mil li and .\pril, 'jov. tlir pi I'cct orders that two arliitiators go to St.'i Manrarita and ajipraise the valiii! I' property there, for w liicli the I'icos are to pay the Ind. , th(^ consent of tlio .\|- iii<; S. J>. liiih: •7. I think the lucccding valuation of i?.'!, ;{()!) may refer to Sta .Mar- jjiirita. May, tivo Ind. .--ent to thi; juez at Los .Vnirehs for .ste.iliii,' l*icf)'s I .; ;!e, after they had already worked in chains at tlu^ mission for a inoiitli ;iiid 1' I ived ">() l.ishes from tl iS. />. yl /■,/(., MS., 27(1-7. le majordomo, w ho had no ri,'lit to piinisli prisoner Jilh •r to collect all the Si'attereil Ind. I, t Ji.'l'ft'.i Arr/i., MS., ii. ,S()-1. .)ulv "-'(Itli, decrco of I'll, from lii.s condition as i Iivte. II' ,r, re least I ig a ■VJ. ()ct.,n S. L 1; .1 .'I, expeli 1. .?(!; Nov., lecpts .Si I, expiiid \\. |SI2, recpts S:;!>, expend. ^liO'J; V • <., .MS., ix. Vl-VX \M1. insipii's wor />oc., .MS., c, recpt.s 87, expeli |)e nts^.;2l 1. !<»: Seo plans and \ii'\\s ot S. |.,uis in SI. I\ .Mof ks. The former is in sonio respects very iii.ici las' and hut lia.s 1 i:i often leprodiieed. 1S4:I. April '.'2d. ICsludillo turns o\er the jiroperty t'j 1*. Ziilvidoa, mid the latter ou the same day to Joaniiia Ortega. Di'iit. St, \V M ■ 1 ■ •'tl \ J.I \\\ , ., Ml C.'4 LO .AL ANNALS OF TIIK SOUTH. t-rty was cfnistaiit, and is said to have been cspecijillv lajiid under the administration (•!' OiteLra, wlio of all the vast herds and iloeks |)o.s.sessed hy this estai)h>h ment in earlier times tiU'ned over to liis successor onlv 250 cattle ami ahout the same niunher of horMs. Meanwhile all the mission ranclios had passed into private ownership. At San Juan Capistrano Father Jose Maria ZaKi- dea served as minister until tiie latter part of IsiJ, wheji he went to San Luis Kev as before mentioMtd, and San .luan had no padre for the ivstof the p* lidil. The padre had about $2,000 in Spanish ouznx \i\\\'wA at the mission, which troasu»^ yjive rise to sonu; rat hi r curious controversies." In 1840 as we have si( n Father Zalvidea had been put in tem[)orary chari^ful' Vup., lien., MS., ii. 40-3; Dcpt. AVr.. M.S., xiii. 4f), .")(J; this vol., p. :!(;!», .'ITl. May, Ortega ci)iii[ ' i'lS that the iiiissinii has no rc.->ource.-<, grain tur mily tu.i months, no impkinunts or clotiiini,'. Tiio gov. in rc[)ly authorizes iiini to liiiy (II- borrow inipk'incnts, and places ftiSOO at iiis disposal to clothe tlie Jinl., h ilt going to the I'ala Ind. //*. .)unc, contract of 1'. Zalvidea with .f. .M. O.-iina and Jose Lopez, by which the former receives 8!) and tlic latter ■")<) In ml i.f mission cattle on shares, the mission to get half the increase. M irroii, J'"/'., MS., 1. 1S14. Very little property leit, witli 400 scattered Ind., adiniiii- trred by 1'. Zalvidea in his dotage. Pico, I).>r., MS., 14. 1S4."). .Inly •JOlii, tiio jiropcrty is turned over by Ortega to his successor .Fuan Mari'a M.uri'ii, \\liose .salary is ijodO. Inventory, '21'.) horses, "JO mules, (il asses, l!i(i laltlr, '27 yoke oxen, 700 sheep, sonu; implements and other clFects of slight vahie. L'stiidillo, J)alu.<, .MS., 40-1; tit. I'd/,., J/i.ss., MS., xi. 50; L>,'j>t. J,''t:, .MS., xiv. C>2; Mdi-roii, Pdji.. MS., !-■_». "Janssens, ]'iili(, MS., l(i',)-7.">, gives a full account. The money iiad lice n entrusted to him by tlio padre to avoiil the importunities of borrowers, .iiid he had buried it in his room. H.'.ving to go to .Monterey ou otiicial biisiii' ks, .1 told the padre where the money was before .starting. In the north lie heard tliat he was accused of having lied with the coin, and in returning ho had some ditliculty in avoiding arrest. At S. .liian, Zalvidea on hearing tlic rumors declared .1. innocent, but in doing so incautiously revealeil tin' liiiliii,'- lilaec, and the money was soon dug up by thieves. IJandini was suiummu d, and succeeded in recovering most of the coin, but kept the matter i[i'.irt. in the interest of certain parties implicated in the theft. The only otlirr m r- sion is that of Ju.an Bandini in a long letter of July S, 1842, to.b'siicia ( luerra in 6'»cr)vt, J)oc., MS,, v. l'_'4-0. lie says ho was summoned by the padre, au.\ious about his treasure in view of Jansseiis' departure, ami in tin' presence of witnesses dug up the money, which was fouiul to he li i unci s short. At Zalvid'a's rcijuest he took charge of the amount and gav..' i; tu Abel Stearns for safe kec[)ing; but .soon he found himself tiic object of ai cii- .sations. It seems that lie was charged with so arranging the matter as tu he able to keep the money in case of the padre s death; and Father Diiran wrote a very bitter and inuulting letter, which lillcd Don Jnau with wrath. ;ind iu the letter froni which thcao facts are taken he announces his purpose t'l 'unie t.i .'Ita U.iibara for satisfaction, aiid to have it settled whether he is a tU'iiro or Fr Narciso an impostor. m mm \nr only li(»rM>. i(.'(l iiiti) II Zalvi- itioIH'll, ■ jicrio;!. urii'«l at ) nitln r ve st'cii luirj^t'ol' p. 3(i!», ".71. (ir (m!y two , him to liuy 10 liia.Jnlt I. M. (l.-iiu;i rroii, V''/'' I., aihniiii- ,luly -Jmli, ■i';i M.iiroii, , r.m .•;iU!r, li'.'llt V.lllU'. A'.'., MS., fV hii'lliri'il iMWi-rs ••mil Jill liu-iii' ss |hr iioitli In; Miruiii,:^ Ik' hciirii],:,' tlie tlu' liiiliii','- smiiiuo'.uil, ^tcv quirt, ill otliri' vi'i- ,)oS' lU' la [nu'il I'y tlie ami ill llic 11)0 I) vVMCn |l fiavi: u to ;ct ot ao:lt- Iter as lo liu \)m-m wrote lath, ami ii» Lsc to.'iniie lis It id'uro SAN JU.W CAPISTUANO. Co tlic ttiinporalitii'.s, and luul appointttl Jansscns niajm'- (iMnio. 'I'lii.s niaiian'i'int-nt la.'>tf(l until ]»a.st tin.' niiddl.^ dl' I S-H , tIitiUL;li nicanwliilc )»r<'}»Hiati(in.s were hfiir^- hi i\vl_y made Imi- the cMniitK'tc I'niancipatinn ol" iIk; lii'lians tliat had Ix rn [)ri»nii,-^c(l, and the whole »N(al)- li hniL'ut was drli'tiii'L;' to ruin." Tlu'i-c' was no lack of ii]",>li('alions lor t;rant.s ol'llit^ few mission raiirlios; iiiil citizens of thf dihtricl pi'titioncd lor the iiiivile 'c el iieconiine- settlers iit tlio |>r()|)(>sud town. .M)>iit t'.ie middle of June the prelect, hy the l:o\ crnor's or- (I'ls, sent A^iistin Olveraas a comisionado to di>trih- iit.' the San .Juan lands amctu'^' tlut e\-neo|»liytt's, alieiit lUO in imudier, and some I'orty petitioners de ■ .l.iii.ssoiis ill iii.s \'i(hi, MS., 1(14-8, i.'i\i's many (Ictails of his iippoiiitiiiciit ;i;i'i i; .,iciii;iu'e, chiiiiiiiiL; to lia\ o .•ircomi)li.slu'il ^'I'cal tiiiiiL.'^ duiiiii^ hi.s man- .KiiiK'iu, lii-iuL,'!!!'.,' hack rilii'.;iM's, liiiildiir,' fv'iu-cs, icpaii'iiiLr tln' iliii Iks, clolli- iii : ,:;(• llid., and aicoinijlishiii;.' all kiiKl.s oi lut'onii, L^ri'atly to llii! joy ot' tlic I ,i'i)\' and lit a.l foni'cnu.'.l, tiioiiijli some of the miiihliorH ridit'iilcd his /.ciil, 11, 1 1 invdioi.i-'d that all hi.s cl'ortH would go tor nothiu;;'. .\nd sn.'ii ri-o-, cil to 1j l.u' case, for .soon orders tnf the delivery of cadle heL'aii to eoni(; in v.licli .). I. iii.sed to ohiy, and then <'ame tin; order to form a iiuchlo afler .1. hail \:iiu;y a^ijilied for a leas,' of years, hinding himself to reUirii tlu? in-ooei-ty in :i,i Mijirovcd eondiiion, and assnrin;,' the l'ov. that there was no rial neeessi- l_> ; 1. sedin;.; llie mission e.itates. \'ery likely .)aiisoense\,igL:eriites the value 0. l.ii .ser\ice.s. Ho eliiim; that the liiial .sociil.iri/ation was oll'oeteil hy him- so.i a, repio.sentin^' liandiiii. .lun liit, gov. .".^proves maJDidoirio'.s act in ctlectini; (i loan to [nirehaso II I d.il ar.iclcs. Jdiis.iciiK, JJoc, .M.S., .")_'. .Ian. "Jlst, 1'. Zalvidea to !.;ov., Ii;i3 \i I :,'.iO iSJO cattle with tuo Kiini all ittcd for \viir.sliij) and {>adru'.s support, and li.i; :o;it taem to the (.'ieiie^a to he iiastiired. I'fjit. St. Piiii., M.S., v. .17. .I.i:i. "JJil, neophytes comiilain that se rVy/i men are tryini; t; get grants of Is. Tiio padio iisks that this ho stopped. /./.,. IS. March 1 Itli or.lers th; It .); •ns he prevented from t.ikiii!,' Ind. from S. .1, /;ll, ho has ni) aiUlioritv to dj. />o.s Aikj., Arch., -MS., ii, 41-."). March sks th -Vn 111) and Kstiiiii'.li) 1> e from 'i'rahiico and the Mi icja. I>, SI. I\ orders ma to deliver to .Sant. Ai liiicllo l!0 1 '/' a t , M.S. o roinovo tiieir ill. il ics on account nt pay .Sc[)iilveda has a cl.iim lo ouly ;a do las lianas rancho and not to ICl 'roio and Xi:,'iul. 'I'oro hi;- Do M.- J in 'i'rahuco. iJcpl. SI. I' II, (i_'-4. .J Aii'i.. .\1S., vi. 4ij; Lm Aii'j., Arrh., .MS. illy .)ili. iiiajoniomo saj s that dost and llic Ind. have Icfo tl le iiiLssion. I.;;i 1 liorc tli"ro IS al)uiiilaiicc St. r IV I.Al .)V. ileciUos ;t tl ip. worms liave i Asks that aid .l/(s. , Ms,, xi. -l;] rov dall i: 10 oli,ainc. uan coamuinitN 'I'l 10 rci[iiest ot d ■ l)i Ic e;,'0 vociiios, to dissouo liavu t.ieir t le lam '11 prelect and juez ilc pax. arc to .se ■ ■ ill tl lat tiic s assi .'nod piovisioiially ])eniling ]icrniaiient rogiilatums )\ t. 1 ho picf^'ct to .send a comisionai do to act w ilh the admiiii lid ,seo that the Ind. have the .sa riu'hts as those dor; Jh 1,1. St. Anil., -M.S., .\ii. .')4. MayJlst. prefect jiuhlishostho order of May 10c 1,1 1 liido.c, -MS., l.'}7; lldiics J/('.s.s'. 11., I'Jl). .fiino 7tli, .Jesus .NIori io rtll, .Jesus .NIoi-'iio utcd to inform vcciiios that tlioir petition has been granted, and lliey aro aio to .S. Juan Oil the 1 Itli, to take temporary possession. Iil., 127-8, lii.,1 CiL., Vol. 1'. 40 '■i'. '' ' n. ■J )! !i. it i| G20 LOCAL ANXALS OF TflK SOUTIF. r.'izoii, only a siinll |)art of wlioiii ever oaiiic to (x iijiv tlK'ir lots. At tlif cikI nl', Filly rc.'i^nlations wcic [nili- lislicd, and sttoii, pntltahly in Au;4iist or SciitcmlMi', rJl-'_'. Prohdlily Iniida worn nswigiird on tlio I4tli. Juno Sfltli, intilioii to lie iuliiiitU'il Jid lU'W settli'i's lit N. iliiaii troiii A. .Iiiiixsi'iis, 1'Vlii.iiiiii) iJojas, 'I'coilu ii) V'lili.'i, .T(psi^ Caiicilo, Jiis(^ M. ('auiilo, Juan M. ( 'aai do, .insc A. Sci rami, ilosi'' ('listaii, S('V( riiiii" Kins, Miguel V('Mhif,'(i, Kiigoiiio Aicf, .lus'' A. 'kiilia, AiiLuiiio (oruiii'l, ami I'l'aiici.scti Oiauiiio. (iiaiiUd in a iiian.'iiial iidtc 1 y ]it''fi(t. Otliir siuiila" ic'litimiw, iiiiil .hily I'Jfli, ,'i list liy A;,'a -lia ()1\( ra (w lio was uppui'cntl the cuniiniHsidnf r) of nil .\lio rcci'ivcMl LiiicIh, fi( III )(.() to .'!l;0 vnias laiii, us fcjllows: Aiiiiii s \'ia>, 'J'luiiiis (iuliiTir/, llii'anl) I'tfla, .l-.' A. IvUud.lIii, .\arei.>() ISntilln, Ju;.ii llaiidiiii, Aj;untin Ulvcia, .l(iac|nin lie Ih liios, Jci<(^ Alipas, l!iisaii<) Airuilar, I'.las A/ruiiar, Antnnio \',,leu;'uel.i, r.ii'l lliL! 1 I alniiily naineil, licNiiiea .') fn c neophytes. Also list of the lieopjiytc-:, laeh family reel iviii;^ 1(0 \aias, ami eaeii imiiviilual .'iD vaias, tho Miiole ninouiiiiiij; to (I.TT'i varas. />i'/f. N'. /'n/,., MS., x\iii. -i;! ."),■!. 'I'iie linl. Iia.j tiie 1)11 leicnee, and elidsc tlio <'iisteni valley. I/hi/im' Mis^. I',., j-JI ■_'. .hily lith, Manuel Caslanare.-i, apparently u special euuiisii)iiadii, rep()i;,s to tlie g(/V. tliat thti only jiropeity lpeloiij,'inu' to tin? ex-missidii was .") yoke of oxi n; appiiieiuly no assets and no debts. 'I'lu'ie wore still liviii!,' in eoinniiiiiity "Jli man ifd men, 7 v idoueis, and ;"> siiiyh; men, a total of .'{S lie-^iiks 4 ;,': utiles; no. of women and ehildren not yiven. ( '. .';ay:^ he assemliled tlio pcopleou lli'^ loth; tohl them the govt, was iii)oiit to give them their lilierty, appoiuteil .liiliaii eaptaiii and alcaide, hut told them till the dix umuiit.'i shi> dd e'liic they must live as hefoie. i'dl'in, JJar,, .M.S., xxxiii. •Jl(!-17. .Inly 'JIH'i, lov. to the eneai'Liado, announeiii^ that J>andini has orders toenuincipali' liie linl., f.xamiue aeeounts, etc. Jdii-^Ki ii.-\ />oc., MS., .■)-(». July "JKtli, n'L'ulat ions issued hydov. Alvarado. 'Articnlos (put ]pin\ i-i.iu- almeuto deljeii olisei\ ar.e en v\ iiiievo ;in'e;;!o did cstableeiinieiiio de S. .Ihaa Capistrano.' I«iiids to lie liehl as already assitjiieil liy the prefect".; emui i p- niido. C'ro])s toliedisti ihuted accord in;.; to eoiiiisi(uiado's judgment until each native can e,ilti\ate iiis own land. l.i\e:iloclv ae.l iiiiplemeuts, not In in,' suiiicieiit for distiiluiti'ii, to he kejit liy com. and furnished as needed, i li ■ eharils and viiieyanls devoted to wcusliip and the padre's support, and to iiu reiiteil li, tho go\ t in aiconl with the pa (he. Maiailacturiiin im[ilciiieiits i Ic to he kept ill the rooms where lliey noware for use of Ind. wdikiaeti. .'■hic' |i may be entrusted to some person who wi 1 receivi! ^ of the increase, and will deliver the Wool for use in tin; w eavin;,' estahlishineiit. (tne thud of Maiikels eti'., manulaetured to he dcliveri'd to padri! for use of poor and old liil. 'If the liuildini.'s Jj will serM^ for the ]iadre's dv.el'.int:. h ^''i' some 1ml. f.niiiliis, ami S I" tlie com. in which to aceoiiiinodate travellers, or to he rented to i.iiiii- lies de ra/oii and the rent aiiplieil to li'iiairs. Xo huildiniis, oven in r.:i;:s. tn l>e sold \\ ithont authority of the t'ovt. 'J"he govt to assi;;n lamls ou -i \r "f those granted to the settlers for e/'/'/os and ///-oyi/os- of the piiehln. .\ ■ hi'l. can work for a private indiviilnal without a Ini/rla ivmn the eo;n. eN]' 'c^sia.; the name of the employer. Any lands ahandoned liy either Ind. or g iite ile razon for a year will belong to the ]nielilo and may be reiiti^d at .'i luoderati' rate, the original owner having the preference. 'L'he govt to ;ippoia! a jiicz de paz to bo Bubject to tlie cabeeera of the district. 17 articles in /'■ ; ' ■*>'• J'aj)., iMS., xviii. 4S-ril. Oct. I'Jth, IJandini's i-cport. He visited S. Juan, and asseiiililing ili'' lad. found that 70 desired :v pnehloand .'lOidil men and women oppose(l ilici !iaii','o. After 15. 's reading and cxjUunatioii of the regulations some of the latter < ' i iii .;eil their minds and 15. formally declared the ex-mission a pueblo (no exact, ihilv). Ho found that Junsaeua had been inciting the ind. against the cliau-" i'H'l Wv I'llli- )t('iiiln r, , petition to L^iaiio iJiijas, ll((, JdSc a. ) Air.'. .1,...'. 1 II uuil'.'ilial ]>\ A;,'a:.U!i I'ivcil liiiils, s (iiitionr/., SUS MllfClHl, . 11.1, ,l..s.'. A. iiciiiiii ill' lii^t I'linu'lii, i'.ii'l (.' iicnphyti'-', <. tin; \i utile riic linl. im.l I'JI ■-'. .Inly [llll'.S t'i till' (ikc I'f ii\i ii; Diuimuiity 'J'i ls -l ;,'! iitilfs; jiciipK'im til" ly, iiiiiiiiiii'i''l I sliii.iM I'-'iiii' iilvJ.nii, L'"v. Ir ilil' lliil.i ]iri>vi^iiiii- lie S. .Fiian •t'.i ciimi.'i'i- it until <';icli S, lll't lll-'illg ,.,-lr.l. 1)0 I'Mlt'lltS 1 tl'. ,1(11. Sll>"i> :,i\ mill ^vlll 1 nl llllUllU'tS ,M hi'l. of f:iliiili''>', ,1,1 to I'aiui- ill ruins, to Is iiuSi'li.' of ,,. N . I Mil. cxir.'i'-^sill.^' Ill' g'liti' lie a iiioili'i-ate ipoiiit a jilt'/, in liri'. ■'^'^ lilj.^r t!,.' lllll. I tln.'.li.iii;.:f'. tttTi'ian;i('il luin^ uiul ri'Kr.LO OF SAN J CAN. c.-j III- Juaii Baiidiui wa.s sent t<> supervi.^e tlio fDniial iui... (I.itioii (if tli(j |»U(IjI(», iiaiiK'd San .liiaii tlc! Ar^iitUit ill honor of J)(iii Santiajj^o and lii.s taniily. Jiandini n iiiained until March, IS42, in chai'ni; ol" the .slight ii innaiits of ciMnniunity jn-operty; then t'oi" a month i>v two Zalvidca, with Jans,si;ns as jncz intt'iiiio, iii.inaii^cd all'airs; hut tht; |»a(h(! soon went t S. I^nis, and A^ustin (Jlvera was made juez de |iaz. Fi'oin this time not much is known of pucltlo annals, except. tliat half-a-dozen families of ^cnte de ra/on and twinty or nion- of e.\-neoi)]iytes lived tjuietly, if not \ciy i)ros[»erously, at San .Juan, iindir OUtra as jiii'/ in 184'J-.3, liosario A^aiilar in 184u-l, I'^mi^dio Wjar in lliico as majoi'doino; tliei'cforu lie rcmovpil .1.. (inli'iiiig liiin to inv.scnt liiiii.scll with hi^ tinintclliiiihli; ai'coimts to the ;,m\ t, ami ap- ]i"iiiti'il SantiaL!o K. Ar).;iii'llo to taku tlio plai'o. Atthi.s tiinu (Jiily tliu t'.\- 111' i|i!iyti'.s ami i or ."> fainilics ilc la/cm who hail livid at S. .Iii;in foi- some tiiiu', luiil oct'iipieil their lamls. There were now .'ij.') sheep ami llii horses. Han- ill li n'^i;,'ns his ollice ami reconiniemla Argiiclio ior a sncres.sor. 'I'lie i'esii,'ua- ti '11 is aeeepted in a marginal note, /r/., '>\-'2. .Ian. '_', ISl'J, Ijamlini had K'un.'^iiiered Ills resignation ut reijiiest of (,'ovt and taken up his residen.e at S. .iuii.. The pueblo badly deinorali/.ed, .sioundrels lia\ in;,' enteroil iiinler ] riteiu'e of bein;,' .settlers, and \ ioo and erinio lieini,' prevalent. No in. in hire h. lor ji;ez de 1K1.^ St. I'up., M'i^k., MS., \\. ;iS 4J. .Maii'h 7, KS4'_', n.indini has surrendered everytliiiiL; to Zalvidea, who has a|ipninU'd Janssens, and 15. has reeoi,'ni/ed .1. as 'eiK.ir^ado de jioliria.' I>i pi. S', I'll/)., Aii'j., M.S., vi. lUl-'J. March iSLh .lansseiis' appointimnt as juez i::'a rino a]iproved by prefect. I.oa Avj. Arch., MS., ii. 1S.">. MayltJlli, IJaii- (liiii's resi;:iiation aiceptcd. Dipt. A'cc, M.S., xii. .">l. Apiil "J.Jd, A'^'iisiin Olvi la appointed juez de pa/, of S. .Jnan de .Ar^iiello with Santiago Uios as .liipleiile. J)(pl. 6V. /''(/*., All;/., MS., \ i. Iii-'i; Jil.. I'rif. y Jti'.ij-, ib. 'U. iKc. li/tli, Dlvei'ii and llius reappointed lor lS4:i by pri'l'ei.t, /, 0."). Dec. 4th, .s:ile I't the mission buildiii'^'S, furniture, and f,'arden3 to ,)olin Forster and , lames Mi'Kinley for 8710. This vol., p. ,J41)-.");;; St. Pap., J//.*'*., MS., xi. GU; / V>. I'o'-., MS., ,'J90-1. Some old men aeiiuainte.l with the facts say that the iiiis^iion was not sold at this time, liases' Mm. li., \1\. ' . : 'i « :1^| M eis LOCAL AXNALS OF THi; SOVVU. oi' tlir t^ovcriiiiK'nt, till' lir>i-ii;iim'il ol' the |iiircli!is(M's ri'iiiiiiiiiii'4 in possi'ssioii Inr luiiny yt'jirs. ]|('s|irc1 iii^' ( li(! oilier |)il('lil()S (if till' 'li^trirt, Lis Fldl'cs, Siiii l)i('u;uiti», iilid Sail Pasciial, \\ n IiaV'' a few iiicaLjJ'c items lurtlic ycai's I Si I - 'J, just ciiou^'li t > iiidicatt; tlu'ir rontiiiiicd cxistfiicc. Allcr is l-J noiji- iii<^ ii|)|)c'ars in I'ccnr.ls ol' this |)t.'rio(l, tliniiM'Ii S;iii Pascual ct'i'taiiily ami I^as I'^lorcs j)robal)ly \v iv iupt >vliollv alian(!oii('(l iinlil ai'tci' 1.S4J.'* 'I'lic |)oi)ulalioii oftlic Los AnLji'l"'>< (lishii'i may Ik; sii|>|)osi'(l to have iiirreascd in I H-H a iVoni l,Sii() to 'J. 000, of wliirh iiuinlx'r ])('rlia|is L-'>0 li\t'd in a!id al)out llif tow n, and "aO at llio randios ami cx-inl^- Fions. Tlu'i'c was Itoidcs an cx-iicoiiliytc IihImu jxipnlation, in coniinuni'y and scat lorcd, of LI'mi i:i the district." .Durini;' this pcr'oil, and olM'cialiy iu the last two ycai's, tlir records show some eil'oits en the part ov eitixehs and autliorities to I'ncoura'^v \>:i'i- lic im[)r()VemL'nts, to ht'autily the streets and hn.i I in<4's, and to render the city more wort hy in apin ,iiM;r'i' of its ])()sitiou as metropolis of Calilornia. h iii:i-i be conibssed tliut results were somewhat mea^Te, \ i "Tiiilco iiiul .Tosi'' r>ai-i'oi;i jiiocoa dc cainiio foi- S. l>ii"_'iiitip A|i!il, 1 ll. Jf'ii/ s' Ihv., MS., in. I'VlK-April, ISH, ISt'J, Kiicar^ailoH i.i ,S. i».c,^'.! .1 amis, rusciial aiipoiiitcil liy jui/ nt S. l)ic::ii. .V. /'. .l/» at S. I'a-^r lal . .1 1 S. I>u'i;mti). iiiucli ll) tlu:s.ilisl:icl on (if the hid. V'uk iv(|uirril tuoii to f-iuo thiir laml to kuqi i/ut \\\a c.tUlu! tlin/i.^ .!/'.«. />., ;U7. .M'■/'■', /W -., A.i;i., MS., vi. 7:{. In I'Miniaiy .1. A. Vi.'iba aiijilicd for iv lot .">il.M • ' ^^ '^ iit ii.u I'iiiri's 'called also S.iii i'cilro,' Imt iho ,i,'i-a:it w.v. rciiisi d .n tin' I '-"i woa Id not .support inure peojile than were already tli(;re. Lu-t A'lh .\i'<''^-< Ai.-;., li. !.".:!-(;. "Tne most definite authority i.s a (ladron of 1S| 1, wiii.li j^ives t'n' p"'. i-J C'J7 men, .">;)>) women, 7- ) ."). Mofras, L'x/ilor., i. lU'^, ^-i'''^ t u' pop. of the disiriet a.s 1, '_'.»,) in 1S4'_>: and Simpson, .\ar::, i. lO-, •<•';>•'* "'" town iiloiio had I,."jOJ iu tiie same yiar. LOS AXCiKLKS. 029 cL.'isors let, Li- l()U'4'li 1 ' 12 Untll- .•f\\ San ■j WAV 1"? l,S(il) to il ill a'l'l I cX-lili-- . hi.liali I .|iio ia •ciallv la I'll'olt- .1^ Vii;j,'t' p a '- lid I'u'.i 1- »j)i'ar.i',,'''' It ma •! 'ii-T*', :> '^ , Apiil. 1 I'- ll S. I».i'..: ' ^ , 'J >. '. ' ' /,, 111 r ' 1 l.:is !•■.■ ■ V^)^aU li-; I'il-Ulill • ' ' It mill to I a ■ lis. Kyr'"'-' aril II' l'-'^' ll.l. ••t siidicientlv excitin;^- tit nreu[»y tile A no\'!iiins' at- tc atioii duriii;^' a teni|)nrarv lull in political and seo linaal controversies." The ieadiii;.^' event of IS II was ''ISll. Aiiiil, tin; iilcaMi' calls fur suliscrijitioiis fn nlniiM the fliinvli, I.i i.'iry litiii;,' iliu i'i>;iii:iii>'..ulii. J^.jit. Sf. /'., Aifj , MS., \ i, 10, ,'il. ISIJ. M i. !i, (ho inrfi'it inli'.rsa^il in tlic luilijfct, iiinl Uiiiijjs (iif ciiiali'.-i limnj Mil, 1,1 ti(> tin- liivti T f a iviiaiis. Lot Aiij. Afh., .MS., ii. I7t. lsH>. Juno "i|, l.iTjv.ii I f ! lii>|'iiiiiil tavern I must luit a light ia iVoiit of tlifir [ilaii'-i IVkih (hi I; to !) I'. M. /''/-'. .s'. I'll;!., Aiii/., M.v, vii. ti4-."i. July, mi ;i|i|u':il t<» a; . I u 1 fvii' luuii" til Imiiil n {^ovL hdii:.:' and liaii'iuic. Ill ro.fjiDnsc .\. .M. l.ii;,'o, \. .' ..;ii.'!u';;, luiil I,. Vl.-ius navi- .VidO cai li in iUVfti; 'I'. .\. Voiha !?>'»•: J. 'j.i.r lj &;;*»>: r. J. S.iMilvc.la .VlO; '1'. ,S. (•(.limii ,s|.-,; and l-'. ,), Alvaraili) a r i 1 1' wine. III., \ii. 7!'. la II. .\ sDoial socliiytir cliili v.as II 41, thr iin iuImis (lis:i';ii'«'il iiii'l tlir ))iii[)irty wa-i |.ii. ill in a liitiory, .\iiilr s I'iiu ImIiil; IIm; liuky iiiciiilii'r. 'Jlu; iirdjcct of i; >:•■%■>■ cc'ini'tiiy Mi'.s still ai;itati\iii(>■•., .\l,-i., IK'- la); lyjit An;/. Ai'ii.il. ]}■■'',, .MS., S. May (let., Kin;;aiid loinplicitcd dls- cn:;'.'.i)U3 on tilt! (Hiinin;.', clnsiii'.', and strai ;lit(iiin;.; oi .strci'ts, I'spucially ihu ri.IU-.jo:i d>) Prior. />:!; /. i.-, Aii'j. Airh.. M-l., v. liiiai, '.'■•<1 III; l>i jil. S!. /'"i'., .M.->., V. 1 10. .V si'hool niidi'i' l.iinit .Mcilina in jiros- |.i-i-n . 1 comiitiou thi.s yoar. 'J'iiisxol., ]p. t a.i. i lo. Jan., fas s coasisuiriah-.i to In- luiilt on lot lictwoen .Iiiaii Iloinini;;> iiiila"' rrilii'. /,u.i All;/. Ar-/i., MS., v. 'Jda. .\iiril I'.Hiiut st'i|., tlicaynnt., o:i iiiu iiii of Uofiidor (-'ota, irsolvos to a.^lc the gov. to order iho repair and [ihis- t(i-;:i; and whii,eniii;{ of hoiise-fronl i i:i tho eity; and (hiv. I'ici i-s.ued tlio ill. '.-'J oil tlic '-'.'d, leijuiiiii;.; the Work to he (lone wilhiii :{ tnoutlis, uiider luii.ihies of liiu! froiii 8') to .sj.'i. .Vny lot with ruined w.ills iiiiu'lit ho il ;: i: need after '.l months, l-'ine-t t i he applied chielly t i heaatityiii-j; llij tov, II. O.I .Inly r.llh the gov. on I- 'red the line i e illeeted; hut on the 'J.'i;!! ho imv n.r the maiter for a mouth, and no iiion.' i-; le-ard of it /'/., v. 'J.iT !*; I)'! '. .v. /'(ii>., An;/.. MS., X. .-i;i-4. .\i. loJ-.-i; /-/., /In., v. :U7-.'il); /,,m A.I'/. '". Ui«■., MS., ."i!); J)i,if. S' I'li/i., M.S., vi. |.'i4-(}. .)uly I'lit!!. a eonimitteo ap[iointel t i iKiiue stieet.'j 'iii'l iiumher houses. /. -s Aii'j. .\rr.'i., .MS., v. "JSO; llai/i^' L'Ui'l .Uat'cri^, 'JO. J^op ., a jiriest desired and proiniseil hy the hislio|i; nieanwhih; the peoplo mil iK'peii.l on the iiiissiou. /t.-'iit. Si. i'., MS., vi. 1 1'.)-.">0. "Saiiiinary of events at I.os Angeles. ISll. Xew Me\. earavan, tlio Clin :,:ano.sos, ami I'eg-Ie;^ Smith. 'I'his vol. p. "JOS. .Murder of Niehol.-is I'i'ik nui: ioae.l. A/., "JdO. Fink v.a.-i ii ( lennan siioeniaker and .'diopd;ueprr, who lliiil lived in (.'al. ."i years. On Jan. ISth, wlien hi-; shoj) had hrni elosed for fimr days an iiivustigaliou showed that lie had heeii murdered and hid place .* -I,' :' i G30 LOCAL ANNALS OF THE SOUTIL tlio robbery and murdcT of a G-ornian trader, fdllowcd by the prompt execution of the assassiiio. lii 1^^4•_', besides the reception of a new governor, we liavc: tho rol))ipil ill the night of tlic 14th. The body wan found in tlie shop, tlio sknll hiivini,' liL'cu broken by ii blow from tigun-lianvl. Ascenciou Valencia, Santj. ir.;o Ijin.'ire.i, ;ind JosiS Dniirto were soon known to be the iis:«issiiiH, tin; latUr liiivini,' aroused suspicion by a statement that be hid seiMi Fink on his w :;y t > S. Fernanilo, and Linares eonfessing after a (juantity of the stolen ^'ooils 1ki(1 been found in possession of bis sweolheart. There w.is great exeiiuni iit i,i town, guards were posted, citizens were required to bo wiihin dourM Ijy 11) v. Ji., and strict precautions were rciiuirod by the prefect in a series i)f liandus. 'J'lie prisoners were confined separately, and besides tiie Vdlnntrrr g;uinl, a di.tachment of 11 soldiers under Lieut. Roberto I'ardo was obtained fioin Sta ]iurbara. There was a complaint and controversy about t!ie sup|>ort of tlu-c men, but citizens finally contributed for tile purpose. ICarly in M.uvli tlic process was sent by the prefect to the governor, with a ineniori.il signc 1 hy in citizens asking for pninipt action and an extreme penalty. Tiie re,ily wasau (irdiT that the murderers bo shot by soldiers, citizens iinuing to iii,u:itaia order, within three days; and the sentence was executed iietween b) and II A. M., on April 0th, th', governor's proclamation being read publicly, aiul a furce of mnuntcd citi'jns standing guard f. r three d^iys t: maintain t;aa|tiil- lity. The proclamation was al^o published at Sta l'.a;barr,. I lliiuk lliore it no ffiundation for ^bJfras' statement that the foreigners eoinpelieil tlie guv. t ) iii'*^ by threats of summary pi- r'cedinga. I'j'.iogio Cells wis the luxc yer.r cliaiged by the < icniian ehaigr d'atFaires in .Mex. to settle Fiuk's estate. 1) • t::i!saud eiiriesp. in /yos. .hr/., Ar(/<., .MS., v. o.'.; xviii. 21; Id, Aii'j., i.' 4!l, 00; lii. 70--', TO-',); vi. Ki; xii. O.J, /'/., /V f". y.fiivf., iv. (i-S, l<»-'_';); vi. oi; />.'/-'. /.Vc, M.S., xii. 7 S, :i;»; IX'-. Ili.-'t.C'il, 'MS.,'iv. 107(i-S".; OiKfrn, />■-•., .MS., v. '2)2 i; vi. l."i-l(); .S'. b'' p, A.rli., MS., 'JSO: .SV'f, /)'. yfn/j., MS., ]<); //ui/.-k, 1) h:. MS.. l.'iO; DoO /lo, AiviU", lS4-(i; M(i/r((<, K.rji'nr., i. :SJ3-4; Arna:, lifiKi-lo^. MS.,(il. 184'J. May, fears of Jnd. depredation' liy di:itant tiibi.i. Tlii.s vol , |i. S;',S. Arrival'.if larire party of tr.i'lers fro ii "X. Mex. Id., ;)\2. Arr.v.il .if Miehcltdreiia and his b.ittalion in Sept. Id., '2'.)'-)A. l)ee., (!(jv. MiclieKoiciia tidii's the oatii of ollice; great festivitici. Id., 'J',)!-."). Sir (!eo. Sinipsui deseriiics IjOs Angeles, which he did not v sit, as 'the noted abodi; of tlio liw- est druikards and ga.nblers of the country. This den '(f thieves is sitiiitvil, as one may expect from its being almost twice as ]iopulons a.i the tw i (itli'.r piu'blos taken together, in one of the loveliest and mo-it fertile di.-itii ti nf (';•.!.' Xnrrnt'rf, i. 402. Discovery of goUl at S. Fraiici.sco ra.icliu in M;i"(.-Ii. This vol., p. 2t>(J-7. This subject seems of siillicient iiiiportanee to i:i>;ily the following summary of documentary evi.leiice. ^^•ly ."d, prefect apjUiiits Ignacio del ^'alio cncargado de jiisticiaat the gold mines, lie may c lievt fee.? from ad comers, us the land is lii.s, and must rejiort so that the lh iii'l may be li',!,'al!y apportioned. Dues on 'iipiora and other ellects must !>' ' i'- le -tod as ill town. Francisco Zorrilla i? named iis snp'.ente. I'allr, JJj :, .MS. r>7; />/'<. St. Pup. Aiifj., ^bS., vi. I"_'l. Jansseiis, in a ncws'ia'ier .scrap, describes Zorrilla as a Sonoran ifiinhinl w who worked fora long tii.'c in tlies' miu(-s, and linally disappeared in tlie rush of rVtS. .May (itii, .Maimcl Ib'cpipi.a to IJarron, says the gold was discmered in March, two liM'.!iie5 lia 1 belli pri spected, the miners were icw and without rkill, making SJ [' -r ilav each. Iiriiiena, Dor., MS., 4-.j. Uaiidiiii. Hl , 'Jl'i- L>, who visited the miues in 1845 when I'O iiK i chiclly N. Mexicans, were ■ ^j. '<■ i[f, t'.ip sl;n'il Micia, Suuti- ,s, tin; latii.r n liii xiiy t 1 U f,'Oi)iU hail sccilom lit i,i xirn liy 111 1'. 3 of liaudiis. lie 1 tVuin Sta port of tht-i: 11 Mai't-ll till! si;j;;icl liy o'i rcjily wu-iuii ; to iiiaiiiliuii ■PIl Itu.i'l II blicly, iiii'l a tain t;'a;i|ail- liiuk \':wiv ii id t'.if gjv. I ) lie ii-"Cl yi.'::r jcatatf. 1> ■ '. />(/'., M-v, i,V, ]:t.J'M\ ■■. Jlisl.C'i'l., y-ri', 'I ■•''•■ <.,.'.), . I ;(•'/. •■, Thi.. Vul,,].. Anav.il I if iMi.Mi'Lori-iia 0). Si:u;isiii if Va.^Wx- a is siinati-'il, |io tw.i otlui' (li.striti iif |io in Maicli. 'C to ill 'lily toot apiijiiit's may c Uect tllO L'l- IM'I liiust I.-' ■ ''• ■, 7J.-.,.MS. [la'jcr scrap. .iu''o intlifj' |;tli, MaiuK'l Ica'^uoilial f^2 [IT ilay 4, !-,iy;^ t'ao \[ I'liat rraii- ;i)i' V,iM iri.l h-.l'l 1>,-Jl'i- i:is «'cro THE GOLD MIXES. 631 ili.scovcry of gold and a lulniiig cxcitomcut. The visit (-f CouMiiodoro JoiiL'S and the tliicving exploits of t!io cliolo battalion were in 1843 the leading" fea- 11. ikinf^ "J") ocnt.s jior day oaeli, dosoiiltes the mctliods, ami namo-s Joan ]5. Iliiaolio as tlio discoverer. Alvanido, JJis'-uh. do (Jro, -MS., disorilius the !i lidenlal lindini,' l)y tv. o j)o;.''i-nt.s of jiartioli s lonkint; like oo!i))or, Imt ]n'o- II ■iuicoil gold liy .Souoi'uu o.\|iorts in town. I'l'oni the tirst gold lirouglit to y, intorcy tlio g )V. had oarriau;-! lor hi.s wife and a ring for his diiiigli'-or ma le - ilio riii;^' having lieon for ii time in my possession. -May l.'Uli, prefect noti- lli s alcalde at Angeles of Vaile's appointment, and that many iK(>|iIe ari! j. Ing to the ])laeere.-i. Lo-i An;/. Arr/t., MS., ii. 'Jll, 'J,")i! )S. May I !th, guv. aks for information which was sent in Aw;. iJcpt. Sf. l\ip., Aiiij., M.S., xii. (i.;, i)."); JJr;it. Itil. i.i 1.S4J anil ile])iisited in iho riiil. mint in July. lS4lt. In aiahivcs III Cal. I'ioiiecrs, and printed in several newsjiapers. i>tearns in a letter of I .")!t-4, .'{lU-."). Oath to the ba.scs iii-.'anieaa or new Mexican eoiLititution in Oct. /(/.,;{.">!(. Election for eon- j;ii:;sinar., I'alomari. the el.'ctor. II., .Sol. 1.S44. A prosperous sc'iool in ii|iiiation uiidi I Lieiu Medina, /i/., 4',),S. Military org.ini/.ation fur the im- luaillug war with the I'. S. ill .July. Id., 4l>7. Renewed agitation of the cjiital tpi'.stiou, .Vngeles vs Monterey, ,Sta liii's as a eonipromi.se. /(/., j II - IJ. Itepi.iHof the revolt ag.iiiist the gov., and attempts at military ori'an- i.aiion in Dee. /./., 404, (Oi, 47.">. ISl."). .Ian., the eity captured and converted by t'.ie iiorihcru iili.-ls a.'iinst MicheUoreiia under Castro and .Mvarado; organiz.ition of a fore .'ii c i.iip'i.y ; meeting of the junta. /^,4;r,)-7. Feb. , nnsucccssi'ul ne;;otiations wiMi .Michel'.'>re;ia; I'io I'ieo d"clarc'l gov. ; camnaignimd battle ;il- l. ilaly, cte. . Lidian troubles in the .S. IJjrnardin > region; much eorre.. and b\\ ;ht resuUs. Id., ."ijli-l. Wilson, (>h..,-r., MS., Ji), 31 -.'., siiys tiiat \i- dia- civored and named IJear Lake during this Lul. cuiniaiirii, .Xug.-Oct,. .ses- si )U3 of assembly; gov. vs com. -gen. ; I'ieo and J. A. Carnllo; revolt t lorei'^n iiivadeis and iiortlieru rebels. In | s i;, there Avas a return of the old 'war times' of ls:;7 s, in( lading' two battles, and I'esultin^' iu J^os AnLidcs b(>inj4' recoi^ni/ed as the cajiital with a southern ^ov- ernt)r. Thi'ii came a series of local tunndts and n- volts and the beginnings of what was destined to lie the last political eoidroversj, under ^Fexi-an rule, Ik - tweeu north and south. Tlu; })refeetui'e of flic st'c.iud distrii-t was held by Santiati-o Ari'itello iu 1S4I :{,and by ]\lanuel IJomiu^uez I'or the last seven nionth> of 18-!;!. 'rh(>re was no prefect iu 1844, the system hc- iu_o" abolished by (;!overnor ^Mieluiltorena, after whn>r i'all it was restored by l^ico in July with J^os Ani^^lcs as the lirst district and .lose Sepulveda as sub-[ucl'rci^ the governor's presence I'einovin^' iu theory the Urccs sity of a prefeet.'" In 1841-JJ municipal atfaiis were '- I'icfvciiiio, iininicipal goveniinc'iit, olikial list, uuil criiiiiiml rtrm,! cf I^os An;,e cH. I'ill, jirc foct Saiitiiigi) .Vr'jiicllo, .sec. Nai'cisn I'otollo. .Iiuns du jia.', li;ii!ici() I'alnmarcs, J^iiacio .M. Alvaradu; sii'. llaiimiiulu ( aniiln (in I'Vb. at 1 cast). I'ax-viilk'L'ti or. < tc. j; Val.l cs; niuiiK'. iVLi ■ litis.' (.U, ex- liLiiil. C )'••"). Salaiy) Iilt liidiitJi. Tlif pivt'oot in kUci'i !■ Cajil. (liU'l ra iei>t. St. l\ ']'■ 1)1. M- yjiivj., MS.,iv. ;{. Many (iiilt r.s ui vjirinus dates on j;anililin^c anils:ili(.t li(jii(ii'8. Aiuil, liiianlo I'rilie, a ixtiirncil I'xilc, to lie sent t > Sonuiua. /' , 11. f) ). I ruircu ore li red liy (,'ov. to j):iy liaeii from lii.s salary funds t:ik lli'.ii for (ilUeo exiien.sea from Stearns' tines as a sniiiLri-'Ief. Jil., iv. 1- dier ;;eiu 'J i lll Ai,i,'uello; see. Jose Jvanion Ar^iiello from IVli. 1st. ea il'j iia/. lAiauiul Dui ninyiiez am I .), L "pu .V A \ui: no si'i n.imcd. .Ineee:! do eampo AiUonio J;,'n. Avila, Macedonio .\\'iiilar. iuiiihill I.r M.'J. arilo Ihana rernamh) Sepnh kLi (not a|i[iroved |, Felipe Va! .la,.h !• •1" ram 1 jeo Z.aidla. Reamdade do (le jnstieia at tho f^'old mines l^naeio del \'alie, sii auli s; recei its ifiV, col.eotor a pi reenlago M^' .1. |iieliti) 7. tk- hein'' )?'i!l. r.otello, Aiialcs dd Sin; .MS., I'll, iiini tion I tlio oxeen; ion ot Antonio Valenei:i for kil Antonio A 111 won Ltli.alittlo lirother; Imt 1 find no other reeord. J; j^'Ulla ^^ im ^wi.s 1 xiles u aleal lau for adidtery. J)t. S/. Pup., Urn., /'rr)'. ij.lnzi., MS., vi. !ll. I'lk citi/.ens liviu'' lit old S. tJaliriel must lie made t (I eome ii mil live in t^vvn .is 80(111 IIS tiieeroi) is harvested. Lo< Amj., Anh., MS , ii. l.")l "i. A M "i- tcga lined by prelect for lefubin^ to act as jue;s suplciito. Dipt. St. >'• • MUNICIPAL AFFAIRS. 033 iiinnngod by tsvo justici';-! of tlio pciice, tlio llrst ju(l;j;'<-! Ic'iiig .succcssivi'ly J<4'!!.ici<) Paloiiuuvs, ?iiaiiiicl Do- iiiiuguez, iiiid Antonio F. Coroncl. In 1844 tlicayun- /'. ({• ./., M.S., iii. 72-4. July 7Mi, SiDiuiol Tiv.'g.'irt, for a cviiuc imt sjKLificil li ;L loiuiiiittt'il in F'-41, i.i oxccuted l.y the ,':;i)V>viriii)i-^J ,i:i]iointini'nt ii few ilay.s later. At the same time llDiello ie;ui!ieil t'le seeie- tai'Vtiliip. .lui'eeH 7, expend. .'!^ 4 ',).'_',"). t'ee,^ .■J, •._'"). A'/-.' .1//;/., A>i:iiit. l!i(., MS., ;{. j\i irch, eaueof a woman piorvitutaig 1.1 iseif in a /rnuip of soldiers. I>(iit. Si. /'<■;., .!";/., MS., vii. r/.]. June, po- h' r le^^ulalioMS i.-i.sued liy prefeet. /(/., 1)4 (i. .lune, ea.-^e of i raneise > Sopul- \i '\:\, daiVjjhtei' of .losO, en;.Mged to marry Norie;.;a, an ollieer (jf tlic liatailon, liiit whose t;ramlfatliei' and oihcfs liy in .'okin;,' the aid of [irefee', :'.:ul jiiez .>^uteecded in lu'eaking olf the mateli, luekily. as N'. later jii'oved himsed :i s..imp. Coroncl, D'x'., MS., '2J'J-I)I, '.'.'ii!. July. !( de.sertor.s from tlie hatallou to he arrested. Jiipt. St. Pap., Aiiij., M.S., vii. 74. Oct. llt'.i, Jue:', ("ui-onel lined Itubio yl'2 for inisnltiu;,' oliieer:i at a tavern; the military eoniinandant » ;ainst C'.s orders toolc llul)io ami put him in ii'ons and llo;_";vd l.ini; wiure- iipon t'. resigned his ollice. deeniin;,' his di.;nity outra;;ed. I'erhap:? hi.uvsii^- lialiou was not accepted. A/., vii. !M, '.U. Deo., ileatli of J. B. Lcandry. 1'. I'.iti'nega refuses burial because L. had not paid hi i tiche:;; but th(! prefi'ct i\. cidci against the padre. Jil., lO,'!. Kiec'.ion of an ayunt. for the ue\:; year. ~ Dec. 'J.'ld,"/;/., Jhii., P. .C./., iii. ll.-. H; Ao.fJiy. A'r-h., .MS., i. l.i I !). 1S44. Xo ]irefect. .Mcaldes .Manuel ]l (inena, Tibnrci > Tapia: re :idore.s Luis .'Vrenas, William \\'o!l.s!;ill, Felipe Lu;,'o. Cristobal .\;;uilar; ,' , udico .luaii r...udini; f;ee Ignaci ) Coronel. Jueces do eam|K) (now cailcd ccl.i jores rura- !■ <) .Fos.' (";irmen Lugo, It.iuion lliarra, Toma.< Ta'aniantei. I'cdr > Avil.i, .luaii -U ila, Tom.is ( 'o!ima, JATuardo ^'oiba. A;;eut ,' do poiicia t.i;d>ricl do la 'loi re. Cur.usionaito dc/anjas \ iceut:.' .Sanchez from .\;iril; Zanjcros ( iaspar \'alen- i:.;cla, .Antonio M. N'aldcs, Jos('' .M. l.,opez. Miuiic. receip's t'.J'.iii, cNpend. .*|i(l'). l.o< Aiij. Afi'li.. v. "Jii."). and monthly accts pas.iim. J.tn. .'itli, Ltmei^t- iii'.' of the ayunt., Monday lixed for wee kly .se.:si.ins, counni,te,;i apioiated, and other routine business. I(l.,y. j();i-.s. Jan. IJth, l..n.'o claim.s e:;euiptioii fmin fiervii'o as rcgi,li>r because ho had been suspended lormerly a : alc.d h', hut this v.as overruled by the gov. 1>( i,'. St. /'";>., AL-i., xviii. i! 1. .L;n. '-Md, i:auiic. regulations in 21 articles. Iil., Aiiii., \i\\. 1. Fel)., ayunt. \\i:). Aug., comjilaint tiiat celadons neglccte i their duties, and a sar- jrciito (ag(,'nto?) do polici'a was to bo aiipointed at f,-!ll) to oversee tli in. Lo,^ Airj. Arc/i., MS., v. I!t2 .'t. Xov., ayunl. resolves to iliviilo tho city into K'.'ctions of ,'>U.) iidiab. each, and to appoint a oomi-ionado to re istir voters, /■'., v. •J:J.")-(!, '2U). l)ec. lOth, primary elections had not taken place for lack lit \otcr.s. /''(/it. Si. P'ip., All;!., .MS., viii. ;}7. lS4,"i. .Sub-prctect .lose ]>. .Sepidveda api)oiated .Tuly I'Jtii at ."•■'Kin salary, wliicli he doenud too little. The iis.;embly n fu.-ed t ) iai:.i! the salary and .S, deals to have taken the ollice unwillingly, and peihaps rcsi nicd, as the place WinoU'erel in Oct. to .\. F. Coroncl, who dec'.incd. /.»;/. /.''C, MS., iv. lUli; ll^il. St. Pun.. .MS., vi. I(i7-S; viii. J. Al 'ddM Vicente Sanelicz, Juan Se- piilvcdu; reyidorcs Felipe Lu^o, Cristobal Aguilur, Leonardo Cotu, Lui.iJor- lei! lit I'll ■of! 634 LOCAL ANN.VLS OF THE SOUTH. ! tainit'iito was restored, and tlie cliief alcaldes this voar and the next were ]\Ianuel llequena and Vicemc Sanelioz. Jueces del caniix), or rural guards, wlic a|)|)ointed each year to watch over the eniorceiiicnt of law in the snburhs and at the ranchos. Thei'" was lunch complaint of innnoi-ality, disorders, and thiit of live-stock, the criminal record includiu''; scvit.iI murders, and four or live men being exccutcil I'lr ci'ime by the governor's order. About thirty iifw I'aiichos were granted in these years to j)rivate dwn- eis;'^ and the rancheros, notwithstanding tiie dcjui da- dun; simlico Ibsilio Viililes; see. Itiiuiuio Coroiicl, .luoccs dol caiii[iii. A. M. Lir,'(), Maceilonio Ayiiilar, L-'iiauiu Kcyus, Aiiluiiii) ]l!ii. Aviia, l'iauc..->c > (lur- c'.'LuLS. l'Vli(.'iano. Mniiic. rocuipis to Aug., all rxjieii(K:(l, §V.),;. /,.., J,/,/ Ar'/i., MS., . lassiin. .Jan. Ti.!), scss. of uyimt., iDUtino Iui^iik'ss. S urt'S may l)u o[iein,'(l mi Suiuluy at'tcr mass but iiu li(jui>i' liDJil. ami Imi, |. :j t) lio co\erc'(l. SLS.sioii:s to l)c o:i Satunlay.s; liiiu lor alisciico .^'5. Jil., \.\')S-'.l, •2~^; J>rji/. St. J^(i/i., Aiiij.. MS,, vui. ,'!7-H. March, (Jov. I'ico'a com'.sp. on tlio iR'cussiiy of doiuL,' honu'liiin;,' to cliwi.:!; crinu;. /i/., .\i. t4.">; Monl. Ai'h., .MS., xi. J -"), Mai'uli IOlIi, .lyiuit. diicn !Si;s a plan to iucrca.-^o ii^wiiuej liy taxing ])ropt>rty; alst) favor.s ii tlirect tax for srlioolsi. Lo.-< Aixj. Arr/i., I-.l."';., v. U;?'/- !M. April, yovt lias no fuud.^ to .stippoit tlio iiicsliyicr A. M. Jiuiuu.z as j\iiihli )iriL':it, liut a sulisi/riptioii of ."i^KiS ii lai.sid in .Juul'. t>r/i'. ,S7. i'li/i., Ji'ii., 1'. 1/ J., MS., ii. i;j'J-l. May, many loniplainls that prisoners aio not properly treated. JJi /tf. Hcc., xiv. W'i. May ]:.'i!i, iuuul)er of cs a i'^. v.iie- yards, etc., t(j he estimated f.ir pur[)Oses of taxation. 7-';/. /'('•., M ^.. iv. .".J- .'i. .luiie, alcalde orders tiie return t;) liis family of a man who liat. Si. /'(!/>., JJcii., i: ij J., M^., ii. 1 1'J. July, Alcalde S.aulie.': sa;. s i:.:it Fran. Se])ulved,i and oilier 'low jier.soiis' arc circulaiin^' n, peii.'oii i.,^' hii re- moval, lie dcoire.s his acl.H investigated. Id., Il>8. Sept. , 4 p. isoners sc>, to vork on tiic nati>)nal huildiiigs. /'/., l.";i. (iov. ohjecLS to |)r.soue .i hciiig sentenced to woilc lor private individii.als. A/., -1,,.'/., \\. l(i;). Oei. I();li, gov. orders garrison dissolved, and an au.\. force of citi/.ens to ki'cp onlci'iiinl guard prisoners. JiL, l(il. '■' llanclio.s of Los An;,'eles l-4;),) Tliose marked wiih a * \\ ere rejected hy thela:i Ic .i.ku:<- bi.in or U. S. courts. A:;uu .Mansa, a jart of .lurujia, in .S. IJcniaulmo rc:;iiii, ohiained in 1811 liy Loi'eiu'.o 'I'rujiiio's X. Mux. cotony, whoso iiel.Uuieiil was called S. Salvaihjr. //a//i.s' En. .\ofi'<, (UJ-H. Aguage del CeuaiicI:!, ,','rant-'d in llill to Ignucio ?ilaclKul); ]}. .\vila claimant. AlamiCo.s, s-ild i>y J''ran. Figucroa to Siearns. /A///. .S7. /'('/'., .1/';/., .MS,, vi. l;!J. *Alaiiiii.i y Agua Caliento, iSl:;, l'e ho was el. LJolsa Chica, 'l 1.. rvll, .1. Jtui/, who was el. Ijrea, s;'e Jtiiicuii d:: la JSrea. "'Cahuoiiva, (i I, .. i i | 1., I'vlo, 1S4;J, .r. Y. Limantour and doje Miguel Triuiifo; \a. aad I >. W. Alexa'.ulcr being cl. Canada do los Ali.sos, 'J 1., gr. in liS4'2, and r ;;c!iikil in 1." Uj to Joiji! Serrano, who was el. t'anuda de loj Nogal s, ^ 1., i -U, >h)Si5 JL ^^guila, who was cl. Castac, T) 1., IS),'}, ,IosJ AL (.'ovarruhius. \\m V'S ol. Chino, or Sea Ana del Chino, .J and ;{ 1., 1S41, 1S4j, A. M. l.;i-'i nnd I.;uae Williams who was cl. Cn'nega or I'aso da la Ti jera, I 1., and , i , l"^t''. Vic;nt(' Syacliez, who with others was cl. I'lncino, 1 1., I;s4."), ItaiiU'u, 1 iiii- Cisco, anct i!o(jue; Vicente de la Ossa el. Ksc irpion, l.jl., 1SI.'>, ttiiu ^I'l'l Manuel, who were cl. Felix, 1! 1., 184;!, M. J. Verdugo, wii" v.as A. IS year .•euu'iit Jl"'^ WilS I thrl't scvi;r;il lv(\ I'll- Lv iK'Vv' C ii: ;i.y. /,';/. ili^eoiitr J, MS. ,(iOO I .1.-., IV. 11", J.i— 1. Jiinipa, purcliasLil by is. U. Wilson, :or 1( ajjuc us lir Rtaiisin lliuji:-* Uor., .M.S., II. *Matzul:a;|\it'a, I l.,gr. b'.iinou ('MiT.lln, ,1. ]!. ]'"ii;.biL' el. Metxed (old i'ii.'4'_', 1'. Puian ]ir.jt<"^tiiig in a letter to the .Nbx. .,'ovt fiL'aiiist tlie goveriior'.s sale cf this aiidothir mission ranches. llor. ili.4. Chl., MS., iv.' 1 l.'il-l.'; Avrh. Stn /.'., MS., vi. SI-:!; H'<, II. Arch., MS., ?,\). I!iiK'(jn de la Urea, 1 1., ISH, (;il Ibarra, who was el. 'I'hii ranelio .•< ems U> have been ealled Canada de la Urea origiindly, and the p^idrc s leari d an intention to make it im hide the llieunada de la I'uentc. I>( pi. St. J'li/i., Aiij., M.S., vi. (i-7; Lui Aikj. Arch., MS,, ii. ,"(J-7. Rineoii de los Eueyts, i; 1., \!2\, eonlinncil in IS4it to liemardo lli;;iiera; Fr.in. lliguelii, et al. el. *Sau Antonio, l.tJCK) varas, iSt'J, Xiil.olas A. Den; U. S. Deu el. Sau Antoiii >, 1 1., l6ol (niisjjrint for li^ll V), Maria Rita \"alil-.'s, who was cl. La CanaJ. R. Seott and lien Hayes el. *Saii l]r.ii;;dio, 4 1., IS42, .lose Antonio Domingue/; F. Poniingu'V, et al. el. 8au 1 raneisijiiito, '2 1., KS4,'), Ifcnry Dalton, who was el. S.iii (Jabricl Mission. 'ilio luis ion lands v/ere asked for in l.s4.") by Jost' Ant. (iareia f(U' '.i'.< X. Me.v. fe'.lleris, but liis [letition was not gianted. Lnj. lfr<\, MS., iv. 50. For grants of sn^all lots near S. (Jabriel in IS4.'!-."), and linully loiitirmed ti tho grantci.'s, sec iios '!(;S, 41,'), 4I7-1!>, 4_'l-."i, 4 iS, 4i;(>-S, 4'S'J of the land i oui. ea.'-es. ^':'.ll .'o.si! de Rucnos Aires, 1 1., ISl.'i, Maximo Alanis; 1>. P. V\'ils u el. San .i.seu 1' fn-Pn al, ;;.\ ]., lSi:t, M. Carfias, debts w!io wa.s L Sau Fed ro eanno t lie .ittaehed oniinguez's debts, as it was a eoloiii^.atioii grant for liis family, 1.S41. JyOi Aiij. Arrli., },IS., ii- DS-I). Santa .\n,i, chl Chino, sec C'liino. S.mta Anita, ;{ 1., ISH, KS4."), Perfect > lluu'o Reid; llonrv Palton e Santa (Jcr- tiudi'., n:j date (pai't of the main raiiLhol, .\. M. Xicto; Z. Sanclie/5 Colima una, cl. Tej 1^ i:i, .1. A. Al I.S4'' ISHJ, .\nastasio .Avila; 1 <1 I 'iiacio (I ■I V; irii|ue .\\iki cl. Tijon, 'J2 I u iio wt re el. Trab 1., IS4I, '.nt. AiLriiello et a!., .!( V ir.^tcr, who was c HI a'l'.licant in IS41, . iieaipa, relu -i' idiiih'.l in the tiact of the S. Rernardino coh JJpff. .">/. /'«/»., Aw/., MS. 7U. il to ny. >ce n.'eon I of //..//•„ t r.icis to .J. M. R l!'port< •^ec lios .^7G-7, f.. its of i.i IS 1 1 and Vicente de li Ossa in 1S!_'. eonf. to i'aniel .Sexton, locality not spccilied. In ]h}'t. iil. Pop., Aiitj.. MS., vi is a list of some ')'■) raiulK ispili'd in 1S41 fur .supervision by tho 7 cela- dores. The ranchos of this list not mentioned (or at least not by t!io sa'nu ll:l!ne.^) in my lists of ls;!l-4,") are Los .Mejic.inos lin tho S, U^rii. regi jui. Rodeo lie Los .'\ngeles, Fah s Virdes (gr.'utrd in ISKJ), Rancho Xuevo, L.i ^le.^a, Lii (Isa (|ii'ol),d>ly Frovideneia), I'aciiicn, .)uan Feic/. (perhaps I'aso do liartolo', and .ji;an l'al)!i> y Feralta. On tlie contrary tho following of niy lists do not J'lipear in this: Rolsa (.'hii'a, Castac, Cii'negas. I'Iseorpion, Habra, Merced, Ojo tl" Agua, Faso do Fiartolo (Fere/?), I'rovi a'LaOsa.'l, S. Ante liuetios Aires, Sta Anita, Sauzal Rcdondo, Tcjon, Tnjunga, nnii \'i:';ones. Sco ,'l .0 //(•,.-! A)i;i. Co. llisl., passim, for much infonnation on raiieho history at dill'erent ])eiiod In l;;4l some sieuh were tak^ n ISn to ns.>i-'n the 4 leagues of land bo- ..diiMi- M I C30 LOCAL ANNALS OF THE .«OUTn. San Pi'dnj contiiiui'd to be visito'l eacli your by nuiiiy vc'st^els of t lit; tradiii^i^ llc^ut, oilcriiig rich ear<^(ii'S of inland pnxlucu to compensate' tor its dcdciencics ;(s a j)ort, which were I'nlly a[>j»reciated by all who IkhI occasion to anchor liere. An anxiliaiy jnez at tin; ])()inin'j;'uez; rancho extuvisod a kind of authoiity o\. v the region; John Forster was made caj)tain of tin; port in 1843; and a collector of municipal taxes was aivi'iinted by the a\nn)tamlentt) of Los An^'eles tlio next yeor. In 1841 the Hudson s Bay Company pm- posed an establishment here that was never foandil. ^loi'ras touched here in 1841 'J, inclnding in his wmk a chart of the port. The 7W.W.s captain was arivstc d here in connection wi'h the Jones invasion in IS J::: and in 1843 Commodore Jones landed here on his way to tlio city with no warlike intent. In 1844 tlio Angelinos tried to obtain a rec(ij)tor for San .]\'(lr(t, which they declared to bi; a much better harbor tlriii that at Santa .Barbara; and in 184a the assembly took steps to mak(; it a puerto menor v.'ith a receiiiir at a salary of A,)00, like San Ki'nn(*isco. Ifei-etlK^ oiled governor, ^[icheltorena, embarked on the Don Q I'lxote in this last year of th(> period. I'.athcr Esteae'ja remaiiu'd at his ])ost at San Cl;t- briel t:n'ou''hout the decade, havin'' cluum! not onir f s[>i'.'itual all'airs but gene-rally of temp )ral interests He was aided bv Juan l*erez and later o as we 11, M IdUgiiitC to the pueblo, but littlo ornotliiu!:? was accomplished. D!i, (i.j-'J. " 8aii Uabriel all'aii-.s. 1S4I. .Juaii ''. IVre/ m::jor>lonio iin-. 8-10. May, Kstt'iac.tra complains of ea- cioaclinieiits of citizens at Misioii Viija, who are tlie:'efore ordei'cil to e rm) to the t nvu. />/., vi. 22-'.\, '2'). .Iiiiie, e mip'.ii'iSs that two per;-...;... liavc i.i- lied a\\;i^v bcaiiid and bi'icka fi'oai S. Uonuudino. /(/., Aiij., vi. oli, J'' y, SAX (iAHKIEL, 637 ^Jaiivu'l Olivcm ns inajordomos; btit \\\oro was no MiiiMaiK'u of prospcril y, and a i-onstant it" not vnry lapid d(MT(ni.so of mission ])i'oj)c'rty, tlio jiadi-c liinist^jf i;(»in^' s(i far as to sell small tracts of land and snpiT- iluous c'fiects, tlioML,di ho bittcilv ooniitlaincd of llic L;rantmo' of mission randios, and was nnwilliii;;- (o ^ive n|> the estates in 184") when theii* renlinv; was ri'solv(!d on hy tlie governmi-nt. The final in\on'oi'y i^ nnfortnnatelv missinLT, so that the amount of li\e- s'ock aiid othcjr ]iro[)ei'ty is not known; but wc may |i>' sure the remnant was very small. At (he cuA of cook ;iiiil vuqiicro diseluirctcil on account of povcrtv of tlio niis.;ion. !>i /if .9/. J' p., .MS., V. ')',). Oit., list of cll'ccls receive! iuiil I'xpci],!. fjoiii I'M) I Im chief i'ciii:* of the foiMicr lire IlKI Ijlil.s wine. 47 liiil< -; iiml of tlic l.iltcr l;!() lili'..i wino anil o4 liiilcs. ',',().) fan. ni:ii/o to lie liurvc led in Xav. Sf. I'up. Mi^s., MS., X. 'J. Xov., iinival of rioulanil and \\'oi''.;uian fi'oni .\. Mc\., wliotiu; next year got tlic mission i anclio of l.a I'ucntc. Tliis vol., p. 'J77, •x.\. IS 12. IVrcz still ninjordomo. Picture of the mis.. ion in lioh'niKin''^ f.i/cin ( i'. .Mofras, L'r/i/or., i. ;!J t, yives tlic ]).)]). a.s .'I'X), i); in;,' fo lowed Iiy ( i.caron (lad others. Kraucijco rijuero.iattcnip; ; to sell a iiicc of land ceiled liy t!ic ]i I'lrc to liis l)rot!ier in l!);!!, l)iit i j prevented l>j' the prefect. Loa Aiii/. An/i., MA., ii. ISJ 4; Dc/.l. St. Pap.. MS., v. 05-7. I'!i;!. I'crez or.lorcd .Marcli lut to give up tiie administration of i^ropcrtv t 1 1'. i; .U'ac;.;a. Drpf. AVc., MS., xiii. 1-; tlih vol.. p. .'viD, .">7I. IIu;) IJeid vi.n e:i.^"arfj;id ) do j tsCicia for a d;.^;. ict i;i(^l'.ulin;,' t'.ic m'ssion from t;ii t y^ar. I'lT t;";;u'. i of lots near the ini-;sion in l.'Vl.'i-.") t!.> .Maiinel Olivcia, I'luspev > \'a. len:'.;ic'a, Ijniil'o .loanuiti, Sera:in.di' .Icsiis, .\rno .Mauhc, .F. .Mvilie, A. \'..!en- zai !:i, Micliacl Whi^c, Itarn iti Valeneia, I'^ranciscrt Sales Manu( 1 S.ile.i Tasion, .T: 1 r li-ip, sec list in lli''i'i>fiH''i J.'r/inr/^, nos 40.S, 41.'), 117 !:•, 4JI-.">, 11% 4(i.i-S, 4S9. IS41. 1'. Estene';a assisted hy til- ])reil)yter Antonio M. .linicnez. Tiie cstatd in had eonditi.}!! wi.'i ',).)t liiiii,in.< ace jr.'.in;,' I > an ori.;i;i:d r,',i:M'!; in /',■'>, /h)i\, M.S., i. 14. M ly, a snip eripli m ta';en fir finuls to [i.iy lor re- p.iiii;);; the cluirc'.i h.lls. Hi'/it. S'. Pup., Ami.. MS., viii. 17. 1)1 >. .Iiiau I'erez a^.iin .-.pieur.'s as ni-jordonio, hut in Oct. is succeeiled 1'. .^lanuel (Jlivcra. hi., .~ii; ]>:! Now Mexicans, asks for a frr.uitof tins iiii . under the leadership of Lorenzo Trujillo, obtaiuiii;^'' a traet of the Jurupa rancho from Ixuulini and caHin^^ Ihcir establishment Ag'ua INTansa, or San Salvadoi'. Xotldug is known of events in the early annals of this colony; but in 1 845 the settlers became discontented and made an etlbi't to obtain lands nearer the city.'' Pach'e Bias Ordaz was the minister at San !'\"i'- nando, and managei- of the estate from 1840, \'ill;ivi- cencio's aihninistration having continued to April ot' tliat year. 1'here are no statistics to show the rate of decadence in property and population ; but I siii»- posc there may have been ']00 cx-neophytes in the eimi- iiiunity at the last. Oidaz claimed to have acirK\i';l a dc'-'i'ee of succc^ss duriuLT his exclusive; n)ajia'''eiiieiit; and that this establishment was com[)arati\'e!y pnis- pei'ous is shown by the fact that it was one of the f>'W whose financial embarrassments did not picvent i^s bein«jf leased on favorable terms. Andres V'\r.) and diiaii !Manso became the lessees in Dcceuiliei' 1845, agreeing to })ay an annual rent of $1,1'2(). IG ''Oil till- eurlv liistorv of S. Bcrnanlino sco Ilni/cs' Em. A'o^ v. (ilJ-:!, fi.")0-l; .S'. /Jrrii. Tiniis, ,july 8, ISTii; -V. Ikr,i. Co. ///V., S;i-1; Fnt:<<-:< ^. JliiiK, I 'i-lH. Ndv. ISU, ail a)iplicaiit for Yucaipa is tolil tliat it l)v! in,'j to tho ii-aut of tlio colony. D'],i. St. Pap., A)/;/., MS., vi. 7t). -May '"'I'l aiipli'/aliiiii for S. (Sahriol iiiissiou laiulsi. Lc;/. Jt'c., MS., iv. ")0. Aiif,'., aji- lilii.'a;iiiii for La .Ial)oiiura. /l.>t, !?;.-08. ']|u! items are as follows: .silver !*l'(), 1.S7 hides !?'20."), 44, ir.'. t illow i fan. 1. ant .V:!7, MOO Tan. corn i?(i(IO, 10 sides of leather .S-_>8, b(.ap 1?100. -SV. Paji.. .I/*--., Ms., •2-'-4. hS4-_>, receipts for April SI,i:U, cxp. as 400. Aug. Stli, alcalde orders tnat if the .tdfinfi. is in condition S. I'rrii.'iil') he permitted to talio a little salt. r-t/Zc. Dor., MS., 00. Discovery of u' iM "U laud formerly belouging to this mission. This vol., p. 290, 0^0-L (iov, ,\liclii-l- SAXTA HARliAItA. (J.".9 <> till" sun- 1(> cnlll- lir\r;l ■niriit ; • priis- i.r i\\r. )ri'Vrlit Pi:'.. •Cllllifi' l\ir.'., :il'- Isf.ll. \k{. '.'>\-^U tillow liii. Ikmi'i |., .'/;-., vi. IT. jilioi"'!'. .■'■■.i.-iii'l') Says Sir Coorgo Simpson, wlioso visit was in 1842: "Santa IJilrbai'a is sonicwliMt ]aj'»_j«'i' tlian ^[onttMvv, (•i)n*ainin, ',VJ\. Ant. F. Coronel and l\'lix \'alih'-i ai)pi)iiiti'il liy the \^<)V. na in- '- c/vK^xvN for tho transfer April 'J;{il. ('oronil, Dor., .MS., '227. 1S44, report "t March IStli, soarcoly any livo-stoek, but sonio vines. Tiio doo. is unfurtn- i'.;it('ly torn so a? not to show the pop. Piro, Ihtc, MS., i. It. KS4.J, h.ittlo .■It ('ahuen'.;a. This \-ol., p, , ")(),")- 10. Ivxped. organized against Ind. Id., lA'.i, .^lay, I'. Ord.az claims to have adniinistereil tho estate suecessfidly, payin;»otT ;ill Uio doht.^ and pnr('hasiii^' 120 liuail of livo-stoek, li..'sidrs making other im- pi'.iveinents. Arch. Sla /}., MS., x. 187. Renting of the estate liy (iov. Pieo'd oriler.i in Dec. This vol., p. oVJ-.'}. ^' Sim}r(' local occurrences.''^ Tlierc^ was notliiiv^' to (listuil) (he nioiiotonoiis traii(|uillity of existi net; at tills town, unless \V(^ note as sli<^ht exce[»tiMiis the I'c'stivities attendinLj the bishop's airival in 1S1_', a very leehle and shoi't-lived revolt in collection widi the movement a. ISi.'!. (iciierons eontril)u:ion.s to the Ij';.. lop'.s fund. /(/., :i7--:{. In /i)'>!iiiis' D'niiij, MS., 11.'$, are found the iiii Ilia's weather iceord J from Jan. to Mareli. ISU. The bishop makes a |)as.n'.al tour in the north, and reLurns to Sta J>. This vol., p. 4J7. -M'ly. . ii'.ci lire tlic resort of 8mu','i,'lers. Tliey should be settled and a pn.^i tio e>tabli.,hed on Sta Cruz. Sl'recter, Itrru'll., .MS., 'J.)-:;;!, describes liisi/wii snccosornl eli'orts to resist the small-pox by vaccination, and the evil re-ulij (jf impure virus used by 'another doctor.' J)avis, ^7/,;/;«f <, MS., •J',:!-4. note; a Shakespcri.in perrorinance cot i.p by W. |i. .M. Jlowaril and I 'in (J. Jones. l!)l'j. Feb. Miclieliorcna's army here on the way south. T.iij vol., p. 401, nOl. Aug. 10th, election of S eoniiiromisarioi who on Sept. Ttii chjosj two clectores de partido. Jil., TA); JJ;i\ H:.ff. Ca/., MS.,i\. III)!; J) jit. Si. PaiK, .MS., vi. 4!). Xov. Ca;)t. Flores' revolt an I arrest .t the civil aui,horiiie.s. Tliis vol., \t. ."ilD-'i. Thomcs in his On Ijiiid iiwl 'S-:i epins s v.ne yarnr-., all strictly true let us hope, of his sailor-boy adventures at tlii.i p irt in ISIIi-,"). ■'•' >dilil.arv items of Sta 15:irbara. Company rosters, pay-rolls, etc.. in Dcj,!. St. J'-i),., li. .1/., MS.. JNNXv. I. 8, 10: Ixxxvi. (i. 7; V't'lbjo, !><"■. ■ )!>•• x.\vii. pauiiim; Vo-. HiM. Ca!., M.S., iv. llli-lj, lloJ-7, 1140; LfiK:,'.", Vjc, MILITARY AND MUNICIPAL. 641 1S.12, aiiiniuit r wlili'li »'om})any to AUV-rcz llnlxTto J*ardo. Ij^nacio del A'allu was liabilitado to .July 1841, followed l»y I'ardo; and Jose J iU'^o con- tinued to liold the place of second allerez. Flures and I'ardo were in command until 1845. The suh-prefecturo was resi-nied hy Raimundo Car- rillo in January 1841, and though stejjs were taken and a ti'io of candidates recommended for the ap- ji lintment (jf a successor 1 find no I'ecord of any in- nnbent in 184l!-;3. On the restoration of the }»re- I'l ctuivs in 184;'), Anastasio Cairillo received tho a|ipointment in July.-' ^Municipal atiairs were nian- a^.'d hy a succession of jueces ile paz, or alcaldes in I>s44 -5 during the suppression of the j)refectu)e, as cl lows: ernai ido T ICO, lo [\f|UUl C irrillo. nan C iiKU-rillo, Josu M. ( 'ovarruhias, and Xiclujlas A. ])en, t ach aided by a second, or suplcnte.'"' Items connected .M.^ tasaiiii. Jii 1S4'2. Florcs' a|)p<)iiitniciit aa coin. Vallijo, Doc MS., xi. 4'.)-o(). Ajnil 1st, (liitn'ra y N'oriuga tuius over oniii. to Kloius ami I'aiilcp. III., 'Jl!>. Capt. Joso ("arrilli) (Jose do l;i (iiierra y (,'arrillo?)at'tini;as luiii. ill Sept. 184.'). J>i.))t. St. J'li/)., ii. A[., MS., Ixxxviii. .")!. Juaa I'. Ajahi jicUiil; in Kainu capacity m .saiuu nion th. Co/d, J)o MS., i: Jii I8U. (iiKiia to gov. oil tiio necessity of iiicivasiiit,' tlio force, ami Alvarailo's uii- tavoiahlo reply of l"eb. Ttli. Uiicrra, l)., .in;!-, Ms., vi. I'JO. Lieut Manuel Maripiez was here in 1,S4.'{. .Ian. ;{'), IsU. iMie the eonipany since Feb. 18.'}!), .?!»,t)08. Due. l/i-t. Cat., MS.,iv. 1114-10. llneived from missions for "Jd half of the year .SU)4. Giicrru, hoc, vi. SI), r.iid to coinp. from the treasury from IS.'JO to ISli, .^10,81 1. Id. In store Maivl, 1S4-2. .S--V)9. /(/., 90. •"K. Carrillo's resignation .Jan. !.">, 1841. Dipt. St. Pap., Ben., P. d-J., M""., vi. oO. Trio jiroposed by prefect t) gov. Joaipiin Cariillo, Jose A. , appointment of A. C'arrillo. /;/., y;.,/., /'. .oy., ll. 84, 17; Dept. Hec, MS., xiv. (14; Sta li. Arch., MS., .m (J. .liily 4tli, the assembly makes the Ciiesta de >Sta Susana the boundary of the paitiilo. Dcfit. St. Pap., MS., yiii. 'i'i. ■' I'ueblo officials and municipal allairs. 1S41. Jueces de paz Fernando Ti«('p and Santiago Lugo, Jos6 Moraga si'ndico, Raiinundo Carrillo sec. to Uct., succeeded by Fraucisco Lopez. Jan. "iSth, in reply to tho demaud of HiBT. Gal., Vol. IV. 11 IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I Ilia iM IIIIU |||||2^ 2,0 1.25 111= U III 1.6 V /. {/ '^.x. >" #?J '<"• i',^ ^vj ? ^ :/ 5r w/J.^ v] <^ <9 /# A a cf. c^J v^- ^ ^ "^^ ->' .%"' (P w^ > (? / /^ Photographic Sciences Corporation ^^ ^V # \\ ^\^ 6^ $^ ;v % ?- V ..,. ■« 23 WtlV V.4.IM SThEET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 wv s w- Cp. Va 642 LOCAL ANNALS OF THE SOUTH. witli tho municipal govorniiiont ancl ailininistration, though Kouicwluit more luuiierous and l)utt(jr rocordtd tliaii in tho preceding decade, arc of but little monieiit. A list of some twenty- live private ranches granted during the live years is appended."^ the prcfoct for a list of vat;rfints, the jtu'z replies that tliore arc nono in Iiis jiuiiilictiou. iS'/ft ]i. Arch., MS., 17. March, cflbrts of prefect to che. !c (Iruiikcmiess ou Sundays. .Inez say.-) tho evil is exugi,'orateil, an; iii. >S9. .July, a j)risoner wiio has l)cen shut up !) niontlis for lioniicido in irons, livini,' dh charity, wishes iierniission to w.irh f(jr foul and i;1ol1r'S. Id., vi. .jO. Oct., Pedro ()rte^'a kills his vi ife at Jtefugio, Miguel Cota being an acconipliiu. BoUi arrested, /d., vi. 70. 1S4'2. Jueces de ya/. .Foaipiin Carrillo and Antonio M. Ortega, the latter declining lo serve and b ing replaced by .luan (,\iniarri!lo in .March. Tax colKetor Nicholas A. ])vn. ])cc., .Jose M. l.,is;'irraga--the same man \v!i>) has been nu'utioned as a prisoner in 1S41 — tho murderer of Jesu.-i Valdes, lias escaiKMl. S/(i I!. Arrh., MS., 41!. 184:$. .Jui'ces (l',> pa/, liaiiiiundo Carrillo and Ramon Vald(''s appointed in Dec. 184'J, Jh'pl. St. I'ttp., Bon. P. .D,/., MS., iii. 107; but Juan Canianillo is tho justice named in several records; and .Ioa(piin Cirrillo in L';;. A' ■•., ^IS. , iv. .'ii'JS. ('apt. of tlieport from thi:i year .J. A. dohiOnerra. Jan., .J. .(. Warner obtained permission to hunt goats and seals on the Sta 15. islands liy paying I reals fcjr each otter skin and "J reals for each seal, into the munic. fund, and giving one fourth of tiie goatskins for the troops. L'ifi Aiiij. .Ifh., Ms., ii. .'il7--7. Case of J. M, Doniinguez, accused of stealing cattle, ami disagreement between juez and gov. on tlic subject. Lc'<». P. 7-9. Aug., t!ic juez tries to break up 11 nionte game at the house of Wiilow (J;lrmeu Ayala, and is somewhat rudely handled by llilarion (iarcla. /'/., ."lO-Ol. -'-Sta liiirbara ranchos of 1841-."). *Alanio Pintado, 1 1. , granted in 1S|:{ to Mareelino, }tlaria Ant. de la <{uerra de LataiUado claimant. Calera, >ion SANTA BARBARA. on listration, • recorded ; moment, s granted re none in Ins .'fuct to chc.k , anil that his 111 Satiirihiy to iii. 89. •I'lly, iious, living du , vi. uO. Oct., an accoinphcc. Dcga, the hitter u Muioh. TiiK s:inie iniiu \\\\> "MA VaUlt'S, lias 6i iippoii>tcil in Tium CiUiuirriUo [lo ill /•'''.';• ^''"'•' vra. Jan., -f. •'• 5ta r>. i-^hiiiils l.y , into the imunr. L'>^ AiKj. Aril.. iUn.»- nmioz. JftHX ;ustin .Tansscns, Inonciits trie I t) Ikillcaatllefu'^io S.'. /'''/'•' '*'"'■ iscunhils anil the Lui;5 I'^ey. /'■, ecu convictc'il <'t Iries to biciih np iomcwhat rutUly I f'rautcd in l^^t^' laiit. Caleva, iiv Iwascl. *Cainu- Lmil, -ih, ISll, I IS II, .loaiiuiua ICafuula do Salsi- iruita, 400 vaia*. 1., ISl."), Agns.in 1,5 1., 184:$, . I 'S,'; leblos, 3 1., 1^1-. 128-31; n.'pt. St. Jen and the rais- [Vrnvas was uw !o _, M. Ant. do 1* laiio (Jnticn-e/, A. Iwas cl. Um^^ The ini.ssioii of Santa Barbara remained under tli« control of Padre Duran, aided bv Pathe Antonio di- iiiciio from 1844 and Padre Jose ]\[;ui;i do Jesus (ionzalez, a Zacatecano, from 1843. The numi)er' of iii'0[)hytes varied from time to time, but was '2C)0 ;it tlio end of the period. Leandro Gonzalez iield the jilaee of majordomo down to 1843, when the teni[)oral management was restored to the padres. The estab- lishment has no recorded annals tlown to 184.3, when till' community was broken up.-'' Padre J)uian in liis (ild age had become discoui'agcd; tlie Indians were careless and improvident; aiul though there was yet ViLJa, .see Puiisinia, XojiKiui, .'{ 1., 1S43. Raimundo Carrillo, who was cl. I'liri- si ii:i, ISl.-), .lose R. Mali), who wa.s cl. Pui'fsinia (Misiun \'icja', I 1., ISl."), J la luinaiid .loije -\iit. (.'arrillo. wliowerecl. S. Biiciiavcutui'a (iiiissioii), 4;»t) vaia.s, ISt."), Fernando Tie:), wlio was cl. S. Carlos de .loiiata, (j 1., 184,'), .loa- ([uiii Carrillo et al., who were cl. S. .lose do (Iraeia, seu Siiiii. S. Mi:.'in 1, \'j 1., IS4I, Uaiinundo Carrillo ct al., who were cl. .Santa Ciiiz Isl.. a^kcd f'lr liy ^Viidres ( 'astillero in 1 »'4.-). Jjr/,f. ,SV. /'cij)., .MS., vi. l;!4. S.inia Ini'S or ( anada de los I'inos, or eolle<;e rain'ho, (i 1., 1844, calhiili(; church, wliicli was cl. Santa Paula, 4 1., 184:!, .Manuel .1. Casarin; .J. P. Davison cl. S.uUa IJiia, 3 1., 181"), ,]os! Itaiuon Malo, v. lio was el. Santa U isa id., l!S43, .)o h5 Au'i. and Carlos Carrillo; .M. Carrillo de Jones cl. In 1844 the granteea ce 'e 1 the island to Mrs Jones ami Mrs 'riionipson. Jh'/if. St. i'd/K, -MS., x\;ii. (Ji); ])('iit. /'<■<■., MS., xiii. 70. Siiuf or S. .lose deCracia, 02,:i41 acrei, ISIJ, coiilirmed to Patricio Javier and Manuel I'ico; Jose do laiiucrray N., cl. 'i'eiiiascal, ;i 1., 181:!, Francisco L)pi'X, etal.; M. Ar^'uisnla cl. Tequejjis, ■J I., 181"), .loacpiin Villa; Antonio M. Villa cl. '"'I'oilos .'^^antos y S. Ant.)nio, Til., 1811, Salvador Osio; \V'in M. Ilartnell el. i>co II oj'uuin'.'i lii /it ■:. (iraiits liiarked " weio rejected hy the L. C or U. S. courts. -\Sta ].?:irl>ara .Mission. 184-\ .Mofras, H.Cjilor.. i. 320, gives the pop. as 41)0. 1813. Controversy with Den on boundary of llos I'uelilos ranclio. Arr/i. SliL li., MS., X. '_'_',>-;> 1. IStl. lUiran's report on Eoutliern missions gives ."v pop. of 2>7 with diliicnlty maintained, /'ico {I'io), l>o<\, .MS., i. 14. 1815. .May, debt reported as .S_',7()5 with no assets. .ircA., Ar.vh., MS., v. pt. ii. 5:1. Till) asscinljly autliori/.cs ti>e gov. May 'J8th to rent tin; estate. This vol., p. [){.). July 'J )lh, inventory liy the apnraisi'i's Andres Pico and Juan Manno, v.i.Ii I'. Duran. i'op. 12,14 souls. Buildings rescrxt^d for bishop and padres, li.i I'.jams, .sl,500. Storehouse and its contents in goods, iiii|iiein:iits, etc., i^l.-i-">2. Cellar with barrels, still, etc. .s7tiS. Soapdionse and on:lit .*';i;)S. Tannery iJJ.VJ. Sinitliy .SlOt). Weaving room, looms, etc. !? I J!}. Carpenter sli I,) ;3.i4. MajordoMio's house .'?:!85. Vaipiero's outiit .'?J1. Oreh.ird, with nl^lie wall and 512 fruit-trees, .^1, .');)!). \inevards, l,'2'.)5 and '2,4.);) vines i.">. ita 'd- $1,720. Live-stock at the mission M(i cattle, ;)'.t,S lior.ws, mules, .S3, (..'lira's .'52tJ5. S. Jose vineyani, 'J.-'dJ vines, 100 trees, .'^1, ;):!'). Ciene;: fence anil crops .^t'X). S. Antonio, a corral .'?25. S. M.ireos wiih Willi lenco ami crops iij.r.A). .'^. Antonio, a corral ijJ.). ft. .M.ireos wua hii: ill :<. vineyards, grain, live-stock (1 10 cattle, 00 horses, l,7:iO sheep), .VO,!) '.li. Tolal §25,';45. Ori;,'inal in I'iro. Pap. Mia., MS., 7 15. Sept. I5tli, Du-an to ■; )V. aslvin j to be relieved of the temporal management. The hul. are re- sjii^a'al to him, but careless and wasteful. He wiil remain only tid tho giMiieiarc harvested. Pirn (Pii), J>oc., .MS., ii. (iS. Oct. 3d, gjv. lo Uii.-.m, 111! iiiay entrust the estate to a person of his conlidence, or ho ni.ij' ren. it. i>ejil. at. Pap., MS., viii. 2G-7. Oct. '2Sth, Pico'a order to rout tho missioa. '■I 644 LOCAL ANXALS OF THE SOUTH. c()nsi(lcral)lo property, tlie prospect of an incroasiiiT debt caused all ])arties to deem a change de.sirahle. An inventory showed a total valuation, not including land or church property, of nearly $20,000, live-stock comprising 950 cattle, 488 horses, and 1,730 sheep. The estate was rented in ])ecember to Nicholas A. Den and ]Janiel Hill for $1,200 a year. The jiriiici- ])al buildings were reserved for bishop and clcrgv. The Indians were to retain a part of the buildings, to have lands assigned them, to be at liberty to woik I'or tiie lessees or for themselves, and to have a third of the rental; but there is no evidence that they got anything beyo nd th le nrivilesTfe or ri;nuinun the bishop ap{)ointcd the presbyter .Josu ]Maria Kosales as curate, and the church property was turned over to hiuL Rosales had alreadydived here for nearly two years and remained until alter 1 845.-'^ Kafael Gonzalez was succeeded as niajorduiuo Tliis vol., p. .".")'2. Dae. 5tli, reiitin;,' of tlie mission to Pen anil Ilill. 'I'liia \ol., p. X>',\. llcnry Melius si;j;:icil a liond Deo. lltli, and tliu lease wai i:i:'.ile out later. Jfin/r.i, J//,s,s'. />., HT^Mi. Dec. IGtIi, gov.'.s order to Duran t^) i;ivo up the estate. Produce, food, saddles, etc., to be retained, the pro'., .MS., \. 21:1-"). Dee. •J(itli, l)uran's reply, lias given up the niisiiion. Finds fault at jiayiug S200 for 4 days' useless vvf)rk. Tlio only produce left is ."iJliiiles a-.xl ti or 7 blils (if brandy. IIo may present ft cliarge later of .$1,000 of iii.s own money spent on the Ind. Arrh. Aizoh., MS., v. pt. ii. (il-'2. ■" S. Buenaventura items. 1841. July ;jd, (Jouzale;; to gov., objcetuii: to tlic propor.ed entry of gento do razon as likely to demoralize the lud. St. Pap., Mi.-oi., MS., ix. 51. Sept. lOtii, the Ind. complain that tiiey have l)ieii given nothing .since KSo'J. (Jonz.alez asks license to m;iko a rcpartitiiu nii mission account, /d,. 50. Dec. Gtli, G. explains that ho administers hc.vy pnnishmcnts only for serious oU'ences, and believe tlieie is no other way. hi., S'_*. Expenses in Feb. S;iS.">; on hand, Sl,4'27. /\. ISI'2. (iunzakz re- signs in Fcl). on account of his private business. Claims to h.ive kejit tlie mission in gooil condition for 4 years. /(/., 48. Crisogono Aj'ala wasappuiut- cd cncargado in July and took charge in Sept. /(/., x. 10; Dcpf. I'lr., .MS., xii. 50; but Ramon ValdOs, Mem., MS., IIO-I, claims to have been in charge continuously from this year. Ho says there were about 100 men hesidcs women and children. Mofras, Exylor., i. .3"20, makes tho pop. .300. Viow of S. liuenaventura in /io6/;(.so«\s Lz/c (H (,'«/. ISIH. Temporal manageni'iU to lie restored to padres. Thia vol., p. .300. Apiil 3d, 1'. Jimeno ecrtilie< an in- ventory minutely itemized with full description of eliurch, etc., but :i ■ val- ties, tliere were •_',.38-2 cattle, 520 horses, '2,'299 sheep, '220 nnilc:!. ■'■•m\ IS asses; 1,032 fruit trees and 11,070 vines; crdits, $2,i48, debt, $a,080. /'""i SAN 15rEXAV::XTURA. 645 icroasin;^' ut ! )- i:i 1842 by Cfi.s6_.>'C)iio Ayala; aiikl tlio positu^ii. In 184;') the property ;is put ill chari^c of Padre JiiiKMio, who retained it \\' ait parontly after ho went to Santa Barbara, as llostdes had nothing to do with the tenipoi'al management. Tht; only event of the period was the occupation of the mission in 1845 by Castro and Micheltorena in the canij)aign wliicli resulted in the hitter's downfall. Circumstances leading to and aecompanying the final icuting of the estate wore similar to th(»se noted in the case of Santa liarbara; but the inventories are iiut extant. The lessees were Josd Arnaz and Nar- ciso ]3otello, and the rent was 81,000. The neophyte population in 1845 I i)ut at 200, but it is a guess rather than an estimate, as there are no contemporary tigures. Nor are there any statistics of property later than 1842, though the rent paid serves as an indica- tion of the value as compared with Santa ]3arbara. l*adrc Jose Joaquin Jimeno remained in charg(! of Santa Ines, with Juan Moreno as associat<; from 1842 and Francisco de Jesus Sanchez from 1844. Padr; ]\loreno died at the end of 1845.-^ The leadiuLT event I'lip.. .V/as., JIS., 07-7(1. Ayal.'i still inajovilomo. /'-'>\, Jiteplie.i ('. I'ostcr is named as oneuf the ori.;inal lessees who v.ithdiew i:i IStii. -'.I nan Moreno was born .Jan. 'll, 170.N at .Montenei;ro, la Uioja, Old (Jas- 11! ; but became a Franciscan in Mexico, being ordaiiic 1 a.i sub-deacon at T iiica in 18'Jl. He camu to Cal. in 18.'.7, and his missionary service was at S,a ll.iibarain 18J7-1); at Sta Cruz in IS2'J-.'!0; S.Juan Bantisia in In.;0 _'; 8. Mi;.;ucl in IS.'};{-42; and Sta Ines (having charge also of I'nrisinia, and ])i i!ial)ly living there a part of the time) in 1842-."). Except tliat he was ;i M lilt, patient man, well liked by all, wc know very lit lo ab lut him. A.ji- Mii, aa Indian of Sta Cruz, Amwloi; Mini., iMS., ',)0-li;i, say-j he was very bluiiul in tlirowing t'.io reaia and was very p cud of his success in lassoing Liars. Of his poverty at S. Miguel in hi,i'6 he writes to Capt. Uuerra, 'Le I M 0^6 LOCAL ANNALS OF THE SOUXri. of tlie period was the f'oiiiulutioii of the colei^no senii- iiario (le Murui Saiitisinui de (jiua(lahi})e de Santa lin's d'j Califoriuas in 184-4 as recorded elsewhere.'^" ^Minml Cordero continued to act as aihninistrator of the mis- sion estate until in 1843 it was restored to the iii;iii- a'.^enient of th(> ])adres. The ex-neophyte population in 1845 was 270 souls. Acctn'ding to the invuntnrl's of 1841 and 1845, live-stock decreased from 12,000 to 2,000 animals; and the total value of property riniu $49,000 to $20,000, and perhaps more, since the llist inventory seems not t.o have included lancls, as the last did. There were charges of a reckless distribution of the cattle among I'avorites of the oovernment.-' uotieio que y.a no cliiipo p()r((Uo no tongo; vca V<1 si cs fuoitc apuiacion la Jiu'-.i, Lih. MU., ^dS., '11. '-'''See this vol., p. 4'Jj-(), witli full i-efcrenees. '-'"sta Lu'a iceord. IStl. Miguel Cordero liccainc adnliui^Jt^ato^ Jan. )")tli, liaving acted ad int. hcforc. The inventory of transfer from J'raiK-is.'j Cota show.s a total valuation, exclusive of l.uids and ehureli propeity, uf •'; I'.i,- 11."), with a debt of Jj^DTo. t>uildi:igs, inip!i':iieiits, and cli'eets in store ;•!:;, • i2S7; live-stock (lO.'J'J.') cattli', olTt JKjrsej, 1,701 slieep, "JS mules, -V.) ]\j,--. \ as.-ics), S;)4,0S(j; OS? fruit-trees, SDST; credits .Sl.S'JS. C.irdero's receipt i to end of J line 81,477; expend. 81,17.'>. July. (!. ordered to kill kM\) fat c;!tilc ivi govt account. Oct. ct seq. C. lias trouble in gcttiug possession of tlio I'lirisiniaproperty. St. /^ly). J/Asx. , .MS., ix. l-(i. Franeiscot 'otaapp(jiuto 1 jiuz d • jia/. in D.'c. Sta JI. Arch., MS.,,'!,"). ISIJ. Vr.lentin Cota t'juiporarilv in eliarge in Cordero's al)senec in Nov., at which time there v.as troidiic :\\i(>:\t the delivery of IJOO caHlo to Cells on tlie gor.'s order. Guerm, Ihir., IMS., v. ii:)."i-0; Colli, Doc, ^IS., 10. .Manu( 1 < Uilierrcz seems to have had sour' au- thority in Sejjt. Jhjil. Sf. I'd/)., An;/., yii. 11. I'op. 'J.'iO, aceoi-diu;; to Mofran. ili-jilor.. i. ',il\). Jan., gov. ordcr.s ."iJSO to bo expended oa the cliurch. Ji'iit. /t('\, iMS., xii. 47. May, tlic nuisie-teacher J^uis t;) be placed at tlie di-i' ' al oi 1*. ,)inieno. JiL, itli. July, owners of Sta Jlos.a and .\lamos ranclms iMri>t; P'l-mit the cutting of timljcr for the mission. .S7(t II. Arr/i., -NiS., 41. .'••Ui hu's was the southern limit of Vallejo's eoinuiaiid over the lin<-'a del unite. 'J'his vol., ]). "JI)-'. KSl.'i. Temporal managi'inent restored to the jiadrcs. /■/., ',]{')'.); but there arc no details or inventories. May liOth, gov. grants tn !lic Carrillos the irrig;d)lo lands of ^lisi(jn \'ieja in eouipaiiy wilh the Iiid. /'(/■'. Ji'i'., MS., xiii. oS. 1844. Founding of tlu; seminary as noted els«v, h(io. A i-eport of Dur.m says the ndssion is still in moderately i^otid enndition, Mitii .k I\-[);.»ll> III IVIIl.lU Bil^> .-J LIIU lUl.^dlUll l.*^ SLLil 111 111WU1,-| ,1 LLiy J^t ». M I ^ I IllU 1 L 1 < I . I , »WlU •i.illiid. Piiv(/'io), J)oi\, .MS., 14. Thenssembly to moc'tatSta lues, Imtncvcr di 1 so. This vol., p. 41 '2. lo4."). May, debt of the mission (id.l.')], no assets i?). Ai-'h. Arr.ob., MS., v. ptii. "i."). Jub 'JJd, invesitory by Pico and Mans im ap- jirr.isers. Pop. 'J70 souls. Building:?, implements, and elleets in sten lii'se SANTA INES AND PURtSIMA. C47 At last the estate was rented in December IS-t.") to Josu Mai'ia Covarrubias and Joaquin Carrillo tor ;?j80 [)vi y(,'ar. Tliu venei'able Padre IJanion Abulia, last sur\ isor of the i''(.'rnandinos who came in the last cenluiy, served us minister at Purlsima lor a i'cw mouths hu- t'ni'u his death in 1842; and .subse([ucntly the mission was under the spiritual care of I'ach'e Juan ]Morcno and the [)resbyter ]\Iiguel Gomez, thou_i;h botli ivsidod most of the time at (Santa Ines.'"'^ Jose .Vntonio de la Guei'ra was the administrator in I84i-il, and is v.itli t!ic connivance of the gov. had not kept tlicir ngiccmcut \\itli t!ic mis- sion. Tlicy were to pay $j(jO and a number of catlic, and to leave land ea.mi^li to [n'.pporL the eattle. Nov., Joa'piinCarriilo propoitdas jiie/.dc paz. Vvpf. St. I'll])., JJtii., l\ <(• J., M8., ii. 170. J^ea;'i-0. As curly as l!Si)4 ho wishcil to quit the c.mntry. In 1 ■i(.7aud 1S| 1 he made cntraiias among tlio gentiles, of whieii iiii nari'ative.s arc extant. See list of auth. vol i. Ou .luly'JJ, l.sll, at S. I'ranei.seo he liiuied the last Indian whoreniendj ^rcd tlie founchition of ihc mission in 177'), liiriiliana, a woman of 03 years horn ou the very site of t!ie mission. N. /'. J.ih. Jii<., M.S., 7-1. He was present at the tounding of S. Ihiiael in Dee. IS17; a. id there is hardly a mission register in Cal. in which his name d .-s not aji- pcar. In ISl!!j he jirofessed obedience to the rcpuhlican governmeiit, ihougli ri fusing' to take the oath. Lefore leaving S. C.irlos he became .sick aad iii- lo'Ui ; and liis term of service at San Luis Obispij was one of illness and dis- eouragement, nearly approaching dotage at tiie last. In Is.'iij, he was b;-oo 1- in,' over imiiending ileath, lamenting the unhappy fate of the mi.ssioiii and triars, and wishing that he ccnild get the money due him so that he mi^htp.ay hi 1 deb;s and tecui'e a passage to some other country. In UilkS he declared his ncoiiliytcs to bo the most wretched and iiovcrty-stricken beings on (-arUi, .•111 1 himself as needy as any. In ISo'J be went to i'uri'siiuafor a time, refusing ti> live at iS. Luis unless Angel Kaniircz with his fipen iimnorality and 'genio d .luinante' .should be roaajvcd. Why he was sent to take charge of runsima i.i bilJ it is liai'd to imagine, unless it Mas to humor a Ml.iiii of his ov.n. While at this mission be declared tiiat he had been robbed of all ho broug!it from S. Luis; audi*. Jinieno in a letter of .March UUi, dmrra, l)oc., .MS., charged the administrator and others, ' who were not Indians' as pretended, wi.h the robbery, and with having treated the old pudro 'with t!io greatest ingratitude, inhumanity, and vilencss.' Rafael Lionzalcz, Mem., -MS., ,"> s, Vv iio had an interview with Abella at I'uri'sima, describes liini as having acted ill a very Kt range innnncr, evidently insane or in his dotage. His last, cl 'v.s were tipeiit at St;^ Ines, where be was buried on May 'J4, Ih-lJ, in the church iieur the jiresbytei-y on the epistle side about two varaa from the church wall. ^taJim, Lib. Mix., M.S., lio-G. G4S LOCAl. ANNALS OF THE SOUTH. .accused of liuviiig (lis.si[)ato(.l what was loft of iho niLssion projjorty of" any value, the leiutiaiits hcino- put ill cliar^e of the Sta Ines uduiiuistrator in 184"J, u!iS . I'dji. Mixn., ix. (i. 1'. Jinieno also accuses Guei-ra of having rohhed the niis.-iion of (iverytiiinir, and claims to have irrefuUihle jiroofs. Hmrni, y^'"., .\l.S., vii. I(i-I7. \n -Vpril Diego Fernande/ is addressed as miijordonio, and ii informed that the mission's yearly (juota of presidio su|)plies is 'Jil fan. maize, 10 Ian. beans, 40 arr. lari.1, 10 arr. tallow, 70 pairs of shoes, and ^l'> of iv.K\\>. Sf. J'hji. Jf!.i., -MS., X. 1. .Tune, the gov. apjioinuS an encargado ;.t j?IOpcr month. Dr;it. LW., MS., xii. AS. Mofnis, Ei-/,lor., i. .S20, gives the pop. as 00 hul. ISl.'J. Estate turi'cd over to the padres. This vol., ]). .'J!i',). No particulars. ISll. Duran reports '200 Ind., no live-stock or enltiva^'il lands, a viiu^yard of medium extent, administered by 1'. Mijrcno, very iiiti;!ii, aided by (joniez, recently ordained as a clergyman. Pico (Pio), Die, M.<., 14. Aug., the sin;iil-pox had killed most of tiie Ind. and was still ragini'. (•';irrra, Doc, MS., vii. 17-18. 184,"). Ajiril, 1'. Moreno denies that tlie p.ulres have n- tcrev and San Francisco, forniinix tlio territorial hasis '[)ose that somewhat less than lutlf should be included in the iiij^ures i^iven above. ( c*o ) Mi 1 CuO LOCAL AXXALS OF TUK NORTH, The ^Toiitcn'oy di.stiict ^'aiiic'd in j)o|»;il;i(i()ii, I)V O'^- tiiiuiti^, lor tliui'u arc; no coiitcinpoiaiy padroiics cxccjit at Santa Cniz, IVoiu 1,GUU in ls;]0 to 1,I)J() in l;:l,), this niiiuhcr hi-inn' madt! up of 7;10 in town oi- nearly 1,000 durin<'' the slav oC Mirlitdtorrna's haltalioii in 184;5-4 — 775 at tli'j runclios and i'X.-niissi()i vSun Juan, and u50 at .Urancilocti Tl IS, 7.") -it U!r(3 wcvii al-.i) about 450 o.\.-neoi)liyti's li\in'^' at or near (he ex-mi. - sions oi' as servants in town, whilu otlu^r Indi.ui^ scatttiivd in the disti'ict could not liavu been much Uss in number. There were |)robal)ly over a him- (h'od Ibrein-ners whose luuni's and resiiK'nce werelciiow ii. J']vents at ^Monterey, by i-eason of its posiliun as capital and ehiet' port, were in many instances ol" de- partmental as well as local intt-rest and importai and hav(; therelbre bec'U pretty I'ully i-ecoi'(K.>. I in otl ice, )arts of tins volun le. Tl u ■y are lowover, suni!!!!- rized and indexed with a su[)pl(;mental mention e( minoi' happLMiiiiL^'s in the a[)})end(!d note, which cou- taiiis also details respecting' military matters, muni-j- pal aiiairs, and })rivate ranchos oi' the district/ 184L ' SiiiiiiiiiU'y of Mouturcy events. 18-11. Mattcru cijiincutLiil uiili t!ii: if «!)•;:;:) vara: ,/. S'. I '«/)., Ilcii. . for 1 laviacks uiu iii. Ids. I oOie Am I'd) ■.i!(liiii' ciisloiii -lioil:: on M ,400. Vullijo, U stiliiatctl co;it of .S 1 0,1 KM. L'.stiinate.s ami spociuLMtions ii^r .M.~ :0. Eai'tl; I'ontai) ay I2tli. Tlii.s vol., p. '1\[). Vi.sit of Didlot do Mofi .pui r;'.s, wiiosu \vn;U ii view of tlio town. /(/., 'l\'d-yi. 1842. IVuil oil .s (.'.\;uriL'ii(.'o llk'lo » C(jnuni ::slo;u: mental and ti 1- for Mt!.\. ld.,-lS\''). McctiiiLT of till 1 piiita duj ii;iri:i- tov.n of Jl, t )rp] il .superior. /'/., 'JIKVd. ('apUu'o and rcslo-ation of lli 1)V (,'oni. Jones i:i Get. Id., L'aS-.'J-J!). A lat-e UUk ipl o;'rapliic. view l>v "U'j ifiieers ilanL^s in my library. Visit of Dr Sande t!i. \.U\' H Id.. ;!K). Dr Ma.xwell, M.S.. -J I, spe:i ol a man cxv'ix -cd .lones' lieet, in liiij Mon/crii/ in in eoC'elwiL; curiosi ties for the Gcn)i:iii prinecs, Avno was sliot through tlic lung l)y an arrow in the Salinas valli y. J)i' ."\I. attended him and extraeted tiu' ;;n'ow l)y 'pus! ing it throui;h.' I d'l not know that Sandels had sueh an adventure, or who else the .scientist (mj iM h a\o lieen. iCllTdlivi '.t of Sir (.Jeo. Sim[ison. i. 3i;i-71, Sim 'I'll d irol. MS ct scq. I; pson gives mueh descriptive matter from whic. i :)to as follows: 'I'iie town 'is a mere colleetion of build inffs, scattered 1 Iwosely on tho surface as if they were .so many bulhjcks at pasture; .sa tii.;t the nios'o expert surveyor could not possibly classify tlieni even into croijlicd streets. 'I'ho dwellings, some of which atUiin the di.;ni;y of a second sloi'v, are all built of adoltcs, being sheltered on every side from the sun bynvi;'- liau^'ing eaves, while toward the rainy (piaitcr of tho s. K. they enjoy tiio MONTERKY ANXALS. C.-)! is marked by tlic return of the Graliaiii exiles, jukI, like tlie iii'xt 3'eiir, by tht^ visits of si'Veral iMi'ci^^'iu'r.s who have iiuide [)uljliu their ex[)erienee.s and observa- luKlitioniil pnitfctioii of l)ouj,'hs of trees, resting likc^ so iii:iiiy Iii'Moi's on tlio nidt.'. . . I'JO t.'aitli(|iiakt's in two luoiitlis of latit si'asuii, liut not .severe ' I'lxteinally the liaUitatioiis liavu u ehooi'les.s aspect in e.iiise(iiieiiee ut tlie (lail- eity (jf wiiidow.-i. . . As to |iuMic liiiil(lin;,'s this capital of a )>i'<)viace may, witli a stretch of charity, bo allowcil to possess four. First is the i hiireii, pari of \\hicli is uoiii;,' to (h'uay, while anoliier jKirt is iinl yet lini'^liecl; iin Diily |ieeiiliaiity is that it is laiilt, or rather lialf Imilt, of stone, \e.\t e micH thi; castle, consisting,' of a small house, siniomnled liy ii h.w \»all, all 4 et seip Financial troubles, and meeting of the junta eeonijmica. A/., .'>.")7 et seep Sessio.is of tin; junta de])artameiilal and idections. Jil., .'{Ii:) et se^p (.'oni[>laints (;f citizens of depredations of Ind. lioi'se-thieves. Id., lilil. tv\- ecsses by Micheltorena'a ehi^los; A/., ."tlif et .seip (Irand celebration of the licsta of Sept. lUth, described by Torre. Rcm'in., MS., Ill 1."). John A. .Swan in his .Uo/iUn 1/ in, IS.'/ J gives a good !:!cetch of allairs as h ■. found t!ieni at his ariival. Jiwiah Ijclden, Jlii/. Slutvinciit, MS., 40, also writes fioni Uiemory of the town and region in lSt:i. IS-tf. lOvents of .Mieheltorena'.-j rule: his jilan for a school of hiu'h grade; rumors of I'evolt in .Ian. and arrest of Alvarado; eounler-revolt of the cliolos in Aug. ; prepar.iti.ms for war with the U. .S.; sessions of the junta departamental; agitation of the (picstion of Monterey V.S J^os Angeles as capital, /i/., 41)1-1 '_'. Visit of tlie biMiop. 7^/., ■I_'7. Visit of the U. S. man-of-war. Id., otJT-fS. Outbreak of tlie re\(jlu- lion against Mieheltorena, Xov.-lJec. /(/. , 4.")"^-S.'! ]);is^itn. U:iva;,'es of the suiall-pox during the summer. JiiilwcU say.i it was brouglit by LarUin from Mazatlan, and that about Si) died. Streoh'r claims to have vaei'inated \\.)\) i 1 Larkin's parlor. Torre notes the establishment of a ho.ipit;d by tlioayunt. 'i'he pest was especially fatal a .on ; the Inil. I lind nothing of this in tho archive,^. JDdiri/r.i tUiL, MS., iS-!); Shrvhr'.t I!'r„ll., M.S., -JT -!); Toi;-(; llnnin., MS., 1 10-13. Some descriptive matter on Monterey allairs in ll'oo/s Waml. Sh\, 'IVl et seq. ISfJ. Mieheltorena declares martial law and leaves Monterey to liglit the relx'ls in Jan. This vol., p. 4S7-8. lletnrns in March to take a linal ileparturo with his cholo b.'.ttalion. /(/., 7)\'l. Monterey allairs during the governor's absence .Ian. -March; Andres I'ieo takes c.imn>and. Id., ."d4-l(i. Junta de guerra in May to discuss prospects of a war with U. .S. /'/. , .")'J4, tiOl. I'^leetions of Aug. ITtli and Sept. Tth. Pablo de la. Guerr;i and Joa.piin Escamilla being chosen elcctores do ])artido. l>o:. IHkI. ('i'., -MS., ii. 'Jf; t'(ts//v), Doc, M.S., i. 140. In May P. Ujal makes an api)oal to t'.ie gov. in behalf of tho ehureh needs, and a popular sub.seription is auLlior- i.xd. Jh'pf. St. I'dji., MS., vi. S'.i. Oct. IDtli, juez do pa/, of 'pueblo del llcfugio' I'eports an attack by 8 Ind. from tho saliiuis, anil asks for troop.j. Ih-. Ilt.it. CaL, ^IS. , ii. I'Jt). S^-OOJ) had been spent on a wharf— the money bi'ing raised by a tax. of §30 per month on vessels— which was perhaps com- T .;. I 111 lit '■'ml 033 LOCAL ANXALS OF TIIK NORTH. tioiis. C'oiiiinodon' Jones' capturo jiiid i"(;stoi-atii>ii nf tlic town in the n;inic oi" tin* United Status was tln' great event ol" l.S-12. (jrovernor Miclieltorcna and In. ploti'il l»y Larkiii thifl yi-iir. Diunj, MS., li'O 7, (U'SLiiluH a vi.-it to Muiiicny tliis ytiir. Military nlTaira. Militury coiiiandaiiti'S of tli(! post; ( luiiicsiiulo I'loios ISII •_', ,)os(! (Jantio ISl'J ;t, (it'll. .Miclicltori'iia or olU! of lii.s olUixT.-t ISl.'J |, Jtian Al)ella, AiidrOs I'ii'o, I'odro Xaivacz, and ilosu (astro ISl,"). 'I'ln' ]iv:> Bidial oavaliy coinpaiiy vaiicil iirugiilarly from '1\ to .")H iiic>n rank and lii., Ik'111-; .'!.: at tiic end of ISt.'i. Pay rolls !:(l().()()l) to .':?l.'>,()iK» per year. ('M|it. Jos(i (Jasti'o, absent most of the tiino lS4l-.'t; Nicanor Mstrada iSCi -l; .loii- (Uliii lU' la 'I'ori'o lS4.'i. Lieut Manuel Castro in ISl,'). Alf.ieeei Itafael I'iiito, .laiinlo IJodiigiiez, iloaijuin do la 'i'orro, au't'euido from IS4I. I'lainisco Val- gus ISi:i, Valentin (iajiola (agregido and iiahilitado), and llolorcs Felix in ISl,"). Valhii), l>i)<\, MS,, xxvii. p.is-im; lh)il. SI. l'a]>., II. .1/., MS., l\x\v. 3-4, 7; Ixxxvi. \-l l.'J; Ixxxviii. 4:!-."); A/., Urn., < '. ,1- '/'., v. 1, 7. Aiti'.ler,-, 17 to 7 rank and tilo, pay-roll about ijliil) ]ier inontli, under ("apt. Mariano Silva. Siib-lieiit .Vnastasio Corte.-i, ami (J.ibriel do la Torre, agregado in iSI'i. 'J'liis vol., p. li)S; JJf/.f. ,V. raj,., li. ,)/., IxxNvi. l-J i;i; Ixwvili. 41; /■/., Be I., V,. <(• 7'., V. 'J, H, 10. Ill I.S4I an auxiliary coinpaiiy of 4 to 111 \w\\ under (Japt. Saiiti;.',-o Kstrada is meiitioiwd. /. In Is; I n eoiii[iaiiy of ilefeiisores do la i);itria, or auxiliary cavalry, uas organized .'IJ sti'.pie.;, aii'i9 et .'^ j., .S74 et scip, 4_'H et scip, 004 et iir(|. I'refccturo. Tibiircio Castro was prefect of the 1st district residing at •. Juan, iintd July ISH, when Jos6 Kainon Estrada succeeded him, bein;a,i- p )iiit('d by the gov. on the "22(1, taking possession on the '2.")lli, issuing a pro'- l.uuai.io;i 0:1 tiio Ji.lth, and olVering his resignation, which M'as not accepted, i:i Au,'. Dcpt. fie:, MS., xii. lo; Jlonf. Arch., MS., xvi. '2!t; />ept. .S7. Pi]'., m.. xvii. I_>-|:!; /,/., JJi,,., a. .1- T., iv. 04; /J. In Xov. 184J, Estrada was in charge of the govt duiiiig Alvarado's absence. Vdlkjo, JJor., M.S., xi. .'500. Oct. l.'lth, 1S4.'J. the ollices f>f ])rcfo't and sab-prefcct were abolished by the gov. and junta. This vol., p. .■i.')7 - 8. July I J, 1845, prefecture restored, M(U)torey made 'Jd district with t!io town a 4 cabccjra, and .Manuel Castro appointed prefect by Gov. I'ico. Cas- tiM iojIv p.jss 'ssion on .Vug. 2d, having acce|>ted on July LStli. Dcpl. Si. I^ap., Aiij., MS., X. OS-0; Id., S. Jo^c, \\ !)7; Id., lien., v. .SC4-5, :i7.')-(); Ih'jil. Ik:., .MS., xiv. Go-O; Caslro, Do-., i. loJ, 1.".7; Doc. Ili.if. (.''tl..i. ■l'.)\; ii. .A 84. Florcncio .Serrano was secretary. It appears that rico on July 12th lii'-it MUMCII'AL KKCOUI). G.-.3 voLfalioiul army cmiim^ to tli(^ c'lpital in 1^43. In 1H14 tlio cholus ivmaiiK'd, tlio liishoj* caiiit', and th<' siiimII- |>()X ra^cd. In 1845 tin; govi-rnor wa.s expelled hy iiiinied David Sjirncoas prefect. Ih'jit. St. I'fip., MS., viii, I; /,/., llm., /'. ,(• J., ii. M: Imt iiolliint; iippoars in fxpliiiuitiou ol' tin; eliiiiiu'r. (Jiistio iillcrfil llU lT3i;.'lliltiwll (Ml |)l'('. ;tl.-it. /(/., 91), llUt it \\)IS not lli'Cl'|>t»'ll. lAst of iniuiicipiil nllic'L'is. IS-JI. .JiKV, ilc jia/, Niincoii C'astro to Nov., .J(iH(^ Aiiua'i fidiii Nov.; suplciito Fiaiiciseo Alius; jiieicM iiiixilians >Iu.iii R pMilcs lit S. ( Villus, Vici.'iitc ( 'aiitiia, .)i)a(|iiiii IJiuliiii (iVdH) An;; ). .'iinl llii-i;- liii r..)i()|j(lu ifi'imi Oct.) at l'ilaiiit(j.s. ISV2. .Iiii/ di; pa/, .lo.si' /. I''criiaiidrz, sU[ililitc'ri( nil lilt ( Idii/ule/; JMecc.sauxiliarcs.lii I pi in Ciiiticnc/, ,\iit(iiiii.'i"apia fur S. CariiiH, (iraciauo Maiijaies and (Ico. Alien for Z:injiin, .loaipiiii I'.iicliia i'V iJifiiu'iii, .Uian lliguera {'!), Mont. Arch.. .M.S., xvi. :t7; jiiez de caiiiiiu.lose .Maria dr la Tune; eapt of tiiu port I'edio .\'ai\a(/. ISKt. .Ii\e/ de paz Tan- tilo Solieiaiies dali.-Kel)., .losii /. Fernande/ Maleli-.luly, T. ■ 'oro (innzalez .May Oit.; jiiez miplentu .liiaii Antonio V'allejo, atliii;,' a.s jiie, i \ov.-|)ee.; jiiez auxiliai' at Jiefii;,'io Salvador l''s]iino.sa; tax-ei lleetor Ant aio Chavez and later I'ieiio Alillan; eapt. of the port Pedro \arvaez. l^l^. Alcaldes .liisn Aiiiesti and Kloreneio Serrano; regidoiesj (Iregorio < '.i ilafiares, .Nlaree- liiio I'lscohar, .lames Watnon, Kstevan (U^ la 'I'urre; si'iid' ■ Salvau .r Muni' i; secretary .lose Antonio (Jliavez. Ame.sli hein;,' ill Serra., . acted (i>i ale I'o 1', and Kscoljar also Kceins to liavc acted often in the .same capaciiy. .Iiieee.s aiixiii.Mc^ ,1 ,s(j Castillo, Antonio Mendez, TomasSalgado, .loaiium ('eidinj,' (?), Fianeisi 1) laigo (?); a>;ento do policia Caliriel do !a To'' ; c.ipt. ol port Icdro Marvaez. 184.">. Jiiez or alcalde 1' Marcelino Iv-cohar, not allovud M rcsiu'ii in March. J>i/'l. AVc, MS., xiv. 'Jb; />i'j,f. Sf. I'., Mont., MS., iv. 'M; Jloiit. Arch., MS., x. 1!)- '_'(). .July 4th, the hody of Dan- ill Ferguson was found on the .Salinas road. .Jose Ant. .\rana, on ac(.'oiint of Ills intiniacy with F.'s wife Maria del Carmen Ruiz, was suspected of the mur- ilirand in Dec. was condemned to ijuit Cal. Jhpf. St. I'ap., litn., MS., iv. I l-l."i. Aran:', is said to have returned to Cal. in lS."i(i. July, Joaipiin .\lva- r;'do sentenced to one mouth in the chain-gang for shiudering the daughter of .Miguel Avila. ilAo//<. Arch., MS., iii. ti. l!S42. I'olice regulations etc., sell- ing liipior, no standing on .streets at time of mass, jirisoners to have one hour ill the sun each day, lights before houses as well as shops. IiL, x. '2'.i; xvi. :',-2 -:*; Jhpt. .St. Pup., JJcii. P. yJ., MS., iv. I'l; Id., Mont., iv. 1.31; Vall,jo, hoc, MS., xxxiii. •_'74; ]>>pt. Her., MS., xiii. .'il. May, .fose- C. JJotiller si-ii- tcnced to 8 years 'do .servicio en las armas' for rape and seduction, and Igna- cio Arroyo to I'anisliment as an accoinplieo. Mont. ./Ice/*., MS., x. '11. .Iiine, .lames O Uiien banished to the Sonoma frontier for 'A years for adultery. /(/., iii. 15. Dec., collections for the year.S71 in lines, .i?l.")(j from shops. Id., "JS- !l. Gov. approves appointment of jucces de paz, but the old authorities must continue until the 'naeiou se constituya.' J)ept. St. Pup., Ben. P. y J., MS., i V. ;{;!. An Ind. shot by order of tlio gov. for as iiiult on a woman. (Jarnica del Casfillo, lierucrdox, MS., 2. Torre, liemin., M.S., 97, relates that Manuel (Jonzalez or Manuclillo, a South American si.' smakar, who had long been Kaeristan at the Monterey chapel, was executed in July for the murder of an Knglislunaii at S. Isidro, though Gonzalez inaiutaiued to the \ast that he had I Oo4 LOCAL AXNALS OF TIIF, XOIITIL rc'volutionarv patriots. ]\Iilitarv annals are confused .'UkI ria;j;im.'ntai'y; l)ut tlio old prcsidial company was Ktiil kept in existence with a force of 20 to ;30 men; actrd in wlf-ilffcnce. ]84.'{. Instnictidns to jiipce^i do campo, on slauglitcrs, liid'.;-«ilcs, iirc! iii lields; and otlicr jiolicc roi^nhiti(jiis on [(risons, ),'aiiil)liiii, liiiU'M', t;c. Mniit. Ary//. ,S7. I'(t]>., Mont., .MS., i\-. i;i7; /(/., /'■'/'. I'.yJ., iv. ;?fi; Id., Urn., iii. 1")!). Jan., a confirined cattlc- tliic'f coiiik'niiicd to S yciais in lu'i'.siilio at Ai.-apuleo. .Mont. Ari h., MS., iii. 'l'.\. Alcalilo \"alk'j.) C(inij)lains ff a;i orikr to viivu uvit innidc. funds to (?iiavcz tlu' ctilUn^tor as .sllo\vin,^' a lauk of fonlidcnci; in liinisclf; Imt his viows aro ovcn-iilcd l)y til', iirofcct, and lie is warncvl lo he nioro UKjdcratc in liis cxpi-os- sio;is. Id., xi. ■_'. duly, lionifacio Olivarcs banished for a year to Los .Vniri'lcs as a vagabond. Id., iv. 1. Oct. a man at'cuscd by an Ind. \\oinan of violence to biT daUL^litcr, but acipiittod on the gnnuii' that the mother had taUen his money. /'/., >:vi. r.!)-4i). i>ce. 10th, election (jf eiimproniisarios to ehuo-e :;ii ayunt. Highest no. of votes ;{;;(». /-r;/. 7,Vr'., MS., iv. .S-8. 1844. Jan., ;i ngcntes de polieia appointed. JJijif.Sf. /'«;)., .NbS., xvii. 14. Fcli.-Mareli, .'i blotter enito l)iaz, Francisco I'achcco, Ti odoro ( ion/.alez, and lOsti'van .Miinr:is. A liglit for the municipal house ami bridge, also near llartiieirs house and in the cas.v oimsistoi ial. .V jilan of the capital received from the gov., with :i re([iiest that the ayunt. should make town iin[>rovements conform to it. OUier routine matters and police regulations, ^[tltlt. Arrli., .M.S., v. 'J!)-,'!.'). Mor : regulations on the ohl subjects, also on care of tlu; street.s, fire-arms, raciiii,', etc.; ali'O an onlcr of the gov, of Fel>. 4tli, prohibiiing the posting of lam- poons under heavv jienalties. ])c]it. St. I'n/i., .Mont., .MS., iii. 9S-!), 104 ."; iv. 1 IS-!); Ih'],t. St. I'd/i., MS., xvii. 1!). The ])lan of the town, which Ihave been unable to lind, isalso mentioned in I>i/it. lice, .^LS.. xiii. (iii. Nov. I'Jui, order for election of ayunt. on 1st Sunday in Dec, half the rcgidores to hold over. Jtcjil. St. Pup., Aii'j., MS., xii. SO. Oomez, Lutjnr Sahr, MS., 7.">, relates tliat af;er the governor lixed a line for not keeping lights in front of lunu;c-, J. M. ( 'astanares one night put f>ut Micheltorena's own light, reporting its al)S(.'nce to the alcalde, who ei)lle(;te1, exp ml. S4<». i>or. Ilist. C, S;i, 1-JS, i;!0-l, \V,\). Alcalde Escobar, his resignation being refused in .March, went away for a nionlh in May; and alcahle .\i-aiza soon went away also because the military oliicers disregarded his authority. ( 'apt. Torre was appointed to act tcanporarily, hut many would not reccjgnizo him. .Ml this and more -a sorry i)icture, of nuuii- ci|iai disorder — is presented in letters of .lulj' from I'^scobarand Araiza. /V///. St. /'lip.. .MS., viii. .'?S-4."). Jos,' (bistro says in June that there arc no jueccs. J.)iir. Hist. CuL, .MS., ii. 00. July Kith, t.'ol. .Mvarado in a proclamation pays that Mont, has been long without civil authorities, and an Indian mar deri'r will be hanged to-ihiy by scntenco of enurt-martial. Vullcjo, Dor., .MS., xxxiv. 142. Torre, Hrwhi,, .MS., ]H;)-'2, gives some details of this man's trimo, an attack on women and children wlule bathing. July i!Stli, Fseohar says ho opened his court but was ordered by Alvarado to close it; and IJafail iSanchez (the Ind. referred to?) lia.s been shot without process of law. Jh'ji'. St. Pap., Hen. P. y J.. MS., iv. 4S. ^lay, iv Martinez and .M. Castro sen- tenced to ") years' presidio at S. Vicente, L. ( 'al. Dcpt. St. Pop., MS., vi. ,'IH. Jucz cannot 'run his court' without paper and a knito, which are furnished, 32 sheets of the former. Dor. IPist. Cal., MS., ii. 2.')-0. June, §10 ordcre.! paid for a lantern on the bridge. Id., Gl. Aug., cont'wor.'*y between prefect and )nil. coDiandante on complaint of .Mcaldc Araiza, about an Ind. woman 'deposited by civil process in the house of a citizen, but taken out and Hogged im to i,. M i".), rcliltr.i )f llOllSf', ortiiiL; itM ''illlllhi.ll. (1 ('\pcl;il. !i;{iui.l. ill l).T. A\vM<- iiionili in i-y dlli'-i'i'- ■iirily, li:it (if iiiuiii- u/.a. I>rj,'. HO jiioi'c-;. ijclaiuiitiiiii iliaii ir.ni'- Dor., MS., his man's Ksi'iiliar iiul l!;it.i(l aw. I hi'. 'astro s'li- S., vi. ;i:!. fui'ni.s!ii-'il, onlcrc! ;cn pfcii'i-'t il. woman ml flogis'od PRIVATE RANCHOS. 655 !Miclieltoreiui's battalion was a large but undesirable .•;cKlitioii ill 1,S):;J-1; and I'roin Is-U a c<)ni[)any of auxiliary cavalry, dei'etisores tie la [tatria, was ready l.y Cabn'ol dc la Torro. /-/.. 7'), .S2, 03; C'n.'sent at Sta, i>:iiliai'a; ami the ]ii-e- feet askcil for untliority to ajjiioiiit '1 jneces ad int., ami apiiarently was per- mitteil .'io to appoint Solieianes as I'd juez. J>oc. /,'is/. Citl., MS., i. 474; //'c/-.'. Sf. J'(i/i.. Jlrii., .Ms., V. ,'!(;4-,"). ]Xe. lOtli, election of aiia\nnt. for lS4i>. Jiu:-. ///.v'. Cal., MS., ii. •_'4i». List of i)rivatc I'anelio.i L'rautcd in lS41-."(. 'J'hoso inaiked with ti * were reieeled by the land eoninussion oi- I'. S. eoiirts. * ,\gua I'nerea and Las ]'raneas(Sta(Vn/), 1 1., iS4.'{, It. Uoilrignezand ]■'. .Vlviso, who were elainiants. Agnilas, .se(^ Heal do las A. .\no \ucv;){Sia ( 'ni/), 4 1., ISl'i, Simeon Castro; M'. .\. I'ieii et al. el. -Arastradero (Sta ( 'rnz). I 1., I'vLL .Mliert F. Morris; Wni lUaeklmrn el. .\rroyo ( irande or S. Ilamon (.S. Luis Oh.), ISli, .Seferino • arloii; Fnanis JJraneli el. Asnneiou (.S. Luis ()1).), IS4.''), I'idro Ivstiaila, who was el. "Ataseaduro (S. Luis Oh.i, 1S4'_', 1'rifon (iaieia; M. .V. ()rteg;i el. .\taseadero (S. Jjui.s Oh.), I 1., 1S42, Trifon Oareia; Henry llaight el. ('afi;ida, see Carpinteria, (,'horro, O.sos, and Jiincon. « 'arneros, 1 1., 1S4l', .Maria Autonia Linares, who was el. (.'arjiintci ia, (,'anada de la, h 1., Isl'v, .hi;ii|uin .Soto, wiio was el. Cayueos, sec .Moro y (.'. Ciiolani (S. Luis Oh.i, (> 1., .Manrii'io ( lonzah/; Kllen K. White el. Chorro, eanad.i (S. Luis Oli.), 1 1., James Scott and .lolm \\'ilson; Wilson el. Cieliega, see Paieinesand (!avi- Ian. Coehc-:, 'J.}: 1., Is4|, .Josei'a Soheranes, who wa.icl. Corral do I'iedra (S. ]-uis Oh.), -J 1. is4l, ISK), .J. M. Villavieonoio, who was el. Corralitos (Sta Cruz). 4 1., 1814, .Jo.^c Amesti, v.lio was el. 'OJavilati. eiene.!_'a. 111., ls4.S, J. V. Liniautonr, who was el. lluasma (S. Luis Oh. ), ."> 1.. 1S4I!, [s,ia(! Spai ks, who was el. llueriano (S, Luis Oh.i, 1 I., 1S4_'; Mariano I'KJuilla; l-'iauci.s llraneh eL Ihurta de Hom.aldo (S. Luis Oh.), Ml) I., ISH', Itomaldo. ]slay, sec (Jso.s. Lacuna, see I'uuta dc la L. Laurelcs •J.OlX) v. ISIL'L Au'rieia; Ii. Hansom ei. Lonias .Mucrtas, ]\ 1., 1S4'J, Jose'' ,\i!t. (Jastro; X'ie.ente San- chez et al. el. Moro y Cayueos (.S. I^uis Ol)ispo), •_' 1., Is4.', V'ieeiite, Fi}lix; James MeKinley el. (|jitos, '2 1., 1S4'J, Mariano Soheraucs, who was el. *(Jsos, Canada, II 1., 1S44, Modest;i Castro, who was el. Osns, IVelio y Islay (S. Luis (Jb.), KS4'_'-.'!-."i, Linares et al.; Joiiii Wilson el. I'aieines, - 1., 1S4J, Angel Ca.^tro, who was cl. *l'ajaro, (i saertes, IS Hi, Jose M. Dorgas {':), who was cl. *ranoeho (iiamle, 41., IS4L N'ieentc 1'. tiomez, who was cl. I'aso de Rol)lcs (S. Luis Oh.), (! 1., 1S44, I'ednj Xirvae;'; T. Hlos el. I'eclio, sec Osos. I'iedra, see (Jorral de 1'. I'iojo, ;U., I'il-J, ,Fo;i(piin Soto, whose heirs were el. I'leito, '.\ 1., lS4."i, Antonio Chavez; X\'. S. .loliusoii ct al. cl. Potrcro dcS, LuisOhispo, 1 1., ISlvI, .M. (Jonecpcion lioromla, who was el. Punta dc la higuna (8. l>uis Oh.), (1 1., LS4-L J>. Are- hanesiiiid K. ^l. Ortou'a, who were cl, Punta, sec .Afio .N'uevo. lieal de las .\Lrnilas, 7 1., 1S44, Fran. Arias, and Saturnino Cariaga; Maria Ant. Castro de .(uzar, el. llefugio (Sta Cruz) ;{ 1., 1S4I, .lose iioleof, whose sons were cl. Kincon, cailada (Sta Cruz), 2 1., 1S48, Pierie Sjinsexain, who was cl. Uin- eon, sec S. I'cdro. Itohlcs, see Paso, llouialdo, se(? lluerta. S. Agustill (Sta Cruz), 1 1., 1S41, J. J. Crisostomo Mayor; Jos. L. Maj.irs el. S. Uenito, U 1., KS4'_'. Francisco Carcia; J. Watson cl. S. P.ernahe. 1$ 1., l,S41-'J, Pctro- iiilo liios; Henry (jocks cl. S. IJernardu, .'{1., .Mariano Sohcianes, v ho uas el. S. tienmimo (S. Luis Ob.). "J 1., Is4"2, Rafael \'illavieiencio, who wa.s el. S. Juan Laatista, '2 1., IS44, J. A. Narvaez who was cl. S. Lorenzo, o 1., l.'54l; I'Vliciano Soheranes, who was el. S. Lorenzo, ."i ' . I84'_*, Franeisio L'ico; A, llaudaU el. S. Lucas, "2 1., 1,S4-J. Jlafael Kstrada; J. .MeKinley el. S Luis Ohisjio mission biuldings, etc., IS4.">, Scott, Wdson, it .MeKinley; .John Wil- son cl. iUiiiclios not named in S. Luis Ob. 1S41, liuniona (JurriUo, who v.'ua II. t i 1 ' ki, r'- iiri 'Ail ■pi ri . jinu 65G LOCAL ANNALS OF THE NORTH. to defcntl California from foes within and witliouf. The presidio liad disap[)eared, but a so-called fort, or Castillo, was garrisoned by a dozen artillerymen with three or four guns in working order. Tiburcio Caslro, the prefect of this first district, was succeeded in 1841 by Ramon Estrada, who served until the ])ro- fecture was abolished by Michcltorena at the end of 1843. On the restoration in July, 1845, Monteivy became the second district, and Manuel Castro tlie l)refect. ]Municipal affairs were directed by a jue;^ do paz, except in 1844 when there was an ayuntauiiento with an alcalde at its head. The successive muni- cipal chiefs were Simeon Castro and Joso Aiucsti in 1841, Jose Zenon Fernandez in 1842-3, IMuiii!) S )beranes and Teodoro Gonzalez in 1843, Jose Aincstj, Florencio S(!rra?io, and Mariano Esc()l)ar in 1844, and Escobar, Francisco Araiza, and Soberancs in 18 1.1. Municipal government was marked by a few coiitio- versies and many complaints of neglecte.l diitios, especially in 1845; and the administration of justice by the usual sequence of criminal trials. Great con- fidence must have been felt in the abilities of Uie town oilicials, for on one occasion they were requii>'d c'l; 1,000 v., ISt'J, Vicente Linares, who was cl.; 100 x .^0 v., VMi, .H^y^i Marian) IjoiiiUa, who was cl.: seu also Arroyo (J rando, Asuncion, Ataso:iili.ro, (,'holain, ( 'horro, (!>)rral»lo I'iodra, llnasnia, lluorfano, Ilnerta, Moro, 0.;o.i, I'aso dj ll;)l)kvs I'uata do In Ltiguna, I'o'crero, S. C^croninio, S. Luisito, 8. Mi;.'n<.'lito, S. Sinieiin, Sta, Isabel, Sta .Marxarita. Sta K isa, Vena. S. I.uisito (S. Luis 01).), ISU, G. Cantiia, who was cl. S. Mic;uclito (S. Lnis 01).),'Jl., IS12, Migiul Avila, who was cl. S. Migiielito do Trinidad, ,51., IS41, U;ii,ii'l (Jo:i;mIcz, who was cl. S. I'cdro, rincou (Sta (Jniz), 1S4'2, Josii Aian:i. S. lla'.non, sec Arroy.i ( Jrande. S. Simeon (S. LuisCJb.), 1 1., lSi2, Raiiiou Ivs- trada: J. AL (ioniez cl. Sta Cruz rancho.^, sec Agua i'ucrea, Ano Xuivo, Arastradcro, (Jorralitos. Refugio, S. Aqustin, S. i'cdro, Sayantc, and Tics Ojos. Sta Isal)el (S. Luis Ob.), 4 1., '844, Francisco Arcc, wlio was cl. Sa ^laigarita (S. Luis Ob.), 4 1., 1841, Joafpiin Kstrada, who was cl. Sta 11 w* (S. ]y,iis ()!).), 'A 1., 1841, Julian Kstrada, who was cl. Siyanta (Sta Ciu:), 1 1., i). .L Crisostonio Mayor; Isaac (iraliani ct al. cl. Trancas, see Au'uai J'uerca. Tres Ojos do Agua (Sta ("rnz). 1,,300 v., 1844, Nicol.is Dodcro, who was cl. Trinitlad, SCO S. Miguelito. Tucho, 800 v., 1841, Simeon ('aslio, whose? heir.) were cl. Tucho, "JoO v., 1S42, 1844, Thomas Colo, who was cl. "Tucho. 1,.")0;) v., 181.1, J. J. (Jomez; V. Uomoz ct al. cl. In Aug. 184") IVdro Va-'.(|uez asked for land near Tucho. Doc. Hist. Cat., .MS., i. 402. *Vciia (8. Luis Ob.), 1 1., 1342, Francisco E. Quintana, who was cl. llauchos of M mt. not named; *5 I., 1844-0, Joscfa Martii.cZ, Milton Little cl. ; 400 v., 1'>14, Thomas Blanco, wliosu hoira were cl.; *3 siiortea, 1S4;J, Joaii C lioronda, J. Stokes el. thout. brt, or n with dud in ic ])r(' eu- of the [■ei|u'i!'>;d LvtiisciviU-ro, ^loro, 0-'ii, Luisitii, S. S. Liii-iito Is 01..), -J 1, |841,ll:iuu;l Avaii:i. >>• lUiuuou V.i- all) Xiii'Vu, ami Ties •as cl. Sa Sta 11 isa lt:iCni.-|, 1 1, SCO A'luiv Vxli'fo. who ■on Caslio, fho wa-f ol. lS4'i IV'ilro •Vcim (S. jsof M'i>t- fo v.. I'vll, loroiuli. J. SAX C.QlLOS AND SAX LUIS. C-.7 to master a plan of the pueblo, to which improvcmeut.s must coufoiui. Private ranchos granted (hn-ing the ];al('-decade nundx'red al)out (iO, of which 'J2 or more wei-c in the San Lui.s Obi.s[)o region, and S) near Santa Cruz. Of San Carlos there is little to be said. Perhaps •to ex-iicophytes, the tigui'e given by 3.Iofras, still \\\\)d in the vicinity, l)ut the mission buihhngs were aI)andoned. i\idre Jose ^Nlaria Peal was nominally in charge, living at Monterey, and possibly holihiig s.'rvice occasionally in the mission chui'ch until IS 15, when his brother Padre Antonio Peal, and for a time Padre Juan Antonio Aiizar, seem to hav(' seived here. Simpson and ]\[axwell describe the ruisis, ^•i\ ing chief attention t(j the paintings still hanging ill the church, which was cared for by a man and his Y.ii'e, the (jnly residents. In Pico's decrees of 1845 San Carlos was regarded as a pueblo, or abandoned mission, and the remaining property was to be sold at auction for the payment of debts and the sui)p:)rt of worshi[); but of the |)roperty, if any existed, the and tl 10 worsliip, we have no furtl ler rec()n Tile glory of San Carlos Borromeo del Carmelo do Monterey had (le})arted forever — or at least until 1n84, wh«n a shingle roof wa,s put on tluj old (•hurch.'^ At San Luis Obispo, in the extreme south of the ihstrict, Padre llam(»n .Vbella served until the end of 1 ■^41 or bcn'Inning of 1842 and the i)resbyter Mi"'U(d (i'lnez took charge as curati; a[)parcntly late in 184;!. ■re are no statistics, but ^[otra s ii'ives th le i)oi)Ula- t'Mii as 80 in 184L-2, and I suppose that in 184.") tlnivt mav have been GO ex-neoi»h\ti's livlii<>' on 1 he c\-missi()n land.- C; ine, as administrator, was suc- Siinji,\oa'.i Xan:, i. .170-1; .}fii/rii!<' Krjtior., i, ',\1'^\ Miti:iccll'!< MoitK M- i\--i\ n 'S. I.ui,-! Olii.ipa, ISll- ".ly ■ " I'h'a dii'iif'if., i. ;;•_'>;>; t'li.^ vol., p. .")i; !-.')■_'. ISll. maiordoaio I I. .lulv '".'.^li. «'aii■ .1/; MS., i.N Uwi, Cal., Vol. IV. U IStJ. Mariiiuo Uouiila took - li 658 LOCAL AXXALS OF THE NORTH. cecded in x\.])ril, 1842, by ]\rariano Bonilla, also jiicz dc ])a/, wlio in obudience to the movornor's order ^t' July made at least a partial distribution of the lauds and other property to the cx-ncophytes. ]n July, 1844, the governor ordered the complete cinauiipa- cliargc April '2Gtli, having been appointed administrator and jiiez di; pa/ uuxi- liar on tlio 14th. /(/.; Jjipf. Her., MS., xii. .JO, 52; xiii. ."iO, :}0; I). pi. Si. Pail. Mont., MS., iv. .IS; Mont. Arch., MS., x. L'ii; Jrita, Jj(v:, .MS., |-4; S. /,((('-.• oh. Anh., .MS., 4; JJiDiina, Dor., MS.. 10 11. M.iy 4th. i'.. uritta that thd fstalilishnient is in a had state, nothiut,' of vahie k'l't. i., MS., ix. 7S. Sept. O-lOiii, the j;ov. orders JJcinilla to cUs;ril)Uto t.) ihc Ind. from the vacant lands (as in the plan noteil aliovc?) lots n )t exci'c.li;!',' 10;) varas; also implements, furniture, and other property, aecordin;,' toiiieiii, Bi/.e of family, etc. Vko, I'np. M'l^., ?*IS., .")(); S. LkU Oh. Ai:;'i., MS . 4, ].>ec. 10. |)ee. Kllh, a specimen grunt liy iionilla under t!ie ah' iv(; order to t!ie ex-neop!iyto Odon a lot of 7'> varas, the honse occupied hy liim, a c ijipcr pot, and two truULjhs. The conilitionsare that he must care for certain fruit- trees on the land, tiio fruit l)elon;.^'in.',' to the comMumity; cannot sell or trans- fer the property; and nnist cultivate the land or it will revert to the commu- nity, lioiiil'd, Dor., MS., 10-11. 1S1:{. Xo record wliatover, except the cjmim; of L'. (iome/. ,S'. Lii'm Oh., Lih. Mix., ^IS., o(i. 1S44. Jose .Maifa Vidaviccncio and .lose Ortega, jneces do \y.\/.. Mont. Arrh., M.S., v. "27; xi. lii-17; S. Li(i.f Oh. Arch., MS., :i; Jlritl. L'rr., MS., xiii. 03. Feb. liltli. tlio Mont, ayuut. voted to ap])oint a '2d alcalde for the new puehlo of S. L;ii.s. Mont. Arcli., MS., v. 'M. .March 18th, a report on the southern missLurs represents S. Jaus as having no lands or live-stock, ita Ind. being dcnriralii'.ed and dispersed. J'tro (P',o), JJor., MS., i. J4. July l.lth, decree cif (iiv. Mieheltorena. The mission, having no property, and only a few a.;ed ncu- pliytes will) earn their living as IjcsC they can, is formed into a jmehlo, having foi' its ejid(js the unoccupied lands near tlio place where the Ind. are located; the Ind. to bo entirely free except that they must furnish the personal .service of (i each weeli to the curate; the padre's house to be tlio parsonage, and other buildin,i;s for sciiool, jail, and other puljlic uses to be assigned hy the govt in accord with tlie curate: the pueiilo to luive for the jiresent an aux- iliary juex de puz, subject to the ayunt. of .Monterey; lot.s to ho granted only by the govt, the water in ditclies and streams to be free for use of citi/cuf, the curate ciiaritably attending to tiie assignment; tiie jue/, to iiavo charge uf all niis.=!iijn implements, etc., and with thsm to judiciously aiil the lud.; tije Ind. not to sell thcur lands, which when unoccupied will revert to the natiou; tlu^ emancipated Ind. and otlier citizens must attend to repairs (jf cliurcli, parsona','e, etc., also of ditclies and otlier puhlij works, also assistinu' at rodeos. P'ico (I'lo), Doc, -MS., ii. 7-'i-(i; St. Pap. MU^., MS., ii. ;il)'.M:il. lu Avrp, Dor., .M.S., 12, is an original order of .same date identical with .Vii. o cm t!ie buildings. July Kith, the gov. grants to the church for the su|)|iort if worship a s:[. league of land at La Laguiia ami iwi) hiirrta^, cultiva;iii;i hy lud. actually living on the lands not to be imfteded. Tlio grant is formally accepted by the bishop. It was in later years conlirmed by the U. S. (Mu.'t<. Pico. JJm., MS., ii. 2:i-.-); //ayr.s' .)/;.«. B., i. 2-4; This vol., p. 42:i-4. I l.v. a military cpnip. under Capt .1. .M. Villaviconcio to bo organized. /■/ . 1 '7. 1S4.">. Joaquin Estrada jucz ile paz, Jesus Pico mi), com. and jiropn-c 1 i^r jiiez in Nov. S. Lti,:.-< Oh. Arch., MS., 27); J)ept. St. Pap., vii. Ill; /'/.. !'>■ ■'. /'• ft- ./., ii. 177; Id., lien. Mil., Ixxxviii. ol. In Sept. the bishop proti'stod against the Laguna lands being ceded to John Wilson. Dcpf. St. Pap.. M^-, vi. 147-8. Dec. 4tli, .sale of the cx-mission buildings, except curate's lie'isf, town hall, school, and jail previously reserved, to Scott and WiUou, for .'^JiO. This vol. , p. 552-;i. This title was conlirmed by U. S. courts. Possession was given in Doc. lS4i5, tg Jesus Tico, i-epreseiiting 8. & W. im if SAX LUIS AND SAX MIGUEL. 059 ) jueZ lands July, luciiia- pa/ uuxi- ]>.pl. SI. kIS., 1-4; I'l. uritun Si. Pap. uto t.) llic r to merit, ., M->,-l, o order to I, ;i I.' ipiKT •tain ifiiit- 11 or tiaiis- ic coimuii- jxccjit tlie Foso Maria , V. ^;T;Ni. I. llilll. I'lO of S. L'.'.is. •n mis-si ms ImuDVali.'.od L'O of G"V. i^ivl lieu- laving e 1 icati'd; 1 service oii;i.;i', uu'l ,.,l l.y ihc t au aa\- luU'-l only t citi/Aii-*. rharucof [w\.\ the 111' ir.i'ii'iu; of clr.irili, ssisiin'i •'' )-l;tl. Ill U Art. ■> <>••[ Bupiiiirl "t iva; Mil liy is foriiriUy s. I'liiu';''. \.\. July. 1. A/., WT. rono'i'l li't It.. If ' • ' • ) protestoil Pap.. M^-. ato's lic'ise, II. forS.ilO. P0SS''S:-ii0tt M tlon of the Indians and secularization of the mission. X regular pueblo was to be lornied, with town lands comprising all vacant inissiou lands in the vicinitv, and buildings f(jr the curate's house and lor public uses were reserved. At the same time a raiu-lio at La Laguna and two gardens, or orcliards, wure urantcd to the church. This i^rant was in later years confirmed by the United States courts; but no claim for pueblo lands was ever presented by the town ; and nothing is known of the new pueblo, except that after lionilla, Jose M, Villavicencio, Jose Ortega, and Joaquin Estrada held successively the position of justice of the peace. In December, 184,"), the ex- niission buildings, not reserved as above, were sold to Scott, Wilson, and McKinley for $.110. Such was tli(5 end of San Luis Obispo tie Tolosa as a mission- ai'v establishment. Ranches of this rerIio->, MS,, O.'i ,, Lrivcs some reiiiiiiiscoaccs of hia life at and near S. Mi^iitl, Imt witlioiit any ileliui-O dates, March IS 14. Tiio cstabli-hinrnt i:^ reported to have no liv(.'-slo!'k, lauds, or nuni.stci', the neophytes lieini; deiiinrali/ed anil disporseil. Piro (/Vol, 7>o'-., .MS., i. 14, .July 1(1, 1S44. (iraut of the vineyard L:i .Mayor for tiie licnelit of the cdmroh, accepted hy the bisiiop and put in ehar o of 1'. ',, i, 12-t, S. Miguel was the southern li iiiudary of the .Monterey district on the restoration of tlio prefecture! in l"^!'). This vol,, p, iJXi. .July ;} I, 1845. Inventory liy the coini.sioiielo.-i I'ico iiiid .Manso. Value of l)uildiiig3, .9'),87'). Noo;neri>ro])erty mentioned, exc.'pt '.• leagues of land mostly witnont water. Pico, Pap. MU., MS., 1 14. In .Iiino t'lo liid. were ordered to reoccuiiy the mission, and in Oct. tin,' abandoned t'^iabiislimeiit waa ordered to bo sold at auction. This vol., p. 529, 5ljJ. 11 ' S'. m i GGO LOCAL ANNALS OF THE NOUTIL 1815 all tliu propcrt}' had disappeared, except tlie buiMiiit^s, valued at .^5,800, which were ordcied to be sold at auction. Jose Antonio Carrillo is luuncd as in charge at this time. j\Eany of the Indians inn oft' to the tulares to join the jrentiles when there were no more cattle to eat; but Mofras gives the numb; r as '30 in 1841-2, and I sup[)ose about that nunilxi' may have been living near their old hon)e in 18 1,1. The ruin of S. Miguel hud been very rapid and ihu record is very meagre. Padre Jose do Jesus Gutierrez appears as the min- ister of San Antonio until 1844, and there seems tn have been no resident padre tlie next year. Jesus Pico probably remained in charge till 184."5, but no ail- ministratoror other oPiicial is mentioned till 184.1, when IMariano Soberanes was juez de paz and encargado (>[ the mission.'' Thus the local annals of the period ai(.' a blank; yet I have tlie original inventory of 184,1, which sIkjws a valuation of .s8,000 against -SOO.OOO ten vears before, chieilv in buildinLjs and vim.'vard-, the live-stock having entirely disMp[)eared. At tliis time the p()i)ulation is given as 10 men and 5 woiu,':i: but ]\Iofras gives the number as 150 in 1841-2; an I I suj)[)ose there must have been at least 7.1 Ind- ians livin*"" near Sau Antonio at the end of the lidi- decade. Soledad had no minister; itssliglit remnant of live- stock disapjieared early in this half-d(jcade; and t'lc Indians in 1 84 1-2 were given their lil)eity with the i'cw nunaining implements. Pelician(.» Soberanes was in ^l.SU. Trouble batwcou Pico mil Mofras. This vol., p. '-M^. Oi.liiV.l to l)c I'ostovLvl to the padroi ill ISl.'!. Iil.,',V>). May '2(5, ISl,".. P. (4utic;:vz ci'r'.;i,'ie.} timt t.)-(lay iu t'.iiMiii isi in o!uircli allcgiaucu win sworn to N'l'a ^-I'l tlol lti;'.'ir,'io as patroiioia of tlie l)i.s!iop!'ic, with i,';'cat fcj.sUvitics. Arrli. i I'll-i pt /,), MS., Gl. Tiiiij ii tliu only t'vcnt ot thu ]K'rio(l. Bisliop's vi^-sit in I'-U. Tiiis vol.. ]1. 4J7. Mariano Sol)i';aiics ciicar^ado .liinc P), l;j.j. Jj:/if. /,' ., MS., ,\iv. H. Aug. -il. Invent )ry by S >!ic'raiu,'.s, Pico, ami .Mans.). M ;ni hiiililin ;. .''1,12.'); nearly li.iis!ie.l saw-mill ruiiiiiii'; by water, $:))J; rauL'hcr.a, or lail. (hv>'.ling.i. two tliinlaof t!ie:n without rodts, y;K)0; niaj irdoiiio':; li iiuo, $.!.')..); livo-sto U, 2 yo'.ie of o.x'eu, '.I wiM mare.*, and a stallion 1 vineyard of -1,'i.K) vine.s auil 2.) fiuio-trees, l?l,70,): liuerta witli 17o vinos and 4J trees. .S'l 0; ■water w.irku, !?100, toUil ,'3-»,2JJ, besides olmreh property, ineliulin;,' a li ii.i:y of abui.it 20J vol., o bells, etc., lU) value ^'iven. Pico, IKip. Ml-:., MS.. 2t-l-. SOLEDAD AXD SAX JUAX. 631 t the ainctl \s ran 184,1. lid the G nnn- eius to Jesus iii> al- '), whm i)-a»l«> "t ■iud arc .t' UUf), 890, o>n) leyLirJs, Vt thi> iwoiHc'.i ; •1\ aul 10 h:ili"- oi' liv.'- Iiuul t'u' was ill to Xi-;i i^i'i* I l;..-/(. i)')U- \jj-ri. /.•■'••. Ins;-). M;"" r;iU'..'''ii''''''i ftrces, >}'> 0; charge as majorclomo and juoz auxiliai-, his jurisdio lion extending to San Antonio, the minister of whifh istablislunent liad nominally the car'e of Soledad ex- iieo[)li_vte.s. In 1845 an inventoiy gave to the build- ings, i'urnitui'i', garden with 21 fruit-trees, and one league of land a value of !;?2,4l)4; and I suppose there may Jiave been 20 Inihans livinuf in tlic vicinitv." Pa.dre Josd Antonio Anzar as parish priest oon- litiued, exeept in the last inoiitiis of 1845, in chargo of San Juan de Castro, where tlie Indian eoniniuiiity had ceased to exist in the last decade, and where (luring this jieriod the pueblo was managed hy a sne- (•cssion of jueees de paz, though it does not appear that there was any f(»riiial pueblo organization. With- out any definite orders to that effect, the cabecera of the district seems to have been practically transferred to ]\ronterey, when Estrada became prefect in 184 1. Ill 1845 San Juan may have had a population of 150 almut equally divided between gente de razou and S( anc property jre 1 t( ne Id in that year, was valued iu the inventory at about S8,000.^ " Xo (late, proliahly 1841. (lov, to Sobcrancs, ordering liini to take t!iai'j;c, to give tlic liul. ontire liberty, to diistribntc the property, to givo t 1 tlio Intl. the use of tlic shops, etc., and to upjioint a native alealdc. J>' /if. St. Pap., MS.. V. ;i(i-7. AecordinL; to MotVa.s, J'Jr/i/or., i. H70, 'A'.M, who puts the j)iip. at 110, iu May 1S4I, (lov. Alvarado, after seizing the few eatlle left liy previous despoiler.s, took all tiie iron and even tiles from the ])uildin;/3 f'li' liis own house; and 1,'avo tlio reni.aininL; Inuldiug.s and land to his fiieml Soberanes in cxehango for a rancho nearer Monterey. 1S4I5. Felieiano So- liii'aiies appointed jucz de paz. Mont., Arch.. MS., xi. \\. Aug. 2, LS4."i, in- ventory. Xo value i.s given to the ehureh and its furniture. Pico, Puji. Mli., MS,, I lit, r_M. Tiie hid. had Ijeen orderen to reoeenpy the mission, and tlie sale of the establishment was ordered by I'ii.-o in Get. Tiiis \ol., p. ."i4;i, .").'rj. ' ISH. Juan Miguel Anzar and Franeiseo Arias jueees de paz. 1S4'J. .luaii .lose lliguera jnez do paz. IS til. Balbino Romero and Franeiseo Arias jueees lie paz. 15nt.)ose (or Franeiseo) Diaz is said to have; been appointed as su- I'l. :ite. JJi'iif. St. J'n/)., Ik'ii., P. tion of ,S. Juan, its i)adre. and a dance. Wood's Wand. Hk,, '2G0 et sc({. 8. Juan to be Micheltorena's head- ik I rif 602 LOCAL ANNALS OF THE NORTH. At Santa Cruz Padre Antonio del Ileal unspai ish priest until 1844 at least, and l^ulre Anzar of San Juan si'enis also to have otKciated liei-e in 1844-;"), Something is recorded of Padre llcal's irregular con- duet, but otherwise the ex-uiission has no ainials, tliu coninnuiity being entirely broken uj) in 1841-2, whi ii Joso J>ok'of had charge as juez de paz and acting ad- ministrator. Therealter the establishment was pait of Jiranciforte, the whole being more often calli.l Santa Cruz, and the name Pueblo de Figueroa biiii'^- no longer in use. Lands, buildings, and fruit-treus >>{ the ex-mission were valued at less than .s|,000 in 1845; and j>erhaps 40 of the Indians who belonged to the ex-neophyte conuiumity in 1840, were still included among the p(-pulation of the villa's jurisdiction.^ The po})ulation of Branciforte and its jurisdictidii qu.ivtors in rcHistiiif; U. 8. invasion; a military company orgaLizecl under (,'apt. Francisco i'aclicco; transfer of cannon and war stores, Thid vol., p. 41!-!). Outlircakot' the revolution again.st t lie gov., arms .seized liy i-eliels. /(/., -t.jS C:!. ISlurdoi' of .Ios6 Norberto (iarcia hy .J(j.s6 Zuritn. /fi jit. iv. P(t/t., Aiii/., .MS., viii. 4. ISl"). Fi-ancisco L)ia/. and Saturnino (Jarrcaga jueces do ])az. .'alo of c.\-n)issicju pi'operty ordei-cd. Tliis vol.. p. r)-i;i-.J2. Inventory of Sept. 4tli, buiidini;s -with l(j rooms, tile rool's, .'?t,7''i."); garilea and fruit-trees, wiili fi nee, etc., in good order, ijsyo; vineyard witli ."),'J(I() viue.s in Icid condition, ^<1,0;)0; lands about 1\ le::gues suitable for tillage Sl,'-'0,); total $7,8;;,). Higned by 1'. An/ar, Andres I'ico, jind Juaii Manso. /'i'o, I'ap, Mis., MS,, 147. Mofras' estimate of pop. in I841-"J is 100 gento de razoa and ^^^ lu'l. Rvpior.. i. :iis--ja. ''isil. Undated provisional I'egulations perhaps of an earlier year fr the man;igcment of tiio e.\-inission by l]ole(jf, juez de paz. It i.s iui| litii that thiiic is a little live-stock left. SI. i'ap., MIa-i. cO i'ol., MS., ii. 40'J- 10. I'c.rsons hiring Ind. paid §2 for eaeli lud. to tho juzgado f'lr iIkj privilege. iS. Jo.ir, Atrli., MS., ii. 4(i. Mofras, i. .'iJO, 410, "found 7i',) or (iO Ind., and no property, all iiaving been discribnted 'among tlie frijals of the gov.' 184'J. .losti Bolcof named as administrato!'. S/a Cruz, Arrh., ^dS., 8'i. Simpson, Xarr.y i. 'M'l, tells of tlio padre, his bottle, and his ',^0- raglio of native beauties.' .May 2'Jth, Josiah Ueldeu to Larkin, has fjiinl sulljcient proof that it was tiie pailio wlio broke int.) ins store, stediiiL; biandy, handkerchiefs, and otlier articles. Lirklii's /^ou., MS., i. 1179. I ii' aii'air is also mentioned in licldeu's llUt. SUitement, MS., .')l)-4. 1814. iVli. 'Jd. (tov. directs tlio alcalde to treat the Ind., who for some time hivc !> .i their o\\ii masters, just like otlicr citizens, except that he is to give noli -i' in the pailrc in ease of such oU'ences as pertain to liis care. St(),); garden and 40 fruit-trees. >'■',''■. I-- league of bad land, SlOO; total, .S!)7,-). I'h-o, Pup., Ml^., MS., {yl. St;i Cm is not named iu Pico's decree of sale iii Oct. This vol., p. bb'l. SANTA CltUZ AXD BRANCIFORTE. G03 ■pt. 4i'ii, iiu'li'.i'iii, /s., MS., yi'iil- I r ^i illll li-il ii. '4j:! i' l.ir I ho u,l ,V.) c'l' .: fn'jiuls r:, -bv.V, ,1 his 'se- uis fjiin.! stcilmn 270. Ti.s 814. I'.i'- ,:,VI' Ij '.-'.l iv)t:i''i' 111 ,rh., MS., .il bo 1 avi- hi! p;:i"-ipf. Sf. I'li/i., I'x'n. P, lO ■/., MS., iv. '_'!. Feb. llt'i, Fulgeneio ilobles, the terror of all tho rigion, was killed by Gil Sanchez while disturlting a party (jf gamblers at ('irmichaels house. Sanciiez acted at the request of Gonzalez the alcalde aad one of the p.:iyer.s. S, \ras set free, but (Jon/ales was condemned to lo.iO hi.s ollije and to live a year at Monterey. Mont. Arrh., MS., iii. l',)-'JO; x. "Jl. I'cb. 14th, prefect in a private letter urges (jonzalez to behave better anil l;;t t lie people live in peace. S/,a Crii~.. Arch., MS., 72. March '2d, prci'cct s.iys ll.'ani'ifoi'te does not belong to the suh-pi'efi'cture of S. Josi''. .V. i/iw; Arrh., MS., ii. '2^. -May, sail ease of a Bran iiorte maiden who being very tired went outside to sleep, and on awaking found tiiat a young man, without her knowledge, had treated her very iuiiuoperly. .Moitt. Ar-h., ^h^.. id. 11. I''c., an auxiliary military company ordered uniler .\ngel (Jastro. StaCriiz, Arc'i., MS., 5. Simpson, Xtirr., i. ."JUt, tells us of i)ian<'iioi-te tliat 'as being tiio le.ist populous it is also of course the h'ast pro!li,';iteof t!iu tlirei; piiel)los. ' I'. S. Ilag raiseil by lijlden at the time f., MS., lil, '.i'). l'->il{. (iuaddujw C.istroand >Juan .Jose Felix, jueees, apjiointed in Dec. 1842 for 184:i. J>ut lia/.-iel (bistro is often nameil as tlie juez af..er .March. Joseph Majors and Francisco Sori.i juece.s de eampo. .Mareii, prefect calls on juez i"r .'( conipet-cnt young men witii no deUuito occu[)ation for tho Mont, prcsi- tli il conip. iS'a l.'ruz. Arch., MS,, SS; al.io calls for the return of 4 deserter.?. /■/. May 7)l\\, tlio citizens petition for the removal of Juez llafael Castro for maleaduiiuistratiou of justice. Larkin'a JJoc, MS., ii. 11. Oct., a whaling ■ '. ' 1 H \ G04 LOCAL ANNALS OF THE NOUTIL eigncrs wore rcliitivcly iiMtio miincrous liero than in iiiiy other (Hstriets, iind were largely engaged in linn- herinu', Larkiu havin<2' an estahlishnieiit here in chai'-ci of Josiah I^elden. The Jiraneilorteuos struvt; to maintain their reputation lor disorderly euiidiu-t v, ith marked «ucee«s. I estimate the total ])()|>nlation of San Francisco ])Uel)lo, or peninsula, in iH-ia, ahout eijually (hvidcil between Yerha Buena and ^fission J)olores, at ilO) souls; of whieh numher IjO were gi'iite de ra/on nf Spanish hlood, oU foreigners, and 100 Indians anil kanakas, ineludinuf the ex-neonhvtes." Addiu''' "-^nij lor the f()ntra oosta, 900 for San Jose, and ;!00 \'nv Sonoma and the northern frontier, we ha\'i! I'nr tlif l):)pulation of the chstrict 1,G00 gente de razon, inchul- hoat seized with or 7 sailors, soon nJeasf(l, JJipf. S'. I'np., MS., xviii. 71; this v.il., p. .'}7'>. Oriih;iiu'.s oHlr to .su|iport .Miclicltorcna with a fori'c i.f forci'4iicr.s, rupiuliatud jjy sovei'al of tln^ latter. /'/., .'{.")(!. Order to eUel 'J ulcalde.s lor the next year. Id., 'A't'.). 18! t. Manuel Uotlrigiie/, ainl I'l.iii- Cisco Alviso alcaldes. April, order for collection of ."> per cent from the liiin- bei-nicn for school, etc. Oi'/if. Hir., MS., xiii. 77. Aug., gov. orders t!ic alcalde to stop the saw-mills uidess the tax is paid; but sugi,'ests that there may be something irregular about the tixed tax of ??1.") ))er luontli. I>i)'\ U'id. Cdl., .MS., i. 47.')! JJehlen, J/is/. AV., M.S., ."U, relates that hu.iine-^s being iluU the sawyers in li. 's absence sought to create a . Ramon IJiulaa aud Francisco Soria alcaldes; but 15. Vias suspended in Sept., and in Oct. .lo-; JJolcof was ai)pi)iuted 1st alcalde in hi; place; and in Dej. Macedonio I, oven- zana was appointed '2d alcalde. May, citizens petition for the removal nt both alcaldes for drinking, disorder, disobedience, and caridussncss. /'hytes at the mission). Of tlies(!. by count, there were tit for militaiy duty ;>! Mcx. and IS foreigners, hi IStl wo have a list of the men liab'e t i military duty, ;{;) Mex. and .'!() foreigners. Supposing the ratio of uiilii.i'-y men to pop. in both classes to be as before, wo have approximatoly the rcsalts as iu my text. 1^ SAN lUAXClSCO KVi;XTS. 069 lit tlu'l'U th. /'■'■■• liu,inr-s liuniin ; ';i.;tn> in flail au'l (Vt. .lo.^ l.llVl'll- moVill nt s.. 7'./'/. f, ir cU'O- i;i wrilt'S \iiitil li'^ Icil U'llllH- )ct. 1-tth, !//.,•. Ili^: n Sutter's h'lVf s.;.'ii iiicluiUiU ir inilitary liliiib'.'^^' If military the rusulta i:i_i( j)i'i-lia]is 100 r(>i'c'i t'VcntH. 1S41. Visii.s of W'ilke.s, Mofi'iis, Siiniisoii, Itoii;,'- l;i.-i, I'uiiii', iuiil l'la'li)s, wliuso (li'.scri|)liii!is and adviiitiacs aru i.'i\(ii in this \"1., ]). "JIJ, 'JlS, •_'4.'i ."). ■_'•'•!), otc, aiiii also in aiuitlicr })ai'av'raiih uf this iiuto, Fmuiilin;,' (jf tlio Jliiii-;i)n'.s i!ay Ci/s cstalilirthMicnt. A/., v!!.') 17. IS-l'J. \'i.-iti()f Com. tloncs, l)r .SaniK Is, and .lolm JJidwoll. /. Wni. A. J.t'idcsdortl iipiiointtMl I,'. ,S. viuo- inniilil. /(/., ,'.S!). 8iiiLiilt) of Wm. (1. liae of tho 11. li. Co. /■/., WSi. Assault in I.il)l)t'y and S])i'ar. /'/., .")()'.). Mnniiiji/il atl'aiis. 1S41. Fiancisuo (iiR'rrero jucz do paz, Viccnto .Mira- iiiontiM siiplunli', \\ 111 A. li,ichaidson caiit of tiic; jiort, I'l'ado Mosa ai'tiiij,' ia Oct., .loliu I'lilliT siiidico. \o town lols giiiutud this year. Marili 'Ji'd, the jiicz desired the jiri-'feet to .send a eo])y of the order lor grantinj,' lots at tlio iiiis.sion, which reijuest wi)-' referred to the gov. A]iril (itli, and the order waa lurnished hy Prefect Tihiiicio Castro on the 'J-'id. />(■///. St. I'd)). JJt ii. P. ,(■ ,/., iv. I!); J>irhii'Uc, add., 74; Joue.-t' Ji'i jnirf, no. ,'52. May '-'d, alcalde, through |irefect, asks gov. to order the luajordoiiio of the mission to furnish either a, riioin or Iiid. to lillild one for the jn/gado iiud archives. 'I'he ]irei'ect sent ii favorah'e reply, hut in Sept. the governor's order hiid iioteonie. J)i i^t. SI. I'liji. Mini!., .Ms., iv. 114, 117. Aug. liltli, the 'lA juez, or snpleiite, asks to he .. l: 1 i 1 • . ...e . 1 1- I.; . .» ' .'.: l i.: . 1....1. ...' ..l.:!;^., i.. relieved of his otlice because of his '1 years' service and ms iuck ui aouii> to act in ( luerreio's alisenee. IlivhiiUe, add., 7i. Oct., ease of a woiiuiu who avoided an outrage by jironiising to yielil on the next occasion, and then accused the assai.aiit to the lirst men she .'•:a\v. JJt/t. S>. Pap., .S'. ./., vi. IS. In Id., Hi 4."), there an; reeorda of routine eorrespondeiico with many [letty cases (jf debt, etc., before the S. F. justice in 1^541 vt se([., which are not >aneliez takes possession ot the olhce liy nnentory. Jan. l_t N. ./.. MS,, 'JO. April, the I'ooni at the mission .still needed; it is one that has jiecn used for some public 'manifestations.' /•/., "_'•_'. .Tune, the alcalde has taki'ii .steps to avoid the impertinences of Sra ]5rioiies' husband. /'/., •_'.'{. Aug., robbery of the sindico. /(/., '1\. Dee., sends a ])adroii of S. F. Jiop., I lilt as noted elsewhere. Id., '2'). An order of Nov. 14t'i requires the election of two alcaldes. This vol., p. .'{.VJ; but the name juez tie paz continues to bo ■d. 1)S4H. Jesus Xoe juez, . I : la C hez fiuplente. 'I'liese appointed by the prefect in the jireeeding Dec. iS. dwc . I /•./;.. MS I "■/'/. S/. J> - -- . . \\,-i /'. <0 J., MS., iv. ;i'J; but in March i'ranei.'ieo Sanchez s restored Ijy the gov. to his old place of juez 1^ and Noe became appar- it ■'- r.:.i ■WW G06 LOCAL ANXALfS OV Tlli: NOUTH. nlliiirs (»r tlu! |)ii('l)l(» wnit ou in nincli ilio saini! wav us l)( fore, a'ld aio Mjcortlcd with tolii'alilo coniiilctr iiL's.s, 'i'liu siiccus.sivu justices (il' tliL' peace, t)i' alcaliK's ciitly jm/ "J". /'/., S. J., \i. 27. ret(.'r Slii'iTcIcicU Hfiidicd, Kicliindsou capt (if )"ii't. l-MolM iiL Yi 1 lia r>iic'liii .•iiul 'J lit I )(iliiiTy wi'I'i! ;.Tiuiti(l llii.s yc.'if. I'lli., jiic/ is tiyiii.,' t) .SL'eiiii'o tlio lioiisi^ (if IJcriiiil fur his jii/";iilii. /i/.. •_'(). .Iiuii', Ajiiiliiiano .NliiMiiila scut to V.w .siili-iircf('<'t fof imt liviiii^' li:inii(iiiiuiisly villi iiis wife. /(/., "J!*. ]'.Ul. Will lliiickKy iil(/iililc, al-fo ciiUi'il jic/ i\i- ]i:r/,, I'raiicisco ilo Jliirc) citlicr 8ti|)l(utc' (ir .'■L'crctii'y, I'l^tur SclicrrilHitk aul lidiito |)ia/, ii'^ciilcs (1(3 ]iiili(.'ia. JliiukUy was clcctcil ,laii. Ittii. Jan. '_Mili, j,'o\ . to iili'alili', lias rcL^ivoil iiivtiitDiy of I'H'ctit.H in liis 'illicc. l>ii''iiirU'\ aiM., S.'). Marcli I Itli, gov. to Alf. Mesa, onlor to iiianli « illi \1 oi' l-'i men toiii 1 till' alcaliK^ ill r('i)it'ssiii^' (li.stiirlialii;cH. /(/., ^(1. AjM'ilMli, in'titinii of iJii;- idcntn lit lli(! liiis.sioii to tliu gov. for tli(j cxtiiiotioii of tliu titUi of t'x-iiii.^.-ioii mill ullicd of niaioi(l(jiiio and tlu^ fmiual ruco-jiiitiiiii of tln^ jilacu ,is u jitiiMo, iiH it liad liccn so iTuogiii/cd iiidiiLCt ly in various ollicial do iiiiK'iits. A dcti ^iuii was rcsui'ved until the gov. slionld liavo iiiad(.' a iiroposcd (■(.('/(/ mid till' coiidiUou tif tin; cx-iiii.ssinn as to dclits, etc., sliould lio I.ihawi. /'/., Ili'J ,'l. Wh:,t the iKjlilioncrs ik'sirc 1 was the (•MiiiiloLc cNliiK'tioii of tlio (:ld liii.s.'ioil orgaiiizalion, whii'li still ini'vcnted tlitj piivatL' owiicisliij) of certain iirojicrty, and till' I'ouii'lctc ivcogiiiiioii of tlu' scttlriiKiit as p:,rt of the iiuidilo of S. I'". 'riHV had 110 idea of ostalili-sliiu;^' ii new ])ikIi1o. 'I'lic Laid lawyiiTs v.dv di..- jiiKHcd to regard this iietiliou as jirox iiig on the oni! side that there ua.s uu piulilo, siiiii! tli(! or;.'aiii/,ation of olio was de^il■ed, and ou the other tliat |)o|iii>cs vas always distiiiet friMii ihi^ ]iiieMo of S. F. , lioth of whieli vie«s I dedii eiioneijiis. 1.") lo',s\\eio granted thid year at Veiha lliieiia, and one at the mission. l)ee. 'J'Jd, i leetioii of alealdo for t'le next year. ISl.'i. .Iiuji X. radilla 1st alealde, .JosT' de la, ('niz Saiiehez "Jd alcalde, lliehai'dson, l'i;iii. Sanelie.-', and lliuekley sueee.s.sively ea])tain:-i of l!ie jiort. I'J lots g'.autid at Yerlia Uuena, none at l)olore.=!. .Slareii l.'itli, l'adill;i otl'iTS his reijigliatioii, lieeause ho is only'Jt yeais old, has resiih d only S months at S F., has no rooms for oilice and prison, and lii:i ousinesa calls him liack to Sonoma, /'i/^'. St. I'dji., Jim., P. if' 7.. M.'^., ii. .';;{. .May )ltli, 'I'l persons, mostly f ni i ;u- crs, |H'titioii the gov. to lot l';;dilhi remain in oliiei.-; for they will not ir.ihinit to Sanchc/; who, with his ln-oihcr the com. mil., ha i a.s.-iaulted Fadilla and in- diioed citizens to ignore him, claiming tliaC (leii. (,'astro will support tlniii. J)riil, St. /'((//. MS., vi. l.il ■-'. ^hiy I'Jtli, tiaiichez to gov., asks to ho eun- firnicd as 1st alor.lde, sinoo the jiooplo ha\o met and conipelleil I'adilla to give lip the liaton because of iion-rebideneo and arhitrary acts. /■/., !".'. May rjtli, I'adilla to gov., makes known mutiny against him and \aiiniis insiilis arisiu;,' from the onmi.yof a certain I'umily, notwithstanding hi- 1 ■ (|!ie-!). May L'Uh, corri'S[ioiidiiig orders hy the gov., tin; jncz of S. .!( Ix'iug o dered to make the investigation. i>i /7. llir., M^., xiv. ;!(!. .Tun Till, Fadilla to gov., reports that S;>.iiehez on lormal citati'ia liad fit last gi\. up tho oilice, after luaiuug tlitcats, d(;clariiig that ho had 110 liieu to Kujipori iiii, etc. Itesideiits of Y. 15. arc; insulted and their lioii-^cs stoned iiy tho: of Dolores. lUj,t. Si. I'ap. 'i'iiero is 110 more; ahout lliii (lii.'.i'nl; J et <;r its of lots from Aug. scm to havo Ineii made by Saiulu/, indicating tlia, the investig'atioii resulted in establishing tho illeg,i!ity if I'adilla's election and in his withdrawal. A piatrol of citizens was nppointid to keep onkr. Ca-Iro, /o7., M.S., 1,',;!; but their only aehioveincnt i'eco;il. il w.'i;j the assault on Lilibey and Spear as elsewhere noted. In ^Vug.-Sc|.t. thcie was also troublo about the primary and secondary elections, the elect- Jr. IM 'ull l:'i',\ t;i- Vn- MUNICIPAL AND MILITARY. CC7 iVoin 1S4I, Were I'laiiclscn (Iiici'ivro, I'^'ancisoo San- clifZ, J(!.sus NoL', William S. Jliiicldry, and Juan X. ]?a(lilla. Thii.su nmnii-iiial fhiufs <4rantcM! buiUliiii^ (UN fniiii SiiiKHim nndCmitia Cnsta not tiiiikiiiL; tlicir niiinaraiu'c, iiiid tliosc from S, Jiisi' jioiiiL,' liiiiiiu to l>i' .sent liiuk liy tlio jnct'cct's (Hilcr. liiial'y, nn Ni'lit. ITtli, only 1 Li>iiiiiniiiii.siirici.s wi'i'c iiitstiit, ;{ fimu S. Jnsi'^ iiml 1 of S. 1'". 'I'lit'in w.is ii ^'ciK rill (ilijcitiiiii to liicctiii;,' lit Ycilia IJiicnii, iiinl to tlio pre- (li. Itatlicr ;-tran'_'ily I liiid an oiiL'inal doc. in wliicli (Jiurrcro is additi-si il liy l.iidcs- (I'.ili tliu V'cc-t 'iisul as .'iiilj-jjri'fi'ct in .Ian., and nnntlicr in wlilcli ( I. wiitrH a.s siili-prcfc'ct in .Ian. IVf/A/n, iHir., MS., ■s.W, 1,'!(); I.itr'hi':* JJac, .^1S., iii. 1. Jn liotii cases llici'c is jToliiilily a .sli]> of tin; yu, ISI,') for j.SKi. There is i;otiiin;; in tlii i o.liccr'.s recorded acts that reiiuircs further notice. ,M ilitaiy allairs, isil ;t. N.iines of the nun ci)nii>o.sinL,' the f^'avrisoii of the p; oidio: Alf. .Jiiaii J'lado Mesa, Script Na/urio(Ialiiido. soldicis.losi'. ( lalindo, Antonio P.ernal, h'ainon AL'iiila, Fr.ineisi-o Cibrian, llias Nai-vac/, .Saiitiagd II, riiaii(h'Z, l)oniiiii;o Altaiuiraiio, Mariano Mirandji, Santos Mii'aiida. .lo.siS S da/ar, (ieroninio Mesa, and licrnanlino (iarcia. Conipany I'oster.s in Valhjo, J'or,, M.S., xx\ii. ]ias.siin. jlcpoit of nnnaniint in IMI, and Valloji^'s eH'cirts to have the fort reliiiilt. This vol. ]). PIN, •_>((.-). MofiMs, /■.>;)/')/•., i. :!•_'.', ■1'_'7- \K ihsciihcs the )ireiidio as in an advanc'cil state of niin, garrisoned liy an al- f. le;'. and 10 'or .">) soldicrr.anchoros with tlnir families. Wilkes in \sl\ says there Mas liUu one sold, under an otlicer who w.is absent and whose nanio S'cnicd to bo unknown to the jieoplc! ['. S. L'r/iloi: L'.i:, v. KiH. Sergt Sunt. Hernandez is once mentioned as conuindantein \SA'2. Pinio, Ihtr., M.S., i. ;!sO-l. Me-a is still named as comandanto in 1841-5, but I li.ivs no oii;^i- ii.il rosters of the CO. after Aug. 1.S4!]. Feb. KS41. Presidio buildings in ruins .hi 1 much of the material being stolen. J'iiifn, J>oc., MS., i. 'JT.'i-t. Aug. CO, 1^14. Poster of the S. F. company of defensoros do la patria. t'upt. Frau- (isco Sanchez, Lieut .fuan X. Padilln, alfi reces\'icento .Nlir.nnontcsand .Fcsus Noi'', sergeants (,'ni/, .Sanchez, randelario Valencia, and .'{ otiier.s, 8 cor]H)ials, .') of vhoiii were forcigner.s, and ;il{ soldiers, H of thcin foreigners. Sulmrdnri), J' ■'•., M.S., ;iOS. Sanchez is several times alluded to as mil. com. of S. F. in IM.-). (irouth of Verba Bucna. descriptions, etc. Siinpso.i in 1S41 writes of 'observing on the southern .'-ido of the month a fort \vcll situated lor com- iiiandiiig the pas.sage. but it.self commanded by ,i hill behind. This fort is iiow dismantled and dil.pidattd; nor arc its remains likely to last long, I'or liif soft I'ock, on tho very verge of which they hang, is f.'ist crumbling into t!ie undermining tide beneath. A short distance beyond the fort is sii initeil a sr|uare of huts, distinguished l)y tho lofty title of tho presidio of S. 1'., and t iiante(l' by Capt. Prado and a corporal's guard. . .'Tho pretty little bay of ^ I rli.a lluciia, mIiosi; shores arc doid)tlcs3 destined under belter auspices to It; the site of a flourishing town, though at present they contiiin tmly S or 9 Imiisea in addition to the JI. 11. Co.'s establishment.' Sim/ixon'.i AVtcr., i. -:7-S, os:?-.b Henry A. Peirce, in his Jonrunl, M.S., 81, for Nov. 30th, \\ rites; ' Mr Rao, .igent of the IL B. Co., has lately purchased a house. At I ' \\ 4 ■ II 668 ].nC.\L AXXALs OF Till: X()l;T!r. lots ;iii(I iiidiil^'i'd in mild ci.ntrovf.slcs Ikcc ;is c^ :c- ulici'i'; and tliciv is nothiiii;' in tliu rrcdids of tliu period to suyL>vst the doid^ts cuiivnt in \ii\vv tinu s there iiii' not more tliiiii liall a ilozeii Iii if wli Mr l; 111' s i-^ 1 1 best. It l>ililt of Wood, Kliiii','li(l, etc., aii-N, \\liiili\iil ill tile house iiiiMiti.iiHd 'I d •ver\tlini!4 " s eoM'ied Willi ilowt'is. \ve .saw U-w Jieople, (■ at S. !•" Caiit. llinekl Mr Spcai', Mr \'io.;et. w ho used to ker|) a killiard -rooni. 1 went to tin '.v> tl le eoi;ii)aii\ ad lioiii'ht, alioiit half of it .i store ilig. It was a li on one side am 1st juililiii;,'. and in t.ie niii 'Ihat w dk ore on the other .Mr J the other half a dwell- a liij,' li.ill with the hniiso .erse's house, alioiii. ;>II\M) feet, \\'u\\ the hall in the iiiiddle opuiiiiii,' on the siik^ and very wide. In tl back 1 larl, were ■lb. id the front was a diiiiii ..-ropni and aiitiir,' '1 ho kitelKli was back of all. We had a. kanaka e noli am d 2 ki vas wry sn boatl 11; thevcalU'd it Verba, 11 .Mr llidell (liidle.v) was onr elerk I Hi Th ewai .1 th days. When I fj;ot tlur. (18-H) lliere was only oiielionse, .Spi^M's, and then the store, that is twi Ikiikia' CO house, a little mi 1 where they made sliiii';'es, and then d iJai Carpenter's (Davis the ear[)enter ?) house on the next liloe!;. And then, our side of the street Ava.s onr house. ;iiid aeross the street was Mr Fiilk house. That was all the front. And then baek sou's '') liille adobe then in b' I'lieii I wa.s there. llr ml W or 4 little bulldli 1 c was C apt. I'uclis (lliehai lave neviu' bet'ii there siiiee. tlie kidy ilied in bSS4.) ' Tiiere used t That (T was all we had lis was written o l)U a little 1 'oiii:j d ibnnt (I feet from t!ic front. When the tidit eanie up, it eaiiii! to the l,t; hill. 1 h; lieeii severa 1 til to tl le mission; tin; road was \ cry bad. all till! d. 1 never .saw a waijon j^o out there. It was just trails. The see lit it was to el iristeii my little rl, ami .Mrs lliiukley MTiI ,1- lero we;e mother, (.'apt. Phelps, Fore rml Aft, --Vi'J- I, tells us that but 4 ]ierin:inent residents (I), and notes that a paiillier carried oil an lud. boy fr 8t(' I. I. ,1'e^e M y;ii' ;:Iy d dcntters at Itiiieon Point lu'.d t iieir diniK A'l V. it;.', writes that in 1841, 'tin town is not ealeiihited to iiroduee a favor;dj|(! i buildin'rs consist of " iii|ireop. of l!li), inclinlmj; -I! torei'niers Iiesules d :!!» li ecrvants. This includes all on the peninsula e.xttpt the soldiers at the pre- ciiowTii OF YKun.v iiu;:xA. oca lis to t]\v. existence of .'i pii(.!l)lo. San Francisco was not, al)lc to enjoy its glories as cabccci'a of" the ])arti(lo bufoio tlic pi'd'octui-u was aijulishcd; but when the siilio and tl Hill/, s/. /' pllVt S. ,/., MS. IC CX-llCli (" ciimniiiiiitv "t
  • ' iiiissinn. /) ini/rlir', add I rlia uiicriu in .>, dcsiriwiii;; '). Ill- Siind it as ';i siiia . Ill;/ 1 <)i ■/iliiiii, S- tfd visi .!.■ of S. F. 1 lav ail' II anil ;j;i()win!j; town on tin; s, w. near tlie town of tliat name,' ami ^iviriL: a skott'h uliioli allows -0 or '21 .stiMuturos. ilinL! to the .1 ; '/.-,■ .)/',S'. /•'., I7:i, V. I) 1;' I Hiail alxuit a (lo;',in lionKi's and ahont .")() inlialiitants. Davis, (Hiiii/isi'.i, I IJ--.'!, iioti's t!io linildin;,' (jf ii bi-idgi', in ISI4, liy Alcalde llini'kk'v'M eU'oits, across tlio month ., \Vm .\. ].,ei(U'S(lorll', 15 ]■ ]•; ran. (inerrero, 'iVinidad Moy.i (2), Henry lice, .hiaii (. dante, .J( .Marti liriones, (.". W. FlQj rtltidlcv, lienito Diaz and J. 1'. Mesa, (,' , (ik i;.i. T. r. isiaaeda, 11. rx'ii'v, ale, Ivi'' .\iont ene.L,'n i; A. A. Ai; )'. ])c >ai|uiii md, Win Hichai'ds W S. Wl Jo'lli Reynolds, Doiia i']. S. jjeinal, , ilosalia llaro, Tiios .Smith, i: Pedro Fstrada, Mi- P. 'I'lic new custonidioase: \),i L.iz.iro I'liia, Win Fisher, !• Vdrorena, (ire-.'orio IJrioiiivs, an ran. .Sanciiez, !■'. h il Ste plion Smith. ^7, hi, in IS! t oc( I mil! .Ms., I,'i7-S, .says that Jiiceptor 'P thri'c^ roenis m the adobe Imildini,', west si;!e Du.iont I' : ween (.'lay and Wasliiii'^ton .st., tin; rest of which in ISl.'!-.") was ( lec.ipiei I), •isa-^eiit for I'.ily ami Mclvinley. Feb. 22, i!S44. (;ov. asks for thn ■klayira from .Sta t'lara and a carpenter from S. .Jos,' to work on anew eiisionidioiisc for the newly estahlislu'il iveeptoria. JJcpt. y.'ic. , MS., xiii. (J I— 5. h I'.li. 2;!il. Admin, at .Mont, directs reeepioi- at S. F. to 1 IC'IU woi k at ( not to cost over ysoa. Piiiti, JJo-., MS., ii, 40-50. Fel>. 2(Hh. i:iz lias ITC I 1 tl 10 or !cr; no material can be had from tin mission; wants iiihority to take tiles and Inniber from the mined l)nililin!.,'s at the preddio. //. M •4. F<;b. 2!); M. re on tlu^ same subieel..s. 1 ue ina.eria I of ipied lmililin;.,'s at the mission has been !)■ soon if ■ )thinL; is done. J)i/il. S/. I V 2,)th. (iov. MS. xid. 82. carried oil as that at the jiresidio 'a.ynient of exiie.iscs for the enstomdioiise. /'r/if. wnriiin '11 ithori .Inly ;{ Ith. D^az rejiorts tliat most of his lir ;}sires th.'it some be [irovideil from .Sonoma. U.-li/. Sf. I II.. MS., viii. IS I. Oct. 2d. T V. lil soon be ac ted Pill/0, /)l, 10 receptors sng'.;cstlon of di ;,/>. 11. 1st. Di veil hat f.'i' the credit of the ,t;ovt the receipts from vessels should bo prom;i;ly ;ip- ■i\ to pay work) ,".1 on the new b',iildiii'.r th WHO iiav. lit moac V lor lie enter] liiebuildi * > M. .1 tl 10 l):li itnieii. O. lerwisc! the woi'l ill have to s inierc' •ilU: III. .1 to r'.im. 1. This was i: iSS, F. cpieiice ot anorc ler tl t ip ail d I os(Mid iinds li), 1S4">. Account rendered b.V recei)Lor; mnt rcecdvcd, .S2,l!2i); 1 'lil, . i'cscriptioii of tho new buildiii^ in an iiivcutory of Oct. 'Una caaa do 2JJ Ii y< '} III Vi in Ii 1 i ;l 670 LOCAL ANNALS OF THE NORTH. system was rcstoroJ in 1845 bettor fortune attended tlie bay town, and Francisco Guerrero became suii- prefect with a jurisdiction including San Jose and all varas rlc largo y 8 do ancho con corredor al frento y los costados de 2\ varas dii iiiiclio con sn balustrudo y escalcnv. L;' oasa uonticnc 4 jdezas, 5 vontaims, con sus vidrioias, 7 puertas con sus chapas y Haves, I'ua cscaleia de inaili ra foiraila con nn cuaito peqneno; todas las puci'tas y vcntanas con sus vist.is fonadas de nuidera y las 4 piezas con sus fajas arriba y aliajo bhuKiucadas por dentroe fuera, pintada de plonio en el interior y por fuera ver'. iSV. J'u/)., M.S., V. TiG. Vallejo's efforts to transfer the custoni-hou.se to S. 1'. This vol., y). "JOS. 1642. Guerrero still in charge. His complaint in Sejit. that Itichardson continues to permit vessels to anchor at Sauzalito. Pinto, JJoc, M.S., i. 2i";4. 1S4I5, tJuerrero receptor. The gov. approves trauster of custoni-honse from Mont. (?) This vol., p. 37")-0. ^lorecumplaintsaijaiuit liichartlson, anl an order from the gov. not to permit vessels to anclior:it iSauzalito unless lirst despatched from Mont. JJepf. St. Pap., Ben., MS., iii. 40; Vallrjo, JJoc, ^l^., xi. 345. 1844. (iucrrero is succeeded by Benito l)iaz as receptor in Feb., continued troubles with Richardson about tlio Sauzalito nuchorage, other revenue ollieers, their gambling propensities, liglit- crs on the bay, new building begun, site selected for a well, etc. This vol., p. 42[)-.'ll. March 7th. Regulations for the receptor's guidance. Pinto, Due, MS., ii. 5S-1). May 18th. Col. Vallejo calls the governor's attention to the importance of the p;)rt, its defence, and of establishing the custom-house there. ValUju, Doc, MS., .\i. ,'i70. Sept. -Oct. Diaz reports muchsinuL'gling by whalers, he lias to use threats to bring them to Yerba Ruena, has been oli'ered bribes by them, and gets little sn])[iort from Capt. Richaidson. Pinto, Doc, MS., i. 270-S,'J, Capt. Hincldsy w;is accused also of interaied- dliug. Oct. 2Utli. (July one of the 4 cctadores had reported for duty. /'/., 2S2. Oct. 27th. Richardson claims that he and not the receptor has l!i'' right to collect anchorage dues. /ility. Id., ii. lOJ. Nov. ist. Five months' wages due tiie boatmen. /•/., i. 28S. l>eo. 2'Jlh. 1>. has appointed a co.\swain at .SIO, to avoid risking his life and that ofoihers in heavy winds. /'/. , 2S1). 1S4.">. Rafael I'into appointed to suc- ceed Diaz in Aug., vessels permitted to go to Sauzalito, minor olliciiils, statis- tics, cLc. This vol., p. ').'y\-{tl. Ranehos ttf nortiiern Cal., granted in 1841-5. Those marked with a * not finally co;ilirmed. Agaas Fnas (Butte Co.), (i 1., granted in 1844 to Salvador Osio; Riudallaiid Tidil cl,iiii;uits before land commission. Aguas Xieves (But:.o (Jo.), (J 1., 1844, Sam. .J. ili.'usley, who was cl. Alameda, Arroyo de la (.Mam. Co.), 4 I., 181J, .Jesus Vallejo, who wascl. Alain. Co. ranchos, see I'oaero, S. Leandro, S. Lorenzo, and Sobrante. Aleatraz, sec Farallones, etc. Alisal, see Rincou. Americanos, see Rio. .Vnimas, sec I'osolomi. Arroyo Cliico (Dutt! Co.), 1844, Win Dickey; Joliii Bidwell cl. Arroyo Chico (Butte C).), 5 1 , IStl, El. A. Farwell; James Williams et al. cl. Arroyo, see Ala- meda, Calzoncillos, Piiarcitos, Riucouada, and S. Antonio. Barranca Colo- rado (Tehama), 4 1.. 1844, Josiidi Belden; Win B. Ido cl. Bcrrendos, see I'rimer Cailon. Bluchor (Sonoma), (il., 1844, Jean Vioget; Stephen Smith cl. Boca, see Pinole. Bodega (Sonoma), 8 1., 1844, Stephen Smith, who was el. *Bodega, 1841, Victor I'rudon, who was cl. Boga (Butte) or Fliiggc raneho, 5 1., 18^4, Chas. W. Flugge; T. O. Larkin cl. Bolsa, see Tomales. Bolsas, see Huinbrc. Borrogas, see I'astoria. Bosqucjo (Tehama), 5 1., 1844, Peter Laaseu, who woa cl. *J3riesgau (Shasta), 5 1., 1844, Win Benitz, who wascl. PRIVATE RANCIIOS. nn the scttloiiients uortli of that town. At tlic presidio Alfcivz Piado ]\Iosa with Sergeant Galiiuh^ anil nine or ten soldiers, a detachment ot" the Sonoma com[)any, Biittc county ranclios, sec Aguas Frias, Aguaa Xievcs, Arroyo Cliico, IJoga, Ksf|U()ii, lloiicut, Llano Seco, and Willy. Also not naiiiuil *C \V. Flu!,'go, .">1., lS4t; L. lloovir cl. (Jabiza, sue Sta llosa. Callaycjnii (Sonoma), 15 1., l«t.'). i:ol)ci-t Itidlcy; liitcliic and Forbes cl. *(Jalzonciilos (Stii Clara), 111., J.S4;i, .losO -M. C'a.slauarca, who was cl. L'anipo de los Franceses (8, Joaijiiin), 111., IS44, Will (iuhicic; (,'. M. W(l)cr cl.; claim of Jii.sto Larios rejected. Canada do (luadaliipc, Visitacion, y Kodeo V'icjo (.S. F.). 2 1., ISH, J. 1'. Lcesc; K. S. Iviton, II. It. I'aN'.soii cl. ; Itidlcy "s cl. rejected. Cuuada do los Vainuros (Contra Costa), IS14, Fran. Alvisoctal.; llolit. Livermoro cl. Ca- fiada, SCO also Capitancillos, Uainhrc, .Jonivc, Pinole, and I'ogolomi. Cajiay (Colusa), 10 1., 1844, Josefa Soto, wlio was cl. Capitancillos, Cafiada, I'll'-', Jiisto Larios; C!nadalu])o Min. Co. cl. ; Fos.sat's cl. rejected. Carne Jluniana (Napa), 4 1., ISH, Ivl. T. Bale, whose widow was cl. Caslamayoine, see La- guna. Catacnia (Xapu) '2 1., 1S4I, .J. U. Chiles, who was cl. *Ca/adores (Sac), 4 1., 1S44, Ernest Itul'us; James Murphy cl. Cerritos, see I'otrero. Cliico, seo Arroyo Cliico. Codies (Sta Clara), A 1., 1844, lioberto; Antonio iSufiol et al., cl. Coins (Colusa), 'J 1., 184,"), .loliii Jiidwcll; C. D. Semplc cl. *Coluses, 4 1., 1S44, John Daulieubi.^s; X. Tlassett cl. Colusa Co. ranclios, scj also Capay, Jacinto, .liiiuno, and Larkin. Contra Costa ranclios, seo Canada do Vaipieros, JIanibrc, .Iiintas, Laguiia, Monto del Diablo, I'inolc, Sobrante, and Ulpinos; also not named, ^'raiits to ' Inocencio lloniero ct al. (Sobraute?) 1844 and ''.luan Jose Ca tro et al. 1841, 1844; E. It. Carpenticr cl. Corte de Madera (Sta Clara), 'Jl., 1841, Maximo Martinez, who was cl. *Cosumnr3 (Sacramento), 1 1., 1844, llcleno; Hicks and .Martin el. (Jotato (Sonoma), 4 1., 1844, Juan Castafieda; T. S. I'agu cl. Diablo, see Monte. Dolores, seo S. F. Embarcadero, sec Sta Clara. Estanislao, see ranilieria. *]']s(pinon (Butte), ."« 1., 1844, Sam. Neal, who was cl. *Farallones, Alcatrnz, Yerba lluciia, and I't Tiburon (S. F. & .Marin), ISIII, J. Y. Limantour, wiio was cl. ]'\lix rancho (S. Matoo), I 1., 1844, Domingo Fi'lix, who was cl. Flores (Teliama), ."{ 1., 1844, Win Chard, who was cl. Fliiggc, seo JJoga. I'ruucrses, seeCamjio. (lallinas, see .S. I'edro. Centiles, see Laguiia. Guada- lupe, see Canada. (lUciioe (Sonoma or Lake). (] I., 184.'), (Jeo. Kock; Arch. Ititchie cl. (iucsesosi, see (^>iiesesosi. Ilambre, (Jaliada, and las liolsas del — (Contra (Josta), "2 1., 1S4'2. Teodora, Soto, who was cl. Iloiicut (Yuba), 7 1., IS44, 'riieodorc ("cinlna; Estate of .J. Thonipson cl. *l[oiicut (Uuttc), 8 1., 1840, Henry lluber, who was cl. Jliiichiciia (Sonoma), '2 1., 1811, .1. 1'. Lecsc, wiio was cl. Jacinto (Colusa). .8 1., 1814, Jacinto Rodriguez; Win II. .McKeo cl. Jiiiicno (Colusa), II 1., 1841, Manuel Jimeno Casarin; T. (). Larkin ct al. el, Johnson's (Vul)a), ") 1., 1814, I'alilo Uiitierrez; W'm Johnson i:l. Jo- nivo (Sonoma), '2 1., ISl.'i, .lames Black; .lasper O'Farrell cl. Jota (Nap.i), 1 1., ISI.'l, iieo. Youiit, who was cl. Juntas (Contra Costa), ,'{ 1., 1844, W'm Wilsh, whose estate was cl. Lac (Sonoma), I.OODv., 1814, Damaso Ilodriguez; J. 1'. Leese cl. *Laguna de los < Sciitiles, or Caslamayome (Sonoma), 8 I., 1811, Eug. .Montenegro; Win Forbes < 1. Lagiinailc los I'alos Colorailos i Contra C'os- t.i),.'{ 1., 1841,.!. .Mora ga and .1. Bernal; Morn gad. *Lagunade losSantosCalle (Yolo), II 1.. 184,">, Victor I'rudon and M. Vaca; E. L. Brown el. Lagiina, seo Taehe. Larkin's (Colusa), lOl., 1844, F. Larkinetal. who were cl. 'Lassen's (Teliama), 1844, I'etor Lassen; Harriet liesse cl. Llajomi (N'apa), 1\ I., 1841, Tomaso A. Rodriguez; Salv, \'allejocl. LlanoSeco (Butte), 41., 1841 -.">, Sebas- tian Kcyser; ('.■!. Brcntrainetal. cl. Llano, seo Sta Rosa. Locoalloinc (Napa), 'J 1., 1841, Julian Pope; Joseph Pope et al cl.; Rain[;ford'a claim under grant of 184.-) rejected. *Lupyomi (Xapa), 14 1., 1844, Salv. Vallejo; II. T. Tescli- niacliercl.; 11 1., 1844, Limantour who was cl. ; 2 1., 1844, S. and .1. A. Va- llejo; S. Vallejo cl. Malacomca, or Moristal (Sonoma), 2 1., 184J, JoatS dcloa G7i LOCAL ANNALS OF TUK NOIITII. served as garrison, tlioui^li visltoi's' reports raroh' ai>ree(l witli the rosters as to tlie preseiice of more tluin two or three at any one time. Most of i!i ne Sanios ]]erri!ycsa; rookwcll k Kiiij,'lit cl. ; also 2 1., M. E. Cook ct il. el. S(c also Scno. Maio Island (Solano), l.SlO-1, Victor Castro; BissoU it Aajiiu- wall cl. Marin Co. ranclios, seo Faralloncs, Nicasio, Olonipali, I'oLiohjMii, l'„ Ixcycs, S. Antonio, S. 1. ; \Vm A. Kieliardson cl. *l!;il'ael ( larcia, '.) 1. 1S44. *Linianiour 80 1., 1S44. Merced ('o. , sec Sanjoii. Miseria, see Kn- blar. ]Molinos, sec IJio. Monte del Diablo (Contra ( osta), 1S44, Salvio Pa- clieco, who was cl. Moqueiumncs, sec Sanjou. Moristal, sen Malaeoinc.s. Mtiiiiz (Mendocino), 4 1., 184.1. Manuel 1'orrcs, who was cl. Xapa Ca. ranchos, sec (Jarne ilmnana, ("atactda, .Jota, Llajonii, Yocoallonii, J.,upyo!iii, and 'J'ulucay. *\emslias (Sac. Val.K 4 1., 1844, Theodore Sicard; Claude Ghana cl. S'ew Jlelvotia (Sac. and Yuiia), 11 1., 1841, J. A. Sutter, Suttir t:t al el.; some of the claims rejected. *Nc\v Helvetia, -"J!., 184."), J. A. Sui- ter, v.iio was cl. (Sutter general title). Nicasio (Marin), 'J], 1., 1844, I'ahl.) do la Cuerra and .1. Cooper; Wm Ueynolds and I). Frinkcl.; 10 1., ILdlcckit Black cl. *Naeva Flandria (Sac), 31., 1844-."), Sutterand Schwatz; Sch. ;iiid V.'. W. Warner cl. Olompali (Marin), 2 1., 184:!, C. Initia (?), who was .1. Oniochunme (Sac), 5., 1844, Joaipiin Sheldon, whose heirs were cl. Ores- timha (Tnohunnc), (} 1.; 1844. Sebastian Miinoz, who was cl. I'alos Coluia- dos, si;e Lagnna. I'anocha (S. .Toa(|.) , ."> 1., 1814, Julian Ursua, who wiis cl. *l'anocha (Jrandc (S. Joa(|.), 4 1., 1844, Vicente P. liomez, who wascl. (T!ie famous Mctiarraghan claim.) I'aso, rancho del (Sac), 10 1., 1814, liiiali Crimes; ,Sani. Norris cl. I'astoria de las Borregas (Sta Clara), .'?, "JOT acre-', 184'-', l''rancisco lOstrada; ^I. Murphy cl.; also 'J 1. called also Refugio, cl. Mariano (.'astro. IVscadero (.S. .Toaij. ), 8 1., 1843, V. Higueraanil U. Fcli.\; I (. Grimes ct al. cl. Pescadoro (S. .Joaijuin), 8 1., 1S4H, Antonio M. I'ioo, wlio nud ir. M. Naglee were cl. Petidiuna (Sonoma), b") 1., 184;!-4, ^I. (i. \'allejo, who was cl.; Watmongh's claim rejected. I'ilarcitos, arroyo (^tii Clara), 1 1., 1841, ('audelario .Miramontes, who wascl. Pinole (t'ontra i'ostai, 4 1., 1842, Ignacio Martini.z; M. A. >birtinez de Richardson cl. Piuo'e, Boca dc la Cauada del, 1842, Manuid Valencia, who was cl. Placer Co., sc • S. .luaii. Pogolomi, caiiada do (Marin), 21., 1844, Antonio Caccrcs, who \v,n cl. Posolomi and L'ozito de hn .\nim.is(Sta Clara), o,0t2acres, 1841, Lope Ini- go; K. Wabiindiawcl. *Potrcro (.iantaClara), II 1., 1843, JosJM. Fueutcs, who was cl. P(jtrero do los Cerritos (Alameda) .'l 1., lS4b Toni:is Pach"cc)an 1 A. Alviso, who were cl, Pt'trero, .sec also S. F. and Sta Clara. Po/.ito, .ice 1' i- Kolomi. I'rimer Canon, or Rio do loa Bi'rrendMs (Tehama), (i 1., 1S41, .Tub I". l)ye, who was cl. Puerto (Stanislaus), 3 1., 1814, Mariano Hernandez ct al.; S. (!. Kccd et al. cl. '*Puntade Lobos (S. F.), 184"), Joaquin Pill:!; not prc- se;iled to L. C. ; also app;icaU!)a by B.'uito Diaz, granted later. I'luita dclns Beycs (Marin), 11 1., 1843, A. M. Oao; A. llmdall cl. Piit.as (Solano), S 1., 1843, .lou'' do Jesus and .Si\to Boi-reycoa; .M. Aiiastasio lligucra de B. cl. Piitaj (Sulano), 10 1., I8b3, J. M. Vaca ami J. F. Pcaa, who were cl. Sij also l;,io de los P. Quescsosi (Yolo). 2 I., 1813, Wm (loiilon, who was cl. Quito (Sla Claia), 3 1., 1841, Jnse /. I'ernandcz and J. N'oriega; M. Alvis > cl. lianchci'.a del Bio Jvstanislao (S. Joaip), II I., 1843, Francisco llicoaal Jo.H'i Ant. (.^astro, who were cl. Refugio, see P.-istoria. Reyes, see Punta d'! ]i. *Rin(oii del Alisal (Sta t.'lai'a) )0 v.. 1841, Santos & Sons, who were cl. Riiicou de San I'l^anciscpiito (Sta Clara). 1S41, .lose IVfia; T. and S. Kolihs cl. liiucun, sec alao S. F. Rincunada del Arroyo dc S. FrancisquiLo (>ta I ■t -.l. vl it Aspiii- ilcjiai, l\ "iniwisia, uol I'ilS- Fi('ini)nt griiiits to :ircia, 1) 1. , Kce Kii- Illvii) l\i- ihicuiius. sajia Co. I; Clauilc r, SuttiT J. A. Snt- r.ii.io ,!<• lalleck & Sell, iliiil o was L'l. :1. Oas- is C'oloi'a- 10 was il. C'l. (Tiic !1, Kiial. t'.)7 acro^ fii.;i(), cl. Full;;; II. 'ic'ii, wlio .M. (i. oyo (*'ta :a ( 'osta), I'iiioic, Co., siv; who was ..opi; Iiii- I'u-'llSr-;, ,li''Coaii 1 s('C IVi- ,Tob F. zot a!.; [not \Kv- ta (Iclos lo), 8!., o Jl. A. icl. S..0 was cl. Alvis > ico aal uuta ill! .VL'IV rl. Uoli!.'^ liLo (-ta PRIVATE RANCHOS. 678 buildings were at any rate unoccupied and raj)idly going to ruin. A company of def'ensores do la [)atria, 40 rank and file, under Captain Francisco Sanchez Clara) J 1., 1841, M. A. Mesa, who was cl. Rio de loa Americanos (Sac), 8 1., 1844, Win A. LcidcsdortT; Folsom & Sparks cl. Rio do lierrciidos, see I'riincr Canon. Rio Estanislao, see Ranclieri'a. Rio de los Moliiios (Tehama) a 1., 1844, A. G. Toomes, who was cl. Rio do los Piitos (Y.ilo)4 I., ]S4_', Francisco (iuerrero; Win \\'()lfskill cl. Roblar do la Miseria (Sonoma) 4 1., 1845, Juan N. Padilla; David Wright cl. Piodeo Viejo, see Canada de (lua- dalupe. *Sacran;cnto, city lands, 1841, J. A. Sutter; city and Uumett cl. *Sacrament(), island of, 1844, V. Prudon, who was cl.; IS4o, Robt ElwcU, Jcsns No6 cl.; not named, *Suttcr IlOO acres, 1841, F. J. White cl.; Munucl- umno Ind. 4 1., 1844, .Sutter cl. for Ind. Sacramento Co. rauchos, sec also Cazadores, Cosunmes, N. Helvetia, X. I'landria, Oniochumnes, Paso, Jiio Americanos, S. Pucnavciitura, Ncmslias, Sanjon, and Sucayai;. *San An- tonio, arroyo (Marin), 3 1., 1844, Juan Miranda; T. B. Valentine, J. A. Sliort et al. cl. San Antonio, laguna (Marin), (i 1., lS4."i, 15. lj()jor([ues, Avlio was cl. San Buenaventura (.Sac. ), U 1., 1.S44, P. B. Picadini;, who was fl. *San Cayctano, garden (Sta Clara) l.OOa v. 1845. J. B. Alvarado; C. Panaudetal. cl. *San Francisco, city lands, 184.'$, Liinantour, who was cl.; ^Mission lots: *Doniingo Felix 40J v. ; *E. and .1. K. N'alencia '201) v. ; Carlos Mo- reno ((Jhas Brown); F'ran. de Ilaro, 1,")0 v. * San Francisco, potrero, }, 1., 1844, 1!. & F. do llaro, whose heirs were cl., also Win. C. Jones. * San Francisco, rin^un, 803 v., 184,'3, P. SluTrehack, who was cl. Id., not named, Koljcrt i;iue.l, 400 v, , 1842; Fernando Marchona, 1 1., 1844; neither of tlu'm pre- sented to L. ( '; * Stephen Smith, two oO v. lots, 184."); see aLso Canada do (Jiia lalupe, Ft Lobos, and S, Miguel. S. Francis(|uito, see Rincon and Rin- eonada. San (icTonimo (Marin), '2 1. LS41, Rafael Cache; J. M. Revere, cl. San Joa(iuin Co. ranchos, see Cam po, Mariposas, Panocha, Pescidero, and Paneheria. San Juan (Placer), 4\ 1., 1844, Joel I'. Dedmond; IliramCWimea el. San Ijcandro (Alameda), 1 1., 1842, Joaquin Estndillo, who was cl. San Lorenzo (Alameda), (JOO v. and 1 1., 184l-.'i, Guiilermo Castro, who was cl. San Lorenzo (Alameda), Ij 1., 1842-4, Francisco Soto, whoso lieii's wore cl. San Luis (ionzaga (Mariposa), 48.821 acres, 1843, Francisco Rivera; .J. V, I'.ichecocl. .San Mateo Co. , see Felix. Sau Miguel (.S. F.), 1 1., 1 SI,"), Jesus Xoe. who was cl. San Pedro, Sta Maru'arita, and Las (lallinas (Marin), 5 1., 1S44, Tun. Murphy, who was cl. San Vicente (Sta Clara), 1 1., 18l2, Jose li. ISci'reyesa, whoso heirs weic cl. Santa Clara, Potrero, 1 1., 1814, J. A. Foi-ljcs; R. F. Stockton, cl. Sta Clara, J']nil)arcadero, 1,000 varas, lS4,'i, Ba- silio Beriial, \\ho was cl. Sta Clara Co. ranchos, see Calzoncillos, Capitan- ciUos. Coches, Corte de Madera, Fastoria, Pilarcitos, Posolomi, (^)iiito, Itiu- iiin, Rinconada, S. Jo3i5 Mision, S. Cayctano, S. Vicente, Ulistac. and Uvas; also not named, grants to F'rancisco Garcia, 2,000 v., 1845, J. Enriglii cl. ; *.los,! Xoriega, 4 lots, 184.'), X. cl.; *l5uenaventura ct al., ^ 1., ISI4, 11. (,!. Smith el.; ** Xarciso Bennett, who was cl., 1 tO v. 1 solar, 184."); Xarciso Bennett, 140 v. and 2,000-1.000 v., 184."); Mary S. Bennett cl.; Barcelia Bcrnal et al.. I 1., lS4.")-(). Sta Margarita, sec S. Pedro. Sta Rita, seeSanjou. .'^ ta Rosa, cabeza (Sonoma), 1841, Maria Igiiacia Lope/., coiitirmed in (J ilivi- sioiis to Julio Carrillo, J. R. Mayer etal., J. Eldridge, F. Carrillo, Juanade .1. Mallagh, and .1. Hendley; cl. of 0. Boulio rejected. Sta Ro-^-a, llano, 3 1.. 1841, Mark West; .Joaq. Carrillo cl. ; rejected 2 claims on grant toJoaii. Carrillo, 1844. Sancos (Jchama), 5 I., 1844, R. H. Tliomes, who was cl. Saiiel (Meiido(;ino), 4 1., 1844, F. Felix, who was cl., .Sanjon de los Moipie- liimnes (.Sac), 8 1., 1844, Anastasio Chabolla; Angel and M. Chabolla cl. Sanjon do Sta Rita (Merced), 11 1., ISH, Francisco Soberanes, who was cl. Santos Callo, see Laguna. .Seno de Malacoines (Sonoma), 4 1., 1843, Jose do lu3 Santos Bcri-eyesa, who was cl. Shasta Co., see Brieagau. Sobrauto (Ala- HiaT, CAL., Vol. IV. 13 •1 t •i 074 LOCAL AXXALS OF THE NORTH. Iii4i held tliGTiiselves ready for action in 1844-5. Tlio growth of Yerba Buena, in the light of later devel- opments, has a peediar interest, and I have quoted in the appended note some descriptive matter hy visitors, one of whom has left a pencil sketch, and hv residents, notable among whom is Mrs Rao. The town contained in 1845 about 20 structures large and small, but with one exception there is no definite in- formation about any of those built in this period. I suppose that of all classes there were not less than 125 inhabitants, among whom the foreigners consti- tuted a predominant clement. Indeed the foreign infiuence caused a certain prejudice against Yerba Buena, notably among Mexican residents at the mis- sion, showing itself most clearly in a controversy be- tween the rival alcaldes Padilla and Sanchez in 1845. In 1844, in connection with a reorganization of the meda), 111., 1841, J. J. Castro, who was cl. Sobrantc (Contra Costa?) occii- liicd l)y Romero brothers in 1844. * Socayac (Sac.?), '6 1., 1844, John Cham- berlain; E. Pratt cl. Sohmo Co., sou Mare Isl., Putas, Putos, Siiisun, Soscol, Tolenas, and Ulpinos. * Sonoma, 400 v. near cx-miasion, 1844; J. Y. Liinantour, who was cl. Sonoma Co., sec Bluchcr, Bodega, Callayonii, Cotatc, (luenoc, Huichicha, Jonivc, Lac, Lagiina, Malacomes, Pctaluma, Roblar, Sta Rosa, Scno, Sotoyonii, Tzabaeo, and Yulupa. Sotoyomi (SonoiiKi). 8 1., 1841, Henry D. Fitch, whose widow was cl. ; Cyrus Alexander's cl. to '1 1. rejected Soulajiilc (Mariu), '20 1., 1844, IJamon Mesa; confirmed in J divisions to J. S. Brockett, G. N. Cornwell, '^. J. Vasqucz, Luis D. Watkius, and ^I. F. Gormley; cl. of Wm. M. Fuller rejected. Stanislaus Co., seu Puerto. Suisun (Solano), 4 1., 1842, Francisco vSolano; Arch. Ritcliiu il.; also J. H. Fine. * Soscol (Solano), 184.'1, M. O. Vallejo, wlio was el. *Taciio, lacuna (Tulare), 11 1., 1S4;1, Limantour, who was cl. *Tamalpais (Marin \ 2 i., 184."), Ililario Sanchez, who was cl. Tehama Co., see Barranca, Bosfjiu ju, Flures, Lassens, Primer Canon, Rio, and Sancos. Tiburon, see Faralionc.--, etc. *Tinicasio (Mnrin), I 1., 1841, Lidians of S. Rafael; Murphy cl. inr Ind. Tolenas (Solano), .") 1., 1840, J. F. Armijo, whoso heirs were cl. Tm- males (^larin), 5 1., 1845, Juan N. Padilla; James D. Giilbraith cl. ; Tuhic:iy (Napa), 2 1., 1841, Cayetauo Juarez, who was cl. Tuolumne Co., sec Ores- timba; also unnamed grant to * Solomon Pico, J. L. Ord cl. Tzabaco (So- noma), 4 1., 1843, J. G. Peua, J. J. Peila ct al. cl. Ulistac (Sta Clara), h 1., 1845, Marcclo Pico and Cristobal; J. D. Hojipo cl. Ulpinoa (Solano), 4 1., 1844, John Bidwell. who was cl. * Ulpinoa (Contra Costa), 1845, Jose do la Rosa; Juan M. Luco cl. Uvas (Sta Clara), 3 1., 1842, Lorenzo Piiicila; Bern. Murphy cl. Vaqueros, sec Canada. Visitacion, see Canada. * Willy (Butte ?) 4 1., 1844, M. C. Nye, who was cl. Yerba Buena Isl., sco Farallones. * Yokaya (Mendocino), 8 1., 1845, Cayetano Juarez, who was cl. Yolo Cj., SCO Laguna, Quesesosi, and Rio; also grant not n^mcd of 5 1., to Tlionuia Shadden, 1844, claim discontinued by id. Yuba Co., see Honcut, Johnsmi's, and N. Helvetia; also unnamed grant of G 1. to * Jolin Smith; John Rose ct al. cl. * Yulupa (Sonoma), 3 1., 1844, Miguel Alvarado; M. G. Vallcjo cl. MISSION DOLOUES. 07."5 rccepton'a, or revenue departiueut, the building of a custom-house was ordered, to cost not over -^800; and it was completed in September of the next year mainly by tli(i> lab(jr of Indians from abroad, witli materials obtained in part from the j)residio and mis- sion ruins, and by the aid of loans i'rom enteipiisinLj citizens, at a cost exceeding the original estimate Ity only $2,000. This structure stood facing the plaza IVom the west, on what was later Washington Street. A long controversy between the revenue ollicers, Benito Diaz succeeded by Ilafael Pinto, and tlio masters of whalers and other craft, who, with the support of Richardson, captain of the port, insisted on anchoring at Sauzalito ostensibly on account of its superior advantages for obtaining wood and water, but in truth largely for the facilities it offered for contraband trade, was the only other noteworthy item of current annals. I have appciuded a list, al[)ha- betical yet with sub-hsts for the different sections, of all the private ranches in Northern Califoi-nia granted during the half decade. They were about IGO in number, and it will be noted that half of them were granted in 1844, and that nearly one third were fmally not confirmed by the courts of the United States. A few items have been given incidentally respect- ing Dolores as part of the pueblo of San Francisco; as an ex-mission it calls for but slifjlit mention. I fmd no trace of any resident minister, though the })adres Real occasionally officiated and Padre Maro seems to have spent several months here in 184.'). No later administrator than Tiburcio Vasquez in 1841 is named, but he probably acted in that capacity for several years longer. There were then in the community 78 Indians, about 50 of whotn I suppose were still living on the peninsula in 1845; but there was probably no remnant of property besides build- ings, though there was a debt which prevented the governor in 1844 from acceding to the petition of 3i«a '■!'■ efl C7G LOCAL ANNALS OF THE NORTH. citizens tliat an end 1)0 inaflo of tlie ex-mission. Tn 18-15, however, after warnini^ to the scattered ex- neophytes to reoccu])y the property that was theoret- ically theirs, an order for its sale was issued, :is at other establishnieuts." Padre Lorenzo Qiiijas attended to the * spiritual ' interests of San Rafael and of all the northern fi-oii- tier until 1843, after which there was no resident curate north of the bay. Simpson and Peirce and ollicers of the U. S. explorini; expedition visited the eslal»lishment in 1841-2, the latter with a view of purchasing the Novate rancho offered for $1,500, and the former on his way to Sonoiiia; but these visitors have more to say of Quijas' drunken pranks than of anything else, merely noting that tlie mission was in ruins, and that Timothy ]\Iurphy was administratitv; indeed, there was nothing more to be noted. MolVas reports a population of 20 Indians; but the connnu- nity was entirely broken up before 1845, though 1 su|)pose there must have been about 200 ex-n(.M3phytes still living in the region and nominally christians. After the formality of warning the Indians to \v- occupy the mission, its sale at auction was ordertil in Octolier; and the valuation of the estate, accord- ing to the original inventory in my possession, was $17,000 in buildings, lands, and live-stock.^* Moan- '■' Inventory and census of Fob. 1841; 21G cattle, G98 horses, GOO sliecp. )*>/. Pap. Misi., MS., X. 1(J-17. Simpson'.s visit anil description in 1842; (inly the clr.U'cli intolerable preservatiou. Shnii.ioii\i -Xarr., i. ;{3)-G. The naiiuH of 1 J residents were signed to a petition in ISt-l as mentioned in note 12. 'I'lio 1 )t-i granted in 1S42-4, were to Wni Hinckley, Charles Brown, Francisco do llaro, Domingo Fiilix, and Francisco Guerrero. Order of sale 184."). Tiiid Vol., ]). utD-u'J. ^* Pi'irce'n Jour., MS., 81 ct sen.; Simp>,on'a Narr., i. 30.5; IR/fe.s' Xarr. U. S. Exj,. E.rp., V. 21'2; d/o/'ray, Explor., i. .320. Aug. 24, 1844. Wm A. llicliardson asks the assembly forajuczatS. Rafael. Lcj. Jicc, MS., iv. I'l. Nov. 8th, gov. announces the separation from Sonoma, and tho creation of tlio S. Raf. jurisdiction extending to the IVtaluma Creek and Russian River, or S. Ignacio. Murphy appointed on the Sth, and, on his decliuing, Osio on tin: 11th. Drpt. lice. MS., xiii. 93-0; Dcpt. St.. Pip., Urn., P. <0 ./., ii. 24. Nov. 12th, gov. tells Osio to take .JO head of cattle, wliich ho had furnished to tlie :ovt, from iho S. Raf. stock. Dept. Jkc, MS., xiii. 100. April 184.'), Tiui. ilurphy elected, after temporary appoiutiueu. by gov., jucz do i>az, with f SAN RAFAEL AND SONOMA. 0/ / while in 1844 San Eiifael liad been separated from tlie civil jurisdiction of Sonoma, and xVntonio ^[. Osio was made juez do paz, soon to bo succeeded by Timothy jNEurphy, who at first declined the otHcc. The |)rivate i-anchos of jNIarin county have been al- ready named in this chapter. San Francisco Sf)lano no longer had an existence as an ex-mission community, and there is nothing to be said of it during this period, except that J/*a(lre Quijas served as occasional curate, perhaps residing here for a time in 1843, and that t'.iere exists an im- j)erfect list of buildings, utensils, and church propei'ty, a[)parently made in connection with the or-der of sale in 1845, thouu'h in the ihial order of October this establishment was not named. ^^ There were })robably over 200 Indians residing at Sonoma or in the near vicinity. Tlie population of gonte de razon in the jurisdiction of Sonoma, all north of the bav, but not includin'J!: foreigners in the Sacramento Valley or the newly ar- rived and roving inunigrants of the Sonoma and Napa •all evs. Ul})} )ose to have numbered about 800 in 184o, though the only delinife basis of estimate is tho mi lit, u y force. Tl le pr isidial company m 184 1- -"3, and [)robably down to the time of its disbandmeut by Valkjo in 1844, had between 40 and 50 men under the conunand of Lieut Jose Antonio Pico; and there were besides nearly 60 men fit for militia duty, to say Ignacio Piichecoassup'.c'iite. Dept. St. Pap., Bin., /'. it./., MS., ii. •J,'U4. In- ventory of -^^ig- -^tli; buili!in!4S ij^i.-t;!."); i'unutiirc and utensils >}M; '_' f,MriliMis ■vvidi "JJ iVnit ti'eos ami 'JIO vinus .s_',(ji!'j; land, about IG leagues, §•<,();).); liv,'- stock, chiolly at N'icasio, "JliO oattlo, o'Xi horses, ,'U0 sheep, ;?;!.0.')1; list of chui<'h utensils, etc.. no value given; total $17, -.lO. .Signed by l'io(j Manso, and Mnr[iliy. Pi. May. 7 guns and 5 artillcrynii a. This vol., p. 1!)8. Jan. 1st. Gcii. Vallcjo to minister of war, has suppoi ted the gan is(jn at an expense of about §1,000 per month, besides monntiiiL; 7 guns. Desires the Soscol rancho for the si>j;poit of tiio company, or else di.- sires it for himself on acct of the .S4, 000 due him for salary in |.S24-;{7, and nf $';),000 which the barr.acks cost him. Vallcjo, Doc, MS., x. 10. .Jan. Illii. V. claims that the civil jurisdiction belongs to the mil. comandante. LI., ',]'.\. Alcidde of S. F. reports that V. oljjects to land being surveyed liy civil autli. of S. F. Dc]!!. St. I'ap., MS., xvii. 07-70. July. Threatened trouble wiili the Sotoyomi Tnd. I'allrjo, Do^'., MS., x. 2,10. Visits of Mofras and "f AVilkes' ollicers. This vol., p. 24.">, 24I)-r)l. Wilkes writes: 'Zonoiiia is to he the capital of this country provided the general has power and lives 1 ni:; enough to Imild it up.' 1842. Visit of Sir Geo. Simpson in Jan. /(/. ,2IS. Simpson in his Xarr., i. 308 et seq., devotes nearly 20 pages to an intcrc'^t- iiig account of Sonoma and its people and their manners and customs. Vi-it of I'om. .fones in Dec. This vol. , p. ,314. 1843. Visit of Dr .Sandels in l'\:l). or March. /*/., 340; Kiinj'.i Or/>/inii, (j-8. Like Sim])son, he gives no doliiiitu information, tliough botli narratives would be interesting did space permit tlieir reproduction. Juno 18th. A meeting lichl to devise means for the s.ip- port of the garrison, Vallejo presiding and Frndon, sec, also to ijuilil a town Iiall, jail, and cemetery. 31 persons subscribed !?•'!, 003. besides lo.") fan. grain, 2i) cattle, 1,100 ft boards, 12,700 adobes, and the work of 22 laboiers. i'ltllpjo, JJoc, Ms., xi. 412. Vallejo to gov. recommending the organization of a civil govt at Sonoma, and suggesting Victor Frndon for sub-prefect. /■/., 3(iS. In the same vol. there are many items of routine; correspondence for this year on nniniiiortant matters. Aug. l.")th. Vallejo to mil. com., inclo-i- ill;; a pliu of the town (not extant) which he lias followed, and which sliouM s'iil be followed in all improvements. He .says that his comini.ssion as direc- tor of colonization has now expired. Doc llisf. Ceil., MS., i. 4.30. Oath t i the new Mex. constitution in Dee. This vol., p. 3.')0. Ind. campaign at Clear Luke, /c/., 3o2-3. Vallejo vs P. Mereado on payment of tithes. 7(^,373. Two alcaldes to lie chosen. IiL, 3.")!). 1844. Jacob F. Leese, 1st alcaMe, (Jayc- taiio Juarez 2d alcalde. Dept. St. Pap., MS., xi. 11; xvii. 78, and many otiier references. Militia company ori,'aiiized under Capt. Salv. Vallcjo. This vol., p. 407. List of .")!) citizens liable to do duty in the militia, 12 being f.ireiL'ii- CIS and Iiiilians. Vallejo, Doc, MS., xii. o'). Vallejo disbands the cavalry coiuiiany to avoid aiding Micheltorena. This vol., p. 404-,'). Quarrels be- tween Salv. Vallejo and Dr Bale, also Alcalde Lcese and Victor Frudou. This vol., p. 444-."). Threats of attack by Sutter. Id., 482. 1845. Lcts-o and .) uarez seen to have acted as alcaldes, or at least there were no othei s, until June, when Jos6 de la Uosa and Marcos Vaca were elected. Deft. St. ROSS AND SEW IIELVI':TIA. 679 ty was recognized down to the end of 1843, from Nvhic'h time municipal atl'uir.s were directed by two al- caldes, Jacob V. Leese and Jo.sd de la Kosa hol(lin«^ successively the first alcaldia. There is nothin!^ in the meaorr record of military, nmnicipal, or other local ati'airs that demaihls more extended notice than is given in the appended index and summary. At lloss and New Helvetia even moro fully than at So- noma, local occurrences have been noted in otlK-r j)arts of this volume in connection with the '.], 310; JJi'limli's Jour., and Id., Cal., MS. Stephen Smith established himself at Jiodega in 1S4II, buililiug a saw-mill (see his life iu I'ioneor Reg. and Index), and obtained a grant of the rancho in 1844. Adopting a friendly policy, he seems to have had little or no trouble with the Ind. Torres, J\ripi:cia.<, MS., S9-90. Smith seems to have made an effort to introduce the name of New Baltimore for his Bodega settlement. Larkiii''.i jS'o.'c^, MS., 109. Early iu lS4o Benitz rented Ross or tiio Muniz place, from Sutter, ami with Ernest Rufus as partner engaged in raising potatoes for the S. F. market. In Aug. he comp'aine-7, ,387-9; also for descriptive matter on the region, Bhlwrll'n Jour., Yatea' Sac. I'al., IS/fJ, MS., and K'uk/s Orphan. 184.'}. Arrival of the Chiles- Walker immigrant party. This vol., p. ;>94. Hastings' party from Oregon. Id., 391. 1844. Arrival of Frdmont and of the Stevens party. LL, 438-9,. 1 ' 080 LOCAL ANNALS OF TIIK NORTH. Private rMiiclios in tlx- SacrjiiMciito A'alloy an 1 in •.<^ tho iioitlicni tVoiitici' Iiavo !)ceii naiiuMl in this <'Ii;i|tt(r aliilial)i>ti('allv, and also classified rimnlilv acdi'diii'.' to the eoiiiity lilies of latei' years; soiiietliinj^ of tin ir oc'eil|iation l»y loreiyii settlel's has h(;eii ^d\eli in ron- neclinn with thu suhjeet of ininiii^nvition; anvi nioit! will 1)0 found in the })ersonal items of my IMonecr Kegistor. A connected viow of the pi'Ofrross of settle- ment, especially of those ninchos which hecanie the sites of towns in later times, would he desirahle, hiit. the mass of details re!juir(>d to t^ivo such a skLc.li completi'Uess and interest can best bo presented once for all in the next volume. At San Jose mission Padre Jos4 ]\[aria (h)\r/.\]-z remained in churj^e during 1841 and pait of ISIJ. In 1S42-J J*adre AEiguel Muro was minister, 'leaving California probahly in the last year; while Padic Quijas also otiiciated in 184;j-4, and Padre (jliitiei- rez in 1845, both of whom seem to have left the countrv about this time, as nothin<>" more about them appeals in any records that 1 have seen."^ Jo-J 447. Oiguiii^ation of a militia company with Sutter as ca])tain, Siiicl lir iin.l lliifiis lii'iitoiiinits. /(/., 41)7, 470. Sutter's cllorts in liclialt ut' Miclicltorriiii, anil iii'rc'st of Wobur. /(/., 47'J-S."). 1S4.J. Gri'at Hoods in tliu winter ol' 1n4")- (!. ]!>l(/c,>'.-i l/i-l. St., MS., k)0-], and many otiu'r retcrcnui's. From S,]!;. i daily record of events at tlic fort, arrival.s aivl depaitures of cmployis and travellers, ete., is ^ivtu in tliu X. Jlrlretid J^ltiri/, .MS. liiihvell'.s narinw escape from discovering g')!d. IJidircll's I'al., IS.'/l-S, M.S., '2J1-."). Uetiirn . Arrival of tl.o Swascy-Todd, Suhlctte, (irigslpy-Mc, Fremont, and Hastings partie..( of imnJgranta and explorers. /(/., o"-^i>. '** Miguel Munj was a Fraiicii^can of the Zacatecas college, who hail h.en a missiiiuary in Texas, .^iihsei|;.'cn j' .serving as master C)f novices at the cnl- lege in I ■i;i4-7, and coming to (.'.vl. apparently in 1S42 from which time his name ap;/ears on the recivls -t S. Jo.sC- niission until May ISI.5, and at •>. Franeisc.) in June-Oct. ot t'lc same year, lletiring to his college he lii^' 1 nl cholcr.i about 1S.")(). Davis, r#7i;«;wc'«, M.S., 1714, says he knew V. Mum well, that ho was a man of most exemplary life, and that he ma<,le known ti I), in 1S4.'( or 1S44 the I'xistencc of gold in the Sac. Valley, as learned iV.nji neoiihytes who luul come from that region. This was conlirmed by I'. Mrr- cardo of .Sta Clara. The padres made D. promise secrecy, and he never toM it until now! I have several letters of l*. Muro on routine matter.'^; hut .!! I know of his life before coming to Caj. and after his departure is derm 1 from a letter of Padre Homo of Sta Barbara who knew him at the colle.:u Jose du Jesus Maria Gutierrez was one of the Zucatccan friars who cutue SAN .TOSr: MISSION". G91 ^Tiufa Anndor as admiiiistriitor was succeeded in April I8-U,l)y Joso Antonio lOstrada, who in turn oHbred his ri'si'j;nat,ion in ()('tol)er. IV'iliaps it was n(»t anL'optod, at any ratc3 I Jind no ni(!ntit>n of any successor until in Ajji'il 1H4;5, the nianaj^onicnt was rcstoroil to the padivs, who I'etalncd it thii>UL;hout tlie half duoadu.'" lles[)uctin,i;^ tho padros' success in witli Garcra Diego in 18^3. He scrvcil as a miffsioiinvv at S. Francisco Soluno ill ls;i,'{ -4, iit S. Francisco in l.s:U-!), at S. Antonio in I.S-tO-4, and at S. Joso in All ,'uat IS4,">, wiiicli is tin; last iccoid I linij of him. .lose Loi-cn/.o l^liiiJMM was an Indian and proiialiiy a native of Kciiador, who was a nuilotccr and trader iicforo iiccoining a friar and joiiiin;^ tlio ZacUii cas colle;,'o. Ho came witii (laiciii Dic^'o in ls.;;i, and served at S. Francisco in li>;.;t-4, at Sohiuo and S. llafacl in ls:i4 -t.'l, and at S. ,l(i.-.i^ in 1st;!— I, lie \\a3 a largo, llnudookiiig man, of nioro tiiaii oKJiiiiuy natural aiiilitics and education; kiml-lioartoil and poiuiUir when sulier; Imt from about ls;j(i he gave himself up to strong drink. Ho made n.i eiieinies ami all speak well of his natural (jiialitius, Init all testily to his di un.^enness, and fiiiidii(!ss for (lancing and deiiaiiuherj'. I'eiive, .Sitni)Son, I'll -Ips, and other foreign visitors were witnesses of his drunken p'auks, as well as many L'ali- fnrnians. Unforti uatcly (Juijaa and two or tlii'eo other Mack sliecii of tlio Zaeatecan (lock were so situated as to come much in contact, with foreigiiei-s, iind this fact did much to discredit all the friar) in tlio opinion of tlic i;iinii- grants. Dr Sandels found him in ISt.'l a reformed man at S. .los^'-, and tho same year came his appointment as vice-president; hut we have no means of knowing how long his reformation lasted, as he disappears from the rei'orda in April 1S44, notliing heing known of thi! circumstances of his deiiartiirc, 'Jharlcs Urown elaimeil to have met him iu Mexico in 1S.")7> when he was curate at Omctepee. ''■•S. ,Jos6 Mission. 1841. Jan, litth, crops of the past year $SSS, wino and hraiidy SlioD. St, Pap. Miis., vii. ;>',i. .Jan. ."list, receipts and exiiend. shice (Jet. lS4i), balance against the estate .§100. />/., 40. April Isth, cilato turned over by Amador to Estrada by inventory. ///. , ;!0. Amador, M. A|)iil 4lh, .M;inuil, an Ind., complains of having received (J!) blows for nothing. S. Jos'-, Arch., MS., iv. S. April liiLii, swearing allegianco to the patroness cif the diocese. / ntcx, M.j., '2J.")-(). March "Jlttli, gov. oideis res.Dia; ion of the teinporalil ies tothepadp', This vol., p. 30!). In 1. not em.aucipated and living at the piieMo must present tiiem.selvea at once to the person in charge of ilu; missici;i. Id., .■{71. June, troubio bctW(;eu 1'. Muro and the V'allejos ab )ut the .Suisnnes belonging to the mission, who were apparently pcnniltcd .it I.ist to return to their native region. Mont. Arch., MS., .\i. S; N. Jo-n'. Arrk., loose pap., MS., 4."). Visit of Dr Saiulcls. Kiii'/s Orph ut, '11. IS 11. i'lie padres in charge; etl'orts to get back tho live-stock duo tlie mission from privat? citi/ons; tronb'o with Vallejo. Tliis vol., p. 4'_''J-3. Tho dues were from M. (1. V'alhjo 3,000 sliecp, Antonio Buclna since 1840, l.")0 heifers, M.iriano Castro since IS40 110 heifers, Jiian Alvires '200, Rafael listrada 100, (luillcrmo Castro 200 sheep, Santiago Estrada 100 heifers and 10 bull calves. Arce, Doc, MS., i. 30. Nov. nth, P. Muro to S. Jos6 alcalde, wants tho missiou handculTa ''H M QS-2 LOCAL .VXNALS OF THE NORTH. restoring prosperity wc have no (lofiiiite information; there were no events wortiiy of special notice; ami even the final inventory made in J 845 with a view- to rentinij: the establishment is not extant. Mofras jH'ives the ex-neo[)hyte })opulation as 400 in 1842, and thn^e years later there may have been 250 still livin;-- at or near the mission. At Santa Clara the ministry of Padre !Mcrcado continued till 1844, when he was succeeded by Pudi<' Jose Maria Real, and left the country at the end , and always ready to (juarrel with any one who would not accept liis views, b'.specially did lie deem it his mission to (juarrel with the secular au- thorities, and on the few occasions when tliere was luj real cause of complaint ho had no scruples about inventing pretexts. He was engaged with Ant'ol Ramirez in political plottings against Alvarado's government; and though often appearing as deleuder of tho Indians' rights, lie did nuich more h.uni than good by bis injudicious acts. Ho is repicseutetl as a liard drinker, a gand)ler, and a libertine — the father of many halfdjreed children at each of t!ie missions where he served; and all that can be said in mitigation of tliH bid reputation is that much of the testimony, though not all, comes fi i men who were not friendly to the padre, being directly or ind'i-ectly parties to some of his many controveisies. Tho circumstances of his departure aro not very clear, but it would seem that ho went away at tho end of 1844 in consefpience cf new troubles witii the revolutionists, possibly not sailing until (lie downfall of Micheltorcna was known. Feb, '21, 181 1, Alcalde A. M. Pico reports to gov. continued chaiges against the padre of illicit use of mis- sion pro])erty, insubordination, and calumny; he cites Mercadotoappcar an I answer, liut M. refuses to recognize and will repl,' to the gov. JJe/it. St. Po/'., V. .'Si, 84. Jesus I'ico, Acoiif., MS., 'j~-H, says that ho went with 8 men t) Sta (^lara, arrested the padre, and put him on a vessel at S. F., which cariii' 1 liini to Mont. Thence he went on to Mex., after writing abusive letters to Alvarado and Castro Dec. 11, 1814. What appears to be a blotter co|iy et nn order from .Fos^ Castro at S. Jos>, that 1'. Mercado, for seditious conthut, must (piit the northern district in 4 liours. Va'frjo, Dor., MS., xii. 1 17. '-' Sta Clara mission. 1841. Ignacio Alviso administrator. Feb., visit cf Douglas, to whom by order of the gov. 1.100 sheep and oO cattle wiiu delivered for tho H. 15. Go. This vol., p. 104, 21-'-14. Wilkes' visit and v.- tcrvicu- wiili V. Mercado. Id., '2-i'>; i'. S. Explor. Ex., v. 218 ct seq. Ju!v, I J nars "ho but of \m Kafuul ill 1 is:}0-41. have tu'L'U 111 L'iluc;i- Intrary in fcept ills cular all- [CuinliUiint ,itli AuL'i-'l il tliouu'ii lorc Imi in Ivinkcr, a t each ut Jll of tllH mc3 fr"iii y partii-vi rturo ari," f 1844 in ling until Ic A. M. 3 of mi-^- pear aiil St. Pop-' 8 ini'ii I'J h carrii'l cttcM to r cojiy ''t coniUii t. 117. 'eb., visi: tic WtlJ and v.- \. July, SANTA CLAPwA AND SAN JOSC. CS3 investigation for final renting, there were 130 ex- nc()[)liytes left in the connnunity; the live-stock had dwindled to 430 cattle, 215 horses, and 801) sheep; and the total valuation of the estate, exclusive of church property, was less than $1G,000. The pueblo of San Jose with the ranches of its jurisdiction, except those of the contra costa, prob- ably had a population of 900 gente de razon at the end of the half-decade. Events as noted elsewhere and indexed in my note'" have no importance requiring cnitroversy between Alviso and the padre about amounta d\ie the latter. Half of tlio weekly slaughter was assigned to the padre, but for want of cat- tiv' there was ofien no weekly slaughter, and there were many debts. I'roiluce 11 hand was a-ijjigned fur building purposes. 71'J cattle branded before .luly J.ith; 100 killed for Mercado's benelit in Aug. Sf. Pa/>,, J/m., M.S., ix. 41-0; J)(pt. St. Pap., i^S., v. (Jl. Aug. IGl.h, g.>v. .sells Alviso a house for .30 hiifers. Alvlm, Do'\, .MS., '2. Aug. IDtli, Alviso complains that the padro n fuses to say ])raycrs early enough for the llshermen, who therefore have lo L ) without praye's. St. I'op., J/;.-:.'.'., M.S., ix. 9G 7. I'i.xiienditures for the year ■ i.'il)-'. /'/., vii. 'J.")-"JS. 1S4"J. AUiso administrator and juez de paz, though .\iitonio Buelna seems to have been juez in .Jan. Simpson, X(ut., i. IV.n, writes of .Sta Clara, whieli he did not visit, as one of the best preserveil niis- f i ms, under the care of an excellent padro, Gonzales (?); and he speaks of tlie -M.uncila as a treediiied bridge of earth across a nioiass of T) mites between tlir mission and pueldo, constructed l>y tlie pailres. Mofras, Exptor., i. ^20, gi\es the pop. as HOO. Ilall, Hi-it. S. .foxi', ■t2(j-7, says the mission had 1,.')00 L .tile, "JJO horses and mules, and 3,0JJ sheep, gDats, and hogs. 1843. Alviio administrator, but-Josii Pcna acted in his illness. S. Jo't' Arch., MS., il. •_".'!; loose p.'.p. "). Narciso A. I'ciia juez do paz. Marcii 'JOtli, temporal i:i:,:Kigeiiicnt restored to the padres. This vol., p. .'](!!). July 17tli, 1'. Mer- r ; 1) writes a sharp letter to the alcalde of S. Jose on the drinking liabits of lii i Ind., encouraged by the grog-shops in town, ami by the example of gente <\ razou. .S'. Jo.-'C Arch., MS., ii. 10. Nov. 8t]i, mission grazing kinds, l.it by i \ leagues. Dcpf. St. Pap., B>-n. P. .(; J.. MS., iii. 10. 1844. Padro Jos ■ M. I! .d minister from Aug. The p.idrcs iu charge; cll'ort.s to collect loaned live- .-- .ick. Tins vol., (). 42_'-3. Wii (fulnac, or Jose Noriega for (r., owed 'J;)0 I .us, .luaii Prido Mesa 50, I'aM j Pirr.i -'0. Arre, Doc., MS. .o. On Mei- I ido's linal troubles .see pncedii g note. Bisiiop's pastoral visit. This vol., p. 4J7. llebel forces at Sta < lira /(/. , 403. ISto. Ivisehio (ialindo j.iez de I lupo. .'\ug. lOth, origiuil iu\entory signed by L*. Heal and the eomisio- iM In Andri's Pic ) and Juan .Manso. Credits, I I persons, $."i.'i.i; b!ii!din;s, 1 ;iniLur<', machiucry, v;tc., .§0,1 '0; vineyard, 117x73 v., 4:10 vines, iJJ fruit- 1 ■ vs, and a small house, .S-'.OO;); liuerta 'JO^Jxi,')!) v., 1,'J03 trees, "i.'j'J vines, :■ .lall house, in bad condition, .St, ()();); I'ai'ming inipleiiicnts, .SSS; live-stock, ■1 :> catlle, 'ib't horses, 800 sheep, 33, .'177; total, Sid, 17.3; delit, 7 persons, y:\[). The lands are held by the Ind. under title of .Iiine 10, 184:> ('.'). l'o;i. I ■). Pico, Pap. Mi-i., MS., 1'27-3S, Oct. 10th, four neophytes ask to be t ■'• ' ■ id the pref:jct grants their |)etition if they are under no personal ol;- 1;,':. : .. J)oc. Ili^t. CM., MS., ii. 103. Dec. 4th, an Iml. who was freed in 1 v'.l), but lost his papers and was forced to return to mission servlrc, asks f I- freedom and that of his '1 nephews; granted. /'/., 227 Sla Clara reconi- nu'iided for capital. This vol., p. 51!/. Order for renting. Id., iViO— ">v!. ^'Pueblo of San Joail. I'opulation in Aug, IS41. S. Jo»c, Padroii '.U IS^l, I- i- ■ >l«il 084 LOCAL ANXALS OF THE NORTH. more tliau tlio briefest montiou; except tliat San Jdsu was the head(|uarters of the rovohUioiiists in the l;i- mous caiii[>aigii of Santa Teresa, and that the Indian MS., 030, or 214 men (includinj; 13 forei'^ncrs), 248 women, and 4/3 chililron. This seems to inehulo no hul., but docs include the residents of eontia costa, Simpson s;iy.s there were 70;) inhabitants in tiio town. A'nrr., i. 29.'i. lii-Mou, Jliiit. St., M.S.. I(i, aay.s 300 to 4'M people. Mofraa puts the pop. at ."jiHJ white.s and a few Imndred Ind. Ex/'loi:, i. 414. Hall, Ilist. S. Jose, 13.")- 40, names about oO foieiLrncrs who eanic to the valley before 1845. There arc no original siatislies in IS42-."). .Summary and inde.x of events. 1841. Expeditions ayainst Lid. lunsc. thieves. This vol., p. 107. Antonio 8uiiol loaned .Sl.")7 for one of theai aii(l had some dilliculty in reeoverinji; the money. S.Josr Arch., MS., iii. 45. Tlii; Sin Clan E'ho in 1S78 had an item copied in .several other pajiera aliout the hit fr.imo building in to\tn, or perluips in Cal., l)uilt by Thomas Booiio (liowtn) and I'odro Fei'nandez for Manuel Frank in 1841, still standiii:,' on Alvi:=o St in 187S. Forbes a, 'ent of II. K. Co. This vol., ]i. 217. Arriv;;) ai 1 arrest of the Dartleson immiLirant party. /(/., 274. ^Lirder of Ap.lini.y Campbell. /'/., 2S0. 1842. Indian troubles. /;ila of S. F. St. Pap., Sac, M^, x. 01. Li Feb. -March Dolores Paehec > actcl as snli-prcfect in SuTjol's absence. S. Jo^d, Arch., MS., ii. 37, 42; EnlitdiUo, I)o\. .\IS., ii. 37; S'a ('nc, Anh., M.S., 07. Tiiero are dozens of roiuiiio d)c. I'oi- lUl-3, showing tliat Suu .1 held the position, but notliiug in tlio ro'.i.ine of business that reipiires notice. Jan. 17, 1841, Sunol turns ov. r iiij ollL'- to the alcalde. J)rpi. St. Pap., S. Jo^i\ MS., v. 70. .Municipalairairsanl olUc.rs. ISH. Dolores I'aeheco and Toin.ls I'aclicco jueccs lie paz till Oct. Antonio IJuelna and Isiiloro (Jnillen from Oct.; .«ce. Jose (J.nvi:i from .Vov. at!?-); jieciM de camp) from Xov. I'edio Cli.ili ilia, Joai[uiu lliguera, Jesus licrnal; jue.', of contra costa [gnacio Peraltatill Oot., (lui.K'ruKi Castro from Oct. May 3d, gov. orders prefect to fine the alcaMe ^i) f jr f.iilurc in duty. Hcpt. lice, MS., xii. 9. Aug. 20th, prefect li.Kes tlio dividing line between S. ,1. an 1 S. F. at S. '''••aiicis(piito creek. S. J. Arh., Mi., I )o,sc pap. 40. Dec. O.li, jiicz basecciies the sub-prefeci. to ii.te:o lo with the Ljovt for iand.s, especially for tlio titlle^ to boused on the nnlini-liid pueblo eliureh. Id., 4,1. 1812. Juecea de paz .Vntouio Buelna and Isi.i im Ouiilen, the former dying in Nov. ; see. JosciA^nt. ({ajiola; clerk Jos(S(.Tar>.Kij Ill Jns'J tlio t';i- IikIuiu 3 chiMivn. ntni co>,ia. :j. IVl.!.",, up. at ."lilt i.sr, i;;.') Ill, here aru ui.i Iiid. lidrsc- tli'jni ainl ii. 4,'). 'I'llC! 3 about till.' )ina3 Uooiio jtaiulin:^ nu Arriv;:! :i; 1 A A-.'.liH-.., in. in", oaiv- A. K.i'. !■'. i tc-.ti!ii'.! y; ority in i'lo irc of ilocu- Visit of the Itoroua; ami vaitiii;^ li .I'l'. jicailiuartiTJ for a imi't- ir. 7ih. ap- tli, pn'!'''t •1\. An-. iry at r<\ a UCCCS. /'/., St-pt. -Jlst, lino as tho.-e sivo hasticl S. Fiancis- 10 penin>aliv ,clu'c ) aotr^l if IMUli'.l') hing in tlio rns ovi r his :ni\s I'acli'Ol n Oct.; M". PUEBLO DE SAX JOSE. CSo ■m horse-tliicvcs were constantly troublesome. This town continued to be regarded as cabecera of the partido, and Antonio Suiiol, appointed sub-prefect in jnoz do policia Mariano Castro; jucz do contra cost.i, Gnillcrino Costro. Jan., tlie juez and snlj-prefcct jointly may grant permission to lionorable luid laborious citizens to cultivate lands in the suljurb.s, and any soi-dis;iut owner is to bo told tliat by neglect ho lo.ses title; but it must bo urderstood tli.at the new occupants get no title, simply the right of use, for tlio Ian Is belong to the town. S. J. Arch., MS., iii. 47. Approval of a clerk at §15 for the i izgadoby the sub-prefect. I)ej)f. Sf. /Vf/»., iV. /. , M.S., vii. 4. 1841}. Jiieecs lie paz Salvio Pachoco and Antonio M. Pico, appointed by ]in feet in \hv.. \\\2, and in oliieo apparently Jan. '2d. .S'. Jos<^, Arrh., MS., ii. 31; JJ;V. Sf. I'np., Mont., M;^., vi. ;■)]; -/>/-/. lU'c, MS., .xiii. 47, but on Aug. '-".Itli he is ordered til take cliar^'o, as there is no juez proprietario. .S'. ,/. Arch., MS., ii. 9. I'lco apparently did not act as juez suplente, and from ■lune Isidoro (iiiilleii ap- ]i'ars as holliiig the place, and sometimes acting as 1st juez, sindico ].,uis (jaboUa; sec. (iaxiola, and after Jan. Tomas I'achcco; d([K)sit:irio Dolores r.icheco; jueces do iKirrio or dc ]iolicia, l.orenzo I'aclieco, Antonio ChaJinUa, .I'lsc .M. Flores; jueces do campo Joso Ant. Alviso (or Sujnilvcdai, Lcaiidro I'iores; juez from S. Francis((uito to Sieira Moreiia Xarci.so Ant. I'eui; juez lie contra costa, at S. Leandro, .Joaquin l']stU(lillo; and jueces do cain|)o ap- ji .intcd liy him — Fi-aneisco Moraga, Victor (.'astvo, Miguel Mesa, liriino Va- liiicia, l)i.'sid(M'io P.rioncs, (iabricl Castro, Valentin Amador; Siiidico N'i^'ente .MiU'tinez. Jan. (Sth, tiie juez explains the duties of the various Fubordinato ( 'iieials. .S. Jii«\ Arch., MS., vi. 1. April IStli, juez to gov. explains tho ililiiculties in his Avay and S. .lose; that tho scattering of population in tho r.uichos, s line without property interests, others with land or waterillegally obtained, exposed to Iiiil. etc. prevents all progress; that tho foreign traders an 1 hunt- ers do not eomiily with the laws; that the freed Ind. should be compelleil to s.'ttio so!ir.'where anlicated and oppressive; tliat i'lereis mueli conllietaliout the civil and military authority, especially in deal- ing wMi Ind.; that tho Vxiundaries of S. Josi5 district are not properly fixed; t v.. Ine mail service is badly arranged, etc. l)<])t. Sf. I'np., Ben., I', if-./., >H , i. 8-11. May .Sd, Juez l^iclieeo ordered to Monterey on accinuit of s '(;icniaL'fea.saneo. Sf. ,y. vl/v/f., .MS., ii. 7. Pceecipts for lst(piarter.S>;,"i. //., lo . nap. ■»/. Oriier for election of "2 alcaldes. This vol., p. J.")!), J. F. llu- lia.i, '. tor. /(/., .'iol. ISit. Alcalde's Antonio .Mari'a I'i'.'o and Felix IJael- i; i; siiidico .Tos(5 Fernai'ic;;; jueces oc. Jli^f. Citl., -Mx,i. 4!t'J. 1S4."). Jueces do paz A. M. Pico and Feli.x Bueli Tl ais to have been an election of alcaldes — Dolores Paeheco and Doiniii'O d. Alviso -in Dec. 1S44^, liut tli(>y did not serve, the prefectui'o being re? J>'j)t. S'. Pap., MS., .xvii. 'A. In May 1S4.") there was an order for an eli;e- ' 11 of jueces. Dept. I'n'., MS., xiv. ',]'>; juez do contra costa (iuillernio ■.a'*t;u Au^^ust, trouble about tho election for tho purtido. The electors ob- ■:, 'fr *.;: iii I,; I'll ': II C86 LOCAL ANXALS OF THE XOETH. 1811, sci'ved in that capacity until the profocturc was suppressed at the beginning of 1844. On its restora- tion the next year, San Fianeisco became cabeccia, much to the disgust of the politicians of San Jo.-c. Justices of the peace were at the head of municij.al afl'airs except in 1844, when, there being no sub-j)r>- i'ect, alcaldes ruled. The succession of local cIikI's was as follows: Dolores Pacheco in 1841, Antonio Buelna and Isidoro Guillen in 1841-2, Salvio Paclu" .(j in 1843, and Antonio Maria Pico in 1844-5. Tho jcci '.J to meeting at Yci'ba Bucna, 'a place inliabitcd by Yanlroes." Tlioy WC/! I," I'ce, some of them ut least, but the iiorthciii fnuitler el .lum tailcL. J.V, unci they came back anil excuseil themselves iVoiii rciieaiin^' the trip JIIM. Cat., MS., ii. 70, 77, \o2, 134-0; S. Jos(', Ardi., .Ms^", iii. 0. IS^ -il, certificate that Gervasio Soto has paid his tine of 1,000 ft df boards for Iho jiizgado. Dor. Jlixt. CuL, MS., ii. '208. Adniiuistra ion of justice and criminal record. 1S41. In April Ant!i> ny Campbell was killed by lud. at Thos Bowen'a place. C. and John 15iino";i ueie aroused in the night by the barkin;^ of dogs, and C. going out to (juiit tliem was pierced by an arrow and fell dead. It was believed to bo the work ot Ind. horse-thieves, the only evidence before the juez being the statements of Durton and of Gulnac as surgeon. But Ambrose Tomlinson, asserting tliiic tiie murderers weio Sta Clar.-i Ind. and that the authorities neglected their tluties, wrote to the com. of the St. Louis, who referred tho matter to tljo govt. After invcstigaciou the prefect decided that T.'s charges were iiii- funnded, and made in bad faith. Jkjit. St. I'aj)., MS., xvii. 41; /(/., JJen. I'. II J., iv. L'7-8; Id., Jloiit., iv. 53-5; S. J. Arch., MS., ii. 21, 23, 27. In July 1812 Manuel Gonzalez was executed at Monterey for the murder of an l!n^- liahinan called Guillermo Camilo(Wm Campbell?). Jloiit. Arch., MS., iii. M. Moiias, E.iplor., i. 324, mentions the two murders without names, and s:i;,;i a young Mexican was imprisoned at Mont, to satisfy tho foreigners, but v .:s soon released. Nov. 14, 1841, alcalde's instructions to jueecs tie eanipo. /.\- iudi'la, JJoc, MS., ii. 20. 1842. June, slight conQiet between mil. authority as represented by Com. Jesus Vallejoand Gen. Vallejo, and the civil in Iho persons of inelect and sub-prefect, about the trial of Ind. prisoners. .S. ./- u whose immorality and other qualities fit them to be soldiers without preju- dice to their families. /(/., vi. 30. June, petition of citizens for a pcnnaiii nt foice. This vol., p. 302. 1844. Company of defensorcs ordered to be orMn- iz-ed under Capi. A. M. Pico. /(/., 407. I have found no list either of tli'U liable for military duty or of members of the company. CRIMIX.1L AND MILITARY. C87 TO was estora- booora, I Josu. iiiei|ial Lib-pi'L- clil(-i'>; Llltoll'.i" cs.' Tiiey ,«•/-., -MS., 1,000 ft.. t il Anlh. uy ilin Biiilo;i it to (lui-t )c the woik stateimiiti icrting Vii.iZ cctcil thcii- tter to tiio 3 ^vc^c \v.\- id., Uen. 1'. In July of an Kiu- IS., iii. 1''. , atul siiy.s |r3, but \N .;.i jauipo. 7.- . auiluiiiry Icivil ill tl.i' s. 5. ./■ «' ct'sonl' ri uin C;isi!o Jiiiiu I'-u )f Marian i 3. No u- tu 1841 •-'. jiaynu'iit is feet for ;;)! ct says lli'> kstro Ix'iii-^ piareii l'i> 1st of tllO-li lout iirejn- IjieniKUKiit 1 1)0 or;;.'in- Ir of tlic^.tf juez auxiliar of the contra costa was in a sense sub- ordinate to tlie municipal chief of the pueblo. The criminal record includes the murder of a foreiijjner, and a feeble attempt to utilize the occurrence in stir- ring up an international dispute. Military annals are restricted to the frequent complaints of inadequate l)rotection against roving horse-thieves, the services of San Jose patriots, native and foreign, against ]\Ii- theltorena, and the final organization of a company of deCensores de la ])atria. Private ranches have been Ucuued elsewhere in this chapter. m I i^ PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 1542-1848. CONTINUED ALFHAIIETICALLY FROM VOLUME III. Ibaficz (Florencio), J80I, Sjian. fiiar who served at S. Antonio and Sole- da I, .lying in IS. l;io- ii. ;j.S,)-(i; nient. l.VJ, 151), -JO."), SM, IVi, 421. 1. (Duna Miiriii), moiitioiiud at S. Diugo '-21 and '40. ii. o4(i; v. .'JJ'J. I, (So- bas.iun , Mcx. at Munt. '48. Ihaira (Agiistin), at Los Ang. '4G. I. (Andrds), at Los Ang. '1!). ii. X")?; tudlv iiart in luvol. of '.'}!. iii. "Jjl; jtioz do cainpo at S. Diugi) 'IW. iii. (il.j-llj; kt'iit, a draiiishop '4'. iv. (jli); gnintco of Kncinitos '4'J. iv. G-0. I. (Au- t;iiii'ii, at J.,(i.s Aug. HI, taking part in rovol. of ''61. ii. ;{.")7; iii. 201; at Sta (jurliudis liuiclio ';'.!), age .S7. 1. (Calixto), at J^os Ang. '40. I. (Desi- dciiii), bcltler at Los. Ang. '14, and legidor in "iJO-JS. ii. ;iH), oOO; sstill thiro in '-IS. 1. (Franci.sco), sirviente at iSta Clara 1770. i. .'iOO. 1. (Franciscu (lonzalcz de), ISJl), Sjian. filar who servcil at S. Fernando and .S, Lui.s Ury, d.>ing in '4_'. iJiog. iv. {i2-2-[\; nicnt. ii. 357, .'504, 4;)0, ;)(i'.l-7i>, 58i»; iii. •JO-'l, 1)0, 'M'l, ;!58, 0"_'J-4, 041, (iUi-7. 1. ((Jabriel), at Loa Coyotea rancho, Los A;)g. ''."), ago 35. I. ((jeruninio), at Los Ang. '4(i, wounded at the Chino figlit. V. :il4. Diarra ((dl), sin. iii. 0S2. 1. (.losi'' .NL), at Los Auz. "40. II ar.a (Juan Man'a), bSliJ, Me.\. lieut of the eseiiadron do Mazatlan. ii. 251; Ptatione ' at S. Dn^go '21-.'!(), taking part in liid. e.\ped. and other allairs. ii. f):i4-0, ,">4;!, ,54!), 07->; id. 88, Kill; in ':W\ inendj. of the junta to tiy 1'. .M:ii- tinez, hseal in tiio trial nf Atanasio, and dcfeiuler of Alcalde l)uarte. iii. "JH, lS)v), 11)5. In ';)2 he was a prominent sniiporler of Zanioiano, being sent .south in enumiand of tlu; northern foiecs. iii. 222-7; and in '33-0 was eoinandaiito at .Sta i). iii. 050-1; but was unwilling to submit to the new govt, and left Cal. in '30. lie is described as a lougli, eoarso man of very ihirk eoiniilexioii, but eneigeiie and brave. He had a wife in !~>iiudoa. 1. (Leonardo, Luis, and I'edr.i), at Los .\iig. '4li. I. (Rafael), at S. Juan ( 'ap. '40, age 48. 1. (l!a- nioa L. ), juez de eainpoat Los Ang. '40, '42-4. iii. Oi>7; iv, 032-3; still at Lo.s Ang. '40-8. 1. (.Severiano), at Los .\ng. '3!)-48. Ibera (Mcolas), I77'.>, cha|>lai;i of the .Vrt/(//'rt,7o. i. 32S. Idahl (( 'liristo[)her), 1847, Co. F, 3il U.S. uriiil. (v. 51.''>). Lie (Win Jji'own), 1845, nat. of .Mass. of ])ilgri!n ancestry, b. in I7'^0, who worki.'d as a carpenter in \'t and \. 11. to '33, and in '34-44 as earpt'iitn, farmer, and sometimes teacher, in Ohio and 111. In '45 he eaine overland in the Crigsby-lde party Mitii his wife (.Susan (J. Haskell, married in '20), 4sniis and a daughter, iv. 578 81, 587. ile encamped for the winter on Thoim s' rancho, and in the .spring uf '4ii moved into a cabin on Uelilen's raneho, 'I e- hamaCo., owned by ide latei'. In.lune'40 he joined the Hear party, beiiiL; apparently one of the few settlers who acted in good failh and was inducnl to lielievc the false reports that the -Anierieans were in danger. After the •■>:■ cupalion of Sonera and the departurt^ of Capt. (jlrigsby, Ide was chosen cum- liiaiidaut of the Bears, and held that position until the reorganization vi liio ( Cti6] IDE— INGERSOLL. 689 and Sole- , 427. 1. I. I. (>^-- 10. ii. ;i"'T; iii. 01-J-lii; I. (An- 2U1; at Sta I. (lK>i- ; Kllll tllfl-O (Fiaiiii><'') i. Luis lli'V, I); iii. 2tl-l, rancho, Lns t the Cliiiw ; S. Diogo ill :i pU'ti^iu (it iilK-Dll ill.' lit ■ ad to havo S. Luis Uli. itlaii. ii. -'il; ■i-allaivs. li. tiy I'. Mar- arte, iii- "J''. i^r sent south couiantlauto ,vt, auil K:it |couiiiK':>i'i"' |lo, Lui::!, ami IS. L (Ua- stillat Lns ;oUu-^), 177'.', F, ;{.! U. s. 1). ill 17^'''. lis CiU'l'^'Hli I', overlaiul ia 1 (111 Tlioui'-s' rauclio, 'li'- Iparty, l>i'>"S' was iiuUioa |\.lter tlie '"■'■ cliuseu t'oia- ilioii ot lao ) forces under Fr(?mont in July, just heforc tlie cause was merged in that ar- lauea Colorada, bought of Belden, near Red Jilull', claimed by him in '.')•_'. iv. (170; and eonlirnied to his heirs in '.1,'). In Til-'J he seems to have held pretty nearly all tlie county ollices in Colusa at the same time, the highest bi'ing lliat of county judge, and the seat of his f;ovt being at Monroe's I'aiiehn, where he died in l)cc. ''>'2. He retained t(i the end his foiuhuss for Ion.,' re- yoVi.i and for political theorizing, but with all his eccentricity he was always a, most woi'thy and honest man, and had somew Imt leniarkalile tact and exec- utive ability in several directions. The JHoi/raji/iii- SLrf^-h published in '80 by Ids brother is noticed in v. ISS-!). It is stated by several writers, iiicliKiing belden and Baldridge, that Ide was a Mormon, but I have f(«ii)d no posili\o evidence on the suljjcct. Mrs I. died a few years before her husband. Infor- mation about the children is meagre. The olde.-t son, James M., lived long in Colusa and Tehama counties, then went to Utah, where he died in '78. Will II. worked for .Sutter a while in '4.'), then went south to the Sta(.'ruz region, and is saiil to liavc been held a prisoner by Castro for a \\ Idle in '4o. I'aiiiel and Lemuel, small children in '4.'), lived wiih the family in Tehama, and 1 think one of them still survived in 'M.'i. The daughter, Sarah E. , be- lame Mrs Ilealy, and lived at Sta Cruz in 'SO, when she contributed her lecolltccions of the overland trip, with other material, for the ///o;/. likitrh. There were 4 other children, but of the !» only 2 survived in 'SO. Idirbc (Uasilio), lSo4, mr of the 6>»/>. iii. ;iN4. Igadcra (Jose), 1708, convict settler, i. (iOO. Iglesias f.Josii M.), ISJ,'), .Span, from the Aqniliy.; named in list sent to Mex. '2S, and passport ordered in '.'10. iii. ol-'J; in '',\'l jiKiied the eomp. extninjcra at Mont. iii. 221. Hire (Ceo.), 1847, Co. B, X. V.Vol. (v. 409). Iliasovich (Livovich), ls;il '^, mrof the lUiiLd', doubtful name. iii. .'181. Hlyn, ISOd, })ilot w ith Iiez:iuof from Siika. ii. 70. IHig, bcc 'Ellick.' Imman, 184S, at N.Ilelv. Iniparan (.losej, 1770, com. of the ist galleon that touched at Mont. i. .'{."SO. Imus (Clias), 18411, nat. of N. Y. who came overland from 111., being capt. of a party, and accompanied by his nephew, Cluis A. Imus. v. 520. ISoth arc s.iid to have served in the (Jal. IJat. (v. ;!.")8); and later were stock-raisers on the S. Joaquin. Their parents came to Cal. in oO. The ca)>t. died at Sta ' ruz in '5li, an~H. Iiigalls (Kufus), 1S4H, nat. of Me, lieut l.-st U.S. di-agoons, came on the //uiilrinn to act as asst Q.M.; in N.V. 'SI at a pioneer reunion. Inger.soll (Ciioster), 1847, overl. immig. from 111., who bought laud at Xapa in Dee. in '48 he is said to Imve sent instructions east Hist, Oal., Vol. IV. U 1- > t cno PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. to sfll his proj^crty, purchase ."00 Mils of dried apples, and distriliuto the bal unci: iiiiioi]'' rohitivus, ii.i he h;id made ii fortuiu,' in (_'al. lie died ■lil. laviii'' a la/nilv Iv. Jritia {C chdiliiful nauii' of ^'rantec of ((Kjiniiali 'i; nv, iiu' ((!(o.). KS4(i, (Jo. Ii, Cuh ikit. (v.,">.jS). luit.'i)(J.ope), ;,'iant. of I'osolonji and I'o/ito, Sta Clara, '44. iv. 07-. Iuij;ues (.liian). ITlKi. si r:t ilalai volunteers, i. ")40. i. 4'M. l(juina, 171)3, Nootka Ind. baptized at .Mout. j!a,orlrca (Cyius), 1S4(J, one of the Mormon colon j'. v. o4(); left the cli and \v;is liviDg iu tiie lastcrn Htati-S \s4. Ir.intc (Antonio), at Jajs Ai •41), .'■aid to have Ikmii in the I't Reyes region. Irvin (.lohn), Isio, Irwin (Edward), 1.S47, .ser;,'t Co. A. .\. Irihh, one of the exiles to S. Dlas. iv. 18. ^'.\'ol. V. ."pO;!; in the mil •4S-.-.0; th after a year or two in N leara'jiia — a resident of Sierra Co., where he was sherill' o.")-9; lived ;> years iu Napii and went to \ev. in '0;>, serving as sherill' and U.S. mar.ihal in Nye .ind Av'hite I'ine counties. In '70 ho returned to Cal. and settled in Lake Cu., Avlieie he .still lived iit JMiddlctou in 'MIt. I. (Wni), 1S47, douhtfid meni'i. i.f K. Y.Vol. (V. 400); at S.F. '74. Irwood (Henry), ltS4S, at JV-nieia. Yn'iti Cu. nut. Ishel (.Tames C), 1840, jihysician from Oliio, overl. immijr. aceomp. hy his wife. V. .VJil; settled in S. .Juaciuin '47, where he is mentioned in conneeLi'ju witii various minini,' operations ;i '4S. His wife, Olive M., tauLdit the l>t J'higlish school in Sta, (,'lara- innni''. families were !/athcrei i" tl ily in Cal. — in the spring of '47, while t k; lei e awaiting the close o )f tl i: doctor and his wife wi'i'e liviii'' in Ventura Co. as late as '70, the fori iilj.ed aii'.)A\\ urrate (l)oiniii;.'o S;'iuia;:o), ISOO S fr lar, who .■^ervei Ills (lepartui C.il. ill IS'iO. liioL,'. ii. 154: meiit. i. i~, 1 at S. Juan 1!. ii. KJil, l.'iiMJO. Iven (.Alfred), 1847. Co. 1), N. Y.Vol. (v. 400); died at Aeapuk '4i). I ves. 184."), at N. Ilelv ith fi miiy; proli. error for Md." U (■i"liom;;sC.). 1847, Co. C, -Monn. I'.at. (v. 400); f;;rmer at S;,ipo, Utah, 'm'. Ivy (Uiehard A.), 1847, Co. .\, :\lorni. l>at. (v. 400); farmer in Utah '81. .Taekson, 184."), at N.lldv., proh. an overl. iiumig. iv. .")78, ."87; said to have eo;;ie to Na|i;i. w ith N. ('(jomhs iu '4."), and to he living at Oaklan). 1848, .it S.F. from \'iilparai.so. .lames, 1840, bay on the Siiraiiinih, said to he at Oakland in '70. A!/'i. Jaime (.Vntonio), 179."), Span, friar who served ehielly at Soledad, and died at .Sta Ji. in '20. liiog. ii. 070-8; nient. i. 500, 570, 08G; ii. 152, 159, 385, 304, the Vi.-\1- 1. F . ■ I!), '4:!. :v. Mi. sir^t t Muiit. ; church, \n-. IG. 11), 1SI'\ o. A. -N. iciu'U'jna ill Napa Kye ami ^ako Ci).,_ uiomii. I if ;ia. Yiilin lip. h,V I'i^ iDiinccU'iii it the Wt while Uio , r.oth t-hi' (inner ili^- l:il,cU ami UlC). 1 i- [ex. aUrvcz i. ;}.V.)-i'i:!. s. Jiuui r>- 77; ii- 1''"' t Acapiilco I-.' Ivie I, i:tah,-.vi ail VSl. iS7; saiil to aklantl '7'^. of Col .f. ■), ISIll, ..f llcltc; can;o J. ((.icK Insician Co. j()S All'-', to fatS.l-.'W; 1/,,.; atS.l^ :;), age -11. asst surg. I'lnt on tho 111 of '4t)-7, ]„l l)fiii.u;iii Is. He later ilry in the IS-17, C... 1', Jacol)--oii •"G. AJtn. 1(1, and dif 'I h, 385, 3'J4, JAIME— JKNXISOX. cr^i 401, ."no, 022, G"; iii. Ofi-T. .Talapa (Fran.), Koldicr of .'^.F. conip. ':;t1-!L'; at .Soiioniii "14, a,!,'e 2.'). .1.. 1S4S, one of thi; WuIk r".s pro.^jpcctovs, tor w iiuiii Janir.stowii \v;is iiiiincd. .(. (.\iitoiii.i). 1S47, luiiil)eriiiaii in S. F. (li.sc. .1. (N'oaii), INK), nieinli. of the Doiiiu'i' jiarty from III., liclii'vcd to lie still liviir^' ill 'iS;). V. r(.'ii),."i;)4. J. (Zacarias), is.'ij, ih'litorof i'misiina iiii.-sioii. .laiius ni (!'. A.), 1S4S, passp. from Hon. Jamicsou ((ico. Win). 1S47, Co. K, 'S.W Vol. (v. 4'.)!t). Jail ( liai'iiuliy), 17!).S, P)0st(in sailor at S. l)ic';o. i. ."il."), ()."i4. Janes (AhUn W.), 1S47, Co. 1), X. V. Vol. (V. 4';)!i); at Kenton, Ohio, >;."!; present at a review of survivors in X.V. 'S4. .lanioii (It. ('.). IS17, Ihiul. trader v.iia eamo fiiiin lion, on the Laura Aim; incniher of the S. F. tiiiii of Starkey, .1., & Co. in "l7-t), makiii,,' srvoral ti'ips to the i.slan(l.s; died in Ihigland .--oiiic year.s later. .laiisci (( 'oniclio), !-eo '.l.ilnisoii.' .Janssen.s (V'icior Ihi^cno Aii,i,'iiste), ls:i4, Iklgian who came from Mcx. in the II. & I', colony r.t t!:e aire of 17. iii. '-';::!, 4|-.V After tiie coh):iy v.,', broken np lie worked at tlie Corr.-ditos laiiciio witli the Coroiiel family i.i ';!.") (). Latci', ill ';'/(!, he kejit a shop at Mont, v.itli Ayala, Init on the div u- fail cf (jov.< iirJen-e/ lie wislicd to return to Mex., wliere hisinother still live 1, and I'ailin,;^ in lliis he ^^■ent soiitii, and in ';{7 S to(jk part in many of llie A'a- jeuo.s' operations a^'aiiist Alvarach), lie: idi .s servin;,' a;.;aiiist the Ind. on t!ie : '. J)ie^' ) frontier, iii. TiDl, r>i(i-'J(), o.'iS. Later he had an oiel'.a.rd and worked :):i a diitilier at JjOh An;_'. ; and in '40 2 lie lived at S. Jr.aii Cap., aetinj,' as m.i- jordoni )and juez. iii. (;J7 S; iv. (i_'l 7; iiatnrali/ed in '4 I, and ia '4J inarri. d Ahiri I Aiitoir.a, daiij.'iiter of N'ii.'eiite I'icci. Su!ise.|n'.'ntly lie v.as a.u'ent i .r A;,'uii'ru and ]iartner of l.ataillade at Sta l>., olitainiie,' tlie ranches of J.,oii:;;.s do l,v i'lirlieacioii in '44. i.. (ilj; and perhaps elected alcalde for '4."i. hut i.'.t .serviiii. iv. 4111, (172. Jii 'I'i ho was justice of tiie pea/.'0 at Sta Inrs, ;.;.d miller the Fiv)n's ,ij;ovt v. as mil. com. cf tliat re'iioii. v. .■>2.), (i!!."). 1 le wasa::','i!:i jiic, in '4S-!), and lived on liks laiicho, conlinned in hi:;i hy the courts, ti.l aiioUu '.")!), g^»ing to tlic mines in '4S for a time, hut later residiii;,' at .St.i \'>., where at various times in '01-8 he served as county asses .or, postiiuiiM ■, trustee, and deputy collectf;r aiid Kheriil'. In "71^, residin;,' at Sta i<., he d! - tated to 1110 his Viihi y Ailri nlnntf, an excellent narrative of colony aii'ai..; anil of later Cal. ever '.i; and also [lermitted me to copy his col. of J)oi\ //,'•. C(il., containing several important records, lie was an iiitclli;,'er.t man >f goo I repute, a w ithiwer v.itli two sons and a dail'diter. I think he is s'.iii living i:i \S."). .laiiston, ISKi, niid. U. S. N. at Mont. \\il!i Haldwin i:i (.mm. of ;;;:ard. Lniircij. Jantzen (Fred.). 1S47, Co. C, X. Y. Vol. (v. 4i):)); lie- at S. F. '74-S;i.' .JarainiUo (.liian .lose), at S. I'lern. '4'J, age ;!0. ,l:u. Is {.Iamc3.].), 1S47, at S. J)ie;n:) and Mont. '47-S, rejiresenting Fverett of Hon. Jatifiil, lud. chief on the S. Diego frontier, a f.iitlifnl ;il!y of t'.ie viiites. JantlVey (Agnstini, inaj. at S. .luan Cap. '41. Jaunie (Luis). I77L Span, friar, who Kerv.,'(l jis iiiissionarv at S. l)iego until killed Lv the Ind. on Xov. T), 177.'). i. 17.'5, 171), !!).'<, 22! >,'2.")() -2, 2.V), 4.").'), (m4, (;.,7; "ii. L.;i 7. .lavicr (Fran.), Ind. chief on the Coloiado 17^1. i. .'Idi. .law, or .lay, at X. 11^1,-. M7-.''; doubtful name of a X. V. vol. .Jaynith (ivl.), ISi7, doubti'ul iiar.io of a, iiciiieia .settler. .leHbrson ((Jco.), lS4.'i-4, at S. !•'. in trouble iib.Hit drl/ts, etc.; prdi. a sailor. JelFray (Win), 1S4S, iiiemb. of ^mic. >.,'al. Pioneers; in S. V. '.Sl -,J. dcgge (.lacob). LS4(), Co. C, 1st I'. S. dragoons (v. liiJG). .1, hero I Fiau.t, 1S2.), Span, who came on the Aiinibs; at Sta U. '."K!, age ."(I, wiili wife ami ."> ehi.dren. .Jena (X.), ISIO, mr of the .l»y'7(j.'«. iv. Ii)l. .Ijnkius, irinie I by tlie Loa Aug. vigilantes in ";t!i as having been killed, perhaps sonio j'eii:? earlier, iii. 411). J., 1S4S, of J. & Hardy, at Mont. (■.') .1. (.V. and IL^ l!US, passp. from Hon. .1. (.racksoii \V. ), ISKJ, ovcrl. immig. apparcn.ly with Aram. J. (.lol-.n W.) ISlli, Co. F, Cal. Hat. (v. ;},jS); perhapi came ai preceding. J. (Win K.), 1847, Co. D, X. V. Vol. (v. 4!llt). Jeiiks (Ch.is N.), 1S4.J, Ainer., at Mont. .Icnnii.gs, ISLS, in tlic mines, from Or., hui r asst Q. M. lien.; in real estate business at iSac. , but returned to (Jr. .J. (•lolin), 1S1.3, mr of tUe Columbia, ii. 'i7i5-4. Jcnnison (Dan.), 132,'J, at Sta B. ii. 495. .. i I lilt G9'2 rioxKioR ri:oisti:r axd ixdi:x. I .Tc'ssc (Aiclicr C, or Arcliiliald ('.), lH4(i, ovcil. iimiiic;. wlio settled in N;i]i;i \'ii!., served an li(^ut(if (jo. 10, Cal. Uat. v, ;t(il, '>'2\); luid had aC'al. el:i' a ol .Vl,'),.")) (V. 4'JJi. I have )U) hitei- iiifoiiiiatii)ii aliout liiiii. Jesu.s (I'\li]io . V. ,'{(JU, (J()l2. J. (dose Aiit.), .Mex. convict, set free ia 'li.'l. .1. (Serafiii), gi'aiitec of lot at vS, (;;d)i-iel Ml!, iv. O.'i?. deiqias, 1847, liir nf the Kciiiii' Alia. V. .")7!>. .Jiwel) (IJeii.), IS4.S, in Son. Co.; jirob. 'Devve!!,' I]. \. JeweLt (lOnoeh P.), 1847, Irom lion, on the KciTuir: owner of S. !•'. 111. \'. GiS."). J. ((ii!().), l8.'i(J, Ainer. wiio landed from a whaler at Sta i>., a e '21. J. (Thomas), l8;i(!, Amer. cooper, a;.;c 'J8, who eaine \iitli t!co.,a!id V. ,iM perhaiis his brother, iv. 118; in J.,arkin'.s employ at Mout. '40. Jim (■ K.uiaka,' or ' Vaidcee '), in chari,'e of llock for Sutter "40. . limine/, 1791 -ISOO, chaplain on one of tiie S. Uhis tran.'iporta. J. (An- tonio .M.), Mex. jirie.st at S. Gal)riel and curate of Los Any. from '44. iv. 4_'_', (i..l, (i.';7. lie died at S. (iahriel in T)!!. Jimeno (Antonio), 18'J7, Mex. fiiar of the S. lernando eolle<,'e, \\lio served us missionary or curate at Sta (.'lu/, i.i "27-'*. at S. liucn. '4,)-;{, mA at Sta IJ. 'l'D-K) and '44-r)(), lieing chosen su- lil',ntopr(si(h'nt in ';>1). ii. r)7ti, .S-4, (i,"i(i, (ioS; iv. 4.'), 4'Jl '_', 4J,'I, (i4, >--.">. I'adre .Vntouio is rememluied as stout and ilark in person, and- al !e in ilis])osiLion, kind to Ids neophytes, hut strict in all religious nKitti rs. lie left Cal. in '.'lii or a little later, and in '71 vas still livinj; in the city of Mex., Mind and iMili;,a'nt. probably the last sui'vivorof the Feinandinos. .1. (.Iosi5 Joaqiuii), 1S"_'7, or perhaps '28, Mex. friar of S. Fernando colleL'e, brother of Antoido, whose ndssionary .service was at S. Luis Itey in '27-.">0, ;-.a (Wwv. ■;!.)-;;, sta lues ';i;V-,')U, S. (Jabriel '.")'.)-:!, and StaB. '.J4-0. From ';i8 ho \\as ])i('si lent of the Fernandinos, bein,;,' vicar in '.■18-',), and prefect after l)ji;in's death in '40. In '44 he was the foiindir ()f the Sta Im's semaiary, of v, Inch he was the rector to '.")0. In '.J4 he founded the nn.'isionary collcL^e of I )()- 1 ires at Sta 15., of which he was jiresident to his death in '5(5, at tlie ai;c nf ',1. ii. iV);!, ()I8-1!), (j-2,-), O.V); iii. ;iai), .SIO, 4;i;}-4, ()(Jl, (i!»;!-4; iv. 0:!-4,';(7-', 4JI, 42.j-(j, r)41), 045; v. 020, OlJ't. A good account of his life is given liy 1'. (I )U::alez in his burial record. Sant'jf, Doc, ii. 144-0. Padre Joaquin re- sembled Antonio in most respects, being somewhat shorter in .stature and less .•iliiiblc! or more reserved in manner, lieing n very zealous missionary, tlnjugh sometimes in trouble with his ecclesiastical superiors. .liiiieno (Jasarin (Manuel), 1828, nat. of Mex., and brother of the friaw .limcno, sub, comisario and eontador in the Mont, eustoni-liouse in '28-1)0. 11. 007; iii. 40, Oo, 0!), 80, l.'tO. In ■;i2 he was sindico of the ^lont. ayunt.; in '34 alcalde, and grantee of Sal.sipuedes; in '.■5.") njcmber of the diputaciuii and e(jinisionado for the secularization of S. Luis Ob. iii. 2'Jl, .354, 07S, 078, ()S2. In "M lie was again vocal, and in ';!!)-42 «as Alvarado's .sec. of state, besides V)eing 1st vocal and often acting gov. during Alvarado's illness, and gr.mtee of Sta llosa, Sta 15. Co. in '.'5!). iii. ."lOO, 08.'., .JOO, 59;5-», 004; iv. Iii.'!, 137, 103. 282, 2'.)4-5. Under Micheltorena he continued to serve as sec. in '43-5, being the grantee of Sta Paula in '43, and the Jimeno rancho, Colu.sa Co., in '44. iv. .357, 300, 403, 400, 043, 07). In the troubles of '45-7 Don Manu'd seems to have taken no active part, but in these and later years gave his A\ hole attention to private busintjss, being also ia bad health. He docs not apjK'ar as claimant for any of the ranchos granted to him. lie went to iNlex. early in '.53, and died there in Dee. of that year. Jimeno was a man of good character and abilities; a faithful ollicial, well lifted for his position as govt secretary; devoted to Mexico, but not bitter in his prejudices against for- eigners; small and lean in physique; vivacious and witty in conversation. His wife, married about '32, was Dona Angustias de la Guerra, who later married iJr Ord, and is still living in '85. There were 1 1 children, only 2 or 3 of whom survive. Two of the sons — Antonio and Porfirio — were sent east with Lieut Sherman in '50 to be educated, and Porl'.rio was a capt. of Cal. volunteers in the war of '01-3. Jimkins (Henry), 1848, lumberman and farmer at Sta Cruz to '01, later a soldier and miner in Sev. Jiinnicrsoa (lIkis), 1847, Co. E, Alorm. Uat. (v. 409). Joaqiun (Eniilio), Ind. grantee of S. Gabriel Land '43. iv. 037. ni( '4- Jai, Jai ■at lia; (V. '47 Sta ]S4( l!at fan I He J.{] w. jonx-.ioiiN.sox. b'93 ttlcd ill tl. fl;.- :i , (I't-lipc liii;: lli., ico.,iinil l). Jim J. (An- . iv. 4JJ, ilc'x. fiiar Sta L'lu/. hosc'ii HU- 45, 4-21 •-;, •son, uini- i iiii'.tti rs. ,hc city of inos. ••• lo colU";_'o, ill '-^l-M, From 'HS ■efuct lifter iiiuuuy, of IcLjc of 1>1)- tiio ivj.y: "f 0.)-4, .>(-, iveii by !'• oaqniii '''- ro anil If^^^ y, tliou:^li the friai-a in '-iS-iiO. nt. ayuut.; (Uputacioii i, (173, l>78, c. of stiito, illness, and H; iv. Kin. as sec. ill Iclio, Colusii '45-7 Don years gavo lo docs not ^nt to Mex. |ian of good ,ion as govt iigainst lor- ,nversatioii. , who later 11, only '2 or re sent east ^apt. of C'al. |)cvmau and J immcrsun ,d. grauteo John, is;)!!, cook from ('(ir'-iMii'idil, ari,' 40, at Mont. .Tohn, IS.'lit, Aiiif.. nt .Saiiiias, age IS. .loliii (.lames), Is4l, i.-.'fil. iii':;iii,'. of the Uariij.n n jiarty; went .soon to Or. iv. -J.'M, •J7t». -7-', 'J7.">. Jo'.n t (.liian (1 ), IS.'U. at SiJiiDiiia. iloiiiisiin, l.s;J4, dimhtfiil iiaiiiu of an Kiigl. s.iilor at (ioiinz' I'aiirJio. J., I.SlC, lilaeksmilh (iirested at iios .AliL'., Init escaiied. J., I,">l;i, • loiilitfiil iiu'iitioa as an overl. iiiimi,:,'.; jierliaps of Cl.'jles- Walker |)ai'ty. iv. .">;)_'. J., l.SKi, niidi!'.i[iiniiii loresteil liy ('apt. Moiitgoiiitry. .1., |SI7, eaipenter at .Mont. J., IS47, lined at S. iJiego for staldiing. v. (ils. J., J!>1.S, overl. iimni','. with Lawtoii. Johnson (.Archibald), Is:!-', testified in 'tiS that ho had livcl in Ciil. sjniv '."I'J. iii. 4'VS. J. (.\, 15.), Ls,'{7. trader on the coa.^t; also lalK'd r>tiiiamiu. J. (A. -M.), lS4(i, mid. on tho L'.S. U'lirriii. ,F. (('has), |S4(), doubtful in.ii tioii. J. (Cha.s F.), IS47, Co. K, N.V. V, age (JO; in '40 workecl for Leese at S.F. His name was i)ei-haiis Jaiison. .louiison (David W.), lS4(i, farrier Co. K, (", 1st I'.S. drat/oons; killed at S. I'asiiial. V. ;il(i. J. (I'M ), ls4.-), nat. of .Md, sailor on f.w. l'.:<. /.'/• f '4.J-S. iv. 587; came back to ( 'al. "41)-5(», and again in "54; lived at S. .lose '5S-.S1 ami later. .V. J. I'ion. J. (I'raiieis), lS4il, siij). of the J>. (JiiUv'n and Mtirijl'iii'l '40-1. iv. KKI, I'JO, 5tJ7. He w.is a Mass. m:in who hail bciu clerk fill I'eiiee it 15i(nver at Hon., and later in biisiiies) hjr himself. He died ill Mass. abt '4>S. J. (Francis), Isl5, at Los Aug., |>leadiiiu exemiition from mil. service; went to Hon. on the l'i,i\^-iiuiiilh; perhaiis the son of I )on Santi- ago. J. (Fred. I, I>.17, Co. (i, \.V. Vol. (v. 4',);i). .). (Oeo. A.), IS4S, n.-it. of \.^'., wlio in tlie le;;islatllle of '(J.'J ie|il eselitrd S. Hic^o Co., ago ;!7. ,1. (Ileniy), lS47.Co. A, .Monii. lliit. (v.4(ill). J. (Ira), 1847, Co. l,^.^■. Vol. (\. 4)11); sniu:,"^dcr at .S. Oiegoand build rat -Mont. '48. J. (Isaac C.), KS47, C.I. i:, X.Y. \ol. (v. 40!»); at Astoria, Or., 'SJ. Johnson (■lames), bSli.'i, I'Jigl. trader, S years nt (Jnaymas, eiigau'ed idoin )ie irl-lishing, who c.ime to (,'al. both by h.iid and on the Furin, making sev- eral tiijis to .'^oiiora and back iii".'iJ-4. iii. iis'J, 4ll!l. lie icprescnled .■;oiiie kind of a Soiioia company and boiiLrht the right of Maniud ( iutierre/. in the S. IVdro ranclio, with large (piantities of live-stock; but presently became linan- cially eml.'arrassed. Ho was aciused of comjilicily in the Apalate^ui iev,)lt of '■')5, and is mentioned occasionally in Los An;,', annals of ';i(J-4(). iii. "28.5, 511); iv. 14, 117. Oranteeof S. .laciiito and S. (iregorio, S. Hiego (-'o., in '4:4. iv. OlM, ,5(i.'5 J)on SantiaLro was ,i, larie stout man of variable temperament. He died ill '17. His \\ iilow, (.'.'nine n Cuiiado, sister of llafaelC. and Mrs Mi An eiiiieiia, still survived m < >>, as dois a son J'laneis ui .s.i, In F Ir mentioned at Hartnell's school ill '."Hi, anil as the owner of I..0S Aug. laiid-i ii '■i-i. '1 here was another son named .SantiaLTO. The ',\ dan;,diters, Anita, Ade lis a 111 laide, and Margarita, iiiarricd resjtectiv eiy Jleiiry and Frai H. Landc at Mont. J. (Job bapti/.ei .1. (lames), IS.id, Amer. a''e :{J Wllo Will is Mell ke<. IV IS I." Mont 1 at .S. Biicn. ii. 444. J. (Ji J. iJi W. Ill Michael). IM'I, iN.Ni' l.i.i.a I.S4(i, Fauiit!eroy"s >'riij,uoii.s (v. \l',',-2. 247). J. (Josepii), bS45, deserter from the //"/iivci// at S. Di '.ro; in teiiced to '2 nimiths of i)ublie works and .S.")0 line for htabliiiiif (iaiiia at / sent Sta Isabel. Johnson (Robert E.), 1.S41. in U.S. ex. ex. iv. '241. 184(;, \iriri (^ W.^ man and over rl. 1 via Or., who served in Co. F, (a I. Hat. (v. ;5kS); in tho mines '48-'.l; at S. .) i) 4, .serviii as constahic; tanner in S. .1 Jl man lei 1 Al oaq. )t-!l; ki'iper of a stihleat I'acheco aid .M irtine/. 'liil-NO. McC luhaii 111 01 0. J. ( >alii. ,f .Ml .1. J. (Win), 1832, nieuib. uf the cunip. extraiijera at Mont. iii. '221. Ladd. !»*( ■M _,^iM f^ 604 ]'I()N-i:i:il HKOISTKK AND INDKX. .T.ilinpon (Will), ISJO, nat. of l',(ist( 111 iniiti' (if tlio Afi'liipf, en,. •>} trndu ill S. !•'. iiml -citin;,' ii i^i.^s. in June 'II; also ^-liiiiti r ct tuw n l^it in '41. (;:,'J; V. (iT!). !• Ii a 11 ,litir ill i'iiiii|i:niv « i .U 1 ic I'; asl;'. '44 fur a liiciisc ior iii.i ln.al, lii' ciillcil Innisrlt an li isliiii.'ui an. I ii;itiiializiil Mis. ( I'll! 11! ail! iiuliiati'iiis that in 'l;l- I tin ri' \m re "J nf tlic n.iiiiL' at S. 1'",, (mc nf uii:) ell I on licir i;iv( r, wlicrt! he liviil timii that tinii 111 caMic as iiiiot (111 tho Triniitu'l.) Jii 'l.'thi; liniiL'ht the (iulierii;' ran- N.ll,h\l>i •ill',' iittcii iriinc ilin tl /■// lis iiiakiii'^ Iriiw \i|i a 'lUll tllf iivrr. II II' i.s I'aiii'h was mi thii iii;;.uj,'. r iitd a. Ill h iiiciitiuii <1 l> jiarties fimn 'l.'). v. "J.'t, 4.')"J, 4'^'4. in .111. If ' 17 \w man it'll .Mary .Mur|ihy, w iio in N'nv. wa.s ailvcrtiscil a>< liaviu'.' Idt Ii il iatiT lid'aiuu .Mi'.i rii\iliailil. Ii as tiio claimant t'l f'.io. iv. fi7l; anil a iitth: later (iir lai'lici', ai wniilil apiiear Imt tnr the laiiil (.•aim) 111! cither ilii il or it t(» th • .S'l 'Il I iniu 8■.l^,^'. L'.S.N. at .Mont, .l/ar/n //. .1. (Wm). l.slT. seryt ( 'o, .1. (Willi, IM'.', ('. X.V.Vul. V. rAl4: owner of S. !■' .1, (WmS.K 1S17. Co. I>, N.V.Vol. (v. 4'.l!l); lat. i a |ii'oiniiiei for I'.l I'icito. is-. it cilixen of .Monterey Co., ImMin'' .'^^escral eoiintv o to liii sier of the Sulina.s City haiili '>S'_'. lit IVC ilVCll 111 (i,',.i; 'lS-;> ami '7") lit .StocUton. lun.'mt >ii s.lil .lohnstiin (Aliraluim Il.l, I,s4l!, caiit Co. C, Int U..'^. (Irajioons, \\ ho ram i \. iJi Kearny from \. Mex., ami vas Uilli il at S. I'asenal. v. .'i;'.'!, "I.'i I; a-.Uhor (if a imlili^lieil .lurnul of the m.in li. .1, (W'm.I.), I.SI7, Co. ( ', I.ltJiin. Hat. (v. 4(i'.)); in Snlur's cniiiloy in '-17 s, ami at the ( ol.iiiia iiiill ^ I.in j,;(/]il uas .li..;'i)\ereil. .lohmitonc (.\.), KM7. at S. 1''. fr.na Hon. on tii(j .1. (Charli'H), 1,S.")4, Dane in .loiia.s, is 10, (linilitfnl naiin! !•'/ I.H-i lent hack on the f'a/iirilii Mont, ili.st 'Ml. iii. 4I'J. LarL-l . I ('('/,< i.i raiiiham' ■• list of .)( 1841. iri'csleil foni'/ners. , of 1 1. 15. .M. ,•<. < iircf'1'i. tlie Liu .iti7 iv. .'{S. .-.lit. .1., 1;'.4(), orilerly scrgt Cal. li.-il. /, .T., 1S4I, inr..f 'III'-' V. of tht .1. -ii;, f^i'orof \hc S(ir iiniali; in tlic mines '4S. J., IS17 <'/i.,/. V. ,")77. .Itii'-i (.\. I''.), 1S4!), eaiue to S. .list' with wife ;iml .'! eliiMii Irrx the .1. iii'.'iit. in tho mints from S. .lostj '-IS. .). (.Mhert ( !. who ;,'.it iiatr.rali.'ation jiajiers. iv. l.'iH. .1. (('.), ISI.S, ,:j'''la it ai'.os) I. '47, Co I'- ll u.,s. .F. list of letter.- rtill. (\ il.s). sp, .1. (Chas !•;.), I'.i: (r!.). lN4li, )iiirstr'.-' elei'k mi tl .1. (Daviil II. 1, 1S47, Co. I'., Mmni. IJat. (v. fCH). .1. ir. it Mont. '-IS. ones (I'.,il)ert I'.), IS4('i, Kentiii'kian la\v\er lui'l oxei ( ti;e(l law in S. 1'' IS the l.•^t eilitor of tl le S>(tr II iii'ini;,'. who |ii'ar 1 '17, kept the I'ort. ni'iiilli ioiise, was meniher an 1 ieal wran','lcs, b' irnii! to Jones ,st. v. (i4.\ 04.'^-,\'?, (m7-.S, (;7(>, (i7S. (i.so. (is,"., lie tl see. of the town council, took an active jiart in polit- tiie owiiei of many city lots, ami ] think gave h Kittlt if tlr lormoii colonv in '47 il liveil in ."^.F. till after Ku\ (h at Charleston .S.C ■)•_>. J ones Mas a. man ot mncli t.ileiit anil ver. tility, not in all respects of mmlel character. .1. (Kli), 1.S47, at lion, fr .F, the ( iin'i iirij Jj('. '47 -.S; hail a family. J. (llarolil), lS4ti, I. (II. L.), IS47, lilacksniiiii in .Sutter's cniiiliy II the U.S. lUdc Jones (.Mrs Isaliella), lS4ti, one of the Mormon col. v. .TKi; owner of a S.]'. lut "17; never went to Utah. J. (.rames ]\.\ 1S4'_', .\nier. farmer natmali;:i'l i:i 14 never Went to Utah liniiiii^ ■_' years' resiili'nce, hcinf; then a. resilient of X.IIelv., v.'liere \v still livetl apparently in '4.") 7. iv. .'!41. J. (.lolin). lMi7, tr itS.F, ( lu!;n), ISKI, at .S. .ft; Hull. ll. Ill I.'}, when his wiilow, Sarali- J. (.lohn), l,Sf7, Co. C, .V.Y.Vol. (v. 4!):) -who came wi thi MeC. Murray. She lived at I leaMsliurcr, where she ilieil in '70. lini in '47 — marrietl I •. )nt'.s (.lohn Ciillin, Jr), l.s.'il), l>ii.-, ISO, ,",81, ;is;!-l, 4.il: IV. 101, 104-.->. 117, 111. Aftei i'tt'li his atl'airs at the Islands an 1 ni liking a visit oast, he came back on the Julia Ana from ranuiud in '41 and JOXKS-.IOYXi:s. 093 vlio cam I ;!u, ".;;! v, 17, <■"• •'. il'.ilil^i null .(III. mi I'll; I, l)iiiic ill itl'lll llllllH' eeUlnl at Stn T> , tlmu^li still iiiiiiiiiiL^ \i.sit.s to Hun. T liavp imiiiv of his Icltc'is, ami olliors dii iiirri iiL (Vuiits in the smitli w liifli havo nni. h hniiiiir;ii \iiiiic. iv. •_'!»!, ;t;;;{. 't_':i, :i(;;», ricii, cr.o. limiv in 'kj in' saiU'd iiro hu (iicil II. fiw Mairt (iiimnal iiiisiiii'.M^ il w itii liis til (in tiie AdiiiiNdiirr. fill r.dstiin, \v!i later, lii.-i wiiliiw wii>t I'l.iiin.'int fur Stii, jlnsa l.-l. i\. (it.'!; whit li .loiica with A. 1>. 'riMHiiii.-i'iii hail .stiickcil w itii cat th' ami ilii'iji; alsn fur i.aralcia. ."»iio is still li\ ill',' in 'S.'i h.'ivin'' in.inii d, 1 think, u nai:ii'il Kittlo. .1. M( M. ), I.S Kl, Mat. (if Ivy ami iM'oli. ovlt i.icnili. (if ciiiistit. cdiivi'iitidii 'H). it .S.F. ami .S. Jo8(5 '48-o(); Idiiis (.Nath.i"i('ll, ls4(i, nat. df Timhi.; nvcrl. ininiig. with wife anil ti'dUi .\lo. J..i'a\iii^' hi I family at Chiles in N.iii'i \ ill., hu si'ivril il tiie Saiifhe/, (ir " tii ( 'iaia. i'ani|i;iiu'n, anil tlie.'i settled in Cuiitiii ( 'ustii, w hen hi; .still livc'il in ',S'_' w illi wifi; aiHl •) elnlili'cn. I'dit rait 111 < iiiifrii ( . ( Hi t. il. II served as sherill', puliliij adiiiiiii.itratiir, and edimty .silliervisdr. liis iter, Maiili.'i A., Iidili in '17, inairied .luliii ."^lit/,. The sun who e. uiie witll him, at till! ii.;u of '1 years, was Itiiliiiisoii M., u iiev, .^jiaper man, farmer, teiiclitr, I'diiiitv siirvcvdi', ;ind \\,ireluiiisL'nian, liviii:' at Martinc:'. in ".sJ \\[.\\ w ill', Ni'ttu; 1 1. Mdiin. I li ( nwii am 1 :t uhil ill'ell. it.; ill Keariiv's I'etnrii cscdit. v. -I"!;!, W J. (Xalhaniel \'.), 1S47. ser.'t «' l!)'J .1. (t)ueii), Ivll, at S.I''. .1. (I'etei), IVtJ-.'), Frenehiiian at M.'nt. .1. iKiilieitl, ls;j(i, liiimed ill Miilit. aeeiiiints. ,1. (.Sam. \\.), ISKi, smi of /acirias: re.'.idcnt of Nidi'.t. Co. ':.'.) ~0. .1. (T.), |S4S, ii.issii. from lion, ,|. (Tlidmi; ■), IMO, (;;ie of llm .S. lilas exih s, arrested at l-iis Anu'. iv, II, IS. ,1. (i hoiiia;.), Isjl, Amer. iiiiini;,'. of llartlesiin j^arty. iv. 'J7(>, -7-, '-7."i, -7!l; in 'I,') si^;lu'll till' .S. ,l()se call to l'd!'ei'_'iiers. iv. ."illll; in 'lli .'iiililii d loi- land at .S. .Jo.-ie. J, (i'. II. or -M.), ISIS, at \. ilelv. .M.iy. JoiU's (1 lid» Ap Catesliy), ISI'J, ( (iiiimoiioi'e 1 .S.X., in enni. (if llic I'ae, siiuadron, t.d.iiig pi hoses'- ion of .Mont. Sec iv. ;{'.!, •_';)S-.",-j:), ,"ili'.>, C'il. (i.'id, {'A\\ (!..'J, (li.'i; V. .-<7!). He \va.4 a^aiii in com. of tlie si|ua(lroii in '4S 'I. .1. (Thiim.s .leri:mi;ih), IS'JI, J'ln^l. sawyer, liaptized at S. .lu.iii 15. in ':2,'i. and iiaturaliiied i:i 11, al wliii'h time he had a ii'ilivo wile, .hri miiii .1., often iiiriit. in leeoi'i'.s of ■;>!)— 10, i'.nd ]ierliaps one of the arrestud foreigmrs, ma}' have lucii tli" same man. ii. -11 1. ItKi: iv. 17. ■lunes (Walter), ISid, at S. .Jos.''. Ilall. .7. (Wm), ls:!,'<, d uilitful name of an .\iii(;r, eaptiired liy .Mi;\. jiiiate.i iuid foivid tu work a.s a iilave in the mines; at .Mont, with vife and •_' ehildreii in '-I4, aee. to tieo. lieed, in S.F. Car,/., -May V-'J, '17. iv. ll!t. .). (Win), lS4:i, immij,'. IVom Ur. in the llas- tiii'4< I'arty. iv. ;);;(); nothing; nidie knoun of him unless he is t!ie .J. who Uft -N.'lielv. ior Or. in '40. v.'.VJti. ,1. (Wm). IS47. Co. C, N.V.Vol. (v, 4!);)); at Sdiiuijia I 1-4. .1. (W.D.), 1847, ill L'.S.X. •47-.'i4, spend ill'' the I'lst of l.wN life at N'alh'jo, where he died in '7t). •!. (\Vni Owen), ISIO, jiilot of the '. 11. Zi-i. .J. (Za IS4i I, overt, iiiimi''. w lio set tied \'. iL!i Viil'e and ."> children, .Margaret, lleiihi hnicl ill '47, Imilt a sa of his daf.yhU'i's inari'i e.iiii. of il gun in Marston's Sta. Clara eam|iai !•: dChi llek opt u w-mi!l at J.ns ( latos " !S, and '.vas still liv n:,' in '00. One cd .losiah J'.eldeii in '10. .lon-h (Win l''.l).). IS4ii, in Jouvcra (Lo'.iis), IsJ!), ■ ivncliman. a.''e it S. ,l( ^i: Jordan (.J.), IS4I, carpenter on llio U, .S. St JAUih. J. (.Jakson), 1.S4S, ovMieidf S.F. lot; ]nr!iaiis the s.ime. .J. (Louis). KvpJ, trader at Lo.s Ai 'I'J-ti, biiiiit re^;idor in '4.') (i. iv. 541, C>.:.\-\: V. (i .M.iriaiio), IS lli, at L'l.i Aii.Lt. .1. (I'hilip), I.S47, Co. F, X.Y.N'ol. (v. 40!)). .I»iirdam (lAiennc), IS47, at Los Al 1' ihir it at ,S.F. 'IS. V. 1114- I.- Joy (.Man- uel), lS4li, Cd. F, Cal. IJat. (v. :i:)S); Cd. claim of .'J-'O (v. 4i;j). .1. \\\ iSl's, cle:k for C. L. llo.-s at S.F. ; still in S.I''. ':>{. .loyce (.Idliii), l^lli, one of the .Mormon col., wit'i wife, Caroline, and '1 dau'ihters, Aiiirnsta and ileUu F. V. .'')4{). Ho was a e.iriieuter who got a tov. •. jut in '47. v. O.ilj; \\cnt to t!ie mines iu '48; was still at S.l''. in '."lO; and in (it luid. at (,'entreville, Alameda Co., a','e 42. I'ossihly there was another .Mrs ,1. and fam., who went to Utah and died before '84. J. (Thos), 1848, passp. from Hon. Jnyiics (J.), 1840, fcailmuker o;i the U.S. ]VarriH. PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. Jnan (Lui.i), 1840, rcwar.l ofTcrcil for the iliacov. of his uinrilcrcrs at S. Diego. .Juan (Ricanlo), 1S4;'), Frencliinan at B:;uic:foi'tc, a';o 'JS, wife Mar a Cota, cliihl .Icsus. .Tnan JJuutista, 18o(J, (iiccl; li.sliuiiiiau ai .M(..it. Jiiau -.;!, i;t l!:ea ,'(; of about T'l. I'ortiait in Anjxi Co. IliM. J. (Francisco), at Branciforto '"iS-IiO. ii. 0.'7; sindieo '■%. iii. 0!)7; hiy wife was Dolores Cota; children in '"28, Mateo ami Antonio. .1. (Franci.^co), at S. Josi'' "41, age ;{.">. wife .Andrea Pinto, uli:! 1. Xarciso b. '"J!), Juan ";{ I, Maria '3'J, Jesus '."U, I'auki '110, .Juan . '17, .Solano '.'{Ii. ii. 027. J. (Jo:ie), solilierof S. 1'. eoni]i. ".'17-1.'. J. (. lost'' (.'.), at Prancif. '4."), age '20, wife Fernanda l'i.;uerii:i. child .lost''. J. (.lose flannel), at lirancif. '28; at S. Isidro ','{0; at S. ,J«r:,; '41, age ;*;!, wi.'-j i'aseuala F'igucroa, children Benjamin b. '29, (lertrudis ';i I. Andrea, ";J5, Jose M., Jr, '150. J. (Jose Maria), at Braneif. 'liO. ii. 027. J. (.Marcos), soldier at Mont. '31. iii. 07.'); at iSonou'a '44, age 4,"). J. (.Mate.)), at La Brea, !Mont., ';{0. ,ige '2;i, uife Toniasa (.ialiiulo, chill Trinidad. .1. (X'icente), at S. ,)(>s,' ';;;')— II, age 2.'} in '41; also a soldier in S.F. eomp. ',".7. Judcl (iliivun), 1 S47, Co. 10, Mv^nn. Llit. (v. 41)0). Judd (Zadock K.), 1.N47, ditto; in Utah 'S2. Jud.son (llem-y), 1S47. Co. I>, N.Y. Vol. (v. 40;/); died M(jke!uuine Hill "4!). Julian, 184.'), at N. llelv. iv. •")7S, .j:i7. Ho v.:s a I'rencli Canadian who settled on a rancho in the upper ;>ae. Val., and is laid by I'lidwell to have joined (lillesjiioand Fremont, and tr. have been killed by t!ie Ind. in May '40. .Julii^ iieoi)hyto aleahle Uid'j'I in 'Pi near r\Ii^i.si(:;i S Jose. ii. ;(2t-.">. Julio Cesar, ex-neophyte of S. Luis Jley, living in 78 vlthasonand .S grandchidren at 1'res I'inos, S. Benito Co., where he gave i:ie Jin interesting luirrative of old-time Coxa-i (/>' Imlhix. Juncosa ( Domingo), 1771, Span, friar, nat. of ( 'ataluua, who came on the ,V. Aiitoii'iO. Jlewasone of the first mission. iries of ,'-1. Luis (Jb., though not present .'J tiie foundiag, an 1 he scrve, 17 >, 178, 188-!), I'.lO. Kaan. 1S4S, at N. Ifelv. Kal (C.l, 1840, doubtful luune at Los Aug. Kalohe, 184S, passj). from Hon., with wife. Ivr.mp (Harold), 1S47, Co. C, N.Y. Vol. (v. 490); at Sonoma '71-82. Kampt, 18!0, blacksinitii at N. Ilelv., had a fight with Daylor. Kane (IClias K.), 1848, lieut of diagoons in Graliani's battalion from Mex. v. ■")22; eapt. iind asst Q. M. at Mont. '.'•.(). K. (Peter), 1847, Co. 1, N.Y. Vol. (v. 490); di"d before "82. K. (\Vm S.l, 1847, at. S. Pedro. Kapuwa, 1848, pa.^sp. from Hon. Kappis (Ceo.), 1847, < o. C, N.\'. Vol. (v. 409). Karr (\Vm), 1847, Co. F, :!d U.S. artill. (v. .")18). Katt (Win) 1708, P>oston .sailor at S. Diego, i. .")4."), 0.')4. Kaufman (Julius). 18.!7, Co. V, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499). K;,y (James), 18;;8, at Mont. Kay.s (John C), 1840, at Los Aug.; at .Sta B. from '48 to '8."); his wife was Josefa Burke. •See ' Kcyes.' Keaimell (Fred.1 1847, Co, D, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499). Kearnev, 184.1, eoni. of the U'.S. . F, Cal. Bat., enlisting at S. .hum Oct. (v. .•).")S). Kearny (Steplu.'U \V.), 1840, nat. of N.J.; lieut of l.'itli U.S. in- f::ntry fiom 1812; col 1st dragoons ';iO-40, stationed nuieliof the time at Ft Leavenworth. In '40, being put in com. of the cxped. to N. Mex., ho KEARNY-KELSKY. 007 Ml Idlk 1 Mi^sir'.l ; in TS ho ,l::ivo oiiiiliL'"), \va:i<->iic iiuiuli'.ii.', litiloi.p- 88-0, I'.HI. 1,09 All;,'. Co. *\ ith iit N. (Iragociiis ,l()iit. '.■<). Will .•^.*. :().), I SIT. , (V. .")!;•>). (JuUu-K lys (.Itiliii ■a ]Uirk>'. Is43, com. Is. iirtill. Oct. (V. U.S. in- line at l''t Nlcx., lio was ma'lj brigadicrgcn. ami i-;pnt acro.ss tlio continent to occupy C'ul. His ni.'Tcii to ("al., ilctuat at .S. rusciial, and linal mil. opcralloii.s of '47 witil litocliton arc rcconlcd in v. 1!!7, .'iJ.S, ."li-f-.K!, ;{8.')-!)!), 473, 4SU. For his con- trovi;!sii'.s \\itli Stocicton and Fivnioiit, his rule as iniL gov. from March 1 to ^hly .'51, '47, hi.j rutiirii cast overland, and his jx'osccutioii of Fremont, SCO v. 411-(i'J. 481)-'.)!), .".4;{, rtiil, 04.'), 4(i,)-'-'. The all'uir at S. I'ascual inii^t he rcgai'ilcd as an incMciis:d)le hlundoron Kearny's part, hut otherwise his course in 1,'al. was con.si.stent and dignilicd in the midst of ditllcult cii'cuni.italices, and his military rec(nd tiiroui;hijut his whole career wa.s an houoiaijle one, the violent tirades of Fieiiton and other jiartisans of Stockton and Fremont being lor the most jiart without foundation in ju:jtiee. Ho died ii. '48. His name is borne l>y one of San Francisco's principal streets. His wife was u step-daughter of Clarice, of Lewis and Clarke exploring fame, Keeiiey (.lonatiiniO, 1S48, ndiier from Or., where he still lived in '8"J. Keeiiy, 184."), of tiriiishy-lile Jiarty. iv. .")79; proh. 'Kinney,' (|. v. Kelu.T (>]. L.), 1847, commaiidtr's clerk on the U.S. ColiDiibiin. Keiioe (,)o.seph H.), 1847, Co. H, N. Y. Vol. (v. 41)!)); d. at Mont. '48. Keith (WmV Hilili, Amer. phy.--iciaii w ho had lived some years in Soiiora. He caiiu^ to Cal. proh. wi;li iSantiago Johnson and Juliii For.i^ter. iii. 4()'J; and lived at l,os Aug. for .'{ years as surgecm and tradei', going hack to Hermosilhj in 'Mi. He returned to Cal. in '4S, went to the mine.s, and died at or near Stnektoa soon after '4',). The Soiiorcii.-^c of Oct. ti, '48, contains a very flattering notice of his services in Soi'.oia. Kekuacaca, 1848, pass]), from Hon. Kell (.John M.), 1844, mid. U..S.N'., who took part in Marston's Sta Clara campaign of '4(! 7. v. oSO. K. (Thouias), 184t), iiat. of J'Jigl. and oveil. immig. from ^I". In iho mines '48- •), and later a resident u( .S. Jose or vicin- ity, tid ids de.itli in '78 at the age of 84. He left 4 or more ^ons and 2 daugh- ters, the latter heiug the \\ ives of C. Colomhet and T. Carrol. Kellett, l^l{7, licut in com. of 11. I'.. M. S. Sl(iiiiii'cll '.")!. K. (Nicholas), 1847, Co. A, .Monn. Bat. (v. 40!)). K. (U'm), 1847, Co. A. Morm. Hat. (v. 401)); in Sutter's em])lov '47 8 ag hoat-huilder and lumherman. K. (\Vm), IS'.'O, nir of the \V(i^llhiiii„ii. iii. 111). See also 'Kelly.' Keliiher (leremiah), 1840, Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. .'{.'iO). Kellogg (renjamin F.), 1S4(!, Co, F, Cal. Bat. (v. .'i.")8). The K. family seem to h.ive been overl. immig. of this year, but 1 am unal)le to distinguish between the mend)ers. K. (Frank), bSlO, lesid. of Napa (,'o. to '08 and later. K. (I''. K.), 18)0, overl. imndg. from 111. with a fauiil\ ; Xaiia Co. otheial '.")l), ",,0; perhaps same as l''rank. K. ( I'led.), I84.'>, mid. on U.S. Wurnii. K. (il.i, 184^, named in Mont, accounts. K. (Irwin), l.s40, iieai' St Helena '(it); father-ill law of \\'m Xasl;. Kelly, 1810, mrof the .l/a/.r ii. 'JS-J. K., Is-Jt, mr of the IhiimU. ii. niO. 'K. (James), 1817, mn,ieia;i Co. I, N.Y.Nol. (v. 4'.il)). K. (.John), 1817, Co. K, ditto; at N. Helv.; owner of S. F. lot. K. (I'hiliiii, Ij17, Co. I, ditto; died in Calaveras "00. K. (Thomas). l8;i!l, pilot of a I'eruv. bri.; at S.F. K. (VViii H.), 1S47, mi of the American whaler luunjiuii; died '7-*. Kelsey (.Andrew), 1841, overl. immig, of the Bartleson party, iv. '.370. -'I'u 2711; went to (Jr. in '43 with his brothers, hut returned in '41 with the party bearing his name. iv. 31)0, 444-5. Ho prol). served under Ca])t. (ianttiu tiie Micheltoreuu, campaign of '44-5. iv. 450; and took part in the Bear revcit. ii 1 Ill ] 1 !: 1 in \l .;! iM ikk il COS PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. V. 110; perhaps joining the Cal. Bat., tliough I finil no dolinite record of his name. In '17 he and his l)r()ther with olliers l)oiif^iit li\'jsti)ch of S:ilv.;il'ir Vadojo ;ind obtained the privilege of gn til eattle near t 'lear La And rew a;i(l a man -so named for h named Stone went to live at the plaee JveL. ■yviUe >\v stanils, thus heeondnir the l^t settlers of Lake t ' Tl le natives were numerous, and under oppuj-ion heeame hiislilc; K. .1: uere men who seorned to use eoneiliutory nietluids willi ' Injuns and .1- iler m iexa mil at variom- 1" lis (.f siaithern Cal. in '(iO-TS or later. Tlieii ■we'.c '2 eliildrin in '4.">, and the seal[iin,!,' of a dan;;hi(M' on the way to 'i'e.xas is mentioned. KUen Jv.. said to have Iieeu horn at N.Helv. .Vu''. '2, '4."i, uiav h; jeeil Ins (laui iter. Kelsey (Davitl), 1S44, brotlie: (or possibly father) of Andrew and I'tiij.; came to Or. in '4I(, and to Cal. in tlie Kilsey party of '44 wilh his \\iiV, :! dauiihters, and ))erliaps a son. iv. 444-."). He si'ttleii at Fremh Camp, Imt died at Sloekton in "4.'» of small-pox, fnini the ell'eets of which disiase .Mrs K. ie- larried daUL,diier, ^h's -i WiUa ril Ijiiz/.ej K. ( rried J)r C. CrattJi y d died at Stockton in '71. man in "40; and a 4th dauL'litcr liecanie tl Sanuiel), 1S44, brother of A mlrew am ,d Viieniber of the Kelsey party from Or., liaviiiij; started with llastin'4.s in '4."i, but turned liaek < lea iieeiiii'' bis brothers, iv. 'Jlilt, tH- 4.- 11 lave hisaiuo! er of Se]>t. 7, '44, at Sonoma, on troubles in wl jlveil in eonncetion with tin; Uale aliii lie hrotliers were ni- i; ie was ]U()minent in the l>car rcvo.t and a signer of tlitMirigiiuil protkinir.tion of .Mine I ! l!i, in my pos-^es.-iuii v. Sl.'i, 104, 110, !.■).■{; also one of the Cal. claimants (v. 4(1-J|. Xi it his family or what beeanie o f h X.li K. (\Vi in) isp; th Kembh' (I'Mward ('.), 1S4(!, jirinter who eamc \',ith the M^ Inn.; aiipear^< i.vt-bnildi'r at ninon coli'iiv, ougli jiosslbly not a member of the e liurch ■)10. i le served in Co. G, Cal li siieoeeilm l!at. (V. ;}."iS); and from April '47 w:is editor of the S. J'. S/ar .tones. V. Vhu-'.k His connection with theiV/arund its successor.;, the S/drai.il V.d ilunnrni am I Air, r,,./ tliouiih he was also the foundt litor r of the Sac. iiofiiin, us ei or proprietor eontiniie ri T iiiti.-i and Its ei 1 to '; ditor Apiil-.liino '4'.). He was .-^cc. of the S.F. council in '4S, ami somewhat proiiii- ncnl abil t in local niatier.s. v\. Gi!(. (i.")li; 1 leuii; re::an illiHes and character :\ftcr Ir led d [IS a vouiK' man of ..1 went east, and iii tlie war o f '01 conne cted with the arn.y as paymaster, subseipiently spendiii'4 some years from '07 on the I'acilie nected with the Associated 1' coast as iiispeoior o f !nd. all' N.Y, wliero lie sti aid biin'^f la 1 ivi s ill ti.i, a ca.cl from him in Mvarly journalism in S.F.' appearing; in tlio liulhtiii of I'cb. "eii'pscy ( r>arlhol:iiiK V ), iStS, died in '01. ihrnlil. Kenipst (Geo. AV.), 1S4: I, X.V.\ol. [\ 4'.i'.l). Jvemscy ('riioma; ;) )S40, Co. F, Cal. 1! :i.)S Ken (.(ohn M.), ISb'), mid. on the U.S. Sdrannnh. Kendall (Aha), 1.S47, Co. K, X.Y. \'ol. (V. 41/',)). Kemlrick (.b.hii), I7s!», mr of the Cnlnm- liin, the 1st Anier. \issel ti it the N.W, oast, m:Ii tlie way nor th. He vi..;ii;ei.l Mont, in com. of the ..li ,in^ the C in llHi, and KENDRICK— KEYSER. 699 rl f)[ Ilia Ueyville ^uki; > i>. [. ilUil >. ml sui-U '411; but m i':ivty, hu ilivcct . iv. ;v,n), I '15, ;;inl ,-eiit!irou.s thoiitios. ili-iilUKlll, dill iniicli ;aiu '.'>l ■">, ;cr. TlKiii o T''xa.i is , '4,-), ll::iy iiid I'.'iij.; lis w iii', •> [1, liui (linl Mr.-, K. ii- filler, .M'.'.s Dec. '15, I'l .ton in '7 I . le the N^ i.f \W-v]., ir.i'i ul;.-; ill 'V-^, lli.^alU^■;^ ll-S Wl'lV !U- iii till' Hoar -i-.-i'iii. ^1.; alHii'ai'>< l-l.liil'i' at [on ciili'iiv, u,(;.;i. j^ui'cci-'iliii.i^ lo Star II I. 'I \e<\ ti) '55, editor in liat pniiui- III i)t uii"! 'li 1-5 was line yi'iiis I latci' coll- LS5, a cai'il |t(. of I'll'. ;!e(). ^V.), ICil. r.at. Ill (Alva), ciiast mi 1 1, and ii. '09 was perhaps sup. of tlic Eliza, i. 445, r)'23-4, 545. Konncdy (Andy), 1S48, paid to liavi! como to Cal. ■\vitli Col Davis. K. (Ivlni. P.), ls;{(i, <■( if tho U.S. P> 'eurod: iv. 104-5, 140-1. K. (Edw. P.), 1847, Co. D, X.Y.Vol. (v, 409). K. (.ranics), is;il, Irishman who in '.'55 j^ot a lot at Mmit., and in "?>Q was a clerk for Watson, age 40, and -sinL'le. iii. 405. Natiirali/cd in '41, wlien he lived at S. .lose, and chiimed 10 ytars of re.-^idence in Cal.; at .^ta Cruz, '4'2-;i. K. (.]ose]ili), 1840, Co. C, IstU.S. draLTOons; fatally wound' d at S. Paseual. v. .-540, ;{4.5. K. (Wni A.), 1S47, Co. (!, X.Y.Vol. (v. 4!)'.»). Kcnner.sly (A, J.), 1847, Co. E, ditto. Kcnney (('has), 1817, wateliuian at Mont. '47-8. (\Vi < luillernio S. Kc S.), 1847, inspc^etor of hid('>3 at S. I'e ciro; ea ;T.), 1841! le of tlic l)onn"r relief had a claim on tlic CoHumncs; at Stockton in "SO. Sue. Co. /list. i.urg (Adolpluis), 1847. Co. (', X.Y.Vol. (v. 4!)!)). Kcnuay ((i irom lion, on the 0< ii. Kvannj, and went hack on the Toitln lied party (V); Kcntz- S.), 1817, Kcrhy (.lohn), 1844, sailor on the schr Ciili/'j 1845, artist of Fremont's exped., and author of .a published Jn Kern (Ivlward ^I.), tlr ilhreak (,f the 1 jear Jievo lit h e cuinmaiii led tl 10 '^ani.son at X. llclv nkinif as licut iu tlie Cal. liat. He started east with Stockton in '17, hut IS left hehind ill, and saik-d fiom S. F. in Oct. on the Com. Shiihrh'l;; owner if a S. F. lot; Ken 1 ri\ cr and county are named for hiin. iv. 5^.'! (I, 1 •_';?, '244, '298-9, :i.")9-(;0, 4."iO, 45:; 4, .5;iS, 07.5. uiKtriu l/rlr UM'phy, 1847 )f tlr Kerr (Tiionias), 1847, owner of S, F. lot. Keseheig (Louis), 184(1, Prussian, memiier of the Doiiner party, with wife Philipine, and children Louis and Ada. lloth the children pi rishcd, tho parents surviving, v. 5.'il, oM, 541, 544. K. was tho last of tho party to bo rescued w IS forced to subsist on liuuian llcsh louL'cr than anionu whom lie had U unpoiiiilar from the tlrst. d liy s eouipanions, some of wlioni — ■ but cliielly by Capt. Fallon and his disaiipointed trc;;snre-seckefs of tlie last relief party — ho was tiir.rged w'lU ■rv and murder. On this incentrated in the public iiiiud all tlie horror and loath the events of that terrible wiiiti liccn ]'icturcd as a ticnd exult i in liis cannilialism. It is fail' to .--tate that tha char'^^es icst on no taii;.;ili!c evidence, and that K. is entitled to be regarded as an unfortunate viclim. II is iiarrativi by ^Ictilaslian beais every niaik of trutli, wh th' statrmeiits of his accusers arc clearly tainted wi' li exaggeration am liofiil. A portrait is given by Met 1., p. "220. Kc* ln-rg ■d fo I false- utter as supercargo of his launcli in "17, and later for Valli jn at Sonoma; went to tho in 48- kept a boarding liiinse am brewei' at Calisloga and Sac, He niai victim of siu:eessive reverses by lire ai d lioti 1 al Sac; and d lost several fortiiii Wis later tlio dlhi Hi ife died il: '8!) le was livniL' a 1 1; ni'liton. a t tli^ grow n-ui) ilau'jhters boti of ()(■), ill extreme jioverty, « i t u o 1 idiots. wo other niarriei I 7 of his children had died. H am lion, and luucli business aliilitv e was a ma I di n of intclli'. in','iitcrs sr,r\ ivt :eiice, id cd, <1 h record in Cal., except as S]l •!'>I1S 'MOW ing out of the all'air of '4i (, was a irood one d by In "85 1 have not )f his death. Kctchum Criioinas E.), 1SI7, lieut Co. 15, X.'S'. Vol., leaving X.Y. with its after the d nnti of Stoekto eparturt in the war of '(il -." the rc'^^iinent. v. oO.'l-I, 511; cai>t.of C. later b dicr- -82. Kettle, 1848, at S. F. fri dent Tahili. Kettlemau. see en. (if militia. luttlcman. Keyes (.Tc ISl.-i, 1 risli stewari I on the Siiliilwl, larber-shop at Mont., but went soon to Lij-i Aii'^. and St.'i 15., w hen Misa IJurkc, and still li\eil in ■7O; a«t for C; da d 400, (1 e >>alsipucili s had ( Apparently identical with ,1\ikm ( '. ' Kays,' ip v. K. (1 ''. of the ( ili''sbv-ldc "4(i, but came banc in '47; at Mont. '4S; shcrilf at S. tb irt p;ir*iy, who went to Or. caily in '49. ), 587. K. (.Mrs), 184(1, of the Domicr party, but died licforo reaehii the .Sierra. Sh, having vheii aeleeted a ranclio adjoining l>ieliey's; was nat- uralizjd in '44, getting a ,';rant of the Llano Seeo rau'jho in IJutte eo. iv. 1)71; in '4."> settled on ISear liiver as half owner of Johnson's rancho, servin',' also in C'apt. (iantt's company, iv. 4130. In '4(1 he was prohably a liear I'liig man; may have .served in the Cal. Bat. (v. .'J.'iS); had part of his left hand hlown cli; and married Ji^lizabetli Rhoaihi, who left him soon, but returned to make him hajipy in "47. He was one of the 4ili Donucr relief iiarty. v. 541; suhl hio int( list in the ranelio in '4',); and subse(|uently lived on Daylor's ])la(;e, running a feiiy on tho Cosunmes lor Daylor and Orimshaw, by the sinking of v.hii.h ci;. ft he was drowned in '.JO. He left one child anliu visited Cal. in''-JO, '•J.". -0, and T.O-l. ii. -JO:!. 317-10, 3S:J, (li4, 04S; iii. UH, 21,"; iv. I()0. Khorstof (Xiehola.s), KSOd, mrof the J»//o. ii. 70. Ivilljey (James), 1JS47, (^'o. A, Morm. I'.at. (v. 40;)), reiid. Kiddey (\\ iiii, 1S4S(?), jMigl. li(jui)r dealer at Sta Claia '7t). Kiernau (lohn 15.), 1S47. C). E, N. V.Voi. (v. 4'I0); d. Stockton after '00. Kiesler (Lafayette), I.S47, Cn. €, N.Y.Vol. (V. 499); at Sono'na '4S. Kilborn (Wni K."), 1S47, mra:id ov.ner of ilio llciirii '47-S. v. 578; of the S. F. firm K., Lawton, & Co. '4S-!). Killuirn (Leiij.), 1840, Cal. Lat. Co. J>, artill., enlisting at S. Jose (v. .'i.');-); owner of a S.F. lot '47. v. 070. K. (Ral(ih I..), ISli'l?), a settler of Na;ia Val. from '41, but generally accretlited to'4"J. iv. 341. In later years lie stated that he built a mill on l)r ilah's rancho in 43. I lind nothing about the mannerof his coming. Naturalized '4."), and subseipuntly married liy Sat tci'; m '47--8 had an interest at Eenicia, where he l)uilt houses for Larkin. v. 073. Alcalde at Napa '49; county treaiaircr "."iO; cl. for hauls in ',">'_'. He died at lintlieri'ord in '79, ago 70. His daughter married a man nr.med Loekuooil. Kild (Ay Ligler at the Ihunboldt sink in .Vug.; menib. of Soi-. C.d. rion.,anda resident of S.l'\ '83. Kimsey (Alvisand ThosL.), 1 U7, ov.nersof S.F. lots. Kinch, 1S47, mr of the C"/*). <'i7o(7./ti/i. v. 577. Kiuu (Ld A.), 1847, mrof the El'zu'nth and purchaser of tho I'riiwivi ni; mrof t!.e lliijii' in '48. v. iTi77, oSO; lumber de:der .ind iiniierwrite'.s' ;igent at Meat. '1 ->; lanljormasUr '49 at S.F., where he still lived in '54. K. (Henry), W>M, cleri; in Sutti'r's employ. King (Henry), 184."), one of Fremont's party, who serve(l as capt. and coimni.-i.iary iif the Cal. liat., and went east on the Co))}. Shitbrirh in Oct. '47. V. 91, 300, 4")t), 4.")3-l, .")83. Joining FViinont's 4th e.vpctl. in '48, he was fro;:; u to death befoie reaching Sta 1\'', and probiibly eaten by his eonijianion. lie seems to have been a brother of James King of William. K. (.lohn II. I, 1810, overland innnig. who jL.yed poker in i']nreka down to a late d.ite ac;'. to th(' papers. K. (.lohn M.),'l.s47, Co. H, Morm. liat. (v. 409). K. (.Ma.i- uil), ls3,"), Portugucoe on Laikin's books '3.')-8. iii. 413. K. (Robert), l-'ol, Kngl. hnnbcrniiiii, who wiis one of (indiam's men in '30 -S, and was arres;ed in '4.1, but lefi, at Sta B. sick. iii. 4I'J; iv. 17. Naturaliz. d in 'II and arri'st. d for btealii'g banber at Sta Cruz in '4"J, but escaped from jail; ])erliaps tho m u iiavu il in L'ii-Li)i.\i Arcts '4.'). K. (Thomas), 1848. )iass|i. fioui lion. K. (W in), 1810, came to S. Josc^ IJall. K. (Wm), 1847, Co.- F, N.V.Vol. (v. 49..). I\ing 1S, dVr'.'- llClllll. "t Km.; iiir /.,!«. k.lElisha), ISIS, on roll of .Soc.Cal. I'ion. Kings- 1l>v (Francis), 1840, Fauntlcroy's dragoons (v. '2'.V2, 247). Kink (Roiiert), bSl.'J, doubtful name of an Fnglishman at Branciforte in '45, age 30, wife Kstefana Juarez, child Robert, v. 43. Kiidcy, 1840, doubtful mention at J lock l'"arm. Kinlock (Oeo.), 1830, Scotch carpenter and trader at Mont, with his wife, Mary Anderson, also Scotch, and the 1st foreign woman wlio lived in Cal. As their son (Jeo. David — the 1st child of foreign parents born in Cal. — was born ill "30, they may have arrived a year or two earlier. l''iom '30 K.'s name ap- ))cars constantly in all kiiids of Monterey records. In '3() his age was 30. Ho d;ed about '58. His son Geo. D. in '48 was with Itosi? k UeynoMs at Rose Bar. There wns a ihuighterCatalina, born in '33. iii. 170-^0, 'J:.'l, 00!); iv. 17. Kinnane (Patrick), 1847, Co. F. 3d U.S. artill. (v. 51S). Kinney (A. and S.), 1S45, ovcrl. imniig., pciliaps of the (^rigsby-Ide jiarty. A. had a family and perhaps went to Or. in '40; S. was a 'hard case,' employed by Sutter during the winter, and went back east in the sprint;, v. 5'JO, 570. K. (James), 1847, teamster in Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. (v. 5I>S). Kiuns (.\lex.), 1847, Co. C, N. Y.Vol, (v. 40!>); d. at Sonoma Dec. '47. Kinscy, 1845, at N. Ilelv.: and a l)an. D. Kinscy is nameil in one list as one of Mio Stevens party of '44. Kiiitring (Cluis M.), 1847, Co. K, X. Y.Vol. (v. 490). Kiiby (Henry), 1839, Engl, stewaril of the Cornnir, who kept a restau- rant at II V. in '40; a witness against Capt. Hinckley in '40-1. iv. 110. K, (.James), 1S44, attendant of a sick sailor at Mont.; jierhaps same as John K., a sailor. K. (Richard C), I84ti, Fngl. tanner, who left a whaler on the Or. coast in '45, and came l)y land to Cal. witii a party the next year. v. 5'JO. He worked at his trade for Sutter during Bear Flag times, and later had a small tannery in tlie Xorth Beach region at .S. F. In '47-8 ho workeil at Sta Cruz; as niiiier and trader in the mines '48-0 he made a small fortune, which he soon lost in a city 8;ici'ulation; and from '50 he was engaged in the iiianu- lacture of leather at Sta Cruz, where he still lived in '70, and I tiiink in '85. I'ortrait in Sta f'ruz <.'o, ilinl., l(i. Kirehncr (Henry), 184'*, partner of Weber at Stockton. Thikhrim. Kirk (Thomas), 1847, Co. B, Morm. Bat. (v. 400). Kirkwood (.lames and .lolin), 1840, Co. B, Cal. Bat. (v. .3.:8); tlicrc was also a James, Jr, at Mont, in '47. The K.'s were overl. imniig. mentioned by Bryant. Kisling (.John W.), 1840, Danish sailor at S. F., who got a lot in '47, went to the mines in '48, and returning lived in town to '50, later at S. Mateo, and died in '01, leaving a widow and 'J children. Kittleman (John), 1840, one of the Mormon colony with a family; owner of S.F. lot '47; died at Sta Cruz "52. His children, each of them obtaining a S.F. lot, were (Jeorge; Thomas, who married Angeline Lovett at .S.F. in '47, and was a constab'.o in the same year; Sarah, who married E. P. Jones; and Win, who diccl in Utah '55, leaving a widow and G cliildren living at Centre- ville, U;ah, '85. None of John's 4 chilurcn survives in '85. v. 640, 078, 080, I 702 PIOXKEU RKGLSTKIl AND INDKX. 6S."). KU;i!ibrotli (lolm), 1S17, musician X.Y.Vul. (v. 4!)!t); owner of S. [■. lot. V. (JT'S. J\.l> inst;|]i(j(jtli (.iuliu), 1S17, Co. *i, ditto; oviicrof iS.F. lot; in S F. o'J; in (iorniiiny "s-J. Klonyd (Fianci.-*), IS17, C■ Lanciy to iiavo conio w.tli Ivoanij'; ii iiow.s])ai)i!i' writer ia S. I". \S L Kni;4lit (Henry), ISK), one of tliii S. iUas exiles, iv. IS. K. (Henry), ls44, Swiss, at S. F.; age 40; peiiia.H same aa jii-ecedinLr. K. (.John), Ih47, Co. K, X.V.VoI. (v. 4'.lil); at I'liiali '71 >'2. K. Criiomas). ISJl, (iernian sailor and .sawyer, who left tiie Ah rl. and got ii p.issport. K. ('riioinas), l,sl">, native of Me; tr.ader in La, Ar'c, and .\lo.; overl. inmii^'. of tlie (;ii;^sliy-ldi' party, or of tlio Swasey-Todd br;,nrli of tiiat jiarty, iv. ,")77. All lu.< propcity, ineliidinf,' a .^todi of i:oiiil.>t for sale, was destroyed liy the explDsiou of a Ucl; of powder luidcr liis v.agoii i:i the Sitrra. lie setthil in N.qia Val., tonk jiart in the Jkar re- volt. V, 11(1; ami ha 1 soinc exjierienee in tlio mines. In '.'M-70 lie was a fariner in Napa ai.d Sonouia eounties, lieiiiL,' (iwnerof the Mmistal or Uerrey- tsa ranclio. v. ti7l--; and later u}|, nat. of Ind., natnrali/ed and married to a native in X. .Me.\., wlioeame with the Workman-Iinwlanil party, returning in '1"J t) hrinn Ills f;iniiiy. v. '_'7S-0. Ho settleil in '4H on the Saerainento, at the place named for him. Kniglit's Lancling— ohtaiiiing in '44 a reni'wal of his na;u- rali/ation papers that had been lost. He served ^dieheUorena in Cantt's conip. ; was ;i signer of the S. Josi'; call to foreigners; got a liind-grant in '4(i; and t.iok an active part in the liear revolt, peiliaps serving in t!ic Cal. Bat. iv. 4;.(i, rm, :u.\ ,V,)!): v. lOO, 110, 114-19, (J.'J7. After the di.-xovery of gold he estahlislud Knight's Ferry on tlio Stanislaus, where he ilied in '4I>. Ho was a great hunter, and though said to have been educated as a phy.d- cian, was a man of very rough ways, violent in temixM', always ready t ) tal;e olVcnue, and to settle all dillerences l)y force. His title to lands, resting '>, I tlnidv, married lespcetively Ch."s I'. Keecl, .1. X. .Snowljall, and Natlianiel Jacobs. A good sketch of Knight is given in Yo!o Co. Ilixt., 'M. Knos.s_ (M.). 1S4(), Co. B, artill. Cal. Bat., enlisting at Sac. in Oct. (v. 3.")S). Knott, 1.S47, nn' of the Sir,. Kolan, lS4(i, doidjtfnl name in a Los Aug. list. Kolmcr (Michael), 1840, accomp. by wife and .'1 cliildicn; settled lu'nr Bodega, one daugiitcr mari'ying Win Howard and another Wm Benitz. Sonoma Co. I/isf., '201. Koonig (Wnii, 1817, Co. C, N.Y.Vol. (v. 409); drowned in Sac. Kiv. '47. Kontz (JoimiJ.i, 1S47, Co. F, ditto. Kook (Chaa), 1847, Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. (v. 518). K. (Theodore), 18.39, at S. Diego. KoosiT (Benj. Park), 1847, Co. F, .Id U.S. artill.; nat. of Pa. He .vas a printer and coimectcd with tho press, even before his disciiarge, working as pressman on the CaliJ'ortiian in '47, and writing letters lor the eastern koosi:r-lafrkxz. 703 pnpcrs. To one of liin letters on t!ie g ilil discuv. i;i tlio N.Y. If, bavin;,' inanicil ISi'He W'aiil df S. .IcisO in '(j_'. 'I'lieii ho hcfaino eduiii- aiiil imhli.shcr of tlic Sta (,'riiz Scitliiul tor 1 1 yoaiH, his valodiutmy ad- drct'-i upiicaiiiiu' May "JT, 7ti. Jle tnuk a derp iiitiii st in jiiniiccr iciiiinis- cciu'fs, and WTDto many articles on the suhjcct, his J'ioncrr XoA//' r.s I'j'Cul., (Ill account . In "7l> ii" went cast as centennial cdlnnu;;. ioner fir Cal.; and dicil at.Sta Criv. in "T'^. at the a;,'u of ."iti. K(irn (Fulius), ISlT, jicihaps '.w, iV.rj, ,-,;i7, m-i- o, ()).>-(). Kounti: • (Win), I.SI7 S, Mormon, at Sutter's mill. H'njl' r. Kraft (Chas), 1847, Co. F. :!d l^ S. artill. (v. .'ilS). Krau.ss (('has). 1S47, innsiciiui, X.Y.Vol. (v. AW). Kreut/er (.John), lS47. Co. W lid artill. (\. 51o). Ivrewzliur;,'. l'M7. ni.med at \. Helv. as one of the X. V.\'ol. Ivrii- iian, 1S17, named in MS as a deserter from the N.Y. Vol. Kiohii (lohn M.i, IM7. Co. C, N.Y. Vol. (v. 4. Kuprianof (Ivan), 1S40, ex-;:ov. ( f the lluss. cstah. in .Maska; visited Cal. on tlu ML; iv. I(),"(, 1(;7, 174-1; Kurtz (Lev 1.S47, <'o. (;, N.Y. Vol. ( v. 4, ss, i!)S, •jo:i-4. y ;-chmidt m 10, 21-J !,•{. '-I, 1 •2S0. laviii'' VI M-.MS, .-ited S.F. (j:>v». 2 :!. Kulchhack (Clias), 1S47, Co. I>, N.Y. Vol. (v. 4!>'.l). Kybnrz (Daniel), lo47, owner of S.F. lot. K. (Sam. K.), lS4(i. overl. imnii'f. troni Wisconsin Mith his wife and her lirothi'is. I']ntered Sutter's em- ]iloy as a kind f)f sn))elintendeMt, and is oiten mentioned in tlie A', //rlr. I) iitn/ '47--S, lingaS.l'. lot in '47. He took an a(.'ti\e ]iait in e\ -)l)- I connected with the uold discovery; and in 'IS-O kept a hotel at Sac. Ii he seems to have heeu a trader at .S. F. Mrs K. had two ehildren hoi n at Slitter's l'"ort, one of them, a son, in Feb. '48; and she was living at Clarks- ville, VA Dorado Co., in '80. p.), 181!;, k. (Theo- ffor Wells Kolan, aeconip. lyin^' Win IfT (Win), Ijohnd.', Il8). K. |Hc ams a. working le eastern Lahastida, soldier-teacher at S. .Tost'' '-J'l ii. fiOS. Labra (.Tiiau Ant.), soldier, sentenced to death at Mont, for rolibcry 1781. Ijaeousse, In4S, Can.i- diin at Hear liivcr and Mormon DiLr:,'int,'s. /j/oo/,x Lacy (Sam.), 1 i,'",!, nil' of a I'criiv. brii,'atS.F. Ladd (Milton I, 1S4.">, one of the men lost on the nVrrc//'.s' launch '4(i. iv. ;!84, ")S7. L. (Sam.). ISKi, one of the .Mormon col- ony, who went by the name of Johnson; fonmrly a soldier, beimr a teacher of taeties on the Ilrouldini; went to Utah, where he still lived in "SI. v. ."(4 >, TwO. L. (S. (!.), 1S47, at lienicia. Laez (Mazario), elaimeil to have been grantee of land in Sia (,'lura Co. 178."). Lallenr (Louist, I84'5, Canadian in Co. G, Cal. Bat., enlisting at S. .Tos^ Nov.; went cast with (,'oin. Stoekton '47. v. 4r)4; but returned, and in Dec. '48 was drowned in the Yuba. Laframboisc (Michel), ls;j-J (?), chief of the H. P>. Co. hunters in C^il., making half a dozen or more visits in ';i'_'-4li, espe- cially in ';$3-4 J. The date of the 1st visit is uncertfiiii. iii. ;J!)'2-;J, 40S; \\\ I.S.j, 213, •J20. Lafreuz (C. F.), 1847, from Hon. on the Xylon. L. (J. JI.), VJ .•■»SS L 704 riONEEIl REGISTKR AND INDEX. 1S4S, pnssp. from lloii. Lagos (J. V,.), 1848, ditto. Lagrace (Fran.), 1340, pi'iliaps out' of tlio avrosted loruigiitTs. iv. 17. J^udliiw (Cfo.), 1847, Co. B, N.Y.Vol. (v. 49!)). Laighton (John 15.), IS.I.'i, licut ill -Mux. navy statioiifd at Mont.; went to S. IJlas to join liiscoips in ".Hi. llu was an Aniciican. Laint; (Tlios II.), 1847, nat. of Mo., vvliocanio to (,'al. at tliu uge of I.'), and bocaniL- a prominent lawyer of Sta Clara; naml). of the state senate '74-7, and of tlie constit. convention of '78. Laird (.Jciliu \V.), 1847, nat. of I'a and overl. iinniig. with hi.s family. In Feb. '4S he kipt a terry on tlio .Sac. liiv. at Montezuma, v. (i74; ace. to the newspapers Mis L. had a son horn on tho Amer. Kiv. in May, '47, bnt it was prob. in '4S. L;iird kept a store at Angels, living also at Stockton and other places; but in '.")() Settled in Stanislaus Co., where he died in '78, leaving a widow — a sister of Thos I'ylc— and .'1 children. Lajenucs.so (Basil), 184,j, Canadian trapper and member of Fri^moiit's cx- ploiiii',' party, who was killed by Ind. on the Or. frontier in the night attaelc on I'liiiionl's camp, April '40. iv. oS;}, u87; v. 'J4. L. (Francois), ls;i;{(?), pi'oLably brother of Basil, s;iid to have visited Cal. either in the Walki r party or in one of tiie II. IJ. Co. jiarties. lie wa.s one of Fremont's men in 41, but did not reach Cal. iii. 3'Jl. Luke (John), 184ii, Fauntleroy's dra- goons (V. -.'.'i-J, •JJ7). Lamaiiou, 178(), with La Pi'rouse. i. 43.1. Lambarcn (Juan), 1842, adj. of the liatallon lijo, who died '44. iv. 'J8!». Lainbdon, 1847, at X. llelv. Lainb'Mt (.John A.), 18t7, Co. E, N.Y.Vol. (v. 4',)!»). Lamoine, 1847, mr nf the ri'iiiroU. Lainorcux (Louis), 1840, Canadian carpenter, age 37, at Los Aug. witii a N. Mex. jiassport; perhaps hi.s name was Lamoreau, .still at Lus Aug. '48. Lamottc (Francois), 184."), negro deserter from tho llrro'iiii' i\i Mont. Lam|>licii' (Wm), 1824, mate of the Jtorcr. Lampman (W'mL.), 1847, Co. A, X.Y.Vol. (V. 4!)!)); in Mexico '8'-'. Lance (Wm), 1847, Co. E, Morm. Bat. (v. 40!)); reenl. Laiiecy ( Tliumas Crosby), 1840, nat. of Me., born in '24, an year.*, in '8,'), li(! has been contined to his room, and much of tho time to his bed. lie kept a journal iliiring his service in the navy, iuipplemciited witii many iicius obtained fi'oiu laterol)servations, reading, and asssieiation with pioneers, wilh a view to jjiiblicatinn in book foi-in as materiiil for history. Being ineventcd by failing healtli from carrying out his ])urpose, he furnished a jiait oi his historical glear.ings to tlic S. .1. I'ioiiri-r for publication in '7'J-81. 'riie result, J,(UU'i/\t ('rniKc <>/ l/ie J)al>; preserved in my Library in scrap-book form, v. l!)i), is in many respects the most comiilete collcclion extant of data on the <-oii(|iiest of Cal. The author has shown not only indefatigable zi.'al, but marked ability in his resc^arches. The m.ittcr is not always systematically ar- ranged; the eli'ect is marred by tyjiographic errors, resulting ^ in placing the author high in the list of those who luive done faithful work on Cal. history, Lancey also wrote a sketch of the >i. Y.\'olunteers, jiuljlishcd in <'l'irh'x ?•'/>>/ I'/'jimciit, (Died in '8").) Landaeta (.Martin), 1791, Span, friar, who served ehielly at S.F., and died atS. Fern, in 1810. Biog. ii. Iir> 10; mention i. .'ilO, .jl4, r)70-7, 700, 712, 721; ii. I."')-!, l.")9-00. Landers (Kbenezcr), 1847, Co. C, Morm. Bat. (v. 40!ij; at Salem, Utali, 'S2. L. (\Vm|, 1847, Co. II, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); shci- iH'iii '48; dieil at S. ]''. 'oO. Lane, 1848, sutler in (Jraham'a battalion (v. .'")22). L. (ianmeline A.), 1840, one of the Mormon colony, v. 540. L. (.lo.sepli), 184S, pas.scd througli Cal. on his way from Sta Fi5 to Or.; a pi'omi- leiit man in the north. See //«.^^ Or. L. (Lewis), 1847. sergt Co. D, Morm. Ikit. (v. 409). L. (Samuel), 1840, one of the men lost on tho IKa)-jr//'.< launch, v. 384. I.ane, lo42, doubi.ful name of a ranch owner near S. Luis Ob. ailor from I the navy diiiyiiKiii, t<)"S. 1'., vuar.i, ill 'h.a. lie any iiL'uis n'oi-s, Willi iic'vcnti'l lit of liis he result, iovm, V. a iiu tliu /.(.■al, liut icaliy ar- from tl:e csincliui; (Hiinioii, k nic'viis lose who h of the iinil , I'JH, l.'iO, l.;S-40, Kit, 17(). l.annian (.Joseph), JS47, lieut U. S. X., com. of the Warrcit. '47-S. v. ;"i,sl. \,. (.Ste| hen), 1840, sailniaker on the U.S. Dali'. Lansing, 1S47, nirof the ('itl- zdi. v. .577. l^an-son (J. ), 1S47, blacksmith at S. l>ie;^'o. La I'l'i'ouso (.Jean b\ CI.), 1780, Freucii navii;ator, the lirst foreign vnyagor to touch the coast of Cat. after Span, occupation; ami author ol a I o//'.7rt w'dch contains much valual)le information about Cal. .See account of his visit and Iwok in i. 4"JS-40; also ment. i. '26'2, -il't, ."i()!), olJ, ,")1!), .')J7, 01'.!; it. "J."}, !.■{!, 010. La|iieiTC (Louis), 1S4,'), Canatlian ijoat-maker of I'r.inont'a ]iarty. iv. TiSlt. He is said to have built a schooner for Sainsev.iin at .Sta Cruz in later years. I..aplace (Cyrille 1*. T.), IS.'-i!), com. of t!ie Ficiich nuiii-of- war Arlciiu^c, and author of a CamjMiiiii' tic Cir:n)n)t(i>'ii;(ttton. iv. l.'i2-">; ment. iii. O'.l."), 701); iv. [)'.\, 101, lOo. Lappeus (.lames H.), 1817, Co. 11, X.Y.Vol. (V. 49!)); owner of )S.F. lot; trader at Sac. '48; married in 'ID to Ann Hitchcock, jle went later to N.Y. and Idaho, and in '82 lived at Port- land, t)r., where he had been city marshal, ami for VI yeai's chief of police. ].,ara, .sentinel at Los Ang. ',(7. iii. 519. L. (.Vntonio), alguaeil at Mont. ';!G. iii. 07'>. L. (Casiniiro), invalido of Sta 15. conip. '.'iJ. L. (I'ran.), sol- dier of S. F. comp. ';W-4l'. L. (Fran.), killed at ,S. I'ascual. v. .'U7. L. (.)osi'), one of the 1st settlers at Los Ang. 1781; Span., with an Ind. wife. J.,. (Juan), soldier and corp. S.F. comp. ';{7-4'_'. L. (.Julian), soldier at Sta 15. Iieforo '.'{7. L. (Itomualdo), 18;!7, Mc.x. of the 11. & l*. colony, impli- cated in the troubles of '.'5,'), and sent to Mcx. under arrest, iii. "iSi, "J.SO, I'SS. Laril (Fielding), 1840, overl. imniig. with his family. The >naniage of his daugliter 'Mary toll. S. Moultrie) on the trip is mentioned \\y ]5iya:it; at Sutler's Fort in '47, and owner of a .S.F. lot, liut settled in St.i ('lara Val., v. here he still lived in '(iO; often callcil \Vm. L. (Joseph A.), 1840, c.ime ta .Sta Clara; prob. son of Fielding. Lardner, 1S4"_', lieut U.S.N. , with .Joiic.j at Mont. iv. oOS. La Rointrie (llcnry), 1S4'J, commander's sec. on tlu; i'^rk- loirn. Larios (Gracia), sent to Mex. as a prisoner '30. iii. So. L. ('ose Mari'a), Mex. sold, who came between 1780 and '1)0; from '91 a settler at .S. Jose, ami later at Las Aromas, near S.Juan JJ. lie was a blacksmiJi and laiildir ot mills, but was chielly noted as a bear-hunter, being kdlcd by a gri.'./ly in IslS. i. (iJ-J, 710, 718; ii. l;>.">, 170, ;!87. His first wife was Juliana j.iiiari's, and the 'Jd iMiscbia Alvarez; his chihlren were Antonio, Manuel, Jose Do- lores, J usto, Mari'a del Pilar, Antonia, and Anlonina. L. (.(usto), son of Josii M., b. at S. Jose ISOS; soap-maker and ranchero who served as mili,ia artil- leryman in the war against .Miclieltorcna "41 o, and for a short time umLr Castro in '40; grantee of Cafiaila do los Capitanciilos in 'I'J. iv. 071; all Ids hinscs were taken by Fremont. He made two succcsslid visits to the mines in '49-.")0, but in later years lost all his land and other property, through no fault of his own, as he believes. In '7S, living at Gilroy, he gave me an in- teresting narrative called t'ouvid/iioiiC'^ en Cntiforuia. His wife was Cecilia, daughter of Joaquin Castro, married in '33; children '41, Ai' -lino 1). '34, .Juan '.'>0, Olivcro ',39, Soledad '38. L. (Manuel), son of Jose M., b. at S. Josii 1798. He seems to have served as a soldier in 'l.'»-J9, aid was later an iilfOrez of militia, serving .'n (lov. Alvarado's time. lu '39 ho was grantee of Sta. Hwr. Cal„ Vol. IV. 45 ; III ill! 706 PIOXRER REGISTER AXD INDEX. Ana ranclio near S. Juan 11, Avliifli was finally confirmed to him. iii. 070, 71.'t. Jn '10 lit! was jiic'Z at S. tliiaii, ami took jiart in tlic arrest of tin; f(jr- cii^nevs. iii, (]!);>; iv. '20. llu was, lilic lii.< fatiicr, a famous bcar-liuntcr, t )ol; part ill various t'xpe( Don ^Manuel. I.aikin ('i'lioinas Oliver), IS.'VJ, nat. of .Mass., h. at Charlcstown in lSO-2, in Inisiiu^.s at Wilmington, N.(J., front '21 to 'S!>, and in '.SI necepting nn invitn- tioii fiomCapt. Cooper, his lialf-l)roth('r, to jcin hinuit Monterey, lliamotlitr w.'i-'. liien married to a ;{d l;iisl)and, Mr (,'hilds, L.'m p.assport from the gov. of Mass. ii dated Sept. '2, '31, and lie canie on tin; Kciccanllc. via Ilonohilii, ar- riving in April '.'!■_'. iii. .'i(J4, 40S. Jn ",V1 he was emiiloyed hy Cooper as elerk, or aeciiuntant; in Feh.-.Sejit. '.'i.'! hi' did a small eoniniission husiiiesa, and tiieii wiiii a capital of !?,")00 he opened a little store at Mont, for the sale of yrocciic^, grog, produce, an. I ilry gooil.'i, stai'ting a ilour-mill the next year, and dealing to a eonsiderahlc extent in lumher. In ';>."{ he wa.s also inarricid on ho;ird tiie ['olinifcir at Sta 15., hy Consul Jones of Honolulu, to Mrs llaclul If ilnus, lu'o Ilohson, his fellow-pa: senger on the .\'('iira-lli-, who had eonic to Join her husband, Capt. John C. llolnie:-;, hut on arrival had found herself a Viidow. iii. 'M'l, 40S, (),"j2. She was the l.st Anier. woman to live in Cal., and lier son Thomas ()., horn in Ajiril '."il, was the 1st child hornof Anier. parents in Cal. Having the proverbial Yankee shrewdness in trade, with no incon- venient Veneration fur the revenue iav.s, l.arkin prospered frc ni the hrst. In his ledgers he has left careful mcmoianda of hii wealth on .l;in. Istcifeaih year as' follows: ';{.">,!?-',().'>(); '."jO, iii'KTOS; ';!7, S'),(!-'() (ehieily in house and mill, for he had spent all his nu.ncy en the house and liad no goods); ".'{;•;, .'^i 1,01:!; '.Si), !?i:!,7.SS; '40, ,'?15.sn.-); '41, .'?-'l,4:);{; '4'-', .S:i7,l).'>S; '4;;, S!l!t,147; '44, .stc.,- 0'.;,"); '4"), iJODino; '4(1, .V;;(),(i44. He did not seek to hecome a Mex. citizen. hut in ';i'.i ohtaini'd a carta, which v.as renewed fr<, 0. 'J4, :V2-{i. He visited Me.x. in '40-1 on business, iv. 102, '207: on hisretu.n took ft contract to build the Mont, custom-house; and in '4"i ditl good serviro in maintaining friendly lelations between Com. Jones and the Californians. iv. 307, 310, .'!_!•. The same year he established a branch store at StaCruz in c!iari;c of .Josiah lulden; l)ut an incendiary (ire destroying §0,000 worth of lumber in '43 made this part of his business unprofitable. In '43-4 lie had somewhat inti- mate business relations with Gov. Jlicheltorcna, making loans to the govt, and \. On his return he assumed the position of U.S. consul at Mont., his appointment having been made at Wash, in '43 and re- newed in '44, and from the first was active in sending accurate inforinaliou to his govt respecting Cal. aQ'airs, as well as iu the routine duties of his ollici'. iv. 3S:), 408, 4'2S, 430, 4."j0, 454, .%1, aSO-OS. Larkin's closeness in moiie.\ matters, in contrast with the reckless prodigality aficcted by many, prevented lii.s ever reaching in a certain sense the highest popularity, hut he was alway; respected by the better classes of natives and foreigners as a nian of iionora Lie conduct, of sound judgment, and of conservative though not seltish viev. ; on general topics. Ho was .a man of slight education, but of much tact ami practical good sense. Duly devoted to the interests of his govt and of the Amcr. immigrants, he had no sympathy with filibusterism, and did not ignore the rights uud prejudices of the CuUforuians. Ho fully believed that, either iu LARKIN— LA ROCQUE. 707 tlio event of w.ir vi'itli Mcx. f)r liy purchase, the pt'oplo nml local rulers miuiifc lie; induceil Voluntarily to trauslei- tlieir alleLjiaiKji' to tin' U.S. At tlif iml of '•l."> lie was formally apiiointed a sctiet aud coulidfUtial aj.'eut of tin- ailliiiuis- tratiou at Wash, to hring ahout this result; ami from tiie lit^iuuiiiL^ of '1(1, turiiiu),' over ilia ))rivato busineA to 'J'alliot II. (Iriiii. ho woiked eari'iistly, and as lie l)cliev((l with good prosiieetsof success, to make fiicnds for tho I'.S. and to c(juuteract tiie ellects of the few who favored an luiLjlis!'. protei^torate, V. 4 '-'S, j4-7(), 10!», 14l', I'lJI-'JO. Fremont's foolish liravado at (Javihm, and the still more foolish and criminal P.ear revolt, vere wellui;;h fatal lilin\s to his plans; hut still ho did not despair, and havini; used his inlluence w itli C(jni. Sloat successfully in favor of a conservative policy, v. '2'_'l-.")4, he wmt south with Stockton, hopiii;; with the aiil of his associate, Alxl Steal lis, to induc(! Castro and I'ico, with tho peo|)lo of tiie south, to submit without rc'- sistauce, artfully presentiu},' to them the danger tiiat the U.S. forces, in caso the re)K)rt of war .should prove unfounded as in '4'-', would rctiiv and leavo Cal. at the mercy of the jjcars. That Stockton took cU'ectixe and dishoiioralilo steps to prevent the success of these plans, fearing tliat the siihmi.ssion of tlio gi>v. and general would iuterfeie with the ininic(liat(,' jirospccts of him~c!f and his associate (ililnistcrs, is no discredit to l.,aikin, \\ lioso course tiiroiigii- out is worthy of all praise, his statesninnship lieiiig iiicom|iaral)ly superior to that of the opera-lioulle 'coiii|iierors' of Cal. v. I'TI--, "JSI. Iteturniiig to ^lont., L. was aiijiointed acting U.S. naval agent, iiileiusting liim.self also in the release of tiie Hears' captives at X. Helvetia, v. 'JSl, -JILS-',!, 'ML In Mo li he was a coires[)ondent of the N.Y. Ilcrahl and Siii>. Jn Nov., vliile on his way to vi.sit a sick dauyiitcr atS.F,, L. was captured hy tin; Calilor- nians under Manuel Castro, hccaiue a witness of the tii^ht at S'atividad, and was carried south to he retained as a captive till tlu' cud of the war. He was kindly treated, there being no ill-will toward him, al.d the intention being to utilize the possession of so pidiuincut a man eithi r in exclian.ue or in making iav(ji'able terms of capitulation, v. SoS, ;j(i4-r>, ."(17 -70, 4(IJ. Returning iioi tli in '17, he served as naval storediceper, and his appointment as naval agent was (joniinucd in Wash. v. (il4. He was also a member of the lenislativu council wiiich never met. v. 41!;!. He took, however, but slight part in publiu ali'airs. v. 4 tl!, I4S, 4."),"», "t\; being notilied in duue '!S that his function.s :;s counsel and conlidential agent terminated in ^lay witli the treaty of peace. He had become the own r of various S.F. lots, and in jiaitiiership with Sem- pie, the founder of Iknicia in "47. v. (ioIJ, GOO, (i7 1-4. In '4'J he was a nieiiib..T of the coustit. convention, ainl his naval agency was iliscontiiiuetl by order.s from Wash. In 'oO-.'! he resided with his family in N. V., but ret in lie, I to S.F. auil gave his attention to the care of his (iroperty. 'I'hough unable to siist.iin his title to a S.F. giant and the Sta Clara orchard, he was tiie successful claimant for the I'liigge aud Jimeno rauehos in the S.ic. Val. v. (ili.'i-d, (i70-l; aud these, witli his jiessessions in S.F. , Mont., and IScnicia, made liiin a very rich man. His .sons had also been the grantees in '41 of a ranclio in Cohi^a. iv. (171. l^arkin died at S.F. i.i 'oS. He was a man to whom nothing like Jii fc credit has hitherto been given for his public services in '4,5-0. I'oilraits are giv( ii in C''j//uii's Three Yiitrs in ( 'uL , A nual.-< o/S. F. , and there ai e iijiotogi:!.; lia in tlie library of the Soe. Cal. I'ion. A street in S.F. bears his name. .Mr- I,, died in '7.'<, at the ago of GO. The children were Thos I), b. in 'HI; an iiif.-.i.t son who dieil in '.'JO; l''rcd. H. b. in '37, d. 'GO: Ailelaide who died at S. i'. in '40; Francis R. b. '10, d. '74; Alfred O. born in '4S; and a daughter wl.o married Sampson Tanis. Thomas, Alfred, and Mrs Tanis are still li\in.', I think, in 'So. The Larkin nianuserii)ts furnished for my use as mateiiilior history by representatives of the family have been named in my list of au- tlioritics, with some comments, in i. 4'J-jO. They constitute a most ma.:niti- cent and uncfiualled contribution to the history in which the father ot tiie donors took .so jirominent aud honorable a part. L. (\Vm M.). lJ54.'i, on tho roil of the Soc. Cal. Pion. iv. 400. Larragoyli (Rafael), IS-J-J, nir oi tiicN./''. (/(• Paula, ii. 474. I^i Roche (Eugene), 1840, witness in tho Santillan caso 'oj, age 33. Lu Rocquc (Geo.), 1S4S, Cuaiadiau miner from Or. on tho _jt\l 708 riOXKCK KIXilSTKli AND IXr»KX. Ill iini; went liuck in MO to Or., wliiTr lio died in '77. Ifnvin? n widow nnd \ iliiMiVn. Lusiv.y (Alex. JJ.), Is47, Co. 1>, X.V.Vol. (v. -J!!!)); iiillcd l.y ilicl. 'IH. Liisstin (I'otcr), IMO, 'PuniHii Iducksinitli \\]\<> (•.niic to .\\wv. in '!!>, to Of, oVL'ilaml in "M, and to ("id. Iiy tlio /, iitniiinii'f\M\A\\vi at iludi'ja, and iIk ncu iniui'ilin;^' to ^Sllttc^'.■^ I'oft, S.F., and S. .|(i.s(', vln ro lio workcii at liis tiado tliou^'h the wintcrof 'IK-I. iv. 117, l--'0-l, !;;(;. In the Minin,:,' of '»! iio l,iiilt a saw -mill near ,Stii Crn/, wliitli in; soM to llialiani <'aily in 'l.'l. J)i- .Sundc Is d:'.-^i,Tilii's liini tliis ycir as a trav'tdlint; Maclisniitli and iiiintcr lic(\vf<'n S..liwu and Sic; In' liad a litit on the Cosnnitics in Nov.; applied for iiatiira'.i/ii' tion, iind .sLli'utid II rani'lio. In 'II he j,'nt his |ia[)(is and his land-j.'runt ff i;os(|ncjo on l>c PI' (,"r. , 'J'lhaina Co. i\. ()70-l. His ]ilaio u often nuntiuneil in 'l."p-(i. iv. ■_••_'!», ShO; v. 'J'.', '-'l-o, lOJ; he was uilh ( Jillopit' ami I'lenioiit and pi()l)al)ly oni^ of the itears in '1(1; 1 nt is said to have p)ne east in the Stoiklon party of '47, retiunini,'. jilol). with Chile:!, in '-IS; Imt I thini; tlieits may lie an cii'or in thi.s, and that I... went no farther cast than Foit Hall, his niis:.i(in lieiii;4 to divert imnuj^ratifin into the La-^sen routtMo the >i]iper Sae. \i\\. He was owner of a S.I''. lot in '17. In '.">() he sold h.df of his raneho end stiek, en,i;auiu^ in unl'ortunato .steaiidioat speenlation at Sue. whieii iiooa iinned him linaneially. In '.")! hesettltil in Indian \'al., I'lnuiasCo.; and iii Vi."), as miner and farmer in Honey l.aki' \'al., I.assen Co. In '."i!l, while on a pro.s]ierling tonr in the re;^ioii noith of I'yramid hake, he was killed hy Ind., M- possibly white man disj;uiscd as Ind., huiii;,' th< ii ."i',> years old. I'ortrait in J'liimrix, i.dssfii, ami SicrrnCi). lI'iM., M. His nuniory is preserved in the name of Lassen jicuk and eounty. ha.sso do la Vefja (liamon), 17S1, Mex. alfi're/ of the S.l''. romp., nnd pomelimes habilitado; retired on half )iav in '!)!; later a teaeher at S. .)i.>s'; died in IS'Ji, at the ago of Gl. I)io;r. i. "470-1; nu lit. :i4(t, \'A1 W, .'13.'., r.S4, (il'J, (i'.t.'S, 7l'i. Lasuen (Fermiii Fi-ineiseo), 177^', Span, friar whof!er\('d i;s missionary, chiefly at S. L)ie;,'i) till I7''^">, when he was ehoieii president of tlio missions, a position held until his death at ?■!. Ciirlos in IMKI. In .'ul tlieaniiali (if the Fernandinos there ispresentc ' no moi-e admiralile eharaeter than lli;:t of I'alrc I'crmin. ISioji. ii. 8-10; men', i. I'J_>. P.U-O. 'JIS-O, ilOG-^, .'iOO, .'i;.lj- I, ;;!(;, wis, .'iss, ;i'js-4()(i, 417, aii o, 4:j-j, 4:j'.i, 4 n, 4.-)1 ;i. 4(;'j, 171, 47 1, 47(>. 4;,.', 4!)!-:?, 4()S-it, ")i-->-i;t, re_», ,-):!i, "):i7, oi-', r)44, .v.;i .->, .v.7, ,V)!) (M, ."os, .■,7.!-}, f.7(). r.78-l)9, 000--j;i, G'JO, 0:)5, 080, 081), 70U-I1, 7i'7-8; ii. .*!, 140, l.V.), Id.-, y78, 0-j.-]. Lataillado (Cesiireo), 184'2, Span, of French ileseent, and ineml)er of a Mes. tradini; firm, who eaiiic as sup. of the Trlnidiiil. iv. .'it I , .")()!). \\v beeaine v.eil known as u man of Imsiuess, makin;.,' Sta 15. his lioiiic. From '40 he was viee- consnl of Spain at .Mont., bcin;,' ailowid to i-eside i.t Sta Ii. from '47. anil be- in;,,' the ;;rantec of Cnyamas raneho in '4'i. iv. .'lOO; v. '218, (d."i, OLi'J. liia iiamn (ifien ap[ieurs in oili<'ial commnn. during the mil. regime of '47-S; lie was men- tioned in eoniu'ction with idle runiora of revolts, v. oSO; r.nd took a promi- nent jiart in arresting the murderers ii the lieed family, v. (ilO. He acii- deiitally shot and killed himself atStali. in ■40. His wife was >.laria Aiit(jnia, de la (luerra, who waa claimant for sevei'al ranehns, iii. O.'i.'i; iv. (!I'_', becuiie the wife of Caspar tli;.t ,:i02- 1. 7(i. -J''. --•► * , .'l.' '1 V.I, Hi-'. ,f a M.'N. lUllO will wan viri'- ;uiil 1"'- liisiianii' was lucii- a proini- 11c ac i- Antonia licoauu; 8411, (All. iiff(Chas il ti) til'' M,'> f). ho ., Co. 1"'- tho liay licili;.' ill [v (if < iri'- \o. Hist., ho I'amc |S, Aincr. Tiiw (111 \(irt(>, Apr. is, '•J7. iii. Kill, 17s. Husittlcdat I.os Ancf. nsnoni'pcii- U-r. il. a ii.itivi'. ,).)S; ^ul a ciiitii III '•> am 1 lat( IK (.'!• (ivMicil II viiiiyaiil, ]i(iliai>( 111.11; \ i;ii{ o i< iiaiiK il ill Vi.riiiii.s riironU nf ';U-tl!, liok p.irt in tiiu .Mi loniia c.iiniiai-ii of "I."), iv. lIK'i; and is saiil to haw Kail a ^aiilcli mar S. La 1 1 re, iii. IM). I lit Sou. I'.iuii. in '4ti. lie (lird at tlu^ iiid of tliat yoar, lit the auo of II. IS.'iO, (Udwiitd at S. Luis Uli. in attciiipliii^' to land from 11 t^hii J, m:. lid (.M.), I^IS, jKissp. fioiu lion. I aiii'i'iio 1 1 llilflilX 1, INIS, La LavallLllu (LriOi\. I''.), |S17, com. of tin: I'.S. linh iii'mlinvc. I'ion. \ in ('i'h' Lavvlor (Jolin), 1'<'.'7 s, mr df tlic K IS.14, lin-I. w no ic I I'lil a iia-.s tral;a in ';]!, a;) iiir of tiii^ A//ihii. Liwrcm 1S4S, sailor on tho Isnm' U'alfv 4!l!l). L. (.1. v.), IS4H, died ill Utah W: L. (Ilonry), ISJ7. Co. (i, X.Y.Vol. (v. L. (.loiiii), I Ml). I'aiiii- tlei-oy'.s dia','oiiiis( V. 'Jo'J, •JI7). L. (.lo-;i'pli N'icintc), |sj|, nut. of .N.N', who Ian 'id from tlio JU f/./cooi/ at I'ndi';,';! and (.amu to .'v K. in a hoat. ii. 17s. In 'I'ii ho went to Los Any., wiiciu hu waa liaptizcd in '"J I, iiiarii(_d .Maria ,\i rinl.i, nil III M wiis ■;till th- ith w ifc and Hon, a^'o ,'{2. ii. I'.Ki, .")'_'(!, .'j.^S; iii. 17 I7!l. Liuvrcy (.\:no3 (c.), ISKi, Anicr. mason ami ]ii;iiiaiis ovcil. iinini.;., who in '47 woilicd on t!ii.! l.st hriik house hiiilt at .Nloiit. for (!. |). liicUons m, whii-io (h ii^litir Mari.aiTl hi! liianiid a little laur. In tho Stiliiin.^ Indr.r, (lit. ->, '70, '.'iii.k till) rioiitu'r' (Swan) tolls how the yoiin.L' man wont to Hon. fir n •■. tvidiii;^ oiitlit, and attoinplin;^ to Hiniij.;.;!o tlio gouds aslioii', iiad to imr- i;ha:-,u lliLiii nnow at a roii Ci'Kh'fci ill I'M). '4S is roci ml Mu\ indeed his arrival at lion, on tin; L (1 at S. .J, n \si liaviii'' hci'ii f r iii;:iiy years, lie loltawidow aiiil I! ^jrowii ohildieii, one of tir l.lilKl 1 .Mrs II ihaeh. Law.'^oii ( ilenrv), lsl7, (jo. II. X.Y.Vol. (v. 4'.i!l). L. (.lohm 1 i7, Co. 15, ditt.i; died at .Mont. '4!l. L. (.Julni), LS47, Co. 15, M. ISiit. (\. 4:i;!). Lawton, ISIS, overl. iInmi^'. with. lohnson, Jj., 181S, of Kilhoin, L., & Co., S.I''. L. (I'.enj. J[.), IS:;4, mr of tlio S. tVniht \\ was a s.ulor and aiiotlier li\ ed L. (Cliristo) her), ISI7, Co. C, .Moriii. Hat. Li .•f(Ami LSI."), mr of the .V'M'i (/•'./', :uid of tho Liiiluijii in "i'.'!. iii. ;107, 4;r_'. J.. (.Miehael), lS.';i, mr of tlio f ' ii. 4il2, .")l!l. Lazaro (Nicol;i>), ISO,-), Span, fr lar who sorvci 1 fo l.rief term at .S. Feni. and S. Liii',i;o, wliero ho died in LS07. ii. ll'>; iii. L"iII-IHI. Leacii (Kciidrieli \.). 18^7, Co. K, X".Y.Vol. (v. 4'JII); in \s.'J at Fountain Green, 111. Lo.iliy (I)an.), isi.", Iri.di oooporat .Sutter's Fort '4.")-(), and i);..ii. nn overl. iinnii''. iv. .')/.S, .")8, . Ill '4 ( owner o f a lot at S. F. , w hero lie s'li ill '4S-,".4. Ho died in Nevada '7"), leaving,' a family in (h: Leaudiy (.1 iia:i IS.), 18:27, Ital. canio 1>y se.i at the iii;o of 'J.'i. iii. 170. In '."5- ho joim I the comp. r.Ntranjera at Mont. iv. '..''il; i;i ''Mi kejit a store at Los An.:,'.; was natur:i!i/.cd in ';{'.(. .Inez do paz '40-1, holiiiiig other loeal oliiees; owiic!- of p;irt of iS. Fcdro, and grantee of Los (Joyotcs, whore ho died in '4.'{. iii. OIL o.;;{, 0: iv. O'Jii, o:!:{. ^eai Mont.; ])orhaps at Sonc "48. y (W) 1844, deserter from tho Wanrii 111 ar jieriiaps at Sonoma Li^avens (Win), 1840, one of the men captured with AKalde Ilarthtt hy Snnciiez at .S.F. (v. ;{77). Leavenworth (Thaddeus M.), 1S47, nat. of Conn., physieian and episcopal clergyman, w 110 came as chaplain of the X*.Y.\'ol. v. M4, T)!!. ilo took some ))art in matters pertaining to clinrcli and schools, and was alcalde of S.F. in "47-!!. v. 048-o2, 0.")7. Ho was also owner of town lot.*, and il street in tho city hears his name. His olBeial acts have been severely eritieised, hut 1 lind no data for a just estimate of hid character. In '."lO ho went to Wonoma Co., where he was claiiuaut for a part of Agua Calieute rtin- 1 i m 710 riONEER KEGISTKIl AND INDEX. cho, iii. 711, and wliere he still lived in 'S2. lieavy (Owen), 1847, corp. Co. l'\ 3(1 U.S. Jirtill. Tlio name was periiaps Lcavy. v. .VJ!). J.,L'l)cau (.loscpli), IslO, Cal. Bat. (v. 3,")8). Lecky (Win (.'.), lb4(J, Co. C, l.st U.S. (lra<,'o(ins, killed at S. I'asciial. v. 34G. Lecointe, l.'i-l,"), cmn, of tlie lli route, iv. ."(ill. \am»\ (Martin), 18;!4, Frcnelimaii in a Mont, li.st. Leddy (Michael), ISIT, C'li. 11, N.Y.V'ol. (v. 499); died in Mendocino Co. bef. 'S.'{, Ledes.na (Jose), grantee of land at S. Galjriei. v. ti'JS. Lee, 1847, a son said to iiave lieen born to Mrs Lee in Jan., at N. llelv, L., 1S47, of L. & Keily, liakers, Mont. L.. 1848, ilof^ged and iniitrisoiicd fur attempt at murder near S. Jost5. L. (Baiton), 184S, iiat. of N. V., who canu^ from Or. to the mines; member and biK'.ces.sor of tlic Sac. (inn of I'ricst, L , &Co. ; prominent also in local ]iolitiu3. lie failed lor a lar;,'e amount in 'o't, and went to live in the Sandwich Isl., but returned to (,'al., and died at Sac. in ■.")(). L. (Cornelius 11. v.), 1847, Co. F, X.Y.Vol. (v. 49!)); i)resid. of tliu regulators at S.F. '49; died at Sta U. in '(>.'!. L. (Elisha), 1847, owner of S.h'. lot. L. (James K.), 1817, Co. H, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); at Vallejo in VSi'. L. (.)l^lu C), l!547, Co. F, ditto. L. (Lawton), 184.'), one of the men lostoa the Warrriiii launch in '40. iv. 087; v. .'584. L. (Milton), 1817, trader ;it Mont. L. (Sam.), 1 840, mate of the Z/'/'/'Af/z/Jn '40-8. L. (Theodore), 181(1, mid. on the (,'o//,'//-c'.s.s,- act. lieut Co. A, Stockton's naval bat., '40-7. v. Ii8(>. Levy (Wni), 1848, miner on tlic Yuba. Leese (.Jacob I'rimer), I8.'{;>, native of Ohio, b. in IS09, and engaged in the Sta Fe traile from ';{i», who seenis to iiavc come from N. Me.x. late in ';5.'!, but pcrliaps went bark and came again in July '.'U, eugaijingin trade at i>os Aie.'. iii. ,'188, 409. In ';>0 ho came to Mont, witl; Gov. Chico, whose good-will lie succeeded in gaining, formed a jiartnership with Nathan Spear and Win S. lliucUlcy, obtained a lot at S.F., and on it built the 1st solid structure iu tnuii before July 4th, being naturalized in Sept. iii. 421, 4;il, 70."), 709; iv. 8(1, i 10; V. OSO. Tiic ne.\t \eur ho erected a larger store on the beach, and married Rosalia, sister of (ien. Vallejo, nuuh against the general s wislies. lie luid a lighter, the Isabella, running on the bay an(i rivers, ami tlio busi- iu>s of tlic linn, in exchanging goods for rancho product.-), was prolitalilc; but he quancUed witli Spear and Hinckley about the division of the $i;{,()(i() jiiolits, and the partnership was dissolved in '.■i8, though L. eoiuinued the linsiness lor several years, failing to >;et the apjiointiiunt of receptor in '.'ill, and getting another town lot in '40. iii. 700, 70.')-0, 70!t-l(>; iv. 98; v. 079. Ill '41 he was giantee of the Canada de Guadalupe, Visitacion, y Rodeo Viejo ranc'io at S.F., and of llnichica at Sonoma; and this year he sold out his stme to the II. IJ. Co. iv. .S7, 179, 217, 071. lie also transferred his lesidence and place of business to .Sonoma, owning one lighter in comp. with Win Johii- bcii, and another, the I'osa'ia, with iSalv. Vallejo. In '4;{ lu! went to Or. with a dro\o of cattle, iv. 377, .190; and in '44-5 he was alcalile at .Sonoma, hav- ing sei'ious (juariels with Victor rrudon. iv. 44."), 418,(178-9. In'-lO he waslo a certain e.vteiit a sub-agent for the carryin--oiit of L:irUiii's ]ilans. v. (io; and for this reason, perhaps, having acconipanied the licars to Sac. as iiiter- pi-'ter, was thrown into jirison by I'Vemont with the Vullrjos and i'rudon. v. 1 12, 1 19-21, 298-9. His L'rar FUuj Riroll, an original .MS. i ■, my col, is one (it the best narratives extant on the subject, v. lS7. He liad a 'Cal. claim' of .SO, 189, besides !v claim for tin; construction of a wharf at Mor.t. v. 407: i. li-il atith. In '47 he is n; iiicd as u member of the Sonoma coMicil. v. 008; and is said to have made considerable nioney in the mines '48-9. He made a voy- iigc to China in '49 en the h'rc/iiir, I'.ider an i.rraugeiiient with Larkiii; and s'.il)se([uently rcsiiled at Mont., holdi'ig some local ollices; being the claimant for several ranehos. iii. 078-9; iv. 071; and in 'o.") vice-jtresident of the Soc. Cal. Pion. He was an uneducated and not \ery intelligrnt man. active and cntirpi' ng in business, whoso many speculations were marked by boldness rather tiian Jibility; and his large jiroperty, with that of his wife, all disap- piared. In 'ti.'l lie obtaincil, in company with others, a concesoion of lands for colonization in Jj. Cal., but the scheme was a failure; and about '0.') In- left Cal. fur the east. I have no delinite record of his subsenuent career, but in LEKSE-LEIVA. 711 Feb. '85 an apparently reliable newspaper report represents him as IiviIl^' at S. Antonio, 'J'(;.\as, in gooil health, but extreme poverty, an appeal being niailo to jiionecrs in his behalf. Portrait in AunaU of S. F. a.m\ Jlc.i/ii riuji. Mrs Leeae lives at Mont, in 'So, ami has 7 grown eiiildren. Shu funiishcil for my nso a Iiiitorij of the Oso.i, of no speeial value. A daughter, liosali'a, burn at .S.F. iu '3S, anil the 1st ehihl born at Yerlia Buena, iii. 710, died, ami her name waa given to a younger daughter. Tlio oldest son, Jacob, was liurn in ",i[), and resides in '85 at Salinas, where he has been eounty clerk and deputy sheriir, his wife being an Estraila, a niece of Gov. Alvarado. One of Leese's daughtc'-s married a son of JoS(5 Abrogo. (L. returned to Cal. in 'h."),) Lefevre (Minard J.), 1S4(J, Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. ,'};>()). Lifurt (Geo.), 1847 Co. F, N.Y.Vol. (v. 4'Jd, often (piarrel- some, and disagreeable. His estate, burdened by heavy debts at the lime of his death, after the gold excitement became of immense value. It Mas ad- ministered by W. 1). M. Howard, with the assistance of C. \'. tiiUespie, and was for year.-i the subject of complicated litigation; but the tiile of ('a|)t. Folsom, who had found the mother and other heirs of Leidcidorirat .St (Jroix I.'^l., and had bought their inten'Sts, was linally adjudged to bo valid. Leigh (Isaac), lS4ii. one of the Morm )n i'ol. with his wife. v. "(40; lu^ver ■went to Utah. Leigliton (•lames C. ), 184S, at S.F. from Tahiti; licut of S. F. guards; of firm L., Swa.sey, & Co. v. 081. L. (N'atliaiiicl S.), 1840, Amer. carpenter who got a carta at S F. in Oct.; at .Mont, in 'I'-', iv. IJO. I. (Feteri, 18,'i8, nanieil in Larkin's accts. Liinlnrd(.J. H.), I8t7, in Sut- ter's employ '47-8. Leister (Thomas). 1840, Co. ( ', 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 31)0). Leiva, niaj. of Januil near ,S. Diego, killed liy Ind. '37. iii. 01 I; iv. 08. L. (Antonio), at S. .luaii Cap. '40, ago '2'.i. L. (Francisco), soldier at Sta 15. '3-; wife Maria C. \'al' "icia; at StaB. '50. L. (Jose), soldier of S.F, :Vq i 1:1 712 PIONEER REGISTER AXD INDEX. conip. '30-42; at Los Ang. Mfi. L. (Juan), corporal at Sta B. before '."^T; at I.os Ang, '40. L. (Mit^iufl), soldier at Sta IJ. ':«. L. (Uini't'"), ilittc, L. (Hnfiuo), LOrp. ot (Sta 15. cmup., in com. of cscolta at S. Buen., wlicrc lie was killed hy Iiid. in '10. ii. XV,>. \j. (Santiago and Tcodorol, at Loa Ang. '4(1. Lelhind (.lulin M.), Ibl7, owner of S.F. lot; perliaps McLelland. Lelung (Martin), IsiT, Co. (I, N.V.Vol. (v. 41)!)). Lcni (VVui), ih'JS, Engl, sai'or who deserted from a Er. wlialcr at Tndos Santos and caino to S. l)iego; or perhaps left drunk at S. 1). by the (ii'ioral iSiirrf. Lcinan (.lohn), Islli, Co. B, Cal. 15at. (v. o,)^), enlisting at S. Jo;i'! Nov. Leui lino ((!. ]>.), lS4(i 7, nir of the FnnKi.^ca nud pass, on the Elr.i- bdh; owner of S.F. lot. v. .")7S, (170. Lemon (Geo. !•'.), 1847, lieut CSV(c Union. L. (.1. W'.), 1848, nat. ot Ind.; in Sonmua Co. '48-77. Hon. <'o. Hi.iK L. (T.), 1847. in Sutter's em- ploy '47->«; Ic-id a latnily; prob. came in '4(i. All the preceding are ]ivob. vague ref. to the s:ime family. JA'on (.\ndre.-i), in the Mont, revolt of '20; ^ent as prisoner to Mex. 'liO. iii. 00, 71, 8,"i. Leon v Luna, 179.>, nu' of the Artir.i. i. ."i44. Leonard (Geo. \V. M.), 1847, Co. E. N.Y.Vol. (v. 400): a colonel undtr Walker in Nicaragtta; in N.Y. city '82. L. (Louis), ]S40, overl. immig. wi.ii llopiic an I lli'.ilan; went back east and died. Lalluiuii. Leon- ardo Vl'cdro B.), sirvienlcat Soleilad 1701-1800. i. 400. Lepauc (Francois), 1842, Frenchman who got a carta at S.F. ; owner of a lot in '4.">, wiiicii lie sold to James Lick in '48. iv.l!H.()00. L. (Nicholas), 18)2. biother of Francois, who also got a carta. Lciiuez (J. V.), I8HI, doubtt'id name of a Scotchm;in permitted to marry. Lerma, so'.aier killed by Ind. in '21. ii. •')'>'). Lermix, 1847, guide to Morm. I'at. v. 483. Leroy (.roscplil, ls;JO, Ficncliman, aged 20, at the \'erjeles ranchonear .Mont.; perhaps the same man was an o.t.r-hunter with NidcNcr in ';!0-40. iv. 110. L. (U.), 1 'i.lO. F'r. surgeon at ^ta B. and Mont. Lester (Thomas ;, 1817, Engl, sailor baptized as Jose Toinas Ignacio, and living at Li. Jose '20-.').'l. ii. 284, 280, .'JO.!, 01)2; jierliaps the same who went to Hon. on the Man/ Ann in 'i'. Letterinan (lleniy), 1840, Co. F, Cal. Bat. (v. J.W). Levelain (Ciias). l8-i;j-4, Fr. b^.y who left the I'vriUuand (?), and lived with Capt. Bicliard.soii at Sauzalitn. iv. 400; at S.F. from '40; married a daughter of I'aisibio Soto in 'oO; at Butte City '00; at S.F. '04-7. Levitt, 18rs. mr >.'{7, dc-erter from an F'ngl. sciir with a man named Morgan. They built a cabin at what became the cor of l)u]iont and Broadway, S.F. (?), and acipiircil a large foitune. ]!(> left Cil. in ',')', and was lost on the Ccntnil Ami rim. II- mill. Oct. .SI, '.")7. iv. 118. Levin (Louis), 18:!,"), at Eos Ang. Levy ("uos), 18 IS, overl. immig. to Or. in '40, and eanie from Gr. to the mines; found di-ad at Mos(|uito '74. a^e 40. Sac. Union. Lewis, l,s47, of linn of L. & Lynch, M'), ovtrl. ininiig. of the Swascy-Toihl party. iv. ')'('), r)S7; oiii; of the toniinittio representing now-eoiners in tiie treaty with Castro in Nov. iv. (>'.)[]; at .S ii iia anil Napa '4(i-S, and nieiuljrr of the Sonoma council '47. v. (lOS; at ^. ' se 'oO. L. (.Joini), 1847, Co. F, X.Y. Vol. (v. 4!)'.)): <1. .Sta 1$. '4S. L. (John), 1S:U, at Los Aug.; doubtful name. L. (.Joseiiii), IS47, eonnnander's clerk on the L'olumbua. L. (.losiph 15.^ 1S47, Co. A, X.Y. Vol. (v. 4'jy); d. in Tex;is '82. L. (Louis), IS,'!."., nat. of I'a, tr.'idcr at L(js Ant;., ago '17); accused of complicity in tiie A)iahiteL,'ui re- volt (iii. •l'S-1). L. (Sam.), 1847, Co. C, M.um. IJat. (v. 4(i9); at I'angui.li, I'tah, '82. L. ('I'liomas), 1S3I?, Amcr. from 8. Hl;is, accused of illegal otter- hunting in Sept. In ';Ui ho was at Los Aug., a single carpenter, aged '17). \i\ '40 one of the ' Iraiiani exiles, who returned in '41 and worked at Sta Cruz a < a liunlierman in '4'_'-;). lie may have l)cen the Tom Lewis who aecDuiiianieil John Jlmwii on his famous ride of '4(). iii. .'!!•.'{, 400; iv. 18, 3."); v. ,'{0l. L. (Thomas), 1844, Engl., age .'JO, at S.F. L. (Wni), 1810, naturaliznl this year and named on Larkin's hooks, iv. VIO. At S.F. aiul S. .losi' it\ "11; in 'l.l at X. llelv., wiiere he was married in Dec. His wife may be the Mrs L. who married i'erry MeCoon in Feb '40, and died in June. Libbiy (lUliott), 1S4,'), nu' of the 7'((.«o '4,')-S; al.s^) of the Com. Shiihrirk in '47. iv. .")(}!); v. 577, 580. For assault on him and Spear at S.F., .see iv. 58i), (i(i5-(i. According to Thonn s there was a 'woman in the case.' Capt. L. waa t!ie owner of a town lot in '40 (v. 0S5), and in 54 lived at S. llafael. It is pos- sible that he visited (Jal. on some vessel from lion, earlierthan '45. Licliten- slein,sce 'Lightslone.' Lick (James), 1818, nat. of I'a, a piano-maker by trade, who had lived for over '20 years in lUicnos Aires, Chile, and I'eru, and who eamc to S.F. from Callao on the Ltubj A'fam>', arriving Jan. 7, '4S. lie had already a .small fortune, which lie invested in S.F. lands (v. (i7S), antl patiently waited for the ineiease in the value of his real estate to make him immensely wealtliy. Among his enterprises of later years were a gi-and ilouring mill at S. Jose, finisheil with mahogany in the interior, and the Lick llnuse, in wliieh some of the fine decorations in wood are tlie work of his own Lands. He was au honest, industrious man, of nnieh common sense, though nottnl for his many eccentricities and whims, and in his later years of irritable and thor- oughly di.sagreeablo temperament. He had no family, except an i'.legitimate s iU, who was recognized by jiim .ind spent some years witli him in Cal. Ho tniik a deep interest from the lirst in the Society of Cal. rionceis, to wliicli he maile liberal gifts. His great and well-merited fame rests on the linal dis- ])osition iif his millions, which, after jirovi-ion for ids relatives, were devoted to various scientilic, charitable, and educational enterprises, for t!ie bcncfu of the donors ado]ited state. He dieil in '7(i, at the age of 'Sy; and after the usual delays caused by linancial and 1(> ;;al complications, the results of Lielc's be(j\iests are beginniiig, in '85, to .assume practical shape. Light (.\llen 1!.), IS,'i5, negro, wiio desertcil fmui the PU'jrhii, or some other vessel, and became au otter-hunter, iii. 41.'!. He was kn ou u as lU.iek Steward, his encounter with a griz/ly bear in tiie Sta l>. reg'inn being men- tinned by .Mfred Itoliinson, and other adventures by Xidever. He was one of (iiaham's men in '110-8; and in '."JO, being a natur.dized resident of Sta IJ. , Was iippointcd by tiie govt agent to prevent illeg.al otter-hunting, iv. 01; at Los .Aug. in "41, and in '10-S at S. l);ego, still a iiunter. L. (.Fames), ISPi, nat. of Me, and one of the Mormon Col., with wife and child, thougli some- times accredited to the X.^'. Vol. V, 540. H(! liv.il in S. Joaip, and lat< r at Sanzalito; bnt from '.">0 was a resident of Humboldt Co., where h<' died .'it Areata in '81. His wife, Mary J., died in '75. Lightstone (Frank), 1S15, (lerm.in soap-maker r.ml i nandlcr; original name Franz Lichtenslein, who came from Or. in the McMaluin-l'lyman party, and settled at S. Jose '40. iv. 572, ls7; still living in Sta (Tara Co., I think, in '85. I..illie (Leonard (H, 1810, nat. of X.V., prol). ov(!rl. immig. from 111., ami settler in N'apa \'al. He dicil at Oalistoga in '7"2, ago 48, leaving u widow and 714 PIOXEER KEGISTER AND INDEX. 6 children. Liinantour (Josc'i)!! Yves), 1841, Fr. trader in Mex., who came t(j (";il. ;is Slip, of the Ai/'tcifho. iv. 'I'd, ."jOIJ. Tlie sohr was Avrecked near I't Jluvcs, and L. oiicneil a store at 8.F. to dispose of the cargo '41 2. He came i.aclc in ■4;?-4, '47, and \'>2-:i. v. 449, 57(i. Diirinj; the visit of '4."} 4 lif furuished aid to (!ov. Mieheltorena, and received in return, as there sceni-it't l)i; no itasiin to donht, se\X'ral grants of hind. In 'j'2-I{ lie pre.seiited liis ehiiin.s lieforeihelandcoininission. iv. .'{."rj, ,'J.S(J, 402, 51 1, .").")9,(j;!4.G.m, 071-4. llischief claim, to al)oiit half the site of .San Francisco, was at first confirmed by the ciiiniiiission; Init in 'oS was rejected hy the district court, the grant l)eiii_; jn'onounci'd a forgery supported by false testimony. Tliis famous case is more fully notieed elsewhere (see vol. vi.). The truth woulil bccin to be that I,. lui;l really (jbtaineil grants of land atS.F. and elsewhere; but that in later yi^ars. by forg d jiapers and with the aid of Ex-gov. Mieheltorena, he over- reacheil himself by attempting to imju'ovo the location and extent of his grants. He is still, in \S."», a wealthy resident of the (Jity of Mexico. Lim- cantc (I'las), l;S()(i, sailor on the I'cnrork; arrested at .S. Juan Cap. ii. .'iH. Liiiion ((.'ayotaiio), 17S1-2, Mex. ulfi'rez, who came to Cal. in com. of escort to Kivera's eolony. i. .')t2 4, ■'Jlil, 'Ml-'i. Liinon (Fran.), criminalatS. Fern. ';i'.). iii. ti.'iS. L. (Fran.), apparently a lieut. ; at Mont. '4(); went to Me\. uith Floi'es '48. v. 41, 4!)7-S. L. (.Jose M.), 1842; subdieut of tiie batallun fijo; suspended in '4:j. iv. 289, 3."i4. im. Linares (Fran.), at Los Ang. '40. L. {[gnacio), settler at S. Jost5 178li. i. 477. In I7'.);{ inviilido, wife tiertriidis liivas, child. .Salvador, Maicela, Francisco, Mariano, Nicolasa, Santos, Antonia, and Rosa. L. (•lose), Ha- vero, at Sta luijs ';59. iii. GG4. L. (.Jose do la (Jru/.i. grantee of Noi'ales '40. iii. (;i!."!; ;it S. (iabricl '4(). L. (Juan Jose), soldier of the guard at S. JostS mission 1797-1800. i. u.'iO. L. (.Margarito), Mex. soldier at Mont. '.'JG. L. (Mari'a Ant.), grantee of Los Carneros '42. iv. 055. L. (.Miguel), at Los Aug. '40. I, (Ramon), soldier at Sta Cruz and S. Jos>^ 1795-1800. i. 49li, 550; inv/dido of the S.F. comp. 1819-21. L. (Rafael), at the Xatividad light (v. 'M',]). L. (Rosa), had a sou in t!io Mont, school '40. L. (Santiago), shot for niui(l( r at J..OS Ang. '41. iv. G;?0. L. (Vicente,, grantee of raucho at S. Luis Oil. '42. iv. G50. L. (Victor), soldier at S. I3iego '20. ii. 51!); in '37 grantee of Tiiia(piaic. iii. 050, 557; in .'19-40 niaj. at S. Luis ()!)., and niililia n!f(?rez. iii. C)i'.\; iv. K!; in '42 grantee of Canada de los Osos. iv. 055; in '415 juez at S. l.,iiii, v. 0:i8, where he f-till lived iu '51. I.>iacli, see 'Lynch.' Lincoln (.John), 1822, inr of the Jv/in Jicj;). ii. 47J. L. (.Jonas), 1847. Bon of Seth, who caiiU! iit tlie age of 10, born in I'higl. He was later a incmlicr of the I'ae. Stoek Ivxchaiige, .S.i''., and died, as did his wife, in '70, Leaving 7 children. L. (J. S.), lsi7. candidate for the S.F. council, v. 0.">0; pro!). Baino as the following. L. (Seth 8.), 1847. from lion, willi wifi^ and 2 chil dren on the Fraiiri nca. He was the owner of s.'vcral town lots in 'l7->', and by .some is SMiid to have been a .Mormon pivaciier. v. 547. All the family ex- cept .I'liias hit S.I'', for Australia and were lost at sea. Liader (Francis), 1S47, Co. (J, X.V.Vol. (v. 409). Lindsay, 1848, mr of the 7'i(N,s'. L. (J. H.), 1815, at S.F. June '40 T,n: I'ioii., l.tl An. L. (Thomas), 1S||, imiiiig. fnjm \. Mex. in the Worlunan - Rowland jiarty, calleil a 'mineralogist' in the liowlaiid list. iv. 278-9. In '44 lie settled at what was la;er Stoehtoii, building a tide hut. He went south — as the entire jiop. of Stockton — with Sutter in the .Mieheltorena campaign, iv. 4S(;; and soon after his return, in the spring of "45, was killed by Iinliaus, his body be- ing burned with the hut. iv. 510, 54;t. 07L Liiicda (Areadio), 17.S9, lieut in .Ma'as])iiia s exped. i. 190. Linel (Joseph), 1817, owner of a S.F. lot. Link, ISIS, from S. .lose to the mines. Linn (James S.), 1847, owner of .8. F. lot; also at N. Helv., Sta. Clara, and in the mines '47 -8; had a family. Lino, I'eoph. at Sti Ci-iiz 1817. ii. 388. L., sacristaia at Sta R. "Its. iii. (i5(!. ]..inso;i (Iran.), a litigant in Los Ang. district '.'VJ. Linton (.laiiKs), IS17, Co. !•:, X.Y.N'ol. (V. 499). Lititv (J'.), 1840, Cal. Rat.. Co. R, artill. v. 'AriS. Lilip (Carl), 1847, Co. D, X.Y.Vol. (v. 499); at Vallejo '71 -82. Lipper (Augustus), 1847, Co. G, ditto. Lippincott (Renj. S.), 1S4G, iiat. of N.Y. LIPi'INTOTT- LIVERMORE. 715 vho came ovcrliuid « it!i I3;v.'iiit, licing wonmleil on the way by Iiul. v, ")'28. He was active in raising,' reci'uits for the war, ami sfvved as lieiit of Co. II, i.sst ii. M. V. .'{."I'J, ;i(JI. Ill Ihid joiiiu'ctiou lie i.solten Cal. l;at. il.i ealkil ( K'o. M. Lippiiicott, hut 1 lind no cvith iiue t'.iat tlnre wcrt' two of tlie liaiiio. Ill "47 S lie lived ut S.F., being a gambler by ]>rofe.ssioii, owner of town lots V. b(S, ami a eanilidate for the cuuntil. v. O-'O. lie w IS a laeiuln-r o the eonHtit. convention of "4',l, renrcseiitiii'' S. J id Call iveras in those of liUl, <; the 1st U"ri.-,hi (I 'Ul. He was a |ioj)ulai' man as tiadcr, jiiliti cian, and ' (jiiu of tlie bovs. ' He died in \..I. '7tt, at lli L (Francis J.), 1S47, nat. of R. I., capt. (.'o. F, N.Y.\'ol., and in eoiii. of t!ie iicr of a town lot, v. (»!>."», and garrison at Sta B. v. :>04, .'.14, oS4, (i;il: from '48 a lawyer at S.F. to '."i^ or later, v. (ls(j; vention of '4!t; col of lst(,'al. infantry who came on ineiiiiicr o f t! iv- ecjnstit. con- if '(H- it I rovuicnci U.I. I ; iio.strj li \N'ashin''ton, !).(,' tlie Liii/i'i .Sta K and was l)aptizei Lisa (Dan.), I.SK;, iiat. cf M.\.-.a it Sta 1). ill 'IS as Daniel Mihti The name \\i P: I )ani( 1 Fha/cr, the sii unknown. L. (.Jos(5 Manuel), ISlO, bi(jtliur uf Dau., bapt. at Sta 15. lli. ii. 277. Li.-drraga (.b sc M.), LS4'.'. iv. Ol'J. ir of the O'rijj'on. iv. 104; pcrlia]is Wm V. iv. 111. L. Little, If (.\iiga.s.), IS47, owner of .S.F. lot. L. (.bihii), IS4S(?), tradei- and postmaster at * (jloniu. L. (Milton*, 1S43, nat. of X. Y. and o\erl. iiiiniig. of tlie AValUer-t.'hiles party, being wounded by Iiid. on the trip. iv. 'AU2, ',VM, 400. He settled at Mont, as a tradiriu '44, and troni that time lis name com apriears m various recor lis. He "ot a carta in "4L :0, wa .s '_M alcalde in '40, serving on the 1st jury. was a partner .f 1 Jtantly leUlen in .iug a L'id. claim. V, '28:1, 0;J7 \4(i-2). In '4!S he nmnied Mary Ivig:'.r, also visiting tl After '19 he continued to trade at .Mont. ^ainiant for lands, iv. (ijG, and )lding several county ollices, he- dying ill "7it at the a^'c of "07. lie h'ft a widow and several eiiildren. LittlelieUl (tlco. ), ls4."i, nir of tiie III innill. iv. .")G•»(» r-tlda in l!ie naval nperatioiis at ( '.ilhit (which were in '20- 1), and pcrlia|)s joining an exped. t.) the north (thougli ho could not apparently have bicii in the (iulf of Cal. in '2'J. See lli't. .V. M< X. St., ii.). LeaviiiL' the i tradiii'' craft, fi eaviiig the naval service, lie sliijip d the Clmi'l }' "",7, arrival, ii. 47S, but oni will loss ch lie deserted in Cal., probably in ''-'"J, t!io date uf her bl Ktran^'e confusinn in records 11 t y later on another trii) )f I us comiiu; till if '•-'.'). iii. '.'!». There is a, ite lieing gi\eii by dill'en iit writers all the way from '10 to '•_".). He is umlerslootl to have lived some in the south at years on the La'. S. (iaiiriel, and id 1- un;i, or Alvires, rancho, spending some tiiin workiiii; in the Sta Cl.ira redwoods; but this «as prob. laf razer, ot 'lilt, is iiauiei I as 1 !!), wiien, lieiug inaj. on the lis comrade, ) of Toi Tl 1', i(! earliest oii'inal record d .Mull iL'an lie illiiei to be •_','{ years old, and t(j have come in 'l!(, intending to remain and mairy, St. J')(}>. S<(r another record of '20, bei itii of which staiei.iints must bo ernnieous. In dent of S. Jose, " iioberto ' said he had do- /i no PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. I sci'tcd from t!ic CoiKiHaniin ixhont '^?.^, was 22 years old, nivl had hccn liap- ti/.fil at SijiClara (as.Iiiaii IJaiitista Rolioilo). Ihjit. Si. /'<(;'., xix. '.i. I liavca, rc'«'ii)t fif money lioui J^., dated Los I'o^^itus, in '\1'k Alfi.^o, JJor., 0; l)ut this may he a slip ot the pen for ".>'). He is mentioned at S. Jose in ".V) and '.'SI, but as intending; to cpiit tlie ]ilaec. Vollcjo, JJoi\,\\\, (il, ;?ll!. In '4"J lie writes o' a eatlle-braml tiiat lie had used for 1.") years (siuee '27). L'-ilitiliU", Dor., ii. ."i k Soon after ';{0 ho v.'ent to the Tuhireitos ranelio, whei'e lie marri(!(l .losefi Jii^'iiera, widow of l^'ueiiLe^ Molina, as early as 'o t, if we. follow the puilnjiKif '11. wliieli makes his dauuditer Casiniira (J yc.ars uld, though the date is gen- ei'a.ly jjivi'n as later; and Ik forc^ '.''7- when Edwanls visited him — he had e>- tab Val. j'aren i.is.ied hnnse If the Y o/.uos I'aneiio, in wliat was later called Livi ly leri' he spent the rest of his life. iv. S(i, 1 17. In '.'VJ he was; (-'ranted the ran .Vpr. Sth. Lcij. ner- nal, and (j childicn. Portrait in ylA(;/(. Co. Ili/fl., Ili. One of tlio daughters, ilosela, is the ^^ ifo of Valentin Alviso. i\ingstone (.lohn W.), ISKJ, lieiit U^.S.N., com. of the Coinjrc.-f^ '4()-S. v. J. J.).>, .)(<; rear-ailiuiral living in N.Y. '77. Vol. (V. 41)!)); I have his letter of Apr. '4S, at S.E., ii desire to buy a tract of land near the pn L. (I'eter !•'.), 1847, Co. K, N.Y n wlucn lie exi)resses Ins esiitio as soon as iiiscliargei 1; alcalde S. ,)ose '40. ]fe died at Sonora '73. Liz.dde (Ignaeio), at Sta 15. '■■)7, wifj .Maria Igu. Arellanes, .'{children. L. (Jiian), .soldier of S.F. comp. ';{0-4i2. L. (iVdio), corporal of S. Diego com |). 1707. i. oli'J; settler at Los Aug. bSOS ii. :!;9. Llanos (Win), LS4(i, doubtful ill a Los Aug. list. Llepo (leromc), IS;54, doubtful name of an I'higl. hatter at Mont., ago 'J7. Llo\d (Horace), 1S47, Co. 1'', lid U.S. artill. (v. ."(bS); perhaps the L. in Alameda Co. '■'3.")-78. Lobar (.Tiian), Ls;il, from N. Mex. in the W(vlfsl;ill party, iii. .'{s7. Lobato (.Miguel ( lareia), Jlex. lieut. of eii:,'incers, who perhaps came with ICeheandia !."). ]Io is mentioned in connoetion with the trial of 1' M.irLine/ in 'i.M-,'iO. iii. SI, 00; and was .'■ent to Mex. in 'I!Oa.saconiisionado by tlie junta de gucrra. L. (Diego), atS. (iabriel '4G. Lobo (.Ju.tii), rcsid. of Los Aug. '40; prominent at the light of S. I'ascual. v. .l.'i'J. L. (.Juan Jose), set- tler at Los Aug. 1700. i. 401. L. (Juan J( d S.intiago), at Los Aug. '4(1. L. (Marcial), at S. Diego ''Jfj. L. (I'edro), sergt at S. Diego 'i'i-S. ii. .■")4.'{. Locke, 179j, nir of the Jiedolution. i. MS, 025. L. (Jaiiica O.), 18-0, nir m '.')! to t sevcr.il l)uiUk'r"s aiinisiiiu; IS r;iiK'li'i I'orlrait His ^^..u icsalii'i- iu;rliti,'rs, l'4()-S. V. Ik, x.Y. iSL'S lli.S 7, ^^ it.! ';iO-i-'. ;, 180 ■;. Ll.'lM' Lluvl lAlaiiU'il:!, luty. iii. Ips oainu ii (if r. iiado liv ll. of LlM :)Si'), S(.'t- l\ng. '4(i. \i. .-)!:{. \&2\l mi- LOCKK-LOPKZ. 717 of the /JconW/))*' "20-nn. iii. ]-lC>. In '40, ut Boston, ho jumpoil from a.*? 1-story M imlow ami fractiuvil liis skull. LorkwoiHl (l^iaac), 1SJ7, Co. 1), \. Y.\'ol. (V. 4!)!»); at S. JosO '.JU. L. (Win A.), 1842, piuf. of niatiiuuiatio!) on Com. J ones' lluc^t. iv. .•IDS. Loilgt! (.Micliacl). IS'22, Irish carpenter, who, in '20, was living at Mont., fiLTe .'io. niarriu'l to .Martina (Jast'.M. ii. 471). I liavo his autograpli leUorof May I lis name ai'Piafs on I.arkin'.s hooks in ';!.'!- 17, liis Im ine^.s hcin.; that nf (iwni'r of a raneho iii'ar Sta (.'ru/. In '!:> ho IS name appears on liuiiliL-rnian. ami hum ahoiit Mas arn'sti.'(l hut not exilccl (iv. 17), lhoU'.;h in '41 liucil .S_'0 for ajiplyia.; an iipprcihi'ions epiliict to tlie Me,\. govt. ]ii'l."theis namcil in tlio llraneiloi'te jiailron as ."iO years old, wife ill), eliildren llefiigio, h. ';i2. Maria .\nt. .'!.'), Mi- guel "."lO, .Ioai|uiu '41, ;ind Miiria '42. In Xov. '47 he w.is sliil a luniliermanat Soiptcl, hut 1 have no later reeoi-d of hiu;, or of his f:nnily, exc-pt tliat one of ills daughters n)arrie04; ear jirisoners. v. 12"), SO; lieut Co. A. c'al. ]]at., and later atljutant; had a ( al. elaiui (v. 402); went east with Freiu'int, and testilied at the eourt-martial. v. 1."))! TiO. la '7 i he i.s named as a hroker .at St Loui.s. Lomer, 1S4S, .Mont, linn of Cop- man k L. '4S-!». honderman, ISIS, at X''. Ilelv. Long (Dr), 1S(7, at X. Helv,; mining at Parks liar '4S, with his hrotliers. L. {\. K.), ISU, com. of the A'(//r7', U.S. e\. iv. 271. L. ' \. Ii.), ISIS, capt L'.S. X"^., ou the llVn/rv; eom. of niarinu guard ."). iii. Ol."'; in eh.irge of the mission '4S. V. 020. L. (Capistrano), at S.Juan 15. 'U; menti "IN. v. (i'jti. \j. ({''lalii'lstol, cull), iif Sta 15. comp. "li'J; wil'o Maii;i Ant. l''i'li.\; grantto of 'rnncsiart.'}. iv. (i4;t; living on lii.< raiiclin M."i. L. ((iiToiiiino), at Los .Vii;;. 'Jli. li. ((;ii';,'ii|-io), at St:i IJ. lit'forn ','i7; \N ifu Anton ui Mai I'a Oi li'Ua, and one iliild; in '4(t ma j. of S, .liilian ranclio, v, 'JSVl. 1j. ( l^"!'i^i"). fioliilcr of S. Ilic;;o coniit. ; paitiilo (lector of S. I )ic"4i) ''J'J, mill I'lriti'd to lfj.;islatuii'. ii. 4.")l, Kl'J, "ii;!; tooii jiait in revolution of '.'tj. i ■Jill; jiiu/. de laiiijio ';{ti. iii. (iKl. J.,. (.I.ieinto), I7'.iej,'o 'I'.l. 1,. (.lose .\iit.). Mex. ■•oiiviet '•_".» .'II. L. (.los,' de .lesns), .soldier of tho S. !•'. (oiiip. ".{!) l-J. J., (.lose .M ). at Sta Cruz I7!l». i. 'IWIi. 1.. (,los,. .M.), ijoldii'r ot Sill U. comp. heforo ','(7; at Jios An^'. '.'{!) 4.S, l)einj,' /aiijeio in '11. IV. (>M. L. (.(nan), .settler at Los Anj^. I7'.I.S !l; i. (iO(i; ii. :?1'.». 1,. (.Iiian), at S. Dieuo, ciitiau'cd in ri'volt of ".i\. iii. "JdO- I ; f,'raiitc(! of Canada de S. Vicente '4('i. v. (ill); iii. Ol'J. Ji. (.Iiian .(ose|. IS4'_', Mc.v. cornet in l),ilallon lljo •f.'-.-). iv. -'s'.t. I,. (.Iiian 15.), killeil at Mont. '•_'."). iii. -Jli. L. (.1. r.. ), o'ttcrduintcT ';{l». iii. I4"i. L. (I>c;indro), at l.o.s Ani,'. '4(1. L. (.Manuel), tx-llavcro S. .\iitoni'- '40. iii. (i.S7. 1j. (M. •!.), owner of .le- luis raiicho, S. l*ie;;o, ';iti. iii. (ill-j'J, ].,. (Maria 1l;ii.), wifi; of .loaip Cariillo; j;raiitcc of St;i Rosa '41. iv. 07-'{. Siin was a half-sister of I'll) I'ii'o'a iiioLhcr. Iirnacio and .lose heini^ her hiothcrs. Her sisters were .losefa, wife of N'ljar, .liiana, w ilc of .liiaii Osuiia, and Maria .\nt., wile . '4S. v. (iliJ. L. (l'i'li'<'). si'- ir.ntc at S. 1'. 1777. i. --".17. L. (IVdrol, at S. Fern. ';?!), ivj,o 'JS; ;,'fantee oi 'lujiniL'a '!!>. iii. (ilil; still at S. Fern. \'M. L. (Rafael), sol- dier at Sta ]5. '.'f'J, wife .Maria OrtCLca. L. (Ramon), Dominican friar from J.. Cal.. at S. Dic^'o occasionally 17'.»l IS(K). i. (m5. L. (Tihiircio), soldier . l\ iN.V.Vol. (V. 4!l!)); in 'i'liul. Co. 77. Lord (.loseph M.), 1847, owner of hoais on l>.i_\ and river 'IS !l; in S. 1'". after '70. Lorcn/ana (.\iiolinaiia), ISIIO. one of the foundlings sent from Mc.\-. to Cal., who lived at Sta I!, and .S. I )iei.'(). never married, and hccanie known as ha llcata, devolini,' her life to charity and tcaciiiiig, a favorite f,'()diiiutlier at liapli-ins. i. ()()(!; ii. l(i!). She was at S. Luis Jtey 'i.M-.')l). ii. Ct't'.l; and was ^lantce of .Janiacho and Cafiada de los Coches in '40, 'I,'!, iii. (Ill, G'JI, the foiinei' 1)1 in,' conlu'ini d to her liyihe land commission, but taken from her hy B line leiral hocus ]ioins tiiat the oM woiiiali iievti- undi rsiooil. In '7S siie was living at Sta 1!., entirely Miiid and mpp uted hy friends and the county. Her Mi'iiiir.'n^ lie La Heal /, dictaied for my use, contains many interestiii:; items un early times, licr name of ].,oreiizana is that of the arehhisliop of Mex. giviMi t I all foimdlinus from that a.syliim. ].,. (Filipe), at Sta IJ. before '1)7, wile N'atividad Kui/., 4 children; ranchcro in '4."». L. (Inoecnte), juez do piilii ia at Sta I!, before '4S. v. (Ilil. Ji. (.lacinto), at Sta 15. '.'i7, wife C:irmeii Rod' i_'nci;, ;l children; sjiidico in '40. iii. O.j."). L. (.lose), at IJraneiforU' 't."), n"e 'J;'. wife Mauncla Salazar, cliild. .losefa b. ',S!i, I'nidencii) ';}7, Rcnita 'liS, .lii;in .lose '40, Ro.^.uio '4J; a man of same n.iine at Sta 15. '.JO-o. L. (Ma- eediinioi, .-.oldicr of S.F. comp. '10 JJ; at IJrancif. 'JS, wife Romualda Vas- (|Ucz, child, .lost', .Vpolinario li. "10, I'.ernarda. Jiiana, Arcadio 'JI, and I'edro. ii. ()J7; in '.'{.'i, '."10, sindico. iii. 00i)-7; "oS rcLjidor. iii. tji)7". '45-0 J<1 alcalde. i\ . (HI. (itil; in '4."i, a^o .").'$, additional chililren, Juan b. 'J."), Matiaa 'Jli, Fer- nando '.'!0, .Icsu.s ';!,■), Faustino '.')(), Jose ';)7, Kicardo '40, Trinidad '44. L. (.Manuel), al-uacil at Sta li. ';{0, iii. G.")l. L. (Tiinoteo), killed in '."H. iii. (i7.'i. li. (I'oinas), soldier at Sta 15. before '37. L. (Vicente), at Los Ang. '1J-4S, a carpenter, age .JO in '.'U). ii. SJO. Loring (.Nini.), IvS.'UJ, -Anicr. cooper, age 2(5, in a Sta B. list. iv. IIS; ;?. 1-. '.•U. iii. y Ind. :il S. Uk'^^o ior ot llid .,s.'. M.), inicro ill IJ'J. _ I. f ( 'aflMlIll I'onu't ill •Ml 1-. 'Ki. I.. ur iif .li- ot' .lii;ic(. sisti^r , ii-u fac'l), set- (liar frciiii )), soliiii'i- 7, »'"• 1''. owiicv of |i M.'X. to UiiDWii as lUiuLlier at anil Nvas li-JI, tlu! )iii lior I'Y ,S she wa.s uty. 1 Kl- in^ ili'ins ,f M.'X. let'oie ';>7, JUL'Z ilo |o C:iniicMi foile M."i, ifiiita ';>S, L. (Ma- alda Vaa- lul I'edro. alcaUle. '■Hi, For- 44. L. II ':51. iii. ,os Aug. IIS; (licil Ui '. list. Loriios (.Tolin), ISIH, To. F, C'al. IVit. (v. r.S). Losnya (.T. l.,i.ii;4lii'ay (.Uiilrcw), |SJ7. <'". K. .\.V.\'cil. (v. I'.IK). Loiii.-", I.SI7, iiii-df tlui I',ui-i,l'iiii;'. L. (Ilciiiy), isKi, F.iuiiik'ni\ 's (lia-uoiis (v. •.•:!•_',•-• 17). I-. (■!. (In.s aii.l 1'. <;i(/s). ISKI. Cal. liat. ,(.'<>. "ll, iirlill. (v. r.s). J.uiiiit (.Sulii 11.), IS47, Co. I, X.Y.Vt.l. (v. 4',»!»); kiUid hy lJn[,'iU! J;iv. Iiiil. '."),"). Loiizadu (.fames), ISK), one of tiio fxilts to .S. lilas, iv. IS. Lovu (Harry). lSj;{(?), arrived in Out. aec. to records of tlio Soc, Cal. I'ioii. iv. 40(t. His wile was .Mary Deiiiielt, widow of V.irdaiiioii 15. of 'Jli. She was living ill Sla Chira Co. V).'). L. (.loim), ISKi, lieiit Co. C, l.st CS. dia;.'ooiis, as j)ir niiister-ioll; piob. diil not come to Cal. J.,oveall (.Sleiijien), 1M7, (Jo. F, :{S, Fii;,'!. lumhcrmaii in the Sta Cruz rcLrioii tianied in l.,arkin'a aecoiints. iv. Ill); one of the exiles of '40, who reliirneil in 'II. iv. I.S, ;«. Luce, 1S48, mrof tlie Tvjnr. v. .".80. L. (S. B.), 1.S47, mid. on flio L'..S. f 'olitnihiiti. IjHcio (.luan Saenz de), 1800, Sp.ui. fiiar who served at S.F., r(tirill^' in '10. ii. ;i74-r., LU, l.'.iMlO, ;M!, .•i!t4. Lnro (.Juan M.), l.StT, Cliilian ami mr of the Xutulld '47-8. v. ."17'.'; claimant for tlie L'liiinos raiicho. iv. 074; somewhat iiromineiit in land matters, and still in S.F. 's.'.. Ludloll" (Charh's), 1817. Co. 15, N.Y.Vol. (v. 4'.lli). La,t;o (Antonio .Maria), son of Fianci.;co, nat. of C.il., 1.. at S. Antonio 177.">, and a soldier till ISOO, when he settled near Los .Angeles, ii. .'i.'.O, .'.."..'i. Jn 1810 ho was grantee of ,S. Antonio raneli!); juez del eampo ',■);)— f. iii. O."!.'., 'J."i7-S; in ';i7 8 mend., of the aNunt., taking some part as eoimiiissioni'r in the trouhles l.etween north and souili. iii. ')[)'J, olU, o'lC), O.'iO; gr.intee of Cliino in '41. iv. 0;>4; ment. occa.sioiially ill connection with Ind. all'airs ami other pulilic matters, having a cl.iim of S.'i.OOO against the govt '4-_'-0. iv. :j.'i8, 41)7, OJO, OJO. 0;H. He was a wealthy and widely known r.inchero, iiiieducate. hefore '.'57, wife Lsahil J,eiva. Jj. (Felipe), son, I think, of Ant. .M., horn about 1.808; regidor at Los .\ng. '.'J'-'-.'J, ';{0 7, "11 •"'. iii. 0155-0; iv. (j'.V.'t; in ';!!) a lieut. iii. 5s.{; and j.artido elector, iii. ."i',)i); and juez ill '40. iii. ();!7. After the .Amer. occupation he was justice of the peace and supervisor, residing at L;i .Mesa; still living in '78. Lugo (Francisco), Mex. .s(jldierwlio came from Siiialoa with his fiiniily .soon after 17(i!), living at Los Aug. and Sta 15. i. 401; ii. lot*. He ilicd at Sta 15. in 1805, and may he regarded as the fcjunder of the Lugo family in Cal. His wife was .Tuana A iaiia;:ul (one record semis to say , J nana -M. Uita, Martinez), and lie brought four children from Sin., Salvador killed when a boy by being thrown from a hor.se, Jose Antonio a soldier at Sta 15. wlio left a famil3% Tonuisa who married Capt. Kaimumlo Carrillo, ii. 100, ;ind llo.sai \ iio married Alferez Cota and was the mother of Joaip do la Torre's wife, dying in 1790. i. 005. Five children were born in Cal. , Jose Ignaeio, .An- tonio Maria, and Juan, all soldiers; Maria Aiitonia who marrieil Igiiacio A'al- lejo, and Maria Iguacia who married Josii iiuiz. L. (Francisco), at I'ilur- 20 pioxi:i:ii regist::!!, and i.ndkx. citoa r.aiiclio 'i.'-ri, li« in^ jiicz do cauiiv) ','!,", iii. (171, ii'.'u .'!7, wifi; .ruima IJrioML's. cliild. ("..yi'.iiHD I . ';!l (;it Sta II. T)!), .Iiiau dc! .M;,ta "M, I'laiK isco "M\; ill ';;!» graiiti'u ol' I'arajo di; ; aiiclii'Z, iii. (177, lor u liirli Ids w> low was claimant in \'i'2; jiii'Z luxiliar Ml. iv. U.'i.'J. I.,ii;^i> (.Ills ), .si'i-^'tof the Sia 15. ctiiiip., and iilfj'rcz '30— Hi, involv d in scv- rral icv.di.s and in llicaH'.iirof tlio <;,iii la ]nrdi loof 'IS. iii, (I.")!; iv. 'I7(i, ."jI,;), r)ll,()'il; V. :{.'i, .")S(i, ."cS. Iviinwii as lllrliato. L. {■]<)^-6 del (.Villiicii), ,''. (II!,'!; pronii- iioiit in tlio iliiiio li^lit and in sovonil Jnd. cxpcd. of 'l(J-7. v, lilll-ll, 40s, .'"iti'i, (il7, . Aliont '."il lie sold liia vanolio to llii' Moniion.H, anil froii, that linio has lived at Lo.s Aiij,'., in good circuiii- " " '7S ho dictated ir-i pro pi •v. I'liln lit' nil Ji'diifhiro for my ii.so. lie had a N\ifo and 4 daii^rlitcra. J, (i. lat. I ,'iiaoio), soil of I'ninci.sco, Hold icr at S;iii .hiaii r,. 1. [)f Sta J ctlKr at 1. All i. ."),"8; ii. I{."i0; niaj. at S. I'Viii. 'I' 10 ISOO, and in 'Ii- iiival. >. ooiiip. ; V, 1 fo Jiafaola 1 [I JioiiH ro, oil iiil. Ma 'dalclia I, lit L An;;. 'I(i. L. (Joso .Maria), jucz (1(1 caiiii o at J.os An;;. "M, '."iS. iii. (»;!(!; diKMif the j,'raiil('0i4 of S. IJoinardino 'IJ; a : on of Ant. .M.:iia; still livin;; at S. 15(111. '.M). \j. ( liian), corp. at Sta J!. l)of(jro '.'17; at Los An;,'. '4S. L. (Liii.s), at Sta 1'. 170I>, when hi.i \\ il'o died in f-'iviii'' liiiili to twins. J^. (Maria (iuadaliip( ), wifo of Scigt V(i'dii;,'o. d. 17iS(>. i. (i(i nt Sia 11. ';{7, Wifo I (1 l\ cinandoz, "J (hiidrou L. (Mi-no! L. (Xioalior), had a (' olaiin for horses .'?l,!)7i) (v. 4(1J). L. (Kafacl), soMior at Sta 11. liofo 1j. (SantiaL aiipraisor at 1 nn.'^iina ,'>.>. (itl."i; ic'jidor at Sta 11 O.Vl; jiic/ do paz 'II. iv. (141. J-. (Sofori s-oldicr 111 177: :.f tl earliest t-ettleis .-itS. .Ici.s.'. i. .'>l'2, 477 S: wife (iortrudi.s I'aeheeo. L. ('i'lrii- (): napervi.siir Los An '(i'J .'!. Luis, l.MKi, Ital. ll.slii iniaii iit Mont., airo '2(1. Liii.s, Iiid. in Sutter's em- jiloy; Olio of the 1st lioinier lelief; rofu:ied to cat hiii lie h id Wi self killed and eaten, v, !l-'-'. !4, <>i S, Die- Lujr.n (.losr), ■^p lllf.- ■1) colli p. ti) ISvJd, when he left the country, i. ."ilL fil" ]-. (.lose .Maria), at Los .Vng. '40. Lukcr (Win i, 1.S47, (.'o. 1, X.V.\'ol. (v. 4!)il); at Sonora, Cal., 'S'A. Lnmaden (Wni), ISllL Ln-l. jiilot on the Mar iii. (lis, iv. 14, 17: in '41 atS.l (jiirita, a-o ;il, re;:istoro(l at .*>. Ulas. iii. 41'J; in '.'>(i-7 at S. l)ie; ill '40 arrested at Sta 11., Imt n leased at S. ] )i( iiiid in '4S at Mont. Luna, ])oiiiinieaii friar from li. Cal., at S. (lalirid '-• iii. !)(). Liinia (.I(isri)h), l>;it, J'n nehinan in a Mmit. list. Lunt (ban.), ' iji/rhiid. Luiifoii (Diirair,, 1S4''!, at ?v .lose ■7(). Luipie 1S4S, matoof t!io A' . (( labriel), soldier killed liy liid. on the Col I7s_'. i. I'.t. ;!(! lUsiann lla--ilio), zanjoroat Los Aug. '47. v. (i'JO. J^iislioy (.losopli), l'-47, Co. A, \.^'. \'ol. (v. 4!ll)); died l>eforo"■^0. Luther, ISIS, at Sutter's J'"ort with family. Lutz (Will 1).), I SKJ, .sailor on the (')/«;/<,• at riiil '77. Lyman (( liostor .S.), IS47, oleri.'ymaii who came from Hon. on the Kii- ]ihimluigley telLs some very absurd stories about iiim. Ij. (.(oliii), 1S4'J. 1mii;I. sailor on tlio J6ri n (•'uipuzi-oniKi, arrested at S.F.for mutiny; .still in S.F. '44, age ;!0. L. (.lo^eph rotor), 1847, corp. Co. LYNTII MrcLrnn. 7'Jl <1, X.Y. Vol. (v, 1!)!)): one i>{ tlio iininlcri'iH of the IvoimI fumilj' iit S. Mi;.;ii(l, ( x.'iMitc.l lit Siu n. MS. V. (KiJ, (140. J.. (I'jitiick). IM7, ( '... J5. N.V. Vol. (v. I!)'./); at S.F. 'Tl-.S-'. l..yoii (.Xllicrt ( 1.), IS4(1, iiiit. ..iiuiiui fiuin 'IS; (liid '7!*, IciiviiiL! ii widow iiml !» iliililR'ii. l.yoi.s (A:m>ii), Is 17, MT-t Co. 1>, X.Y. Vo' V. ,")Ul; .slifiitl" of Mont. Co.; ilixl U"). L. ((ico.i, lS4t-, atS. I»io,4o; iinss..,ly in '»•-'. L. (IVt.r), IHIO, jit Mont. '40-1; hni.l (o li.iM' aiiKil in till! iinust uf tiio forL'i_'ni:r.-». i\-. 'J'J, I:''); l.itir in Snttvi- s fni- 1 loy, wl.iih lit! lift in '40. L. (U. M.), IS4(J, Co. V, Cal. ll.it. (\. :!:iS); at Sonoma '47. Lytlo (Amlrow), 1847, licut Co. K, Moini. IJat.; capt. of 100 on tLu I'l'turn. v. 477, 41);{. ti'r's I'lii- was liii:i- 1. iiUVn V, ; ii. 101. Vol. (\. lo Mi'r iii. (il^, I at S.i'', ,i,iia '■!:• I (Dan.), ].u>iai!'> A.X.V. 1 family. J till! Kii- lllull SUI'- an.l X. ■oni Xcw lian from IV. -27 S. Ison say.s lie iiovur Is Mont, Is), 1S47, luis Ob., I about ested at lorp. Co. M. (.1. V. 15.). 1S40, from Hon. on tlie Don Qiiix' autlior of /.'.'ir's/i-mii ?)')/ Jiiiiriiiil. iv. ].' MuAllistor (.Mitliacl .liiniiM. I v_'-J, Iii>li l/lack.tu ill iwii at .Mont. ''J!) na ' »•! 1; ( rrcro loco _'(■ ;tS. Still wotUi cl at lin tia.ie anil iltank liis a'niartlifiite in ';tl-40, as mIiowii Kv varioii.s record s, also M MIL it liiH sliop, uuliont much prolit perliaiiH, un lie is s^aii d to Ii iiM' taki 11 no 1 ay from sailoix. He liucl lieen an -Australian convict for 7 years before com- ing to Cal.; al.so called I'atriek; died at .Mont. ViJ. .McA. (Wol.erl), Is40, I'lK- of tlie (Iraliani exiles, iv. IS, ;!;{; lei'iiiau of liis name in S.l<". district '4'_', a" periiaiis retiiriied tl i( re was a liini ;•. .McAr in ( llolie IS47, C rt M.), Is 10, l>, M oi'tn. mid. on tile U. .S. Jinlc/niidi )i, si^'iis a receipt of payment from liobt l.iverniore; perliu| i-nor in i lati McC. (XeLson), KS47, Co. 15, Morm. I5at. 4(;!n. M. (Will), IS.'L', Olio of the eomp, extranjera at .Mont. iii.'J'JI; ii iiiieil on I,ari>, i books ';{;) 4. .McCarver(M. M.), IS4S, Kcntiickiiin from (h.; niemb. of tli McCiiilley (.lainesl, Isli iiistit. I'oiivention '40; L'lit to lilalio lati r,uiiitleroy's dr.;i:ooiis (v. "Jl!'-', ■_'t7); iil.-'o liient. in I't Iteyes lei^ion .Mc( hristiaii (Patrick), IS4.">, oveil. immiL,'. of the Cii;.'sby.liL jiaity. iv, .)S, lie of the I'ears in '40, havi ng givi n Uolit A. 'I'hoi niison a ii:irrfi- tive oi thatallair, of uiiicli I have a copy. v. 110; in the miius ■4S- !•; and u'ter a short residence at .Sta Cruz, a farmer at .Sdiioma, where he prob ill lives in '.S,'). .MeClain (.lohii I-.), ISl .f r. S.F. lot. IS4.-), at S. ,Tose (.MeLaiighlin ?). .Mc< laiy (.l;imes). lS4i:, l!iyaiit"s party, v. .V_\S; served in Co. !•', Cal. Uat. (v. ;{.")S| .MeChi rl overl. ininii^.'. in in lists of S. !•'. lot-owners ami Cal. clai.iiaiits. v. OS.') (Ki'J); interested at llciiicia '47; ]i"r- li:ips in some cases confounded with McC'lurj,'. McClaskey (Wm I.), Is47, «'o. I), X.Y. Vol. (v. 409); d. S.K. '00. McClellan, IS4-_», went to Or. with .Joel Walker in '4:5. McC., lS47, at Sutter's Fort .June-July. MeC. (Uav. Frank), IS4.'!, iiat, of 'reiin. and overl. ininiii,'. of tlio Walkcr-(Jhile3 party (iv. .'50'J). He went east in '40 with l',i< uncle, Jos. Walker, but came back in '48, being a trader and butcher in tlio mines, with several visits to the east, until '5.'$, when lie settled on a (Jontra Custa farm, where he still lived in 'SO. MeC. (.Tohn), 1848, nat. of I'a, who died at S.F. '03, u,^e 7;t. MeC. (Michael T.), 184S, brother of Day. F. >.l overl. ininiij;. of the Chiles party with family; in Sonoma Co. 'SO. He had 15 eliililren; one of his dautrhters was the wife of .lohii A. I'axton, a well-known banker of Marysville and Austin, Xcv. on the Xi/loii, McCloud (Wni), 1.S47. from lb MeChiro (.lames), 1847, owner of S.F. lot; at Benicia; perhaps ' MeClury, Ui«T. Cal., Vol, IV. 4(> IMOXMKIl llKOISTKIl AND IXDKX. f|.v. MrC, (.I(i!iii), ISII, fioiii \. Mt X. ill tlic WoikiiKiiiHuwlim.I parly. i\ . "JTH; ill '■l.'i he «(iit with l,(tsc til Or. iv. .'{!»(>; an. I ^^,■l^< >till tlinv as liit( a . tilt. Ml ('. (Will). I^l'i, iliiuhtful iiaiiic of an nvcil. iiiiiiiij.; ) lull. \M lit t.. Or. an.l not C:.!. iv. "iTH. Mcl'liir;,' (•laiiifs li.), ISIT. tiadc r from II oil. oil tllC A',v/i>/l, ul.iO fUlp. of till' / /•ii/H'otvr; ni tniliirot' tiu^ liriii MiC. & Co. (.\lii 11 (IC ) ,.t l.iH An;,', to F..l>. MS; owner of S •■'. lols'17. v. (ITS; at Mont. '•IS; at .'vl'. from '-IS; also intrrrstiil nt lidiiiia. Jlc tlinl at S.F Ma li!-l;y (I'liiliiil. ISIT, Co. I », X.V.Vol. (v. 19'.)) •t. .M.C i(llfiij.). IS^S, o\(rl. ii.iiiii;^. from .Mo.; jKiliapM liis family cl. for larts of tin' Kiitro Niqia ranclio. MiCoon (I'liry, Isll, Kii;;l. wiilor \\ lio may lia\L' in 'l.'l. 1.-. 4,'i;{. Ill 1)(L'. '41 Ihi \vas Hciit l>y Suit, r to S. liaia. I to ulitaiii r.'.riiit.s for tlio Mi.ii. It.iriiiii .anijui.! 4M) ."lOl. II tiiriiiii' lie worki.l a win!.' at tlic fort, liiit in ))ic. '4."> movoil to a I'aiiii of iii-i own mar li\'. In 1" '1(1 lie inarii.;.! -Mr* l.owis, w litxi: eil in .liiiiL'; ami in '47 Ik' man int Mli.iiii < '. I)i'iimr, li,i\ in' a. lauiuli .ill tiif liay ami livir. M. tioiii'il a.s ii niinir at \\ Clicr < 'r. ainl llaii rlowii '4S-1I. Jlc li.tamc l.^ally worn.'- wl.at faiii.iii-i f.ir liis sUill as a xa.iii.'iii; luit in ol va.; liii.iwn from lii'i li 1 to (1. atli hy till' 1 iat.x lit liis liomi' on tlie ( ', siiiiint's. llii « i.low iiiarrioil I! vA). ISIS, o\ ]!.it. V. 177. of a S.I", lilt; i. Ui! iiilcr .-inil was .M(( ilill liviii,' 111 'SO at i:iU tlr.pvu. .M.C. (Kn • F. lot. M.Cor.l (.\K,\.), I;il7, f:. lyt Cn. A, Mon .Ml('L.aaii.l other jiluc: -i; L'o;ii:: 'a^t 111 •">■_*. .Mel UlllHll oftlR'Cil. lir,ii^cho''.Mi't'.,Hartn('ll, iVC (IlnL'li). ISJ'J, merchant of Lin: iia and iiii'inixr W llii vi.>iti (1 ( 'al. .11 \.l\L'.J()/(ii I'll ii. 474 7, 47!», 4!)-J-;t, ."lit, Hl.'l-M; iii. '1\, 71. He Or. \. ."i-2'.t. McC. (Win), I'-: 1(1, iiat. of 'i'cnii. ; n.l one of Ihi; I loiiiur | arty w illi \\ifi' ami (lani.'htcr. He left the jiarty liefore :\. ■ the Sii-rr.'i ami fr.iui < 'al. wi lit hack w iili the '_M relief p^rty. Tlio dan^^htcr Harriet tli.'.l, Imt the fath. i iml ni.itlier, om'', Vi here All .hi .M. arv.veil ttliiii' l.'t at Soiioina, an.l in 'IS at S. MeC. .'till livcil ill "SO. V. iVil-'J, ."i:!4. I'.irtrait in Mclilnshnn, 'IW. MeDermo'it (Chas), IS4S (':), jiii's. of a, runicia luii.lier comp. in '4 Mel). (Davi.l), IS47, mi. I. on the V. S. (uhiiiihiix. M.D. (I>. A.), KS4(1, at S. F II. m. An''. McDon; Mel). (H.). IS^S, from Hon. on thu L'ii))hi' to Or. A '4(1 IS4."), in Sutter's emiiloy '4,")-(). new pass[). fr.'i .l7S, ."^iS; Went lS4."i, one of thu men lost H>; hut was iierliapa Iiack again in '48. Mel). (.\lex. Ma; la '4(1 :{S4, ")S7. Mel». (Alex.C.), 1S47, .sor_'t-major X.Y.\ oI. v. riO;!; at Sonoma t.t '.'ill, ami later oi a raiieho Uiiown as Mel). s station. lietv (^l.ivcrilalo an.l I'kiali, wl Ir (lied in 'SO at (he iv'e of (l.'i, leavinj' a wi. .low, of the pioneer Smith tainily Mel). (Henj.), 1847, wet tier at IJenicia. v. 072; married ;i .laii;,'htt'r of Liin.ly Alforil. ilcD. (CIkus), 1S47, perhaps of IV. Y, V. iit 1). ti-"i'i ; wrlit \Un.), M.l>. later on lu'fC 111! family. Luiiily IKIIIK'. i, N.Y. McD. .t MuD. McD. pntnc MM fdllowiii';. McDoiiiull (Win), Islii, nut. nf Mo. iiinl ovcil. ininii:,'. ('i>. !•;, t 111. lial. (V. ;i.'.i); (li-*i h. in Ni at S, Di' liviil ill Ni |i:i ( II. ti •1 iiuii.^ I'^kuiior iliavi's (.f ilic l)niiiicr jiuity in '111. Later in Sdnninii ('n , aetiiii; as j^'iiiili^ t > I lie (ie\sers tor many ,\ears; in 'SO at l\ni;,'lit's \'iil. w iili f.iinily ui '.I eliil.lun. AliDuiinu-ii (Jii.-.i 'plii, IM7, ('11. A. N. V.Vol. (V. 4; 1:); ea|it.'iii .Meajrli r'.sliriiiade \v:ir;.f '(il-."r. at S.I', "vj, MrD. ( Nieiiola-) 1^ 17. Cn. A, N.N'.Vul. (v. 111!)); in L. t'al. '71 4; killcl at L;i Paz. MeD,.iniai,t, 1S4 I , I'l .Sutler ..< iMirt. Oil .MeDoiij^Ml, ISKI, sii|>. of the Coloml. iL 'J78. MeD. (Ceo.), 1S1.-|. nat ot d overl. iniiiii).'. from Inil. in tlie Su.'i.sey-'l'odil party, v. Ii Jle li\ I'll at Sia Vvn/. iiikI ( Ulroy; serveil as 11 kind of iiiialtailieil vnlunleer in till' Cal. I'lat. '4(i-7; «a.s II 'lirolur' that in, ii (.'aiiiliUr— at .s.F. '47-''', liei , and elected lii ut-;,'ov., heeomiiiL; j^ov. on the resi^;nation died at S.l". in '(Ui at the u^r of l!f. >f I lurne tt. Ii. LS4.- A. tiiv, .McDowell (Diiualdl, I.s:i7, named in I-arkin's liooks. McD. (.Taines), I land iiiinii''. , \\ 1 III I aL,'e ,t years, iv. ,"),S, ,>,Sj. lie eaiiie in a party v.lu ii.'t Whe, Ik Ml ■t i' d .1 I uigl Iter .Ma-', to ideli iiid most of the nieuil't'is iif which wtiit to Or. fnuii l-'t Hall, He v.as employed ;is a uniismitli liy Sutter in 'I'l 7, and pos.^ilily served in tl le l!at., h luiMiii^a Cal. ilaim lor work (v. 4(iJ). In .\u^'. t7 lie moved witli liis family across the Sac. I'iv., wlure lie l(llll^dlt a laiicho and Imilt a house. He was miirdel-ed in -May '4!>. In '."iK the widow had the town rite of VVasliiii'iton laid out on her kind; maiiii'd Dr i'l. ( '. 'I'aylor in '.'il: and died at W'ashiii','- ton i" '^lt. The d;aij.ditei' Ma'jL;i<' liecamc Mis M. A. Hunt, and in 'S4, liviii j nt \» asliiiiL,'lon, furnished me iiiioi'iii.itioii alioiit her family. Another d,ui'.;li- ter, ll.iirict, in \Sl Mrs Cooke, was horn — proli. at the fort, tliouj^h Mrs Jluiit is sure it was at \\'ashiiii;tou — Feh. 'Jl, '47; and a son Win accordiiiL,' to the iie«si>aiiir.s in '4S. MiD. (.loliii), lS4l, ovi rl. iiniiiiL;. of tln^ I'.aillc- son ]iarty, who wi nt hack to Mo. in '4-J. iv. •J7(>. -7.'>, .'Ml'. McDiill' (.I.K LsIS, ])assp. from Hon. ^K'i)ullee ( And. .L), 1S17, eonneeti'd in some w.iy with the \.Y. Vol. (v. 4iMI), Imt not on the roll; clerk in the naval store oi- lice at Mont. '47-8, and named in many riM'ords; trading ut the dry iliggin^s '4S; at .S. JoM^ TM), Clark calls him McDulf. iMeI';iroy(.\lex.), 1S4SC.'), loui,'aresid.ofM:u-ipo<-a('o.;d.atMercra'S2,lcav- in;; a widow and ii married danj^hter; perha|)s of (li-.diaiii's drau'oons (v. ">'_'•_'). Mel'liroy (ihlgh), lS4i;. Co. C, 1st U.S. dr,i;;ooiis (v. IVM). SlcKlvain (.1.), erioii 1S4(;, lient of Co, C, 1st U. S. dr; ins (\-. ;i|{il); not in Cii Mel' (.lames), |.S'J4, Scotch tador from Lima. ii. TiLlti; at .S. l)iego 'l'S. v. r)4."i; .it Los ,\n','. ';{;>, a','e ."iO and single. ^Icdee (Milton), 1843, overl, ininiig. of the Chiles- Walker party. 04. McC 111 (I'atriek), 1847, Co. K :?d r. S. artill. (V. .'-.KS). McCliee (.Folin), 1S47, Co. 15, N. Y. Vol. (v, 4<)!>); «1. at S F. '*il. ditto. iMcCill (.1.1 Mi( I livery. 1841, s), KS47, <.'o. 1;, ditto. Mi'C. (I'at.), L847 the Coirlilz, from Columhia Kiv. Ml (iloi'iie (James), 1847, perhap.s of N.Y'. \'ol. nader another name. McGlom- (Will), ls;t7, Irish sailor on the wrecked whaler Com. Uoiiert. iv. IKS; em- jiloyed in (iraliam's distillery and known as 'Billy the llrewer.' He was exiled in '40 but retnrned. iv. IS, S.'J; and I have his letter of '44 in which lie eomjilains that he has lieen 7 days in jail witiioiit food! Worked in L.ir- kin's soap factory '45; perhajis joined Faiintleroy's ilrai,'oons '4(i (v. 'IWl, ■J47); iind later Co, 11, Cal. liat., l>ein^' wounded at Nativiihul, v. 'Xi\. He was at Is'. Helv. '47} iu the iiiiitus '48; at Mont 'i>7, uiid u few yeai's later was di ow nud 7'24 pioxKEU nir.isTnu and index. Ill '.t Sill 15. M((i v^htxu (Wni (•..), IS 17, Co. K, \ Y. Vol. (\ !»). Mr (iiiiiT (A.), is-ls, iiiissp. from Hon. .Mcdiiiri' (.lolm), IS47, Co. 1?, \.Y, .MclloUiiigworLli I.I.). I.si(i (?), in S. .loaii. Co. '4f». Tiulhui M.-Intos!i (C isj;', Clu'i-ok D.'l, iwaic l.alf- .1, in tin; Wailu'r- Ch;l.' )illt\. IV, ;«»•• ■lOll; at Mont, and X. llolv. "4.'). .scivinj,' in tlie Mi.licl- 1:>ii.iia iMni[iai:,'n. iv. 4S(i, ."lOI ; H-rM'd in Cal. 15;it. '4()-7, tiikinu; ]iart in tliu Nalividad li;.'li't. Mi'l. (KdwanI), l.S-_';{(?), Scotcli sailor who l.iiidi-d at Mont, troni a tradir. ii. 47">, 4'.'.'>. In v. record ot' '"Jit lie ilainicd to liave come in ''IW; VA aiiotlici' of Dec. '8:{, to liavi' l)ccn I'J v< .>-oinc acconn Cal. ts Ik lid to liavi; visited Cal. in 'K< and ict'irncd in 'J'?. I lliinli it likely he came on the llnwr with Cajit. Coojiir. In '-JS 1 le wji.s liari- ti;:ei 1 at S. Carlos as Kdwuid Manuel. I Irave his letter- of M;i In '-."J he a|iiiearH in n Mont, litit as :'. sinj.de carpenter, age .'U. In ':<() he lioiight Ceo. .Mleir'^! intei-est in a Mont, inn for J!!M), liecoiniiig a partner- of W'm (Jralhatoli li. (»()!l; was natirra iizrd )t air otterdiiintini: license in ';{4, niakinj,' a Irip with l>ye. iii. :{!).'i; still at .Mont. ".'{."). In ';{8, or perhaps a year or two rer-icano rariclio near arlii'l-, he settled with James l)a\\.-J,i the I",stei-o An i'.nde;,';i, iv. 1 17, luiii;; recurded in that year as aj^ent for- Vallejo and for- the li. it. Co. Iir ';i!l Ire oht-iiried a ^'larit of the rancho. and is said to have left trtner's name out of the title, for which In wl lo p de-,l t. Ho- th ite I):i ( saw t'leir- irouse in two and move his half to another rainho. iii. 7I-; iv. r_",). In '40 he f;uided Spald ni; of the A<(». .t)»«f' to ,S.F i\'. I7-; ar.d w.is iir tr-oidih; on account "f a French.inari found m-.rrdei-ed or his pl;rce. He v as at X. Hclv. iir '44 .">. takiiri; part in the .Micheltorena cani- paigrr. iv. 4S."{; liirt docs not ti''m-c in tin; war records o f '4() Owner- of a S.F. lot '4li. tiS.); a Icah at Siirrorna 4li. v. i)ii.S; alcaide o.' S. Itafael '17. V. (KiS; V hen lie leased his rancho to O'Ki rt to li old comrade .laines IJlaek. l>otir of tireni dviiiL' in '7<>, McI. at the Mel Mas \V.!. IS;J7. pi the 1: iii'iifii toll( I IK! Melirt yi ith hi o' 7." , I.S4.- niakiirg shingles at Laikin's soa)i factorj'. Mel. (II.). 1S48, passp. fr-orn I loll, with family. McI. (.lolrni, IS4;i, overl. iniinig. of tlie Chiles-AVilker 1 " artv. iv. Jill'J-.'J; iif)tliiii'' n iirowrr of him. Mel. (Ter-ance), 1S47, (' >, X.V. Vol. (V. 4))'.»). Mel. (Win L.i, 1S47, asst .siirg. Morm. 15.at. v. 477 ISO. Is4(i, .McKafTray (Hugh), I84t;, perhaps kille.l at S. I'ascual, v. :U(i. McKay. d. r. s. N , 1 )earer of (les|ii latcl res Irorn W -McK. (.lean li. !».), lH-J.->, hunter of the II. 15. C iNii.; pel-naps Mi visited Cal. irr '4 I ami p|-oli. several limes before, rii. I.'>l; iv. "Jl'J, ■J;4. .McK. (.John II.), Isl7, {'•>. K, X.V. \'ol. (v. 4!l(»l; in "SO claimed tal.. 40 ,1, d. '<;.'). .MeKee (.lam.s). lS4S, at S. F. f /iiii(iiii') McK. (Wrn \V. ), Is4(i. com. of tin ronr lion IIIU , Mc-K. (.Famesi, IH47, Mrnrderod li> 15. K. 'rirom)>son at Stockton .larr. '4S. .Mcl\. (.lames v.), ISJ7. <"o. D, X.Y. Vol. (v. 4-S at .Mont., N. .lose, seems to have been en it Mont., who pissibly (-ame a year or- two ear liei d Sai-., where in '4S he ;aged in trade. In '."rJ he was clainiant for the iaeiiUo rancho, Colirsa. iv. (171. He married, I think, a daughter of I']stevaii .diinr:is; ami his son i!obert, who in '7li gave me a valualile vol. of old mission rei-ords, still lives in '.>r> nt Mont, or S.F. Mclveever (.James), 1S44, hunter anil ad- M-ntur-er of tlr- plains known ns (.'apt. Jack, killed in Idaho '77; claimed to have iandeil at S.F. in 44, to have aided in the revolt and war of '4G-7, and to have a family at St^i Itosa. S. /■'. Chronicle; iv. 4.">3. 'TeKcnzie, 184"), at X Helv. '4'), '47; with Arce in '40. iv. .'j78, 587; v. 100; (..^rhaps same as tliti loUowing. McK. (Bernard), 1840, carpenter and mas >n at .Mont. '4()-8; in the mines '48, discovering the dry diggings lit I'lacer Ide. Cnrxon and Smaii. A 'Capt.' McK. died at S. F. in '.'A. McK. (ul), Isi'' trader at S. Diego. McKern (Fd.), 1S47, owner of S. F. lot; proh. 'Kein,' 4. v. McKIXLKY -McLOUillLIX. McKiiilcy (Tiuiii's). 1821, Sc'otc'.i siiilor ln.y left at S. F. r.. 1. wli.iicr. ii. .")•_'!). 'I'liis is tlif stiiti'inoiit iisiuilly uiiult; in luxMniiits of liis lie, ,iiul it is also said tliiit lie was Imt 1 1 yeais old, all of wliicli may Itc I'rroii' - (Ills. Ho is constantly named in eoinniereial letoids from '^{O, \\ lien In; ^^ils ;i;,'ent for C'ai>t. Cooper at Mont., travelling niueli ot the time, l)iit ma Mont. Ills jiome. and j tl It; eomp. extranjera in ;V2. id. -J-Jl. I 1 "X> h went to Los An;;, as ai^enu tor L:irkin; in '.'{(i is nametl in a patiron as a traili r, a^eil ;{lt; antl irom tliis year to '40 anil later was ttwner of llie ^{iiiiiiiilin sc\\v, inakini,' trips v.]) antl tlown the coast, iv. 101, 1 17. I'erliaps arrestiil as a mut- ter of form in' 40. iv. 17. From "4'2 in partni'rslii|) with Fitcli and I'aty. Imt it is haril to say what ])lace he regartleil as home; I Imve many letters w; it- ten liy liim at tlillert nt ptiints. J''roin '4,'{ tin,' lirni iiatl a stt)re iit S. F. v. (;.'.J; in '44-.'> Midv. took it leailing part at -,t)s .Ann. in tin; movt-ment of st)iitln in ftirei;.'iurs a_'ainst Miclultortna. .v. -H'.', .")0.")-S; al.so in "41 -."> was one of t!uj p'.'i''ha>crs of the mission estates of S. .luuii Caj). and S. ],uis OK. iv. ,"i.'i.'{, (L'7, <).'>.'), 0.")'.); V. .■).")S. In '4(i he .seems to have translcireil liis resiileiue frim Los All;,', to Mont., where in Jan. '47 lie was ]ilac,'tl iiinler arrest Uy Lieut .Mailihx with a vit;v\- of estorting iiiforiiiatitin alioiit ( ':dif. operations in the south. ' ' ri-o Jlor., •Jil!t-IO. lie marrit;il ('.iiii;t;n, ilaiiglitcr t)f .lost' .\mesti. in '4S; claimant in '."ij for raiii:lios in Mont, and S. Luis ()1>. comities, iv. (Wi'>; aiiil tlieil at Mont, in '7'), leaving se\er:il ihiMren. I'on Santiago was ii man if g' 111 repute tliitiiighoiit his lo'igiarcer int'al. 1 haven letter from his iimtlur ill '4:i. McK. I.I.), 1.S4I, hoatswain on the L'. S. SI Loids. MrKinmy (Win S.), 1,S47, nil ot the Prini'iiurd. v. ."iSO. McKinstry (Ceo., .Ir), Istli, ovfil. immii.'., who liecame the 1st .sherill' of tlic iiortheni ilistrict at .'^litters F'ort '4ii 7. V. fi7,"); activi; in relief nuMsiires foi' the Domier jiarty, v. ."ilis. in widcli siil'ji'ct ids letters Wfi-e ]iul)lislii;d in tile S.F. S/nr; passenger tin the 1st sleamer to Sac. '47. v. ■■■|7!'; also owner of a S.F. lot. v. (i7.S. lit; was some- \\",IS what pioininent in ])iil>lic aliiiirs at Sac. in early mining tinit 111 had a trading post on the ('t'suumes ■4!l-.")0. I lind no record of liini from that time till '71 4. will n lie k ing some of ids smiiiiioiis to jurors, etc., as an> Iso some iuiportimt records on the I)oiiner l>art\. He was III eccentiic char.icter while at S. l)iei'ii, siiciiiliiiLC much of his timt in long toiiis nmon' ml Jevoiid a vayue rumor of his ileath lieforo "!S((, I have no trace ..the I of him after "74. -McLiui.ilian (T.), 1S47, niiil. on the U.S. ('oliiiiihii.-<; iloiihtful. Mel, 1S4I".. mr of the l'nl(iel., I.. 'l'.». enteieil the navy d came to (Jal. a^ d mid. on the .V' ///. Ill vitli Faiuitlcroy ■ diauoons Vl. 'JSll; d took u proinineiit part in reel veil uil- iiig and orgaid/ing the Cal. I>at., Iiecoining capt. of the artill. cimp., and late 11 the eanip.ii^ii iking as maji lit, ;{rd. He A\as one of '''reiiiont's comim-sioners « ho .sii^ned the treat v ot Caliueiii closing; the wi 4.'i4. Ill ',")!) he resii'iie I h iiositimi in the iia\ v and returnei I tl 404 .") . to ell a scries of iiiijiiirtaiit industrial and liiiimial enti rprises. Iie.ng iii.in- er of Wells. F, .\: ( e.\ press froin !."> to "(is, aii'l of tlie Nevi da Lank from "7'i to 'Si*. He left <',d. a little later, Imt is still living in '>S.">. His wife iiore, and (here were S ehildnn. I'mtiait in was .Sophie Hoirinan of I! ('(ji)t(iii/i. Il'i'ij. MiLaiinan. I.s4(i, fre i Hon. on the lS4(i, .sergt Co. 15. artill, Cal. Hat. \. .TiS. Mi Lean (tli o,K |,SI7, mr of tl Knnh /'III nil''. Mel. :irev. f 11/ Li uriiitiii e slioii a t S,F 1' ,Mel. )f linn Mtl,. & Osl of ■.•!!l. Mel.ian. 1S4.S, kept a MiL 1).), lS4fi, C.d. I!at, (V. ;{.-.S). MeL. (Wm S,). 1,S4(;, tlitto. MeL., Is4>i, at S.F. from Tahiti. McLeod (Alex. U.), IS-JS, in com. tif H. I'.. Co. hunters the \. iii. \ A. ■2i;;i. MeL. iFrai .1.), 1.S47, ^t. Ml I,, (.lohll M.). ls:!S, on the r<„//,, lilt of H.15.C Ml Line (.losepli), 1S48, owner of a S. F. hd. McLoiighliii (John), LS41, chief factor of the H. .;( '; *' Ju 720 nOXEER RICGISTER, AND INDEX, B. C<->., who visibnl C;il. on t'.io (' r<:t- 210-18, 250, ri'oA; src iJso JT14. JJ. Col. iuul //i'f. Or. lMiM;ili<)ii (i McL (\Vi:i), is;;;), stiilorundci' iinvs^t at 8. F, l^H, ii;it. o( M >., i;ii 1 ovi'il. i:;iii)i''. of tlio IJarlleson party, ir. "JTO, -~'>, "jy.'. I1-! v/cnt t;) Or., hut n.'Hirsicd i:i Mo v.itli ii \y, t I wliioli 1 liuvi; ''ivcu hi < i: M. iii tlic j^aiiU! ji::rty. v. II. '-1. I'u.^sibly tliLiu was a J:\m.A Mc- L'ltk'il oil I'utah CrciU, Sohuio (.'o. .1 ili'-' I Jic Di.\ii;\ ill ',>■ 1 at tlio a''c of U."). 15v tlif il. ritli not iL'o it ; p;u';\r.! that his uaiiiL! Wfi.s Sainuil (J. Mc.M. (.kii iiilah), 1S18, Iii.siiinan at Mont. "J^ [■nn to iiavo . F. ")IS). Mc.Maiius (James), kSt7, Co. E, N. Y. Vol. (v. ■lOil), <1 JlcMichacl (Grove C), ISIS, nat. (\ . • harf sea V)'.), at the aL;e of called Me.Mnlk alter Mo. MiMoni;.'le (.>imp. sor -Me.Millaii, 1845. in e Kiiiierin tendei-.t :i-4: KU'iro o f Siittcr'ii laaneli; al -MeM. (I'has). 1.S17, Co. E, N. V. Vol. (v. 4:!'.l'; d. .S. F. I.S40, overl. iiiimiLC. with Yoiin '. v. o\l[); •d ill Co. E, Cal.liat. (\ MrX at L »«• '4S. iiiiaia (i''u','ei:e), ISlli, Irish priest who had ii ;^rand selii me for eol- oiiizin^,' Cal. with Irisbiiien to the jjloiy of (iod and the diseomliture cf the Yankees. Hi ^ ]i)MJri't has Iklii ;;eiieral!y yiven more iuiiioi taiiee in cmii tioii with Eii'^di h plans than it deseiveil. Me.M. eaine to Cal. on the ./* dr;\'^C'jons (v, ,i(, _l.i-_'.). ClUi. MeXeillv (John), 1S4(), Co. C, liit L'. S. (1 Mrl'. (0 J.). I,s4: I!)). -Mrl'hail, ISIS, from Or, til i; ,)ks. .M. ilel'sou o_o on the A' of '4:5. l)!e id eian Co. 1!, N. Y. Vol. (v. 4!)!t); living ia N. Y. \S4. i47. nm ieia.i, ditt;); d. Morrisania, X. V.,'(i',l. .Mid'. (James), on Larkin'.s books at Mont. '."JS; I have his autograph 'I'hcrsoii John C), 1S4S; Se)trhiiiaii of good edueatioii and coiuiik ra- ii;ity:!i a writer; li 't eceenti'ic to the verg.^ of insanity, a!id ;dmost coiv.tanily under the inlliiencc of licpior in hi.s later yeais. It ii not ([uico (.!..".r how he eain.', but apparently oveii. from .Mo., where he had been iv t Ik thoii'h ic is also said that h:' went to Texas and servei •d ill thi .Ml :;re( otiiei'.s aa til tl iiitlior of a le nil lies in '41' iind IS nieiitionei 1 l.v li ::l ell\ pop ular soil''. la, dear Y niia. He sj.eiit his later year.i in wandcrin it tl id other poet- ic eouiitrv vritiiig ^lioneer sketehes for the newspaiiers, under the ; ignature of Juaiiita. Many of lii< sketches v.creof real value, tliongh {•enerally overbu;dene I with Old )gy; and tlie author was always an inoU'eiisive, kiiiddieaiti il i lan. n lie fell tlir(jii',,h the trestle-work of a railniad bri : over the Tuohimiie iiiv, id was killed. Metjuade (i'eter), IS.'Ui, at Mont. MeQuien (U.), 1S4S, p'.ss]). from linn. .MeUae' (.\r.!i.), lS4r», mid. V. S. N., hearer of despatches from V/asli. V. 2S7. Mcliice, IS4S, uuutkred by Scott at Sonoma. McSpaddeii (Jaiiie-), 1847, Co. F, N. Y. Vol. (v. 4:)!l). " .Mclioberts (J.), 184.".; ii the r IIVo (!)ie,'ald), ISKi t! Me'l'avish (Donald), lS2(i, sup. of the Coloiul. ii. 278. .\!cT, it of tlu! 11. 1!. Co., visiting Cal. to sell the iiropeity of le eoiiil) .!H. .McViik.r (Henry), \> 11, lined III L arkm s honk ";>7-n as lieing in the Mont, district; perhaps arrested in "10. iv. II,' 17. In "42 he was in eoni. of Siittei'.s trappers, but ((uarrcllcd with S. ; in '41- lit S. F stro. C )>art ill the Mi 'toreiiji cam|)ai:,'ii, capturing iv. 4S() 7; in I.") named at .Mont, and at N. ll< .hcri .M: had cl li'.dit with i'vn. Havis. The latest record that 1 have found is that he left the fort J; 1(1 f. ir iSononm. Mace (P.), IS4."). doii))t!ul name of ii man at ('ahtienga M; elialo, iiieiit. ill '10, '2J. ii. .Vi4, o,")!). M.. KS7o, i ir ( .JoS. M. (A'.'ustiii), at I.os Au''. from "21. 4 th 20: jue; di and grantee of UuUona '39. iii. G.lj, O.'IO; age 42 in '."Sit; juc. do e:uii[)o "48. v. .M.x. liul with In 'C-i'd ;iv. ISIS, r. s. Mel'. ity <;t' u-kiii's ,-. IIS, ill -It l;:;iiiol l;ail !V le loft Mix- ictcin. ,.> ^.S, ■is. V. MACIIADO— MAIXSFORD. 727 G2G; justice of pcncn in '.')G. M. (.Viuln's), iit T,o9 Ang. '40. M. (Antoiii lj;iiat'io). rt'i^idor at Los .Ai d i '.■JS-',( ailng siiuUto and akaldc. 111. (ii I 7S at tliu JU'J' nil- ( f tlu^ ,/(; mf "SI. .M. (Cirhaiai, at L 'J- J)' rotrii. 111. ;!??■_'. M. (!•: .M. (J ')■ lu'iii'o), cfhidorat .Mniit. '-'A. IV. -lo Aug. 'iy-^-27 tiiula '41; for i: -M. (i)ii!iiiis iud i'|-ain;i.<(.'o), at ].()S Aug. "ili. M. (iiilaiiol. at l,i).s :.i. (I, IV :c .) U i; iiuiiavi.stu <>J Jl). iii. GJO. ;tL tJ.'i; M. {.I uraiiloc ( <):sc), a M. (.1 usus if Al'i t .s;j 'j< ■IC t s. is '10. a ''I! 'J7. uni. 4() M. l.l( .1. Ant.), at Los All'.'. 'U). M. (.!us(5 M:ilia), .solditT of S.F. eOiM|). '.!'.»; at Lw 40. ,AL it .S. DiuLTO '40. 111. GIO; at Los Aiilt. "4! l::;), daugliti.T of Josu ?.iaiillc'!, a uorp. of tliu iS. l)ii'go coi,;}!., and w iilow of M. (J 1. ua- 'I'l i;id iiurton, w iio iit S. Di- it til- of ()4 tllOll'! Ii a])pa'-( iitly ul*out 40 — yav(- mo iiu iiitLrusliii;.,' iiariativi; of J'icmjiv^I'dsii/o.iili'Cal. Siic iuu a aoii and 4 luairied dau.Lrlitfi.s. M. (Mai.UL'l), rc.jdor at S. l)i(go and l.i cluU'f'L; ( ■i }'■ a:;t for I, as Vif o;;;.ii'> ranciio in ;«). ill. (ii'J, (u; (.Mr Ant, •la lies raiiolio. (ite I iii. G;i4. Macluioa (.Jobo S.), huttKr at Uiain'i- iVi. h Maciol (Luia G.), 1842, Mux. lie.*" of tin: batallon lijo, .siisin.iidcd fioi ik '4:: )4, ;!G4; Ijiit Mi'')..-d the treats i.'l' Sia 'IVresa in 470. Ma'jl: (.rolai \V.), IS17, cui'pcntcr at .Mont. ^L (Will), 1S4G, one of tlio Moriiio'.i col., wiio pr '44. iv, ' 17-S; at Aiigil".) ('.imp "4l>. )1). dill not (OHIO to (.'ai. \'. .Macoiiil) (Win H.), 1S47, licut U.S.X., and r.L'ling nirof llio Z loiiglit he had a claim on the U.S. (I) lor '.'> h ami eiieiosui' letti er lioni his liroUii'i' ter in Oet. '4ll to l.arkiii o;i the Milij 111 was aiio'.it to !-ail for (.' una, pro po>.iii ,M; ' to eoiiic to L'al. lati ulariaga (bonilaeio I, .Ml .Maey (-Me:;.), ls:i), nir of the /' V. eletk at .Mont, from aliout '.'1 IHi'icia and rcgidor in .')(>- Jvitrada (iiiotlier of ( i Ii M ai.'<' •J7 II went to Mex. in '4'.: Alvarado), ehildreii J.d D; eoniis. do ile Josefa Valleji) de 1. ;-', 1 raileiseo ,;i. .Ma )X (Will A. T. I, ISK). lieiU of marine.- L'.S.N. on tiio Ci/iiiic and CoJi'jir.'iS. .Vflerthe oeeupaWon iif ].,os Aug. lit^ eame to .Mont. •y eaptiiring some .h'.\. ';{(). ill! wiin a {':); later of tlio poiiy-txiU'i-'ss lirm of Kusscll. M., & Waddell; doulittul date of ai rival, iv. o!>7. At S.r, 70. Majors (.loi-c'ph L.), li'uVl, uat. of 'JViin. — .solium aciouiits .'-.ay of Ky, X. Oh 1/ ilio ("line from X. .Mux., periiaps with (irahani. iii. .'is;;, 4!_'. At ill Nov 14 ho s-iuiR'd, with othi r fol•^.'i.i,'lU'l.^, a protc auiiiiiv Ik to lid i;ii!it:.rv ihitv. In ";i"» ho sooiiin to liavi,- .soitlod in tlio S;a i'vx rc;;ion, and from that yoar his name appears ofton in Lark In'^i aooonnls and otJK r lociirds. Hu was one of (iiaiiains iiiou in tho troiiiih s of '.'{(J-S; and ;.oo. t-j .luh nye'ii stateiiioiit hoiight Tomliuson's interest in tho Zayantu dis'.iik;-/ ahoiit ".■!7, sollini; out to D^o a few years later. In "A'.} ho was nalurniizeii, oalling liimsolf Juan Jo.so I'l i.so.stomo, proh. a name icecivod at l)a[itir-m in l'<. .Me.\. or ('ill. Ahout tho :aino tiiiio In; married Maria do Ins Aii:;;el(s (':i; tio, y whom iio had 1!) ehildrcn. (.Seo 'MaronoH.') He was airostod in '40 l).;t il 1 .sjon released, iv. 17, --, -1; roeeiviiij' in '41 L;raiit.i of the S. Ajiiytii ■/.. vatito rani'hos, tho latter of v. hieli he wold to (li; IV. (i, i; yet 111 he ; i;,'iiecl an appeal to thu U. S. for indeninity for siili'eiini^s >rhilo uiiiUi; it I In "4;! Ik (1 pr ite.st a''aiiist dial lain .s (ilu r ot tlio ii rvieey ot foreigners to Mieheltorona. iv. ;),',(i; and served as jiuz di; er.mpn at Draiiei- furte. iv. GO.'i; in '4() jiie/, do paz, and a witness at the tri.il of X.;ile";j mr.i iki\ r. V. 041-2; perhajis jiiez in "47; niemlier of the Sta (,'rnz coiineil ■4S. v. OiJ; ;.l- c.-dde and siih-piotoet "4'.)-.")9, and oliosou (iO, X Mall :ieo, a Siiisun oli ief 'i: ;;>. .M; Mian IS'.'O, it. of I'cni, and nir (jf the .SV iiur'ia.io in l':,l. '•20-'2. ii. '-",i;!, 4;ii)-4(», 407. In '24 he came back as mrof tho A/ii.hniin. ii. ."il; d as chosen by Gov. Ar^^uelln to take the A-, Xu, rt'.V2; in '40 iiiein- licr cpf the Mont, eoiiiicil ami of the 1st jury. v. 280, ('i;{7. IFi; died in '4!) or "."lO ;.t the age nf nearly 00, leaving a largo estate. I>i)ii.liian v. as a (|uict. iin- oblnisive man of excellent eharaeter and inueli iiilliience. His childieii in )2, I'lhaiio '."!.■). One ";i(i were Miiria Isabel b. '20, Mariano '28, I'oiieipci of the daughters married t'arlos Olvera, and live.;, a as ( bus I'rbanii. at Cliu;; In ir. ami tliere was another son th. Ij naeio, a nionev-iirol;er a t S.F. in '8:{. M. i(.Mariaiio), soi' of Juan, educated in IVru; executor of his lath state, aiK that capacity sueci'ssful claimant fur the raiicho., of Zanjones, (luadalupo, < 'liua'ar; jndgo !>f 1st instance at Mont. "40; eoro r,0 1; sniicrvisor iiienibi r of the a.ssenibly '."iO-OO; later a wealthy ie.sident of Sta Clara, where lie si ill livi s ill "8."). Mahisjiina (.\lejandro), 1701, Span. eoin. of an exploring exped. touching at .Mont. i. 4 111 12, 4'.)S, .■pOO ii. 01 Malcolm, I84S, fi t)r hv sea, a com paiiioii of lironks in the mines. M. (.Mex. 15.), 1847, Co. (i, X. V.\dl. (v. 400). M. (.Iidiaii), 1814, saihir left at Mont, by tho /.v((/(f '/'<)(/. (!7.'?; sindico ami sec. rjf Mont, ayiiiit. "■■)'» -t), iii. (J74-."i. Ill ';{() at Mniit. jijfc .Ss, witi; Antoiiiu Vflanlf, child \'ii'(utf, 1). ill 'l\'|)i.; "I'd. I liaM.' no K-'uiinl oi him atti r his iiirt'.st in cuiiin'itiiiii witii the .'Vdlt oi' Mcxica lis au'iiiiis t Al\ ill ';!7 Mill! ii'ilri', uir ol the £L r.ii. iv. r)('i."). Malli'tt (Cliii.s (!.), 1S4.'), Aiiicr. sailor l(>lll the II (li:-:'iir; ,sli i|)]ieil for lioHtoii on the Cdlij). oi.'ll, |s-J(l, Itanioii), i.'iaiitee;>f I'misima and Sta !!it.i 'anclios, Sta Ji. I'l. iv, {')'t'.\\ V. ."jriS; at Sta liu'.s 7)4. beinian at S. !•' Maltok (Itiehai-d), ISfJ, Kii-I. Inn Mi lS4i ster (Alex.), ISI."), sailor oi the M(trin, or Morm. M. ('I'hoinas), i, ovcrl. iiiiinji,',; served in ("o. F, Cal. Bat. (v. XiS); owner of S. F. lot '4S; in llie mines '4S; drowned in S.F. hay iioforc "(ill. Maneilla (Toin;U), Do M. :an fii;ii' in !,. (' »ho visite•_'; V, 474, -yx); iii. IIS. 11. nan li;naeio), \S'2'2. .'^iiaii. supercargo of the Cvl Yuiiinj, (!v2(). 1-2 W. me hack in ''i.') on the Ti yoirl, (III anil reniaiiieil as agent of a Lima linn, hcing a resident of Los Adg. from '"27. 1 to i|iiit the eoiintry in "."id under the law expelling Sjiaii., and petition ot 'JS t( o he allowed to ten It. ISLi ot, 1S4S, mr of the (' lie was ohliged 11 spite of his nain. iii, ;')l-'2, ICO, 14.'). He ha.l no family. (/(' 'J'lJiiihii M; mjares (( .r.i.-iano), M. grantee of Saucito ';{;>. iii. (170; in ".'{(), aire ;!.">, wife MaxiniKiiia (o'.ngora, .'liihl. I) omiie,:o o, ■I, .1. inu'iaiii) ;U, Ivs tan islao '.'{•_', Jmi >; jue/ aiixillar .)i;i '•A-> 4'J. IV. I)."i.'l. .Maniii|ue (.Miguel), com. of transjioits 177"), I7!t7. i. -41 ;. M. (.lo^e Ant.), at Los Aug. ■4(i. M. (■luan), sohlier of Sta 11. .•.)mp. M. (.Julian 1, at Sta Ana raiieh), Los. Aug. '.'{'.>, age .'[."i; in '44 giantee of i,aguiia. iv. (i'Jl. Mans.ineli (.M;iri.x Ant.), at .Mont, '."id, nut. of 'repic, apparently the sister of the wif.' of .Mniiras. Mans.r (.lacoh), |NJ(), Co. ( ', 1st r. S. dragoons (v. IfIKi). Manso (.Jiiaii), 184-*, .Span, trader in \'irnioinl's employ; in '4.") appointed coniiniiisioner to form inv.ntoiies of tli.' mission es- tates, and lessei; of S. I'.rnando. iv. .").")(). .")."i.'!, (i."i7 t<, i')l'.\. (iSJ!; v, ,"),")S, (i,'!,). M. ( Liic.is v.), 181)4, com. of the .l/j/cfc.s' which hrought [lurt of the e.doiiy. iii. -'117, -'ill, .'{s;}. Maii.s.)n (I'eiihus). 1,S4(). Faiintlci-oy's .Iragooiis (\-. •2'.i2, 'J47). .Manii.l, \. .Mex. of Sta U. garrison '4(i. v. ;!lli. .M. (.\ndriVs and .los.'), gr.mtecs ol ( Juajonie '4."). iv. (J'JI. Maipieda (Juan I).), irul, jiiliplo ill Malaspina's exped. i. 4'.l(». M l[>Vii ( s i(jei \V, \V; r. IS47, Co. I, X.Y.Vol (v.4!MI) ll'i III hil' llCi .M. (.lohn 1SI7.C .Maide II, X.Y. Ma- Tom), 1,S4."), iiat. of Oahn, in charge of enstom-house boat at Mont. J()-(!. iii. 14(). March iF.dwiiit, 1S47. Co. (Dav.), I.S17, carpenter on the /,, Vol. (V. 41»",l). .Marago (V.), itee of I'atlha. iv. (i'JI (Mor.iga: Maraviof. IS'J."), mr of the l\li K, N. V.Vol. (v. 4!ni); d. '(iO. M. ( Wm .1.1, 1.S47. employed at Fitch's Soto- yoma ranclio ' i !S. .Maivhan.l (.1. B.). |S4S. -•r of S.I'', lot. Marcheiia (Fiirii.), IS4L ditto, iv. (i d( I'l •ilv M.iixy (Sam.), IS47, "-d nir on the L'. S. ]i, .M.ir.v (Win (i.), 1S47, A. A. Q. M., V. S. A., eomniissarv of X.Y.Vol. V. .lOli, ton ill .Ml ■4S; son of the sec. of state I't \\ iisli.; wint to the minus with C.il- .f tl L'oiistit. ef)nven. 4! nii'inlier of tin! legislature '.").'); l)ay-niaster in tl i(! iiavv trom (i it Wash. 7M; lixing. iit Ala I 8L>. Maria de Jesus (Ma.lre), l.SOd, sent from Mex. in charge of foundlings, i. ((()(». M iriaiio, lea I. r in .'^ ill ';<(). VI. t reh ta II, M. otithr.'ak li vagu.ly mentioned 'l(i '-'4. ii. .'t'J.S, L'4, ii. ehi.f o.'I.S, M. ("Ian.), IS-_'S, .Mex. eo; .M iriii ( ' >. was iiiiliie d; .!).S. Mont. eomi ). ';<'.>. M. (.h .Marine (Frulo). sJilier of an), I7!l.">, .Sp.iii. arlilh ryinan retired after 'I'l v.ilU rank of lieiit d.' premio from ''27; at S. (lahii.'l ':'S, age (!0. ■)l:{; iii. .■)!; )erhaiis Ins name was 1 S.ivi'd a .M, riiier. Ml 4.")!i. t S. Iti'go tl i."!, .">7i> 7: ii. 10(1 hath ill KSdO. I (.liiaiil, I7S."), Span, f ilog. liar w 1.) l),")4; iiieiit. i. :W.S, A22, 4.V), Mark (.li>scph), IM7, Co. (i N.Y.Vol. (v.4!i:ti. M. (L.iiii->. l,si7.Co, !•: ditto; d. before X). Market (Auyustiue), 1S47, Co. I), ditti Nh m til I I II lt[.rtMl"^' 7no riOXEEll REGISTER AND IXDEX. (Mrs Vi.), ISlfi, tMino to Stii Clara Co.; iiiniilcn iiami' not given. ^farkof ( \k'x.), Ls4.">, liuss. visitor, who [)ulili.s!icil a iKin-.itivi'. iv.oli.*. Marks ((,'li,i>), |S4(i, Faiiiilloroy'.s (lraj,'i)oii8 (v. 'Jll-', "JIT). .Marl;n (lien.), ISl."), (loiiliii'iil ii.iiiic of an inimiL;. iv. '>'JH. Maroni's (.losr). at Ihaiirilmti! '4"), »:;<> M.'i, \\i:o Maiiii Castro, rliil I. Jo-u .loacj. 1>. '40, .Maria Ml, Danira (?) '4-_', S.uita (?) '■\'.\, l!i)lnTto '44. J tliink tliis uiiiv Ijc intentUil for ' Majors,' (|. v. Maio'ii (I'ra-i.). at, Mont. 'li'.Ml. Maip'lo (Dav.), soi; ' Map'.u.' Maiipii't. IM.'), (louLtliil nu-inhfr of Fii^'inont's jiarty. iv. ,')S',',. Mfifhi. M:4riiU(Z (i'lan.), { raiiice of iloca lU' Sta Mijniia. iii. (i;i.'i; a lik,(:!;suiitii. age 47. Man|\iiz (Maniui), IS4J, Mex. lii'iit (.f the liatalhai" lijo '4-J-r). iv. '.'s!!; i;iililioat( il as an accomplic'c in a jiois4. .•;!)1.4u'l. Marron (.Ii'sus), at lios Ang. '4(!. M. (.Tnau Maria), had a house at S. l>ie;.'o '"Jl. ii.oK!; took jiart in the i-evolution of ';!l. iii. "JOl; legidor ';,.V (!, and elei'toi' in iiO, heing o« ner of the < 'ueros diA'enadi. r.ineho alt:. iked liy l;,d. iii. 4SI>, 01 I, 01."; iv. 07. lie was juex suplente in ".'!!l-4(). iii. 0I(); owner of land at S. ,Inan Cap. '41. iv. O'JG; grantee of Agua Ifedionda '42. iv. (ijd; and jiiez in "44. iv. .')4(>. In '4.'> he was eleetoi' do jiartido and .uhnin. of S. L\ijs i:ey.' IV. :>•.(). OJO-i; Ol'.'M; and in '40 alcalde, v. :!.'."), :!_'ll. OlS-H). lie di .1 i:i '.'iii. Iluwidow, FelipaOsuna, li. at .S. 1). ISO'.t, andstiil living there in '7>!, gave me licr HiriurduH of early times, to whieh is atlaiihed a eul. of origin;;! Jioc. Ui--. M. S. lllo.-0 from Sta Fe. iv. 117-18. I'ri'senting hisdiplonia iis Ji physieian to the aynnt. of Los Aug. he g(jt in Feb. a liee'U-^e lo jiriirtise me."). Ikre he limit a rude hut jukI speat t he I'cst of his lit\', gradifdiv accumulating ucahh in livcstui k. Li '40 he w;is jirrested lint not exiled, had some dealings with Sutter, •■iml wrote letters to r>ro. for the purpose of eni'oiiriigiiig iuimigration. iv. !(, 17. 2i'.-4, 1.S4, 2(i."). In U he leceived the 1st innnig. p.arty. I'lartleson's. at hi.s ranelio, and alloided them mucii as'istanci', though he made the new-comers paj' well for his services iind giievously oll'cnd' d many of tlK'iii liy his i:ican- ia::s. iv. 272 ."i, ."it7. Th(^ ollicirs of the V. S. ex. ix. also came in contact with him this \ear, and I>r I'ickeriiig. Ii'riri .■< if Mi i, 102; M'.7''s' Ac//-., v. l!);i-4, mentions the I>r as his tonner classmate and friend. His l.i '!■ r lii 'ma. Joins, of "42, on the state of the country, is a doe. of s. ,Jose the e.dl to f'lei y.wv'. iv. I -(i, 4!)!, "ilO- 17, M;!, .V.lil. lie took'imt slight part in the troubles of '4.1-7. v. 7, 17, 041, leading for the most pait the life of ;i hermit, though he wrote a I iiig letter to Lewis Cass on the cnuntry ;ind its jirosjic'ts. He tonk inueh interest in jiolitics. desiring to see C;il. in possessimi (jf the U. .S., but not f.ivoring fililiiisterism. In "48 his house was robbed, and he tried his fortune in llio mines. He was murdi red, by a jiartv of youi.g Ciiiiroinians, on the road be- tween In-. I'ancho find Mill tinez in '.Mi. at the age of 02. t)ne of the niur 'crcis was sent to prison for life some 10 yeai'd later. Dr }A. wus ;i peculiar and gen- »li() lifter inoi'M. ;i!iil silii'liiiua () ])l':irUso ^ luft liiiii s (111 l.ai'- tlistiirl;', nos al.-o t liial.lc, ll a, lUiU! |ivi-sl>.,k. i1 ur, ami iv. ',1. IT. I's. at liis ,-. I toners lis r.iian- 1 I'liiitart \iin:. V. lir wriU'i' Wx'd: ami t.i il;-..r- liii'vi -^ ill iv. ! -11, |i--7. '■ . 7, \.[r a ! 'ii;-' 1 i idlest f.ivoriiig |iK' ill it<« J viiail lif- Inir 'I'l'i'i's ami 1^11- MARSII-MARSTON". 731 crally disnjirernlilo innn, whose iiotoviotis ]i;irsiiiiiiiiy kc]it Iiiin constantly in ttr'ulili; willi iiKist that laiiie in (•(iiit.nt with him; yi't he \vas .'ijiiiartiitly an KHKst man, of incut! tlian onlinaiv ihilit\ ll of till' I 'ali.'niiiiatM, r.nium,' thi'in Valicjo, .■^iicak lohn (iiikv, who was Ids attoi'ie'v and i,'i\cs inneh infoi iiialioii ahout him. states that al'iiit Td he niar- a te her tVoin Ma di .Mai'shall, Ks4li, widow, .1 a fe .'d to ais later. •s Smith a t N. II eiv. ; iieihap-S mother (if llemy. M. (Ilarl), IS Ki, nat. of X. J. and one of tlie .Mormon i ol., with Ids wife, Lctitia Dor^ey. v. 4(!. .\ milkman at S. F. ; in Alameda eo. from ■(); died "M , leavin'' a widi Port rait in AhnnJ'o. UisL,'l\. M. 0'' "ry), U."), KnL;l. inmiig. of the < Iriyshy-Me ]);irty, with mother, hrothir, and sis- ters, iv. ")7'.t. ,)S7 If p was eniiiloNtd liv Sutter, d .1 was stationed at the fort, v. 70, l-.'i was wounded iit iS'atividad, v. o(i!l, mini; the Jiear levi .It it later t idisted in the Cal. J'.at. and , reooverini; in tini(! to si'i\e with W I Iier in the Sta Clara eam|iaign (v. ;{7!l|. -After the war ho lived at Sonoma, anil I'leiiiiia, i;(iiiii' to tiie mines in '4S. ]n '.">() he settled intirecii ref.ih Sen oma eo., w her» 11. A. Tl ii'iiiiisoii are in my e ■still I lUeetio l\eil in , s. II is reniiniseeii'cs ius j^dxcn to .M: lis sister Kli d wtie (.ulilished in tiio .V. >/. I'i:, iS tile wife of .i.-iiiH s ( ireuson; another was .Marsliall (.lames \\ A, ISl." It. of X. J. a L'ani,i''e-m:iUcr am i[ienter by trade, wlio eanie overland to Or. in 'If, and in tin' Me.Mahon- Clynian jiarty to Cal. the next ye .)S, II e enteli d Sutter s (ii'l'loy i.nd IS (ilteii named in the N. ii,ii\ y> luni '4.-)-S. II e seems to li.ivo taken jiart in the IJear ri'volt (v. 101). a:i(l to have 'jono south wi;li the Cal. Ilr.t. ;.-).s). Ilet iirniii'' north he resuiuei it the h d in Alls. foinu'd a jia;tner.- (lip w itii .'"^litter tfihniM ,i saw -mill on the .\nier. river, select- in;; IX site at Coloniaand lieuinniiiL; work ;it onee, with half a do/iii workn.en. Me'.e in Jan. MS he made the t'umons discovery of .uold, fei full jiartieulars of whieh s( e vol. vi. 1'herc have liem at!eni|its to show thai M.'s eonip.-inions have lieeii (le|irived of tlie credit due them in tiiis conneetien; hut it .sei ins ihar tliat M. was the lirst to see the nielid, !;nd his visit to the foit .Ian. h on 'very iiniiortaiiL Inisincss is reeon led the / jiiir>i. Ill doiditlcss enl itled to his fame as the discoverer of j'old. Siilti r has also hceii ]iiaisecl as till leal discoviier, and indwdif he li.nl not settled in the Sac. ^'ai., orCahriih; d not discovered Cal.. or Coliinilms .Anieri th .dittei r: rticle iniuiit have lieen found hv another rnan iiniler diU'erent eircninstancis. Mar- sliall was not ahie to protect 11 anil l;i it Coloiiiii from the raids of mini is and law yers, and for many years led the lilc of a miner riid jirospector V. illiont niiieh luck. In "70 his Lih' mid Atlnvfii ijlisliei 1 .-it ,Sa by V. V. r irsoiis, was siibscijuenily a small jiensinn was jiaid M. for .'oino years by act of the lef;islatiire. lie is still living; in "S.'i at tli* if 7: ll sicms ahvavs to I lave iioriie a food eliaractci 1 I type takt n m early ye.irs; and his j i;'' A'. /'. ,• riiima-i Co. IIIM., etc. (Il<; died near C above was written.) lave an ori.uinal ila.'Uerieo- it may also be loi'.iid in the Ai )i(iIh la in All''. "S,'), aflcr thi ll Marshall (li'lin), IS-l.'i, brother of Memy and oveil. iminij/. of the (iri:.'-liy- party. :;>, at Sonoiiiu '47 M. (.ll ls:;(i. Anil!'. a,ue i." Los Aug. list. M. (.foseph), ls:;t). on I,i S.'M, mr'of tlic <'(i/iiliiia '3* ."i. '4;!. iii. .iiier. deseitei from the l/i p< I'rII at .S. I). y[. ![:<■],< vl). iitU. in 'Hi in M. (\Vi b4.-). Her s ranclio ciiai'':( rt.iiiied Ki'iirny and his ilragoi d with tlieit in AiHil. .s'. />. ArrI,. rue of W; 20; and in l)ec. o n- tor of the r innia niassai.'re, f. .S;i!». A little later In I i an insti'ca- r which crime he was h.im,'<'d in '."il. v. .''i.sfl. M. (Will 1'.!, I.S41, Kiigl. physician on the ///(df ami Si.nth- hnmiiii ii; lli^cll. '41( ami livcil at S, I'', to ':•,'>, Iji'ln,' jait nf the tin ;i ciistdiii-lioiiNf oi'ili't r. Mariiurciia (.Icim' Mamicl), 1704, S|iaii. fiiar ami fn Ur ol S. Ji'.aii liaiitiifii, wlicri' lie sriMil to l^Ot wliiii lit' loft C;il. Ii II. I.Vt t: iiK'iit. i. .'.(HI. "i.)( b, .■■>/ (i, (is'.l, 7I*-'; ii. i:il, I.V.t-OO. Martin, IS-i; of M. iV l)int, .Miiiit.,'17 •'<. -M., ISlN, I'aniL' with family in paity of i'ftci .1. l»H\is. .s/<( r/(/,f( r,,. //;.s/., (idO. ,M.. 1S4S, Icail.r of a iiarty from Or. n I h,, It'll) Cii. I list., \sl M. (An;;nstiis), Ih47, a witness at Los Aiijj Martin (llciinis), 1S44. ovt'il. imini;;, of tin; Stuvfii.s jiarty, iv. 44.">, witli lii.s futht'i- aMiliirotliur, ntiirniiii! in '4.'> to ri'Mcue ScJiallciiliirK' r at l)onnii Lake anil ihr |iait\ left on the Vulia. iv. 4.")4. Ilu \\(jiki;il for Siitti'r in "l.Vii, l>i:l 1 liii'l no clcliiiiii- ivcoril of him in the troiililfs still livo'l in^Sand later. M. (Ivl.), I.S47, scrgt (,'o. C, Moini. Hat. V. 477: in VJat Salt Lake City. ^L (Ivhv. .1.), I,S4S, nat. of Ireland, who ame iiroinineiit in various enter|iii.scs, . of the Hilu'i-iiia liaiik. He die 1 in .\L (.Fe.^^e 1!.), I.S47, Co. P., Moriii. eanie liv .sea tr.iin ( liilr in He l>. leilij,' lor liiaiiv years tl'e:. surer and sei .S.» al tl 'e of (ii, h aviii'' S eliililreii ]5at. (v. 4l)!l|; in Sutter"s .serviee at the diseov. of ''old ■4S. lo .served at S. I >!(•''() till his death Martin (l''iiiiaii.|o), |,Sll, Sjimi. friar in ';;s. Ujo,'. iii. (il!»; incnt. ii. ;i4."i, .'{!)L iv. (i"l. M. (lohn). IS'Jl', I0ii;^1. or Scotch s.ailor who left the Orinii. ii. .I-'J, (i iii. lit, ill, !»(). I(»-J, :!l 47 n •_'4 he w as admitted to the ehurcli at .S. .Inaii I*, ii. i\'Hi; in It) h for.se\eial years at S. F. jiresidio; in "."(Owas at .Mont. ii. (iOIt; in '."SI lie ),'oi periiii.ision to i ultivato a leafiuc of land at (Jotoi|iii, or .S. I'atrieio; i,t S. r. '.{L'. He was k .'islhe'ohl .Scotch earjieiiter <1 live.l fi time at Keed's raiieho, hein;,' in "]' on tin' Corte di; .Madera de Xovato rai Marin Co., which was ^'ranted him in '.'lit. iv. Mi, 117; iii. 711; K. lots -41 (i(l!i; V. ()S4; in "Hi .lied f.,r h ml in S. .1. liothiii'.: aliont him alter his eliiiin lielnie tlii; land eiiin. in livlS, p,iss|i. from Hon. M. (.lu.-iii), 17il4, Span. nt .S. .\li ;iiel, win re he died in 'Jl. IJio;j owner of S. (list. I find M. (.lohn), Iriar wlio sir\eil :, y<>\! ii. (illi); nieiit. i. .')(»! , .")7ti, ()(i4, (J7 ii. 4.'>, l4!)-.'(t, !.".!», :i-i:> (I, ;iS4, ;tl)4, (1.).'.. Martin (.liiliii-), Isl.'t. nat. of N. C. and Cliilc Larl\ 'ii;,' at di 111 rent jil Ir ])arty, with wife, I'^li/alirth .Mel'herson, am III "14 he settled, or estalilr-hed his faiiiilv, in the (iili iiiiini!,'. of the ■\\'al!.er- daii^i'hters. iv. XKl 401). ov rej^ioii, work- ■■44 .-). iv. 4,";;. 1 ■ rent |ilaees for ji few years; )iioli. in Slitters force ■ttrr of .luly '4."). In'KJ he .served under l''remont and Faiiiith roy v. l(i, "-'"J C-M-J); and Liter commamled a 00111]). of S. F. volunteers in tl le 'aiieliez c;iiii|iai;^ii. v. :!,S I ; il S. F. lots '47 (184; at X. llelv. MS. I'll 111 '."lO he lived on his farm iii (lilroy, ow iiiiiL; also land in Xajia, tlio lie tlM.illy lost most of his proiieity. He was Mind from about "(11 ; stil ill'' ill "SI, and I think in S,") at the ,f .SI Hi ;{ 'ht. it en tl ilaii •re M.irv wife of I*. 1>, Tiillv, Ari'.elia Mrs Lewis, and .M::itlia Mrs Oldliaiii; three others Sii>aii Mrs IJaith'tt. (Jeorii Cal. if them peihaiis in '44 — wire Mrs .lohnson. and .Iiilia Mrs Jlornhack (.i.15.1, IS4 (, na t. of \'a, and one of the earliest sctttlets of lone Val.. Iiav M. n.: ( la i maul for the Cosiimnes ranc crossed the iilains with Cliilders and Hi iv. (171; still liviim- at Suiter Ci'."SI. .M. (Mont-oimMv), 184(1, lieiit in C;'.l. I>at. on detached serviee. v. ."idO; clerk for Lark ill '47 and still at Mont. '4S. )f the Stevens p;irtj' with his Dei S. F. lot '47. His dani'hter mariiei M. (I'airick), IS44, Irish imniiL and I'atrick, .Ir. iv. 44."), 4.');); i .lames Miir|iliv. Martin (I'iioinas S.V 184."^, nat. of 'I'eiiii. 1). 'IS, rcsiiL of St Louis '40-.">. and one of Fn'inont's )iarty in '4.">. v. "iSIl, .187. Ho .'^ervcd in Co. A, C.d. ]>at. 11 the exneil. of '4!-!). In (v. ."(."(S!; went l'!ast with F. in ami caiiu! liaeU 1 '4i(-,>,'{ il horse-trader in dil. I'ei'ii lis; then Hcttlt il with a wile at Sta l> , s till to some extent a trade slieiill". In '78 he i.;a r and !in lis I serviii!' 1 iiri'dl II-. I :/■ ''■' IS ( ity marshal and deimty nifs /;, •/'" winch IS 111 some respects valuable, as tliu oliicial juunml liaK never been published, but is MARTIN— :SIARTINI:Z, 7n3 104," (J7"i; 111 is •to-.".. IC.l. I'.iit. 'I ■;-;». Ill ■ l I'. , still III (U'puty 111 ^Ollll' ll, Init is marred Iiy tlio nntlior's tendency to claim participation in many Cnl. events wliicli he can niily liiive known by liearsay. Many parts aie notalily aeeiiiate; and otlier.H liive liiit sliglit fmilidatioii in tnitli. iv. M't; v. 107, Ki.S-O, I7-, IS!i. M. iWni H), ISJ7, Co. H, N.V.Vol. (v. 4!t!»); owner of a S.l". l..f. at Oakland '71; 0(>. M. (Andres), at .S.,J, iii. (170, and of Laureles '."{0. M. ( 1'}.), seiitenei d to luesiilio '4,'). i\'. (i.")4. M. (Msti'f- vaii), 1770, com. of the S. I'das transports on the coast, 1770-Oit. i. ;i-JS-0. .'{78, 4:U), 444, r)0'). M. (Felipe), at Los Ang. '4(1. M. (Franciscu), Span., age 4.'>, who left Cal. on the T/ios Noirhiii. iii. ."il. Martinez (Ignaeio), 1800, iiat. of the city of Mex. h. 1774, who entered the mil. service as cadet of the Sta IJ. coiiip. in 1700. i. (i;!0; ]ironioted to alferez of the S. Diego eomp. from ISOd, heiog also much ef the time hahili- tiido. ii. 00-101, 110, :U1, 4-J4-."), ")40. Jn '17 he was reeomnuMided for pro- motion to lieiit of the Sta B. eoinp., Imt hy some errcir at Madrid or Mex. the commission was made out for the S.K, comp.. and to S.F. he had to go iiiiich against his will, his name ap]ieaiing on the rolls — as ciiniamlante in ''2'2-~ and from '"JS — down to ';>'J, taking jiart in some Iiid. e.xped., as liseal in some eriminal eases, and lu'ing otherwise meiitieiied m connection with rou- tine iliities of his jHisition, liesides heiiig a mcuihcr nf the junta, or dipiitaiion in ■•->4, ■•-'7. ii. 'J".."), :'>01, .i70, 440. ",00. '.I •_>-!:!, ,->:}7-8, ."is;} 4, ."lOi', (140; iii. •-•(), :iO-7, (14, 7."), 88, 110, 1'21, i:V.', !,")(;, 18(1, IOI-L', 701. in "ll he was retueil with use of Hiiiform i.iid full ]iay, heiiig credited with 41 years of sei'viee. -Meanwhile lie hud obtained, in '"J!*, the I'mole |-anclio, Contra ( 'osta, I'egranted ill '4"_'. iv. (17'2; and here — after having apparently lived at S. Jose for several year^ )eing regidor 111 .i4-i), and serving as emiii of S. Rafael in ';!4— hi isionado fur the secularization It to live in ';i(l or a little later, ii. .")04, (1(14: iii. IO:t, :U(1, 710. 718, 7:iO. In ','{7 he was alcalde at S.F. iii. 7(W, 70."), o.")"-'; supknte of tlie junta ';W. iii. 500; a creditor of Sutter, iv. I.'VJ, l.'U; defeated the Ind. in 40. iv. 7(1; and entertained \Vi "41. iv. •.Mi- ll e was liviii at I'iuolu 111 '41 with his wife, Martina Arellaues, age ."i."!, and daughters, Kncaiiiacinn ll. 1808, Susaiia '•J4 (who .soon married Capt. Hinckley, and after his death W'ni M. Smith), Francisco '24, Rafaela '•_'7, .Maria 'l'O. and Dolores '.'il. Another daughter, .Mari'a Aiitouia, vas the wdt: of Capt. Kicli- Victor (.'astro ami Dr Tennant. His son N'icente .J., h udsoii; others man ied in 18, was s h till li M. in Contra Costa 82, with seven children liy two wives, ( iu.idulii|ie Moraga and Nieves Soto. I cannot give the date of Don Ignaeio's death, hut it was before '■")2, when his heirs were claimants for Pinole. He was nut jiopuhir as an ollicer, being haughty and despotic, as it seemed to his men, and he was several times reproved and unfavDiably criticised by his superior ollicers; but as a ranchero he is siioken of as ;i very eoiirteous and hospitable man. The town of Martinez takes its name from him or his family. .M. (Ignacio), at S.l'. '4.'?, age 'J.'J; also named — perhaps another — as lieut of militia at S. .fost^ ';}7. iii. T^'2. Igmi Martinez (Jose). 187"), com. of the Afia. iii. 2-t-."), 140. M. M( lieut of militia at S.F iii. 701; in "41 living in S. di (list. of urn 27, wile Carmen I'eralta, children Rafael b. ','{0, Alejandro '41; Cal. cl; '40-7 (v. 402). He w as noted for his lilerality and for his skilful horsemanship but was killed in '04 from an en taiigl emciit with his ri lata. A I d wif e was an Knglish woman named Tennant. M. (.losi? Ignacio), soldier killed by Ind. on the Colorado, I7SI. i. li.J9-02. M. (Jos(5 de Jesus), at Los Ang. '40. 734 M. i.r< I'DxnKR ui:(;isTi::i and in'ddx. Mr .■1) li to. M. (.Idsr Mnnii), stttliv ;it S. .I..m.- Ixforc |S(M); rIl':i ill! ill ITHT anil IMMi. i. 7 Iti. "I!*; li. HH. Iln « ilV w.is Maii'ii ( iaiilM. mii M K.Minn liriilliir ItiVi H, •'! I.iii'l ill Ml III. '4t-"'. iv. (!.")(». .M. (.Ii )lilli'r killril nil till' ( 'I'liiiiulii, 17'Sl. 1.. '-J M. (.Iimii). lit Miiiit. ';{(!, a ;u Mi, \\ ill Fruiitis'ii (I.iiiiii, I liiM. ('ariin ii .li \\h '•2ii, V ■2\K Mari.i ■;!». M. ( liiaii, .lii.iii Audi lit L .\li;i. 'Ki. M. (.Iliaii ill' .li'SII8 M.iri':i), |s:N l-nt.! 11. (lis 111; iiniit. i. (is'.l; il. lis, 'jot. ■Jl'.i, -J:^!, 7(1. .•!! :!si, .•{'.II. .i:!.s, -in. 47!i. vx' ■(1(1 17, ."17(1. t'>.i.">; iii. -I, 51, HI ami 'I I L II'J, 111, iis 100. M. (Maxlini.l, miIiIkt uI' S. F. iiiiiip. '1!^ 'J.S: in ...'i f;ran III' 111 CurU' ill' .Maili la, .Sui ( jara. ill. 711; iv. (>7I; ri'-idnr at •i-4. iii. 7-:>-:;ii: in 'II ■||, wifi: l)ani;.nnii I'adilla, iliild. Niiulu li. 'l'S, I'Miiisii (?) ■•_'(;. .Iii.sr .\iit. ';!:S, DdIdiis ",U, ,U,m'- .Mana ':{.'), «iiiad.diii). '•AS, Ciar.i "11. .M. (Mi-iul), at S. lirrii. -i 11, at;i: ."lO. M. (I'i'dii) Adrian ivcd at S. .Iiiaii 15. and S. .Miiiiiii, ri'tinii'' in I'ldi. il. l."i;)-()0. M. (Kali at •Jii. 17'.l7, Span. I'liai' ulm k ivi Hiiiv;. li. II!'; nunt. i. ."m.s, M. (SanliiiU'i). N. M'X. at J.iis Aiii;. uitli f.inidius, iipplviii'.' fur liiinl '4'J (1 iv. :{4;i. ."i7_', (i;!.'!. M. (Sixt.i), iit Ld.s .\n;,'. '4(i. M. (Vn'cnti'). sun uf l;.^i;a- cio; indil laniiin S. I'". ".'{7; iit S. .Id.so dist. '41, it''o 'JII, witi; (Jiiiiil. Mm-ii'.:;!, I'liild, l''i!iini.sf() I) :!S. .Ml ';{!!; .'iindiiD o f S. .Il '4;{. iv. ()S.-.; Cal. '4( • / 'Ul'l'I (.1 (V. 4t) Maix (Frnist), IS17, iiiii.'*ii:iaii X. V. Vol. (v. 4!l".>j. M: (iscpil) 1S44(':), Frcmli nwiyor nf Los All'', 'd.'), and I'L'.sidiiit '."^t). 4r>:\. Masliiiii (Hiisistof). IS40. nir of the Hfiikaf. iv. 101. Mason, Ishi kei'iier of a jiiinililini; and ^'lo;; shop at .Sta J5. M. (Alfred), 1M7, *'o. I'' N. Y. Vol. (V. 4!»'.ii;' d. Sar. liel'orc Sit. M. (K.), KStii. ("id. J'.at. (v. ;!,-.S) M.'isiin (Ifnaclo), at S. (Jalnitl ';>'.», a^e 'J7, a jewel, er; perhaps ' Mazun.' ?i ;.ii>hii), i,s47, Co. r., x.v.v 4!l!l). M. (.MaiL'os or Anthony A.). IKKi 'An'.do-.\ni( r. lii.-.hni.iii from Ijostoii,' l)iipti:ied at .S. ( 'iir'os, iiiid recoinmend' I liy \'. Sarri'a in '17 as iiliont to go to the I'hilippiiies. il. •.'7(i-7. ->SS. M. (.M.), 1S4'.', lieiiton the U. S. ('iiiiiir. M. (KuiiJird 11.), 1S47. eolonel IstU. S. dia- gooiis who arrived in l''el>., iiiid on Mjiy M.st sneeeeded Kearny as mil. f^ov. of Cal., linldiiij,' that ]iosilioii till Feh. 'V.K Fur aceoiintof his ride, ineludiiij; his onntioversy and iiiopuM d duel with I'n niiuit, see v. ."iVJ, (il.'i; tdso 4 Hi, 4;>ti 7, 44!! 4, 44() 7, 4." 4." 404. ,")i; ri-.'), ()4(!, (iOti, (1 I vol. 11 imd tl i- I liiltV'il fiirnnd most satiMlaetorily the diitie.s of a dillieult posili his strict diseipl.ne iind jipparent hiirdinetis of manner he made an unfavui- iilile iinpression in some qiuirters ;ind inspired bitter enmities, yet lii.s reeoid eiit Kiist liy stciiiner in is that of ill! honest, laithiiil .M; >y 'i;*, lUIlt llll'l I of eliolel'ii I alile iilllcei l;t St Jjollis II e ^^ that > ear or tlu^ lux a. ii: widow niJiriled (leii. Dun Carlos liiiell, iiiid still lived in '7.">. Ma.'rt, (lli man), IS47, iiiiha[is of X.^'.Vol. ninler juiother name; at S. F. '74. ]>i .Mata, niei'.iher of a euuit-m;irtiiil at S. Diego '-1). ii. j"i4!>. ^I. (.Tiian oe .Mex. conviet releiised In ";{,") Miitanioros (TonulO, murdered in ISO." li. I'.il. Matehiii (C. F.), IS4.'). nir of the Mat'idoi: iv. r,07. Matro, ISIS, miil.'.tto from I'.inuh.irirs lleet. il. 'JliO. Mathias ('riios), l.S'JS, in Ciil. ; auto'. letter. :Matliiis (.lames), IMIi, iiat. of X.V.; settled in St;i C.ara; at S. I.n'is ()1). TiS to his death in \\) at th agi of to. J^Iatias (.luan). at Los Ai '4(i. Mathiiiin (Louis), lS;::t, Fr. sailor at .S. F. "40-1. iii. 401). Matsrll (Henry (J.), Ks47, lieut Co. ]!, X.V.Vol. v. ;')04; trader at S. Diego; in Kan- sas '7 l-!». Matt (.lames), 1.S4.S, at Sutter's Fort April. Mattlieson (A'ex. .L), KS;!!), Engl, jiilut on the sclir L'uHj'ornia, implieated in a plot against the ea^it.; on Larkin's liooks "40. Matthews, ISIUi, Amor, otter-hunter with Xidever. M., 1847, in Sut- ter'ij service. iL, 1840, ut S. Jusu with a sou-in-law. IHttelL M. (Geo.), :SIATTIII'-\VS-MKAa 735 lS:i;), naiiKMl ill T/iil;iii"s ImxiUn ';!'.i-4(). M. (II.), IsKl, wituoasat S. R 'i';!. HIT. Ill ><|it., II M. (Ilriirv), ink; iii. (i Hail< r, v.liii hiiiilril tViiiM a wi^alt to Sac. Cal, I' ills; af I'.fliici.i Ti II S. !•'. 'CD. .M. (.I.uii.v), |s:;i. ;it Mont. .M. (.Inlm), ls;;i, Iji ,1. rat .s. 1'. iii. »ll.">. 7! one ut tin' tulluwiii^'. .M. (.loliii). !'-<:)< iiicili i(ju utMuni. M., is.;(|, All liailir, will) \\ V liii laiiclid fidiii .'!.">, at. S. l-jilri) ((JiltoyV); |nrli;i|is MiittlT w. a ;:u as .1 ('(Mik lur Miii|iliy in '.'!(>. M. (W nil, l.^.'il, I'lii'.;!. wiilur ihalcr at .■<. Jaii.s Ol.. iii. -Id."). In "A('> at Sta \'>.; cii:!.' Iinllli anil ii||)inf.s ill wiiimis r<,(inl i fnnii '.'tl; in 'T'* ]i(i'niitliil t.i Inc at I''. (p|- .Siiiiiiiija; aritMloil Imt not ixilicj. iv. 17; Ikhh -H li.' the M. v\ li().N. Matiitr (.In in |j.), IT'.M , cnin. ot the Arinr.fir.ii, cxiilor. ami t ran- port on tlio cast '!)l-'.', '!!.">-(!. i. ^<.i;i, .-lOil, ,",17, .-.;;7-S. Manli." (Aino). is.|:t, I'niirh /.jiiiiiti'i' of hind lu'iir .•<. < lahiii 1; at .'^ta ( 'riiz '17 v ith claini aj'a.ii.-^t the j.;o\ !. IV. 4;)0, (il.">, r,:\7. M. (Henry), j,sl7, lull! |.arl;iii".s note for.Sl-H; iierha|n n.iine a-A ineeedin;,'. Manet (.lolin), Isl7, at .'-iiittcr's l''ort. Maun (I''iaiiei I, 1' !'J, at ,St;i, Cri./. M. (.iaiiK.s), |.M.">, eiiniloyed at Larkin's soap taeUiry. Mann He (.\iilonio), I77">, Span, naval olliecr on the eoa.-^t '7.'), ''.>. 'SI; iiiilli.r of a ./i'liriinl. i. -Jll. ,';j!». 4(4, ."()<); .sec also ///.v/. A'. 11'. fon.^/, i. .Mnirv (Will L.), If>41, lieiit I'. S. N. on the V. S. e.\. e\. iv, •_'41; on tlie ll'i//-/- '.(. 'l!; 7. V. ."i.'Jll. Mavilla (.\iitoiiio). Is4li, at S. « lahriel Mil. Mawrey (.lame,), JS47, servant to an olliecr in the .Moini. I!at. (v. 4ti!)). Maxiicld (Will (.'.), 1S47, owner of S. F. lot. .Ma\ini (llarvev). 1^:7, HerL;t Co. V, :!d l'. S. artill. i. ■'il'.l. Maximo, 17;i!l. m ):ro .-lave of" Allien:'. i. (i;;'.l. Maxwell iCliji.si, l,S47, owner of S. F. lot. M. (II.). 1S4,S, settler nt.'^loikton. -M. (.I.iiius \V.). 1S17, <'o. K, N.V.\'ol. (v.4'.i',(). M. (Liuion). IM."i, hiintei and f^iiide of T'l'Linont':-! party, iv. ."s.'l; v. 'Jl. M. (liiehanl T 1S}'_', iiat. of I'cnii. a'ld as.-t .s.ii U. S. X. t';.-. /■ »■/'•, .'iH, .'!4,S. Jlc retiirned to (,'al. in '."il, and IicuD'c i, pro;,iincnt j'liy. i- if S. F. In '77 ( / he ''avc me la J/o/(/ if that tov, II hy Coin, .lom in 1/ III .'/:, or •tioiis ( .f tlr d also a MS, furiii.--lied hv I'r .Mar.-!i iiics at that time, Jlc died in "^,■! at the a^'c of (i •aviii'' an esta e iliiili lia.s hciii the oceasion of iinieli liti'Mlion ari.-iiiL; from the doeto."< death-lied niarriii Will laliiis \ a! \. Ml M. (Win). IS47, Co. M, Moriii. J'.at. (v. 4():i): a fan ■S'J. M. (Will C KS47, C F, N. Y. \'. (v. I'l!)); died licfore ',SJ. M. (Wn, H.), |,S47, Co. I'., ditto; d. N. V. eily I.Tuaii ('i« in isO.'i. |eo, KSi;\ into;'. It S. I.iiis I./1S An;.'. Matsell in Kan- In (A!ex. ]iinst the in Sut- . (Geo,), May (Ilemy), IS,"],'), iiciilmw of I.arkin, hound to ('al. on the .4 /'■/•/,• no rceorl of arrival. Maya (If;n. ), at S. I'cri N. Jlelv. .1 Mayan (.Mrs), ls47. d le.lat Illy. Mayherry (Khene/ei), I,S47, < 'o. F, ;id V . S. artill. (v. ,"il Mavcr, is;!:;, alioiit to\i>it ('al. from Sitka fi r scieiititic iinrpi iscji; letter .4 intiod. fr Ivhleliiiikof to Ifaitiiell. .M. (.I..hn», l,s4(t, Kn^'l. at Mont, and S. F. .fan.. Xov. M. (Lewis W.), 1,S47, Co. F, .'Id C. S. artill. (v. ols); in the iniiK .s '4!)-,")0; a ( Icniian w iiie-mnker, who liveil in Soiioniii *(i,">-,"SO. .Ma, • field (I'lcnj. F.), I.S47, Co. A, Morin. Hat. (v. 400); ser^'t of i(ciilisted comii. V. 4!l,'); ;i re.-id. of S. J.,uis Oh. Co. 'li.S-.s;!; a nat. of J'eiiii. Mayhew (.lohii). IS-JC, the JJIia. Mayiiard (.fames), l.s; >/, on LaiKiii 's Looks; pi rha; s s .fohn. M. (.loliii), lS4(t. l'aii;l. exile with the (Irahani parfj ; not kimwii to have returned, though he got a liecii.sc t Mavnes (-lainc;' 1>'!I.">, laliorer ut Mont. Mayo ((jco, ), ISKi, .Mujis. .sailor, Lapti/ed at S. t lo.'^. Tin/lor; ii. •J7(i-7. Mazateeo (Juan), ut Sonoma '44, age H); proli. a Mi i/atce hid. or Irom Mazatlaii Mead (.faiucH ]).), IS41, nat. of La, episcopal clergyman, and perhaps phy- sician in the West Indies, who came from N. Mck. in the Workman ji.'irty, and iu '42 went to the tSauiIwicli IsL or China. i\ . 27i; viid to have Lccu a :| .uii«l •<■■'' IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) V / {/ A O ,0 '& 7a 1.0 I.I 1.25 ■'^ IIIM i^ 1.4 IIIIII.6 V] ^a e. <$>. r^/ _^>' A y /^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST VAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ;v ^ :\ \ ^7-'yOO. i. 043. Medrnno (Jost5 Maria), artill. scrgt at Mont. '2(!-32. iii. 77, 071-2. Meehan (Dennis). 1847, Co. E, N. Y. Vol. (v. 490); killed at Stockton '19. M. (James), 1847, Co. G, ditto, killed at Los Ang. about '50. ^1. (Thos), 1847, Co. E, ditto; killed by a steamboat explosiim on the 8. Joac]. '.").'!. Meek (John), 1829, nir of the I'umaakmaah '29, possibly of another cratt '2."), and of the D. Quixote '3;J-0. iii. 149, 179, 382; iv. 103, 141. He is also siid by \Vm H. Davis to have visited Cal. as mate of the h'aijlc. before '20, iio.ssilily M. of the Amethi/Mt '11-12. ii. 207. He was a nat. of Mass. who came to tlio liil. about '12, and died at Hon. '74 at the age of 85. M. (Joseph). l.s:)3, Kocky M: trapper who eanio with Walker's party, going back to S;;lt Lake in '.'14. iii. 390. He visited Cal. again in '48 and later, anil died in Or. '75, Ins adventures being the basis of Mrs Victor's ]>i'- 7/e West. M. (.Steplicn H. L.), 18.1.3, n;it. of Vo. and brother of Jos iso a mountain man who came and departed with Walker, iii. 390, 4(' • came back to Cal. after the d scov. (.f gold, possibly having made inteniudiate trips, and in '70 wmte me a letter from Etna, Siskiyou Co., Cal. M. (Stephen H. L.), 1843, signed r certificate for a sailor at JNIont. Sept., and in Jan '44 he got a i^asspurt. Apparently not the preceding. A Dr Meek at Mont. '.33 is mentioned by a news[)aper writer. M. (Thomas), 1811, ])erhap8 on the Amethyst '11-12. ii. 9(i, 207. Said by Brewer to have gone to Hon. on the Chiiichillafvom Boston in '23; at Hon. 30. iv. 141; d. at Marblehead, Mass., about '41. Peirri'. M. (Wui), 1848, nat. of Ohio wlio came from Or. to the mines and went biulc. In '59 returned to Cal. and settled at S. Lorenzo, Alameda Co., where lie became a wealthy farmer, serving also as county supervisor and regent of the university. He died '81 at the age of 05, leaving a widow and 5 children. I'ortrait "in Alam. (.'o. HIkI., 937. Ateel (Robert), 1840, Co. ]"', Cal. Hat. (v. .358). Mceres, 1845, possibly of the (Jrigsby-Ide immig. party, iv. 579. Mcin (John), 1842, mr of tlic Bertha the (.'tiliforiiin at tlie age of 15. iv. 117, 110. He hecaiuo dork for A. 15. Thompson at Sta 15., and on the lioUvar; and his J)kinj of trips up and down tiie eoast in ':>!)— K) is an interesting MS. of my collection. In later years he was clerk, traveling aL;ent, and from Jan. '49 partner witii his lirother in the (irni of M., Ilfiwanl, it Co. at S. F. ; and in '50-0 with 1). W. Alexander in charge of a liraneii of Ihi; Im.-ii- ness at Los Ang., where he settled permanently; claimant for rrovidiiu ia ranclio. iv. 035. In '52-3 he was county treasurer, in '54 cimneilnmn, in '^m niemb. of the legislature, and later in charge of Wells, Fargo, & (jo.'s express. He died in '03, leaving a widow — Adelaida, daughter of Santiago Julinsoii — and 7 children, M. (Henry), 1835, brother of Francis, who came bcfori) '.he mast with llich. H. Di.na on the Pilgrim, iii. 413. He left the sliip to be agent's clerk, and is named in a Los Arig. list of '30 as 20 years old; but in '37-8 made a trip to the states. Keturning in '30 he remained on the coast as agent or supercargo of the vessels of Appleton & Co., including tiie Ailmit- taiici' and Ta»xo, iv. 502, 50!(, and his name often appears in commercial rec- ords of the time, making his home chieily at Los Ang. In '45 lu; formed a partnership with \V. I). M. Howard, and the firm of M. & H. .';ooii became the most prominent in S. F., buying the H. IJ. Co. property in '40, v. (iOi), building the 1st brick store in town, and establishing branches at S. .losi'', Los Aug., and Sac. He became owner of many town lots and a very rich man. In '47 he married Anita, daughter of James .Johnson of Los Aug., ami in '48 made a visit to the Fast, and on his return had fi stroke of apoplexy, from the ellects of which he never entirely recovered. In '50 he sold his inteiest in th(! lirni and went Fast, subsetiucntly losing most of his wealth in unfor- tunate business enterprises. About '53 he brought a suit, tiually abandoned, n'j'ainst Howard on the plea that he had not been of sound mind at the time of settlement. This created some ill feeling against him in S.F., and it is said that by H.'s inlluence the name of Melius St was changed to Natuma. In \")9 he came back to Cal. and settled at Los Aug., where he wiis elected mayor in May '00, but died in Dec. of the same year at the age ol 45, leaving a family. Melius was a man of remarkable business ability, of good character, and of courteous, pleasing manners. Melros (.M.), I84(i, doul)tful name in a. Los Ang. list. Melurcn (Louis), see 'Mathurin.' Melville, 1.S4S, at S. F. from Tahiti. M. (Hugh), 184.5, sailor of the Moria, di.sch. at S.F., and i-ent to the Mont. hr).spital. Melvin (.lames W.), lc>47, Co. IJ, N.Y.Vol. (v. 4a!)); d. S. F. "74. Menard (Fr.anfois), 1840, teamster with Kearny's force from N. Mex. v. 337; killed at S. I'ascual. v. ;140. !M. (Louis), 1844, doubtful member of l''n''Miont's party, iv. 4:i7. Menchaca (R.), 1S42, nn- of the Triiiiiliti/. iv. ."(ill. Mendenhall (Win M), 1845, nat. of Oliio, and overl. imniig. of tlie Hastings party, iv. 580-7; at Sutter's Fort in '40. I liml no further original record of liini in early tinies, but in the county history it is said that in '4(i-7 he lonk part in the IJear revolt, went south with Frennmt, was commissary at S. Juse in the Sanchez campaign, kept a bakery at S. I'\, and married M;uy Allen; in the mines '48; in Or. '40; Sta(Jlara Co. ".")()-3, '08-70; <'ontia Costa '53-00, '0.5-8, and .\lameila Co. '00-05, and frmn 70 to '85, where he is a prospeinuii farmer at Liverniore, age 02, with surviving children: .la-nes M., Lizzie Mrs C 11. Lindley, Finnui Mrs IJhu'k, I'^ila, Archer, W'ni Oswald, Asccy,. and ICtta. In the earlier records lie is ciUed H. and rhili[) Mendeidiall. Vr.r- trait in Alam. Co. I lint., 50. Mondez (Antonio), Mex. com. of artill. at S.F. '31 2. 702; at Mont. '30, age 38, wife Juana Soto, child. Ilalta.sar b, '20, Sofiii '31, Fvaristo '33; juez aux. '44, iv. (i.53; had a store, which in '40 w;is broken open and robbed. M. (Juan Ign.), trader and carpenter fi-oni 1708; had a grand commercial scheme 1800. i. 028. M. ( l'e, C58; ii. 174. Moneiuloz (Antonio), IS'io, Span. Dominican friar of the L. Cal. frontier, reliovLd fiom mis.sionary work for irrejjular conduct, and employed as chaplain of tlic troops at S. Ditgo from '25. ii. 42J, 544, 552, G58; iii. 8; quarrelled with Alvanulo. iii. 41 ; in the '23 list of Sjian., iii. 51, but not sent away; teacher and chap- lain of the dip. '2'J. ii. 548; iii. 43, 77, 141; transfenod to Mont. '30. ii CM); iii. 144, 451; died at 8ta B. '32. iii. 317, 056. M., 1792, com. of tlic .4r«;(. za-^ii. i. 517; and of tiio Conception in '94. i. 523. M. (Jos(5 Ant.), Mcx. trader '33-9. iii. 242, 023. Menescs (Josd H.), artilleryman at S. Diego '20. Mcnsing, 1840, nir of the Patriot, v. 579. Menzios, 1647, mr of the i!< n. Kmriu/. V. 578; and of the Louise iu '48. Mequelixt (Michael), 1822. ii. 479; prob. 'McAllister,' (p v. Mtrcado (Jesus Maria Vasquez del), 1833, Mex. friar of the Zacatecanos, who served at S. Rafael, S. Antonio, and Sta Clara, leaving Cal. iu '44; a (piarrelbouie and vicious padre who did much harm, though of good abilif^ s and education. Ijiog. iv. 082; nient., ■with record of his controversies, iii. HOO, 319, 321-4, .3.-i4, 420, 477, 580-7, 080-90,710,720; iv. 102, 373, 423, 473. M., iser-t at S. Diego, and sometime teacher, '10-11. ii. 424. M. (Mariano), 1842, cornet of batallon fijo. iv. 289. Mercure (H.), 1848, in S.F. letter list. Merclo (Lorenzo), 1799, Span, friar who served lor brief term in S.F. and S. Antonio, retiring in 1801. Biog. ii. 152; mcnt. i. 577, 712; ii. 147, 150. Me- rino (Agustin), 1797, S[)an. friar who served at S. Jos6 until forced by illness to rctiro in 1800. i. 555, 577. Merium (W.), 1846, Co. G, Cal. Bat. (v. 358). Merrick, 1847, lieut ill at Los Aug.; doubtful name. Mcrrilies (liobcrt), 1847, Co. r,3dU.8. artill. (v. 518); a Scotchman with no antipathy to whiskey, and fond of Burns' ])0ctry, wlio deserted, like most of his comrades, for the minesin'48; was at Mont. '58-9; and later a sheep-berder in the south. 'Miri. lies ' on the roll. Merrill, 1831, at Los Ana. M. (Ferdinand), 1847, Co. D, M.irm. But. (v. 400); farmer r.t Salt Lake '82. M. (John H.), 1847, Co. K, N.Y. Vol, (v. 499): owner of S.F. lots, and sui)erintendent of sabbath-school, v. 057. I have his letter of '48 coniidaining of various persecutions by Lieut Brewcrtuii. He was later .a resid. of S. Jose, and in '82 at Wash., D.C. M. (I'liilenum C), 1847, lieut Co. B, Morm. Bat., an■' \\ 'i 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 •!i Ml Is 740 riOXr.EIl RF/ilSTKR AND INDEX. ill .".1. Still livinj,' in '«;?, n'^o 71, with wife Ropliia Priigcr, mid 4 cliildmn, (»oo. A., lUiiry II., M;itil(l;i Mrs Mai tin, ami Aincli.-i. I'oitrait in Al'im. <<>. Hist., WIO. ' M. (.Idlin Daniel), l,s;j-2, iVoiii Strasshuri,' and Mi.x., a lilauk- siiiith ;it l.os Anj,'. naturalized in '.'U. af^e '27. iii. JOS. lie was onecf tlie viL-'i- laiitiH in "M) (iii. UK)), and was at S. Diigo in '10. Miyors (R. (J.), IMS, iiat. of I 'a, I'L'sid. (if S. .I, when \w signed the treaty of surrcMider to the revohUiiJiiist (.'aliforniaiiH \\\\o expelhd liini. On his early career, aiijiointnieiit, arrival, convict army, I'tc, see iv. '2S,")-9.'J; (Join. Jones affair, iv. .'lOiS-L'tl; rule in 'IH, ic. ;i.'iU-(i7; poliey in mission, commereial, mid maritime all'airs, iv. S(J8'7f>; rule ill Ml, iv. .)()l~'2(»; revolution r.gainst in '44-.'); defeat, de[ii.itiire, and h'ler lareer, iv. 4."i.')-r)I7; miscel. mention, iii. .^oO, Tifil; iv. ;54, 4()'.>, 42.'!-l..!. 44S, .")2I-'J, n(;i, (;i!». (WO, (>:i(;, (i.V2. As his career in Cal. is fully recorded in this \()1., I need not go further into details here. Jle vas a iiat. of ().ija(a, a fi'ii'iid of (Jnerrero, a man of some literary iiretensions, and a colonel us lai ly !is ';(!!. Klsewhere 1 say of the gov. that he wa.s 'a strange mixture of gciod !,nd had; a most fascinating and popular !;ontleinan; honest, skilful, and eHieiciit a- an oiiieiiil in minor matters; utterly weak, unrelialile, and even disiioiior- u!i!e ill all enieigenciea;' yet under ordinary circuinstanccs, hy reason of his iii'.elUgence, e\|M lieocc, and tact in winning friends, he njiglit have heeii a ^oi'cl ruler for Cal. I'.y his liherality in granting lands as well as liy Ida per- sonal courtesy he made a good impression on most foreigners, who as a ruK^ hav(> given an unfair version of i\u\ revolution hy which lie was oveiilirou ii. In the .lones all'air at the outset he simply made an ass of himself, and of his aits in tiie last months nothing can he said in [iraise; while liis hieaking the tnaty of Sta 'IVicsa, hy which h(^ linil i)roniiseii to send away his hatlalioii of eliolo rulliaiis, and his luiliing Sutter to arm the foreigners and Indians against tlie ('alif,t). lie ."ccms to liave taken a very discreditahle jiart in the Liiiiantonr forgirics, though little is kiiov.n of details. I have found no detinite record of his la; t years or death. Michael (,)ohii), 1844, at S. Jose. Sin CliuaCo. His/. Allii'<. I.iehi (John), IS2.">. nir of the Tdmauhmunh. iv. Mil; proh. 'Meek.'fj. v. Middletoii. 1S17. nir of tlu^ Xij/oii. M. ('rhonias), 184."), at N. Ilelv. iv. .'")T8, .")S7; houglit mules nf hassen and Sill, which were driven across tlie plains east\\ard in "td; in '70 a ri'sid. of llolinerville. h'linbi IT. ('. >l. iii. ()1.">-1(!; sindieo '.S7. iii. (ilti. Miguel (Jos(5 de), I7'.'>>. Span, friai', who served cliiellv at Sta li. and San Gahriel, 7()-7, 087, «(!!», i;7-2, ti8!»; ii. 114, \A<, l.V.C :!!>4. .>;iles (.Ichnl, 18;!2, of the comp. cxtranjcra; still at Mont. ';i;{-4. iii •1-1\. :M. (.Sam.). 1847. Co. 15, Morm. Hat. (v. 4()!)); asst alcahle at S. I'ie'o. V. -lOO; in '81 high councillor and jrstic! of iicaee in Utah. Mill'oid (IMinund X.), IS17. Co. F. N. \. Vol. (v. 4!);i); at Princeton, Mariposa Co., '8;]. .Millard (Oriaon), 184.'). disch. from the Wdrrcit, and shipped on tlie nt. ti. end of '.'U. M. (Kdward), 1817. Co. C, N. Y. Vol. (v. 4'.)'.^). M. (Feltis), 1817, settled on Sac. Hiv., at Cache Creek. M. (Fraii- ci: ), 18-17, Co. C, N. Y.Vol. (v. 4!)!)). .M. (Henry), 1847, Co. D, ditto. M. (lliram ().), 1810, overl. imniig. of liryant's party, v. ■')28; mcmher of -d Domier relief, v. ,'140; settled in Sta Clara Co., where he died in '1)7. -M- (J,-.uic: ), l;i44, Irish inimig. of the Stevens jiarty, with wife (Mary Miirphv ), son ^\ m .(.. age 12, and .'< ilaughters. iv. 44.V7, 4."),S. H(! settled in Mann Co., where he still lived in 'SO with a large family. M. (J.), 1845, command- MILLER-MIUANDA. 711 cr's clerk on the Savninuih. vil. (J. J.), 184"), mid. on the !^avanimh. M. (Juliii), IS47, Co. 1», N. V. Vol. (V. VM). M. (.)olm Mori,',in), I.SIS, iiat. of Vii, wliociuiie fi'oniOi". to tlic iiiim.'ii; sutLloil from Vil) near Subiwto|>ol, Sonoma Co., wlicre lie fliud in '7") lit tin; .ai,'o of 01, having been postmaster ami jus- tice of the peace. M. (Miles), 1847, Co. K, Moi'iii. Bat. (v. 40!)). .M. (M. ]i.), 1S47, os'crl. imiiiig., wlio airain crossed the plains in '48, '4!), '32, ainl '~'.\; liail an orchard in I'leasant Val., .Solano. M. (Valentine), 1847, Co. (i, N. Y. Vol. (v. 4'.)!)). M. (Will), is 10, 8. iii. 712, 705; in '42 a;;e 47, wiii; Juaiia Briones, child. I'resentaciou b. "22. (io- mez(?) '29, Narcisa '.30, Refugio '32, .lose do Jesus '35, Maiiu.d '37; in '4.3 in trouble with his wife. iv. 000. .See 'Briones' (Juana). M. (Ililario' ' '' " >Mi settler ou the Colorado 17S0-1. i. 359. M. (Manuel), tt S. Jose '41, 742 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. M'ifc Cdrmcn Alviso, child. Marfa do los Santos '38, Maria Rosa '41. M. (.Mariano), sohlier of S.F. comp. '."iT-^S. iv. ()()7; named in '4(). v. ICr.'; also lia4l a C.d. claim of §4,400 (v. 4()J). M. (Presciitacion), dauyiitur of Aiiolinario; at Mission Dolorca Tt't, and witness in the Santillan case. M. (Santos), BoKiier of S.F. comp. '.{IMS. iv. (Jti?. M. (Teodoro), at Sonoma '44, ago 1-2. Mi- ranttsi (Igiiacio), at S.F. '4-. ago ,11; doubtful name. Mirayno (Jonathan), 1840, doiiiitful nanio in Farnliam's list. iv. 17. Misroon (John S. ), 1840, lieiiton tho U.S. Porfsmoitth, somewhat prominent at tiio time of the IJear revolt, being sent by L'apt. Montgomery to Sonoma mid N.IIilv. V. 1.10-1, I.'54, inO-O, -241, 20!». Owner of a S F. lot. v. (iSH. Iji-'fore hit) departure in '47 ho made arrangenicntH for investing in lauds and catth', ami apparently did invest witli Larkit, but liad a niisunderstandiiiy vith L. and Sutter, which, perhaps, put an end to tho speculation. I havo many of his letters on tho matter. iMi.-(}. Mitcliell, 1845, mr of tho Fnma. iv. r>Chh M., 1847, nir of the Prori- (Irnre. v. rtSO. M. (Benj.), 1840, in Napa Val. 'CO. M. (Hue), 1842, saih)r on the Aiimitlmu'e; deserted at S. Diego '44. M. (Josepli 1$.), 184.'), nn- of t!ie Fniiiiie, at S.F. Oct. M. (Wm), 1840, mid. on tlio U.S. Coii'jrcM; sta- tioned with a garrison at Sta B. Aug. -Sept. v. 207, 2S7, OIIO; made a com. U.S.N. '0.-); d. at Wash. '71. M. (Wm), l,S47, Co. 15, N.Y.Vcd. (v. 499); d. ill Australia before '82. M. (Wm II.), 1847, Co. E, ditto; in Amador Co. '74. Mitcliener (T.), 1847, from Hon. on tlio Franvesi-a. Moclio (D.an.), 1 81} 1, nickname of an Irishman at Los Ang. ISIoereniiaiit (Jacob Antonio), 1840, Fr. consul in Cal. '40-8. v. 290, .")70, 014; a iiat. of Belgium. There is no agreement respecting his initials. Moflat (Richard), l;vl'7, owner of a S.F. lot. v. 080. Mo(litt'(.\lfred 1'.), 1847, Co. F, Sd artiil. artiticer (v. .TlS). M. (James), 1840, n.at. of N.Y., sailor on tho U.S. Sa- vS. F. lot '41-5. iv. 009; ministro supl. of the suji. court '42. iv. "JDO; gi'antee of Laguna de los ({entiles '44, not serving .igainst Michul- torena. iv. 473, 071; a eai)t. of aux. cavalry '45-0. v. 41; at S. Luis Ob. '."iO. Montero (Manuel), soldier of the escoita at S. Miguel 1707. i. 500; at Ihan- ciiorte '30, ii. 027. Montgomery, 1844, oiriccr on II. B. M. S. Modcnte. M. (Allen), 1844, overl. iiumig. from Mo. in the Stevens party with wife. iv. 44.5, 4.-i3. lie was one of the party that at Hr.st remained at the mountain camp with Sehallcu- berger. iv. 454. He is mentioned in the iV. llclv. I)iarii in '40. and apparently hail a rancho on tlie American Kiv. v. 107; liut went to Honolulu on tho Julia in '47, and I lind no further record of liini. Mrs .M. — nee Armstrong, sister of Judge A. of Sacramento, and married in '43 — was a woman of .'.ome- wliat remarkable (pialitics, who in '4.-M) lived at S.F. v. 070; married Talbot H. tlreeu, became wealthy, cand in '85 as Mrs Wallia resides at May held, t:iking part sometimes iu public meetings of progrcfrsive ami strong-minded females. AL (Isaac), 1848, liquor dealer from Hon. at S. F. ; member of tho council '49. Montgomery (John B.), 1S45, capt. L^. S. N. in com. of the Portsmoiith '45-7. His ship was stationed at S. F. during the Bear revolt, and it was he that raised the U. S. (lag in July, being commandant of the northei-n district in July-Dec. iv. 508, 587; v. 102. 127, 120-31, l.")4, 200, 224, 228-9, 231, 238-41, 294-9, 380, 5.J2, 580, G.')0, 082. For him Montgomery street was named, and Portsmouth square for his s!ii|>. Two sons, John F. and Wm H., were with him on tho fleet, and were lost on the Warreii'x launcii in Nov. '40. v. 384, 587. The capt. and Wm H. were owners of lots in S. F. v. 0;s2. He later became commodore and admiral, was in command for some years of tho Boston navy-yard, and died in '73. M. (John M.), 1847, nat. of Ky and overl. immig., who worlAd as a carpenter at Mont., went to the mines in '48, and finally engaged in raising cattle, settling in Merced Co. '54, and being a stato senator in '75-8. Montijo (Marcos), s(ddier of the .S.F. conip. '39-42. Montrcuil (Louis), 1844, of Fremont's party; perhaps did not reach Cal. iv. 437. Montriel (Herman), 1847; Co. G, N. Y. Vol. (v. 400). Monyi'i (Jaime), 1825, Span, of tlie Aula's crew, who remained in Cal. and married before '28. iii. 51. Mooar, 1845, mr of a vessel at Mont. '4.>-6. Moody (Washington), 1847, at Sta (Jlara '47-8. Moon (Wm C), 1841, nat. of Tenn. and overl. immig. of tho Workman party, iv. 278-9. Named at Los Ang. '42 and Mout. '44. lu 's ■! 744 PIONKER RKGISTKR AND INDEX. '45 he 'mined ' for griiiilstoncs in tlio Snc. Vul., ami in '48-fl for gold, Iiaving Buttlud on a rariL'lio in Tt'lifiniu Ca>., « iicrc in.' dit.'d in '"H. Ho wiia ii f.iinoux linnter, and u partner of E/.ukiei Morritt. Mooney (Junius), 1847, owner of a 8. F. lot. Moore, !S30, nir of the Glolu: iii. 147. M., 18.'<7, of the Or. cattle exped. iv. 8,"i. iM., 170.'), nir of tbe I'hdiiiix. i. C.'J7, (W.'s (Hill. M., 1848, eiiipl.iyid ana HUepliLi'd at S'ltter'rt lM)rt. M. (Ale,\.), 1.S47, Hon of Eli, nvcil. iniini',', A\ itli wile, who Kuttiud in '.").'{ at I'e.seadero, wlici'e lie nlill lived in '78. .M. (Andrew), 1H47, Co. I), X.V.N'ol. (v. 4!l!)); in St.-x Clara Co. from '(17; nt<;il- n.y '82. . M. (An.lrew .1.), 1847, C,,. 15, tlitto; in I'liil. '8-J. iM. (lienj. I»,), 1S4(>, eapt. (jo. (J, lnt U.S. dragoon.s, kilh'tl at tli'j light of S. i'a.seiial. v. .'t.Ui, 31.'!-7. M. (Henj. F.), 1848, nat. of Florida, on the S. Joa(iuin '48; nienilier of the con.stit. convention ■40; one of the eiirliest Hcttlers at Sonora. M. (C.il- via \V.), 1847, (.'o. C. Morni. 15at. (v. 4(i0); at Spring City, Utali, •8»'. M. (Eli), 1;S47, overl. innnig. witli family, who .settli'il at .Sta Crnz, bnying uf IJoleof what in known a.s Moore 'h raneho, Ho died hefiire '78. One of ids dan;,ditera was Mr.s Sam. J5e(y Ind. near Maripos.i in '.")!. M. (Olin L. ), 1S4(), sergt Co. C, l«t U.S. dragoons, tran.sf. from Co. K; killed at S. I'a.senal. v. WM. M. (Patrick). 1817, Co. F, 'M U.S. artdl. (v. .")i8). M. (Ikistion A.). 181."), one of Freiniint's men. iv. r)8;i; v. 4.');i; a blacksmith and nephew of Cyrus Alexander. He served in tiie Cul. l>at. (v. 358); had a Cal. claim of ^\1\ (v. 402); wan at Wa>li., I). C, Jan. '4S; jiroh. came liack with Fi(5mont in his 4th exjied.; nml in later years lived at IJeiie- ville, 111. M. (Ilol)ert), 18KJ, Co. C, l.st U.S. dragoons (v. 3:t0). M. ('I'iios W.). 1847, son of Eli, and nat. of T. Juacjuin's .s(jn:t jind grandsons, bnt there has been much trouble about 1)oun- daries with K(|nattors. M. (Jose), sfndico at Sta H. '41. iv. 041; jucz at S. IJuen. '40, v. 0:14; justice at Sta B. '52. M. (JosiS Joaquin), 177C, Mex. alferez who came with Anza, and being made licut was the 1st eomandante of S.F. Ho was the founder of the presidio, mission, Sta Clara, and the pueblo of S.Jos(5. He died in 1785, and his widow, Maria del Pilar tie Leon, in 1808. (Jabricl was the only son of whom anything is known. 13iog. i. 470; ment. i. 258, 202-4, 20(i-8, 271, 280-02, 205 -7," 303-0, 312, 340-50, 385, 4G3, 474. 470; ii. 44,47; iii. II. M. (.Tosi5 Guadalupe), son of Gabriel, soldado .listinguido at H.F., and cadet at S. Diego '17-20. ii. 341, 571. M. (Vicente), son of Gabriel; teacher at S. Ant. and Los Ang. '33-5. ii. 571; iii. 030; sec. and MORACA-MOfiEY. 745 efiidico at Los Anj;. '.'t3-4. iii. (>3.', 'M-'k ailiiiin. nt S. Antonio '40. iii. f.SS; iv. (il; ;{runU'u of I'luiiju '44. iv. {iJI; at Urn Aug. '4(>; uonstiiblti ut 8. Uiicn. 'u'J. IIiH wifo wuH Mui'iu Ant. Ooinin^iU'Z. MiM-nli (M.), I84(), Co. F, (J.il. Rit. (v. ,T>8). Morales (IJcrnardo), soldier on tlio Ooloi';id(), killed by ind. I7H1, i. ,*t.V.(, ',HV2, iM. ( Krmicisco), Mex. tiaulier at I^osAng. 'IH-l»0; 'Jd Kinili(.o!. iii. 'JOS. M. (I'tiiili>), nt S. limn. '4(1, a^'i; ."lO. Moran, IS47, nirof tUi^Cnin. Shuhrivk and Julian '47- «. iM. (.lolin H.), IS47, Co. 1>, N.Y. V(d. (v. 4!»!»); d. S. K. '71; a printer vlio worked on the ('iilijoriiUin and was Hergt-at-arnis of the IcgiNlatuie. More, IS4.">, doiditful name at Sta Clara. M. (.\iidrew ]J.), lfi4,S, nat. of I'a M'lio came to Cal, from Mcx.; oiio of tlic More liro« of Sta IJ., in 'SU a miner in Idaho, with renid. at Monterey, Cal. M. (John H.), IS47, owner ol' a S.K. lot. Morehead (Joseph C.),"l 847. lient Co. 1>, N.Y. Vol. v. 004; nut. of Ky; repreH. of S. J()a(|. in 1st Cal. legialatnre '4il-ri(); d. heforc '82. Morclo.s (Juan de iJios), Burgeon of the Cal. troops ut Mont. ISOO-K. ii. 140, 147. I.")0. !.").•{. Moreno (.\ntonio), nt S. Jo8(5 '41, nat. of L. Cal., ago 40, wife Ji liau^ Tapiii, eliild. Ivita l>. 'IS, Carmen '20, Antonia "20, iMagdalena '28, Luei'i ''M, Manuel ';i;t, I'edrc ';(.■», Josi:' ';17, I'edro 2d '.'IS, 'HO. M. (Ciirlos), at .S. Josii Ml age 2'.>, wife Fi'aneisca Uareia; a nat. of U.S.; proh. (.'has 'I'rown,' q.v. ; grantee of land at S. F. '42. M. ((inadalupe), described in tluijApcrs as 115 years old, at Los Ang. 'o8. M. (Jesus), sindico at S. Diego "M. iii. Olo; jiioz de paz '41. iv. (il!(; owner of land at S. Juan Ca)). '41. iv. 020; d. at S. l.uia l!ey '71. M. (Jose), mulatto settler of Los Ang. 178l-(>. i. .S45. M. (.loHe Matias), Franciscan of Sta Cruz college, Queretaro, killed by Ind. at tho ('(dorado l{iv. jiueblos 1781. i. S.")}), .'{02. M. (Jose Mati'as), 1844, nat. of L. Cal. and sou of an Kngl. whaler, his real name being lirown. He received some education from tho frtputier padres, find lived in Upper Cal. '44-0, being arrested at Los Ang. '4"). iv. r)22-;i, OIJI. In '40, ranking as eapt. of det'Mnsores, be served as clerk and acting .sec. to Gov. I'ico for a short time, and escaped with thegov. toMex., carrying, as is thought, many doc. of the archives, v. 279. He returned later to S. l)iego, married I'rudenciann Lopez, and settled on tlie frontier rancho of Guadalupe. In '01-2 he was for a time sub-prefect of the L. Cal. frontier district; and died at bis rancho in '09 at the age )f 52, leaving a widow and 5 children. A search of Moreno's papers, kind! ,' per* initted by the widow in '78, resulted in a volume of copies cited as Mu 'viio, JJui; /list. Cal. M. (.Juan), 18.S(>, Swiss w lo came with Gov. Chico. iv. IIS; at S.F. '40-2. M. (Juan), grantee of Sta Rosa, S. Diego, '4(). v. 019; owner of Los Ang. land '48. M. (Juan), nient. in 'SO as living near Los Ang. and at least 1 1() years old, having been 12 years old when bis father (Jose 't) set- tled in 1781 at Los Aug.; doubtful. M. (Juan), 18'i7, Span, friarwho served for hhort terms at 5 missions, and died at Sta Ini''s in '45. Biog. iv. 045-(); nicnt. ii. 570, 02.3, 0'25, 0.^)5, 059, 004, 08H, 085, 091; iv. 40, 421. 420, 55:1, 647-8. M. (Juan Bautista), 1844, Sonoran soldier who deserted and eamu to Cal., paying his way by gambling and making saddles. In the eanipaigns (jf '40-'7 he served as capt. of volunteers, and was wounded at the S. (iabriel light. Ho went to Sonora with Flores, but came back, and in '78 at Sta B. dictated for nie his recollections of a Vi''i Militar. v. 308, 3.">2, 394, ;{9t!, 449. M. (Rafael de Jesus), 18.33, Mex. friar ( the Zacateeanos, who served at Sta Clara, and also in '34-8 as president and vice-f refect of the northern missions. Ho died at mission S. Jos(5 in '39. Biog. iii. 720-7; mcnt. iii. 318-19, .338, 432; iv. 44, 0:J-4. M. (Santiago), 1824, nat. of Ecuador and a sailor; wenttoC'hina on tho Rovir in '25-0; was collector and sindico of tho Mont, ayunt. '27-9. ii. 012; ment. in connection with the Solis revolt '30. iii. 82; regidor '32-3. iii. 073; maj. and admin, of S. Luis Ob. '.3.5-0. iii. .3.'>4, .'>87, 082-3: at Mont. '51. M. (Tcodoro), 1829, Mex. who was niaj. at Laguna Seca rancho '30, ago 50. wife Maria Ant. Cantua, child. Tomila b. '31, Juan ';i3, Francisco '35. iii. 077. Mercy (Barton, Origin, and Kinaldo), see ' Mowry.' M. (Harley) lS47i 746 PIONEER HEGISTER AND INDEX. Co, C, Morm. Dot. (v. 400). M. (Joseph M. W,), 1840, Engl, who got » iinMsport. M. (Micliiic-I), 18-17, owner of S.F. lot. v. «8.>; i)eilin|)8 * Murrey.' lilorL'aii, l>S,'{7 {'!}, K'ftuii Kngl. MchrutS.K., and with). Motii (Antonio Ruiz du lu), 18'J3 (?), Mcx. lieutcol in the war of indcpcn- denuo, and later n lolibcr ciiicf sent tu Cal. as a convict. Ou the coming of (tov. Fi;:{uer(iii, an old friend, he was released and buoiinio muj. of Jinicno Casarin's estate, llu marrit'd and had two sons, Antonio and Maximiano, acquiring some pnipertv as a runchcro and in settling Jimrno's affairs. His conduct in Cal. wan good, nnd ln' took hut slight i»art in public ttffuir.s, though mentioned in '40. v. HOIl. About '.">3 ho went to Mox., wiiero ho lost all his property, and in '.')li was brought bock to <.'al. by Mrs Jiineno. Ho ri-ntvd some lau, 079, 086. Ho left the church and became a spirituoliat, dying, I think, at S.F. many years later. His wife, or widow, with ono of tlio sons, Rinaldo, went to Utah, where they lived in 84. The other son. Origin, nat. of ll.I. and a mason by trade, was a miner and trader in '48-0, and later a rich farmer in Alameda Co., where ho lived in '85, ago 60, with 4 children. Portrait in Alam. Co. /list., 616. M. (James), 1847, perhaps of Morm. Bat.; reijid. M. (John T.), 1847, Co. C, Morm. Bat. (v. 469); at Paris, Id., '82. M. (Ignacio, Joaquin, Josi% and Juan), nt Los Ang. '40. Moj'a (Ramon), 1808, com. of the S. Ciirlox. ii. 87. M. (Trininda;!), convict tannerin '34; in '41 at S. Josd, age 37; in'43ownerof S.F. lot. iv. 609; v. 080. Moz (Franpois), 1833, Canadian who came perhaps with Walker, iii. 391, or from N. Max.; uatuial- ized in '40, being than a tanner at Zayante. Mugartegni (Pablo), 1774, Span, friar who served chiefly at S. Juan Cap. and retired in '89; at ono time vice-president. Biog. i. 459; ment. i. 218, 224, 227, 299. 304, .351, 388, 417, 498-9, 581, .'>97; ii. 123. Muir (Wm S.). 1847, sergt Co. A, Morm. Bat. v. 477; a farmer in Utah '81. Mulholland, 1847, Co. D, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499), Mulkcy (Wesley), 1848, nat. of N.C., who came overland to Or. in '44, and to the Cal. mines in '48-9; in '02 went to Idaho, where he still lived, at Lewiston, in '85; married '38 to Mary Black; no children. Mulligan (John), 1814-15, Irish sailor who landed, perhaps from the Isaac Todd, certainly from some vessel before '19, when he was permitted to settle and marry, ii. 272, 277, 292. .393, At Mont. '23-0. ii. 496, 012; tr.ught the art of weaving to Ind. at different missions; and later had an interest in Cooper's raneho on the Salinas, where a sand bill was long known as Mulli'- 1;-; 10 7-\H VIOSVA'M ]li:c;iSTKIl AND IXDKX. gaii llcnl. H-'was.-i liaid iliiiikcf, lost liis ])r()]i« rty, .'iihI ilicil iii".'!l. l'Ii^ utiUH- Was |ii<)iicily Millif^aii, and I liavu Hinrral k-Lt.fi.s iVmii lii.s latlur m Iii'laiul. M. {Siiii|psuii)', INK), Co. K, Cal. Hat. (v, o.kS). .Miiliiii-.ou (('lia.s). 1SI7. owner of S. F. lot. iMiilvi'V (.lanicN), ISI7, si'igt Co. !•", ^,^■. Vol. V. r>()t; (1. S.l''. in '(m. Mnnini (( 'linstiai.), iSKi, at Lom An,:,',; Cal. claim )<:;\ (V. Jtl'-M; at Xapa and N. ililv. '-17. .Miuioz (.hian .\nt.), l.s;i'J, Mi'.v. fa|it. of artill. 'H'.'-.'M, licini; exiled wiili (liil ieii'iv. ill ";ll», lieinj; then .'!(» years old, wife Maumda Ciii/, eliild. iloai| i a h. 'J:'!, ilesiis ■;!•_', ivaniona '•_'!». jlio;,'. iii. Id"; ineiit. iii. 'Jli'.l, II."), -I."!.")-!'!, liii), ■ii;;! (J, (i7 I, ()74, (177. .M. (Liieiaiio), l.s;i(), eaiit. apot. to Cal.; proli. ilid ii; wifi' of ,1. .M. N'alene'a. i. 'JI)7. M. (I'edro), IS04, ."^p.-Mi. friar wlio .served eliielly at S. !''erii,indi>, retiriiu: on ai'eoiiiit of illness in '17. ISioi.'. ii. ,'J.)7; merit, ii. . "J "». S.'i-(i, I l.~> |ii, H!), liV.) CO, ■2U>, :i-2S, ;i!)l, II!). M. (Seliasliaii), granteeof Onstind.a raneii,, '44. iv. (i7'-'. .Mniiias (I'istevan), IHl'O, Span, trader at Mont., deserilied in '"JS ji-: S year.s a residiiit ; elector de jiailido and niiMHii. of the ilip. in '"27; not olili.v I to (piil ('al. on .Meeonnt of his race. ii. til.'!; iii. .'{.'!. 'M. .■>! 'J; joined tiie eoiup. extiaiijer.v in ';!'_', Iiaxini; heen |ii-ominent in aidin;.,' foi'eiLrners. iii. S'.', "JJI. J 11 '."iii ago l(i, wife (atalina Manzaneli of 'I'epii', child. ( 'oneepeion \>. 'J,'!, Aulonia "■_'(!, l';ie.;iaeia ".l'.\, Aiiasta.da "'JS, .losi' Narc iso ".'!.">; his jiositioii in the .Ahaiado revolnlion. iii. l.")4 .">, KiK, ."i".'!; ahalde in '117 and jiie/. in 'ID. iii. 1)7.') (i; vocal of the jniita 'l.'{-.">. iv. ;i(JI, 411, 521, .")!(), (i."il. Jle was thegr.iu- ti'o of ;t ramhos, Lagiina Seca, S. l'"raneisipiilo, ami .'^. \'ieente, the first, two Vieiii'^ in his wife's n.i'ne. iii. (177 H. In 'l.'i Laikin deserilied .M. as a iiuiii •<{ property iiiid cliaraiter, di.sgiisted with Mex. jiolitics, and reaily foraclian.;o of j^ovt. ill' died alioiit '.")l{. One of his daughters ni.iriied l)r .McKee. .M. (.Manuel), jiiez S. Mnnroo (,)anies), IS17, settlerat ileiiieia. .M. (.lohn), 1SI7, Co. 1>, X.V.Vol. (v. I!)!)). Munson (Leonard), ISi7, Co. A, ditto; at Two Hocks, Sonoma Co., 'S'2. Murch (Win i',.), I,S47, Co. 1, X.V.Vol. (v. 4!)!)); d. Mont. '17. Mur- cilia (.\ndrcs), |s:t!l, inr of thu JJan. O'Cdiiih 11. iv. !();{. Miinhxk (.loliii 1{.), I,S47, Co. ]'., .Morni. Hat. (v. 4ul»). M. (I'riccK IS47, ditlo. Mun I (Jean I!.), Fr. servant of l']strada at Mont, in ;{(>, age '21. Alnrey (H.i, 1848, from llo-i. on the Jiiliniin. Murga (Manuel), ISdl, com. of th ! .1// m. ii. f). Murguia (.lost'; Ant. (h; Jesus), 177i{, Span, friar, who serxcd eliiellv lit Sta (.'lara, where ho died in '84. l5iog. i. 47(i; mcr.t. i . TJ.'M, I'M, l'i:i, 'J!)7, '-".IS), .'ilM, ;!()(>, r)I, ."S."), :SS8, 410, (i.-ti. Muri(,'Ue (I'ierre), Fr. .servant oi llerreraat l^I(Ult. ';!8, age I!». Murillo (Brigido), maj. at S. Luis L'ey ;U). ii. ;")."),■{. iM. (K ugonio), banished to Texas ';{."). iii. (i74. Ml ro (Migiiei), '1 use mission, ami r 184"_', .Mex. friar of llu^ /;icatccaiios, who served at S.J tired in '4."). JJiog. iv. 'JSO; Tiiciit. iv. ;!7I, 4'J.'{, CM'^, (ui>. .M urphy, ISJili, a priest apparently connucted with JIartiiell's school; mei liy ri'. Short and IJachelor at Hon. 'S!). ^L (ncrnard), 1814, son of .M: till ami nicmher of the Stevens overl. imniig. party, iv. 44,'). 4."il!. Jle se't'l in Sta Clara Cc). ; w;is owner of a S. F. lot '47; was claimant for sevi i I'anchos. iii. 7I-; iv. (174; and was killed in T)!} hy tlu! explosion of the .A /.(■//,/ in S.F. Bay. M. (Hernar.l D.), IS44, )f Martin, .Ir, who came i:i iho Stevens party at th )f three, huing a nat. of Canada, iv. 44.'), 4.'i He was educated at Sta Clara, luHioniiiig a. lawyer and h.inker; miuiil). of tie assemhly 'ti8, and of thoseiiato'77; mayor of S.JosiJ '7.'J. W.i married Aiiuio Mc- Gcoghegjiii ill '()!>, and still livi's at San Josi5 '85 will. 5 children, Mary. Kvc- lino, Martin, lOli/aheth, and (lertriide. M. (Daniel), 1844, son of Mailiii. and nat. of Canada, iv. 44.5, 4.);{. He served in Co. (!. C'al. IJat. (v. .'iri.S); li.id n Cal. claim of .SI,") for a liorso (v. 4(i'2); owned a S.F. lot '47; and ticttlcd I; MURI'FrY-MURl'irY. 749 vitli liis fatlicr and lirritlicrs in St;i Clar.a Co. Ifc was claiinaiit for T-as T,la<];as laiu.'liii, ami liccaiiic tin' nwiicr of iiiiiiiciisc! tiacls of laiiil in ( 'al., .\<\ ., Ai \/.., iiMil Mix., liiitij^ dill' of tli(! lai'j^cst stocliiai.si IS in the wniM. Ilt^ilinl in Xcv. "S'J, Iraviii;; a wiilou' ami t \vu cliiliircn, l)ani(l, .Ir-, a j^c '•!■_', and hiana; anulliir daiiglili'f, Mis ( liaimian, having; died iM'forc. M. (.1.), lSJ."i, inr if till! Kli-.ft. iii. 1 Hi. M. (.lacoliii), IT!*-, alli'icz in Malas|iina"M cxind. i, I'.M). M. (.lanioi), IS'J.'i, owner of livc-Ntu, Win I!. Vii). Li/./ie A. ';");», diiliii A. V)7, Dani.d .'l. '(il. .\1. (.laim"^). I,S44, .-.on of ^l;lrtill, .Ir, who crossed tho plains ;is ii hoy. iv. 4 l."i, t.">;!; nient. at Sailer's I'ort '4r>; ]ierhaps cashier of his lirotlier's hiink at ,S. ,losc '7s. ,M. (Limes), 1;.4<;, Co. (;, Lst r.S. dra.Ltoons (v. :(:{(;). M. (.lolm), IS 17, Co. I'.. X.V. \\A. (v. 4'.l'.l); d. Stockton ahont ';"•(); also said to he li\iii;; at S. in '7'>. //'- ill /I. .M. (.loliii L.iiidriini), LS4fi, son of Mrs lia\inia .M. of tin; lionner parly; died in the nits. v. .'i;!!, "ilU Murphy (.lolin M.), LSI L "^'"i of .NL'irtin, and inenili. of the Stevens parly. i\'. 4 l.'i, -L'tiL lie was activi^ in raisim^ volunteers in 'Ki at Sta, Clani, ;iiid in the S;iiielie/ cani|iai,L;n served as lieiit. v. "JUS, .'iSO; at \. IL Iv. '17; ou mr of S.I". lots; and nieiiilierof the .S. .lose council, v. (KIL In '4H associated v.ith W'elier ill tr.'ide at Stockton; also ••ni,',ij,'ed in niiniii'.; with ;,'reat success -e.\- et|itin keeping,' his ;;ol( I. Murphy's camp took its name from him. In '.'iS ho tc.'lilicd that he had held the otljccs of Irc.isiirer, re<-ord(r, and sherdl'iif St;v Ciar.iCo., .'ind inavor of S. .losi'. Still living ;it S. .losi'' as a trailer in 'SO, ami ] roh. in 'S,'>. Ills wilo w.is Vir;^inia Heed of the hoiiner party, and llicy iiad (i children. .M. (L.avinia), IHKi, widow from 'i'cnii., in the Ooniier party, with 4 sons and .'{daughters, v. ."i;U, r);!4 7. Sln^ and 'J sons, J^emiiel l!. ;ind .L.iin Ij., died in the Sierra; 'J sons. Win (!. and Simon I'., surviving;, as diil the daughters Mrs Like, .Mrs lAistei, and .Mary. 'Tin' latter married Win .Lihnson in '47, and in "LS ('has Covdlaml. The city of M,-iiyoville wa i named f ■)■ her, and slui 7(i; and ho also represented the Lul. in their unsuccessful claim for Tini'jasia. .Inez de paz in '4.5. v. 07(1-7. In the troubles of '4(i-7 he took no part; owned S. F. lots in '47; took some part in local ]iolitics. V. 4.V2, 4.")."), 010; was alcalde, Ind. agent, and land ccminiis- sioner '47-8. v. 070; and is mentioned by Sherman, Kevere, and Mason. Ilo was a liberal gi\er to several catholic institutions, and died in '53, Icaviui; his iiro)M'rty to ne]>hews. M. (Wm (!.), 1840, son of Lavinia and survivor of the l)onner parly, v. 531, 534. He remained in the .Sac. \'al. till '4!i, win n he v.int Ivist to be educated and married, returidng in '58. He wasa lawyer at Virginia City, Nev., to '00, and since that time at Marysville, Cal., being city attorney, and having a family of 7 children in '80. Murray, 1S48, shoemaker at S. F. Feb. with wife; arriv. at S. F. from Tahiti, March; at the nunes from Mont.; had a storeat .Sutter's Fort, of liini M. & Lappeus — jirob. several individuahs. M. (Chas), 1847, purser on the U. S. hVir. M. (Edward), 1847, Co. A, N. Y. Vol. (v. 4!)9); d. Calaveras ',-•5. M. (VA.), 1847, Co. K, ditto; ownerof S. F. lots. He was perhaps the M. w ho was in trade in .Sac. '48, an. II, ditto; ownerof a i*-!. F. lot; corp. in .S. F. Guards '48; d. before 'h2. M. (.Mary), 1S40, one of the Mormon colony, v. 540; left the church; saiil tnli\e at S. .Josii '84. M. (Michael), 1840, settler at .S. Jose; in the ndnes '48: in Sta Clara Co. "00. Jlall; limn; (:ai:soii; IJitUlt. M. (Owen), 1848, Soc. I'al. I'ion. rolls; d. Oakland after '81. M. (Robert), 1847, a.ssist surg. U. S. A., serving with N. Y.V(d. and Co. F, 3d artiil. v. 503, 511; at S. F. '71-4: in '82 assist surg.-gen. in N. Y. M. (IJ. A.), 1840, Co. B, Cal. Jiat. (v. 3.-).s). M. (Walter), 1847, Co. A, N. Y. Vol. v. 504-0; serving at Sta B. and in L. ('al. Ho was a nat. of l''ngland, and by trade a printer. Went to the 'mines '48; established the Sonora llenilil '.)2; and in '53 settled at .S. Luis Ob., where ho practised law ami established the Tnhinic, serving also in the legis- lature. In '73 he was appointed judge of the 1st district, and held that ]iosi- tion at the time of his death in '75. His Kitrrn'irr vf a Cid. Vohtidc r is a O0])y of hi original diary, and is one of the best authorities on the history of the regiment. Mu.-«e (Wm), 1847, mid. on the U. S. Lixunjion. Musgrave (Alfred), 1840, nat. of Tenn. and overl. inimig., who serve(l in '~'o. JI, Cal. liat. v. 35S; lived in Napa till '07, when ho left Cal. M. (v liarles), 1840, brother of Alfred, who also served in the Cal. Bat. and lived in Najja; in '09 in 8. Luis MUSOrvAVE -NARVAEZ. 7J1 01). Co.; also oalk'd r;ilviii. Musty (Joliii), 1,S4G, Co. C, 1st U. S. drasoons (v. 33(5). Mutri'l (.fi-an Iliijitistc), Ih'iT, l''n'ii('h pilot on the Xirciil, wrecked on the L. t'al. coast in a sclioonor einploj'cd by tlie A'ov/c/ for scalliuntiiig. v.47'S. lit! caini' to Cal. in ''27 to drive ('attic across tlie frontier, iii. 17(5; and in '••IS-',) liecaiMC a risiclent at S. Diego, ii. M't; in "3(5 at lUienuvista ranclio, near Mont., age '2~ ; went to Mont, in '40; in '4G at i^os Any. Myers, 184."), at Sutter's Fort; iierliaps 'Meyers.' M., 184"), npotlicoary at N. llelv. Nov. from helow. M., 1848, of firm Adler & M., (Sonoma. M. (.\. S.), 1S47, captain's clerk on the U.S. LexuKjIoii. JI. (Conrten), 1847, doul)tful name at N. Helv. ; called a volunteer; on his way to Salt l.aUe with a hand of horses. M. (tleo. A.). 1840. Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. K.jS). .M. (.lack). 1847, at Sutter's Fort; perhaps John. M. (.lohn), 1S47. Co. (i, X.Y. V'ol. (v. 49!)). M. (.Iiilin .(.), 184"), one of Fri^mont's men, iv. 583, who served as sergt-niaj. of tlie C:*!. Hat., v. 3()(), and was later licut; Cal. claim oi §130 (v. 4U2). 'M. (Itussell). 1817, Co. A, N.Y. V(d. (v. 4'J<)); later trader and depiily sherilFat Simora; niajur of vol. in war of '(il-o; in N.Y. city '84. M. (.Sam.), 1847, Co. Ji, Morin. IJat. (v. 4(i!)); sergt of nenl. coinp. v. 49."); trial in '48. V. (110-11; in '81 a earjienter in Utah. M. (Wm), 1848. associate of l^assen in Tciiama (.'o., wlu) jnoli. came earlier; alcalde in '40. M. (Wm II.), 1840, gunner on tiie U.S. h(th . .Mylcr (James), 1847, Co, C, Morni. Bat. (v. 4(10). Myrick, 1844, nir of the Sunih '44-5. Xachhorn (llenj.). 1847, married at S. .Tos(< to a Sra Mojiea. Naotrd (I'higeiiio), nco])!]. idector of S. Antoni.i "■20-7. ii. O-'i; iii. 33. Nadal, 184."), from Hon. on the i'lnnn. N. (.)os(''), 18"_'."), Span, who came on the A(/iiUfi6 '21, and regidoi' '27. ii. 004-5; in '41 age 03, wife Joscfa Higucra, child. Antonio b. '.31, Luganla '20, Maria (iuad. '28, Teresa 30, Murfa 1). '33. N. (Bias), soldier of the S.F. com]). '39-4'^; at S. Mateo '35. iv. (107. N. (Joa- quin), at S. .Tos(:'''4l, ago 3(1, wife Maria Ant. Sepiiheda, child. .Salvaoggs, v.iio was ap[)ointed to succeed him, whereupon Lieut Slierman was sent Vi arrest the recalcitrant alcalde and carry him a prisoner to Mont., where Ito soon lieeame penitent, v. 008-10. (107-t*. With (irigsUyaml I is .said to have built tiie 1st sehooldiouse there; and still lived at Nt Helena in '00. Navarrete (Bernardo), ISSH, Mcx. lieut, attaclied to Mont, conij). ; wiat to:\Iex. on the downfall of flutierrez in '.'^O. iii. 407, 240, 442, 40:!-(i. 071. N. (Josi.'^ Antonio), 1810, Mex. eapt. of tlie S. Bias infantry comp. in ("al. '10 -22, and in '20 com. of the I'ost at .Mont. ii. 007-8, 2J2, 2.'i4-r>, 20,-), 370, 4.2, 4,")1, 401, 4(i;{, 000, 075. N. (Kam.n), soldier of the S.F. comp. '21-:i: ut '\Iont. '20. ii. 012. Navarro (.fosi'- Ant.), mestizo settler of Los Am.'. 1780- LSOO. i. ;!4."i, ;U8-0, 484, 040. N. (Cuillcruio). alfi^'rez in '30. iii. oS:(; at Sla B. earlier, wife Dionisia Doniinguez, 4 child.; at Los Aug. '40. N. (Teodoml, soldier of the S.F. comp. '28-34; at Los Aug. "40. Nay (Jose:'), 1832, got a jiassp. at Lo. .Aug. Nazario, Ind. eook at S. Diego, ii. 34."). Ne;iil (.lolini, 1847, owner of lot at S.F. Nenl, 1848, miner at Adams' B;ir. N. (John), 1845, at "Sutter's Fort often in '4.>-7, several times arriving from the hay and Sonoma with rejiortsof innicndiiig hostilities by the ("alifornians. iv. 578, 587; v. 128. 170. As he came from S'! for rancho in Mont. >. (1'.), 1848, passp. from Hon. Nicliolson (.1. W.), 1847, mid. on the U.S. /..■rl.i'ifoti. Niihton (I'atrick). 1847, Co. F, .3d U.S. avtiU. (v .^.18). Nickerson 'Thomas), IS47, Co. I, N. Y.Vol. (v. 499). Nil! 'Geo.), 1833, nat. of Tenn., from '20 a hunterin the w(wt, making trips ti lui' IJocky Mts and X. Mex. till '3.3, \\lieii he came over the .Sierra with Walker's party and remained in Cal. iii. 391, .■">94, 4.")9. Here he con- tinued his hunter's life, taking otter in all jiarts of the coast under ('apt. Dana's license to '37, and later with oin; of ids own. Occasionally named in the records from '30, his home being at Sta H. : making freijuent raids on tlie grizzly bears and killint.' at least '200; naturalized in '37, and also serving for a time with Graham's riflemen, iii. 493; having some conflicts with Ind. iv. 90; and escaping airest in '40. iv. '24. In '41 he married Sinforosa Sanchez,, having bought .some land of .Joseph Chapman; in '4'> lefuscd to join Miehel- torena's foreign company ; but in '40, having been arrested by the Californians, Hibr. Cal., Vol. IV 48 il t i irA pioxci:ii r5EGiST.":R axd index. V. 317, lie served under Stockton in the final campaigns; liad some siicocsa in milling '4S-9; piloted tlie U.S. toast survey craft in a survey of tlie Stu B. isliind.s '.')(); in T)3 rescued tli'j famous old Iiid. woman of S. Xicolas Isl.; und about the .same time bought nn interest in S. Miguel Isl., where lie rai.sed stock for 17 ycirs, and though wellnigli ruined by tiic drought of '03-4, .sold out in '70 for §10,000. In '78 residing at Sta B. at the age of 7(5 with liis wifi; and daughter, a man of excellent repute, he gave me a long and most valuable nar- rative of his Li/c and Adv< ii/uris. A bit of jiaper into which the old man at that time put 3 rille-balls within the sjiacc of a square inch at S; part owner of Los Xietos rancho, Sta Gertrudis, Alamitos, Coyotes, etc., iv- granted to him '34. ii. 505; iii. 033, 044. N. (Manuel), grantee of Los Xietos rancho 1784; uient. 1801-10; Las Bolsas nnd Sta Gertrudis regranted to his widow, CatarinaKuiz, '34. i. 00!», 012, (iO'i; ii. Ill, 185, 348, .3.")3, 003; iii. OI>3-4. N. (Manuela), grantee of Los Ceiritos '.34. iii. 033. Xighteiiu'cU ((i. 11.), 1875, overl. immig. perhaps of theGrig.«l)y-Ide party, iv. .">78-(), 5S7; at Carson, Xev., '08. Xikoforof, 1815, su]). of the Lad;/, ii. .S07. Xdes (.John), 1847, doubtful name of a settler at Benicia. Xinian (Win), lh.'!4, English clerk at Mont. , age 30. Xino (Alejo). fiist man buried at .Mont. 1770. i. l'7."». Xisbitt (Thoinas), 1847, Co. G, X. Y. vol. (v. 4')y); in '82 at Scott river, Siskiyou Co. Xixoii, 1823, mr of tlie Iff he. ii. 492. Xobili (.John), 1848, Ital. .Jesuit who came to the Or. missions in '42 and to Cal. apparently in '48. He was the founder of Sta Clara college in '51, a very able man and popular teacher, who died in '5.5. Xoble (.lohn 10.), 1847, sergt Co. F, 3d U. S. artill. v. 519. Xoboa (Diego), 1783, Span, friar who served at Sta Cliira and left Cal. in '94. Biog. i. 722-3; nient. i. 379, 3'.!0, 422, 457, 470, 570. Xocedal (.Josi'O, 1775, Franciscan chaplain on a Span, ship, visiting the coast severul times in '75-8. i. 240, 287, 202, 29(i, 300, ■328. Xoe (Jose de Jesus), 1834, Mex. who came in the IL and 1'. colony; iii. 203; and settled at S. F., obtaining a grant of Camaritos in '40, and of S. i\iiguel in '45. iii. 711; iv. 073. In '42 ago 37, wife Guadalupe Gardano, child. Miguel b. '.33, Dolores '30, Esperidion (?) '38, Concepcion '40; juez do paz "42 -3. iv. lO.VO; owner of a town lot '43. v, 009, 082; alf. of militia '44. iv. 0(i7; alcalde and juez '40. v. 295, 048. He lived at the mission in '55, and his •son Miguel still lives in S. F. '85. N. (Miguel), 1844, Amer. who received natuializiition papers; perhajis Michael Xoah (.'). X. (Xicolas), 1SI2, com. of the Flora '12-13. ii. 202-3, 208-70, 353. Xoel (Luis), 1848, laborerat Mont. Nolcr (Christian), 1847, Co. B, Morm. Bat. (v. 409). Xorden 'Stephen), 1844. Amer. age 25 at S. F. Xordhoir (Charles), 1847, nat. of I'rnssia, educated in Cincinnati, a printer by trade, who in '47 "as a sailor-boy on the U. S. ('olinnhitx, and for a time commander'a clerk on the W'lirrcii. He left the sea in '53, and has since bceii a prominent newspaperman and author of a dozen books of acknowledgcil merit. He revisited Cal. several times in '71 and later years; and among his works are CaUforitiafor Jlrallh, Plra.virc, nnd I'ex'idcucp, and Norllurn Cali- jhniia, DrejOH, and the. Sainbnich Inlands. In '85 he has been for some years editorially connecte7, 304, 033. His marriage with Francisca Sepiilveda was pievented by the wom»n's friends, and he married a Soberancs whom he afterwards aliandoned. N. (Jose), .1834, Span. sup. of the vesstel bringing the H. and P. colony, iii. 203. In '35 NORIEGA— NORVELL. 753 depositario at S. Josd. iii. 730; in 3r> grantee of Los Mi^^^clanos, Contra Costa, aiul later of Quito, and lialf-owncr of Los Pozitoa. iii. 71-; iv. ()7--.'i; nUuMo • if S. Jos6 '39. iii. 731; iu '41 age '10, wife MaiiiicLi Fernaiulcz, child MiuiucL In '4(5 ho was with Arce when his horses were taken, and on visiting X. IIclv. a little later was ilirown into prison with Vallejo and the rest, for which '-.he Span, consul tried later to obtain redress, v. 106, lOS, l'J4, I'iS, 01"). Aitcr his release ho was member of the S. Jos6 council, v. 004; and in 'GO he sl.U lived at S. Jos«5. N. (Maria Ramona), wife of Pedro Amador, d. 1801. ii. 58,'). N. (Matias Antonio do 8ta (,'atarina), 1779, ^pan. friar who served at col- 14i (J), S. F. and S. Cilrlos, retiring in '89. He was perhaiis guardian of S. Fern lege later. Biog. i. 409; ment. i. 329, 301, 388, 39-2, 400, 404, 411, 433. N., see ' Hierra y Noriega.' Norman (F.), 1848, passp. from Hon. N 1848, at Hon. from Mont, on the Laura Ann. Norris, 1818, negro of IJouchard'a force, captured; became a cook at S. Juan Cap. ii. 230, 248, 3!)3. N. (Ai.dcrson), 1843, negro deserter from the Cijaiir; killed by the Californians. iv. 4C0, 505. N. (David), 1844, corp. Co. (.', N. Y.VoI. (v. 44!)); printer and amateur actor, for many years foreman in tlie S. F. JJnllcliii; from '77 at Centreville, Alanieila Co., where he died in '84 at the age of 01; a nr.t. of N.Y. N. (Jacob W.), 1847, Co. D, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); at Newark, N. J., '74-82; sorgtof police. N. (J. Parker), 18tG, com. Stock- ton's sec, sent Fast with despatches Sept.; returned on tlic Prchle '47. N. (John S), 1847, lieut (.'o. K, N.Y. Vol. v. 504; judge of election '48. v. 052; d. in Central America '50. N. (Leo), 1840, nat. of Ky and ovcrl. immig. with his family; at S. Jos(5 '47-50; and in .S. Piainou Val., Contra Costa, from that date to '82, being claimant for tiio rancho. iii. 713. His wife, Jane Kiz- zic, died in '55, and there were 5 .surviving children iu '82. Tliree danj^litcrs became Mrs Lyncii, Mrs Perkins, and Mrs Llewclling. N. (Samuel), 1845 (?), trader at N. Helv. and at S.F., of lirm Shelly & N. 1847-8, and seems to have come a few years earlier by sea. iv. 587. He was of German or Danish birtli. A miner on the Yuba in '48; in '52 claimant for the ranciio del Pa.'-o. iv. ()72. From about '57 he led a wandering life in many parts of the world, though frequently making his appearance at S. F., an intelligent, mildly eccentric man in easy circumstances. Meanwhile the rancho had passed into the hands of Haggin & Tevis; and in '84 Norris began tuit against them for the juoperty, claiming that in '57-83, from the efl'ects of a blow on the head, ho was not in his right mind, or capable of comprehending the process by which the ranch had passed from hia ownership. N. (Wm H.), 1840, son of Leo, aud a resi- dent of Contra Costa to '82; n)arrieil ilargaret Nash in '00. Northgrave (Wm), 1845, Engl, immig. from Or. in the McMahon-Clyman party, v. 572, 587. Served in the Cal. IJat., Co. 1?, artill. (v. 358); in '47 burned charcoal for Sutter; in '48 mined with Biihvell on Feather Kiver; liv- ing near Chico in '84. Northman (Chas), 1847, Co. G, N.Y. Vol. (v. 490). Northrop (Sam.), 1814, mr of the Pidlcr. ii. 305. Norton, 1841, iiir nf the ^'infa. iv. 507. N., 1836, mr of a whaler, iv. 104. N. (Joshua A.) 1848, Kiigl. jew who came from S. Amer. and was for some years a prosprrous spec- ulator and trader. Business rever.ses allectcd his mind, and as ' Fni[irior ' Nm- ton he became a well-known 'craiii<' in S.F., where lie died in '80. N. Clement), 1845, mr of the GnsUivi'. iv. 500 N. (C. B.). 1848, pa.ss|). from Hon. N. (Chas C), 1847, Co. F, 3d U. S. artill. (v. 518). N. (Edward), 1848, ovcrl. immig. with AUsopp. N. (Martin). 1847. Co. H, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); d. Napa '08. N. (Myront, 1848, lieut Co. C, N.Y. Vol., appointed to fill a vacancy, and not coming with the regiment, but on the Ilnnticxn iu Oct. '48. He was a lawyer, prominent in organizing civil govt at S.F. , being justico of the peace and lieut of the City Guards; an active member of the < ou.stit. conventi(m of '49; judge of the superior court "51 ; member of the Los Aug. council '52; county judge from '53, and in '.55 and '05 candidate for the supreme court. He died between '67 and '71. N. (Thos A.), 1830, a Honolulu trader, signer of a memorial at Mont. iv. 118, 141; in '4.'J-4 mr of the CIkh M. Mor- qan. iv. 564. Norvell (Chester), 1847, chaplain ou the U. S. I mlependence. N., 1848, of N. & Co. at Mont 7Bfl PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. Noswill (John), 1846, douhtful name of Fauntleroy's dragoons (v. 232, 347,1. Nott, 1848, mr of tlie Swidci). v. oSO. Novales (Maiiuul), 178!), litnt in MalasiiiniiH exped. i. 400. Novvell, 1848, at Mont.; perhaps ' Nor- v(ll.' Ninvler (Cliriatian), 1847, of Morni. lJ;it. (v. 400); rcunl. Nowliii (Jal.ez), 1.S47, (..'o. C, ditto. Noyes (Micliaol S.), 1847, Co. A, N.Y. Vol. (V. 4L»'.i); at Euroka, Ncv. '82. Niii'Z (.Toaqiiin rasciud), 1812, Span, friar ■who served at S. Fern, and S. Gahriil, where ho (lied in '21. Kiog. ii. 5(i7; nient. ii. 334, .330-7, .305, 337, 304, 0.")."). Nunez, sergt appointed to Cal. '32. iii. 2.30. N. (.TostS Antonio), 1S33, Fr. sailor who camo on the (ielvir/iln (lldwthis?), and died before Dec. '34. N. (Sebastian), grantee in '44 of Orestiniba, for wliieh lie was claimant iu '.")2. Nnttall (Thomas), 18.3G, Engl, botanist who visited Cal iv. 142. N. (Wni II.), 1S40, overl. immig. of Bryant's party, v. 528; Cal. claim §(;3 (v. 402); owner of S.F. lots '47; clerli lor ilcDongall at .Sac. '48. Nutter ((Jco. \\'.), 1S4."), nat. of N.Y. who visited Cal. on a whaler from Hon. iv. 587; returned later and lived at Sta Cruz in '09. N. (Noah), 1848, passp. fi'om Hon. Nutting (i.ucy), 1840, one of tlie Mormon colony, v. 54G; owner of S.F. lot '47; in '84 Mrs Ferguson at Lihi, Utah. Nuttmun (James E.), 1S47, Co. B, N.Y. Vol. (v. 400); owner of S.F. lot; later chief of lire dept in S.F. and Stockton; at S.F. '71; Now.ark, N.J., 74; New York '82-3. Nye (doriiam H.), 1830(?), nat. of Mass., who nuiy have visited tlic const in '30 as he testilled in '08. iii. 180; I'eirce soys he came to the Isl. from I'ly- iiiouth in '31 ; newspapers give a variety of dates; and tlic 1st definite recoi-d is tliiit ho was mr of tlie Loviot in '33-5. iii. ,383, 381. As mr of the IjoUviii' trailing from Hon. and of tlie Fama and Lconhlan ho visited Cal. each year iu '3.">— 17. iv. 101, 104, 503, 578. He came on the Guipvzcoana in '47, and per- haps remained, as he is said to liave made and lost a fortune at S.F., and to liavo gone East in '53. Acconling to the L'alUloija Tribune of July G, '71, Capt. N. had lived many years at Sta Cruz, also spending two years at tlie Sr.ndwieh I.sl., where a rich Chinese sugar-)ilanter offered him a home, on account of the captain's kindness to him as steward in old times. Ace. to the (V. ./. I'lomir of Nov. IG, '78, he lived from '71 with Chas Knig at St Helena, •where lie dji 1 in '78 at the ago of 7G. N. (Michael C), 1841, overl. immig. of tlie Bartlcson party, iv. 200, 270, 275, 270, who was naturalized in '44 and got a grant of the Willy rancho on the Yuba, doubtless for services iu tlie Slicheltorcna campaign, iv. 074, 480. He is often named in the N. lldv. JJlnri/ ''i't-S, having also a Cal. claim (v. 402); is said to have entered Cor- dua's .service in '40; in June '47 married Mrs Harriet Pike of the Donner p.arty. N. was a resid. of Marysville in '58, but later went to Or., where his ■wife died in '70, and where he still lived in '70. O'Brien (H.), 1845, in Sutter's employ Dec; went to Or. Apr. '46. iv. 578, 52(i. OMS. (James), 1838, Irish resid. of Mont. dist. iv. 110; exiled to S. Bias in '10, but returned in '41 witii a. pass, which was renewed in '42, iv. 18, 33, 37, when he was, however, banished to the Sonoma frontier, iv. G.")3. In '14 he died, anil I have a letter from liis father Daniel in London, in which, with 'hearty thanks for the information ' of bis son's death, he inquires as to the ch:iiices of collecting Jimmy's claim against the govt. O'B. (.John), 1835, Irish sailor who landed from a whaler at Sta B. at the age of 25. iii. 413. He hunted otter on the isLinds for several years, an 1 in '40 got permission to marry, being then in the employ of Lewis Burton. He was one of the first at the gold mines, but fell ill, and being brought down the river died at Beiii- cia in Oct. '48. O'B. (John), 1840, Co. (;, 1st U. S. dragoons (v. .330); Q. M. sergt. O'B. (Thos), 1842, at Mont, under sentence of banishment to Sonoma; pi-ob. James. O'Cain (Joseph), 1795, 'Englishman b. in Ireland from Boston,' sent to S. Bias from Sta B. i. 537. O'C. (.Joseiih), 1803, Amer. mr of the OVaiii, hunting otter on the coast under I'ussiau contracts 1803-5. ii. 25-0, 32, 38-9, 6.3, 70-1. O'Connell (Anthony F.), 1S47, Co. H, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); d. S. F. 'CO, age 48, leaving a widow and two children. He had been for many years a O'CONNELi.— OLGIN. drayman; known in tlie later yciiit. (v. ;US). O'Donojii (.lose Simon), 18;{4, Mex. of tlio 11. & H. colony, iii. 203; ut 8ta IS. '41; in '4"J-4 purveyor of the troops under Mieheltorena; at Los Aug. '47. O'Farrell (Jasiier), 1843, Irish surveyor who came to the U. S. in '41 and to Cal. by sea via iS. America and Mazatlan. iv. 4(X). In '44 he signed the order for Weber's arrest, iv. 48.'{, and in '4j served as Q. M. in .Sutter's force, iv. 48d-C. being mentioned in '44-0 at various places but apparently making S. liafael his homo, being engaged uio.st of the time in making ranclio sui- veys. lie seems not to have taken part in the troubles of '40, but is named as a witness of the Haro murder at S. Kafael. v. 171-2. In '47-8 headverti-sctl as a surveyor in the papers, was appointed otlicial surveyor ia the noi'tiiern district, and made the permanent street survey urclins- ing later the adjoining Estero Americano, for which places and for Capuy in Yolo ho was claimant in V)2. iii. 712; iv. 071; v. 07o. He married a daugiitcr of Patrick McChristian, and lived ehieliy on his rancho, but took also somo part in politics, serving in the state senate and aho as state harbor commis- sioner. For so prominent and well known a man there is a remarkable lark of definite information about him. He died at S. F. in '7o at the age of .IS. A street in S. F. bears his name. O'Clrady, 1847, perhaps of N.Y.Vol. under anothername. O'G. (Tlios), 184(), Irish settler of Sonoma Co. '47-77, when he lived at Bodega. O'llara (1). J.), 1847, in S.F. letter list. O'Neil, 1837, one of the cattle partv from Or. iv. 85. O'X. (John M.), 1847, sergt Co. E, N.Y.Vol. v. 504. Xat. of N.Y'.; maj. of cavalry in war of "01-.">, being stationed 4 years in Utah; in '07-83 custom-house otlicer at S.F. ; d. at Mont. '85. O'N. (Owen), 1S47, Co. K, N.Y.Vol. (v. 4y»); owner of S.F. lot; in Nev. '82. O'N. (VVni), IslO, saiil to have touched on the C'al. coast from China in '10. ii. 282; latei- an employe of the H.B.Co. ; died at Victoria '75, at the age of 74; a nat. of llos- ton. O'lteilly, 1837, a witness at S.F. Dec. O'R. (E.), 1847, farmer in S. Mateo Co. '01-78. O'Kourke (Francis), 1840," Co. C, Ist U.S. dragoons (v. 330). O'Sullivan (James), 1847, Co. A, N.Y.Vol. (v. 49!)); a printer wlio was editor of the Souora Herald; member of the constit. convention of '78; in S.F. '82. Oakley (Chas H.), 1845, asst surg. on the U.S. Portxmovth. 0. (How- ard), 1840, of the Mormon colony, v. .">40; of the .Sd Donner relief, v. 5-!0 1; owner of S.F. lots; no record after '48, but did not go to Utah. O. (I'oliert), 1847, Co. I'\ N.Y'. Vol. (v. 41)!)); d. Sta IJ. '48. Oi)er (IJavid), 1848, p.-issp. from Hon. Obes (Ramon), 1825, Span, who came on the Aijiiilt.s; ]tvv\fu^,a sent away '28-30. iii. '51-2. 01)leie, 1844, doubtful name of a marric d lur- eigner. Oca (Ignacio Monies de), sentenced to presidio 1':'05. ii. HW. Ocanipo (Francisco), 1834, Mex. of tlie H. & P. colonv. iii. 20;>; at S. .Iiiau Cap. '41. iv. 020; at Lo.s Ang. '40-8; still at S. Juan Cap. '78. Oclnltrce, 1847, mid. on the U.S. Independence Odon, neo[iliyte at S. Luis Ob., gr.iiitoe of land '42. iv. 331. 0., grantee of Escorpion '45. Ogden, IS28, leader of a party of H.B.Co. trappers who came to Cal. '28-30. iii. 101-2. 17-J: iv. 203. O. (Beuj.), 1847, Co. B, N.Y.Vol. (v. 4<)9): <1. ]5rooklyn, N. Y. '00. Ogier (J. S. K.), 1848, nat. of S.C. ; member of the 1st Cal. legislature '4!)-50, Ogle (Chas A.), 1847, Co. D, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). Olavide (Martin), 1791, alftSrez with Malaspina's exped. i. 490. 01b(?8 (Ramon), 1812, Span, friar who serveil for brief terms at four missions, lelir- ing in '21. Biog. ii. 625; nient. ii. 225. 24.3-0, .304, 309, 387, 389-90, 394, C55. Olgin (Jos6), settler at the Colorado riv. pueblos, killed by lud. i. 359, 708 nOXEKR REGISTER AND INDEX. 9r<'2. Olimpio, Iiul. innjortloiiio in Sutter's employ '47. Oliva (Hnimumlo), ■olilicr of Sta 11. comp. ",i'2', iiijuliero '45. (). ( Viioiito rnwMial), l.S|;{, Spun. Iriiir who hitxuiI at niiiny niisxionH, but chiefly at S. Dit'go, «lyiiiy lit S. .luan Cap. in '4S. Kmh. v. O'JH; mint. ii. .■{44, .'{.".7, :{7.'>, .■{S:{-4, :H»4, TmI-'J, (».Vt; iii. l)(i, (ii'J, «•-'•-', 041; iv. 4-J-J; v. «U). Oliviir (ToiniU), w.lilifi- of Ntii 15. conip. 'Jt'J. Ulivarts (.Antonio M.), at Loh Ang. '4('». O. (liouit'aciu), at Mont. "M't, oyi! '2'\, uito Maria anislii'il in '43 to Los Aug., wlicro lio took part in a revolt of '40. iv. 4'J-, <>.'»4; v. .'108. (). (Francisco), nettlcr ut Los Ang. 'li"). ii. liM. O. (Francisco), 1840, Co. B, (.'al. 15)it. (v.:J.kS). <.). (Mi- ciicl and Tornd-s), at Loh Ang. '40. Olivas, named as having heen killed at S, Bum. '38. iii. 5.')1. O. (Co.srne), settler at Los Aug. '10. ii. '.i')0. U. (iJo- iningo), messenger of Gen. Flon s '47. v. 387. O. (Francisco and Jocc;), ut S, liern. '40. 0. (Ksculano). coniisario do jiolicia at S. l)iego'.'Ui. iii. 010. (). (Ignacio), soldier of tl.o S. V. coinp. ''J8-37; his eiiild nmnlered ''JS. iii. I'Jl. O. (Jnan), settler at Los Ang, 1,S(K). ii. IWJ. O. (Juan), ot Sta ]'>. l.eforo "M, •w ifi' Clara I'ico, 4 ciiildren. O. (Luis), soldier at Sta H. '.•»•-'. (>. (Matia.'-), juc>: dc c:tni[iu and com. policiii at S. IMego '35-0. iii. 015-10. O. (Nicolas), ut Los Ang. '3i). O. (Kainiundo), at S. Fern., age 28, '39; grantee of S. Aliguel '41, Oliver, 18Ii5, trapper at Suisun, perhaps of Young's ]>arty. iii. ,304. O. (.lacoli), 1843, at S.F., luent. in J'. ), IS29, Portuguese at Los Ang. '3(», age lUi. iii. 179; grantee of laii7; wife Muiiii Ant. Cota, 2 children; grantee of Tepusqiict '.37. iii. 050; still at Sta B. '4.5-7. Olivier (Pierre), 1834, Frenchman of the H. & P. colony, iii. 412. In '42 he hi'])t a drinking and billiard saloon at Mont.; settled near S.Juan; married n (laughter of Canute }5oronda; an0-3, BUjicTvisor 'o(J-7, iiruHiiKn- tial elector, and receiver in tiiu laud-ottii-e, being also elainmnt for Los AiunioH. l>on A^'UHtin wsih a ninn of ^ood uiiiliticM and rcjmtation, wiio died nt Lim Ang. Hliortiy after '74. IIIh wife wa» (.'once|ieiun ArgQello; one (>f liia d:iui;literH married ('liurleii Forbes and another Juan Toro. Ilia Hon L'arloH, liviu'.' at Cliindar in '7H, permitted me to uupy from ids father's papers a vidua- l)lf I'oUection of lilveia, J)oc. J/ixt. ('al. U. (Uie>;o, Guadaluiie, and JohO), on S. I^uis Ob. ii8N. Orilmas (Cristobal), I78(i, Span, friar who served at Sta B. , I'nrisinia, and S. (iabriel, retiring in 170.'i Biog. i. 004; mcnt. 31K», 4'JU, 4'2r). 4M, .570, 07o. t)rbell (James), I8.S7, Kn;;!. sailor, ago 24, who landed at S. iJiego and en- gaged in trade, iv. 1 18. There was an order for his arrest in '40, not appar- ently executed, iv. 15; left in charge of ('apt. Fitcii's business during the hitter's abnence, and his accounts seemed to show a dtficit of $0,000 in '42. In '44-."» he was mr of the (lui/iiizcduiia. iv. 500; Ijeing naturalized, and in Nov. '47 ill at Sauzalito. Ord (Kdwanl O. (,'.), 1847, nat. of Md, and graduate of West I'oint in TkS. lie came to CJal. aa 1st lieut Co. F, 3d U.S. artiil. v. 518, 5"Ji(, 0;iO. After the war ho took part in several Ind. campaigns on the I'acitic CDUat, going Kast by sea in '50. In tiiu war of "01-5 he was brig. -gen. of vol- Tiiiteeisand later in the n-gular army, with brevet of maj. -gen. For several years from '08 he eomnianiled the department of the I'acilie, and later tliat of the Texan frontier, dying at llabami in '811. O. (James L.), 1847, brotiier of ]•'.. O. C., who came as surgeon with Co. F, 3d U.S. artiil., under contract i',!id not belonging to the army v. 518. Ho remained in Cal. as ]ihysiciunand farmer, settling ut Sta B. and luarrying the widow of Manuel Jintcno C.^sarin, ori;.;inally Angustias de la Cuerra. lie w.is also clainuint for land in Tuolumne, iv. 074; and later spent some years in Mex., holding about '82 the position of consul-general. h\ '74 ho resided at Sta B., and in '78 was ajipointed attend- ing suigoon to the U.S. troops at Ft Foint, .S.F., still residing in this city '84. He had one daughter, Bebccca, wiso in '85 lives with her mother at Salinas. Mr.) O. in her Ocurrenrius dc C'cti/ornin^ a. MS. dictated by her in '78, has fur- nisheil one of the most accurate and fascinating narratives in my collection. 'I'lie Ords had two brothers, Pacilicus and K. 11., who came to Cal. after '48 and M-ere somewhat ])rouunenk; al.^o a sister. Ordaz (Bl.is), 1820, Si)an. friar, b. in Castilla la Xueva 1702, who came to Mex. in 181!) and to Cal. the next year, ii. 375, 3!)4, 328, serving at S.F. '20-1, and accompanying Argiiello on his famous exped. ti> the north, of which he wrote a J)iario. ii. 47- -0, 59.5, 0.').'). In '21 -2 he v.'as stationed at S. ^Miguel, ii. 020; in '23.33 at Staines aiul I'urisima. ii. 4!»0, .")29, .-.81-2; iii. 90, 001; in '33-S at S. Buenaventura, being sometimes in trouble and once asking for re- IcLso from his vows as a friar, iii. 257-8, 058; in '38-47 at S. Fernando, iii. C4(i; iv. 422, 0.38; v. 405; and in '47-50 at S. Oabriel, ofli.;iating for a short time also at S. Juan Cap. vi. G23, 028-9. After '48 he was the oidy survivor of the FernandinoR, v. 5G."i, and died at S. Gabriel in '50. Padro Bias was a lively and good-natured man, but his fondness for women involved him occasionally in scandal and reprimand from his 8ui)eriors. Orduno (Ramon), at Lo3 Ang. '39-48. Orena (Gaspar), Span, trader in Cal. '43 or earlier, iv. 760 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. 864-5; sup. of tlin Oulimzcontia '40; a wciiltliy rcgiileiit of Sta B. '50-85. Uia wiftt is tlio wiiluw of CcHdrio Latuillmlu uiul diiiiKlitiT uf Juu6 du In (>ucri'a V Noi'iej^H. Oril>i>8 (Toni&H), Hottlurut Loa Aiik- ITUS. ii. 371). Oiozco, inciit. in '.'J7. iii. M. O. (Jo8«5 Maria), Bupl. juc/utS. l)ii!Ko'4.S. iv. 620; uIho loLip- tor ill tiiocuBtuiii-liouHc; grantee of Qucjito riuiclio '4*>, iv. U'JI; taking part in tilt' war at S, Diogo '4(i. v. 320. Orrnnti's (BurnniM') at Los. Anjr. '4(1. Oi ri/, ilicriiurdo), Mtx. Koliiier uf the Uidulgo piipivte '.'<(!. Orta (.IohO (jiuhricl), ilex, conviut reluased in "M, Ortc^'a (Antonio), I8.'i4, one of the H. and P. colon)' who wnn nmj. at Solano '3r)-U, and grantee of 8. Antonio rancho in '40. iii. ',i'>4. 711, 710-20. He died lit M.F. al)out '68. O. (Antonio), convict Bcttltr of 1798. i. GOO. O. (Antonio), soldier of Sta ]J. comp. before '37. O. (Antonio Maria), son of JoHfJiMaria, member of the dip. '27-8. iii. .36-7, 41, 63; grantee of llofugio '34. iii. O.').'); iii. 566-7; capt. at Sta B, '.39. iv. 641; proponed for sub-prefect at Stii B. '41. iv. (Ul, 602; juez in '46. v. 631. He woh Btill at Btfunio, for wliich lie was one of the claimants, in 'o'2. O. (Basiliu), uettled at BraiK.'i- forte 1803. ii. 106. O. (Eni.lio Miguel), grantee of I'unta de lu Lagunn, 8. Luis Ob., '44; also el. in '52. 0. (Estijvon), at Sta B. '37, wife Deogrucian Ruiz, one child; collector of taxes Sta B, '46 and juez de policia '48. v. 6;il; still at Sta B. '50. O. (Eugcnio), admin, at I'lirfHima 40. iii. 666. O. (Eusebio), at S. Juan Cap. '3.1. O. (Faustino), at S. Juan '4.3. O. (Felipe? Muri'n), scrgt of .Sta B. comp. 1795, and author of u Diariool explor. for mis- sion sites, i. 553; ii. 28. 'I'hero is some confusion between him and iuY,-7!i; mxnx made curp. of thu Nta B. cuinp., und cmii. of tlui ch- uoltaat I'urisiiiia. i. 4'.>'>; iiiarryiiig Muriu Fiuii. Lopuz in '70. Froni 't)l (ap- ]>uiiited in '88) liu wm Horf^t of tho .Sta U. conip. i. 014, GOii. Alxmt 171)7 lio M'oa {Mirtiully relieved from military acrvicu ia order to aid liiM father in lilt- ing u loud of deljt; perhaps retired ultogetlicr. Ho obtained tlio itifiigio run- clio, wliere, as runeiiero nnd trader, hu is often mentioned down to nliniit ''ZO. i. 039, 041, (j«;j, 071; ii. i!8, ilJ, V24, 185, 230, '249, U74, 354, fl0:»-4. lli» eliil- drtn, aa named in tUo Si a U. Co. Hint,, were Martin, Joki5 Vicintf, Antonio Maria, Joa6 Dre8, JoHt) do JeBUS, Joucpiin, I'ilar wife of Snnt. At 'i>'ll<>, Soledad HJfo of Luis ArgQello, Maria de Jeans wife of .Joci6 Itiiiiiirez. ('(in- cepeion wife of Jost^ Ant. de la Guerra, and C'atarina wife of JoHt^ (.'arrillo. 0. (Jos«3 Maria), soldier of tiiu S.F. comp. 'lU-'2-; a man of samo iianio Biincr- viaor at >Sta It. '54. 0. (Josu It.), at >S. Uern. '40. O. (Josefu), wife of Josi) M. Amador 'l28. ii. 585. O. (Jos6 Vicente), son of Capt. Joab F. ; wifo Ks- tcfana Uiivaru; eliild. Luis (2), Manuel, i'eiiro l>. '15, living '80, Kufaela wife of Daniel Mill. Ortega (Juan), son of Capt. ,Tos6 F., who came in '09-75; mcnt. in '75 at 8. Diego, i, '2.'>5; sergt of the Sta B. conip. '11-18, and eomisionado at Los Ang. '18. ii. 3'JO, .'{50, 3G1; wifo Kufaela ArrcUanea; child. Kmigdio (muiricd Concopcion Doniingiiez), Alaria wifo of Ouadalupb Hernandez, Buenaven- tura wifo of Joaq. Cota, Maria Ant. wifo of I'edro Dcjcmc, and .Murfa do Jesus wife of Fern. Tic(i. O. (Juan Maria), at ,S. Juan Cap. '40, nge 10. O. (Magdalena), Cal. claim $i'0 '40-7. v. t^j^. O. (Manuel), at Stii B. about '3*2; wifo Andrea Cota; 1 child; maj. at 8. Simeon '39. iii. 085. O. (.Muria Ant.), cl. for Atascadero. iv. 055. O. (Maria Clara), daughter of Ignucio, and wife of John G.lroy. ii, 444. O. (Maria Simona), widow at S. F. 1790. i. 003. O. (Mariano), ment. in ncu'8[ia]icrs as 108 years old in '73, at Agua Mansa, S. Born. O. (Martin), alcalde at .Sta B. '-29. ii. 572. O. (Miguel), owner of the Vlrgenes rancho, 8taB., 1790-1802. iii. 111-12, 172; at S.F. 1807. ii. 192. O. (Pedro), at Sta B. about '32; wife Lugarda OrteKa; 1 child; arrested at Refugio '41. iv. 072; at S. Luis Ob. '58. O. (Quintin), won of Ignacio, b. at S. Diego 1792; ment. in '18. ii. 2.14; grantee of S. laiilio .';3. iii. 070, 713; in '.30 juez do camiio. iii. 675; wifo Vicenta Butron; child. I'ilar b. '20, Magdalena '24, Miguel '26, Quintin '.32; at S. Juan '37. iii. 512; jucz do i>az '40. V. 040. Ortiz (Hilario), at Corralitos, age 24, in '30. O. (Na- sario), at Los Ang. '46. Orville (James), on Larkin's liooks 'liS. Osborn (Charles), 1847, Co. G, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499). O. (Jeptlia), 184(5, in Sto Clara Val. with children; at S. Jos6 '48. O. (W. B.), 1844, sailor on tho Ueiij. Morijau. iv. 453. O. (Wm B.), 1847, Co. 0, N. Y. Vol. (v. 499j; ndncr in Placer C,i. '49; physician at Los Ancelcs '49 to '07, the date of his death. He was a famous gardener, and held tho oifiRes of postniaater and justice of the peace. Osbourno (James A.), 1840, Co. C, 1st U. S. dragoons (v. .330). Osburn, 1848, of McLean & O. furniture dealers at S.F. v. 078. Oseguera, in trouble 1799. i. 639. Osgood (Henry M.), 1847, Co. I, N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); at S. Luis Obispo '71-82, the date of his death. Osio (Antonio Marfa), nat. of L. CaL and said to bo of the family that v an somewhat famous in very early times in connection with tho gulf pearl fish- eries. But for the record of oHices held by him there is a remarkable lack of information about tho m&n. Ho tirst appears as a candidate for treasurer in '27, and as in charge of thti Mont, customs '28-30 us sub-comisario, and menib. of tho dip. in '.30-1. ii. 607; iii. 49-50, 63, 07, 73, 86, 130. In '31 he was con- tador in charge of tho revenue at S.F., taking some slight part in the trouliles with Victoria, iii. 187, 189, .370, 700. In '32-.3, besides being still vocal (,f the dip., he was receptor of customs at Los Ang. and S. Penro. iii. 210-17, 245-0, 377, 63i), 041; still in charge of the revenues for some years later, iv. 82. In '.35-7 be was a member o: the Los Ang. .ayunt., sometime sindico. Mcnt. in connection with the Apalategui revolt and the vigilance committee, and taking an active part with the surefios against A Ivarado. iii. 283, 285. 41 7-18, 481 , 485, 487, 489, 496-8, 501-2, 506, 508-9, 516,636. Notwithstanding bis opposition to 702 riONKER RKGISTER AND INDEX. Alviirado, the latter put him ngain in cliar^t of the levemiea at Mont. '38— 4'2; and he vas iilno in '',]',) vocal rnd lec. of the dip., iiartido elector, subslitule inenil)i:r of coiigre.sB, anil grantee of Los Angeles 1h1. in S.F. hay. iii. r)S4-">, f)!)0, GTii, Til ; U'. in, iKi-7, D'J, 210, 'Jl'.', 33'J, 341. In '40-') he was justice of the siiiH.rior court, iii. (i05; a partisan of Alvarado against Vallcjo '4'2. iv. tlSi'; grantee of I'unta de los lleyt'S '4.'t. iv. 07-; and of S. Jos(j mission lands '4<). V. (JO.'i; again s>d)stitute congreSvsmau '43. iv. 3(J1; in '44 capt. of dcfenHoiex, an oppouint of Miciieltorena, juez at S. Rafael, and of (juintcn.a for go\ . iv. 407, 409, 4'_'3, 400, 40'-'-3, Ti.'JO, Oo'J, 070-7. In '4i)-7 he made a trip to lloiio- hilu with wife and 5 children, taking no i)art in the tronhles of those years. Soon after the change of flag he went to L. Cal., and in 'oS seems to have heen elected gefe politico, thougii forced by ill health to resign. In '(iS lie li\ed at (S. Jose del Cabo, and 1 have not found the date of his death, or any dolinite information about his fandl}'. Don Antonio Maria was a man of lair ability and education, and of oxctllcnt reputation for honesty. As a politi- cian ho was somewhat too cautious and timid, disposed to seek safe ground on both sides of a controversy, and in an emergency to have an urgent call to Borne far-away spot. In his later years he wrote a JJin'oria de C'cli/oriihi. a copy of which I obtained through the kindness of John T. Doyle, the original M.S. being after '80 in possession of the writer's daughter in ii.V. It is a \.()rk of (""'siderablc merit, valuable as a supplement to those of \'ulK jo, Alvarado, . id Bandini, as presenting certain events from a dili'erent jtoint of view; but like all writings of this class, it is of very uneven (|uality as a record of facts. None of them, nor all combined, would be a safe guide in the absence of the original records; but with thete records they all iuivc a decided value. O. (.Antonio), celador of the Mont, (•iistomdiousn '412-3. iv. 339; suspended for gaiubling. 0. (Jose de Jesus), 1847, in tr:ule at S. Diego. (). (Salva- dor), grantee of Todos Santos, Cosumnes, and Aguas Frias ranehos '41-4. iv. 403, 070. Osman (Tiiomas), IS'28, Engl, blacksmith, age 21, who deserted from a Fr. whaler at Todos Santos, L. Cal., and came u[) to .S.Diego; ordered to depart '■29. Osmer (Chas H.), 18-JO, clerk with Dceeliey '20-7. iii. 121. Osorno (I'udro), 1798, convict settler, i. 000. Ossa (Vicente), .sec. and regidor of the Los Aug. ayunt. '32-5. iii. 283, 03"); in '38 .sindico, favoring Alvaiado's govt, age 30. iii. 500, 030; in '42-3 grantee of I'rovidencia ir.iicho. iv. 0;)4-5; in '40 at Los Aug., and in '50 justice at Encino. Ostein, 1817, deserter from i;o<|iiefeuirs vessel at S.F. ii. 288. Ostrauder (James), 1847, Co. II. N.Y. Vol. (v. 499); at Kinderhook, N.Y., '74. Ostwald (August), 1847, Co. U, ditto; at Sac. '82. Osuna (Juan Maria), born in Cal. before 1800; a soldier and corporal of the S. Diego conip., and later a settler. In '30 elector, taking jiart in the revolution of '."il. iii. .50, 201, 544; in '35 alcahle. iii. 015; in '3(1- 45 grantee of S. Dieguito. iii. 012, 557; iv. ()21; in '30 juez de ]iaz. iii. 584, CIO; in '40-3, maj. and admin, of S.Diego mission, iii. 020; iv. 371. 019,021, 021; ill '40 juez do paz. v. 018. He died about '47 at the age of 00, his widow, Juliana Lopez, being el. for .S. Dieguito. His d.iughter Felipa, widow of J. M. Mari'oii, gave iiie her Iicciirrdv^ in '78, as i'lse\\ here noted; and also a collee- tioii of her father's Prijirlis Orhjinulcs, O. (Josii Ililario), at Los Aug. '10. O. (Leandro), pi'rhaps son of Juan M. ; took part in the tight at S. i'ascual ' Ki. V. 329, :!."i2. O. (Miguel), settler at S. Jose, 1791; property destroyed by Iiid. '95; alcalde in 1801. i. 083, 7l*i; ii. 13-1. (). (namon), com. de polieia at S.Diego '30; collector of tithes '39; grantee of Valle de las Viejas '40. iii. 010-17; v. 019. O. (Santiago), killed by In.l. at I'auma '4ti. v. ()17. Otondo (Feliiie), sirviento at S. V. 1777. i. 297. Ousley (Hcnr.y) 1840 (?), settler ill XapaVal., where he still lived in'OS-9; perhaps 'Owsley.' Owen, ]84S, of O. & Wi-i-ht, li.|uor dealers at S.F. O. (Isaac), 1S48(?), Methodist prcaciier; d. S.F. '00. Owens (Alex.), 1847, Co. E, N.V.Vol. (v. 499). O. (ivlwanl), 1845, imniig. frcun Or. in the McMahon-Clyman )iarty with 4 otiicrs of the name, ]ieriiii))s brothers, iv. 572-3; v. 520. O. (Henry), I8f5, ditto; went back to Or. '40. O. (James), lS-b5, ditto; went to Or. '40. O. (John), iS4J, ditto; went to Or. 0. (James), 1847, Co. F, N. Y.Vol. (v. 499); OWENS-PACHECO. 763 owner of S.F. lot; at S.F.'Tl. O. (James), 1847, Co. D, Morm. Bat. (v. 4G0). O. (Uioliai'(l), 184."), nat. of Oliio, and ineniljer of Fruinout's paity. iv. oSIl; v. (i, 'Jt, SO. Fniiii him Owc'us liver ami lake derive their iiaiiic. He served aa capt. of Co. A, Cal. Bat., Ijeinj^ in com. at S. (Jabriel and somewhat prom- inently conneeted with Fremont's eontroveraies. v. 'M\, 411, 44J-G, retiiining Ea.st witli F., and being present n.s a witness at the court-martial in Wash- ington. V. 4r>'A. O. (Uohert), 1847, Co. B, Morm. Bat. (v. 400). O. (Tlios), 1845, from Or. in McMahon party; proh. returned to Or. '40. iv. iil'J, 5"J0. Owncy, 1S47, negro witness at a S.F. trial. Oxhurough (C), 1848, ])as.-)p, from ilonolulu. Oyagiie (J. ^1.), 1S"J7, doubtful name of nirof tlic Jttiuticnr. iii. 147. Pace (.lames), 1847, lieut Co. E, Morni. Bat. v. 477; made an exped. against the Ind. v. 48'J; eupt. of a hun'i lie was arrested at S. ,luan. iii. 513; his nmcho was sacked by Ind. '38; in '44 he was I'upt. of defensores and com. at S. Juan. iv. 407, 052, 054, ()()2; in '40 tithe i ollector. v. 037. Hanclipz), grantee (jf Arroyo de las Nueces, ( 'ontra Costa, '34. iii, 711. P. (Lorenzo), in Ind, c.Nped, '20. iii. Ill; soldier of S.F. comp. '28-30; in '41 at S. Jost), age 37, wife Hafaela Soto, child. Nicolas b. '37, InOs '41; juez da 7G4 PIONEER REGISTER AND INDEX. policia '43. iv. 08"). P. (Miguel), corporal of S.P\ conip. 17!)0, ago ^C, wifo JoKofa Maria Saucliez; iiiv;il. jiiul wtllor at S. Jo^o JT'JT-lSui). i. 710. I'. (I'uMo), solilii'r of S.F. comp. '10- 'JG, corp. '-JT .'il, Ktigt '.'i'J-.'io. iii. 701; ;ilf. of Sla. 15. comp. 'SO. iii. GaO. 1'. (Kafacl), convict .settler 17'.ll. i. (iOtJ. 1'. (lialael), soldier of the 8.1'. conip. ';{7-4U; at .Sonoiiia '44. T. (Kafaeia Solo dc), L'laiitee of S. lianioii, Contra Costa, ';}7. iii. 7l-_'. I'aeheco (Lvoinualdo), JSl',"i, Mex. siih-liciit of engineer.s, iiat. of Ciiaiia- juato, w lio came witii ( Jov. Echeandia as aide-de camp, si rviiig in that cajiacity tor 'J years, and also as sec. of the com. ^'en. in '1^(1-7 "t S. Diej^o, nit ":ing [Sev- eral e\i)ed. to tlic Colorado and elsew liere, serving as suh.stituto inemljcr of tile dip., and lieing ofLen named in coiinectiun witli military trials, ii. od.S-D, f)47, .">4!f; iii. 1;}-14, ."(j, (il, G."!, 10l2. In '•J7-N lie was ayndautc de plaza and acting com. at Mont., persuading the revolting troops to return to tlieirdnty, and making a survey nortli of llie Lay to Ross. iii. 40, GG, ll.'i. At the end of '28 hi; was transferred to Sta IJ., ■where lie acted as eomandante, being pio- inoti'd to lieut in '"J!), and heing imprisoned on one occasion hy the revolting troo[)s. ii. 571-"J; iii. 7f>-S4, 'J!.l. In ';W he was also com. at Mont, for a short time, ii. GOS, and was nconiinended for promotion to he eapt. of the S. F. comp. in 'ol he was granted the use of a part of .Simi rancho. iii. G.')G; lint marching with a small part of his comp. to support (jov. Victoria, was iulkil in thc! ligiit near Los Angeles in Dec. of the same year. iii. 'JO.')-!), 214, ;i74, GoO. I'acheco .\asa bravo and skilful ollicer, intelligent, courteous, pnpular, and of unh'en)ished character; a man against Mliom nothing wa.s ever •■•aid, except that some Cai. ,>llicers complained of his too rapid promotion as a , being ]mt under arrest for failure to comply wit!: some formalities of military law. Thc widow married (.'apt. .Tolin Wilson of S. Luis Obispo, and still ii\ es in 'So. There were 2 sons b. in '30, ".'{1, liotli of whom in '38 were sent to lii^n- oliilii to be educated, iv. 103, and remained there several years. Of one nf them, Mariano, I have no later record than that he was a clerk for Wm H. Davis at .S.F. in '43-4. Thc other son, Romualdo. born about a month lieforo bis fatlier'.s death, alter his return from the .Sans '4S. V. G()3. In '41 he is named on the S. Jos(5 ]>adroii as 48 years old, nat. of (,'al., wife .luana Flores, child. Fernamlo b. 'IS, Padro Ign. 23, Salvador '24, Manuela '27, Coiicepcion '29. Dim Salvio spent his life from '44 on the Mb l)!alilo rancho, on which the town of I'acheco bears his name, and died in "70 at the age of 83. P. (Silveria), owner of a liouso at S. Jos(5 '40. v. 378. P. (Tomas), soldier of thc S. F. comp. '2G-.32; in "34 elected regi lor at S. .lose, iii. 730; in '37 alferez of militia, iii. 732; in "39 legidor. iii. 731; in '41 jiiez de paz. iv. 084; sec. of the juzgado '43. iv. GSo; grantee of Potrero de loa Cerritos '44. iv. 072. PACiFICO-PALLAS. 765 Pftcifico, Ind., executed at Piiri3ima'24. Packard (Alliert), 184'), nat. of E. 1., trudiT and lawyer, who came from Mazatlan. iv. oS7; tradin;.' at Mont, and S. F. '40-8; still a resident of Sta I!, iu 'TO, liaving Ixx'u oity attorney and held otlicr local ofiices. P. (Henry), 1S47, sergt Co. A, Morin. Bat. V. 49.">; iu '81 at Springfield, Utah. P. (P. W.), 1848, passp. fioni Honolulu. P. (Tlios), 1840, douhtfvl iiunie at Sta B. Packwood (Eli.slui), 1848, nat. of Va, who came overl. to Or. in '45 and i)y8ca toCal.; a niiiur '48-il and trader at Mormon Isl. and (.'oloma, going Kast '4i) and returning in '50; a stock-raiser till the Hoods of '01-2, tlien went to Or., where In: died in '70. A son, Parrington P., was in the mines with his father, marrying Matilda Ward Ic while in (Jid. P. (Sam. T.), 1847i a cousin of Elisha, in StaCl.ira Co. '4S and proli. the P. named at N. Helv. '47. Pacomio (Jose), leader of neophytes in the revolt of '24. ii. 527, 5.S2; in '.36 a carpenter at Mont., age 40, wife Maria Guevia (?); also com. de policia. iii. 075. Paddock (Joseph), 1830, nirof the Whaleman, iii. 141>. Padilla (Juan), occupant of Chupadero rancho, Mont., 1795. i. (iSS. P. (Juan de Dios), trader at Los Ang. '.39, age 40; also called captain, iii. ():!7. P. (Ju;in Xe- poniucono), ]Jex. harber; at S. Josl' '411. iv. ,350; in '44-5 kept a saloon at S. F., was licut of dcfensores, alcalde, and grantee of Hoblar de la Miseria and Tauiales rauehos. iv. 0(i(i-7, 073-4. In '40 he was in com. of a party of ('.difornifins north of the hay at the time of the Bear revolt, v. l(i()-4, 080; in '.">5 a resid. of liOs Ang., age 31. P. (Julian), defender of Apaletegui at LoH Ang. '35. iii. 285; accused of jiassing counterfeit coin. iii. (174; at Loa Aug. '40. P. (Maeedoni, Co. K, Ciil. Bat., enlisting at Sauzalito Oct. (v. 358). Palacio (Franei.soi), 1848 (?), Mex. gefo politico of L. Cal. who favored the Amer. . at Sta 15. ISOS; fmin '.'{3 a resid. of S. Jo86, bein;^ jiicz do eani\u) in that year. iii. 7-'.l; and juez de policia in '40. v. GG2. In the piidroii of '41 he is named with his wife .Mnrgiirita Paclieco, and cliild. lie- iiedita 1>. '30, Maria de .Jesus '31, Ho.iaiio '32, Cristobal '3G, and Felipe '.SO. Ill '77 at S. Jos(5 he pivo me a long Jf'iiiorld of ids adventures, cliiefly as ;ia Ind. Ii;,diter — all of tlieni strictly true as is to be hoped, iv. 75-G; v. 31.3, ."iGG. P. (Fi'ancisco O.), at S.F. '3S-0; grantee of (Jorral de Tierra. iii. 711. P. (Iguacio), juez lie eampo at Los Ang. "34, and regidor '3."). iii. Go."); in '37-40 grantee of Azuza and S. Jrto, 5()0, G3G. He was juez de canipo '40, jiiezde ])az '41, elector "4.3, capt. of iK'leiisores '44, and buplente of the assembly '4.'). iii. G37; iv. SGI, .'ilO, (il/J. Ill '40 he took part in a movement against Klores, being also elected alcald.^. v. .332-3, G2G. ife was a prominent ranciiero in these and in later years, dying at Pomona in "82, at the age of about 70, i*. (Jorge), com. of a vol- unteer cavalry con^ji. at I^os Aug. '40. v. 51. P. (Josij), soldier and .>^iigt of the ,Sta H. conip to 1800, from '10 a settler at L03 Aug. ii. 117, 349; iiient. in '17-10. ii. .■J.")4, 42,5; in '22-4 elector and member of the 1st ilipiitacion. ii. 4.'»4, 4(>2, 513, .5,10; iii. 7; sindico '20, and fiscal in tiio Fitch trial '30. ii. 5G0; iii. 142-4. P. (Jose), poshilily same as pnceding, or his son; .'. before '37. P. (.M.nnuel), at S. Jos6 '44. Palou (Francisco), 1773, Span, friar who was the founder of S.F. missi-n in 1770, and tlie successor of tfiuiipero Scrra as president in '84. He retired in 'S5 and became guardian of S. Fernando college. He ia Ix st known as tlio author of the Viila ili- Jiinipi'io Scrra and Ao/f/os t/c la-i i.'alij'uriiiiii, stan- dard works on the early mission history. He died about 1700 in Mcx. Si c IJiog. i. 47.3-0; notice of Ids works, i. 417-20; nient. i. 122-5, l."4, Ifi5, 171, 170, 184, 19:}-0, 198-200, 231-(i, 24G-7, 2.54, 280, 287-93, 297, 320, 3s_', 385-S, .398-407, 410-11, 410-17, 455, 458, 474, 470, G57; ii. 113, 571. Panano ((!oii.), 1847, owner of a S.F. lot. v. 078. Piinaiid (Clement), 1840, Frenchman at S. .luan 15. in '47, with a claim for damages by Fremont jiresented through the French consul, v. 015. He bought a mill in Salinas Valley from Wm Anderson, and sold it in '48 to Capt. Cooper. In '53 lie was claimant for lands in Sta Clara and Mont, counties, iv. 073; v. (i.'>7. Panella (.losij), 1797, Span, friar who served at S. Diego, retiring in ISO.'!. 15iog. ii. 107; nient. i. 379, .'582, .504, 577, 0.54-5; ii. 159. Panto, Ind. cliii f at S. Pascual, S. Diego Co., who rendcri'd much aid to the Cal. authorities in kci'iiing the Ind. quiet; also aiding Stockton in '40-7 with horses, etc., ncvi r paid for by the U.S. govt. His ehiini and that of ids peo]ile to their land at iS. Pascual seems, however, to iiave been lespected by the govt and land- sharks down to about the period of his death in '73. P. (.losi5 Pedro), 1810, Span, friar whose missionary service was at S. Diego, where he died in '12, being poisoned by his iieo|)hvte cook In I'etnrn for cruelty, ii. 344—5, l(i7, 1.59-00, 394. Pantoj.i (Francisco), regiilor of L09 Ang. '37. iii. 500, 030; at Sta Certrudis raneho '39, age 43. P. (Juan), 17S2, an othcer on the Prinvosa, whose map of S. Diego is copied in i. 455-G, 378. P. (.Matias), at S. Gabriel '40. Pardo, IS31, said to have come from N. Mex. in the VVolf.skill party, iii. 387. P. (Roberto), Mex. or Ind. acrgt of the Muzatlau comp., at Mont, as PARDO-rAREOTT. 767 early an '20; in *24 posted nt rurisima. ii. o,".*?; in '.T>- 1 cnr;ar;oil in otter- liiinting {'!). iii. 3!)4. From '08 or t-arlicr lie wa.s iilicrez of tlu' Ma li. conij)., hciii^' ;iftiiii^ litiit and coiiiaiiduiite '4'2-'}. iii. 500, ;')«!), O.'iO, 0.")! ; iv. 'JSl', (141. His wife wai Candelaiia Caiiizares. I'aiish (I)c Witt C), ISIT, in S.F. let- ter list. I'ark (James), l!S-i7, Co. B, Morm. iJat. (v. -10!}); reuiil.; at C'ednr Val., Utali, '81. Park (Tliomas ]}.), 18'J6, iiat. of Mass., and sup. of tlic /lufbiiiijer ''2(i-8, iii. 147, 170. From ','{.» lie was a resident of Cal., eoiiiing prol). on tlie Alirt, aetiiig as sup., or a;;ent, of tlio Ca/i/onda and otlier vessels from ';{ti, and RiieeeedinL; Alfred Koliinson in eliarge of tiie Boston firm's business, iv. lol, 117: iii. O-'IJ, 0.")7; often named in eommercial leeords from '.'VJ. He was nat- uralized in '44, aiding' tlie Califoiiiians against Mieheltoren.-i, and acting as isu|i. of the Sti rlinij in '44-0. iv. 508. lie was a man of Home ednealion and nnuli hn.-iiiess ahility, tliongli tlionght to lack the ']msli ' displayed hy somo of liis rivals, iioing aildicted to drink and neglecting his Imsiness in the later years. He died at Sta 15. ahont '.'lO, leaving a wife in Mass. Parker, 1S4(), a eki^'ynian on the Atrlu/'C for Honolulu, iv, 100; proli. B. \V. I'aiker, a Sandw. Isl. missionary who eanie with a letter of introd. to Larkin. I'. (K.Uvard). 1847. Co. K, N.Y.Vol. (v. 4S.F. lots. v. 054; surgeon of the .S.F. guards '4!>; also engaged in traile, and named by Colton ns ov.ner of New York of tho I'aeilie '4!». He lived in S.F. to '7(i, an reward. P. (\Vm A.), 184S, in S.F. list of let- ters. Parmo (Luigi), ls;U, Ital. sailor at .Mont., a;.e 'JI*. Parodi (Xicolas), 1841, Ital. sailor from Salvador on i\nt Joviii (.'ardlina as part owner of tho cargo. P.'irr (Ch.arles), 184(5, Engl, overl. immig. witli his parents, who pettlecl at f^ta Clara in '47, and in '81 still lived as a stock farmer in Ahnaden townsliip, with wife T. (.iarcia, and 10 children. P. (('has H.), 1810, brother of ('has, nat. of Iowa, overl. immig., wlioilicd in Sta Ciaia Co. '77, leaving a Midow, Mary A. Kenny, and '1 ehildicii. P. i.lonathan), ls)(!, father of the pieced- iiig, who .settled in Sta Clar.i Co., when; he died in "07 at Pos (latos, having children. P. (Win.).), 1840, son ot Jonathan; nat. of Ohio; fanner ni'ar S. Jost' '47-70. I'iirraga (Francisco), 180.'?, com. of the l'oi,ri jicimi. ii. 111. Parreiia (Santiago), 1810, agent for Bonaparte for X. Mex. and Cal.; prob. not in Cal. ii. 88. Parrilla (Peon), 170.^, Heut of the Monterey comp. '!l.'!-5, retired forineom- pctency. Biog. 1.034,078. Pan ish (Joseph), I.S45, mid. ou the U.S. I'orln- vtiHith, acting licut in C'o. F. Stockton's Ijattalion, '4(i-7. v. 1585. Pariim (l'\anando), 1700, Span, friar, third of the missioniiries to reach Cal., and founder of .S. Uiego mission, wliei'o he served till liis retirement in '71 on account of illness, i. P-'O, P_'8, l.'tO-8, 104, 1(;7, 170. 178. I'arrott ( Kiioch (;.), 1840, lieut ou the U.S. t'oixjrcM '40-8, who served in the war .ition of Cal. iv. :{L)J; v. |;{. Hm lirst visit to Cal. was in mnnivtion with liKs in-aiiil snniggling sell. 'me wliic.'i ended somewhat disa.stroiisly with tlio Mn.'ck of the Stcir of the Wist, iv, .'iiiO, MH. oHT. 1 have many IcUlih written I)/, to, and about liini at that time. Aft.r the gold discovery lie laine with Ins family to H.V., where lie was a .'diiiiping merchant to '.Vl. and later a baiiker and eajutali.st down to his death in .S4 ut the uu''' "f T.'i. Jle wa.s lamoiis lor his uniformly .successful investments and for iievi r taking any ri.sks, lii;< caution ami conservatism being in marked contrast w itli the i»revaleiit spirit of the times. He left a widow and .several children and grandchildren. I'arsons (.Monzo 1'.), IStT, Co. 15, N.Y.Vol. (v. 491)). I'. '•I- if-), 1S47, i)er- Liips ditto; not on roll. Parvin (.John It.), 1847, Co. .\, ditto; in Xev. "74; at Monticello, Minn., 'S'J; in N.Y. 'S4. J'aseal (Joim II.), IS4S, mate of the llhoiip; went to the mines, and later Settled on a farm near Ione(,'ity, where be died in '72. rascu:d (.Juan), KiO'J, Jiiloti) in \'izcaino's e.xipid. i. \)6. 1*. (Mateo Jose), isis, negro of Boucliard'.s cxjied.; remained in ( \d. ii. •j;!7, 241, .•tlW. I'ask (Francis , at S.Jose according to testimony in later litigation. Patterson, 1840, (,f P. & Foster who had";i Cal. claim of §.")0 (v. 402); also 'V P. ment. at Mont. '48; and one in lone Nallcy. P. (.Mis Christina), 184(1, overl. immig. whose husband died on the journey; at X. llelv. and in 8. Joj:c|. \'al. '47; married LM. l!ol)inson, and was still living in '78. 1'. (F. E.), 1840, at S.Diego. P. ((}.), 1848, passp. from Hon. P. ((!co.), 1840, Irish sailor who left the Cobtmhhi. at S. F., wurkcd in the redwoods, and in '41 entered Sutter's employ, iv. 120; apparently the man named in Yiiliat'n. Jlist. as having occupied a vancho on the Yuba in '4.V8; mining in '4S-0; later a lesid. of S.F., where in '72 he related for me hi.i Adrcntiircs. P. (.Mr.s l.sabella), 1814, overl. immig. of the Steviis party with several chil- dren, bring the daughter of Hitchcock of the same party. 'V. 44.'). In '4.') she is named in the liranciforte padron as a widow, age 3."); child. Isaac b. ','{1, Tedra (?) ':!2, .Margaret '.S."], ami Helm '38. \ daughter, Mary, was married in Aug. '4." by Larkin to Janici Williams, iv. 087. P. (John Alex.), 1847, Co. D, X.^'.^'ol. (v. 41)!)); in the mines '48, and later kept a saloon at S.F. ace. to Sirnii; in '49 treasurer of the Regulators, elected to the eonstit. con- vention, and to the legislature. AiiikiI-' 0/ ,S.J\; in 'iiO at S.Jos(?. Swan says he died about this time. P. (John W.), lS2;t, nat. of Mass.; resio;r(/ S'nrnilivp of adventures published a few years later. See iii. 102-72: ii. 043, -148, .''mI, .V.O, 507, OH, 010, G:)1; iii. 74, 82-3, 1.34, 139, 171; iv. 203. I have an autog. letter written liy P. in Mex. '.30, on his way from Cal. ; and he is s.iid to have revisited S. Diego after 'SO. P. (Sylvester), 1828, father of 'allies O., V, ho died in prison at S. Diego, iii. 102-.", 17:-. Pat'.i- (I w n n SIO, ml in Cn. 48-0; r. llil- slic ':n, iirioil S47, S.F. cnii- siiys S.F. 1 iiiul allied iniig- ; touk- Siiiii>- , ".».'>'.). Mcx., il hail Inc iii. , 171; iCal; 18-28, J'at'J- ! PATTLSOX— PEACE. 769 son (T.). 1841, mid. on the U.S. St Lotiix. I'attoii (A. Owinn), 1841, overl. iiiiiiiig. of the liui'tlcson party, who went hack to Mo. in '42. iv. 'JTO, 'J7o, \n± 1". (David), IS4(), Faniitieroy's dragooiw (v. 'IWl, '247). I'aty (Henry), IS.S7, nai. of Mass. and iiieivhant at Hon. from ';?.'l, of the tirni Henry I'aty & Co. 1 have his letters from 'u4, and he visiteil Boston in '34-."i. In '.'i7 lie came to Cal. to sell the Clarion, which lieeaine the ( '(dij'nriiia. iii. o.'Jl; iv. 101, 100, 117-l'S. In '.t8-40 lie laino again on the Don Qiiixute, owned hy his hrni, coniumndiiig also the Mvri"' and peihaps the Xinj'ft in '.■!'.)• 10. iv. 10.'{, lOo. In '41 on the way from Vuli>arai.so to Hon. he hi came demented on acconnt uf the ravages of small-pox on hoard, and cut his own throat with a razor. The firm, after his death, consi.', i')12, ."mO, .">0."»; v. '.'(IS, •i77. •'>7t>, (iSl, 083. (.'apt. P. owned land at S.F., and his linn of 1". & Mc- Kinlcy kept a store there in '4.'1-,"); he rendered occasioiuil ai he w.as senior captain, or a kind of connnodore, in the llawaiian navy. After "4b Capt. I', continued his voyages, celebrating in '(m or '00 the KKJth trip between Cal. and the Islands; and he died at his Hawaiian home in 'OS at tlio age of O.J. His widow visited S. Diego about 'SO, one of her daughters being the wife of Lieut Benson, U.S.A., and anothi'r the wife of a lieiit in the navy, living at Vallejo. Capt. I'aty was famous for his ^kill and gooil luck as a navigator; and few in this list have left so enviable a reputation for business integrity and kindness of heart. I'atil (.John A.), IS48(?), tlerman broker who committed suicide at Oakland in '83. I'aulding (Charles), 1833, at Sta B. J', (.losepli), 1832, nat. of Md, trapjier and cabinet-maker, who came from N. Mex. in the winter of '32-3, iii. 388, 408, and distinguished himself by making the 1st two billiard- tables in Cal. He was still at IjOS Aug. in '3.), complaining of unjust imiirisou- ment by the alcalde. He went to N. Mex., but returned during the (lush times of '48-52, and after a residence of some years in Sonora returned tinally to Los Aug., where he died in '00 at the age of oO; perhaps his iiaine should be written 'Pawlding.' Paulct (Lord Ceo.), 1S43, com. of II. B. M. S. I'ariixfiirt. iv. ,')04. I'aulina (H.), 1S4S, passp. from Hon. I'ayeras (Mariano), 1700, Span, friar who served chiefly at Purisima, being also president or prelect of the inissi to his daath in '22. (Jne of the ablest and most ])roininent of the Fernaudinos. Biog. ii. 4S0-00; Uicnt. i. .-)00, .")77. OSO; ii. 100-7, 12.3-4, 1.V2, l."!>, 23.V0. 2.m. 2:.8, 2(m, 207, 310, 32S, 330-2, S.T), 338, .351, .300, .394, 307-412, 414, 410, 4 IS, 431-8, 442, 4.'.l-2, 4J8-1), 401, 40.3-.-., 470-80, 400, .■)02, .■|7I, oSO, .■)87, 501, .W, 031, 04.3, 0."m, 0,")7; iii. II. Paymer (I'hil.), 184."), at Sutter's Fort. I'ayiK^ (\l. K.), IS4."), immig. from Or. in the McMahon-Clyman jiarty. In the .lame party was a willow I'aync — daughter of Owen Sumner, with 3 children — and the two were married at Sutter's l"'ort in Feb. "40, prob. returning to Or. or to the Ivist a little later in the year. iv. 572; v. 520. J'ayson (.Sam.), 1878, Co. B, N.Y.Vol. (v. 491)). I'eace (.fames), 18.38 (?). nat. of the Orkney Isl. , of S( ntch and Danish parent- aye, who in '75-84 — and tinally in the iV. F. Biilhtiu rn .July IS, '85— claims to have deserted from the H. B. Co.'s ship AV/vfV/ at S.F. in '18. This vessel came to the N.W. coast in '.30, and to Cal. for the 1st time in '.38, which I have little doubt was the date of P.'s arrival. The l.st ilefinite record of him is when he was exiled to S Bias in '40 and came back in '41. iv. IS, 33, 119. That 1 >■ is not heard of iii '38 1) is natural enough, and indeed, Brown and Weeks do mention him vaguely about those years; but that he could have lived here in '18-39 without a trace in the records is very unlikely, especially if, as he sa}s, Hut. Cal., Vol. IV. 49 770 PIONKER HECJISTER AND INDEX lu' inimifd n Viilcnciii in ';!.">, tn Hiiy notliiii;,' of tin- fiict tliiit if lio lind liml ft iiativi' wifo lie woulil lint h:\\i' Ijci ii csilcil. lie umkfil lis a liiiiiliciiimii and ini'flianic, anil is niiincil in tin: S, I'. iKulrnu ot '41 jim ii Siotcliniiin, a^n •!.'). Imu* ft)>()ut ;!0 ycais, from '17 f<, In' iivcil on a larni at H.ilfn n Hay; lint wimo ''S Inis navij;at('il S. F. li.iy in a sloop, raining a livinj,' liy calcliin^,' liuli ami clams lor tlio S. Maf(M» Co, market down to 'So. Trrn'ock (.)oliii). INKl, Kaniitltrov's dnij^oniis (v. L'li'J, "JJI). IValo (T. ]{.), 1S4I, liatniulist in llio U.S. ex. .") a lawyer at retaluma, lieiiiy state senalor in '(i;{-7. Jle marrii d (.'oiilter ISiown, and was Htill liviiiK in '^^ w itii ;{ eliildreii — proh. Jilso in 'M,"i. I'ortrait in Soiiovni < 'o. J /ist., 4ii; also liio;,'. skctih, inclinliii_i4 liis recollei'tions of S. I'jiseiial in Id. .'"iSO-.'i. I'. (Win), ISI4, mat(! on t\w Sh r/imi, in e.'ire of the eonsul; li. at .Mont. '4.'). I'eard ((leo.), KSL'li, lient on II. '|{. M. S. Jiloxs,,,,,. iii. I'.'l. I'larl (.losepli), ISUi, Co. C. l.st I'. S. .Iragoons (v. :!;;(!). I'tarsall (Sam. W. ). Ist7, Co. It, N.V. Vol. (v. ■»!)!)); at Moiinelumne lldl '«_'. Tear-e (John), ISlM, earpenter on the It'onr. I'eaiwui (DavitI ('.), IS-IH, at lleiiicia. 1'. (iv'hraim). I.SI7,('o. 15. .Morm. I5at. (v. Ki'.l). 1'. (Ceo.), I.S-17, Co. K, .'Id V. S. artill. (v. AIS). r. (.lo!in I'..), ISK;, Co. C, LstCS. dragoons (V. :!:t(i). I". (.I.W.), ISIS, |>a>;sii. from Hon. I', (iloliirt II.), ISIS (?|, nat. of .Me, who brought the 0;-.;/(»;/ to C.il., and eonmiaiided manv steamers down to "(11; d. at .S.I''. '(iS, age .Ki. 1'. (NV.), ISIS, passp. from Il.'m. I'. (W. S.). ISIS, at Itenieia. I'ease (Sam.) IS'J(>, sailor on the /uircr. I'easley (Nesnnth A.), 1S47, Co. A, N.V. Vol. (v. 4!t<»);.l. S. K. V)l, I'eeli ((has L.), KS.J7, Co. 15, N. V. Vol. (v. I!)!)); d. at Mont. 'M. V. (Chaniieev I-.), ISI7, eorp. Co. M, ditto. I'. (I'M. M.), ISI7, Co. J>. Min'in. liat. (V. -Uill); in I'tali 'S_'. 1". (l.^aael. ISI7, Co. C., ditto; reeiil. I'. (Slier- man), ls;t;!, trader at lion, who Ni.-iteil Cal. in ".'U r> as sup. of tlio Vuliiiitrrr ami other vessels, repii'seiitiiig .1. ('. .loiies, 1 have iniieli of his corresp. willi Cal. traders ';M-S, and he may have visited Cal. on other oeeasioiis, I*. Criioril), IS47, ("o. C, Morm. I'.ai. (v. Id!)); neid. a.s eorporal. I'eeliham (I!. 1''.), ISKi, nat. of I!. 1., desirting from the whaler Cnhiiii/. at S. F. He worked as liimlierman, soldier, farmer, eiiiidrtn. Tortrait in S/a Clnnt Co. llial., SO. I*edr;i/.a, deserter from a galleon I7'.ll. i. -184. I'edro y (Jil (liafael), 1774, Siiaii. giiavdanliiiaeeii ;.t .S. Diego '7 l-SI. IJiog. i. 4.11; uieiit. i. 'JJ7, *J.").'{. rcdrorma (Mignel), lf'.;>7, Span. sup. of the .S, Aiiur. brig.i Dilmini and .luaii Josi' ','17—10, lieing also agent for Mel 'all & Co. of JJina. iv. lOI! 4; iii. 7'J7; also on the coast '4'_'-;!; owner of .S. F. lots '4.')- li. iv. (Hi!); v. (iS4: had a elailii ngainst the govt fori?.'!, Itl'.t; deelined iin appointment to ju'eseiil charges against Mielieltorena. iv. .VJ-J. From 'I.") his lioiiu! was at S. Diego, where ho married Maria Ant. I'^stiidiilo, lieing the grantee of .S. .laointo Niievo in "4(i, nnd his wife of Kl Cajon in '4.">. v. (Jl!l; iv. (i'JO 1. He strongly favored tho c.iiise of (he IJ. .S. in '40-7, acting as jnez de paz, as Stockton's aide, with rank of eapt. ill tho Cal. liat., and in '47-S as collector of cnstoina. v. 'JS(J, Il'Jit, 3(i0, .'5S."), r)7'J, .'")7.'i, 018-19. In '4'J lie represeiiteil S. Diego in tlm constit. con- vention, lieing one of the most iiopnlaraiid inllncntial nieinlici'sof the Spanish race. Ho died in TiO, leaving a son, Miguel, and two d.-inglitcrs, Elena and L^alu'l, who inherited his large estate, and an^ still living, I think, in 'S.'). Don Miguel was of a good Span, family, one of his lirothers holding a high oflieial iiosition at Madrid; and he was himself an intcUigoiit, scholarly man, of excellent character, who hy liia courteous alTahility made friends of all who knew liim. I'ceJ (John), 1840, sailmakcr U. S. N., ami acting capt. Co. G, PEHD— I'K:?A. :i Stock ton'H naval Ij.vttalion '10 7; I'lol). 'Ilcnl.' I'l'^iirro (A'ni)!>o K»t<'van), KiOL", fiipt. ill Ni/i'iiiiiiiH I'xpi'd. i. !IS. I'. ( Mariaiiu), nvut to Mi'x. for i-om- liliiily ill tilt! SoliH i(!\olt, 'Ult- .'((). iii. (IS-71, K.'>. I'lircc! (Ilfiiry Au^^iiNtiiN), l,S'J8, nut. of Mass., 1). ISOS, wlio wnit to Mono- lulu ill ''-'.'), iiinl tliniiT mi tlio sniiit! vchncI, llir llrijiuii, roiii. \t\ liin Itiotliir, to tlio N. \S'. couHt as cli'i'k, toiicliiiitj iil S. I'', on tlii^ irtiirii in tlic autiiiiui nf 'lis. iii. I7H. Kroiii that tiiim for 14 ycai'H liu wum a tiailcrat llonoUilii, in iii!^' n iiii'iiilirr of till! lii'iii r. & lii't'Wcr, .Some uf iiiH iirij^iiwii Irttcts ami much if the lii'in 8 I'oi'i't'Hp. ari! in my lio.sHi!H!l resuming his Imsiness at ISoston, which was i.e.irly ruined hy the war of '01 5. Most of his remaining wialth was lost in a Miss, cnttoii p'.'nn- tatioii in '(i(i 7; and in 'll'.l reirce was made U. S. minister at th<- llawai'aii Is!., making' the trip l.y rail to S. F. Ho held this po.siiiun till '77, and after It hrief term aM llavvaiian iiiinistcr of forei<{n ailairs lu! came in '7iS to S. I-'., where he has since resided clown to 'N.">, lieing in a sense tho oldest liviii;^ ]iioMecr. I'osides the journal nientioneil, 1 have several MS. loiitrihutious from Mr I', named in my list of authiuities. Portrait in ('unhmii. JHoij., ii. IHO. His w lie resides in Mass. sim-e '70; he has a son and daiiLfhter; ami is a ),'ieat-i,'r.iiidl'atluT. (Capt. I'eirco died a few days after the aliove was writ- ten, in .luly 'S.'i.) 1*. (Hardy), IS.'JS, brother of lleiiry A., who, iieini; mate on a Hon. vessel, dieil sudd(>nly at Sta H., a;,'(! '2.'(. iv. Il!(, 'JlM. I*. (.Marcus T.), IS-JS, hiother of Henry A., ami mr of the '.'riffoii. iii. 147. I'. (Win), ISI'J, mate of thi' •S>W///-/ ''4'_'-4; died at .Mont. '4.'». iv. i.VI. l'.lliam(.Matthew), ls;{4,a Oamuit .Mont. iii.4l-_'. I 'ell (K.Ward), 184f»,oiie of the Mormon colony, with wife and 'J dau(.;liteis. v. ')Ht; an elder ami coun- Bcllor, hut excommiinii'ateil oli the voya<;e. He lived with Itoliert liidley in '4(i. V. I(7H; and in '47 he was sherilf ami inspector i.f hiilcs ami tallow, o« n- ini,' a S.l'\ lot. V. 04.S. He still lived to testify in land cases in '(i.'i. His (lau,L;ht.er llettie ('. married .lohii H. lirown in 'Ki, soiin leaving him and he- eomiii;,' apparently Mrs ii. The other •">•'»• I'ena (Antonio), ISlJ'), Span, artilleryman, a;;e. "it) in'^JS; proli. sent to Mex. in ':«). iii. r>\, S.'i. 1*. (Antonio), soldier of S. F. comp. '.'(."•, sergt '.'{(i. alf. '.'{7. iii. 70-2. I'. (Cosnii), ls:{4, Mex. lawyer who came with tiu' H. and 1*. colony with an apiiointinent as Jiscsor; ]iroiiiinoiit in Alvarado's revolt of "{{tl; Biiliseipiently i^ovt set!., and appcjiuted prefect of the southern district in ';{'.•, J>ut not approved in Mex. Ht! left Cal. soon after ';{!». Hio;,'. iii. .'i!t4; imiit. iii. •J(i7, •-•S."), 4I.">, 440, 4.VJ, 4(il, 4(10, 47.'),4S7, .VJ.'t-."., .'iH.V'.l, .".!)4, (i.'liMO, (•.70, ii'.'f, iv. 7"i. irt!iiietrio), IS40, son of .liian l'\'lipe, with whom he came fifdii N. .Mex.; a settler in .Solano Co. '41-70; wife ln^'.s ISerreyrsa, and (i .surviving,' children In '70. 1'. (l!)-74; ment. '7.">-(); killed at the Colorado puel.los 'SI. i. •.:,>(», 30:M, .%:{. v. ((Jerarilo), soldier of the 1st expetl. '01 ; iii. 50, 705, 728; iv. 408, 67'2, t>S2. In '41 ho ia named us u Mex. teacher, age i tli 1'io:.'i:kr nnnisTKR and l\di:x. 04, ill tlu' S. J()S«5 piidron. llis wife « ns (!crtrufi: chedird 111 '(;.'» ut tlii^ lupnlrd ajjc of 107 (really SO). I'. (.Jcmii Ant.), cnldiir of tlio l«l (.spiMl. V.I- 70; (il tlio S. Juiiii Cu|i. miunl '70. i. .'lO.'l I'. (.liisO (itriiiMii), gliiiitt'C of 'I'/iiliaco iniielio, Sciindiiii, '4.'{; IiIh lit-irs wltc claiiiiaiit.'*. iv. <'74. IViiu (Jiiiiii I'Viipe), 1S40. N. Mex. iiiiiiii}'rHiit with wilf umi cliiMn n, who with Viiijii Hctllcd ill Solano Co. '41, and m' us tlu^ t^niiitti' ot tin' I'litali rai . lio ill 4:J, iv. 07-'. ilodiod in '(!:» at Laguiia Val., u««^ 7;i. !'• (l-in**). Kolilifi- of th«! iHt fxputl. '."it)-74; at Sim! luiiclio l80-_». ii. III. I'. (.Manuel), K( Idler of the S.J", ci.iiip. ''2H-'M; nient. in '"JO. iii. Ill; in 'II at S. .lo^(<, ;ige .'iO. wife (iiiaihiliiiH' Me.sa, child. Dolores b, 'l'8, liii's "M, ("aiiiicn '."i'i, Kii- • aiiiaeioii ';i:j, llilaria '."It, l;..sarir> ';i>S, I'aiilino '40. 1'. (iNarti.'«» Ant.), jm'Z nt Sta Claia '4:i. iv. (iS'.i, (i8,">. 1'. (Uioaido), hmdowner at S. .luan Caj). '41. iv. (>•_'(!. I', (lioiiuiahlo), innsician of S.F. eomp. 'Mt. 1'. (Tonuis), 177-', S|)iiiii.sli friar who founded and served long at Sta Clara, retain;,' in ''.>4, hold- iii'.; later the olliee of guardinil at S. Fernando collei,'e, hiuI ilvili!,' in IW)(>. Uio^'. i. 7'A'-:{; iiient. i. IW), MI.VO, V.'7, '.'S'.», •-'JII-'J, --'ii.'), '-".17. .'i*'*-.'!. :!."> I , ;{."•«, 401 :i, 474, 47ti, 4S4, 4'.)(;, Tdl, r>7(i, .•)78, 581, 031, 7-'0; ii. Hi(i. I'l Aa, sue iihu) ' I'ifia.' IViiaiiil, see ' I'aiiund.' I'endleton, 1844, iiir of the Jitiij. Morgnn. P. (Ceo. A.), IS47, lieut Co. D, N.Y.Vol. v. .".01. In Tnoliinine Co. '4!')-r)4; d. in '71 at S. Ilir^o, where ho hail been county clerk for 14 years. I'enliallow (Dav. I'.) IS.'l7, nir of tlio Alfil '.■{7-0. iv. OS, 101; may have visited Cal. earlier as mate or siii)., Hiiice on the roll of the Soc. Cal. I'ion. ''J'J is the date of his arrival. In '47 he writes from lloiiohilii. iViiiiie (A.), !,S4S, passp. from Hon. iVniiy (.Moses II,), 1847, Vau A, N.Y.Vol. (v. 4!tf)); went to S.C. '50. renroise (Ceo. R), ISI7, lieut Co. A, N.V.Vol. V. 50;{, 511; also (juarterinaster; ', Mont, after |.'iO. reo])les (Ceo.), 1847, sailor on the Ohio; later a circus-inUr; d. in Texas '(17. 1'. (.loliii II.), 1848, chief of a party for relief of snowed-iii iuiniig. from Or.; drowned later. I'eotrowski (It. k.). 1844, donbtfiil j, '4:{. ii. 592; iii. '>77, 704; iv. .301; jiiez of contra costa '.'{9, '41. iii. 705; iv. 084; in '43 supl, of the junta, iv. .301. Named in the S. ,)o86 jiailron '41, age 51; wife l!afacla Sanchez, child. Francisco b. '2'2. Miguel '25, Joaquin '"27, Luis M. '31, Jo8(5 de Jesus '.33, Juan '35, Gabriel '.39, Kafiicl '40, Lodriviiia {•>) '29, Maria Ant. '37. He was claimant for a part of .S. Antonio in '53. P. (Jose:), at S..Job6 '17. ii. 425; at S.Mateo '35; of S.F. militia '37; niur iii ulmrj^t; ti()ii to a if., l)iit laiUii toM'.im- it. ii. ;r., IM, i;CJ, ]'M, ISH, :<70, ;h4,(iU4. Jliswifo M'liH Maria Ldrcto Alvisu, uiul tint Mrth of a huii l^nucin i^ rucortlcd in 1 71' I. in liS'JO lit' olituincil Ik grunt of tlu< S. Antoniu ruiicliu, incluilinf^ tiic sit> .s of tlic lutiT Ouklunil iiiiil Alaiiii'ila, uliich muh oecu|)it'it l>y iiix hons pirliapM Ix'lnrt! ''2.'>, till- raiielio Itiiililin^s — thu tiiHt ui't'ctcd in Aluin<'- hion S. Jd.sO — Ix'iiig lit iS. Antonio, luttr known us iSrooklyn an, •'•U'l. mH, 7I'>'. i'crulta ri'taiiUMl hi.>i pohition ax coniisionailo tiil lty'2'2, and liis iilaci; on tliu conip, rolls as uctivu M'lgt ti> ''Jli, and us invaliiio to '41; nifunwliilc continuing to livo at S. Josi- und si-rving us idi'itor, tit as- uri'i', and jn'rliaiis jufZ in ",H>-',i. ii. (KMI; iii. .")(), 7-!*. In '41 lit- appears on the padron as h7 years old, his daughters .lusefa and (iuadulupe — aged 4ti and _:{ — living with hi;n. Other daughters were Teodora — grantee of Hnaeoelia, Marin '4ti, v. (i7() — and 'I'rinidud. In '42 he divided his S. Antoniu runeh" he- twecii his sons Antonio M., Ignacio, \'ieente, ami Uoniingo, und died in ''>\ at the age of i)7. The great value of the lands granted to Teraltn, the eluini that liis daughters were (entitled to u share of the property, the alleged insanity of Don Luis at the time of making his will, and various rasealities pruetised liy the land-sharks in later years on some of tlui heirs, gave ri^e to eomplleatid litigation whieli ean liurdly he regarded as at an end in '.S.'t. 1', (.Nligml), militiaman ut S. F. ';17. 1'. (Nicolas N.), at .Sta Ana runcho, Los Aug. ';!'.•, age .'{S. 'I'he Santiago tie Sta Ana raneho had been granted to a I'eralta with ^orlia in |S0!>. ii. IJ-J, 17'-'. I'. (I'edro), soldier of the S. F. cunip. Mb.'i, man led a daugliler of Lieut (irijalva. ii. 104; eorp. of the eseolta at Sta C'ri;/ 171I7- ISOO; inviil. eorjt. on the eomp. rolls IHID-.'f.'. I'. (Selmstiaii), soldiir ot tiie S.F. eonii'. 'IK-'-'"-*; in 'Xi i-egidor at S. Jo.«i'', making an exped. against the liid. iii. XM, ."IMt, .■l!!4, 7-'-'; in '10 grantee of liineonatia de lus (latos und inaj. at Sta Clara, iii. 7I-, 7->S; in '41 a widower, age 4,S; in '40 (|Uarrel with Fremont, v. 8, !). l*. (Vicente), sen of Luis, whost- home was at Teme.-ial on the subdivision of his father's liiiiclio; sergt of militia at S.F. ';i7; in 'i I age •_'!), wife Fnearnaeion (jlaliiido, child (Guadalupe. In '40 he was one of the bears' pri.soneis ut Sutter's Fort. v. I'J4. li'S, •_'!(«. I'ercival (John), IS4.") C). com. of the U.S. < 'oiistitiil'wii. iv. ri04. I'er.lu (Joseph L. ). KSIO, one of tl.e Ciiino prisoners wounded, v. Hi:{-I4; at Mont. '47; Cal. claim SL-'O.") (v. 40_'). I'ereira (Joa<|uin), 1S"J(J, rortiiguese age I'O. on {Ul' Jii mi A mjnxi ins siuwuliii at Sta H. iii. I7(i; a vatpiero in ''M and '40, when he ligured as the revealer of a ]iolitical plot. iii. (i(tO. I'erez (( ornelio), son of Jose Maria, h. at StA Cru/ '1 1 ; juez di! campo '4'.'. iv. OO.'l, and perhaps in ',V.\; in '4.'> on the Itruneit'orto padron, wife Itosai io I'into, child. Jose lianioii h. ';{7, Celedonia '.'{'J, Mari;i "41, Juan de Dios 'I'.', Benigna '43. In '77, still at Sta t'ruz, he dictated for me a hricf Miiiioiin chielly relating to Ind. troubles in ear!y times. 1'. (Cruz), Me-\. convict re- leaseil in "M. V. (|)omingo), at the rancl;o nacional, Salina.s, ';>(!, age •J7, vile Ferinina Kspinosa; claimant for Los (iatos '.">-*. I'. (Kulalia), nat. <'f Ijorcto. long a resid. of S. (lahriel, and famous for her repiitid great age — 140 years— at the time of her death in "iS. 'I'he evithnce nspt cting hii- age i.s too tjoinplicuted for jiresentment in detail here; hut .'!0 years at Ir.^st of tin; reputed 140 rest on the incorrect a.-sumptiim that she came with the \>t ex]icd. in I7(i'.>. She really came with In r liushand, Antonio (iuilleii. a sold'ir of the S. Diego eonip., about ISOO, (Juillen's name lir>t appearing in \>-(t'.i. If, as she states, she was married at 1."), i:nd her oldest ciiild, I't tra. «as 1 1 \i-, \a ohi on arrival at S. Diego, she was K'ss th;!n .'SO years old in IWlO. In tin' Lo- reto archives, which exist only in fra;_'meiits, I have found no record of her birth; but her brother Mariano, son of I)ieg(>aiid Ifosali'a — whom she nanus as her parents— was ba)iti/ed in 17'W and buried in 1777. The S. Dii'go mis- sion records show the birth of two daugliteis and the burial of a son in IMO- I'J. There is some cin'umstantial conliriiiation of my supposition that her age was less than 30 <:; iSOO, and therefore less than 108 at lier death, und there 774 PIOXEER REOISTL'U AND INDEX. aro numerous inconHinti-ncics in tlie e\ lilenco ndiliicod in «u|>port of Iicr great a;,'t;; 104 i»i a iiioio accuriitu lijjuro tliuii HO fi)r luT iigo in "is. Ihnx.i, Kulai.n wii.i well iiiioM n as n niii'Hu iuhI niiilwifu at S. (iubiitl; liud ii ticcnnit liUNiiiiini, Juan MariuL-, fur ii tow yearn from ",\2; und in tlic later yt'urH «■a.^ an oSji'd of LTcat intori.'st to viNitors on account of Ikt ago. Mcntioncil ii. IK, U.'iiJ, ,")i;jl; lii, 143, -01>. I met licr in '74, ami in '77 «lii> 'lictato'l a narrative of noniu ;{0 prices, [/nil I'irjfi I) Sim Iternirilw, full of interesting items. Two of tlio old vvonum'H (laughters lived with lur at S. (Jabriel in 77, one of tin in liosario, Ii. 'If, tliu wife iif Michael White, a pioneer «>f ''2fd. Her sou, I.siilor, IV17. One of tliu vigilantes, ami taking,' part in thu sectional trouhlea '.'10-7. iii. 4;{J, 405; 'id ulcahlc '38. iii, ()3U; grantee of S. I'ascual '40. iii. C;M; mentioned in '4.">. iv. G04. 1*. (Jacinto), at S. Hern. '4(i, a.;o '1\. 1*. (.los(5 IJern. de Jesus), l8.'tH, Mex. fri" of the Zacatecanos, who served at Sta (Jlara and as sec to I'refeet Uarcia l>iegi>, disai)peariiig from tho C d. records after '3"i; but in '4'J f'Uardiau of tho college at Aiu'atecas. iii. 319, 3.">(); iv. ^'i'2. W (Jos(3C.), sliouM bo Juaii C. iii. U4j. 1'. (Jos<5 Maria), Mcx. settler 1708. i. (iOO; in '-4 at Branciforte. ii. G'27; in 'l'8, wife Marga- rit.i Uodrigue/, child. Cornelio, Juan, Anita, Uafacia, Hamona, Simon, iind Jhilino. V. ().'7. P. (Jo86 Maria), in revolt at Sta B. '2D. iii. 78. 1'. (Jo8(5 Il.ria), 1842, cornet in the batallon lijo '4.'-."). iv. 28i). I". (Jnan), 17(i!», coin, of tho ,s'. Aiiloiiio in the lat e.\ped, to (Jal. '(!!)-71; in '74-5 com. of the Saidiaijo. i. 110, P.M. 12(5-7, IJi»-3(), 13(i. 1(17-9, 172, 178. 2()8, 2iy, 224, 241, 214. I'. (Juan), sou of Jos(5 M., b. '13; a soldier of tho S.F. conip. '31-4; at Uianeiforto '4.1. wife Maria Ant. Armas, child. Jo8i5 Ant. b. "M, Louisa '37, At)ccnHion'41, Felicidad '44. In '77, »lillat .StaCruz, he dictated for mo his A'e- r:irnl'i.i. V. (.luunCrispin), part owner of the StalJertrndis rancho, Los An-;., '■J I 30, and nu.x. alcalde thero '31-(i. ii. .■)(».">, 0.35; in '35 grantee of I'aso «lo Buloio. iii. 033; in '41-5 maj. S. (iabriel. iv. 030-7; in '4i» at Los Aug.; ago 4',) in '.3'J. P. (Manuel Ant.), at S. (Jabriel ';!<), age 42. I'. (.Marcos).'at Loa Auij. '40. r. (I'cdro), settler at S.R 1777. i. 21)7: at Los An','. 1S(J5. ii. i'!,.'; another I'edro, prob. Bon of tho 1st, was at Los Aug. '3!>, ago !2; also in '4 '•. I'eiez del Canipo (Jo.sc*'), 182."i. Mex. alferez. iii. 15. 1'. i'.-rnandez (Joac), 17!)2, alferezof the S.F. comp. 1702-7, being also liabilitado aud acting c:):n. '04-0. i. 080, 471, 020. 042-3, 705. l'erk;iy (J. ]).), 1815, Amer. saildler from Or. in tho McMahon pirty. iv. 572, 587. He entered iSutter's service and is often nanie. K. N.Y.V'ol. v. 504; in '48 a lawyer at S.F., and president of the guards; in "4!) justice of tho peace and editor cf tho I'laccr Times; in N.Y. '70-80; Baltimore '83. Pcrrin (Chas), 1847, Co. D, Morin. Bat. (v. 400). P. (James), 1847, Co. I, N.Y.Vol. (v. 400). Pcrrot (Baptiste), 184G, teamster with Kearny from N. Mex. v. 337. Perry, 1844, mr of the Eit-6; also Mrs P. V. 511. P. (Alex.), 1847, surgeon >'.Y.Vol. v. 50,3, 511, 513; owner of S.F. lots '48; in N.Y. city '74 82. P. (( vrneli is), 1845, doubtful name in the Micheltorena campaign, iv. 405. P. ( lijah), 1840, one of the Gra- 1 am exiles, not known to have returned, iv. 18. P. (John), 1838, Aiucr. from Kealejo, Nic, where he had a famih, o une on the rcaniaiKjhl and lived a year or two with Spear at S. F. iii.700: <\. Il9. Ace. to \Vm H. Davis, Perry became a Mcx. citizen aud cot a grant of the lot where Spear built his store f;!r tho purpose of deeding it to S., going away with the intention of return- in ,' with his family, but dying at llcalejo in '40; still thero was a John P. at Mont, in '44 awaitinga passage to Hon. P. (L.W.), 1848, kept a palritshop at S. F. V. 084. P. (Moses W.), 1847, Co. A, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); at Loj Aug. PERUY-PIIELPg. 778 •71-fl; at Tucson, Ariz. '«'-'. P. (O. II.). 1841, limt in U.S. ox. ex. Iv. '.Ml. P. (I'utL'i), 1844, lluwuiiiui in LurUin'H m^rviru at Mont. 1'. (Uni), IH4H, i>uMi.), 1847, Cu. U, ditto. i'uaingur (•!. II.), 1847, on tiiu llvnnj at S.F. from Or. Pet, ls;n, in till) WilJamt'tto cottlo exrcd. iv. 85. Petcli (Uobort), 1840, onu of tliu Mormon c Utaii; wifi- died lioloro '84. Putcra (.John), 1H47, litigant at S. Uie)(o. 1'. (Xoali), 184 J, at .Mont, and N. Helv. ; in '4«-7 Btrved in Co.G, t'ul. liiU. v. 578, r.87 (;J.)8). PuterHon (Freil.), 1847, Co. (J, N. Y. Vol. (V. 400). I'. (I'ett-r), 184:», mr of tiiu Adniitlamv '4K-."). iv. .'iO'i. Ho WU8 a Duno wlio liad purlmpa visited tlto eoast earlier U8 innto witit ('!i[it. Ar- tlier. Ca|it. P. iit Htill living at Boston in 'Sr> at tlie aije uf 80; und liii ori{jinul yvii/r// of '4.'l-r> liuM lieen Hliovvn nio l)y Win II. Tlionu's, iii.i Hon-in-law, wlio was a H;iiior-l)ov on tiio AdmiUuiici'. I'. (I'oter), 1847, perlia|iH of ('o. C, N. V. Vol. (v. ■my, atH.P. '7-4; not in Clark'a tinal list. P. (Win H.), 18t«, said to have conio with Kearny from N. Mex. ; owner of .S. l". lut '47. v. ;j;i7, 070. Ictisoii ((jieo.), 1810, at S. Lenndro. LMud'dlo J)oc.; puriiaiis ' Patter- 8.11.' I'ctitt (lluljcr), 1840, Cal. elaim of §:i.") (v. 4IJ-J); Ijouglit lind of Va- Ikjo '47. V. 45.J. Petit-Thouars (Aliel du), Ih;{7. com. of the Freni;ii corvette Vi'iiiin, and author of a Voiiivie containing much important matter on Cul. iv. 147-r>0; also i. AWl; iii. r).",;-), 080, 0<.»t); iv. 100. Petrof, 1808, mr of tlio Katlidk. ii. 80. I'etrowski (K. K.), 1844, doubtful name and date. iv. 4'i3; a Polo who was a miner und farmer in Cal., dying in Fiuneo '8.'J. It'ettegrew (David), I8I7, Co. K, Morin. liut., who nerved also a-s a preacher and spirit- uiil director; ut Halt I^aku City '•")."). v. 47'), 477, 488, 490, 404. P. (.lames P.), 1847, Co. U, ditto. I'ettcr (Thou), I8;{3, at S. Jos(5; see also 'Pepper.' Pcttet (Wm), 1847, painter and owner of many lots in S.F. '47-8; also sec. of tho council and 8ome«.!iat active in town imlitics. v. 539, (548, 050, 078, 080, 084. Peyri (Antohio), 1700, Span, friur wlio seiveil at 8. Luis Ob. ond at S. Luis llcy, of which lie was the foiindin-, from '98 until his departure in '32; in .Spain '.30. Pioj,'. iii. 021-2; meiit. i. 504,577,587. 0.")7, 089; ii. 108-9, l.">9, 340-7, 394, 45.3, 518, 553, 055; iii. 87, 91, 90, 102, 183, 210, 2.33, 317, 304; iv. 151. PfeifTer (Max \\".), 1847, Co. O. N.Y.Vol. (v. 499). Pfiiistcr (Adolph), 1847, Co. K and Cr, ditto; settled at S. .Jos6, wliero ho was mayor in '75, and still lived in '82; a (ierman h. '21. Pfi.ster (Ed. H. von), 1847, nir of the Com. Shuhrick from Hon. in April, and in Aug. bringing on the Providence from the Islands a stock of goods with which he opened a store at Benicia in Sept. or Oct. v. 072-3. In '48 he went to the mines and ki'pt a store in comp. witii Branu.an, and later Vaughan; but returned to Benicin in '49 to keep a hotel, and still lived there in '80 and later. P. (John It. von), 1847, brother of Ed. H., who prob. came with him from Hon.; agent for tho Cal. titur in March '48, and murdered by Peter llaymond at Sutter's mill in Oct. Phalen (Win), 1817, Co. F, 3d U.S. artill. (v. 518). Piiclps (Alva), 1847, of tho Morm. Bat. v. 481; died on tho way to Cal. P. (Ijcthuel), 1848, at Mont., Benicia, and S. F. "48-55, having business rel.ations witli Larkin; claimant for Pt Reyes rancho. iii. 712. P. (Geo. II.), 1840, tanner .it Sonoma; with Smith at Bodega '47-9. P. (Wm D.), 1840, nat of Mass., and nir of the Alert '40-2, making an exploration of the Sac. River in boats, and engaging in the Com. Jones war by spiking the guns of tho S. Diego fort. iv. 30, 95, 101, 135-0, 1.39, 150, 320, .502, 018-19, 005. In '40 ho came kick as mr of tiie Moscow, reinainiiJ^ r>r. tui coast till '49 as mr and sup. of diilcrent vessels, being com. for a time of the prize schr Malek Adkel, atfordin;; aid in divers ways to the Bears and later to tho U. .S. oflioers. v. 15, 177-8, 190, 280-2, 407, 579. For one item of his f.rvices to Fn';moiit ho had a Cal. claim of §10,000, which was paid after a, slight reduction of $9,950. Capt. P. had exceptional facilities for gaining a knowledge of curre.it events in '40-8, and his published Fore and Aj'l, besides being a most interesting and oft-quutcd 776 PIONEER Kf:GISTER AND INDEX. nnrrati''e of personal experiences, ucnt.iins inu(.l. useful iiifurni.itioii iiliout (J.il. ; yet it must be noted that tlieeai)tain, uith all liis honesty "ini /' al, wua not on all points an accurate witness. 1 have many of his oiiuinal littei-s of '4I-'Jan(l '4li-S, with some of later date from Le.\ini,'ton, Mii-s.. where lie still lived in '72. Philip (John V. N.), 1840, act. lieut on th<" ( ,'/'""■; li*^«t Co. D, (Stockton's Naval Bat. '40-7. v, IJSO. Pliilips (A. 1'..), IM*^, owner of S. F. lot. P. (I^avid), 1S."4, Engl, cooper at S. Diego ';Ui Inmi Sonora with a Mex. wife, age 44. iii. 412. P. (James), 1S47, Co. C, N.V.Vol. (v. 490). P. (Joel), 1844, Amer. n.itiiralizcd in Nov.; 'Joel IVlipe' iM)SNiljly only the baptismal name. P. (John), 1840, one of tlie Moni.on colony, v. .OlO; owner of S. K. lots '40-7. v. 078; living in Utah '84. I', (.luhu 15.1, 1847, Co. D, N.V.Vol. (v. 4!)!)); at S. P. '71-82. P. (.losepli). 1^40, gunner on the U. .S. Dale. P. (\Vm D.i, 1847, owner of S. F. h.t; yr^h. ' I'licliis.' Piatt (Oliver K.), 1840, Co. C, 1st U. S. dragoons (v. .Till). Ticiietto (Louis), I80O (?), Canadian trajnier well known in Or. and l!.' '., wiio, ace. to notices of his death in '70, made a trip to Cal. from Or. in '20, whicii is doubt- less an error, tliough he may have come 8 or ten years later. Pickens, 1811, nn- of the Coiuoij. iii. .382. I'ijkcriiig (Clias), 1841, nat- uralist of U. S. ex. ex. iv. 241-;?; owner of a S. F. lot '4S, perhaps another mun. Pickernell (Joim), 18;;7, named iu Larkin'a accoiMit.s. I'ickitt, 181.'), nir of the I'orrcsU.r. ii. 274. P. (Chas E.), 1S40, Amei'. lawyer w ho luul lived several years in Or. and came to Cal. by land in .linie. In '47 lie prac- tised law at 8. F., also living at Sonoma and visiting llDiiohihi; and in '18 kept a store at Sutter's Fort, being tried, and accpiittcd by a jury on the 2d trial, for killing l\. Alderman in a quarrel aliout an iiuidsuie at the fort. From the first he was an eccrentric character, of marktil aliility but unbal- anced mind, always ready to make sacrifices for a friend or abuse an enemy, never tiring of airing jiis opinions and whims and (piarrels in tiienewspajiers; best known as Plnlisoplier Pickett, and the autlior of jianiphlcts on all Borts of subjects. He died in Cal. about '80. iv. .i;)."i: v. 12,'). ."«20, (i-l."), 040, 0.')4, 981. Pickman, 1841. doubtful name of the Workman party of imuiig. iv. '278. Pickup (Geo.) 1847, Co. C, Morin. P.at. (v. 400). Pico (Andres), son of Jose Maria, \>, at S. Diego in '10. His 1st apj)earance in the i)ublic records is m "30-8, when be was in charge of tlie .lamiil rancho, elector, and receptor of customs, iii. 440, 48,'), 000, Oil, Ol.T; iv. 98. At the same period lie took an active jiart on behalf of tlie south in tiic aectional po- litical strife against the Monterey govt, being half a dozen times a prisoner in that play at warfare ami diiiloiiiacy. iii. 488, 408, TilS-O, (Ai\, MO, G.'w, 500, r)78, .")S0, 024. In ';i0-42, ranking as alferez of tlie .S. Diego comp., he .served as elector, was for a time in charge of S. Luis Key, and obtained lands at Sta ^largarita, .S. Juan Cap., and Tenu'ctila. iii. oOl, iiOO, 012, ON, 021, 024, 020- 7. (ilJO. He was sent to ^lex. in '44 by Cov. ^liL•heltol■ell!^, to obtain funds, iv. 401-2, .*)Oli; and after his return devoted liiiu.self, as licut «)f the eonip. and capt. of defensor^;, to the organization of the militia at Los Aug. iv. 407, 471, 47'i-0, 491-2, 010. In '4.') he was obliged to join the revolutionists and was in mil. com. for a time at Mont, and at Los Aug. iv. 402-,'J, .'il.'), .')2.1, 051-*2; being subse(juently commissioner to make inventories of mission prop- erty, and becoming lessee of .'<. Fernando an.k'ss, coarHC- j;i;iiiied, jovial, kind-liearted, popular man; ahler in several respects than his brother Don Pio, hut not overhurdencd witii principle, lie was never mar- ried. I have a valuahle col. of original Paptles de Misioii from his private achives. I'ico (Antonio Marfa), son of Josd Dolores, h. at Mont, in 1S08. In 'o3 n;aj. at S. Jose; alcalde in '3,"). iii. 729-30; lieut. of militia '.'ST-iS, involved in a conspiracy, iii. 013-14, 573, 732; in '3!) suplentc of tlio junta and grantee of Valle dc 8. JoHt'5 ranelio. iii. oOO, 713, 731; 'Jd juez, com. of an Ind. exped., and grantee of I'e.scadero in '43. iv. 3G2, 073, Of>."); in '44-') juez and alcalde, capt. of defensores taliing part in tlie revolt again.st Michel- torena, and a su[)lento of the a.s.seuibly. iv. 407, 4G9, 48(5, 540, 085-G. Ilo was purchaser of the S. llafael mission estate in '4G. v. 501, 070; and was in some truuhlo through favoring the cause of the U.S.; '2d alcalde in '47, and prefect '49-50, having been a member of the constit. convention. In '01 he was a republican clectoi-, and was appointed by I're.s. Lincoln register of the U.S. land-oliice at Los Aug., resigning in '02. His tleatli occurred in '09. Ho seems to have been a man of limited abilities and excellent character. His wife was I'ilar IJcrnal, who survived him with 3 sons and 3 ilaughters, I'etra Mrs (lelesch, Marcalina Mrs Campbell, and Viccnta Mrs (Jastro; or at least, these were tiie signers of tlie funeral invifaitions in '09. Three volumes of Docninejiloa para la Ilixtori'i de California from the private arcliives of Don An,.()nio Maria were added by liis family to my collection. P. (Fernando), rancheri) at Sta 13. '45. P. (Francisco), concerned in the re- volt of '45. iv. 4.S7; grantee of Calaveras in '40. v. C05; Cal. claiui of §.' 9."(0 (v. 4(i2). P. (Francisco Javier), brother of Jose Maria; soldier of Sta C. conip. 17iS0-18O0, retiring as nvalido; one of tlie grantees of Simi 1795- lti2l. i. 003; ii. 5(i0. P. (JosO), mestizo soldier at Sta IJ. 17S5, age 21. V. (.lose Ant. Bernardino), son of Jos6 Maria, b. at S. IJiego 1794. About '15 ho enlisteil in llie S. Diego eomp. ; is nient. as clerk in '17. ii. 425. ser'^'t of tiie eouip. from '2S. ii. 543; iii. 105; ehaiged with conspiracy '34. iii. 257-.S; promoted to aifcrez '34, and comisionado to secularize S. Juan Cap. in '34-0. iii. OOS, 020-7. In '30 8 lie was transferred to the Mont, conip. ; promoted to licut in '3S; and in '39 transferred to the S. I'', coinji. at Sonoma, iii. 549, 584, OOS, 071, 007-8. He left tiie mil. service in '43, being tlie grantee of Agua Calieiite, S. Diego, in '40, of S. Luis Key "40, and also one of the purchasers of S. Josii Mission, v. 501, Gil, 02'J-I. Notliing is heard of iiim in the trouiiles of '45-8, but he c((ntinued to live in the south, dying at S. Diego in '71. He is described as a lively old man, full of jokes, nicknamed Pioito on account of ids diminutive size; and riiliculed to some extent by Wilkes in his n.'.rr. of '41. I know notliing of his family, except that ho got permission in '28 to marry Soledad Ibarra. Pi7, 401, 491, Ml -'2, 524, 507, ru-2, C8; iv. 9(5; ndiiiin. of S. Antonio ';{8-41; jjrunteo of ricdiii JJlancu, S. Luis Oh. '40; udiiiiii. oi S. Mi- piH'l MI-II. iii. (i7S, (iSW; iv. '2')'2, (ill;), lie tool; jiart in tlic niovcnicnt of 44-5 against Miclieltorcna. iv. 458-9, 4S7, (158, (li . In '4(i, ninkint; as capt. of tlefen.sores, and bt-ing juczili; pa/ at .S. Luis t)l)., lie was parolccl witli otiier oliiciM's, liiit l)rok(! his jiaroKrand supported rioroa in tiio Natividiidi;ani|)aii,'ii. 111! was aucordini^ly atTcstcd i)y Fivuioiit in Dih;. and condcniniMl to ilcath, hut ))ai'doni;d at tiio inturci'saion of liis wife and (jhildrcn. Jle hccanie a moat dc'iitod fiiond of Fn'^niont, aiding him in hiini'ing ai>out tii(! treaty of Ca- huenga, and accoiriiiaiiying him on liis famous vulc of '47. v. 'JS'_', .'{Jl, ;{(i'J-H, .'!74-ri, 40.3, 44.'{, (i,'>8-9. In '48-9 Don .lesus made some suecessful tours in the mines, and later lived on his S. Luis Oh. laneho willi his family, lieingeounty assessor and assemlilyman in '5'J-Il. In '78 he dietiited liis recollectioMs for my u.se. eites with bri^vet raid; of altV'rez — in '18, and dying at S. ( lahriel, where he had long been in com. of tlie eseolta in '19. His wife, mai ried in 1789, was Maria Knstaquia Lopez, nat. of Sonora. His 'A sons, Andres, .losis Ant., and I'io, are nameil in this re'^isler; ;;nd there were 7 dauglitt'i's, of whom Coneepeion married Domingo t'arrillo, Iwtel'ana and .laeinta married .lose Ant. Carril Isid( as the wife of .lolm I'oister, Tomasa of an Al- varail'), am 1 a sixth was l''el ieiana. P. (Mamnd), one of the grantees of .Sinn' '4"J, iirob. son of .lavier, .Mi^iud, or Tatriein; encirgadoat Sta Isabel "l.'l. iv. (i'20. (ill). 1'. (.Miguel), brotherof .lose .M.iria, soldier of the Sta 15. cemp. ; grantee of Simf raiieho 1795, 18"_'l. i. (1(1."!; ii. 5(1(1; in '.'12 an inviilido, wife Caailda Sinolia, ehild. Marf.i Ignaeia. I'etra, Ajiolonia, .luan do Mata, jiiid M; widow died in 'GD at the .f 74, 1. '' 15 ehildreii, 1 \(i grandehildren, and 97 gre.'it-grandehildren — 1 1(1 males, 111* ft males. P. (I'atrieio); brother of .los.' Maria, one of the grantees of Simi 1795, l;v_M,"4'2. i. (Hi:!; ii. .'{54, 6, (!:17; iv. 19:i. In '41 h tl le g raiiiee ol f Sta Margarita and Laa l''hires, iv. (121, (128; in '42 supiios"a to be plotting in favor of England, iv. '282; in '44-5 again member of tlie junta, and capl, of defensores, appointed comandante do escuadron. iv. .'iiU, 40;i, 407, 410-11, 425, 47r>. Oil the dowufall of Miuheltorcna in '45, having taken some part PICO-PIERCE. 779 in thfi campaign, Don Pio, as president t)f tlio jtinta, T)coaiiio tomporary gov. f . oiu F«l ). -J'-'ti. iv. 401, M2-:\, 4'.K,-<), r.0;{-7, noO, r)-J l , r<:H). II is < .tlicc wan con- iii'inrd in Mcx., .i.n(l Apr. 18, '4G, he tooli tliudiitii nsconstitiuioiinl ^(iv. Vnr Ills rule of 'irj-fi, general acta nml eontroversy uitli (jltii, Castro, me iv. ."il 1 -4."i; V. ;(0-."'<; on inissicin ati'uirs, iv. ')4t>-G'2; v. r>.">8-(;i; Fri'iiKUit allair ami liear revolt, v.."), l,S8-44; , havin;; heeii ciainiaiit for other ranchos, iii. (ill, i't'Xi, and hiding still a man of some wealth, lie married Maria Ijjnacia .Alvarado in ';J4, Imt 1 iind no reeor.l of cliildrcn. I'io I'ico is a man who has heen abused far beyond his deserts; a man of onlinary intijli- gence and limited education; of generous, jovial disposition; rickless and in- dolent; with a weaiiuess for cards and women; disposed to bo fair and honor- able in his transactions, hut without H\i(licicnt .strength of )irincipl(! to keep always clear of doubtful complications or avoid being niadi; th<' tool of knaves; jiatiiotic withiuit the ability to accom[)lish much for liis country. In his con- troversy of '4.'»-'J with Oastro his conduct was foolish in thi^ I'xtrcnie; in other respects down to 184S his reconl is better ratlier than worse than might bo e?;pected of a coninioniilace man in so pronrinent a ])/o;7"<« f/i' ('(I'ifornid, which iu interest and accuracy compares favoraliiy w itii olher pioneer statements; and at the same time gave me two volumes > J>i)i\ Wist, i'til., including several important papers. Anti l'ic(. (Hafael), at Simi rancho'-J!)-;{|. ii. r.liti; iii. «;;?.".. 1'. (Ibiinon), il !)f irfa, b. in ''•11; in '(!:!-(» capt. of Co. ,\, 1st battalion of native; Cal. cavalry, sta'.ic'Ued for ii time in .Arizona. lit; added to my eollei'tion .'1 vol.s of />0('. Hist. Cft/., containing many original ]iapera belonging to his father, and others relating to tlm ea|)tain's own military career. .M.'jor .bise Uamoii Ml ii still a resident of S. V. in '8,'>. 1'. (Salomon), son of .Jose'- I ) oiorc s, i iiiii'ilcrcr in the region of S. Luis Oli. and Sta \\. About '."i7 he went to Ij. '^'al., where in '(if) he was put to death by ordel' of the sii I'fe i: itico :.irza. r. (Santiago), a, settler at Los Aie,'. I7!>(). i. 4(11; at Simi JS('.*. ii. 111. He seems to have 1 )een a soli m i! 80 It is jnst possibli! that he was the lather lier of the S. F. anil S. |)ie^'i) emnp ,f.l( Mi .1 |),d< d ni delinite recoid that that Santiago ever came to Cal. l*. it Sta 15. befi ore ';J7 ife l\slel.ina (iareia. 4 eliildreii I'ieras (Miguel), 177i, Span, friaj-, fi if S. A ntonio, where lie servei till his departure from (,'al. in 1704. liioL'. i. (!SS !); ment. i. 17.'', ITii, lsS-!t, r,)(», 'J,")."), •J7!». '-'f)S, .3S8, 4(1!), .'■.7fi. T'icH'e (Charles), |,vl7, < 'o. 15, N. V. \'ol. (v. 4!)!)); d. before '8'J. P., I7!).">, Fngl. Noi.tka eomiiiissioiier at Nbuit. i. 1-7. 1*. (Harrison M.), IS4:{ (?), .setti er 111 ana, wlio lamlt Or. fr lialer in '4'2 ace. to Menefee d L meey. i>lo" lell thinks he was in ( '.al. '41-L'. In '(i8 h(! testified that he worked f.)r l»r I'.ale in '«.'> 8; the lir^t deli itii record is his signature to the S, Josi^ call to foreigners in M, 'bV 1 1 1/ nainec 1 as an Atner. bachelor at N. Ilidv.; in .'48 built the lirst striKtiire in Napa City, used as a sal(K)n, ami still standing in '81. He ilieil in "70. iv. 41)1), :>!)!); V. I-J8, (170. P. (Stephen ID, 181(1, of the Morn, on eol ,ny, who prob. dill not come to Cal. v. 547. 1'. (Win), bS4(j, Co. C, 1st U. .S. dra- 780 PIONEER REGISTEl AND INDEX. goons (v. 33G). Piurcy (Sam. G.). 1847, IriHlunaii of C. I .'M U. S. artill. (v. .">IS); oiiu of tlio few who did not , Ant. S.F. ■."il, Filiciano at Mont. '32, ]''rancisco ';i3, Luis (r. '3.">. In '37 he \Vi; n'poral in the .S.F. cav. eomp., and from '3;> sergt and acting alfcrcz, .sometimes in com. at Sonoma, and the grantee of Agua Calicnte in '4;>, besides being owner of a S.F. lot in '45. iii. liKi, ■")S3, 702, 71 I, 722; iv. 12. 121, 172-4, GO!), 084. He is iianied by Revere in "40. v. 2',i7; but Boon went to Mcx., where he is said to have been killed at the battle of ( 'eiro (lordo. P. (MaximoK teacher at Los Aug. '17-18. ii. 3.")3. P. (Pedro), Mix. soldier in tiie Hidalgo piqnete at Mont. '.'tO, age 28. I'inard (.1. 15. >, 184S, Canadian farmer at .S. J(i.s(3 '58-70. I'ineda (.loaijuin), Mex. .soldier at Moat., ago 23. P. (Loivn/.o), grantee of Los L'vas, Sta Clara, '42. v. 074. Pinkcrton (.lames), 184(i, Co. C, 1st U. S. dragoons (v. 3.30). riiikiu'y ( Rob- ert F.), 184ii, limit nil the U. S. SurdiiiKth, in com. of S. Jose garrison during the Sanclnz camjiai;;!! of '40-7; also of the L'. S. ex. ex. in '41, but imt in Cal. iv. 2H; v. 378, 001. I'ino (Miguel), 1770, 2d oil", on tlii! Spanish trans- ports '70-3. i. 108, 208. I'into (.\ntoiii(i), snldicr of the .S.F. comp. '10 22. P. (FraiiciM(i\, son of Seraliii, at .S. .)osi5 '41, iv^it 'M, wife riiidenciana Servian ('.), ehdd M.'iri.i Ig- liacia; iii'lii-7 kept under arrest at Mont, liy Maddox for iiuuiths to | r'J- vent his raising a force to join Flores in the south. P. (.fuaipiin), nsidiiit of IJianciforte '30. ii. 027. P. (Juan Mari.i), soldier of the S. F. edinii. 1707-I80J. i. 4;)'.>, .")liO; of tlie S.F. couiji. 'll»-27; in '28 at lliaiicifortc^ v.iili Ilia wife Ap(jloiiia Mesa and 4 child., Claudi,), Clara, Carmen, and Rosuiio, also at 15. ',31) (i, ii. 027: iii. 007. 1'. (JuaiiaF.) married to M. A. Conlew 1770, tile lirst marriai^e at S.F. i. 20(i. P. (Mamiel), at S. Jose '41. age ,"0, wife .Maria .\iiie;'c|uita, child. Paulina b, '23, Maria de la Cru/. '2.~>, Fstov.ia '2s, Miguel '.33. Felipe '30. 1'. (I'ablo), corporal of the S.F. eomp. i. 21)7. 1'. (Uatael), son of S^^ralin, b. at IJrancifoite '18, educated at Mont., and in '30 joining AUaiado's ritvolt was made allerez and soon lieut of volunteers. in \\hicli eapaiity lie served in the soutfl '.37-0, his regular appointn.ent as alien/, of tiie .Mont. eomp. couiiiig from Mex. in '."JO. ii. 58,"i; iii. 101, 401, .Vh), 655, 578, 5^7, 071; iv. 052. In '40 he was one of tin; olliix is \\ ho went to Tepic with the foreign exiles, returning in '41. iv. 13, 23, 23, 28, 3;). Alter serving as an aide to .Mielieltoieua for a year or more lie rci /ned; in '13-4 wn-i i eiisiom-house guard at Mont.; and in '45-0 was receptor of iiis oms at iS. F , refusing to join the movement against Miehelt.n'enn, an 1 gi in ' south with Caslio alter the oeeiipatioii of S.F. by the U.S. iv. 202, 377. 4 I, 103, f)."7. 070; V. 08, 135, 230, (mO. After the fail of Los An", in Aug P .i... re- tuiiiicl north, was paroled, and took no f.irther ]iait in t!ie war. I euo .i:i ; ;i raiiehero in later years; had a ' Cul. claim' of §2,404 (v. 4()2). His wi.' \.ua riNTO— POLLOREXA, 781 Maria, daughter of Juan Amesti, with whom and 4 children he lived in '78 on his rancho near ('orralitos, Sta ("ruz Co., a man of gooil reputation. Jlia Apuiildcioiirs is a valualde MS. narrative dictated for my use at that time; and ho also gave me the original S.F. custom-house records in his possession since '40, a most important col. of Dor. I Hit. (,'«/. 1'. (.Seralln), resident of Bran- ciforto '18, and earlier to '."JO and later; alcalde in '■J'J, ''1~. ii. (i'27. His wife was Tgnacia, daughter of I'edro Amadoi-, and his children Francisco, Itafad, Ascension, Antouia, Dolores, Maria, Iguacia, and (.'lirmen the wife of ,). H. Bonifacio. Pio, one of the grantees of Ulistac, Sta C'lai'a, '4."). iv. 074. Piociie (F. 1>. A.), 1848, Frenchman who came to S.F. from Chile, en;raging in trade and bccurning a millionaii'e, pronnnently connected with many great enterprises of city, state, and coast. The town of I'ioche, Nev., hears his name. IJeconung involved in linancial troubles, he finally comnuttcd suicido in '7-'. Pioneer (Jacob A.), 1847, Co. D, X. V. Vol. (v. 4!)!)). Piixiuinto (Jos(5 Ant.), at Los Aug. '40. Piper (Asabel 1).), 1847, came on the Loo Chon from N.Y., but not of X.Y.Vol. ; owner of S.F. lot; aided O'Farrtl in his survey of the town. In ',V2 he furnished for the Alia his recollections of the city in '47; wont in '71 to S. Amer., where ho was killed by Ind. in '73. J'istrowski, see ' I'etrowski.' I'ituak (Carlos), IS'JS, mr of the (leu. Siirrr. iii. 14"; doubtful name. Pitts (Hcin-y r .), 184 (?), .said by Hall and others to have arrived at Sta (,'lara in '41. I have a lett 'i --urporting to be written by him in April '40, at a quicksilver mine in Cal., lioubtless an error. Swan says that Win 1'., jire- sumably tlie same, landed from an Amer. whaler in '44, and from tiiat ilato he appears on parkin's books, iv. 4'i^. In '40 he \vas eniploycd to carry de- spatclies from Mont, to S. .lose and S.F. v. 'J.'{8, '24ri; his receipt for !?IIO on .Inly 7tli appearing in the Consulate A re/tin a. ii. l(i. In '47-8 he woiked at the ((uicksilver mines; also in the gold-helds '48; in '74 still prospecting for (jnicksilver in Mont. Co., and still living in '84. Pixton (Rolieit), 1847, Co. K, Morni. Lat. (v. 4()!)); iu Sutter's employ '47-8; returni'd to Utah. Place (Wm), \K\;i, Amer. sailor left sick at Sta 15. by a winder, iii. 401); still tiiere in "M, ago .S4; and in '45 pernuited to marry a neo])hyte. i'la- cencia (Luis), com. do [)olicia at Mont. iii. 07">. Placiat (Antoine), IS'.27, nir of the ('omiite. iii. 140. Plaza (Ignacio), 184'.*, Mex. lieut of the batallon lijo. iv. '28!). Plemmonds (David and .)ohn), 1848. came with ('(d Davis. StaClamCo. /list., Gi>0. Pliego (•fr>si.), settler at S. .lose before 1800. i. 710. P. (Ilodrigo), IS'JJ, Mex. alferez of tlie Mont., Sta 1$., and S. Diego cornp. '•2." ;{l ; a bad fellow who left Cal. in ".'i^ with «iov. Victoria. P>iog. iii. 'JIO-I I ; mciit. ii. 57-', (i08; iii. !.■>, 50, &2, 78-;t. 84, ISO, lOl-'J, lit."), •205. 008, O.W, 071. Plino (Louis), 18IU!. Frencli servant of Abregoat Mont., age 38. Phnnincr (Henry), IS.S.l, Fngl. cooper who landed from a whaler and became an otter- hunter i:i the Sta l>. legion, iii. 413; named in a list of '30 as 38 years old and single; joined Nidever in many hunting trips down to '70. P. (Win), 1847, Co. K, N.V.Vol. (v. 4(t!l). Plucois (Pedro), doubtful name in a Sta H. list of "41. Plmdvctt (.lames), 1847, Co. K, N.V.Vol. (v. 499). Poahlcoin (.John), 1841. (loid)tfid name of a deserter from the Jiinu Joi<<', who worked as a c:ir|)entcr for Stearns at Los Ang. Poenicar (.lose), 1800, tloubtful name, nw of the lldaox. ii. .T.). Poett (J. Henry), 1848, ]ihysiciaa atS.F. ; possibly earlier. Poinsett, 1845, perhaps one of Fremont's party. iv. .")83. Polanco (Josc'), grantee of Conejo, Sta Ji. , soon after 1800; at Los Ang. 1804, '10; a P. owned S. .lost'- de I'uenos Aires '40; aiul an In(5s (?) 1'. was sent a prisoner to Mex. in ';!0. ii. 1 1'_», 172, 18,5, 34!), 3.?4, 500, 004; iii. 85, 034. Policy (.lames If.), 1840, boatswain on the Ikde '40-7; went East '48 on the < 'niifiri-i"; returned on the l"nir('tiiie.i, deserting for the nnnes '50; again in the navy '01 00, when he died. Lnvcry. Pollock (dames), 1847, Co. I'". 3d U.S. artill. (v. 518); a Scotch weaver supposed by Kooser to have died be- fore '04. P. (James), 1840, settler in '50 with his family on the Cosumnea, MJiere he died '70 and wife in '80. .S'rtc Co. Hint.; possi lily same as ))reccd- ing. P. (Lewis). 1840, one of the (iraham exiles not known to have returnetl. iv, 18. Pollorcna, Uicnt. at Los Ang. '47. v. 3t)0. P. (Juan), at Los Ang. 7S2 riONKER REGISTER AND INHEX. '19. ii. X,r>; also in '4(5. V. (Maria Ant.), nt Los Aii.l;. MS. P. (Pt .In.), corp. of the .S. Diej^o conip. I7U7, ami in coin, of 8. Gal)nil escolta. i. CM, (>04; set- tled at L().s An!,'. KSU.'). li. MO. V. (RosaH;;), at Los Anj;. 'kS. l'onil)crt (Louis), IS'JO, Caniidian trapper of Jed. Sinilli's party, who left tlio i)arty in '-27, lived 18 nioiitlis on lIii,'ucra'M ranclio, and in A]ir. 'iMt at S. JosO. a^e 'JS. iii. l.'JMJO, 17(), 180. In '.T2 ho joined the eonip. cxtranjera at Mont. iii. 'AM; in "M had a wife— riloniena, daughter of Dolores Pico- and a son .luan, horn in ';((», a daughter Isahel heing horn in o.'). lie was a serj,'t in (iraham's coiup. .sup[iorting Alvarado'lJO. iii. 4oH, (JT.'i. His name, wrilUn generally I'oinhare, appears in I^arkin's hooks to '4,"i and in other reconls to •17. liis son.s are ^^aid to have lived at Castroville in '77. roineroy (8. 1>. ), 184S(':), nat. of Ohio, in Sonoma ( 'o. 'r)r)-77. Poinponio, ».\-neophytc. and fanioiM outlaw eaj.tured near S. Rafael and ]iut to death in '-4. ii. .'">;{7, ^>'.~, (■|14. I'oneahan'' (.\gustin), ISI^.S, nir of the Mariqitita ".Vi, ",i't. iii. 'X years in Cal. as a convict in ';;(•; no record of his eoniin;,'. Pool (Piter), 184(5, of tin; Mormon colony, with his mother Mary iind !,i.ster Klizaheth. v. 54(1; living in Utah '64. j'ooley, inent. at N. lleiv. '47. Pope (Wni), ISJS, Amer. trappi r from N. Mc\. in Pattie's party, impris- oned for a time at S. Diego, iii. I(i;{, l<)(i-7, I7H. lli; gota pass for Sonora ironi tlic gov. in Nov., and suhsci|Uenlly l>eeame a naturalized citizen, having a family Jit Taos. I'xfore '40, iierhaj s in "Mt, \w came hack to Los Aug. with 8 mcniln'rs of h'n fauiily an he ca>>ic north, the expenses of the journey hein ,' paid hy the govt. A little hder. jji-ol). in "4,'!, he accidentally killed himself hy sevir- ing an artery with his a.\e. iv. 'JSO. His widow married Kliaw ]5arnett; hi.s 8on .loseph was claimant for tlic rancho. iv. (571; one daughter was Mrs liur- toii of \'o]w \'alley; and there were 1 cr live other children. Porter (IL F.)", ISH, mid. on th<' C.S. Si. Louis. P. (Sanford), 1847, Co. E, Morm. l!at. (v. KJ!'). Porterlield (Harvey), 184."), nat. of 'I'enn., and overt, immig. of the (Iii .;sLy-Id<' jiarly. iv. .'>7!(, 587. He work« d as a carpenter at Snnonui; jiroh. joined the Piears in '4(!. v. 1 10; went south in Co. 1!, Cal. J!al., talcing part in ihe light at S. Paseual, and in Stockton's liiial eani]iaign; and afti'r his discharg.; reti"tieil to Napa X'allcy. He went to the mines in M;^; was wrecked on \'ai;couvcr Id. in an attempt to reach Trinity Liver in '1!'; i'l 'oO-l a stock-raiser in Yolo; in 'o'J went East hy Paiiam:^, returning '.");{ overland with a wife, Martha .Mcxainler; and from '.">(> lived inlSapaCn. to '81. His wife died in '(5(5, having '.i children, and his '2d wife was Mattiu (ial- braith. Portilla (Pahlo), 1810, Mex. capt. ..f the Mazatlan cavalry comp. 'm-.IS, heing .stationed for (he most )iart at S. Diego, and taking part in Iml. cxpeil. and military trials, ii. '_V.:i 4, ;!10-'J, 4-.'-2, 4.-.L 480, 5:{4-(i, o40, .■)4:5, 547, 54ft, 551, (575; iii. ()2. In ",\l he rendered somewhat unwilling and ineU'eetive ser- vice against (!ov. Victoria, and from that year was nominally coniandaiitc of the jiost at 8. Dic'ijo. iii. '201, '20;»-4, '20(5, (i08. As coniisioiiado he Kccularized San Luis Rey in "IJIi-o. iii. :i'2(5, I!.'!! '2. ;140, ;»53, (ll.'^, ()-2:{-4; and in '.'5(5-8, aft; r rendering Bomc slight sup[)ort to (.'hico and CJutieriez, he joined in the south- ern intrigues against Ahaiado's govt, and liually figured a.s com.-gen. under Carlos Carrillo, leaving Cal. after the linal defeat of'the latter in ','{8. iii. 440, 44(5, 4.59, 4G:{, 515, 5-20-'2, 5'2S, 5:5-2-;t, 548 0, 5(55, 5(18 <,t, (514, (548; iv. (57-S. Ca[it. P. was a good-natured, e.-isy-going ollietr of little force or inlluence, hut of good intentions. Ho went to Sonora, where he was capt. of the post it Guaymaa in '40. In '49 Dr Stillmnn— (>w/7. Motitlil;/, xv. '247— met him at S. Igiuu'io, L. Cal., in com, of a i)artv of .'50 Sonorana hound for the Cal. gold jnincs, 75 years old, but ' hale tuid full of enterprise.' P. (Silvcstrc), brother rORTI LL A— PREUSS. 783 of PnMo, moiit. ill '30 in connection with a proposed Ind. expcil., (ind as granti''! of S. .lost'i dfl ViiUc luiiclio. iii. Ci\'2; iv. (iS. I'ori old ((Jaipur de), I7<'!*. ciipt. of dragoons in tlic Span, army, ami gov. of tlu! Calitornias I7< at S.I'., a clerk in the P.O. for 'JO jiars. 1'. ((iahriei IJ. ), 1 847, at Hon. frum -Mont, on the Maria llil'tm; meinlicrof the .S.P. linn S. JI. Williams k Co. '4S; later (i. 15. Post k Co.; in '4!) nieinl). of the town couneil and of the state senate. I think Post street, >S. I'\, may have Ik-cu named for him. Potiiion, ment. at Los Anj,'. "M. iii. 410. Pott (Geo.). 1847, owner of S. F. lot. V. (iS."(. Putter, IS4."), doubtful mend)er of the . Whc'u tiic vigilantes put an end to their career of erimi- P. escaped to Sonora, where he was kilhnl iu '00. Poyorena, see ' Pollorena.' Prado. ment. as a lieiit '3!). iii. (i."i3; ))erliaps Pr.ado Mesa. P. (Toni.ls), rcgidor at P.ranciforto 1802; killed at S.F. 1807. ii. l.')0. lO'J. Prat (Pedro), 170:', Hurgcimof the Istexped., who died in Cal. '7'2-:t. i. 128, i;?0, 130, 140, 108. 210. Pratt (.Vildisoii), 1818. cler'.;yman who married a couple at S.F. 1'. (.lacob IL), 1817, Co. F, 3<1 U.S. artill. (v. .-)18). Praule (l{.ipliael), 1841, one of Fn'niont's men 1st .and 2d visits; served in Cal. Bat. '40-7. iv. 437, 4."i3, .')8:{; sometimes called ' Prone; ' died in the mts of \. Mcx. on Fremont s next exjii'd. of '48. Praiise (Wm), ls2(>, mr of the /urn. iii. 147. Pray (Joim), 1810, interpreter in .Marston's force '4()-7. v. 380. Prendcrga; t (John), 1848. passp. from ll(m. Prentice (Clias), 1847, (0. C, N. Y.V.il.' (v. 4!)!)). P. (Samuel), 1830, n;it. of R.L who came on the /hiinthr from Lima, iii. 180. A mason by trade, but by jirefcrence a hunter; arrested for snm;- gling '3.3. iii. .3'.)3; one of the vigilantes S:i:{, nut. of Ky, wlio y a tail from iii.s imrsi! at San .losi'' inission. iii. IWS, I{!t|, 40'J, I', (.lolin M.), ls:t(; (?). Kiigl. in Mont. (list. '."K^S; iv. IIS; oxilod with (Ira. ham in '40, l)nt r<,'tnrn.'}!», ho tliscrtcd from tho Knit at Colinia and canii' to ("al. in '.'tO, going to S. Lain ahont '.'t({, niarrying Andn;a Colona in '44, liy whom hv had i;{ children, and hcrving aftor '4.S as county judge and supervisor. Living in 'SU at I'isnio rani'ho. I', (Uodman), ISKi, nut. of N. Y. and purser on the U.S. Ci/aiie. Ill- took i>;;rt in the ceremonies (»f raising the U.S. (lag at Mont, in .July, and for a hi-ief peiiod wiis a kind of "Jd alcahle at that town. v. '2151, 'JS7- !*, ('>'.VJ; anil in Aug. was sent south «ith despat'jhes for .Stockton, taking, how(!Vcr, no p;irt in Kuhscipient military operations. From Ma/atlan he was sent with dcspalehcs hy Mex. and Vera Cruz to Washington. In '4'.) he came l>ack to S.h". as navy agent; w.as a niemher of the town council and of t\w constit. convention, a camlidate for congress, and tlu! owner of city property, includ- ing lots c)litaine(l in '47, which made him rich, lie went Kast in '.")(), was elected to congress from N.,I., anil snhseipiently liecaiue gov. of that state, where ho still lives in 'iS,"). As a memi>erof pioneer as.sociations, he has taken much inti't'est in annals of the coni|Uest; hut in his testimony, as reported in various puhlicitions, the governor shows that in all the years that have; passed his imagiimlion has at least kept pace with his memory. Triest (.Mlurt), JS4S, Cerman from Or., of tlie lirni IVie: t, Lee, iS: Co. at Sac. '4!)-r>0. After '51 he lived chielly in N. Y. He was an Or. immig. of "4.'{, who shipped lum- lier to S. F. in '45. I'rielo, I.S'J'J, contador on the S. Ciirlos. ii. 4,"iS. 1'. (.Antonio), at Los Ang. '40. Prince ((ico.), IS;>'i, nu- of the TrdtK/niliiia. rtill. (V. olS). I'rinon (Sam.), Los .Aug. '40, age 4.'{; ])erhap3 iii. KiO. I 'rone, see ' I'raulo.' 1'. (Wni), 1S47, Co. H, Morni, 111. .'m. I'. ((!eo.), 1847, Co. K, .-{d U.S. KS.'S, Amer. hricklayer from N. Mex., at ' I'renticc.' I'rior, erroneous ment. ''27 . I'l-oiuse (Win), I8L'(i, mrof tlu! //(Cfj. iii. 147 Hat. (V. 4(i!»). rrudhomme (F^eon T.), IS,*?,"! (?), Fr. cooper said to have come to lx)s Aug., V. 4II{, this year in a record of 'Ki. He mari'ied a Tapia, and in '52 was claimant for the Halira and Topanga lanchos. iii. (i;!|{- 4. He died in '7L leaving a family. I'rudon (Victor), IS.'{4, Frenchman who had lived 7 years in Mex. and came to Cal. as a teacher in tho colony at the age of '_'.">. iii. 'Jti.'l, 4l'i. Ilcmaining at S. (iaiiriel and Los Aug., in 'Itti lu! was jn-esident of the; vigi- lantes, iii. 418, 4;!'J; iv. IKi; and in ';{7 8 was (lov. Alvarado's sec, being tth^o capt. of militia, iii. .OOO, 5-_';{, .'".•JO. In '.SO 40 he lived at S.F., keeping Home kind of a shop, or drinking and gamliliiig place, v. 084; and in '41, he- iiig grantee of Dodega, he was made sec. of Com. (ien. Vallejo. iv. 'J04, 070. in this capacity he was sent, in '4'2, to Mex. in Vallejo's helialf, returniii'.^ with the rank of capt. and brevet licut-col in the regular army. iv. 'JSI-.I, .'•JIO, 50.'J. From '41$ ho lived at Sonoma, being in '44 5 tho grantee of Sac. IkI., and Lagniia rancho, Yolo, being also mentioned in connection with vari- ous minor allairs. iv. S.W, .SOO. 408, 445, .Wl, 071, 073, 078. With Vallejo, ho favore, and with him was made a prisoner by the Hears, v. 41, 4.5, 01, ll'2--_'l. 298 0, 007; having a 'Cal. claim' of §7.300 (v. 402). He kept a store atSonoma in '47-8 in partnership with Haan; and in '4S-0 made some money in the mines. I have no later record of him than 'o.*?, when he was a witness in the Limantour ease. His wife, who was sepa- rated from him about '48, was Tcodoeia Hojonpies. Victor I'rudon — I'rud- lioimno was the original form — was a man of good education, a master of the >Spanish and English languages, and an adept in the use of the graceful, flowery language that delights all of Span, race, many of Alvarado's and V.allejo's slate papcr.s being for the most part the secretary's work. He was socially MX tigrecable companion, of attractive personal appearance and fine mannei'bi PRUDON— QUIJAS. 785 impulsive and often ini])rii(lent, but novor involved, so fur as I know, in any- thing very bad or ^ood so fur us character and conduct wore concerned. Pnieth (Cliaa 1!.), la'M, clerk oreup. on the Lonisa. Pryor (Gabriel), 1840, ono of the exiled foreigners, arrested in the south, iv, 14, 18. P. (Natiianicl Miguel), 1828, Kentuckion silversmith and clock- maker who had lived 4 years in N. Mex. and came to Cal. in Pattio'a party, iii. 1U3, ItiS, 178; ii. 5')4. After his release from prison iio worked at 8. Luis Rcy, found favor in the eyes of P. Pcyri, and in '29 got a carta from Gov. Echeandia, being tlien 24 years old. Prom '.'lO ho lived in the vicinity of Los Ang., soniotinii's mending clocks, but oftencr engaged in otter- hunting, not alw.iya witii tlue respect to the revenue laws. iii. HO.'J. In '30 ho obtained from the ayuut. a certilicatc of long residence and good character, and a few years later married a Sepiilvcda who died in '40. He served against Michcl- torena in '45. iv. 495; connnandcd a coiiip. of citizen artill. in Juno '40. v. 50; was arrested for aid to Amcr. during tlio Florea revolt, and in '47 served as regidor. v. 020. IIo died in '50. A son Paul, born in '.37-9, married a daughter of .Juan Xvihv, and died by .iccidental poisoning in '78. iv. 1 19. Puaani (Kale), 1847, Hawaiian owner of S. F. lot. v. 085. Puga (Joa- quin), sirvionto nt Sta Clara 1770. i. .300. Pugct, 179.3, olliccr of Vancou- ver's expcd.; in Cal. '9.3-4, exploring Uodega. Pugct Sound in the nortii bears his name. i. 513, 5IS, 5.33. Puig, 1709, sergt of Cal. volunteers in tiio 1st exped. i. 1.30, 100. Pujol (Francisco), 1795, .Span, friar who served at S. Carlos and ilind at S. Ant. 1801, being poisoned by the Ind. i. 570, 080; ii, 140, 149-50, 159. Pulaski (Albert), 1840, at N. Hclv. occa.sionally '40-8. Pulis (John C), 1847, sergt Co. F, N.Y.Vol. v. TiQ\; owner of H.F. lota; d. at S.F. '50. Pulpule, Ind. at Sutter's '40. iv. 138. Pulmfer (David), 1847, Co. C, Morni. l!at. (v. 409): in '82 at Concho, Ariz. Purcell (Henry), 1840, Co. C, 1st U. S. dragoons (v. .3.30). P. (Matthias), 1847, Co. H, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); <1. at S. F. '50. Purdy (Sam. L.), 1847, Co. D, N.Y.Vol. (v. 499); d. in L. Cal. 'IS. Puler (James), 1828, Amer. trapper, age 20, of Pattio's party, iii. 10.3, 108; nothing known of him later. Putnam, 1847| mr of the Su»nu Drew. v. 511. Pylo (IvUvard), 1840, ovcrl. immig. from Mo., who settled with hia family at S.Josii, wiicro ho died in '75. His (hiughters married 15. II. Gordon and J. W. Laird. His son, Edward, Jr, married Mary A. Graves of the Donner party in '47; is ment. in '48 as at N. Helv. raising recruits for service at Maza- tlan (''); also as a member of t'-c Stockton Mining Co. Tlio same year lie was murdered near S. Jos6 i)y Valencia, who was hanged for the crime in '49. His widow married J. T. Clark in '51, and in '80 was living at White lliver, Tulare Co. Another son, .lolin F., was in S. Joaq. Co. '48; Sta Clara Co. '50-70; and in Kern Co. '79. Still anothei-, Tiiomas, served in Co. IJ, Cal. Bat. (v. .358); settled Willi wife and 2 children in Nov. '40 on the Moquclumnc; in '47 is ment. as visiting Sutter's Fort; and in '48 moved to Coyote Cr., Sta Clara Co., whcro he was murdered in '55. Qudron (.Tcnckey), 1840, doubtful name, Co. F, Cal. Bat. (v. 358). Queen (Henry W.), 1810, licut of marijics on tiio U.S. Savanmih; lieut Fauntleroy's dragoons (v. 232, 247); in com. at S. Juan B., Sept. Q. (Jomes), 1847, sergt Co. F, N.Y.Vol. V. 504; in ciiargo of Brannan's store at Mormon Isl. 48; d. at Napa '79. Quepness (Odilon), at Soledad '20. ii. 02.3. Quigley, 1847, a Mormon in Kearny's return party, v. 453. Quigley (Robert), 1840, bugler Co. C, 1st U.S. dragoons (v. 3.30)". Quijada (Felipe), soldier at Sta B. ^32. Q. (Francisco), grantee of Bolsa de Chcmisal, S. Luis Ob., '37. iii. 677. Quijano (Manuel), 1807, surgeon of the troops at Mont. 1807-24. ii. 83, 140, 370, 571, 007. Quijas (Joad Lorenzo do la Concepcion), 1833, Mex. friar o£ the Zacate- canos who served at the 4 northernmost missions, and retired in '44, being vice-prefect in '4.3-4, jicrhans in '57 a parish priest ir: the state of Guerrero, dying at Querctaro a little later. Padre Q. was a black sheep in the Francis- can Uock, yet a good man when sober. Biog. iv. 680^1; ment. iii. 319, 354, HiBT. Cai,., Vol. IV. CO 786 PIONKER REGISTER AND INDEX. 713, 716, 719; iv. 48, 86, 171, 195, 224, 371-3, 427, G70-7. Qnilagnegai (Teo- dosio), Iiid. grantee of Nicasio '35. iii. 712. Quimby, 1848, mr of tne Wave. V. 681. Quimpcr (Man.), 1700, alfdrcz of tho Span, navy at Mont, from Nootka. i. 444, 506; see also Jlht. N. W. Coast. Quin (Peter), 1848, Irish- man shot at Sta B. in Dec. for tho inunlcr of the Reed family at S. Miguel. V. 632, 640. Quinn (Frunklin), 1840, in the Los Ang. region; at Mont. *47-8; possibly 'Qwinn' of '41. Qiiifloncs (Manual), Mox. tanner at Bronciforte 45, age 45, wife Josefa Condcsa (?), child. Benito b. Sta Cruz '27, Jnan Diego '29, Mariano '33, Capistrano '34. He had been a convict of '28-34. Quintana, com. of N. Mexicans in Castro's force '46. v. 363. Q. (Andres), 1805, Span, friar who served at Sta Cruz until Oct. 12, '12, when he was mur- dered by his neophytes. Biog. ii. 387-9; ment. ii. 155, 159-