^" IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^0 .V^^ <^ 1.0 I.I t&KA 12.5 ■ 50 ■'^" H^H ■^ 1^ 12.2 2.0 1-25 1 1.4 ||.6 M 6" ► V] 71 ^%jf v: /A ''W 0-r.. Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (/lA) !:/2-4S03 '-5»' '^ , (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la derniftre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole — ► signifie "A SUIVRE ", le symbole V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmte i des taux de reduction diffirents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clich6, il est film6 d partir de Tangle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nicessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m^thode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 i 'mmmimmf \ CANADA NATIONAL LIBRARY BIBLIOTHEQUE NATIONALE «.. . (jji €wxixVmn Sitxm ai SUt^gool'^aahn. THE SPELLING-BOOK: COMPANION TO THE READERS. ^ ■:-,-■ ^' i--| I'i^ri^ T^^ the Council o{ i^ublio Xns^uciion .t TUUONTO: JAMKS C AM I» r>i: I.I. AND SON. IBF J- T »:i Enured aeeordinff to Act of the ProvinciaZ Legidature fi» the Year One Thousand Eight Hundred i3md Sixty-aeven, by the Rev. EoERTON Rybbson, LL.D., Chief Superintendent oj Education for Ontario, in the Office of the Registrar qf ihe JPrwince of Canada, 7f;<^1 •n 'f^ v! h>\i PREFACE. •tHB Orthography of the English Language is irregular and difiScult ; and the art of spelling correotly can only be acquired by diligent application and patient perseverance. The practice, formerly almost universal, of making spelling nearly, if not entirely, an oral exercise, failed to secure proficiency in the art, since many who could readily spell whole columns of words on bearing them pronounced, would not be able to write a single sentence ortho« graphically correct. Spelling is more easily and more accurately iMquired by the eye than by the ear. Recently a most marked im* sprovement, iu this respect, is observable in our schools, and this pleasing change is mainly to be attributed to a different method of teaching, happily now very generally adopted. Intelligent and sacciessful teachers use the reading lessons as exercises in spelling giving out the words with which the pupil has already becon.j acquainted, in their connection ; and, so soon as the learners can write on slate or paper, lessons by dictation are assigned them. It is desirable, however, as the pupil advances, that he should be taught the orthography of the more difficult and irregular words in a more systematic way, by the use of a suitable Spelling Book, in which the words are so arranged as to render the task of learning to spell them as little irksome, and as interesting and instructive, as possible. This object, it is believed, can be best attained by associating in one exercise the spelling, pronunciation, meaning, and uses of the words. In such an exercise the pupil learns not only to spell correctly, but also to use words properly, and to express himself with clearness and accuracy. Exercises in spelling, in pronunciation, in the meaning of words, and in the formation of sentences, may be so blended, as that the pupil, while acquiring the one, may also acquire a knowledge of iho others. A number of excellent books have been published with the view of tiding both teacher and pupil in their work : this Spelling Book . •.-J . I u "WMEBCSi % PRBFAOB. u isiued with a similar design, and it is hoped that it will be found well adapted for that purpose. It is specially designed as a Oompanion book to the Series of Beaden authorized by the Council of Public Instruction, and may profit- ably be introduced so soon aa the pupil enters upon the Third Book of that Series. A few brief suggestions have been given as to the best way of using portions of the bode, but doubtless every ingenious teacher will adopt some skilful and successful methdd of his own, adapted to the necessities and attainments of his class. It iaobvious, however, that teachers are not expected to follow the order of the suc- cessive parts of the book. Lessons in several parts may, at the same time, be assigned to advanced classes. Part I. contains an outline of the principles and rules for spelling, pronunciation, and reading, — brief and easily learned, yet, it is hoped, fitted to aid in imparting and acquiring a full knowledge of the powers of letters, a distinct and accurate pronunciation of words, and a graceful and intelligible utterance of sentences. Part II. comprises lists of the more difficult words and exercises, BO arranged as to facilitate the acquisition of a correct orthography, and a right and ready pronunciation. ,., ,.,.,,.^, . Part III. tseats of verbal distinctions; and the exercises are so classified as to secure to the student a knowledge both of the spelling and pronunciation of the words, and also of their meaning and use. Numerous exercises in dictation are furnished, as examples to be indefinitely extended in conducting the class. Part IV. introduces the subject of derivation, as extensively as was deemed desirable in an elementary work. The roots given will explain most of the words f ound'in the Readers. £iach leston in this part is also to be used as an exercise in spelling, and will prove a good test of the proficiency of the pupil. Part V. supplies an explanation of many .abbreviations in common use, and of a number of Latin and f*rench phrases frequently quoted. The authority for Orthography and Pronunciation is "Worcester's Dictionary," which was adopted as a standard in the series of Bead- ing Books, to which this little work is intended as a Companion. Education Office, July 18d8, ^T- w J f otmd Eleaden f profit- Book of the best Qgonioui liig own, obvious, I the Buc- thesame spelling, is hoped, he power* Is, and a exerciBea, hography^ ■I ises are bo tie spelling ig and use. pies to bo endvely as given will sbon in this ill prove » in common tly quoted. Worcester's es of Bead- panion. I -^*p CONTENTS. PART FIRST. fAOE the prinoipijs op orthography, orthoepy, and elocution. SbotionL Orthoorapht, 1. Letters, 2. The Powers of the Letters, Diphthongs, Triphthongs, and Digraphs, 1. Vowels and their Sounds, . . 2. Diphthongs and their Sounds, 3. Triphthongs and their Sounds, 4. tConsonants and their Sounds, 'V^! 5. Digraphs and their Sounds, 8. General Rules for the Use of Capital Letters, 4. Syllables, . 5. Words, . . BbotioniI. Orthoepy, . 1. Articulation, . . 2. Accent, . . . 3. Rules for Spelling, 4. Punctuation, Section III. Elocution or Reading, 1. Emphasis, H i 2. Pauses, 3. Tones, 4. Inflection, PART SECOND. SPILLING AND PRONUNCIATION. Sbotion I. Some of the more difficult Monosyllables ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE SOUNDS OF THE Vowels, ...... 9 10 11. 12 13 1$ 16 17 18 19 21 !J2 22 23 24 27 30 31 33 34 36 3» y gjiiwii. "* " .iiiiJiwww 41 OOXTTBHTB. SlOTION II. DIB8TLLABLE8, ACCENTED ON THE FIBST BTLLABLB, WHICH, OWING TO THEIR TERMINATION, OR PRO- NUNCIATION, ARE LIABLE TO BE MISSPELT, Words of Unsettlod Orthography, .... Section III. Listb of Words in which the sounds of the Letters are peculiar or difficult, . Sbotiom IV. Special Exercises in Articulation, . Section V. Lists of the more difficult Words, and such AS more frequently occur, arranged ao- coedino to the vowel sound of the ac- cented SYLLABLES, .... SiOTioif VI. Words of more than Four Syllables, A Lift of the most Difficult Words in common use, PART THIRD. verbal distinctions. SicnoN I. Words wmoH are pronounced alike, but w^oh >IFFEB IN SpELUNO AND SlGNIFIOATION, Section IT. Words wmoB are Spelled auke, but which DIFFER IN Pronunciation and Meaning, SECTION III. Words distinguished bt the Place of the Accent, . . ^ • • . Section IV. Words of similar Souim, 'WBIOH bequibb to be very distinctly pronounced in obdeb to be distinguished, . , . , siction v. a oolijection of wobds which have a v t^ihtt OF Meanings, and are used in different PAOft 47 50 61 59 89 92 9lS 11;^ 110 m SENSES, . '^'^, ( Seotion.VL, . . . . Verbs of similai signification, Nouns, . . . . . Adjectives and Participles, Sentences, . . . . , i SynonymouB Words, ' Words of similar signification. Words which express opposite ideas, 131 131 135 139 141 142 144 144 ^ ' Words which express correlative ideas. 14S* OONTIMTB. > r y (vT ▼U PART FOURTH. nniOLOOT, OR the derivation op words. SionoNl. History ow THE Lanocaob, Section II. Prefixes, . Section III. Affixes, . Section IV. Latin Roots, SiOTioN V. Greek Roots, .... bkiOTION VI., • • • « Names of the Arts and Sciences, . . . . Words derived from Pioper Names, . \ The Names of the Months and Days, Terras of Measurement. ' • • Names of Persons, • • • « ' i PART FIFTH. Meotion I. A Collection op Latin Words, Phrases and Quotations, . . . ' JlEonoN XL French Words and Phrases, * • • • ^■cmoN in. An Explanation op some Abbreviations which are in general USB, PAOI 147 154 in2 109 187 192 192 194 196 196 207 209 215 f: 217 ^^ IK^ Kinr TO THE SOUNDS OF THE MARKED LETTERS. Voweli. ft, long, as in fftte. 0, long, as ir i note. ft, short, » mt. 5, short, » n«t. ft, long, before r. » fare. d, long an(i close, », nidve. f H ft, grave. >} filr. 6, broad, jj "^^- .J^ ft, intermediate, » fftat. 6, like 0, )) dove. ft, broad, » fftll. ii, long. » tabe. 6, long, >, mete. ii, short. » tttb. 8, short, j> mSt. ft, obtuse. »> pftll. ^-^ d, like ft, »> th6y. ii, obtuse short, » fur. ,. S, obtuse short. »» her. ti, like 6, » rule. U long. >» pine. y, long, » type. f, short, » pin. y, short. M sylvan. i, like e. » pique. y, obtuse short, » myrrh. i, obtuse shorty )) fir. Diphthongs. . | The diphthongs oi, oy, ou, oxo, eu, and «<;, wlieu sounded as ih boil, boy, out, owl, feud, and new, are not marked. , , When a mark is placed over one of tlie vowels, it indicates that that vowel only is sounded, as sow, read, jotlst, court. Letters in italics are silent, as ml^At, lftm6, ^^te. ^ Consonants. q, soft, like Sf as in a^id. 0, hard, » *> » flaccid Ch, j> *^» »> chaise 0h, 0hasm. ch, without mark, „ tShy „ charm. g, soft. • giU. g, hard. if gold. s, soft. n ^t » muse. X, soft. M ff^i » exact. ^, smoothjt it n this. ' ..'•''' '/ ov be. t. We. iH ve. ■r- ibe. lb. Ml. *'' ir. - lie. ^pe. Hvftii. lyrrh. as iH ■ .'J •'• licatcfi PART FIRST. i J. THE PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGRAPHY, '/• ORTHOEPY, AND ELOCUTION ; OR, ' ' •"?* DIRECTIONS FOR SPELLING, PRONUNCIATION, A.ND » READING. 1} .'■/I rV .'>'>j\ SECTION I. ORTHOGRAPHY (Gr., orthos^ correct^ and graphoy I write.) ^ / Orthoorapht treats of letters, syllables, separate wordfti and spelling. '4 All language may be divided into natural and artificial. '" ' Natural language consists of signs addressed to the senses, which have a natural connection with the ideas and feelings which they are intended to express — as pictures, sounds, and gestures. Artificial language consists of arbitrary signs, used by common consent to represent ideas and feelings with which they have no natural or necessary connection. Artificial language includes both «po/&tf/i and imtten. ' •' Spoken language consists of articulate sounds, made by the organs of speech, as signs of ideas. Articulate sounds are such as are distinctly i.^^tered, and can be repeated at will • ■ ' * In speaking we employ both natural and artificial language. - '^^ ■• ;)•>; 'r IN » ORTHOOBAPHT, ORTHOEPY, AND ELOCUTION. Written language consists of certain signs of articulate speech, called words, and other miuks or characters used in writing and printing. The smallest part of written language is called a letter. t 1. Letters. A letter is a mark, or character, used to represent some ele- mentary sound of the human voice, as an element of speech. There are twenty-six letters in the English alphabet, which represent about forty simple sounds. The word alphabet is formed of the first two letters used by the Greeks — Alpha, a, and Beta, b. Four things are to be learned concerning the letters — their flame*, forms, powers, and classes. . . . > >^ . , The names of the letters, as now commonly spoken and written are, — A, Bee, Cee, Dee, E, Eff, Gee, Aitch, I, Jay, Kay, Ell, Em, En, 0, Pee, Kue, Ar, Ess, Tee, U, Vee, Double U, Ex, Wy, and Zee. The form of a letter may be greatly varied, both in size and ahape, according to the style of writing or printing adopted, yet its name and power remain essentially the same. The following are some of the different forms given to the let- ters of the English alphabet. BOMAN. J ^ ITALIC. Roman. Italic. ^Ib «en0{ijflb. The power of a letter is the sound which it represents. Some letters have severaL powers, and represent more sounds \/ than one — as a in f&te, f&t, WA, f&r.^/ Some letters have only one power, and represent only one sound— as b in bad, bob, and p in lap, pan. A few letters have no separate power assigned to them, but are used to represent a* sound expressed by some other letter. Thus, two or more letters are used to represent the same sound — as j which has the same sound as iEr or c hard, as in pique, liquor., ^he ^rst letter of a word is called the initiai letteic. f J s> ORTHOGRAPHY^ ■n u n The last letter of a word is called thefinial letter. When any letter of a word is not sounded in pronunciation, it Is called stterUf or mute. The letters are divided into two general classes, called vowdt and consonants. A vowd is a letter which forms a perfect sound, and can be uttered alone— as a, o. A consonant is a letter which cannot be distinctly uttered without the aid of a vowel — as i, d. The vorods are a, €y it o, u, and sometimes w and ^; all the other letters are consonants. 10 or y is called a consonant when it precedes a vowel heard in the same syllable — as in wine, twine, whine, yes, yard, youth. In all other cases these letters are called vowels— as in eye, ewe, newly. The consonants are divided, with respect to their powers, into nemi-voiods and mutes. A semi-votoel is a consonant which can be imperfectly sounded without the aid of a vowel, and the sound of which at the end of X syllable may be prolonged— as I, n, in all and inn. The 8emi> rowels ai^/, A,y, ^, m, n, r, «, v, 2, x, and c and ff soft. A mute is a consonant which cannot be sounded without a vowel, ind the sound of which at the end of a syllable cannot be pro- Ibnged — as i, k, ty in dub, ark, mat. The mutes are 6, d, k, p, q, t, and c and g hard. j and X are double consonants. ly m, n, and r are called liquids, because they coalesce readily with the sound of other letters — as hard, hold, helm, hurt. The consonants are sometimes divided, with respect to the or> gans of speech, into labials — as 5, ;?, »i, /, and v ; dentals — as rf, r, «, z, and c and g soft ; and palatals — as k^ 9, and c and g hard. There is considerable diversity of opinion as to which class •ome of the letters ought to be assigned. -^ )■ I .^ 9. The Powers of the letters, diphthongii^ triphthongs, and digraphs. If each simple sound were represented by only one distinct Character, and if the alphabet contained a separate character ^^ If if 12 OBTHOOBAPHY, OBTHOEPY, AND ELOCUTION. / eac^ sound, the orthography and pronunciation of words wotdd b4 "^ very easily acquired ; but as many sounds are represented by dif- ferent letters, or by a union of letters, and several letters have thft same sound, while some sounds have no single separate character to represent them, it is necessary that the different powers of each letter, and union of I fitters, be accurately known. The union o\ several letters to express a simple sound, and the use of one letter to express more sounds than one, ai*e called orthographical expe^ dients. , v. . ,..u... Orthographical expedients are resorted to on account of the im- perfections of the English alphabet, which may be characterized a& deficient, redundant, and ambiguous. Deficient^ because there are simple sounds for which it supplier no letter. Redundant^ because some simple sounds are represented by more than one letter. AmligvouSi because some letters represent more sounds thari one. 1. &, long. as ii 2. &y short. » 3. ft, long before r, » 4. a, grave, 55 6. a, intermediate, » 6. &, broad, » 1. 6, long. » 2. 6, short, » 3. ^, like % )t 4. 8, short before r, l» 1. I, lone;, )> 2. i, short, )> 3. i, like 6, >» 4. I, short before r, 1. 0, long. »> ^5, sl^ort^ » 1. Vowels and their sounds. *' ■^' as in fame, aim, day, break, fat, man, carry, plaid, fare, air, bear ; ere, heir, whene'er, far, path, balm, aunt, hearth, fast, ask, staff, branch, dance, grass, fall, haul, awl, talk, warm. ,, mete, meet, fear, seize, field, key. met, merry, sell, dead, friend, veil, weigh, they, prey. , her, fern, term,Tierd, earth. nlm ,HL1 *f\m pine, isle, find, height, aisle, obliga pin, ill, fin, sieve, since, pique, marine, machine (Fr. sound «f *.) fir, firm, bird, virtue, virgin. note, boat, toe, owe, four, door. - . not, bond, sorrow, coraL r , ^ ^ j OBTHOOBAPHY. ^hi 3. 6, long and close, as in move, do, tomb, lose, moon, food. 4. 6, broad before r, „ nor, corn, form, sort, morning. 5. t, like fl, „ love, done, son, worm, does, nona 1. a, long, 2;. &, shorty 3. tj middle, I' „ cube, tune, pure, feud, beauty. „ cub,'^un, fur, putty. „ pull, push, put; heard in book, foot, good. 4. a,precededbyr,asd„ rule, rude, ruby, true. w, when a vowel, is not used alone, and generally takes the place of u in diphthongs, aw and ow being equivalent to au and OU. -'fivir. uv^. y, when used as a vowel, has the same powers as t. 'U In unaccented syllables, each of the vowels has a short obscure sound — as palace, fuel, ruin, actor, famous, martyr. '5( .;^' 2. Diphthongs and their sounds. A dipJuhong is the union of two vowels in one sound — as y, which have the same sound — as in boil, boy ; ou and CriOf which have the same sound — as in out and owL The improper diphthongs may be reckoned as twenty-^ix — oa, tie, ai, aOf au, aw^ ay; ea, ee^ ei, 00, euj eWf ey ; ie; oa, oe, oi 00, ou, ow ; ua, tie, ui, uo, uy. These are used as equivalents or substitutes for the vowe( sounds — ^as, .,^{ aa for ft, as in Aaron ; &, as in Balaam, ae „ 3, as in sera ; S, as in diaeresis. u „ &, as in plaid ; 8, as in again ; I, as in aisle ; I, as in villain. -.. ao „ a, as in gaol, frequently written jail, au „ Si, as in gauge ; a, as in aunt ; a, as in draft ; ft, as ii^ caught ; o, as in hautboy. aw „ ft) as in lawn, ay „ &) as in day ; 6, as in quay ; S, as in says (sSz.) }■ t • -t[ , \. r ea „ Si, as in steak ; a, as in heart ; e, as in tea ; S, as in head. ee „ 8, as in bee ; 1, as in been. ei „ ft, as in veil ; 4, as in their ; S, as in seine ; 8, as in heifer ; I, as in height; I, as in forfeit, eo „ 6, as in people ; S, as in leopard ; o, as in yeoman ; 5, as in georgic ; % as in luncheon, eu „ tl, as in feud ; Q, as in rheum ; 0, as in shew, usually written show. ew „ d, as in sew ; u, as in dew. ey „ Si, as in prey ; S, as in key. • ,.i ie „ e, as in grief ; I, as in die ; i, as in sieve* oa „ o, as in boat ; d, as in groat. oe „ o, as in doe ; 6 in shoe. ' > oi „ I, as in choir ; 1, as in tortoise. 00 „ 0, as in door ; 6, as in moon ; ti, as in flood ; ti, as in good. - OBTHOOBAPHT. 15 f in th« ■ ow „ IB in boil, ■ and owl 1 «» II -six-— oa, 1 ue „ • a, oe, oi 1 Ul „ iriJiA- l> uo ,, ii, as in liquor. ^ uy „ I, as in buy. 8. Triphthongs and« their sounds. , A triphthong is a union of three vowels in one sound-— as 10^ in buoy, eau iu beauty. Triphthongs are classified as proper and improper. A proper triphthong is one in which all the vowels are sounded ^— as buoy. The only proper triphthong is woy. An improper triphthong is one in which only one or two of the Yowels are sounded — as eau in beauty. Improper triphthongs are sometimes called trigraphs. The improper triphthongs may be reckoned as sixteen — awe^ aiye; eau, eou, ewe, eye; ieu, iew, iou; oeu, owe; uai, uaWf uea, we. They are used to represent some of the sounds of the vowels —as. awe for &, as in awe. aye „ 9., as in aye. u, as in beauty ; o, as in beau. a, as in the termination ceous (shiis.) ewe „ u, as in ewfe. eau eon eye ien iou iew oeu owe „ I, as in eye. % as in adieu. ii, as in the terminations cious, tious (shfts.) u, as in view, n, as in manoeuvre. o, as m owe. In the triphthongs beginning with u, the u is sounded like w in quail, squaw, squeal, queer, i fi '**.■ m ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOEPY, AND ELOCUTION. • i» , >• ~ ^^ CJonsonants and their Bounda. 6 has only one sound — ^as in bad, tub ; and is silent after m . and before t in the same syllable — ^as in lam6, de^t ; except in r)UCCunib. .iv n; ■ ... i; i *) i- ,.! r, H ,. m« c has the sound of k before a, o, and u; and the sound of a before 0, iy and ^, except in sceptic and sciirhous, with their derivatives. It is silent in indict and its derivatives. d has one sound — as in did ; in some words ending in ed, when the e becomes silent, d has the sound of t — as in mixed (mixt.) / has one sound — as in fat, snuff; in of it has the sound of V. g is hard before a, 0, and u — as in gave, gold, gull ; only excep- tion, gaol. Before e, i, and y, g is sometiuKis hard — ^as in get, gift, foggy ; but more frequently soft, like^ — as in gem, giant, gymnast. g is silent before n in the same syllable — as in ^nat, rei^^n. A is an aspirate or rough breathing. At the beginning of many words h is silent — as Aeir, Aonor ; it is silent also after r — as r/ieum, rAetoric. . ' . j is a double consonant, like g soft — as in judge ; it has the sound of y in hallelujah. k has only one sound — as in like, kick ; it is silent before 71— ' as in ^nife, ^nee. I has only one sound — as in love, roll, bold ; it is frequently silent — as in caZf, ba/m, ta^k, should. m has only one sound — as in man, ram. The only exception is accompt and its derivatives, now generally written account, &c. n has a simple sound — as in note, ten ; and a mixed or ring- ing sound — as in bank, brink, anchor, angle. When immediately preceded by I or m at the end pf a syllable, n is silent — as in kilM, hymn. p has only one sound — as in pane, lap. It is silent at the beginning of words when immediately followed by s or t — as in psalm, ;)tolemaic. q has the sound of k, and is always foUowed^by u. r, when before a vowel, has a hard, trilling sound — as in rat, run ; when after a vowel, a soft liquid sound — as in far, fariii. It has a peculiar effect on the sou.:d of the preceding vowel — as in fare, far, &c. ; r is never silent OBTBOORAPBT. w jn. g of many after r — it has the tefure 'Hr— requently exception lount, &c. d or ring- mediately nt — as in lit at the • t — as in as in rat, far, farm. vrowel — as « has a hard or hissing sound like o soft — as in sight, sun ; &nd a soft sound like;&~-as in news, teaches. It l)as also the sound of sh, and zh —as in censure, treasure. t has only one sound — h^ in time, not ; but when followed by ia, le, oi 10, it takes the sv^aud of 8li — as partial, patient, natiui. (parshal, &c.) V has only one sound — as in vale, vote, love. w has only one sound — as in wine, water. It' is silent before r — as in wntQ, wxttk. X has a sharp sound, like k» — as in tax, expect ; and a soft sound, like gs — as in exalt, exet*t. At the beginning of words it has the sound of % — as in Xeuo|#hon. It has^ilso the sound oi fc«A— as in fluxion, luxury. y, as a consonanc, has always the same sound — as in you, yet. z has the sound of soft s — as in zany, zest. It has also the found of zh — as in azure, seizure. . i 5. Digraphs and their sounds. . Some sounds are represented by iiie union of two consonants, which are called digraphs. These aie, cA, ck,gh, ng, ph, qu, rh, sh, thj and wh. ch has the sound of tsh — as in chair, church. When it fol- lows the letters I or w, it has the sound of sh — as in filch, bench. In words taken from the French, it has also the sound of sh — as in chaise, machine. In words derived from the ancient languages, ch is generally hard — as in anarchy, chasm, echo; ea;c6;/>^io?w— chart, charter, charity, ch is always hard when followed by I or r — ^as in chloro- form, Ohristian. In the prefix arch, signifying rhief, ch is noft before a con- sonant, and hard before a vowel — as in archbisliop, architect. ch is silent in dracAm, sc-^i.sni, and yao'.U. ck is equivalent to k or the hard sound of c — as in brick, ^ocket. gh has the soun i of /"—as in laugh, rough. When it occurs at the beginning of a v.ord, it lias the sound of// hard as in ghost ; when at the end of a word, it is frequently silent — as in dou^^, ^liou^A. It is always silent before i— as in light, height, fraught ; M I <^' 'i; 1- 1 ■|l!*! m ORTHOOBAPHT, ORTHOEPY, AND ELOCUTION. lit i! li , i! iP! ^ except in draught. In a few words it has the sound oik — as hough, lough ; and in hiccough it has the sound of p. The different sounds of ough are exemplified in the following lines :^ - \ *• 'Tis not an easy task to show ,,;, How ough sound ; since though An Irish lough, and English slough, ^ And cough, and hiccough, all allow Differ as much as tough and through, There seems no reason why they da" f^ -^ ng has a nnging or nasai sound— as in ring, sung. When & syllable ending in ng is followed by another syllable beginning with a vowel or ^,'in many words the sound of the g is doubled — as in anger, angle, stronger, finger. There are exceptions — as singer, ringer, hanger, &c. ph has the sound of /—as in physic, philosophy. In nephew it has the sound of v ; and in ^aphtha, diphthong, triphthong, &c., it has the sound of p ; and when it precedes th^ at the beginning of a word, it is silent — ^as in j^Athisic (tIzMc). qu has the sound of kw — as in quill, quarrel. In many words derived from the French it has the sound of k — as in etiquette,' mosque, liquor. rh has the sound o! r — as in rhetoric, catarrh. ah has only one sound — as in should, shall, crash, push. th has a hard or aspirate sound — as in thin, earth ; and a soft or vocal sound — as in this, breathe. In a few words it has the sound of t — as in Thomas, thyme. wh is sounded as if written hw — as in when, whip. In some words it has the sound of A— as in who, whole. c, «, »c, and t, when followed by e or *, in the termination of many words, have the sound of sh — as in ocean, social, mansioif, nation. 3. Oeneral Rules for the use of capital letters. '- "*^h»^ following classes of words should begin with a capital 'letter :— 1. The chief words in the title of books, when referred to by name — as Thomson's Seasons, The Scriptures of the Old and Ne^v Testaments. fm" III ORTHOORAPHT. 19 Ln some 2. The first word of every ))ook, tract, essay, &c., and of their divisions, chapters, sections, paragraphs ; and of every sentence^ or of clauses separately numbered ; and of every example, or direct quotation. 3. All the names and attributes ot Deity, and frequently the sub- stitutes for them when emphatic — as, The Almighty, Eternal, and All-wise God, our Father m Heaven ; and Jesus Christ our Medi> ator and Redeemer ; and the Holy Spirit the Comforter — " The hope of my spirit turns trembling to Thee." 4. All proper names of persons, places, or things ; all titles of honor and respect, and epithets of distinction — as, Saul of Tarsus ; The Queen of Great Britain ; Aunt Mary ; Brother Paul ; Rev. Dr Chalmers ; John Brown, Jun., Esq^.^ 5. Compound proper names, which are written without a hyphen, should have but one capital letter — as Eastport, White- haven, Newfoundland ; but when the word East, West, North, South, or New, distinguishes a place by way of contrast, then two capita may be used — as East Cowes and West Cowes ; New Hampshire ; New York. 6. Words derived from proper names ; the names of the months vid days — as Roman, Canadian ; January, Ij^onday. . . ?V. 7. The first word of every line in poetry, the pronoun I, and the interjection — as, When I return I will call upon you ; " Few are thy days, O child of dust." 8. Words of special importance, and such as denote the princi- pal subject of the .Composition — as, The Reformation produced extensive and permanent results ; The memories of the Revolution still rouse the hearts of the people. \ 4. Syllables. A syllable is an articulate sound uttered by one effort of the voice, and represented by one or more letters — as 0, or ought. A word of one syllable is called a Monosyllable. A word of two syllables is called a Dissyllable. A word of three syllables is called a Trisyllable. A word of more than three syllables is called a Polysyllable. £^]labication is the division of words into syllables. f / 5»P 20 , It »#! ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOEPY, AND ELOCUTION. Each vowel, except w, may form a syllable of itself ; but a con- sonant, without a vowel, cannot form a syllable. The proper syllabication of Englisli in'ords is attended with much difficulty ; and it will vary according as the word is divided to show its derivation, or to exhibit its pronunciation. In dividing words into syllables we are guided chiefly by the enr. No rules can be given which will apply in every case. The following rules will furnish some assistance to the learner : — - 1. Letters forming diphthongs or digraphs must not be separated — as church-es, watch-es, cough-ing, walk-ing. 2. Two vowels coming together, and not forming a diphthong^ must be placed in distinct syllables — as la-i-ty, a-e-ri-al. 3. Derivative and grammatical terminations should generally bo separated from the root to which they have been added — as, harm- less, great-ly, teach-er, teach-est, man-hood, free-dom, na-tion, pe-ti-tion. 4. Compound words should be divided into the simple words which compose them — as, rail-road, ice-house, never-the-less. 6. A single consonant, between two vowels, should be joined with the vowel which it modifies in utterance — as fe-ver, riv-cr, oo-lon, fel-on, ex-ist, ob-lit-er-a-tion. 6. A word at the end of a line may be divided, if necessary ; but the letters forming a syllable must not be separated^ ' The different syllables of a polysyllable are sometimes distin- guished as the first, second, third, fourth, &c., beginning with the ^ first syllable of the word. Sometimes they are named, beginning with the last syllable of the word, thus : — *. The final syllable is called the last, or ultimate. The last syllable but one is called the penult, (almost last.) The last syllable but two is called the antepenult, (before the (dmost last.) The last syllable but three is called the preantepenult, (before the one before the almost last.) The first syllable of a word is generally called the first ; and if a word has more than five syllables, ail except the last four are reckoned from the first. Divide the following Words into Syllables, and apply the proper name to each Syllable : — Apparition, beoevolently, contemporaneous. ORTHOGRAPHY. if it a con- led with B divided y the ear. jarner :— separated iphthong, snerally bo -as, harni- 1, na-tion, nple words !-less. be joined ver, riv-er, ssary ; but nes distin- g with the syllable of last.) (before the lult, {before st ; and if ,st four are the proper m iporaneous. pteM^peUOituuMi^ iacnmprehcnsihility, aeration, Bponianeity, dea< patoKSf) OOKOllaTif. 'Pertinacious, gaseous, notwithstanding, pigeon. 6. Words • A wOTCl is O^e or more syllables spoken or written, as the sign of an IdeSy or Sonne modification of an iilea. W<>Pds may be iistingnisbed as to their formation j or their form Words, as to ttieir formation, are either primitive or deriva- tive; as to their yorm, they are either simple or compound. A frimUive word is one that is not derived from any other word-^-os man, b ok, good, great, make. A liSi6rivai%ve word is one which is formed from some other simple word — as aanhood, goodness, maker. A Hmfle woi*! is one tliat is not composed of other words — as watch, giasa^ house, light, less. A oom^Mtvmd word is one that is composed of two or more simp/e words — ftp watchman, glasshouse, nevertheless. Permanent compounds are generally written as one word — as bookseiiar. 'wbo^^lraaster ; others, which may be regarded as tem- noraiy OUiiipounds, have the different parts united by a hyphen — 48 gOOll*Iiatnred, laughter-loving, negro-merchant, love-lighted. Oranpounds regularly united, and taking but one accent, should be written without a hyphen — as gentleman, railroad, steam- ifioat. When the parts of a compound word do not readily coalesce, or i when eadl part retains its original accent, the hyphen should be laoed between them — as lotus-eater, many-handed, rosy-fingered. W01U9 otberwise liable to be misunderstood should be joined Cir TJritten separately as the meaning and construction lay reqnifft A glass house is a house made of glass ; but a glass- >use is a buiiciing where glass is made. A negro merchant means jerson of c^or, who is engaged in trade ; but a negro-merchant leans a man l^bo buys and sells negroes. When two Ok Jnore compound words are connected in one sen- ence, eBfib flt iiiem should be fully expressed — thus, seven or Sbteen, fihOIlM "^t be used for seventeen or eighteen. It» I !. IW I t I t*(t i I; li! .'.' t ^2 ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOEPY, AND ELOCUTION. SECTION II. ORTHOEPY (Gr., orthos, correct, and epos, a word.) Orthoepy treats of the proper pronuncij)tion of words. Orthography treats of words as they are written ; orthoepy treats of words as they are spoken. The one deals with what is addressed to the eye ; the other, with wliat is addressed to the ear. n The pronunciation of the English language is in a great mea- sure arbitrary. Good present usage is always the highest autho- rity ; but as usage varies at different times, and in different places, a perfect and permanent system of pronunciation is unattainable. With regard to many words, there is an acknowledged disagree- ment among tlie best orthoepists. It is exceedingly difficult, by any system of notation, to indicate accurately every sound of each letter ; and even though the nota^ lion were more perfect than it is, it were even more difficult deli- cately to apply the correct sign in each case. An approximation to perfect accuracy is all that can be attempted. ; i The irregularities, arising from the composite character of the language, are so numerous, that few rules can be constructed to which there would not be a long list of exceptions. A few general directions may be given, which will greatly aid the young learner. It must never be forgotten, however, that a correct, distinct, and unaffected pronunciation can only be acquired by careful attention to the best speakers and readers of the language, and by frequent practice. Every lesson in spelling should be also an exercise in pronunciar tion ; and classified lists of words have been prepared to aid the pupil in acquiring a right and ready pronunciation. Pronunciation, as distinct from elocution or reading, is the utterance of words, taken separately. ^..v i- The proper pronunciation of a word includes a distinct art*- clUation and a correct accent. • ■ . ,m :'''^" <*• 1. Articulation. Articulation is the utterance by the organs of speech oi the elements of vocal language. ORTHOEPY. » Articulation should be full, clear, and distinct. A distinct articulation is greatly promoted oy protracting all such v«)wel sounds as will admit of it. 2. Accent. Accent is a prominence given to one or more syllables of a word, by a special stress of the voice. 1. Every word of more than one syllable has one accented syllable — as ac'cent, acce'nt. 2. Many polysyllables have two or more sjllables accented, which are distinguished as primaiy and secondary — as in ad'ver- tise', ap'pella'tion, var"etu''dina'rian. Tiie secondary accent is fouch weaker than the primary, and is only used for the sake of ^p-eater distinctness in pronouncing long words. 3. The general teniiency of the English language is to place the accent on the first syllable of dissyllables, and on the ante- jicnult of polysyllables — as in ab'sence, dis'tance, vir'tue, ap'athy, big'otry, abil'ity, infirm'ity, contrari'ety, ceremo'nious. 4 In verbs of two syllables the tendency is to place tlie accent on the second syllable — as in beli'eve, dev'ote. This is frequently done to distinguish the verb from a nuun or adjective spelled «imilarly— as ab'sent, abse'nt, collect, colle'ct. 6. Words adopted from the Latin language into Ae English, without any change of orthography, generally retain the Latin accent — as in acu'men, cura'tor, deco'rum. 8o:ue words of that class have, however, conformed to the Eng- lish analogy, and are accented on the antepenult — as or'ator, sen'ator. 6. Words ending in ialy ian, ient, eous, lo^is, or ion, preceded by c, ff, », or t, have the accent on the penult — as in dissen'sion, meditation, farina'ceous, j^'igna'cious, coura'geous, conta'gious, dissen'sious, conten'tious, par'tial, provin'cial, arithmeti'cian, an'cient. 7. Words ending in ic generally have the accent on the penult ; those ending in ical, on the antepenult — iis in algebra'ic, har- mon'ic ; fanat'ical, poet'ical. 8. Words ending in tadef efi/, ifj/, ety, ity, graphy^ ^BVy loquy, mathyy pathy, metry, toniyj nieter^ gonal^ fiufintf Jluous^ u !■! I ! . J l! I I :!!il 24 OETHOORAPHY, OBTHOEPY, AND ELOCDWON. porous, and vorqus, have the accent on the antepenult — as, for*. titude, rar'efy, ter'rify, sati'ety, legal'ity, geog'raphy, geology colloquy, ap'athy, geom'etry, anat'omy, thennom'eter, diag'oiial super'fluous, affluent, oviparous, omniv'orous. 9. There are some cases in which the usual place of the acccnl is changed : (1.) When words are used in contrast— as, It is easier to give than to for'give. He must in'crease, but I must de'crease. (2.) Poets sometimes change the usual accent to suit the measure or rhyme. 3. Rules for Spelling. 1. .-ifonosyllables ending in/, I, or ■ fat, sad, wet, blot, chop, dub, nip, nod, quit, throb, trim, tug, «nn, vhet, dig, fit, knit, plot, ship, sin, spin|kwhip, wrap. r. /n-^r. OllTHOtSPY. » n singmg, ful, argu- knowledg' ;e y into i 3y a vowel ing ; pray. beauteous, babyhood, and obei" the simple innkeeper, which they ful, careful, 2. Add any of the affixes which, are applicable to the following words — a3 est, cr, ing, ed, er, able, ance, ent, ence: — abhor, allot, ap- pal, begin, compel, concur, confer, coquet, distil, enrol, equip, forbid, fulfil, incur, instal, omit, patrol, prefer, rebel, refit, regret, repel, sub- mit, transfer, trepan, unfit, unman. 3. Add suitable affixes to the following words :— differ, credit, offer, glimmer, murmur, counsel, covet, jewel, gallop, limit, pamper, ap- parel, enamel, equal, label, marshal, rebel, rival, shovel, travel, wor- ship, boil, conceal, despoil, impair, proceed, refrain, shriek, retreat, reveaL 4. Add Ip, ful, ness, able, Ish, ovs, ment, or ity to the following words ;— fearless, peace, grace, amiable, lucrative, ripe, profane, taste, shame, defence, blame, rogue, sense, grieve, courage, humane, abridge, lodge, judge. 6. Add s, er, est, ing, or ed to day, dairy, ditty, key, toy, copy, cry, varry, defy, delay, rally, survey, study, shoe, vie, vary, way, weery. 4. Punctuation, In written language a number of diacritical marks are used to indicate the grammatical and logical divisions of a dis- course. Punctuation is the art of dividing a literary composition into sentences, and parts of sentences, by means of certain marks or points, for the purpose of showing tlie mutual relations of the words, and of expressing more clearly the meaning of the writer. The art of punctuation depends chiefly upon the principles of grammar, and is designed to assist the reader in under- standing what he reads. As many of the marks used, however, have a rhetorical, as well as a grammatical significance, a thorough acquaintance with theu' use is indispensable to good reading. The comma, semicolon, colon, and period, are used chiefly for grammatical purposes ; the dash, parenthesis, exclamation, and interrogation points have a rhetorical, as well m a grammatical, character. There is some diversity in the use of these marks, in the practice of diff'erent authors ; yet, on the whole, the difliculty in this respect is not greater than in spelling or pronuncia- tion. I - — — A ii:! 1 I ij t .;» ft W 111 [\^) 3d ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOEPY, AKt> EIOCTJtrOi^. The following examples will illustrate the importance of a co^ rect pmictuation : — 1. *' My name is Norval on the Grampian hills. My father feeds his flock a frugal swain ; .: » Whose constant cares were to increase his store." * 2. ** My name is Nerval.* On the Grampian hills, My father feeds his flock ; a frugal swain, * Whose constant cares were to increase his store." 3. * ' Every lady in this land, Hath twenty nails upon each hand ; Five and twenty on hands and feet. And this is true, without deceit." 4. *' Every lady in this land Hath twenty nails ; upon each hand * " Five ; and twenty on hands and feet. And this is true, without deceit." A barber's sign. {As understood by the Customer.) 6. *' What do you think ? I '11 shave you for nothing, And give you some drink." {As explained by the Barber.) 6. "What! do you think I '11 shave you for nothing, And give you some drink ? " The Names and Uses of the Points, and other Marks used Is Writing and Printing. { , ) The comma is used to mark the smallest grammptical division of a sentence, and generally indicates a short pause in reading. ( ; ) The semicolon is used to separate the parte? of a com" pound sentence which are not so closely connected as ♦iliose separated by a coninia ; and requiies a longer pau^e in re*Hlinfi than the comma. * Read each quotation as differently punctuated ; and mar> the difference in meaning. ORTHOEPY. -iil 20 d mar> tho ( : ) The edon is used to separate the parts jf a ccmponn j sentence which are not so closely connected as those separated by a semicolon : it is generally placed after a clause complete ui itself, and it requires a longer pause in reading than a semi- colon. ( . ) The period is used to mark an entire and independent sentence, whether simple or compound ; and it requires a ftiil pause iu reading. It is also used after abbreviations. ( ? ) The iiote of interrogation is used to show that a ques- tion is asked. ( ! ) The iwte of exclamation is used to deuote a pause with some strong emotion of joy, wonder, grief, &c. ( ) The parentheses are used to distinguish an explanatory clause or phrase inserted between the parts of a sentence, which is usually read more rapidly, and in a lower tone. [ j The brackets are used to enclose an iiiserted passage, or word of explanation. -— ^ The brace is used to connect several words, sentences, or lines which have something in common. ( — ) The da^fh is used to denote an abrupt or emphatic pause, ur a change iu the subject or sentiment. ( * ) The apostrophe is used to denote the possessive case, or the elision of one or more letters of a word. ( " " ) The marks of qiiotation are used to indicate that the words or passage, included by them, are quoted from some other >KX)k or writing. ( ) or (* * * *) The ellipsis is ^sed to indicate the designed omission of some letters, words, or sentences. (-) The hyphen is used to connect the parts of a compound word, or to divide a word into syllables. "When i)laced at the end of a line, it shows that a part of the word is placed at the begin- ning of the next line. C'^) The caret is used to show where words or letters are to be inserted which have been accidentally omitted in writnig. (§) The section is used to divide a book or chapter into parts. (t) The paragraph is used to indicate the beginning of a new ♦iubjecl. It is chiefly used in the Bible. 80 ORTHOGEAPHY, ORTHOEPY, AND ELOCUTION. , (i (i^) The index is used to point out something to which tha reader's attention is specially called. (*) The asterisk, (t) The dagger, (X) The double dagger, (ID The parallels. The small letters of the alphabet, as " * * &c., and numerical figures, as ^ 2 3 ^^^ ^^tq used to indicate a reference to notes in the margin, or h'm the bottom of the page. ( •*) The diaeresis is placed over the latter of two vowels, to show that they belong to two dis'.inct syllables — as in aerial. (5) The cedilla is a mark placed under the letter c, to show that it has the sound of 8 — as in fayade. (')(')(*) The accents, called the acute, the grave, and tho circumflex, are used to mark the accented syllables of words, 01 to indicate the inflections of the voice in reading. (-) (^) (/s) (••) (— ) The 7narks of quantity are used to in fUcate the sounds of the vowels in pronunciation. Leaders are a series of dots used to guide the eye t< the end of a line for the completion of the sense. („) ( — ) h. dovUe comma or dash is used to indicate thai what is expressed in the line and word immediately above it, is to be understood ; as — John Jones, Esq. ..London. Peter Pence, „ „ For general examples, pupils are referred to their reading books. * SECTION III. ELOCUTION OR READINQ. A good pronunciation comprises a full and open enunciation of the long vowel sounds, a clear articulation of the consonants, a forcible and well-placed accent, and a distinct utterance of the unaccented syllables. Pronunciation has reference to words, and elocution to sen- ten ries. Elocution is the graceful utterance of words that are formed into sentences, an relieve the reader or speaker, and to render language more int ;!Iigible and pleasing. 1. Pauses ai*e of three kinds : Distinctive, Emphatic, and Poetical. The distinctive pauses are such as are required by the sense, and their dmiition should be proportionate to the degree of connection between the clauses or sentences uttered. The shortest should allow time to relieve the voice by taking breath. The emphatic pauses are such as call the hearer's attention to something that has been said, or is about to be uttered, and may be made either immediately before, or just after, something which the speaker thmks specially important. The effect of such a pause is like that of a strong emphasis, [and should not be too frequently employed. The poetical pauses are such as are peculiar to the read- jing of poetical composition, and relate to the liarmony of nnra- Ibers. There are two well marked, called the/»«^ and coesural pauses. l!\iQ final pavM marks the end of each line to the ear. The caimral pause commonly divides the line near the liddle. Sometimes niore than one coesural pause occurs ^m the tme line. 2. la reading, the utmost attention snonld be paid to the I 34 ORTHOGRAPHY, ORTHOEPY, AND ELOCCTTION. proper use of the pauses, as they greatly modify and enforce th« meaning of what is read. 3. A correct elocution may demand a pause where the grammatical construction does not require the insertion even of a comma, and sometimes a comma may be correctly used where a good reader would find no occasion to pause. 4. The ordinary marks of punctuation, • which indicate the grammatical constniction, and assist in exhibiting the meaning of the writer to the eye of the reader, are insufficient as a guide to the reader in his attempt to convey that meaning to the ear of the hearer. Hence the use of rhetorical pauses, the length and frequency of which must be determined by the nature of the subject, and by the taste and judgment of the reader. 3. Tones. Tones are those modulations of the voice which depend upon the feelings of the speaker, and give expression to reading. They are the natural language of the emotions. 1. Each strong feeling or passion has its appropriate ton& The tone of love is soft and smooth ; of anger, strong and vehement ; of joy, quick and clear ; of sorrow, low and tender ; of fear, tremulous and hesitating ; of courage, full and loud. " In exordiums, the voice should be low yet clear ; in narra- tions, distinct ; in reasonings, slow ; in persuasions, strong. It should thunder in anger ; soften in sorrow ; and melt in love." 2. Expression aflfects both the pitch and movement of tbe| voice. Fitch of voice refers to the note or key on which we read or] sp5ak. The pitch may be regarded as hi^h, middle, and low. The middle pitch is that used in ordinary conversation. The hiffh pitch is that used when the voice is raised above tliej ordinary conversational tone. The loio pitch is that used when the voice falls below the ordij nary conversational tone. Movement refers to the time or rate of uttering words aniij kLOCUnON OR RkADlNO. 35 sentences. Movement may be regarded as rapid, modercUCy or alow. 3. Language not expressing strong emotion, as most nar- rative, descriptive, and historical writings, should bo read on the middle pitch, in a conversational tone, and with the moderate movement 4. Language which is grave, grand, or sublime, should gener- ally be read on the low pitch, and with a deliberate utter- ance. 5. Language of joy, mirth, or other pleasurable emotions, should be read on a key a little above the middle pitch, with a smooth, flowing voice, and a rapid movement. 6. Language of declamation and passion should be read with a distinct and forcible utterance, the pitch and movement varying according to the intensity of the emotions. 4. Inflection. Inflection is the variation of the voice in passing from one key or pitch into another, higher or lower. L There are four distinctions with regard to inflection, viz. : the rising inflection, the falling inflection, the circimi/lex, and monotoifie. 'The rising inflection is the upward slide of the voice. ^hQ falling inflection is the downward slid#of the voice. The drcumfUx is the union of the falling and rising inflections on the same syllable or word, producing a ^ight undulation of the voice. The monotone is a protracted sameness of sound on successive syllables or words. 2. The dii'ection of the inflections must, hi iUl cases, be de» temiined by the sense of the passage read. 3. The rising inflection is used much more frequently than the falling. 4. The emphasis of a falling inflection is nmch stronger than [that of a rising inflection. The following general rules may prove useful to the teacher or [advanced pupil : — 1. Questions which can be answered by yes or no, generally take 36 OBTHOCUAPHY, ORTHOEPY, AND BLOCUTION. .1! U > !ii ■';= 1" 1 1 :j i 1 ! i '1 1 j'' the rising inflection ; all other questions, the falling. The answers in both cases, take the falling inflection. 2. Negation, as opposed to atiirmation, takes the rising inflec- tion, and the latter the falling ; comparison and contrast follow the same rule. , 3. Expressions of tender emotion and expostulation take the rising inflection ; and the expression of strong emotion and autho- rity require the falling. 4. Clauses which leave the sense unfinished take the rising ; wlien the sense is finished the falling inHectioii is used. 5. Hypothetical expressions, an implied contrast, sarcasm, and irony, require the union of both intiections. 6. Passages of solenni denunciation, sublime description, or reverential awe, are often read without inflection. • Exercises on Inflection. Rule 1. Do you think ho will come to-day' V No^; 1 think he will come to-morrow^. Does tlie law which thou liast violated de- nounce vengeance' against thee? Behold that law fulfilled\ Who ever left the precincts of mortality without casting a trembling eye on the scene that is before' liim? Am I, then, to live beyond the giave'! Are fleets and armies necessary to a work of love and reconciliation'! Are you going' ? I say, are you going^ ? Will the Lord cast off for | ever'? and will He be favorable no more'? Is His mercy clean gone for ever'? Doth His promise fail for evermore ? Hath God forgotten to be gracious'? Hath He in angershut up His tender mercies'? Selan\ Who say the people that I am"? Has God', thou fool', worked solely for thy good'? Thy joy', thy pastime', thy attire'.* ihy food' ? Who for tliy table feeds the wanton fawn'. For him as kindly spreads the toswaj lawn'. Rule 2. I did not hear him', I saw him\ I said he was a good! soldier^ not a good citizen'. I came to bury Cxs^r^, not to praise \ him. Homer was the greater genius', Virgil the better artist^ ; in the one, we must admire the man', in the other, the work\ By honor,' and dishonor" ; by evil report', and good report' ; as deceivers'] and yet true' ; as unknown', and yet well known' ; as dying', and be- hold we live^ ; as chastened ', and not killed' ; as sorrowful", yet alwayj rejoicing^; as poor', yet making many rich'; as having nothing, and! yet possessing all thing8\ Does he speak rationally , or irrationally >| Eix)onnoN OR reading. LC answers Rule 3. O brother' ! dear brother' ! tlo not leave us'. My mother' ! when I leani" J that thou wast dead', Say\ wast thou conscious' of the tears I shed'? Hover'd thy spirit o'er thy sorrowing son', Wretch even then', life's journey just begun'? Is your father well', the old man' of whom ye spake'? Is he yet ftlivo' ? "Woo unto you Pharisees^ ! woe unto you scribes^ ! The charge T deny' ; the accuser I defy'. What a piece of work is man ! How noble in reason" ! how infinite in faculties'! in action', how like an augeP! in apprehension', how like a god ! Go to the ant\ thou sluggard^; consider her ways, and be wise . You blocks^ you 3tones\ you worse than senseless things^ ! The curfew toUs^ the knell of parting day^ ; The lowing herds wind slowly o'er the lea' ; The ploughman homeward plods his weary way', And leaves the world to darkness and to me\ Mule 4. The great', the good', the honored', the noble', the wealthy', alike pass away'. Ye hills' and dales', ye rivers', woods', and plains', And yo that live and move, fair creatures', teir, Tell if ye saw, how I came thus ; how hero' ? The applause of listening senates to command'. The threats of pain and ruin to despise', To scatter plenty o'er a smiling land', And read their history in a nation's eyes'. Their lot forbade' ; nor circumscril)cd alone Their growing vii-tues', but their crimes confined^; Forbade to wade through slaughter to a throne', And shut the gates of mercy on mankind\ In the beginning God made the heavens and the earth", and the earth was without form and void' ; and darkness was on the face of the deep" : and the Spirit of God moved on the face of the waters . Rule 5. If the righteous scarcely be saved , where shall the ungodly and the sinner appear"? And but for these vile giins, he would him- self' have been a soldier\ If it will feed nothing else', it will feed my revfinge. Hath a ddg money'? Is it possible a cur can lend two thousand ducats'? Hamlet', you have your father much offended^ Madam', you have my father much offended. ,' !i 38 OBTHOQBAPHT, ORTHOEPY, Ain> ELOCUTION. 1.' : ', 'm ji; i They tell Ha to be moderate^; but thdy, thdy are to revel in pro- fusion^. I did not give a 8ixpence\ I did not give a sixpence'. H (.me said he would go twenty miles to hear Whitfield preach* No', no', my lord" ; wish not a mftn from England. Rule 6. And one cried unto another, and said, Holy, holy, holy, is the Lord of Hosts. The whole earth is full of His glory. Blessing, and honor, and glory, and power, be unto Him that sittetb upon the throne, and unto the Lamb, for ever and ever. In thoughts from the visions of the nigh^, when deep sleep falletb on men, fear came upon me, and trembling, which made all my bones to shake. Then a spirit passed before my face ; the hair of my flesh stood up. It stood still, but I could not discern the form ^.hereof ; an image was before mine eyes, there was silence, and I heard a voice sa3ring, Shall mortal man be more just thaa God? Shall a man be more pure than his Maker? I PART, SECOND. SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION. The Mowing exercises will be found profitable as lessons in spelling ; but they are also especially designed to aid in acquiring a distinct and accurate pronunciation. When spelling lessons are recited orally, the pupils should be required to pronounce the word before spelling it, as well as after- wards. When the lessons are written from dictation, the sounds of the vowels, silent letters, and peculiar sounds of the consonants, fhould be marked, a^exemplified m the first two lessons. SECTION I. Some of the more difficult monosyllables arranged ^.ccording to the sounds of the vowels. 1. The Bound of d long— as in fame ; and e having the same sound — as in v§il. &0he chaste gawge plagMe skdin baste ddi^ l\rdl plaint steak bathe drain haste quail strai^At blaze ^ight ^nr.ye quaint strange brace fdint lain quake stray break flail lathe raise train chafe frail main range trai^ chaise fr%At n^igh r6i^n vdin change grange . paste saint ysGigh chase grape phrase (f ) shavo 'A%/tt »*' 40 SPELLING AND FBONFNOIATION. 2. Tlie cound 62 & short— as in fSt. i ii bStcb crilnk ^^h pEnk. shSnk bl&ok crSsh hM pr^ut shrS corn lorn orb 1 t torque t corpse morgue ore torsk form morn short tort gorgo mort sord ' Words of one syllable. 46 16. The BOimd oi U—aB in tiib ; and having the same sound. blood drudge munch struck blunt flung none strut blush flush nudge stump bump front numb surge bunch furze once touch chough glove one thump chuck grudge pluck tongue church . gruff plumb tough come Iminp plunge trump crumb hunch punch truss crutch judge rhomb word does jump * rough world dost lump rush worm dove lungs slough worse dumb month snuff worst done mulct son worth dunce mumps sponge young 17. The sound of a / long— as in tube. • , blew flew juice spume blue flue knew stew cue flume lieu sue dew flute lure suit due glue mew tune ewe glume mute view feud huge pew yew few jew sluice you 18. The sound of H — as in ptill ; and oo having the same sound. book crook hood stood brook food room tomb bull foot shook wuif cook full should wolves could good ' soot would 19, The sound of ou and ow, the same sound as in out, and owl. bough bound brow brown ^ SPSLLINO AKD FROmmclATlON. i" li ii| browse fount mouse scowl cloud frown mouth shroud couch gown now slough crowd grouse ounce sour doubt growl plough spouse drought hound pounce trow drown house rouse trout drowse howl scour vouch flounce lounge scout vow flour mound scow wound The sound of oi and o^, the Bftme sound &fl in boil and] broil foil ioist soil choice foist joy spoil coif groin loin toU coil hoist point toise coin hoy poise toy coy joint qdoit voice l! 21. Words ending in mo which have sometimes the sound ol ou as in out, and sometimes that of o as in no. The first of each pair has 6. bow, an instrument to shoot arrows bow, to bend ; to stoop lower, to bring down lower, to appear d irk mow, to cut down '^ mow, a place where corn or hay is put row, a rank row, an uproar sow, to scatter seed sow, a female pig M\ 22. Promiscuous Exercises on the vowel sounds, which the pupil should not only pronounce, but write, and apply the dis- tinguishing mark to each vowel, and mark the silent letters, and consonants having peculiar sounds. chief whence scythe taunt wealth sauce vhymo yawn WOBDS OF TWO SYLLABLES. drongM thwart . bridge rhythm grouse aisle • stew folk czar chyle pyre balk gauge choir wrought psalm eluice prance thyme says float huge shoe does crook source ^ouge gyves freak type fruit joust bleeoh yaoht dough chasm dealt sponge masque write calm train bowl bird knock quit league dirge saw guise dale want foal crutch soap first knife solve wealth last mow niche knit what health flounce liege war neigh tight chyme buy pawn fluto dearth staves scoff yearn hearth gnaw toad nymph daunt eighth SECTION II. m Pifisyllables, accented on the first syllable, which, owing to their termination, or prommciation, are liable to be misspelt. balance ballad ballot banter baron barrel barren batter cabin cackle camel cancel canter canon I M (a) gracious wager acre hasten waken alien hazel angel jailer (a) amcient . mason ag'ate brazier patience agile * cable patient alum chamber rasure anger chasten ration ankle daily razor arras favor sabre aspen gable savor atom glazier staple axle grazier vapor baffle \ v|8 i|; •;: 1 ^1 BFELLING AND Pi lOJNUNClAnON. canvas jangle travel water captain knacky iTSS7QSC3 warfare carol kncpsrxk VObTlCd ca8tle Ir/uhcr valir.ni* (8) cattle MdscapD valid eager cavil lavish valley beetle chapel mnlico valor cheapen chaplain manage vanish deaccn clatter manor vapid feeWe damage mantle vagaa fever damask mansion leisure damsel paddle .<» Icvc : dangle pageant fjk^ mcc^to dandruff palate tol)ci c:in:i'0 draggle palace fcnrley cpccioiic dragon parish csargo ctcopic fagot parrot cartage Irccuso:: famine passage cartridge weasel fashion patent ' garden fasten planet harden («) fatten prattle jaundice beckon flagon rabid marvel beggar flannel rankle parcel bovil fracture rapi4 parlor bovy fragile rattle parson blemish gabble ravage fllsten bury gamut ravish chcricli garret saddle (a) cloTcr grammar salad altar cleanly granite « sanction auburn credit grandeur satin caucus crystal gravel ^ satire cordage deafen habit shatter corselet debtor handle statute faucet deluge harass tackle sausage desert havoc talent wolrus earthen hazard talon warden epoch jagged tangle warmnt . felon jalop travail wharfage ferry 1 ?mt Of TWO tTLLABUB. «' ;H 1 fervor % mitre Uver («) i iter I flexure nitre lizard ocean rfare I headache trifle lyric ochre _v I leopard vital minion omen c) I level widen minute opal 5er 1 (evy mission osier stle K maDy(S) CO mitten boatswain Bapen H medal bibber mythic oocoa icon H meddle bigot mystic courtier 3ble ■ melon bilious pigeon dotsge ver 1 menace billow pippin golden isurc I metal blister pistol molten vc: H merit brittle pity postage cc2«) H * never brilliant pivot Bober \ in:vo V peril builder privy topas tijK ccio;iQ H prelate busy quibble yeoman copic B lebel chisel quiver COSOP. . H relish Christian riddle («) easel H revel city rigor bodice " I , ^m sceptre "* civic ripple body (6) ^m schedule civil river bonnet ]\ jckoii ^P senate clipper rivet collier '■ c jggar H seraph crimson scissors * comet 3vil H sever cymbal sickle comic 3vy H shekel distich snivel copy f' Icmish ■ sheriff drivel spinage coral ". • ury I sterile driven spirit cotton ■ } icrisli H tenon fickle swivel florid over 1 ^°^' fiction synod forest ■ J ( canly B tepid filial syrup fix)lic * 1 :cdit H vengeance fillet tinsel gospel f ystal H very frigate thistle homage eafen H giddy vigil Aonest ', ; Bbtor H (0 giggle village Aonor 3luge ■ bible hinder villain horrid ' Bsert H fibre inner vineyard jocund irthen H heighten limit visit logic i >ocli ■ idler lineia widow lozenge V Ion rry B iron linnet -d model II I 111 'II li II ) !i:i i!i; •lii';!; I il: n 50 SPBLLTNO ANP FBONUNGIA^ON. modest tropic frontier muscle monarch grovel puncheon moral (tt) honey ruffian porridge culture hovel sculpture pottage curtain hover sloven produce cousin jungle stomach proper cover knuckle study 1 provost covert lustre tunnel i novel covet money tonnage scholar dudgeon muffin worry topic ' I J i . .;. , WordB of unsettled orthography. (The mode of spelling preferred alone is given.) ahfitter oonnfiction indite pSnniless abridgment cdrpse inquire phTal accoiintant crftse jau plsister ambSAsador dSlfb judgment potato apostasy domain joilst m>ze barque despS.tch license rear befAll diocese Iftvemlflr reflection behdve Scstasy Hcorice r@sin brilzier endue marquis rgnnet cAmlet expanse mileage ribbon cSmomile foretell mistletoe BSamscress cSxabine fol'^ndry molS,sses shon caster gs^yiy m5ccaso]i sponge fhJimois gayety mdvable sterile cMstely gJCpsy negotiate " strew (6) cipher gi-ay Crison siimame ch6--, ., chSd, a kind of fish chemise (eez), an under-gar- chagrin, vexation ment "-■ chaise, a light carriage chevalier, a knight '"' ' chamade, the beat of a dnuu for chicane, to use quibble surrender chS.niois, a species of goat champagne, a kind of vine champaign, an open country charade, a sort o*' riddle charlatan, a quack, mountebank chateau (o), a country house chicanery, trickery chifFoniSr, a rag-picker chiffonniere (ar), a work-table chivalry, knighthood, gallant be- havior chivalrous, gallant chivS,lric, pertaining to chivalry The sound of k. ch before I and r is always hard — as chlorine, chloric, &c., chrism, chrysalis ; and in the following words : — ' ch&m, an eastern governor Chaldaic, relating to Chaldea chamf^leon, a species of lizard chaos, confusion chS,racter, mark, quality charta, charter, parchment chSsm, a breach, a vacuity chgmistry, a science chiliad, a thousand chimSra, an idle fancy chirSlogy, art of conversing with the hands chiriJgraphy, handwriting chlrSpodist, a surgeon for the hands and feet chlrtirgeon, a surgeon " ch81er, wrath ■ choral, beic^iing to a chorus clwrd, harmony chorister, leader of a chour choriJgraphy, a description of places ciiorus, a part in which all join in singing ch^le, the food as changed in the duodenum chiromancy, palmistry, or divin- ch;yme, the food ad changed in ing by reading the lines of the the stomach ; is| band -i! ( • \ .' « 'k' 56 fiPE£Lmd Ain> ^RO^UNCtAttOH. ^1: "i ;|, :i i'llll! '■:|ll I 14. Words ending in ^ or eZ. The termination U is pronounced as el, and it is sometimes difficult to remember which termination is indicated bf the sound. The following list contains nearly all the words of that class which end in d : — £lngel d^sel ■ kSnnel rowel bSvel dishSvel ^ l^vel shSvel b&rrel drivel Untel snivel biishel enamel mSdel swivel c&mel flannel morsel t^sel c&ncel ftinnel nSvel ttlnnel cb&ncel gSspel p&nel trammel ch&pel gr&vel parcel tinsel diSmel grSvel pommel chisel hazel r&vel elidgel hSvel rSvel 15. Words ending in re or er. The terminations er and re are sounded alike. The following list contains all the words usually written with re In regard to fome of them there is a diversity of opinion — as, centre, theatre, iirier, mure airy SPECIAL EXERCISES IN ARTICULATION'. m w14ch tiou. balm, a fragrant oiutment burm, yeast boa, a kind of serpent, boar, a male swine J: . -jh'r bust, a half-lcngtli statue burst, to break open dust, powdered substances durst, dared r ago. ■1 father, a male parent farther, more distant ■ ■" = fellow, a companion or equal feller, one who cuts down trees obey. formally, with much ceremony formerly, in time pa8^^ fust, a mouldy smell first, foremost— earliest it. gnaw, to eat into nor, neither laud, to praise ' ' lord, a title, or master lawn, fine linen ^ lorn, foraakon mauua, a kind of gum manner, metliod pass, a passage parse, to toll part* Of speech, &c. pillow, a cushio{i for the head pillar, a column quota, a proper share • quoter, one who quotes <■ sought, searched , sort, a kind , t ' stalk, a stem t stork, a bird of passage 6. Wtrds which aie often pronoimced alike, though the first of each pair is a monosyllable and the second a dissyllable. Those in the first column should be distinguished, those in the second column may be pronounced alike. dire, dismal dyer, one who dyes flare, to give a glaring unsteady light flayer, one who flays flour, meal flower, a blossom gore, blood goer, one who goes hire, wages higher, more lofty hoar, white hoer, one who hoes lair, the bed of a beast layer, a stratum or row lore, learuiiig lower, deeper lyre, a harp liar, one who lies mare, a female horso mayor, a magistrate bald, without hair bawled, cried aloud bard, a poet barred, hindered b(iurd, a plank bored, pierced bold, brave ? bowlud, rolled braid, to plait brayed, did bray brood, to sit on eggs; progeny brewed, did brew gourd, a pliuit gQj'ed, picrcetl with a horn gutst, a visitor guessed, did guess mist, a sort of fog misKcd, lost ; did not bit mode, a manner » mowed, cut down SPXLLINO AND PROKUNOIATION. ■;, I 'III' ?i::;|i il \'\i ' ; ■:. :! ode, a kind of poem owed, was indebted rode, did ride road, a way rowed, did row Bold, disposed of soled, having a sol« ^k ttix sword, a weapon soared, mounted aloft . told, mentioned. tolled, did ring wade, to pass through water weighed, did weigh more, a greater quantity mower, one who mows pafe, to cut off the rind payer, one who pays roar, to make a loud noise rower, ont who rows , sire, a father sigher, one who sighs side, an edge or margin sighed, did sigh soar, to fly aloft sower, one who scatters seed Bore, painful sewer, one who sows seams sure, certain, safe sheer, one who shoes ware, merchandise weigher, he that weighs Ezerd»8g for Diotatioi. The pupil should be required to write othersi of a similar kind. The loss of all his colors was a dire calamity tr the dyer. The lamp began to flare, so that the flayer «ould scarcely see to take the skin off the slain ox. Do not sprinkle flour over the flower pot. If you wish me to serve you faithfully, yo% must give me highw wages ; and, when the work is done, pay me m; hire. The hoer cannot hoe in the garden to-day ws the ground is covered with hoar frost. The lair of the wolf was found in a thi««ket, on a thick layer of leaves. It is graceful to play skilfully on a lyre but it is disgraceful to be a liar. The mayor of the town owns a beautiful ICAy mare. When the sower went out in the morning to sow his seed, he saw a lark soar into the sky. The shoer drove another nail into the shoe on the pony's foot, to make it firm and sure. A stone fell on the mason's bald heaJ, on account of which he bawled most lustily. The boy bored a hole through the boa^ with a gimlet. Our guest never left his room for four days, and no one ever gn ssed the reason of his conduct, !'iv*i.'*»i4 BPEOUL EXKBCI3KS IN ABTIOULATION. 63 Ho mowed thO grass well, but he had a strange mode of handling the scythe. He rowed a boat across the ferry, and then rode home in a carriage along the new road. I saw the boy wade into the river and bring' out a huh, which weighed three pounds. He told me that the large bell was tolled yectcrday. He sold a pair of thick soled boots for four dollars. The mist was so dense on the hills that he missed his v uy, and did not get back that night. 11 /I'J •■ ' ril>li ;.■ I 7. Wot^B which, when LidiBtinctly pronounced, are likely to be confounded. " ■» Each pair should be carefully enunciated, one directly after the "' ' other.' accept, except access, excess accede, exceed accidence, accidents adherence, adherei ' t f; 'Edition, edition affect, e£Fect allusion, illusion apposite, opposite asristance, assistants attendance, attendants acts, axo capita], capitol celery, salary centuries, sentries concert, consort decease, disease deference, di£ference descent, dissent divers, diverse elicit, illicit elude, illude emerge, immerge emigrate, . immigrate eminent, imminent eruption, irruption expedience, expedients fisher, fissure gamble, gambol genius, genus gesture, jester impostor, imposture ingenious, ingenuous ightening, lightning lineament, liniment millenary, millinery missal, missile monetary, monitory oracle, auricle ordinance, ordnance pastor, pasture patience, patients « presence, presentu preposition, prop i-Ilic'- prophocy, prophe: • sculptor, sculpturt' statue, statute tracks, tracts 111 l^ I i f\ 'I i 11^ !■ 64 Ji BPILUNO AND PBOMUVOUTION. Exercises for Dictation. \ 1 J- The scholars should be required to read these sentences to the class, and ftlso to write out others of a similar kind. All these presents I accept, in your presence, except the last. When ho obtained access into the king's presence, his joy was i» excess. It would far exceed my instructions, were I to accede to your pro posal. In the new edition of the book, a large addition has been made to the first chapter. His adherence to these views lost him many adherents. He may only affect ignorance, in order the more easily to effect his purpose. ' . .J a . The attendants gave poor attendance on the occasion. He acts wisely in taking an axe with him. In the capital of the country stands the oapitol, at the gates ot which sentries have stood daily for centuries. There wan obvious concert between her and her consort. The decease of my friend was caused by a lingering disease. With all due deference to you, I think there is a very great differ- ence. I dissent entirely from the proposal of an immediate descent into the mine. We emigrate from one country and immigrate into another. Eminent men are often placed in imminent danger. The very expedients, which you use, show the matter to be one of expedience. The impostor was soon detected in his acts of imposture. When the men were lightening the vessel the lightning struck it. The liniment will heal the wound on his face without altering a lineament of it. Monitory advice is often useful in monetary transactions. He spoke like an oracle about the auricle of the heart. The pastor of the parish has pasture for a horse and a cow. His patients had great patience in waiting for him. If he has the gift of prophecy, let him prophesy. The sculptor, in accordauce with the statute, produced a st which is an exquisite piece of sculpture. Wherever he saw tracks, or footpaths, there he dropped some truci DIFFICULT WOIIDS ARRANr.BD IN SYLLABLES. 6^ SECTION V. Cii0ts of the more difficult words, and snch as more frequently occur, arranged according to the vowel sound of the accented syllables. Words of not more than four syllables. 1. The Bound of d— as in fate. Accented on thefirtt syllable. Bg en cy fla gran cy pla gia rism al ien ate fra gran cy plaguy an cient gay e ty play ful ly a mi a bio ^ gla zier prai rio a (^u,e ous grace ful ly ra di ant area gra cious rai ment bailiff gra zier rai§in bane ful ly gua ia cum ratio bay net h{i{/'pcn ny sabre bra zier hei nous sal a ble ca dencc faiav cr y sa ti ato cam brie la i ty spa ci ous ca pa ble la zar house trai tor ous cham ber ma ni ac va gran cy chas ^en ma tron va nor y 0ha OS na sal va ri e gate dai ry nei^A bor va ri ous dai sy pa tri arch wain scot dan ger ous pa tri ot way ward dra per y pa tron ess wa ver ing fa vor ite pay a ble way fare Accented on the second syllcAl e. " ba ta ble ar rai^n au da cious u bey ance ar range ment bar ba ri an ac quaint ance ar ray be ha vior ad ja cent as say bewail ing ag ra ri an at tain der bro cade ap prais er as suage campai^ ^\ ' '^ Fiiif. I' M IBPELUNG AND PRONUNCIATION. *l!;i ; k ca pa cious far ra go par terre cham ad^ fe ra cious per sua sioD cham pa^ne for bear ance pro sa ic char ade gram ma rian pm: vey or chi can ery gre ga ri ous quan da ry com pla cen cy gy ra tion refrain com plain er hare brained re ga lia con ta gioiis . hi a tus re lay con tain humane re main con vey ance im pair repair cour a geous in gra ti ate sa ga cious eras ta ceous lay sec ta ri an cii ta ne oas in sa ti ate spec ta tor dis sua sion in sta ble spon ip, ne oun dis taste ful in veigh 8ur vey ing ef face ir ra di ate nn feigned e la tion li bra ri an un va ried e ma ci ate lo qua cious un veil em bra sure mo sa ic un wary en dan ger bei sance vex a tious e qua tor bey ing vi ca ri ous e ra di ate oc ca sion virago ex tra ne ous paque vi va cions ex chang ing pal la di urn ex pa ti ate * Accented on the third syllable • ad van ta geous col on nade lit er a ti ad u la tion con gre ga tion mach i na tio9 af fi da vit con fla gra tion mas quer ade ag gra va tion deb nair pal i sade as pi ra tion des per a do prep ar a tion ap per tain des pe ra tion pro cu ra tor as cer tain dis ser ta tion sep ar a tion ap pa ra tus en tor tain ser e nade bar ri cade dep re da tion trep i da tion bas ti na do leg IS la tion VI ti a tioa DIFFICULT W0ttt>8 ARRANGED IN SYLLABLES. 67 'li ■ 2. The sound of a as in f&t. sio0 H Accented on the first syllable. « ■ ab sti nence cat a ract mag is tra cy 17 1 ac ces so ry cat e chism maj es ty ac cu ra cy cal um ny mal le a ble fl ac ri mo ny cat er pil lar mack er el ad jec tive car riage man a cles ad ju tant cav al ry msn age ad mi ra ble chal ice mar riage ous ■ am i ca ble cham ois mar rit7ge a ble ian 9 \ad mi ral ty COS u al mas sa ere tor fl al CO hoi char ac ter mat ins neoim ■ ag ri cul ture chas tise ment mat ri mo ny ing 1 al le go ry chas ti ty mat tress ned ■ am ber gris cal i bre mach i nate *ied ■ an ces try dac tyl mag net ism an ec dote flam beau (0) pag eant I an guish frag ile pamph let ious ■ an ar chy gal ax y pal li ate ous ■ an ti liio ny gal Ian try par a graph ■ an ti qua. ted gal ler y pal pa ble ioiifl H an ti qua ry gal van ism par al lei aph rism gran deur pan to mime aquiline graph ic par a site asthma hal cy on pat ri mo ny at mos phere hand ker chid pat ron age ^^H av e nue jav e lin phan ta sy ■ av a rice hab i ta ble phar i see na tio9 ■ av er age ^lap sack psal mist er ade ■ : al pha bet lab y rinth psal mis try ,de ■ ap plex y Ian guage psal mo dy a tion ■ bach e lor Ian guor quack er y ra tor H bal ance lac er ate rail ler y \ tion 1 bal CO ny lach ry mal rap ino de SI bap tism lach ry mose r/iap so dy a tion ■ cap il la ry lap i da ry rav en ous lion H cap tain lam en ta ble sac cha rine cat a logue lax i ty sac ri fice i.l ; 1 / is SFELLINa AND PRONUNCIATION. . : :'\ sa^m on sapphire(s&ffir) sat el lite scan da lous sal u ta ry span iel snap pish stat u a ry Accented Nil a cad e my a lac ri ty a mal gam a na0h ron ism a nal gy a nath e ma a quat ic as phal tic as sas si nate astA mat ic at tach ment au dac i ty bat tal ion bom bas tic can thar i des ca tas tro phe 0hro mat ic CO ag u late com par a tive cui rass (kwe) dis par age ment dra mat ic e jac u late e lab rate e las tic- e lapse em bar rass e man ci pate em phat ic trag e dy tab er na cle tan ta lize tan gi ble tap is try tran sient tran quil lize tav em on the second syllahle. en fran chise en am el en am or en camp ment en tab la ture ex ag ger ate e van gel ize ex panse ex trav a gant fi nance fa nat i cism gram mat i cal gym lias tic ha rangue hi lar i ty ho san nah hu man i ty ,im ag i na ry im pas si ble in ta^l io i ras ci ble in tran si tive ir ra tion al lym phat ic me 0han ic men dac i ty mi rac u lous mis an thro py mo las see trap e zoid trav erse thank less vac u um tran script vag a bond val iant mo rass nm lat to r pac i ty phi Ian thro jr phleg mat ic phy lac ter ies pi az za />neu mat ics port man teau {b pro eras ti nate prag mat ic re fran gi ble re gal i ty re gat ta rheu mat ic scAis mat ic s0ho las tic se ra^l io se raph ic som nam bu lisni sto ma^h ic sub stan tial the at ri cal to bac CO ty ran ni cal u nan i mous ve rac i ty DIFFICULT WORDS ARRANGED IN SYLLABLES. 69 Accented on tJie third 82jllahl€. an i mal cule di a graph ic par al lac tic cir cum stan tial em blcm at ic pu tri fac tion com plai sance mal e fac tor sat is fac tion com plai sant mal e fac tion syc phan tic con fi dant par a graphic sys tem at ic GO ri an der par a phras tic un sub Stan tial 8. The sound ol' it, as in f&re. Accented on the first syllable. bare faced hare brained scar ci ty barely hairy Btair case bare ness hair less star ing ly bear a ble pair ing spare ly care ful ly pa rent spar ing ly care less ness pa rent age square ness dar ing ly par ing squar ish fairy rare ly star er fare well rar i ty ware house garish scarce ly wa ri ly Accented on the second syllable. af fair de spair ing mo hair ap par ent for bear ance , pre pare com par ing for swear ing re pair ing de clare in snare un fair ly de spair im pair ing un fair ness 4. The sound of a, as in far. ^ Accented on the first syllable. ol mond ar ti san al mon er art ful ly ar bi ter ar ti fice ar 0hi tect bar ba rous ar 0he type bar bi can ar ehives bra vo ar que bus car di nal ar gu ment charm ing ly car ni val car ti lage charge a ble char la tan clar ion far ci cal . far del gaunt lot SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION. laugh ter laun dry mar jo ram martyr mar tyr dom mar tin gale par lia ment par si mo ny guar di an harm less ly har mo nize hard i hood har le quin harp si chord jaun dice lar ce ny laugh a ble Accented on the second syllable. parson age par tial ly pars ley par ti san phar ma cy sar casm saun ter ser geaiit a part ment ant arc tic bazaar becalm gui tar cigar com part ment copartner ca thar tic de part ment dis hear ten em balm em bar go en large ment bus sai- leth ar gic mam ma mus ta^he in car nate pa pa un daunt ed asking cast a way cast er chaf fy chan eel lor chan cer y chant ing glassy last ing lastly danc ing mas ter y 5. The sonnd of S, as in fast Accented on the first syllable* mas ter ly mas tiff . nasty pas tor pas ture pas tur age pass a ble pass ver pass word pass a bly . pass port pas tor al Accented on the second syllable. plas ter plas ter er pranc ing rafter rafts man raft ing slan der ou8 task work vast ly vasty vast ness ad vance ad vance ment ad van tage amass as kaiice a slant en chant en chant ment en hance en trance dismast surpass sur pass ing un clasp un mask DIFFICULT WORDS ABBAN6ED IN SYLLABLES. 71 al der man alma nac altar au di ence au di to ry augiiry au ri cle au to graph au tumn awk ward bau ble caul dron caul i flower cau ter ize cau tious daugh ter . 6. The sound of a as in f&lL AccerUed on tJie first syllable. faZ con faZ con er fal si fy gaudy gau di ness haw ser hal ter haw thorn lau da ble law suit mau gre maud lin mawk ish naugh ty naugh ti ness naugh ti ly nau se ate nau seous ly nau ti cal pau ci ty pau per ism plan si ble qualm ish quar ter sau sage slau^A ter talk a tjve thral dom wa ter wa ter fall Accmted on the second syllable, ap pal de fraud ap plause ex alt as sault ex haust be daub ex haus tion be sought hy draul ics de fault er Ian dau in cau tious in stal ment in thral ment ma raud er pasha tar pau lin 7. The sound of ^ as in mete. Accented on tlie first syllable. beacon ea si er fee ble be he moth eat a ble fre quent ly brief ly e go ism grea si ness ere dence e qua bly lei sure de cen cy e qui nox lei sure ly dei tv e ven ly le gion ar y de vi ous feal ty le ni ent ly eagle fea si ble e qual ize 72 SPELLING A3XD PROKUNOIATION. ■:Ht;;, ;: .( i II iin meas les menial me te or neat ly need less ly peace a bly pie nasm pre sci ence Accented ab ste mi ous a chieve ad he rence a e ri al a gree ment al le gi ance a me na ble an tique ap pease ap pre ci ate a re na ar rear age aus tere believe be queath be reave be siege be smear bias pheme bo hea can teen ca price career cash ier ca the dral cha grill cha me leon fihi me ra com plete re cent ly re qui em se ere cy seen er y seizmre sea son ing sea son a bk- teach a ble on the second sellable. con ceal con cede con ceit con ceive con geal con ve nient cri tique czar i na de ceive de mean or dep re ci ate dis ease e gre gious en dear ment e the re al ex pe di ence fa ce tious fas cine fa tigue fu ne re al fu see gen teel hy e na i dea il le gal im peuch ment im pede in e bri ate in be rence the a tre the ry treatise ve he mence ve he ment wea ri some weas el ze nith in trigue in vei gle ma chi ner y ma chin ist ma rine mu se um mys te ri ous be dient ob lique ob se qui ous per ceive pie be ian pre cede pre ce dence pri me val pro ce dure pro ceed re ceipt re ceiv a ble re ceive re lief re lieve re prieve re triev a ble rou tine salt pe tre se Crete sha green sub poc na DIPPIOTLT WORDS ARRANGED IN SYLLABLES. 73 fiu pe n or ter rene ton tine tor pe do tra ge di an 11 nique un wear ied Accented on the third syllable. \m wield y val ise vice ge rent as si^n ec fric as see mau so le um bom bar dier gaz et teei mis de mean or 1 bom ba sin gon do lier mort ga gee uH «i;ap u chin gi'en a dier monn tain eer cav a Her guar an tee pal an quin chan de lier guil lo tined per se ve ranee il con si^n ee hy me ne al quar an tine i con tra vene in CO he rence rep ar tee j sac ri le giou f ' di ar r/iO) a in ter fe rence I 1 dis a gree ment ir re me dial sper ma ce ti en gi neer mag a zine su per sede eu ro pe an man da rin tarn hour ine fi nan cier '1 8. The sound of d, as in mSt Accented on the first syllable. 5del Hum cred i ble em is sa ry 1 ben e fice crev ice em pha sis bev er age de6t or en vy ing break fast ded i cate eph od Xi brev i ty def er ence ep i cy cle 1 eel e ry den i zen ep i taph r eel i ba cy dep re cate ep i thet 1 1 cetn ent e0h eq ui ta ble cem e te ry ec sta cy eq ui ty m cen taph ed i ble es cu lent i 1 cen tre ef fi ca cy es say ist cer e mo ny effigy eth ics 0hem i cal eg tism et i quette _^i cher ish elegy ex e era ble cher u bim el i gi ble ex em pla ry clcin ent el quence ex pli ca ble » ; tl clev i cal em er y ex quis ite '■m 74 8PELLINO AND PRONUNCIATION. i l^i "f: y^/m es tu a ry feath er fern i nine fren zy gel a tine gen u ine ges tore head ache hem is phere her e tic her ine her ism hes i tan cy leav en leg a cy leg ate leg is la tor leop ard leth ar gy levy lev i ty mech an ism mel an ehol y mem o ra ble mes sage met a phor nee es sa ry nee ta rine neg a tive neg li gent nes tie neth er peasant ped a gogue per emp tory pest i lence pet ai pet ri fy pet u lant pleas ant ry plen te ous preb en da ry pres i dent pre cious prec i pice pred a to ry pref er a ble pref ace prej u dice prel ude prem is es pres by ter y prev a lent pres i den cy quer u lous rec om pence rec on dite reg i ment rep ri mand rep ro bate res er voir res i due ret i cence ret i cule ret ro grade ret ro spect rev el ler rev e nue rev er ence rev ca ble rAet ric S0ep tic sched ule seam stress sec re ta ry sec u lar sem i breve Bern i na ry sen su al sen ti ent sen ti nel sep ar a ble sep tu a giiit sep ul chre ser a phim sev er ance shek el shep herd spec ta cle spec tre spec u la tioix spher i cal stren u ous tech ni cal tel e graph tel es cope . tem po ra ry ten e ment ter ri er ter ri to ry breach er ous treas ure trel Used veg e ta tive ven er a ble ven geance ven i son . ven om ous ves ti bule weap on wherry wres tie zeal ot \ zeal ous ze^h I? \ ■ DIFFIOULT WORDS ARRANGED IN SYLLABLES. /5 Accented on the second syllable. ry AC eel er ate ac ces sion ac cep ta ble ad dress a gainst al lege al read y an gel i cal as cen dant IS cen dan cy as cen sion as cet ic bi sec tion bi sex tile bru nette bur lesque cadet 0hi mer i cal com mend a ble com pen sate con demn con jec ture con temn con tempt u ous con ven ti cle con vex i ty CO quet ry CO quette cor vette de crep id de lee ta ble dis sen sion dis sent de vel op di ser e sis di lem ma de cem ber ec cen trie ec lee tie ef fee tive ef fern i nate e lee tress e met ic en deav or en feofif ment en vel op e ques tri an ex cheq uer ex ores cence ex ee u tor ex em pli fy ex tem po re fi nesse ga zette gro tesque he ret i cal hys ter ics in cred i ble in def i nite in del i ble in dem ni ty ir rel e vant in vet er ate li cen ti ate ma lev o lent me men to ne ces si tate pe des tri an pa ren the sis per i»et u ate po et i cal po lem ic pos sessed . pos ses sion pre des ti nate pre sent a ble pre sen ti ment pro phet i cal pu tres cent qui es cent quint es senco re cen sion re gret ted re plen ish re plev in re sent ment re spec ta ble re trench ment sen ten tious sep ten ni al se ques trate sue ces sion 5ug gest ter res tri al um brel la vi^ ette ;!S, Accented on the third syllaUe. ac a dem ic ad o les cence ar a bcsque ac ci den tal al pha be tie ar ^hi tuc ture ac qui es cence ap o plec tic co a les cence ■ I «■-, 'If it i! '1 ■■ 11:; Hi I V' :'\i i^m 76 SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION. M con sci en tious con va les cence (lis in her it ef fer ves cence ep i lep tic ev an es cent en er get ic in flu en za in ter reg num in nu en do 9. The sound of e before r — as in Accented on the first syllable. cer tain ty cler gy man fer ven cy fer vid ly gher kin her mit her mit age mer ci fill mer chan diso mer cu ry nerve less ner vine ner vous ly per CO late per fi dy per ju ry per me a ble per ma nent per qui site per son per son ate per son al ly per ti nent pert ness qner cus search a ble mign o nette om ni pres ent pic tur esque pro de ces sor sac ra men tal her. search er ser pent ser pen tin o ser vi tor ser vi tude ter ma gant ter mi nus ver di gris ver dan cy ver sa tile ver te bral ver ti cal ver ti go Accented on the second syllable. ad verb i al ad ver sa tive ad ver tise ment as ser tion a ver sion CO er cion con ver si a de ser tion dis cern ment de ter mine de ter ment di ver sion e mer gence e ner vate ex ter nal fra ter nal hi ber nal hy per bo le in ter nal im per ti nent in ter pret im mer sion ma ter nal per ver sion pre ser ver re hear sal re ver be rate su per nal sub ser vi enfe 10. The Bomnd of 'i before r — as in fir. Accented on the first syllable. bird like bird eyed birth right cir ci nal cir cuit cir cle OIFFIOULT WOBDB AKrANGBD IN STLLABLEa. 77 circus cir cu late cir cum spect cir cum stance chirp er dir ti ly dir ti ness fir kin fir man firm ly fir ma ment firm ness first born fir tree gird lo girl hcod irk some mirk y Accented on the second syllable. mirth ful ness myr mi don myr tie quirk ish thirs ti ly thir ti eth vir tu ous ly vir tu ous en cir cle en circ let en cir cling engird en gir die en girt in cir cum spect infirm in fir ma ry in fir mi ty in firm ly un firm un firm ness 11. The sound of i— as in pine. Accented on tJie first syllable. bi na ry bri be ry 0hi ro graph 0hi ro man cy ci pher eli max cy cle cy press di a gram 4i a leet di a logue di a mond di a per di a phrajTm di cese hi e rar chy i ci cle i ron (iiim) i ron y i sin glass is land 1 vo ry li bel ler li bra ry live li hood mi cro cosm mi cro scope mi tre night in gale ni tre pi lot pi ous • pri ma cy pri ma ry pri va cy iiglit eous sci ence sci list si phon siz a ble siz er slight ing spright li ness spright ly tri pod ty rant vi5 count vis courrt ess hy a cinth Accented on the second syllable. ac quu'e ad vis ed ly ad vi so ry af fi ance al li ance al migh ty I., Mi 16 8PELLIKG AND PRONUNCIATION. rll an ni hi late de si^n in dite anx i ty dis ci pie in qui e tnde as pix ing dis guise in vi late as si^n ment dis qui e tude le vi a than a sy lum du bi e ty ma li^ beguile en light en ob liged beni^ en vi ron pro vi so con di^ ex cite ment sali va con ni vance he li a cal sa ti e ty con si^n ment ho ri zon so ci e ty de ci pher ignite sub si dence de ci sivo in did; un sight li ness de scri er in did; ment un tried Accented on the third syllable. ad vcr tise in de ci sive un de ci ded ad ver ti ser sub di vide un de filed CO in cide su per vise un de fined . dis u nit ed su per vi sor un di vid ed im po lite su per scribe un en light ened im po lite ly un af fright ed un pro vid ed im po lite ness 12. The sound of {— as in pin. Accented on the first syllaJble. bib li cal cit i zen dis syl la ble big a my civ il ly dis ti0h big ot ed crit i cisra dyn as ty bil ious ciys tal dys en ter y bil liards crys tal line filial bin na cle cyl in der fil a gree bis cuit cyn ic fis cal bril lian cy dif fi dent fish er bus i ness digit gib ber ish chiv al rous dil a to ry gib bous 0hris ^en dip/i thong gig gler 0hrys a lis dis ci pline gris ^le cic a trlze dis crep ance guinea h • DITFIOULT WORDS ARRANGED IK SYLLABLES. 7t hid cous hip po diomo his to ry hyp crite hys sop id i om ig ne oiis ig no min y in tri ca cy ir ri gate is sue hih mils lie or ice lin e age lin ca ment lin i ment lin guist liq ui fy lin tel liq ui date liq uor lit er a ry lit er a ture lit i gant live long liv er y liz ard lyric mid wife ry mil i ta 17 mil lin er min i a ture min ute mir a cle mis eel la ny mis er a blc mis chicv ous mis tic toe myr i ad mys te ry mys ti cal pigeon pit eous priv i ly pyr a mid pyr man cy rid i aile rig or ous ris i bio ficim e tar sin ue syc a more sin is ter syc phant syl la ble syl lo gism sym me try sym pa thy syn a gogue syn CO pe syn nym syn tax syn the sis syr ingo thrifty this de tim or ous tri syl la ble tit il late triv i al tym pa num typ i fy tyr an ny vie ar ago vie in age vie ious vict wal ler vict wals vig i lance vil lain vil la ny vin e gar vine yard vir u lent vit re ous vi ti ate vit ri ol whim si cal whis de wit ti cism wiz ard worn en ab scind a byss a cid i ty am phib i ous an tith e sis an tip dcs Accented on tlie second syllable. 1 rith met ic au rif er ous ar tic u late as sid u ous as sim i late as trin gent au ric u lar aux il ia ry a vid i ty ban dit ti bel lig er ent be witch H\ ' y 80 SPELLING AND PKONUNClXTION. ):'!' rt'^i;,!^ ! ' ' I bi cip i tal blan dil o quence ca pit u late car niv o rous cen trif u gal cen trip e tal )ih& lyb e ate ci vil ian CO in ci dence col li sion com mit tee con cil i a>te con fis cate con sid er con tig u ous con tin u ance con tin ue cu pid i ty de fie ient de lir i um de liv er y de lie ious de lir i ous de lin e ate de ris ion de sic cate dis sira i lai- dis trib utc di vin i ty e clipse em pir ic em pir i cism e pis ^le ex hil a rate ex plic it fas tid i ous fri gid i ty fru i tion ful fil ment fu til i ty gen til i ty im plic it il lit er ate im pris on ment in cip i ent in dig e nous in fin i ty in i tial in i ti ate in im i cal in iq ui tous in stil ler i tin er ant mag nif i cent me die i nal mi li tia mu nic i pal mu nif i cent no vi ti ate om liiv or ous om nip tent vip ar ous of fie i ate par tic II !ar pa vil ion pe ripb e ry per iph ra sis pe ti tion per sis tcncc pre die a nicnt pre cip i tate phy si ciaii pro mis cu ous {)unc til iu po lyg a my quad rille re build re frig cr ant so lie it so lil qiiy u biq ui ty ven tril o quist vi cis si tude vi vip ar ous ab li tion ad ven ti tious be a tif ic ben e die tion ben e fi cial cir cum ci sion cal vin is tic CO a li tion def i ui tion dem li tion J.rcented on tfie third syllable. dis qui si tion pyr a mid ic in aus pi cious in ter mis sion ir re lig ion met a pbys ics pan c gyr ist par a lyt ic pol i ti cian prej u di cial pro lii ])i tion rem i iiis cor.re rep e ti tion sci oil tif ic su [)cr fi cial snr iT]i ti tior.s un be 111 Liiru uu cou viucoi < I ^T'l! «5- ^V. 1 :.■ PIFFIOULT WOBDB ABBANOED IN BTLLABLBB. 81 bowl ing bro ker age bow sprit tjhlo ro form 0ho rus CO coa CO ma tose CO gen cy coul ter cour tier do lor drol ler y fo li age ^no mon haut boy oakum 18. The sound of o, as in ni Accented on the first syllabi a sis ocean 0hre . dor ous nyx lite ori ent ori ole por ce Iain por ti CO por trait ure poul ter er pro to col pro to type quo ta quo tient Accented on the second syllable. ro guer y ro per y ro sa ry shoul der so ci al so lar sol dier (jSr) so ioum spo 11 ate sto i cism stow age tro phy yeo man ry zo di ac zo phyte am bro sial am mo ni a am mo ni um an cho vy aro ma as so ci ate a tro cious be moan be stow ment bu reau (o) ca jole col lo qui al CO lo ni al com [)08 ure con do lence cor po re al cor ro sive cus to di al de CO vous de CO rum de- mo ni ac di plo ma di plo ma cv e lope ment e mo tion en CO mi um en oroach ment en no ble en rol ment er ro ne ous eu lo gi um ex CO ri ate fe lo ni ous bar mo ni ous he ro i cai jo cose mc mo ri am morose ne go ti ate op pq nent op pro bri um pa go da pa ro 0hi al Pan do ra pa role pa trol pre CO cious ^ pro mo tion pro rogue re source re stor er re stor a t' ) le volt so no rous sym pho ni ous un whole some tu: ri oui> r \ \ I 82 SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION. ii t>.\ ad i pose ban da lore brag ga do cio cer e mo nious cor nu CO pia Accented on the third syllable. de . om pose op e rose dis em bogue op e rose nes>; in com mode im op posed in ills pose ' vir tii o so in ter poso 14. The sound of tJ, as in nSt. Accented on the first Hyllalle, bron 0hi al 0hol er ic 0hron i cle cog ni zance col league col lege col ny col umn com men ta ry com mon al ty com pa ra ble com p^ ten cy com pro raise con ju gal con quer or con science con se quence con strue con tro ver sy con tu me ly cop u la cop u la tire con gru oils cor ol la ry cor ri gi ble doc ile dol or oua dol phin fop pe ry for feit ure hom i cide Aon or a ry hos pi tal /:nock er laud a num laur el log a rithras Ion gi tude loz enge mol li fy mon as te ry mon dv mon the ism mor^ gage noc tu a ry nom i na tive non age nov el ist nov ice ob du ra cy ob se quies ob so lete ob sta cle oc cu pan cy ol i gar chy op e ra op er a tive QS trich ox J gen ox y mel y(A y gon pol y glot pon iard pos si ble post Au moufi prod i gal prod i gy prof it a ble prof li ga cy prog e ny prom on to rj prom is so ri proph e cy proph e sy pros e lyte scoff er soften Bol ace sol e cize sol emn ly sol em nize sol stice squab ble squal id toe sin tol er a bio tol er ance DIFFICULT WORDS ARRANGED IN SYLLABLES. 88 ton sil tor toise vol a 1^1 ize war rant warren AC knoiol edg ment ab dom i nal a nora a ly a poc ry pha a pol gy a pos ta sy a pos tro phe a poth e sis as tron o my au toe ra cy be sot ted be troth beyond bi ol gy bi ' g r.^ jrfiy 0ha ol ic ca lor ic CO los sal con coct ed con glom e rate CO op e rate cor rob or ate Accented on the second syllable. de mon strate ma hog a ny di oc e san dox ol gy de noni i nate e Ion gate em bossed eu phou i cal ex cog i tate ex ot ic ge og ra phy ge om e try his tor i cal ho mol gous hy poc ri sy by poth e sis im mod es ty im pol i tic im prov i deni in doc ile in oc 11 date i SOS ce les mis con strue mne mon ics mo rop ly my thol gy ce soph a gus phe nom e non phi los phy plile bot my pho tog ra phy prog nos tic re mon strate rAe tor i cal rAi noc e rrs spas mod h sten og ra ph sym bol ic syn on y moui syn op si.^ ver bos i ty zo ol gy Accented on the third syllable. al le gor ic cat e gor ic cor res pond ence di a bol ic e CO nom ic his tri on ic hy per bol ic met a mor phose met a phor ic myth log io pe ri od ic phil har mon io phi Io so phic 15. The sound of o before r, as in nor. AccerUed on the first syllable. bor der cor di al ly cor mo rant bor der er cor di form cor r** « cor ban cor du roy cor mu- r 84 SPELLINO AND PRONUNCIATION. M i cornel .. cor net cor nice cor po ral oor po rate cor pu lent cor pus cIq corse let cor sage cor ti cal dor man cy dor mi to ry dor sal for mal ism for ma tive for mi da bk for mil la for mil lize for ti fy for ti tude Accented ab nor mal ab or tion ab sor bent ab sorp tive ac cord ant ac cor ding a dorn a dorn ment con 'form a b/e con for mi ty con sort de formed fort ni^At ly for ward geor gic gor geoiis gor gon gor man dize hor ny horse man horse man ship horse rac ing hor ta tive hor ti cul ture lord ly lord ship mor dant mor mon mor sal mor ti fy mor tise mor tu a ry on the second syllable. ex or bi tant re for ti fy normal north era or di na ry por cu pine por phy ry por poise (pus) sor ta ble sor ti lege torch bear er tor ment tor pi tude tor quat ed tor sion tor toise (tis) tor tu ous ly torture tor tur era vor tex Tor ti cal ex or di um for lorn ly in cor po rate in form in form al in form er in tor tion in trorse per for mance re for ma tive re formed re sorb ent re sorp tion re sort Bub or di nato sub orn sub orn er tri cor por al iin for tu natft un or dered un or g anizei] un or tlio (lox 16. The sound of u, as in tube. Accented, on tliejirst syllable. beau te ous beau ty bn gle cu c«un ber cu li 111 ry cu po la. DIFFICULT WOBDB ABBANOBD IN SYLLABLF^b. 85 curacy cu ra tive cu ri ous ness cu ti cle du el list du bi ous ness du ra ble du te ous eu 0ha rist eulogy eu pho ny feu dal fu ner al fu sion glu ti nous ju bi lee hvL mor ous Au mor some ju ga lar jui cy ju rist ju ve nile lu era tive lu na tic mu ci lage neu ter nu tri tive news mon ger nu mer a ble nu ga to ry nu me ra tor nui sance nu tri ment pleu ri sy pu pil a ry pu ru leii cy pu tre fy su da to ry suit a ble sui tor sure ty Tues day tu lip tumult tu na ble tut e la ry u ni son usage usury Accented on the second syllable. ac cu mu late con tu sion ac u men adieu ad ju tor al lu sion al lu sive al lu vial a muse ment askew be dew bit u men bit u mi nous ce ru le an cen tu ri on cher U bic com pu ta ble con du cive de lu sion de mure dif fu sion di lu tion ef fti sion en due en thu si ast es j2hew gra tu i tons her cu le an 11 1-u sive im bue im mu ni ty in tu i tive im puyn li queur lu gu bri ous lux u ri ous mis us age pel lu cid pro fu sion pro tu be ranee pur su ance pursuit re fu sal re view sa lu bri ty sul phu re ous un u su al vol u ji'in ous vit u per ate Accented on the third iyllable. al le lu jah a ma teur al k) cu tion co ad ju tor * a 1 .1 L- / con sti tu tion des ti tu tion 66 BPELLINO AND PBONUNCIAtlON. ■i i| ,1, dim i nu tion dis tri bu tion el cu tion in se cure in se cure ly in tra mu ral res ti tu tion 17. The sound of it Bain tub, and o as Accented on the first syllable. bor ough buck et budg et buf fet ing bus tie col nel (kiimel) com pa ny com pas ses corn rade con duit con ju rer coup le coup let cour age cov ey ccv e nant cov et ing coz en cruin ble cum brous cup board cur ren cy cur ri er cus to ma ry doub le dn>m e da ry dul nesb dun geon dusk i ness ful mi nate ful some func tion a ry fustian gov em a ble gov ern ment gud geon gun wale (nel) gut tur al hon ey moon hov er ing hun dred knuck le lug gage lus cious lus tre lux u ry mon grel mon key moth er ^ mur der er mus cle nour ish nient nun cio on ion nu yfin) pul mo nil. ry pun ±eoii punc ture pun Lsh ment pus tule ■cul ler y scul lion scutch eon shov el ret ri bu tion rev lu tion sub sti tu tion in dtSfve. some bod y sov er eign sov er eign ty spon gy sub lu na ry sub si dy sub tile snb tie suf fer ance suf fra gan sul phur sump tu a ry sump tu ous ness surgeon sup pu rate stom ach smoth er ing thor ough troub le trum pet tnmch run tur ret ug li ness ul ce r.'ite um brage um pi re un du la ting ut tcr a ble vul ner a hie won der ing worth i ly DIFFICULT WORDS ARRANGED IN SYLLABLES. 87 ac com pa ny ac cus toni ad lilt er ate af front as sump tion au gust be numbed com bus ti ble con cur rence con sum mate con sump tion con vul sion Accented on the second syllable. de funct de mur rer dis com fit dis com fort dis col or di vulge en com pass e nough in culp a ble in cum beft cy e nun ci ate 'I es cut cheon ox pul sion ex punge in gulf pe nul ti mate re ful gen cy ro tun di ty re sus ci tate sue cumb tu mul tu ous tri urn vi rate 18. The sound of ii, as in fur. burg/j er bur den some bur glar y cour te ous cur tain fur ca ted fur lough fur nace Accented on the first syllable. fur ni ture nur ser y pur lieu '^ sur feit sur geon sur plice stur geon jour nal ism jour ney man mur ky fur ther ance tur bu lent tur pi tude tur pen tine tur gid Accented on the second syllable. ub ourd at tor ney ad journ dis burse ment dis cour ago dis cour te ous dis cur sion dis cur sive dis turl) auce di ur nal ex cur sion in sur gent noc tur nal per turb pre cui sor un hurt a sur per 19. The sound of ^, as in pM. Accented on the first syllable. bully bul work butch er y bul let bul Ic tin bush i ness bul lock bul finch bull bait ing ■ W 1 '- II r 88 BPELLIN6 AND PRONUNCIATION. :i' i i iVii Piii u book sel ler foot man rook er y book keep ing ful ler wolf ish book ish ful ness wolf ish ness bul rush pud (ling worn an boot jack pul pit worn an hood cookery pullet wool li ness cuckoo 20. The sound of oi, as in oil, and of oy, as in joy. Accented on theji/rst syUaUe. 'bois ter ous joy ful ness oily boyish loy al ty poising cloy ing loi ter er poison clois ter moi e ty pois on ing couiage mois^ en soil ing foi ble nois ome toil ing hoist ing oys ter toy shop joyous oint ment Accented on the second syllahl e. Adroit de void en joy ing a nomt ing en joy ment pur loin a void ance em broid er re coil ing annoy em ploy ing re joice an noy ance em ploy ment re join ad join ing enjoin re joind er ap point ment 21. The sound of ou^ as in out, and of ow^ as in owl. Accented on the first syllable. boun da ry dough ty out rage blow zy foun dry pow der chow der fouii tain pow der horn coun ten ance fow ler prow ess coun ter pane fow ling piece trou sers coun ter feit flow er y trow el coun ter poise growl ing vowel coun ter mand gouty WORDS OF MORE THAN FOUR SYLLABLES. Accented on the second syllable. ac count a vow al a ecus tics ca rou sal al low ing de nounce al low ance de nounc er a mount en coun ter an nounce en dow a round en dow ment em pow er cs pons al pro nounce re count re nounce re nown sur mount SECTION VI. Words of more than four syllables. The long sound of the vowels. ab bre vi a tion ac eel er a tion al lc3 VI a tion an ni hil a tion as so ci a tion CO ag u la tion Accented on the penvlt. col ni za tion con cil i a tion CO op er a tion de lin e a tion dis ad van ta geous re nun ci a tion in e bri a tion re sus ci ta tion in ef fi ca cious pro pi ti a tion pre des ti na tion ram i fi ca tion Accented on the antepenult. del e te ri ous mag is te ri al en cy clo pse di a mat ri mo ni al ex tern po ra ne ous mis eel la ne ous gu ber na to ri al no to ri e ty het er o ge ne ous ir re triev a ble as si du i ty al ge bra i cal an te di lu vi an am phi the a tre brag ga do ci o con tra ri e ty CO tem po ra ne ous in cor po re al cor nu CO pi a ir re proach a ble con sti tu tion al iin per tu ni ty con tu me li ous in ge nu i ty cer e mo ni ous in de fea si ble flUfi ci pli na ri an mer i to ri ous phar i sa i cal pri mo ge ni al su per flu i ty sub ter rji ne an sim ul ta ne ous un ad vis a ble un de ni a ble m SPELLING A*ND PRONUNCIATION. J'' t I 1 I Accented on the pre-antepenvlt. cer e mo ni ous ness im ma tc ri al ly par si mo ni ous nesa CO tern po ra ne ous ly ir re me di a ble re me di a ble dis a gree a ble ness in com nm ni ca ble su per nu me ra ry ex tern po ra ne ous ly in cor po re al ly un rea son a ble in Stan ta ne ous ly mer i to ri ous ly val e tu di na ry a man u.en sis a rith me ti cian char ac ter is tic Short sotinds of the vowels. Accented on thepenvlt. hor i zon tal phi Ian throp fc in dis po si tion su per in ten dence in ar ti fi cial su per a bun dant dis sat is fac tion math e ma ti cian t Accented on the antepenvlt. in fal li bil i ty par tic u lar i ty as sa feet i da a ris to crat i cal in di vid u al car ti lag i nous in com pres si bil i ty prin ci pal i ty car a van sa ry in suf fi cien cy pop u lar i ty pe cu li ar i ty Christ i an i ty in ca pac i ty con san gnin i ty im mor tal i ty chron o log i cal im mor al i ty pu sil Ian i mous pu sil Ian im i ty phys i og no my di VIS 1 bil i ty im pla ca bil i ty phra se ol o gy dis in gen u ous im pop si bil i ty phi lo soph i cal dis sim i lar i ty in cred i bil i ty quad ri lat er al ec cle si as ti cal in de struct i bil i ty re spec ta bil i ty ec cen trie i ty et y mol o gy fa mil i ar i ty in fal li bil i cy sys te mat i cal in flex i bil i ty sim i lar i ty im per cept i ble sin gu lar i ty ma te ri al i ty gen e al gy gen e ral i ty gen e ros i ty gen e ral is si mo me di oc ri ty hy poth et i cal oph i ol o gy su per cil i ous met a phys ic al sym pa thet i cal niyth o log i cal spir it u al i ty su per in ten den cy sur rep ti tioiis ly hy po ghon dri a par al lei o gram sus cep ti bil i ty in hos pi tal i ty pri mo gen i ture trig o nom e try ir reg u lar i ty pu er il i ty in com pre hen si ble the ret i cal Words op more than pour syllables. 91 Accented on the pre-antepenvlt. as tro nom i cal ly em blc mat i cal ly in ex pi a ble an a torn i cal ly hy po crit i cal ly in de fat i ga ble a men da to ry in tor rog a tive ly mag nif i cent ly a ris to crat i cal ly in dis crim i nate ly o pin ion a tive al pha bet i cal ly in cur ri gi ble par tic u lar ize an a lyt i cal ly in for mi da bio par a dox i cal ly cat e gor i cal ly con sid e rate ly cu bic u la ry con sid e ra ble de rog a to ry dog mat i cal ly de lib er a tive de pos i to ry dis crim i na tive e pis CO pa cy ex tra or di na ry 11 le git i ma cy in de fat i ga ble in ter rog a to ly in sig nif i can cy in cal cu la ble in con sid e ra ble in dus tri ous ly in vul ner a ble in cen di a ry in ev i ta ble in ex ra ble pre cip i tant ly ri die u lous ly rec om men da to ry re form a to ry reg u la ting re pos i to ry su per an nu a ted eat is fac to ri ly un in hab it a ble im ut ter a ble vo lup til ous ness Promiscaous Exercises. Each word to be divided into syllables, and the vowel sounds, accent, and silent letters indicated. Advertisement, adipose, agitable, allegorize, ally, alphabetarian, «,mbuscade, antediluvian, anthropophagy, antiphunal, apoplexy, ap- plicative, archdiocese, arraign, assignee, axillary, balcony, bargaining, basket-woman, beauteous, benumb, benignly, borderer, burnt-offering, buzzingly, cabal, calfskin, caoutchouc, cherubic, climacteric, compen- sate, confiscate, copulatory, coquetry, corollary, corselet, cruel-hearted, cycloi^sedia, czarina, debtor, decalogue, designative, desolator, desul- tory, determinateness, disobligement, disorganize, dwarfish, dyspepsy, effrontery, eightieth, elegiac, empyrean, ephemcric, equitemporaneous, equivocatory, erewhile, ermine, europeau, excarnate, exile, extir|)ate, eyry. Facade, falconry, fasten, folks, foreign, forfeiture, furbelow, fur- thermore, gardener, garish, garnish, geoigian, glossary, government, guardian, guest-chamber, guillutinu, guinea- wonu, gyves, halfpenny, haranguer, liard-heoitedness, haunted, hearthstone, heterogeneous, honesty, hospital, humble, humanity, hypostases, hyssop, ichneumon, ideality, idyl, illiterate, illustrate, imperforate, imperial, impertinence, incompatibility, Indian, indigestibility, indubitably, indorsement, iBgenuousness, inkling, inordinately, inscrutability, insurgent, in- veigber, inveigle, invertebrate, iron, ironwood, irony, isinglass, issue. ^ (MAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 2.5 ■ 50 ■^~ ■ ■^ UA 12.2 £f 144 I"™ I US, III 2.0 m 1.25 !.4 |||L6 ^ 6" ► Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STREfT eL keyage, kirkyard, knapsack, knighthood, knocker, lapidary, larboard, laurel, lava, leger, lever, lexicographer, light-fingered, lineament, liquor, lose, luncheon, machine, machinator, maintenance, maligner, marine^ martial, marriage, mUitia, misinterpret, misgovernment, mohair, mono^ syllabic, mormon, mountaineer, mournfully, moustache, multitudinary^ muscle, mysteriarch, mythologically, naphtha, nasty, nauseafe,ii^new, nervously, neutrality, niglit- walking, uoctumally, noisomely, nona* guuarian, noology, northward, notable, nothing, nuptial, nursery, nyniph-like. Oaken, obduracy, obedience, obeisance, obligatorily, ob« lique, often, oneness, ordinary, orthoepist, oxygenize, pairing-time, imlanquin, palaver, paraphrastically, parcel, parchment, parsimonious, particle, passable, pastorship, pastry, patriotisTa, perceptivity, periodic cally, perjury, phthisicky, plaguy, polytheism, presbytery, prescience, prophesy, psalmody, pseudo-clergy, pudding, paddle, purple, pyro- meter, quartette, quay, quirk, quotient, radiation, raftsmen, rankling, raspberry, rareness, receivability, requisitely, research, resume, rever- sal, rhapsody, rhythmical, rotatory, rouge, roughness, ruthlessness. Saccharine, sacerdotal, sacrilege, salve, scarlatina, schismatic, scholarly, scion, scorpion, scruple, scrutiny, searcher, secretary, sedentary, seig- niorage, soptuagint, seraphim, serpentine, sharpen, shekel, shrievalty, sinister, sew, sociability, soften, sonorous, spaniel, squirarchy, squirrel, steam-gauge, strewing, subtlety, surcingle, surety, surtout, surveil- lance, sweatiness, swordless, syringe, tabernacle, tableaux, talkative, target, taskmaster, temptation, tergiversation, tersely, thcrmometric, thesis, thoroughfare, tigerish, tissue, titliebook, tongue-grafting, tor- tuousness, tortuiscsliell, trait, treason, treasury, treatise, troche, tyrannically. Ululation, unacceptable, unceremonious, uncertainty, unconditional, uncurdled, under-gardener, undisturbed, unfairly, un- gira, "union, unsure, uprightness, urgency, usurper, uvula, vagueness, valiantly, vanguard, veilless, veiny, vengeance, verdigris, vertebrated, vignette, visionary, vizier, voluminous, vulnerability, waddle, wafting, walking, warbler, wearing, wonderful, wormeaten, wrestle, wristlets wrath, wrought, wryneoked, yacht, yardarm, yesterday, youthfully, youngish, zealously, zenith, zodiac, zodiacal, zoological, zoophyte. A List of a number of the most Difficult Words In common nflOi The sotiiid of tlw roii'f f //- ///. mit nfal xijIlnUli is vhirked- a vi iv ry {ist/Mua antipodes ftl iihy my iU nioiid an cho \y > • ftn stpcr aph oi^r e sis ac cAii tie • ' • '■' ftp theyiu as sa t'odt i da a pdc ry phal I DIFFIOULT WORDS IN COMMON USE. 98 aut' graph (5) a (lieu boft quei* b&l sam bias pheme biir i al (g) bus i ness (biz ness) bit il men b6r ough biirgAer boiirgeoD bds om b{ksh el biitcher bou^A crayon ca tturA coch i nSal 96(111 la can trip e tai cr6u pier cOugh ce ru le an cdl nel (kiir nel) coiir te ous. cfLck 00 cdsh ion ca rouse cS.t a coml» chUl (Iron d&u phin dSs uc tude Ji aSr c sis d!pA tl)ong dtic (it dknffh ter en vrl op ex ftg ge rate em py r6 an ex che(i uer gull lo tiue gam bdge grouse half pence hSJ cy on haZve hSxlequin ho n zon hajjY boy (6) hy dro pho bia ASs^ler h«ugh (k) her cu le an hoiise wife istA .iius im p5st Aume i s5s ce les jSop ar dy jotLst ^Ight le vl a than Itfg a rithm mas quer ade mez zo tin to mis chiev oua mis tie toe mne mSn ics nS^pA tha non par €il i^ut sance no thing or tho e py once (wihis) On ion (ttii yiin) par terre port niftn teau par Ua meiit pSd agogae phSas ant phlS^m ]'ic tur &que imn e gfr ist phthfa ic p5r ce lain pdst Au mous pr5 logue pm« ne piil pit pOt poi^ ant pexilm ps9>lm odjT .J quan da ry r6n dez wdus T&ute Thet ma tism scAis mS.t ic s^geant staves sl&ughter sper ma c6 ti sub po6 na sch^d ule 8^6n night sOl dier (jer) so nO rous s6uv^ nir sur t6u^ sea 1 lop (8) syn dn y mous sul phu re ous sure (shar) 80 V er €i^ ty fituni ach sa^t le K' j Mi i-iS- 04 SFBLUNO AND PRONUNOUTION. I'M PI Btg ar (sh) tttr toise ▼ict tt al ler to bfto CO thS r5i*5'A wOnt tar p&u lin trow sers wo'm en (1) TAftmes (S) vi Ion cSl lo zenith tripod vkt wals z(5phyr tOioards i Sentences for Dictation. A lazar-house it seemed : within were laid Numben of all diseased, all maladies— Convulsions, epilepsies, fierce catarrhj^ The faith and patience, the courage and prudence, of the anoient OhristianB, far surpass the most famous achievementB of military heroes. Swearing allegiance to thuir sovereign. An enlightened reader laughs at the inconsistent chimera of such an author. Oh what a confluence of ethereal fires ! Not a commercial, but a martial republic ; a republic, not of simple husbandmen or fishermen, but of intriguers and warriors. A sergeant made use of him to inveigle country fellows, and to list them into the service of the Parliament. The food of the cod is either small fish, worms, or orustaoeous animab. Every morning waked us to a repetition of toil ; but the evening repaid it with hilarity. Gray-bearded men and grave, with warriors mixed ~ Assemble, and harangues are made. Spoiled by the affectations of coquetry. The nobles have the monopoly of honor, the plebeians a monopoly of acquiring wealth. It is a dispute amongst critics, whether burlesque poetry runs best in heroic verse, or doggerel. If two vowels are to be read as two distinct syllables, one letter is sometimes marked with a diaeresis ( •• ). An indictment is a written accusation of one or more persons of a crime or misdemeanor, presented upon oath by a grand jury. Antipodes are those situated on that part of the globe diametrically opposite to us. A real circular motion is always accompanied with a centrifugal motion. We must not swallow down opinions as silly people do an empiric'a piUs, without knowing what they are made of. '.■«■..( v, SINTBNOBB FOB DIOTATIOll. 95 A fastidious individual affects or anogatea superior taste and di» oemment. The Emperor Julian himself, that most bitter adversary of Chris- tianity, who had openly apostatized from it, did not deny the reality of our Lord's miracles. They had no autliority, either by diocesan or by provincial syna* gogues. A concatenation, by intermediate ideas, may be formed of all homo- geneous truths. Sir James Macintosh wrote an excellent dissertation on metivpliysi- oal science. From yonder realm of empyreal day 1 The guillotine was first proposed to the National Assembly of France by a physician, and from him received its name. Here sacred pomp and genial feet delight, And solemn dance and hymeneal rite. We ought sometimes to suspend our judgment, till the first eflfer- vescence is a little subsided. * It is unfortunate that we should be harassed by implacable perse- cution, or excruciated by irremediable pains. And sought, By pyramids and mausoleum pomp, Short-lived themselves, to immortalize their bones. These men, republicans from servility, who published rhetorical panegyrics on massacres, and who reduced plunder to a system of ethics, are as ready to preach slavery as anarchy. The habitual passion of Howard's mind was a measure of feeling almost equal to the temporary extremes and paroxysms of common minds ; as a great river in its customary state is equal to a small or moderate one when swollen to a torrent. I omitted to state that I visited him several times. I regretted to hear sentiments so bigoted and besotted, and upon expressing my regret, the eyes of all present were riveted upon me. He proffered me his assistance on the occasion, but I pi ef erred to act for myself. He mounted the piebald pony, nnd galloped away. At the last conference the president conferred great honor upon him. Shall I envelop it in a cover, or send it without an envelope ? The misfortunes of that dissipated and dissolute young man deserve no commiseration. Though all his friends interceded in his behalf, he was superseded. v; 1 (■' 96 SPBLLINO AND PRONUKCUTIOM. m I will not recede ; on the contrary, I will proceed. It is almost unnecessary to observe that he was not benefited by such counsels ; nay, he was unfitted by them for his situation. The vessel, having unshipped her rudder, became unmanageable. The allies encamped in the valleys below. The attorneys made frequent journeys down. As befitting his exalted station and character, he omitted no oppor- tunity of benefiting mankind. After repeated sallies from the lanes and alleys, they were repulsed »nd dislodged. He offered to mould it in pewter, but I preferred one of plain lead. An embarrassed cobbler met with a harassed pedler, gauging the symmetry of a peeled pear, with unparalleled and ingenuous scrupu- losity. That bold player bowled the ball welL That new grater is a much greater invention than I supposed. When the allies rushed through the alleys of the city, the army made an attempt to raise the siege. The season of autumn suggests serious and solemn thoughts. The fingers of that poor dumb boy are so numb that he cannot make a sign. I differ from you, and have a strong preference for the other, yet in deference to your opinion, 1 accept the place he proffered me. There is a principle of coherence inherent in matter, which is ooe of its principal characteristics. He is so wilful that, however skilful he may be, he cannot fulfil the task assigned him. A knight of the garter, a puisne judgd, a sheriff, a viscount, and an earl were present. He wrote odes and lyrical ballads, psalms, hymns, and anthems. He studies grammar, arithmetic, and geography. The phthisicky old knight suffered severely also from rheumatism. When the colonel entered the catacombs he was greatly amazed. PART THIRD. VERBAL DISTINCTIONS. Im. There are many words in the language which may be confounded eitiier in form, sound, or sense. Some words have the same sound, but differ both in form and sense — as, ate and eight : the boy ate eight buns. • Some words liave the same form, but differ in sound, or sense, or in both — as, does and does : he does feed the does. Some words have the same form, but differ in accent and I'se— as, ab'sent and absent' : I am sorry I was absent to-day ; and I will not absent myself to-morrow. Some words have nearly the same sound, and require to be dis- tinctly enunciated in order to be distinguished — as, tracks, tracts : the mower will cut more grass. Some words have various meanings, and are used differently — as. While leaning on a posty he told nic tliat, when at the military postf he obtained a post of great honor and trust, in which it was his duty, not only to post the general's letters, but also to post his private ledger. Some words have a kindred, or similar meaning, and must be distinguished in application or use. ^^'^e speak of a yoke of oxen, a pair of boots, a hrace of pistols, and a couple of oranges. :i Kit 98 VERBAL DISTINCTIONS. SECTION I. Words wMch are pronounced alike, but which differ in spelling and signification. Each of the words is defined, but as it is often impossible to give a clear and intelligible definition of .such simple words, a number of sentences has been constructed, in which most of the words are used, and which will convey a clearer idea of their dif- ferent meanings. These sentences are designed as exercises in dictation ; and the pupils shoula be required to coiu which the words may be properly jtruct other similar sentences in ■ used. Such exercises are fitted 1 to enable a pupil to read intelligibly, as well as to spell correctly. 1 The words in the lists are arranged according to the sounds of 1 the vowels, the sentences for dictation follow the order of | the words. ^ das in ifSte. ale, beer, malt liquor day, a period of time oil, to be sick dey, a moorish governor ate, devoured days, periods of time ei||it, a number daze, to dazzle bale, a pack of goods faint, languid, weak ' bail, a surety- feint, a pretence base, low, mean fane, a temple l>ass, a part in music fain, willingly, gladly bate, to take less feign, to dissemble bait, an allurement frays, quarrels bay, a color; a tree phrase, an expression bey, a Turkish governor gage, a pledge baf s, bay ti*ees gauge, to measure a cask baize, a kind of cloth gate, a sort of door braid, to weave together gait, manner of walking brayed, did bray grate, a fireplace brake, a thicket great, largo break, to part by forc6 gra'ter, a sort of rasp cane, a strong reed great'er, larger Cain, a man's name grays, mixed colors. Dane, a uativo of Denmark graze, to eat grass ^ deign, to vouchsafe hale, strong, healthy • hail, frozen fain 1, ■"ll WORDS FRONOUNOED ALIKE. 99 hay, dried grass iiey! an exclamation lade, to load laid, placed lane, a narrow road lain, participle of lie made, finished maid, a girl male, masculine mail, a post-bag mane, hair on an animal's neck main, principal, chief maze, confusion of thought maize, Indian com aave, the middle of a wheel ; part of a church knave, a rogue nay, no ; not neigh, the voice of a horse pale, wan, dim pail, a vessel foi*wa4;er, &c pane, a sc^uare of glass pain, a feeling of uneasiness place, a situation plaice, a flat fish plane, a carpentcr^s tool plain, clear, even plate, wrought silver plait, a fold, a double pray, to beseech prey, plunder, booty prays, entreats praise, to commend aas air, the atmosphere ere, before e'er, ever heir, an inheritor airy, exposed to the air eyry, a nest of a bird of prey bare, naked ; simple bear, a beast of prey bear, to tttflte rain, water from the clouds rein, a bridle reign, to rule raze, to destroy raise, to lift, to elevate rays, bea".- of light sale, a selling sail, to swim Math sails slay, to kill sley, a weaver's reed sleigh,, a vehicle for travelling on snow stake, a post; a wager steak, a slice of meat strait, a narrow pass straight, direct tale, a story tail, the hinder part tray, a sort of dish trait, a feature vale, a valley vail, or veil, to cover vane, a weathercock vain, proud ; fruitless vein, a blood-vessel wane, to decrease wain, a wagon waste, to consume waist, middle part of the body wait, to tarry weight, heaviness wave, a billow waive, to give up ; to quit way, a manner ; a road weigh, to balance ; to poise in f&re. chair, a movable scat char, to work by the day fare, food ; price of passage fair, beautiful ; honest ; a place of sale glare, splendor glair, the white of an egg hare, name of an animal hair, covering of the head ■ >>.] 100 pare, to out thinly pair, a couple pear, a fruit stare, to look earnestly stair, a flight of steps tare, an allowance in weight tear, to rend VBBBAL DiariNCTIONB. adds, increases adze, a cooper's axe analyst, one who analyzes annalist, a writer of annals anker, a liquid measure anchor, a heavy iron for a ship ass, a beast of burden as, a Roman weight and coin bad, vicious bade, commanded candid, sincere ; frank candied, preserved in sugar cannon, a great gun canon, a law ; a rule canvas, coarse cloth canvass, to solicit votes dam, a beast's mother damn, to condemn dram, a small weight drachm, an ancient coin jam, a conserve of fruit jamb, a supporter ark, a chest arc, part of a circle hart, a sort of stag heart, the seat of life mark, a sign ; a note marque, license of reprisals tares, a kind of grain tears, does rend their, belonging to them there, in that place ware, merchandise wear, to carry on the person; tc waste with use d aa in f&t. lack, to want lac, a sort of gum ; sum of 100,000 lacks, wants lax, loose laps, licks lapse, a fall ; a slip mantle, a cloak ; a garment mantel, the chimney-piece nag, a little horse knag, a knot of wood nap, a short sleep knap, to break short pallet, a little bed palette, a painter's board rack, to torture wrack, ruin ; a sea-weed rap, to strike wrap, to fold tacks, small nails tax, a rate imposed travel, to go a journey travail, work ; trouble a as in ^r. marshal, to arrange in order martial, warlike martin, a kind of swallow marten, a kind of weasel cask, a barrel casque, a helmet oast, to throw OKCte, rank among the Hindoos S as in fist. caster, one who throws castor, the beaver '^i WORDS PRONOUNOED ALIKE. 101 fiasinfiSll. ■n, ertiyone awl, a sharp pointed tool anght, anything ought, should ball, any round thing bawl, to cry out oall, to name ; to appeal to oaul, a net for the hair oaws, doth oaw cause, a reason ; a motive claws, talons clause, part of a sentence gall, bile ; bitterness Gaul, a Frenchman hall, a lai^e room haul, to pull law, a rule ; a statute la ! an exclamation of surprise mall, a wooden hammer maul, to beat ; to bruise paws, a beast's feet pause, a stop quarts, plural of quart quartz, a mineral Salter, more salt psalter, a psalm-book wall, a raised fence waul, to cry as a cat e as in mete. bu, to exist bee, a honey-making insect beech, a timber tree beach, the sea-shore beer, malt liquor bier, a^ carriage for the dead beet, an eatable root beat, to strike creek, a small port ; a cove creak, to make a harsh noise deer, a swift animal lear, beloved ; expensive discreet, prudent discrete, distinct feet, parts of the body feat, an exploit ; an action flee, to run away flea, a biting insect freeze, to congeal frieze, coarse woollen cloth Greece, a country of Europe grease, soft fat greaves, leg armor grieves, laments heel, the hind part of the fuo^ heal, to cure hear, to hearken ^ere, this place key, an instrument for a lock quay, landing place from ships lea, a meadow lee, opposite to the wind leaf, a part of a plant or*book lief, willingly leek, a sort of onion leak, to run out lees, settlings ; dregs lease, to glean meed, reward mead, a liquor made from honey mean, paltry ; low mien, air; deportment; aspect meet, to encounter meat, animal food mete, to measure meter, one who or that which measures metre, poetidil measure ; verse need, want; necessity knead, to work dough peace, quiet ; tranquillity piece, a bit ; a part peak, a point ; the top pique, to glory in ; a grudge peel, a rind or skin |>eal, a ring of bells. 102 VEBBAL DISTINOnOMB. peer, a nobleman pier, support of a bridge, &a pleas, excuses please, to gratify ; to delight quoon, a king's wife quean, a worthless woman reed, a tall sort of gross read, to peruse reek, steam ; vapor wreak, to exercise vengoanoo see, to view ; to behold sea, the ocean seal, to fasten eeil, to make a ceiling seed, what produces plants cede, to give up ; to resign seem, to appear ■eam, a joint seen, viewed ; beheld seine, a fishing net scene, a sight ; a view seer, one who sees ; a prophet sear, to bum ; to wither cere, to cover with wax sees, views ; beholds seize, to lay hold of senior, elder seignior, a lord shagreen, a sort of leather chagi'in, vexation sheer, pure ; unmixed shear, to clip ; to reap sleeve, a covering of the arm sleave, untwisted silk steel, refined iron steal, to rob, thieve, or pilfer sweet, pleasing to the senses suite, succession ; retinue tear, water from the eye tier, a rank ; a row teas, leaves of a Chinese plant tease, to torment teem, to abound team, a set of horses week, seven days weak, feeble ; infirm ween, to think wean, to withdraw from ^ as in mSt assent, agreemnxt ascent, a going up bell, a hoUov/, sounding metallic vessel belle, gay young lady berry, a small fruit bury, to put under ground bred, brought up bread, food made from the flour of wheat, &c. Brest, a French tieaport breast, a part of the body guest, a viator guessed, did guess Icil, conducted lead, a soft, heavy metal Fafl by, with ; near buy, to purchase lessen, to make less lesson, a task ; a lecture levy, to raise monev, &c. ievce, attendance uu court rest, repose ; ease wrest, to force ; to strain sell, to vend ; to dispose of cell, a small cavity ; a hut seller, one who sells cellar, place under ground sent, conveyed cent, a 2lundred ; a coin scent, an odor ; a smell wether, a sheep weather, state of the air in pine. clime, climate ; a country climb, to mount up ~^ W0BD8 PRONOUNCED ALIKE. 103 die, to cease to live dye, to color cloth find, to ducovcr fined, condoroiied to pay a pen- alty in money high, tall ; lofty hie, to make haste hide, to conceal hied, went iu hasto ay, yes eye, the organ of sight isle, an island aisle, a passage in a church indite, to compose indict, to accuse lie, an intentional falsehood lye, liquor from ashes of wood lier, one wlio lic^ ' ' a liar, one who tells lies mite, a litiiO insect in cheese might, power ; ability night, darkness knight, a title of honor pries, inquires into prize, a reward ; a premium quire, twenty-four sheets of paper choir, n baud of singers rime, hoar frost rhyme, similar sounds rito, a ceremony write, to do writing right, straight ; correct Wright, a workman rye, a sort of com wry, crooked ; distorted sine, a geometrical line sign, a mark ; a token site, a situation cite, to summon ; to quote sight, a view ; a vision size, bulk ; magnitud < sighs, heaves a sigh slight, to neglect sleight, an artful trick stile, steps into a field style, manner of writing, &c. time, duration ; season thyme, an aromatic herb 2 as in pin. bin, a place to hold com, &c. been, part of the verb to be gild, to adorn with gold guild, a corporation gilt, adorned with gold guilt, wickedness, sin grisly, frightful, hideous grizzly, somewhat gray him, that man * hymn, a divine song in, within inn, a public-house kill, to take away life kiln, a sort of furnace limb, a member of the body liOQtn, to paint links, divisions of a chain ] yux, a spotted beast nit, an insect's egg knit, to make stockings, &c. primmer, more precise primer, a child's first book ring, a circle wring, to twist signet, a seal cygnet, a young swan single, alone cingle, a girth sink, to fall down cinque, five sticks, pieces of wood Styx, a river of the poets ■•■i 4 ) i l! i 104 VERBAL DISTINCTIONS. das boll, or bole, a round stem bowl, a basin bov/, a weapon beau, a gallant bore, to make a hole ; did bear boar, the male of swine borne, carried; supported bourn, a limit ; a boundary broach, to utter first brooch, an ornament close, tu shut up clothes, garments ; dress cole, a sort of cabbage coal, mineral fuel coarse, rough; gross course, a race-ground core, the heart of a tree, &o. corps, a body of troops cote, a fold for sheep, &c. coat, a part of dress doe, a female deer dough, unbaked paste doze, to slumber does, female deer fort, a castle forte, what any one knows best forth, forward fourth, next after third gloze, to flatter glows, shines brightly groan, to sigh deeply grown, increased grocer, a dealer in sugar, &c. grosser, coarser hoard, a treasure horde, a tribe hole, a hollow place whole, entire ; unbroken home, one's dwelling holm, the ever-green oak lone, retired ; solitary loan, a thing lent moan, to lament mown, cut duwu in note. mote, a particle of dost moat, a ditch no, not so know, to understand nose, part of the face knows, understands O ! or oh ! alas owe, to be indebted ore, unrefined metal oar, a pole to row with pole, a long stick ; extremity of the earth's axis poll, a list of voters pore, to look closely pour, to empty out a liquid port, a harbor Porte, the Turkish court rode, did ride road, a way rowed, impelled by oara roe, a female deer row, a rank roes, female deer rose, a flower rows, ranks rose, did rise Rome, name of a city roam, to wander rote, rejjetition wrote, did write sloe, a wild sort of plum - slow, tardy, not quick so, in such manner sow, to scatter seed sew, to work with a needle sole, the bottom of a shoe soul, the immortal part of man sore, tender ; painful soar, to rise high ^ throe, extreme agony throw, to cast ; to heave throne, a seat of state thrown, cast WOBDfl PRONOUNOED ALIKE. 1j05 toe, part of the foot t<)w, dressed hemp yoke, a bond ; a link yolk, the yellow of an egg * jJaBinnSt cobble, to mend coble, a fishing boat oodling, a sort of apple coddling, parboiling co> d, a string chord, the string of a musical in* knot, a tie sti-ument o as in m6ve. grot, a cell groat, fourpence lock, a fastening loch, or lough, a lake not, denying brews, doth brew bruise, to hiirt brute, a beast bruit, a noise ; to report choose, to select chews, to grind with the teeth crews, ships' companies cruise, to sail up and down rood, a quarter of an acre nide, uncivil ; untaught root, part of a plant route, a road ; a way thrtjw, did throw through, by means of too, overmuch two, one and one |: blue, a color blew, did blow due, owing dew, moisture ewe, a female sheep you, yourselves yew, an evergreen tree flue, a passage for smoke flew, did fly hue, a color or tint hew, to cut down Hugh, a man's name IZ as in tnbe. mule, a beast mewl, to cry like an infant muse, to ponder mews, enclosure ; stables new, fresh knew, did know use, to employ ewes, female sheep .:!i ^ as in tfib. burrow, a rabbit hole borough, a corporation chuff, a surly clown chough, a sea bird cousin, a relation cozen, to cheat dun, a dark color done, finished dust, powdered iirt dost, second \)crsou of the verb do fungous, spongy fungus, a sort of mushroom just, honest joust, a mock fight nun, a young woman in a convrnt none, not any plum, a fruit plumb, perpendicular ruff, a neck ornament rough, coarse ; uneven 106 VERBAL DIBTINOnONB. rung, did ring wrung, twisted skull, the bone of the head scull, a small boat sum, the whole some, a part sun, the fountain of light son, a male child S, «, il berth, a sleeping place ; situation birth, a coming into life herd, a drove ; flock heard, did hear sutler, a seller of provisions su&tler, more cunning tun, a large cask ton, twenty hundredweight won, gained one, a single thing before r. furs, skins of beasts f iirze, a wild shrub bow, to bend bough, a branch brows, plural of brow brouse, to eat shrubs ou as in ont. foul, not clean fowl, a lai^ge bird our, belonging to us hour, sixty minutes Exercises. What can ail him? Do not drink ale. Bring me eight pears. Did he pare the pear before he ate it? Tell him to bail out the water, and put the bale of cotton into the boat. Bail was refused at the court for the person who stole the bale of silk. It is a base act to wrong the weak. You will find the bass fiddle lying at the base of the statue ; take it and assist those who are singing bass. The Bey of Turkey rode on a bay horse. I am weary, and would fain lie down. Never feign friendship, but be ever truthful. She seemed to be faint, but it was soon discovered to be a mere feint on her part. I saw him pass through the gate, and 1)isi gait appeared very awkward. He put a great part of the coal in the grate. You must rub the greater part of that carrot on the large grater. Tell John to put the bay horses to the carriage, and turn out the grays to graze in the meadow. That poor man has lain for two hours in the lane. He laid aside his cont, and aided the men to lade the boat with sugar. The young maidi - .. , yesterday. ^s WORDS PRONOUNOBD ALIKE. 107 ;he iale bt sre bry Xhe main difference between a lion and a lioness is, that the latter has no mane. The male passenger pnt a letter into the mail. I felt quite in a maze when he asked me the difference between maize and wheat. The knave who stole the nave of the wheel, was seen sitting in the nave of the church. Nay, you must be mistaken, my horses did not neigh at that time. How pale you are, carrying that heavy pail of milk. He out hia finger with a broken pane of glass, and he suffers much pain. He was jBshing in a certain place and caught a flat fish called a plaice. It is quite plain that the surface is as plain as the joiner^s plane can make it. TeU me, I pray you, how the tiger seizes his prey. When did the reign of Queen Victoria commence? Raise the window and let the rays of the sun into the room. The seaman offered a large sail for sale. The butcher took the sheep away in his sleigh to slay them. He put the steak of beef on a sharp stake to broil it. We sailed in a straight line across the narrow strait. It was stated in a tale I read, that some animals sit upon their tails. Kindness is a marked trait in the character of the young person wha holds that tmy. The lady covered her face with a veil as we passed through the narrow vale. The ass brayed loudly. TeU Mary to braid her hair. The vane fell upon that vain person and cut a vein in his arm. You will waste less time if you bind the belt round your waist. Wait a little and he will tell you the weight of the box. I waive my right to that seat lest the wave reach your dress. While I stood in the way I saw him weigh the bag in a curious way. A. good man prays unto the Lord, and sings praise unto His name t and he weighs well the motives which govern his ways. I learned ere I came that the air of this place is bracing, and, if I e*er return, I will bring the young heir with me. The eagle builds his eyry in a lofty and airy situation. The white bear tore the bore arm of the lad so badly, that I could not bear to look at it. ' I offered a chair to the char-woman when she came in. It was not fair to charge that fau* person so high a faro for entering the fair. Tell John to take all the hair off that hareskin. i \l. 108 VERBAL DISTINOTIOMB. Did yon ever see any one pare an apple or a pear with a palsf of soissora ? Do not tear that paper on which the amount of tare is marked. He tears his coat in going into a field of tares. Their carriage is not there. That kind of ware will soon wear away the dress I gave him to wear. It is not fair that that bey should bear on his bare arm a pair of pale colored pails, the one filled with pared pears, the other with tin> ware for common wear. He now adds an axe and a new adze to his box of tools. The master bade me r.void the companionship of that bad boy. It is sad when a canon of the chnrch is enforced by soldiers anC oannon. He paid an old ooio, called a drachm, for a dram of liquor. If he had a lac of rupees he did not lack for support. He hung his mantle over the mantel to dry. The weary painter threw down his palette and flung himself ui>ob his pallet of straw. Wrap up th3 narcel, then rap for James to carry it home. It was sore travail for so old a man to travel so far in a hail storm. One end of the lid of the ark was formed like the arc of a circle. The huntsman shot the hart through the heart. As he was a soldier of mark, the king granted to him letters of marqno. That martial man will marshal the troops. He laid aside his casque and sat on a cask standing near. He urged the people to cast aside all respect for caste. That martial-looking man, who wears a casque, ordered me to carry this cask to the marshal. All shoemakers use the awL If you have aught against me, you ought to tell me frankly. Those boys should not bawl so loudly when they play at baU. Do you call the net enclosing that girl's hair a caul ? That old crow caws frequently without any cause. Haul that trunk to tl\e end of the hall. John held the paws of the dog in his hand. Did you hear the oat waul on the other side of the waU. You should pause at the end of that clause, which speaks of the paws of a lion and claws of an eagle. . Can it be that a bee hurt you? There is not a beech tree near the beach. He thoughtlessly placed a can of beer on the bier. Qe took up a large beet and 1)f>at t\\c boy with it^ i^ WORDS PRONOUNCED ALIKE. 109 :of )ar. rof bin- onC pon m. no. xry Ihe In running up the creek, the timbers of the vessel began to creak and strain. He bought the deer at too dear a price. . In performing the feat he injured his feet much. Would you flee away at the sight of a flea ? Cover the jar with that piece of frieze, lest its contents freeze before morning. It grieves me to see you wear these heavy greaves. This salve will heal your sore heel. Stand here and hear what he says. Take the key and open the gate which leads to the quay. I crossed the lea on the lee side of the wood. I would as lief take one leaf us another. I saw water leak out of the vessel in which he placed the green leek. AVho would believe, from his haughty mien, that he could meao to be so mean and deceitful. When next we meet I hope to have better meat, and to mete out CO you a larger portion. Who pasted these four lines of metre on the gas meter? You need not knead the dough so much. For the sake of peace I will give to each of you a piece. Did you hear that peal of thunder ? Give me a piece of orange peel. Do not pique yourself so highly on reaching the peak of the hill c fore me. c I saw a peer standing on the pier of the bridge. Please to state at once all the pleas you can offer in your defence. As you read the line point out each word with the reed. He went out to see the sea, and a grander scene is seldom seen. We ceil a room with timber or plaster ; but we seal a letter with wax, and mark it with a seal. Before I put a seed into the ground, he must cede to me all his right to it. It does not seem to me that that seam is very close. He sees the plant in the water, but he cannot seize it with his haiid. I saw John peeling an orange while that pealing anthem was being played. It were sheer nonsense to affirm that a shepherd ought not to shear his sheep. She pinned some ravelled sleave upon the sleeve of her dress. Did the man steal the steel he offered for sale ? The prince ordered sweet wine to be furnished to all his suite. No tear started to his eye, though he saw tier above tier of guns on the fort. The team of horses is ploughing in the fields, which teem with verdure. He lias been verv weak all this week. i 110 VERBAL DISTINOnONS. The chagrin of poor Moses must have been great when he found ont how he had been imposed upon with regard to the spectacles in the shagreen cases. I did not assent to your proposal of making the ascent of the hUl. The bell rang, and then the belle of the evening entered the room. He made a hole in which to bury the berry. The chickens were bred on bread made of rye meaL They led him through the forest to the lead mines. Your guest shrewdly guessed my object last nightk I will lessen your lesson if you find it too long. I heard at the levee to-day that the Parliament propose to Isvy a new tax. If you do not allow me to sit at rest, I will wrest that stick from you. Did the hermit sell his right to the cell ? The seller has gone to live in a cellar. He spent every cent he had for a scent bottle, which he sent to a friend. The weather was cold when the shepherd brought a wether from the hiU. P The man was on his way to dye the web of cloth, when he received an injury which caused him to die. By next week he will buy a farm. It is fatiguing, in a warm clime, to climb high hills. If you find the document, and do not return it, you wUl be fined by the court. It is now high time to hie homeward, for the sun is not high. He hied home to hide his part of the spoiL I asked him if he was pleased ; he looked in my eye, and said, " Ay.'' I walked through the aisle of the church, which stood on the isle. Do not lie down in the lye. Every mite in that cheese might be removed. You might have given your mite. I meet the knight almost every night in the street. Thomas pries into the class register, to learn whether he is likely to get a prize. The choir made use of more than a quire of paper. I will write to the wheelwright, and tell him it is not right for him to observe that rite. He makes a ^vl•y face at the rye-bread and water offered to him. At the first sight of your house he said ho would cite you before the council for choosing a site so near his premises. It is childish for a boy of your size to heave so many sighs about Buoh a trifle. Slight all tboie tricks performed by sleight of hand. | ho m( OK WORDS FBONOUNOED ALIKE. He told, in fine style, how he got over the stile in his haste. At this time last year the thyme was in bloom. Ill Have you been told to make a bin for the com? They intend to gild the ceiling of the GuildhalL There is no guilt in making use of gilt vessels. It was a grisly sight to see the huge grizzly bear torn in pieces. I heard him sing a beautiful hymn. I may take my ease in my own inn. He was told to kill the dog, and throw it into the kiln. The links of the chain have chafed the neck of the lynx. I can knit, but I never saw a nit. He is quite prim; but the child, with a primer in her hand, is primmer. They who ring the bells for joy to-day, may wring their hands in grief to-morrow. I will give you a cygnet, if you will place your signet on the book. Fasten the saddle on the horse with a single cingle. The boar broke the door of his pen and bore away a part of it. He was borne far beyond the bomn of his native country. Cupid gave his bow into the hands of that elegant beau. The beau spent an hour in trying to tie a bow to please himself. She soon began to broach the subject of the new brooch. The mistress told her to close the trunk containing her clothes. You have spoiled the cole by letting it fall on the coal. His manners are coarse, as might be expected on a race course. One of his own corps cut the core out of a nut and gave it to him. Lay aside your coat and assist in getting the flock into the cote. I fed the tame doe with some dough. He had four of his fore teeth extracted. His forte seems to be to fight behind a fort. On the fourth day of May he went forth to sow. You have grown so fat that hard work makes you groan. The horde of gipsies have a hoard of stolen goods. He dug a hole and hid the whole of his money in it. Around his home stood a grove of trees, among which were the holm, the oak, and the elm. That lone old man gave me the loan of an axe. I heard a moan among the new. mown hay. There was a mote in his eye, so that he did not distinctly see the moat. He did not know how to say no. I Mrill give you some of this ore, if you will take your oar and row me o^er the ferry* \\ 1 ;< 112 VERBAL DISTINOnONS. . Yon will see a polo at the end of the booth, having the state of the poll marked on it. He rode along the new road. I saw a roe feeding behind a row of trees. I rose and saw three roes standing between two rows of rose boshea He left Borne in the spring to roam over the south of Italy. Notwithstanding the sore on the neck of the dove, it can still soar aloft. I heard a cobbler, who could scarcely put a sole on a shoe, say that the soul is not immortal, and his sole reason was he could not be- lieve it. He wrote the passage so often that ho could cay it by rote. He sent the shipwright to cobble the old coblo lying on the beach. While the cook was coddling the codlings, the maid made ready the table. I paid the old man a groat to see his grot or cell. He turned the key in the lock, and went with me to see a beautiful loch (lough) behind the hill. He will not deny that he tied the knot. I broke a chord of my violin by tying a cord too tightly around it. The man that brews the ale received a severe bruise on his foot. It was soon bruited abroad that the brute had gored him. The crews of the vessels, sent to cruise on the coast of Africa, suffered much. That rude man says, that one rood of his land is worth more than au acre of ours. On your route through the forest you would observe many a root on the surface of the ground. That very rude boy threw a stone through the window. The two deer which you gave to me cost you far too dear a price. Choose any apple you pk se, but he that chews that one must have good teeth. The wind blew away my blue silk] handkerchief. I came early, though the dew was on the grass, to pay you the money due. Did you bind the ewe to the yew tree ? The flue was on £bre, and the sparks flew about in all directions. I sent Hugh to hew a piece of timber of a peculiar hue. I heard the poor infant mewl in the pannier on the back of the mule. The royal mews is not a fit place wherein to muse. He knew very well that the furniture was new^ Use the ewes well during winter. .\ WOBDB SPELLED ALIKE. 113 of 3a. or lat 1. he l\d ed ail ot We saw a rabbit nm into its barrow in the warren, within the fiorough of Dunse. ' That surly man who shot the chough is a rough chuff. "When you arc done, put tho saddle on tlio dun pony. Dost thou not see the dust upon the book? • We speak of fungous substances, and we call a mushroom a fungus. The decisions given at the joust were regarded as just. Did none of you ever see a nun in a convent? The stake, placed near the plum tree, is not plumb ; try it by the piumb line. The material, of which the ruff is made, is coarse and rough. After he had rung the funeral bell, he sat down and wrung his hands in bitter sorrow. He found the skull of a fish in the bottom of his scull. Some think the sum of money far too great. I saw your son, standing without his cap, in the rays of the sun. The sutler was a subtler reasoner than the sergeant. When the tun is filled it will weigh more than a ton. He won only one game, and I once won two. His berth has been a good one ever since the birth of his first son. I heard that he sold the entire herd to one butcher. She spread the furs on the furze bushes to dry. , Bow down and lift that green bough. The goats browse along the brows of the mountains. That fowl is a very foul bird. We are glad to receive our friends at any hour. m at le le SECTION II. Words which are spelled alike, hut which differ in pronunciation and meaning. abuse, ill usage abu§e, to use ill — to reproach as, a Roman coin a§, so bass, a kind of fish bass, low notes in music char, to burn partially char, to do little jobs of work cleanly, neatly cleanly, free from filth clothes, provides with dress clothe^, garments courtesy, civility — kindness coiirtcsy, act of respect made by women diffuse, scattered —not concise diffuse, to spread abroad ^i 114 VERBAL DISTINOnONB. does, female deer ddes, 3d per. sing, of do — ddth excuse, an apology excujfo, to pardon form, a cluss -a long seat form, shape figure grease, melted fat grea§o, to smear vrith grease gill, gills, the lung^of a fish gill, the fouiih part of a pint hinder, on the back side Under, to prevent ^ house, a place of abode hou§e, to put into a honae I3ad, to guide ISad, a heavj" metal learned, intelligeni— §kilfal learned, did learn lease, to let houses or lands for rent leage, to glean live, living— alive live, to exist mouse, an animal mou§e, to catch mice number, to count num&er, more torpid notable, remarkable— flisUngnisbefl notable, careful— bustling poll, the head— a place of election pOll, pet name for a parrot pniner, more excellent piTnier, a child's first book rfivcn, a bird « r&von, to devour read, to peruse a book rOad, did read sewer (sO-er), one who sew* sewer (sd-er), a drain tAoughf a miry place slough (sluff), the cast-off skin of a snake tftrry, to wait t&rry, covered with tar tear, a drop of water from the eye tefti*, to rend— a rent ■ use, act of using— utility use, to make use of —to employ wind, to turn round wind, air in motion worsted, defeated w6rsted, a kind of woollen yam wdund, a hurt ^^ound, part of the verb to wind Exercise for Reading and Dictation. I learned that, though you abuse that learned man, he will give no abuse in retuiii. The man who sings bass, caught a bass in the lake, as I passed, for which I gave him an old coin called an as. The charwoman is very cleanly, she brings in the charcoal and does all her work very cleanly. The generous lady, who clothes so many orphan children, received the child with the greatest courtesy, and when the girl was admitted, she made a courtesy, and thanked the lady for her clothes. He does not write vigorously, his style is too diffuse. The excuse you make is not sufficient, so I cannot excuse you. You must form your letters better, or you cannot be admitted to the fourth form. As he held the fish by the tail more than two gills of water ran (rom its gills, i t. ■bed ion > ; «. of a WORDS DI8TIN0UI8HKD BT PLACE OF ACCENT. 110 It did not hinder the journey, but he pat " Rachel and Joseph hindermost." He built the house so large that he could houBe aU his cattle during the winter. He undertook to lead them and the live stock to a place near the lead mines, where they might live fur a time. On that notable occasion I first heard of his notable housekeeper. I read in the primer that the ravens croak and the lions raven. Tarry for me till I put this tarry stick into the slough. When the child saw the tear in her dress, a tear came to her eye. The wind was very high, so we remained at home to wind that wonted yam, which the servant had not wound yesterday, on aooount of the wound she received in her hand. jye I no for oes red ed. to •an B SECTION III. Words distinguished by the place of the accent. In most of the following words the accent is regulated by the appli* cation. When used as verbs, the accent is placed on the last syllable —as, absent', reprimand'. Except attrib'ute. ab'sent, not present ce'ment, that which unites absenf, to keep away cement', to unite ab'stract, an abridgment com'pact, an agreement abstract', to draw or separate from compact', firm— solid —to abridge collect, a short prayer ac'oent, a peculiar tone in speak- collect', to bring together ing or pronouncing— stress or com'ment, an exposition force given to a particular syl- comment' (upon), to expound lable in a word— a mark by com'pound, a mixture - an en- which the accent is denoted closure accent', to mark the accent — ^to compound', to mix — to come to give or express the accent terms of agreement af 'fix, a post-fix, or part added to con'cert, a musical entertainment a word affix', to join or unite to lit'tribute, a quality attrib'ute, to assign to aug'ment, an increase augment', to increase Au'gust, the eighth month august', great— majestic — agreement of design concert', to contrive — to plan con'crete, a mass formed of parts concrete', to unite in one body con'duct, behavior conduct', to lead -manage con'fine, a boundary confine', to limit - to imprison ^1 s 1 •i4 116 VERBAL DISTINOnONB. ! ! oon'fliot, a struggle— a contest r!onflict', to oppoHO conjure {kun-jiw), to practise the arts of a conjurer conjure', to call upon with adjura- tion—to entreat in the most earnest manner con sort, wife or husband — a com- panion consort', to associate with contest, a dispute— a struggle contest', to dispute— to contend con tract, a binding agreement contract', to draw together or agree contrast, opposition of figures contrast', to place in opposition converse', conversation— the op- posite or contrary converse', to dibcourse familiarly with con'vert, a person converted convert', to change or turn con'vict, a person convicted convict', to prove guUty con'voy, an escort or guard convoy', to escort — to accompany as a guard coun'termand, an order tc the contrary countermand', to revoke a former order des'cant, a song — a discourse descant', to harangue desert (dezert^), that which one deserves — degree of merit desert {dc^-et't), a wilderness — a deserted place digest, materials arranged digest', to arrange— to dissolve discount, abatement for ready money discount', to make an abatement entrance, the act or the place of entering entrance', to purt into a trance o) ecstasy escort, an armed fpiard escort', to accompany as a guard es'say, an attempt— a treatise essay', to attempt — to try ex'ilc, a person banished— banish* ment exile', to banish ex'port, a commodity exported export', to carry or ship goods out of the country ex'traot, something extracted extract', to draw out or from fer'ment, a boiling —a tumult ferment', to cause or produce fer* mentation fre'quent, often occurring frequents to visit often gallant, brave (applied to military men) gallant', particularly attentive to ladies im'port, any commodity imported — meaning — consequence Import', to bring from abroad— to mean or signify in'cense, perfume or fragrance exhaled by fire incense', to inflame — to enrage in'crease, augmentatio*x increase', to make more or greator inlay, something inlaid or in. serted inlay', to lay or put in in' suit, an affront insult', to treat with insolence interchange, a mutual 'exchange — commerce interchange . to exchange with in terdict, a prohibition j,. interdict , to prohibit invalid {invaleed), one weak oi disabled by sickness, wounds, or old age . ,' ii 7 ince 0) ;uard 86 laniflh' ted tdsout Bd m lit ce fer* lilitary live to ported cad— 'ancc •eatar ir in- Words dibtikouisued by place of accent. 117 pe lange oi liads, i invalid {inval'id), weak— of no present', to give formally force or weight produce, that which is produced min'ute, the 60th part of an hour produce', to bring forth — a small portion of time project, a scheme— a contr'vanco minute', small -diminiHlied luoject', to form in tho mind— to miscon'duct, bad behavior jut out misconduct', to behave badly protest, a solemn declaration ob'ject, something seen— an end protest', to declare solemnly or purpose reb'el, one that rebels object', to make an objection to rebel', to oppc e lawful authority — to oppose by argument rec'onl, a register— a memorial o'vercharge, too great a cliargc record', to register overcharge' to charge too mucli refuse, what is refused as «sele8ii — to crowd o'verthrow, defeat - discomfiture — destruction overthrow', to defeat — to dis- comfit — to destroy per'fume, fragrance perfume', to scent per'mit, a written authority from an excise officer for removing goods permit', to authorize — to allow — worthless remains refuse', to reject rep'rimand, a censure reprimand', to chide or rebuke - to censure sub'ject, placed under— liable * » — one under the dominion of sui- other— the question or matter under consideration subject', to place under— to reduce to submission precedent {pres'edent), a previous su'piue, a kind of verbal noun rule or example ' prece'dent, preceding or going before — former pre'fix, a particle or preposition prefixed to a word prefix', to put before prem'ise, an antecedent state- ment premise', to state beforehand pres'age, a prognostic or sign presage', to foretell or forebode pres'ent, something presented— a gift or offering supine', lying with the face up- wards—indolent sur'name, family name surname', to add another name sur'vey, a view taken survey', to take a view tor''ment, torture — vexation, tor'ment', to put to pain — to vex trans'fer, the act of transferring transfer', to assign or make over trans'port, rapture — a vessel for conveying soldiers beyond sea transport', to carry beyond sea as a convict — to put into ecstasy Exercises for Dictation. (These sentences should not only be read, but also written, marking the accent properly.) The boys, who were absent from school yesterday, must not absent themselves again, without special permission. I 118 VERBAL DISTINCTIONS. St'; m. li ii To accent a word properly, is to place the accent on the righi syllable. We can attribute the attribute of prescience to God alone. Did you abstract from my desk the abstract which I made of the lecture ? You must affix each prefix and affix properly. . Their au'^'ust monarch died in August last. By prefixing the augment, you augment the length of the word. The troops stood in compact order, while their generals signed the compact. They met to concert measures for conducting the concert. His conduct was so bad that unless he conduct himself better, he cannot remain in school. He must confine his operations within the confines of his own it- tory>|^ Their accounts of the conflict conflict with each other. I conjure you to refrain from attempting to conjure by such means. He intends to contest the result of the late contest. The builders who contract for the works are all able to fulfil the terms of the contract. Should he desert his friend in the desert, both would sufl'er. A convoy of war vessels was sent to convoy the emperor home. An armed escort was appointed to escort us through that moun* tainous region. When he discounted that bill he charged a high discount. That extensive house exports a large share of the exports of the country. Extract the juice of the lemons, as directed in the extract I read from the paper yesterday. The gallant officer was very g^ He imports largely, thereby increasing the imports of the country. You will greatly incense the old man if you ask him why he bunu; incense in his room. The reasons for excluding that poor invalid from the hospital are utterly invalid. A minute is a very minute portion of time, yet of great value. If I know the object he has in view, I might not object to his course. Ho saw some presage in the sky, which seemed to him to presage the overthrow of the city. I cannot, at present, in person present you with the present which 1 hereby send. Permit me to see the permit for removing the goods. Yutt need not produce a better sample of the produce of the countjry* WORDS OP SIMILAR SOUND. 119 The project you propose is so impracticable, that unless you can pro- ject a better, the affair must be given up. I earnestly protest against their protest being recorded. Should he rebel against the government, he must expect the fate oiE a rebel Tlie very dogs refuse to eat the refuse you offered to him. I will record the transaction and send you a cojjy of the record. His remarks on that subject may subject him to a great amount of trouble. The forinei survey was so incorrect that it wjis resolved to survey the whole territory anew. He has already made a transfer of his goods, and cannot therefore transfer them to you. • A very large transport will be required to transport all these troops across the sea. Place the accent on different syllables in the following words, and name the part of speccli to which they belong when so accented; and construct short sentences exeaiplifyirg their use :— Attribute, countercheck, counterbalance, countermine, convert, conn tei plot, countersign, interdict, desert, gallant, august, minute, invalid, misconduct, overflow, overturn, retail, suffix, undress, upstart, foretaf:te, premise. ft 1 ?f J -i i I 1 i"^. SECTION IV. Words of similar sound, which require to be very dis- tinctly pronounced in order to be distinguished. The difference between some of them is very slight. aloud, with a loud voice allowed, did allow altar, an erection on which offer- ings or sacrifices rre laid alter, to change auger, a boring instrument augur, a soothsayer border, the outer edge boarder, one who boards bridal, pertaining to a wedulng bridle, u lAece of harness mbgCL to guide a horse Britain, tlic name of a country Briton, an inhabitant of Britain calendar, an almanac calender, a machine for pressing cloth carat, a small weight carrot, a vegetable caster, one who ciists, or that from which something is thrown castor, the beaver— a kind of oil cellar, a place where certain kinds of goods are stored lioller, one who sella ||t1 ,1 i\m 120 VBBBAL DISTINOTIONS. censor, one who finds fault censer, a vessel to hold incense choler, angei^ — wrath collar, something worn around the neck council, an assembly counsel, to advise — advice culler, one who culls or selects color, a hue, as black or red currants, fruit currents, running water depository, a place where things ar^ deposited depositary, one who has charge of a depository deviser, one who devises— an in- ventor divisor, a term used in arithmetic fool, an unwise person full, filled up fir, a kind of tree fur, skins with soft hair holy, sacred wholly, entirely lessen, to malce less lesson, a precept — a task manner, method — way manor, a domain metal, a mineral, as gold, silver mettle, spirit — courage miner, one who works in a mind minor, one under legal age naughty, wicked — worthless knotty, tull of knots ottar, oil of roses otter, an animal plaintiff, one who prosecutes in a lawsuit plaintive, mournful precedent, an example president, one who presides principal, chief — money at interest principle, a maxim — rule of action profit, advantage — gain prophet, one who foretells events rabbet, a term in carpentiy rabbit, the name of an animal sailer, that which sails sailor, a seaman — mariner stationary, remaining in one plac( or state stationery, pens, paper, &c. succor, help sucker, a young shoot symbol, a sign— a type cymbal, a musical instrument treaties, agreements treatise, a book vial, a x)hial or small bottle viol, a musical instrument m CO be Exercises for Beading and Dictation. (In reading these sentences care should be taken to pronounce the ambiguous words very distinctly.) We are not allowed to speak aloud during study hours. Tell the architect that he must alter the form of the altar. The aged augur first bored three holes in the board with an auger. One of the boarders stepped on the border of the flower-plot. One of the bridal party happily caught my horse by the bridle. I am still a Briton, .though I do not reside in Britain. Look into your calendar and ascertaiu when the instrument cali<*^ A calender wat» firnt used. in e8< ion its iC( le Words of similar sound. 121 That gold is ten carats fine, and is of the color of a pale red carrot. Does the caster contain a bottle of castor oil ? The seller oM;lieso goods lives in a cellar. The appointed censor would not allow the boy to touch the censer df incenr,o. The man was in great cliolcr because the collar was not ready. Before we sailed down the rai)id currents of the St Lawrence, ; 'oung girl had brr ,ght on board a basket of white currants. He counselled mc to bring my case before the council at its next neeting. /, The culler was required to select the fruit according to its color. The deviser of the scheme erred by making use of a wrong divisor. The depositary reports 600 volumes in the depository. That fool is full of nonsense. I found that piece of soft fur lying near the old fir tree. That holy man is wholly devoted to his sacred work.-|C_ • If you lesson is too long, I will lessen it somewhat. ' The lord of that manor has a distinguished manner of speaking. A metal horse cannot be called a horse of mettle. The owner of the lai'ge mines, where this miner works, is still a minor. That naughty boy struck tlie dog with a knotty stick. I dropped a few drops of the ottar of roses on the skin of the otter. The plaintiff in the case spoke in a very plaintive voice. The president said he could not allow that precedent. The principal of the school said it would be his principal aim conduct the institution on sound iiriuciplcs. ,*: The prophet of old spake for our profit. I told the joiner to rabbet the boards witli which he covered the box for my rabbit. The sailor said his ship was a first-rate sailer. As I am to be stationary for a time, I require the less stationery. The boy was sent to cut away the sucker with a sharp knife, with which he wounded himself so badly that had I not come to his sue* eor, ho oould not have got home. He employed the cymbal as a symbol of his profession. He published a treatise concerning all the treaties of that age. H« poured from u vial a few drops of essence uix his "^iol. \ \ ' 1 "•1 ■:l fl i I . I !|i y 1-22 VEJiBAL DISTIN0TION». ^ t I • SECTION V. A Collection of words which have a variety of meanings, and are used in different senses. (The particular meaning of such words, in any case, must be deter- mmed by the sense of the passages in which they occur.) Each word in a language, when first formed, had doubtless only one meaning which it was designed to express, and which may be styled its primary signification. But a living hmguage is ever sub- ject to change, both m the forms and uses of words ; and thus Dther meanings become associated with them, which may be re% ;arded as their secondary or figurative signification. There is generally a natural, though not always an obvious, con^ nection between the secondary and primary meaning of a word, which is very pleasing to trace, and which it is the duty of a skil. ful teacher to point out to his pupil Some words have lost their primary signification, and are now used only to express their secondary "^'^•tning. Many words, though written and pronounced exactly alike, are derived from different roots, and hence their different meanings — as bay, corn.* Although the meaning of a word may often be correctly inferred from its place and use in a sentence, yet in order to be able to employ a word properly, it is necessary that its various meanings be known. The fcllowing list, which contains many words in common use, is designed as an exercise in the difterent uses of words ; and pupils should be required to construct sentences containing the words, properly employed in their diff'erent significations. Address, deportment— dexterity— the direction of a letter— a petition — to accost *Bay, A,S. bugan, to bend, a bay, or bight ot tne sea ; a bay, or bow window. — 73ay, Gv. bais, a palm branch ; the color of the fruit. Lat. ba'oius. Fr. bai, a chestnut color, iip])liod si)ecially to horses. Bay, Fr. abayqr, to bark at ; or abbayer, to expect. Corn, Lat. granum, gam. gmaiery, grain — a grain, or minute particle, hence to put grains of salt on meat. Cjm, Lat. coruu, nom, a iiard substance. . ■ v/ Words which have a Variety of heaninos. 123 Air, what we breathe— music — mien Angle, a comer — a point where two lines meet— to fish with a line ana hook Apparent, plain — visible — seeming —not real Arch, part of any curved line — part of a bridge — mirthful— roguifili^ shrewd Ashes, trees — what remains after combustion Bachelor, an unmarried man— a university degree Bait, a bit of food put on a hook to allure fish — a temptation — refresh- ment — to worry with dogs Ball, a round thing — a game— an entertainment with dancing Bank, a heap of earth — the land bordering on a river or canal— a place where money is kept Bar, a piece of wood, &c., to stop a passage — the place where the criminal stands in court — a division in music -to fasten — to hinder Bark, the rind of a tree — a kind of ship — to make the noise a dog does Base, the foundation — vile — worthless Baste, to pour the dripping over roasting meat — to sew slightly. Bat, a stick to strike a ball— an animal like a mouse, with wings of skin Bay, an opening on a coast— a projecting window-i-a color — a kind of tree — a state of dijfiance — to bark at ^ Beam, a large piece of timber — a ray of light " ;, Bear, to carry — to endure — a rough, savage animal ^;, Bed, what, we sleep on — the channel of a river -y Beetle, an insect — a heavy mallet Bill, the beak of a bird — an account of money, &c. Billet, a log of wood — a note — to direct by ticket where to lodge Bit, a small piece — the iron put into a horse's mouth 4^1ade, the cutting part of a tool— a leaf of grass or com -the flat bone of the shoulder — the flat part of an oar Blow, a stroke — a sudden calamity — to puff —to blossom {Board, a plank— a table— to live with another for a certain price— a council or commission Boot, a covering for the leg- -profit— advantage Bound, a limit — a leap— did bind .^ Bowl, a vessel for liquids — to roll iBox, a tree or shrub- - a case or chest— a blow with the closed hand - a seat in a playhouse — the driver's seat on a coach — to fight with the fists Brace, to bind— a couple or pair Brazier, a worker in brass or copper— a pan to hold coals Brook, a rivulet— to endure Bull, an animal— an edict of the pope— a blunder .1 i 't li kf- 5 i I 124 VERBAL DISTINCTIONS. I <".' lt-\ 1-' ^ * A Butty, a large cask or barrel— the mark aimed at— a person at wbw* jests are aimed— to strike with the head or horns Oalf, the young of a cow — the thick part of the leg Cape, a headland —a covering for the shoulders OaggE, to skip and jump lik\a goat— a frolic — a bud that is pickled CJiird, thick, stiff paper- to confb wool, &c. Case, a covering — state of things —variation of nouns Cashier, one who has charge ol the cash — to dismiss from office Cast, to throw— to form in a mould — a moulded form Cataract, a waterfall — a disease in the eye Charge, care — command — accusation— attack — expense Chase, to hunt — hunting — to engrave on metals Cleave, to split -to stick or adhere Club, a heavy stick — a society— to unite together . Cockle, a shell-fish- a weed that grows among grain Comb, an instrument for the hair — the crest of a cock — the cells i* -which bees put honey Commit, to intrust— to be guilty of to send to prison Concordance, agreement — an index to words in the Bible Copy, a model to be imitated — an imitation Com, grain — a horny 3i'bstance on the foot — to salt slightly Count, to reckon— ji^itle h$ honour— a point in an indictment Counter, a shop taoHe^-a. sort of coin — contrary Court, space hef^ teonse — a little street— a hall of justice-at assembly of jHf lj^ W j i he resi(Teucc of royalty —to solicit— to woo Crab, a shell-fir^ 1 ■\<^it's4:fple ^ Craft, cunning .. tr i.j ;; small sailing vessel Crane, a long-legged bird -an engine to raise weights — a bent tube tw draw liquor out of a cask Cricket, a chirping insect -a game with bats end ball Crop, the harvest — the craw of a bird — to cut short Cross, a straight body laid over another— misfortune — peevish — 1< thwart Crow, a large black bird -an iron lever — the voice of a cock- -to triumph Cry, to call out — to weep Dam, the mother of an animal -a bank to confine water Date, ;i time— the fruit of the date tree Dt \ hare- a share— to traffic— a ftr plank I>" ' ■jjonsive—pitcious beloved . ,. Dc::k, i J -over — to adorn -the floor of a ship De?ert. inerit ir demerit— to forsake Die, to ceaso co live or exist- a stamp — a little cube Diet, an jisseuibly of states -food -to eat by rule Duck, a place where ships lie, or are built— an liei l»— to cut off ;^ / / \ br.& led s 1/ -at oo e tw -tc WORDS WHICH HAVE A VARIETY OP MEANINGS. 125 /y Uown, sott feathers —an open plain — not up r Draw, to drag — to take from a cask or well — to delineate Diill, to boi'e holes - to exercise recruits y Drag, a medicine — any worthless thing '^ Dun, dark colored— a clamorous crediior Ear, the organ of hearing — a spike of com £lder, older — the name of a tree Engross, to occupy the whole- to copy writings in large characten Entertain, to amuse — to hold in the mind ^ y/Even, level — evening — not odd — so much as Exact, accurate— to require authoritatively 1^ Express, to squeeze out — to utter— to send hastily — a message Fair, beautiful — just — ^favorable — a periodical market Fare, the price of passage by land or water — provision ' Fast, firm — swift — abstinence from food i Fawn, a young deer— to court servilely — to flatter Fell, did fall — to cut or knock down — cruel Fellow, an associate — one of a pair — a mean wretch Felt, perceived — the substance of which hats are made i Figure, shape — a statue — a numerical character File, a rasping tool — a line on which papers are put Fillet, a band— a chaplet round the head — the thick part of a leg of veal Fine, thin — clear — splendid — a forfeit — the end Finn, strong— steady — a name for a house of trade Fit, proper — suitable — a paroxysm — to suit Flag, a water plant — a paving stone — colors or ensigns — to grow spiritless r; Flatter, smoother — to praise falsely Fleet, a number of ships — a navy — nimble Flock, a company of birds or beasts — a lock of wool - ^iPh '^ Flue, a chimney — soft fur or down ' "^^^^-i Foil, a defeat — leaf -metal — a blunt sword ?,7 " '^ Fold, a double or plait — an enclosure for sheep , i t Foot, part of the body on which we stand — twelve inches Forge, to form by the hammer— to counterfeit Founder, one who establishes — a caster — to sink to the bottom— to lame a horse Fret, to wear away by rubbing— to be peevish —to vex Fry, a swarm of young fishes- to dress food in a i)an Fuller, nearer full — a cleanser of cloth Game, spoi't— a single match at play -animals huntud or shot Gin, a snare— a s]nrit flavored with juniper berries Gloss, suporficial lusti-e — a comment Gore, clotted blood— a triangular piece —to pierce with a horu ^ If I I* i,' \ u / ) '- I ( : ' hi ■i !< -. ► rti I mm 126 YBBBAL DISTINCTIONS. m Grain, com— any minute particle— aUfflnall weight Grate, a range of bars— to wear awayVy rasping — to make a harsh noise Grateful, thankful— delightful Grave, the place where corpses are put— serious— to engrave or carve Graze, to feed on grass -to touch lightly Green, colored like grass— fresh unripe Gross, large — coarse— the chief part— twelve dozen Ground, earth —to found— sharpened by grinding — reduced to powder Gum, the flesh about the teeth— a sticky substance that oozes from trees Habit, the state of a thing— custom— dress Hail, frozen rain -to salute ' Hamper, a large packing basket — to perplex— to clog Heaven, the eternal abode of the good— the sky Help, to assist— to prevent— to avoid Hide, to conceal— the skin of an animal Kind, backward— a female stag— a peasant Hop, to jump on one leg— a climbing plant Host, the master of a feast— landlord of an inn — an army— any great number y Hue, a color— a tint— a clamor Husband, a married man — to manage frugally Instant, urgent— immoderate— current— a moment Jar, an earthem vessel— a rattling sound— discord— the state of ^ door not quite shut Jet, a black fossil— a spout of water— to jut out Just, upright— exactly— nearly Key, an instrument to open a lock— means of solving difficulties Kind, benevolent — a sort or species Kite, a bird of prey— a paper toy to fly Lace, a string— curiously woven thread Lake, a large body of fresh water— a beautiful red color Lap, to lick like a dog— to fold— the part formed by the knees in a sitting posture Last, latest— to continue— to endure— the mould om which shoes nre made Lawn, an open space between woods— fine linen Lay, to place down— to wager— did lie— a song -not clerical • League, a confederacy — a distance of three miles Lean, to incline— the muscular part of flesh — thin " Leave, permission — to quit— to desist Left, not taken— the hand not taken -not the right Let, to permit- to hinder— a hindrance li^etter, a vowel or consonant— an epistle— one who letf arsK irve yvder from great of a in a fes are -^ WORDS WHIOH HAVB A VABIETY OF MEANIN08. 127 Lie, to rest— to niter wilful falsehoods— a fiction Light, bright — to kindle— illumination— knowledge— not heavy — to "Settle Like, resembling— to approve -aa Lime, burnt chalk— a sort of lemon- a sticky substance— a kind of tree Line, a string— a single verse— to cover inside Link, a single ring of a chain a torch -to connect Litter, a portable bed— straw laid under animals— a number of things in disorder— a brood of animals Look, a complicated fastening— a contrivance to raise barges in canals ""^a quantity of hair or wool Long, drawn out— to desire earnestly Lot, fortune— chance- a iircel— a portion 'v^, • Mace, an ensign of authority— a kind of spice »* \ Mail, defensive armor— a post-bag of letters j Mangle, to smooth linen— to cut and tear • * March, the third month— to walk in procession ^Jklast, the pole to which the sails of a ship are fixed— the fruit of an oak or beech tree Match, a thing that easily inflames— an equal— a thing that suits — a marriage— a game Matter, material substance— subject of discourse— consequence Mead, a meadow or pasture field— honey-wine Meal, a repast— the flour of com . Mean, base— niggardly— middling— medium— to intend— to signify Meet, to come face to face — proper— suitable Mine, a cavern dug for minerals— belonging to me Mint, a plant -the place where money is coined Minute, th^ sixtieth part of an hour— a short note Mole, a litfle animal— a spot on the skin —a mound Moor, a marsh or fen— a negro — to fasten by anchors Mortar, a vessel in which things are pounded— cement for bricks and stones— a short wide cannon for bombs Mo^d, the ground in which plants grow- the shape in which things are cast — concretions by detiay — to grow mouldy Nail, a metal spike— the horny substance at the end of the fingers and toes— sixteenth of a yard Nap, a short sleep— the down on cloth, &c. Neat, an ox or cow— elegant— pure ;/ il ^ J Nervous, 'vigorous ObUgie, to oompel- Order, regularity -having weak nei-ves -to bind— to please a command— class t)rgan, a natural instrument of sense a musical wind instrument OunoSi a small weight — an animal like a panther .1 •. it I 1 \ I'' ' i / ■// ■ iU,' / '*..'-< T TBBBAL DISTi:(OTIONS. i h ■P ;f f , "1 M li ^J \ ' -^ T^t one side of a leaf— a young attendant on a prince ■ jPi^p . wan — dim — a stake or rail to enclose grounds — a "Histrict or N, territory Pall, a mantle of state — to become insipid Paj[m. the inner part of the hand— a tree— victory — to impose upon by fraud ^ Fftrtial, fond of — affecting only a part Paste, a mixture of flour and water — an imitation of precious stones Patient, enduring— persevering — a sick person Peck , a quarter of a bushel — to pick up food with the beak — to strike with a pointed instrument Peer, an equal — a nobleman— to look narrowly ^ Pen, a writing instrument — a small enclosure Perch, five and a half yards— that which birds sit on— a kind of fish et, a slight passion — a favorite ^^ike, a long lance — a fish of prey ^Tile, a beam driven into the ground— a heap — ^hairy surface Pine, a tree— to languish ^^^finion, a wing — fetters for the a,rms— a Bmall-toothed| wheel on the same axis as a larger one— to shackle Fink, a flower — a rose color itch, thickened tar — degree of elevation — ^to throw— to fall headlong -to fix or place Plate, a small round dish— vessels of gold or silver — flattened metal Poach, to boil slightly — to take game stealthily Pole, a long piece of timber — five and a half yards in length — the ex- tremity of the earth's axis — a native of Poland ^ort, a harbor — the gun-hole in a ship — mien — a sort of wine from Oporto ^. Porter, a door-keeper— one who carries loads — strong beet xSk Post, a piece of timber set up — a messenger— employ — to travca ^ quickly— to copy into a ledger — to send a letter by mail y Pound, twenty shillings — a weight — a prison for stray beasts — ^to y strike repeatedly ' - Prefer, to choose before another — to advance — ^to oflfer ,, Prune, to lo^) trees — a dried plum Pulse, motion of the blood in an artery — a kind of plant Pump, an engine to raise water — a dancing shoe * Pupil, the apple of the eye— a scholar— a ward Purchase, to buy— convenience for using force Quarter, a fourth pnrt — mercy by a conqueror— eight bushels of com — to lodge soldiers by billet ^ • Race, a generation— a course at running Rail, a pailing or post — to speak contomptuously ,^ Tlank, luxuriant— rancid — a row or line — dignity /?. .uc*- 4 WORDS WHICH HAVE A VARIETT OF MEANINO& 129 offish 1 on tlie to travea sasts — ^to I" of com y\ 'i, ftash, hasty — headstrong — a breaking Out Rear, the hinder part — to raise — to bring up— to rise on the hmd legs R^esdai^ one who tears — to restore — to yield Rent, a tear — income BesplatiQa^ jeparation into parts— determination , rY ? fiest, repose — remainder Right, true— straight— not left— ju8ticer.^a just claim ?*• '^ Ring, a circle— to sound a bell, &c. V V • '' Rock>. a vast mass of stone— to shake, to agitate : \ J^ Roe, a female deer— the eggs of fish ^'' Rose, a sweet-scented flower — did rise Rue, a bitter plant — to regret, to lament Rush, a plant in marshes — to move with violence Sable, an animal — black, like the color of a sablo Sack, a bag — a sort of wine — to pillage or plunder . ,. ' Sage, a plant like mint— wise ; ' 7 Sash, a silken band — a window frame w, a toothed cutting instrument — a proverb — did see le, a balance— graduation— a little shell on a fish's skin— to climb by ladders — to peel off in thin pieces ■ '^' Seal, a marine animal — a stamp — to fasten a letter \ Season, one of the four parts of the year— a fit time — to give a relish to — to make fit for use -^ See, the diocese of a bishop— to view -» avoid evil „ shun danger ,, elude vigilance „ eschew temptation >i i> bind a bundle tie a knot fasten a gate unite our efforts join our hands „ bewail the loss ,, bemoan the fate 5, deplore the ruin f, lament the misfortune ,, build houses ,, ereqt monuments ,, construct machines » »> behold with admiration observe with care look at with pleasure „ cease from talking ,, leave off work ,, choose one from a number ,, prefer one to another „ cheer the desponding ,, comfort the distiessed ,, console the afflicted ,, encourage the fearful ,, claim property „ demand rights TV'e cover the head „ hide the face „ color the cheeks M dye the clothes „ stain the hands „ commit offences „ perpetrate crimes „ comprehend the entire design „ understand the language ,, apprehend the meaning of an author „ counsel a person to do ,, admonish him not to do ,, deny an accusation ,, contradict a statement >» refute an argument „ decorate with garlands ,, adorn with jewels >> embellish with ornaments „ divulge a secret „ reveal a design )) disclose a conspiracy ,, differ about a matter ,, dispute after wc differ ,, quarrel aftci we dispute „ discover what was before un- known-island ,, invent what did not before exist—machine „ draw a likeness ,, form an image ,, paint a picture ,, carve an effigy * \ VERBS OP SIMILAR SIGNIFICATION. 133 ^ :i "We effect a purpose „ execute a design „ accomplish an object „ achieve an enterprise or exploit 4, enroll names «, register votes >, record riocumonts 1, establish an institution ,. institute its laws ff regiilate its proceedings I, esteem a person „ estimate the value „ appreciate the worth „ exact obedience t, extort a confession tf enforce a command „ «xpect on good grounds „ hope with less confidence „ enlarge a house „ increase expenditure „ forgive an injury „ pardon an offence „ excuse a fault „ cancel a debt „ grant a request allow an indulgence bestow alms or praise afford relief confer a favor „ concede a privilege >> »> i> „ fusknowle'^ge an error „ oonfeb^ '■ ^ault „ suffer what cannot be removed „ tolerate what we do not ap- prove M sanotion what is just We give to inferiors „ present to equals and friends „ offer to superiors „ heal a wound ,, cure a disease , , remedy a wrong „ hit a mark ,, strike a person ,, beat an animal help a persoA in work assist him in study aid him in difficulty relieve him in suffering succor him in danger „ support him in weakness j» »» j» „ keep possession ,, hold opinions „ retain an ofSce „ leave a place „ quit a house „ relinquish a position ,, live at a place „ dwell in a house ,, lei(,d the blind „ guide a traveller » »» t> make a tool form a model create a desire ,, perform a service „ cause a change „ coripose a treatise „ meet a friend „ confront a foe », face a fhwger 1 ;''t. .[I i H i I U I \ I 1 134 We mould a statue ,, fashion a figure ,, shape ii liiul) VERBAL DISTINCTIONS. i» iiiount a throne ,, scale a raiupai't ,, climb a hill ,, ascend a mountain ,, muster soldiers or forces ,, collect au army ,, assemble the pcoplo „ convoke a counril „ number objects count moments »» luokon profits compute amour.t:^ calculate expensed obviate a difficulty preclude a possibility prevent a repetition obtain rewards acquire knowledfxo order dinner prcscriije mcdicino dictate terms appoint a meeting „ pare an apple or potato „ i)eel an orange or lemon „ pull a rope „ pluck a flower „ draw a cart „ drag a body „ praise a performance „ extol a diameter „ connncnd an actioTi „ applaud a deed of valor f, approve a course of action We refer to a statement ,, allude to a circumstance „ reclaim t])o erring • ,, reform the manners relate an incident narrate an adventure recount an exploit describe a .scene recite a tale or passage rehearse a story, or what wo have heard repeat a statement already made >> remunerate for services ,, compensate for injuries „ return what we have borrowed ,, restore what we have taken >» »> 5» 51 11 surrender what is our own salute a friend accost a stranger address a company second a motion support a i^arty ,, share our fortune ,, divide our profits ,, distribute our jj^ifts ,, shut a door ,, close an eye „ stray from a path ,, swerve from a principle ,, sympathize with the afflicted ,, pity the distressed „ have compassion on the miser^ ablu Notms. 135 We tremble with fear ,, shudder with horror „ take money or things ,, accept an offer ,, receive an appointment We overthrow a government „ overturn a vehicle use things or insti uments employ persons or agents „ usurp rights „ arrogate honors assume a position vary our manners cha:^.ge our garments Hi or our conduct >> 5> >> view a landscape see an object — tree look at a picture behold a spectacle— setting sun want ornaments need assistance lack wisdom ,, wish for enjoyment ,, desire life i» long for home .» vanquish an enemy ,, conquer a country pubdue our passions overcome our prejudices surmount difficulties >» „ yield our opinions ,, cede our lands ,, deliver our property „ surrender our rights Notms. ftbiUty, power to perform • business of a merchant cleverness, power to perform well trade of a hatter profession of a lawyer uffinity, relation by marriage consanguinity, r.i'aiion by blood a case of distress the cause of humanity agreemen; R vorVal arrangement contract, a writ 'en a,rreement cliasti.sement of a child, or offender punishment of a criminal alertness of body alaciity of mind attractions of play charms of oratory allurem^ r ';^ of vice faacinat; -T- j of beauty burden on ttio back load on a wagon freight on a ship colleague in office partner in business coadjutor in labor assistant in duty confines of a territory limits of a town contest of parties couiiict of opioioKH :' I 1:^ i;,c. 11 :| 136 VERBAL DISTINC5TI0ITS. continuance in respect to time energy of character continuation in respect of space vigor of intellect 'I copy of a writing model of a machine pattern of a carpet specimen of drawing sample of grain colors of a regiment flag of a ship banner of a host crowd of people herd of cattle flock of birds drove of swine swarm of bees shoal of nshes end of a sheet, line, or road extremity of a country emulation for equality competition for superiority rivalry for selfish gratification emoluments, salary — fees, &c perquisites, allowance above '••' gular salary t I ^em for virtues respect for position veneration for age and vFvib- cure is effected remedy is applied fault in conduct defect in education customs of a coantry manners of a people freedom of speech fashions of a time, age, year, or day liberty of conscience dignity of character haughtiness of behavior loftiness of sentiment pride of wealth disease amongst men distemper amongst brutes drift of a discourse scope of a passage tendency of a principle falsehood aims to deceive fiction aims to amuse flame of fire flash of lightning blaze of a torch fortitude endures suffering courage meets danger dregs of wine sediment of water gang of thieves band of robbers duty, what is to be done from a «^«^^ °^ ''^ ^f ^^^ „ sense of right-to speak truth ^o^P^^y "^ travellers obligation, what is to be done to give another his right— to ful- glory to God , ftl a promise honor to men. NOUNS. 137 • grace of motion beauty of countenance elegance of figure charms of person hardihood to persist boldness to speak audacity to demand effrontery to complain holinesss of heart sanctity of manners margin of a lake brink of a precipice edge of a knife rim of a wheel border of a shawl member of a family limb of a body massacre, murder without author- ity carnage, slaughter in battle I m honesty of purpose uprightness of cmuluct integrity of character impediment hinders progress obstacle jjrevents progress injury, intended wrong damage, injury or loss sustained indigence, scanty supply of the necessaries of life poverty, a want of them joy of the heart gladness of the spirit gayety of manners mirth of expression, or intercourse libel, slander written defamation, slander spoken looseness of character laxity of discipline licentiousness of manners dissoluteness of morals mark of distinction badge of honor •tlgmu of disgrace money, a circulatiug coin or notes cash, ready money medium — murder is applied to men slaughter is applied to brutes, or men in large numbers necessaries of life necessities of our nature note of triumph sign of distress token of friendship mark of respect omen of certain success prognostic of a coming storm presage of future greatness owner of a book proprietor of an estate possessor of a house, or farm (is not necessarily the owner of it) pang of conscience agony of remorse anguish of despair privacy of home retirement from liusiness soclusiou from society ' r i- ■ 1 .1 n ff HI I 138 VERBAL DISTINOTTONS. (*" I ill' »l llil i 1 : I !|! m produce of an acre products of the earth productions of nature profit of a transaction advantage of a position benefit of advice prospects in life success in business prosperity is opposed to adversity success is opposed to failure quickness of movement swiftness of motion fleetness of a horse rapidity of a current speed of a runner velocity of lightning reprieve from punishment respite from toil resemblance in figure similarity of disposition revenge of man vengeance of God rule of a sovereign jurisdiction of a court steadiness of conduct stability of character constancy of affection firmness of purpose society of learned men association of merchants company of actors community of monks partnership in business sobriety of deportment moderation of our desires fempcraucc in eating stratagem in war subterfuge in argument suavity of language urbanity of manners talent for oratory faculty of speech tenet is maintained dogma is asserted, or adopted doctrine is taught, or preached tumult of a multitude riot of a mob uproar among boys utility of science usefulness of machinery veracity of a witness truth of his testimony weakness of infancy imbecility of youth infirmities of age wages ot a laborer hire of a carriage salary of a clerk word of praise term of reproach expression of sympathy work is a common duty labor is often hard toil is painful and wearisome drudgery is disagreeable employment should be regular wealth of a country riches of an indiWdual richness of a soil opulence of a cit^ ADJECTIVES AND PARTICIPLES. 13d Adjectives and Participles. acute reasoner expert player arrogant boaster supercilious manner animated by hope instigiited by malice stimulated by passion ancient temples antiquated customs antique robes allured by appearances tempted by promises brave man courageous hero intrepid warrior heroic leader, or action benevolent, having kind feelings beneficent, "doing kind actions banished from home exiled from country expelled from college compelled by force constrained by fear contemptible action contemptuous speech discreet in advising prudent in taking advice deprived of pleasures despoiled of property bereaved of children devoted to a cause attached to a friend enticed liy persuasions seduced hy wilc.i urged by entreaties impelled by motives efificient teacher efficacious medicine enormous crime tremendous storm exorbitant price extravagant expenditure faded flower — may revive withered leaf— cannot revive decayed plant genuine book— written by the al- leged author authentic record— in accordi^nce with facts grave subject serious person general, including the most part uuiversal, including the whole great man largo field haughty in demeanor presumptuous in language holy men sacred things saintly virtues huge giant immense structure vast territory extensive operations 'rt ^1: i t u ^:.n a r! T 140 VERBAL DISTINOnONfl. ! *! hindered by difficulties detained by waiting illegible writing unreadable book inefficient officer ineffectual effort impertinent remark impudent fellow impracticable scheme impossible event jaded with business tired of sameness exhausted with exertion fatigued with labor wearied with waiting harassed with complaints kept from danger saved from destruction preserved from injury delivered from evil liberal allowance generous gift munificent donor methodical in manner regular in performance punctual in attendance notorious for misconduct celebrated for virtuous deeds renowned for great achievements famous for some peculiarity illustrious for high descent obliged by necessity bound by obligatiou pretty cottage handsome house splendid mansion palatial residence magnificent palace proud of superiority vain of accomplishments suffocated by foul air smothered for want of air strangled by pressure choked by food surprised at what was unexpectc ' astonished at what is great overawed by what is vast or irv i"(i intimidated by what w fearful sure testimony certain inference safe conclusion true report veracious historian truthful person trusty servant young man youthful vigor juvenile performance puerile conduct disreputable company discreditable transaction disobUging manner unaccommodating disposiiioD' imperishable renown indestructible materials indomitable will irrepressible ardor 'I / / incurable disease irremediable mischief incontestable principle incontrovertible argument inextinguishable hatred unquenchable thirst willingly came, being asked voluntarily offered, without being asked spontaneously proposed, without being urged Sentences. "Words signify the intentions. Silence implies consent. The beehive denotes industry. The pillars support the building. The ropes sustain the weight. The troops maintain the contest. The stream overflows its banks. The water inundates the country. The reed is shaken by the wind. The land is deluged with blood. The earth is agitated by an earth- quake. Plague and pestilence extirpate. The vessel is tossed by the waves. Fire and sword exterminate. ]\Iethod strengthens the memory. Pecuniary difficulties embarrass. Exercise invigorates the body. Opposing doctxiuea perplex. Keligion fortifies the mind. The discourse embraces a variety of topics. The country contains a multitude of people. The lesson includes a portion of Scripture. The encyclopaedia comprises many volumes, comprehends all the sciences, embraces alL subjects, contains much useful matter, and is designed to include everything of importance— and is itself enclosed in a case, On our journey we were teased by many unpleasant trifles, tantallud by delusive appearances, vexed by the carelessness of servants, harassed by the importunity of beggjirs, and tormented by more serious evils. :|" 1^ I '<-l f i 143 VERBAL DISTINCTIONS. Exercise. • Write phrases, abdicate resign relinquish or short sentences, containing the following words properly applied. acute forbid sharp prohibit keen interdict abhor abominate detest brave courageous valiant found establish institute abjure renounce recant allotted appointed assigned informs teaches instructs abridge curtail shorten coniniittod conrjigned intrusted interpose interfere intermeddle acuteness penetration sagacity dangerous perilous hazardous penetrate pierce perforate accede comply acquiesce encompassed environed encircled surrounded restore return repay behavior conduct demeanor faithless porlidious treacherous deny disclaim disown disavow confidence assurance effrontery heavy ponderous weighty shako agitate toss couple pair brace metamorphosed transfoniied transmuted weaken enfeeble debilitate Words which are nearly identical in meaning, and usually called Bynonynious. The first of each pair is of English, the second of Latin origin. The words mutually define each other. For general use the first is to be preferred. begin bequeath binding bitterness comuxeuce devise obligatory acrimony sTVOiniia ^ ' 14. bloody sanguinary fulness repletion outward external unwilling involuntary bodily corporeal happen chance overseer inspector uprightness rectitude boyish puerile heavenly celestial owing due want necessity boundaries confines hinder prevent shepherd pastor waver fluctuate brotherly fraternal inside interior shock concussion watery aqueous childhood infancy keeping custody shun cvoid weaken invalidate choice option kingly regal step paco weapons arms comer angle lean meagre sweat perspire weep deplore dark obscure likely probable tasteless insipid will volition die expire live exist teachable docile wUl testament earthly terrestrial lively animated thick dense witness testify eastern oriental lucky fortunate threat menace woman female enliven animate milky lacteal thoughtful pensive womanly effeminate enough sufficient motherly maternal timely seasonable wonderful marvellous errand message odd singular time-serving temporizing woody sylvan fellowship companionship opening aperture truth verity wordy verbose freedom liberty overflow inundate understand comprehend worth value friendly amicable outlive survive unspeakable ineffable worthless valueless fulness plenitude outside exterior unutterable iuexpressible ► V 1 "%l : i ^im ':/ '.J i T 144 VEBBAL DIBTINCmONa Words of similar signification. I \i Derivedfrom Oreek. Latin. Enolith. am'nesty oblivion forgetfulness anal'ogy correspond'ence likeness apathet'ic insen'siblo unfeeling apol'ogy excuse' plea baptize' immerse' dip bish'op Bupervi'sor overlooker cat'alogue in'ventory list cat'aract cascade' waterfall cath'olic univer'sal whole chron'ical per'manent lasting chrys'alis aure'lia grub democ'racy republic commonwealth di'alogue couversa'tion talk didac'tic precep'tivo teaching doxol'ogy glorifica'tion praise dyn'asty dominion I)ower ecleo'tic selecting choosing epit'ome ab'stract abridgment ellip'tical ov.al egg-shaped eu'charist sacrament holy supper eulogize commend' praise gno'mon in'dex pointer lex'icon dic'tionary word-book metamor'phose transform' change monar'chical re'gal kingly mys'tery se'cret wonder par'able similitude likeness pathetic affecting feeling periph'ery circum'ference boundary phenomenon • appear'anco sight proph'esy predict' foretell rhet'oric oratory fine speaking sphere gloljo ball sym'patliy compas'sion fellow-feeling tautology repeti'tion a saying again throne scat chair Words which express opposite ideas. love hatred lovely hateful wisdom folly wise foolish goodness evi] good evil WORDS WHIOB BXPRBBB OORBELATIYX IDEAS. 145 H' truth falsehood true false learning ignorance learned ignorant virtue vice virtuous vicious happiness misery happy miserable hupo des[)air hopeful desperate innocence guilt innocent guilty mirtli sadness merry sad peace war peaceful warlike pleasure pain pleasant painful ease difficulty easy difficult prosperity adversity prosperous adverse plenty scarcity plentiful scarce fruitfulnesa barrenness fruitful barren fertility sterility fertile sterile industry sloth industrious slothful diligence ncsfligence diligent negligent wealth poverty wealthy poor health sickness healthy sick beauty deformity beautiful defovMied age youth aged young antiquity novelty ancient novel ^raveiy cowardice brave cowardly hardness softness hard soft brightness duiness bright dull strength weakness strong weak length shortness long short width narrowness wide narrow depth shallowness deep shallow day night daily nightly heat coldness hot cold light darkness light dark ■weight lightness heavy light noise silence noisy silent affirmation negation affirmative negative convexity concavity convex concave transparency opacity transparent opaque economy extrjfvagance economical extravagant Words which express correlative ideas * creator creature leader follower parent child principal assistant husband wife captain crew bridegroom bride town country king subject cltTgy laity ma»ier Bervuut uncle nephew K 'I '*'l'.« il' - Ji, : ']1 1 I ■Iff! ii H 146 VERBAL DISTINCTIONS. teacher pupil aunt niece ancestors descendants cause effect landlord tenant prior posterior physician patient sui>erior inferior lawyer client interior exterior creditor debtor plaintiff defendant host guest originfil copy lender borrower question answer winner loser native foreigner majority minority vowel consonant seller buyer alkali acid wholesale retail action passion giver receiver I i! .!• '' i: PART FOURTH. m i I ETYMOLOGY, OR THE DERIVATION OF WORDS. SECTION I HISTORY OF THE LANGUAGE. The English language is now a composite, or mixed language, comprising words adopted, or derived from nearly all the principal languages of the world. The history of the language, in its origin, changes, and forma- tion, furnishes an outline of tlie history of the nation. The chief elements of the English language are the Anglo- Saxon and the Classic. The Anglo-Saxon or Englisky is the mother-tongue, or basis of the language, and was a simple language f ^r several centuries. The Classic is that part of the laiiguigc derived fruui the Latfi and Greek tongues, wliether directly, or uicdiately through the French. The following are the. leading h'storiral facts or events vhicli have exerted an inlkience on the furnia* ! ju and chanicter'of the English language. 1. The occui,ation of the country by the prhnitive inhabitant: . probably of Celtic origin, whose language funiislies a few word •. chiefly geographical— as Thames, Kent, cairn, kilt, clan, A'i7patrick. il^rdeen. ■ 111 f ill! > I ^^- ■ I* ' 148 ETYMOLOGY, OR THE DERIVATION OF WORDS. 2. The early invasion by the Romans about 55 B.C., who introduced some military terms, mainly preserved in the names of places — ar; Winchester, Lancaster, Lincoln, Stratford, {cliester or t'iUei\ coJ ri^ and street or stmt.) 3. The scttl. ment of the Angles and Saxons, in the fiftli cen- tury, who came fiom a part of Europe now included in Germany, and who introduced their language, which, in the eighth century, became the language of the country. 4. The advent of the Danes, and their subsequent intercourse with the inhabitants of the country. The influence of the Danish language is but slight, and is seen chiefly in the names of pl8' — as Grimsi?/, Whit%, and Derbi/ ; bf/ meaning town or village. 5. The Norman Conquest, which led to the introduction and use of the French language for a time, and to its ultimate amal- gamation with the Saxon ; the union of the two forming the real basis of our present English tongue. 6. Ti.e revival of learning, and the reformation of religion, which U)troduced a large increase of the Classic element. 7. Tlie number and intluence of the great writers ot the Bix- teentii and. seventeenth centuries, which eflected many changes in th'' ^rni and structure of the language. 8. i'he frequent wars and extensive commerce carried on with many nations, whicli liave added many new words to the language. 9. Recent and numerous discoveries in natiu-al science, which ha/e led to the formal ion of many technical terms. 10. Changes in the orthcgrapliy of many words — which still exert an influence — the orthography of not a few words being still unsettled. Some authors compute the number of words in the English language to be as high as neai'ly 1()(),()0() ; others reckon them as about 75.(100. The latter number is prol)ably the more correct. Of this immber about 23,000 are (»f Anglo-Saxon origin, and nearly 50. are derived froin the Latiu and Greek. Li the language of ordinary hitercourse, however, the Saxon hears a much larger proportion, as it fu;'ni>.hes the words most generally and mo: t frequently used. Tiie Lojd's ])raver, for instance, as given by Luke, consists o* 58 words, only three of which are denvcd from the Latin — viiiffiteil, te)n.i>iailou, and deliver. ., who names {Chester th cen- jimauy, sentury, ercourse Danish f pl8' rillage. )ion and ,te anial- the real religion, I the Bix- chatiges on with language. ;e, which liich still [ds being English them as brrect. ligiii, and le Saxon lids most ijiisists 0* Latin— HISTORY OP THE LANGUAGE. 14b If'rom the Anglo-Saxon we get most of the words which relate to the home, the lie a-tii, and the heart ; to the senses, and to the affairs of cvery-iUiy life. From tlie Latin v,e liave words whicli relate to war, law, litera- ture, and the aits. From the Greek we oljtain the words which relate specially to the sciences. From the French we borrow words which pertain to art, taste, and pix'try. From other laii'.'nagcs we have adopted words denoting the things and products peculiar to the countries where they are spoken, as — Hebrew — Amen, cherub, ephod, hallelujah, manna, Messiah, Sabbath. Arabic — Alembic, alcohol, algebra, almanac, khan, koran, divan. Persian — Bazaar, cam van, pagoda, taffeta, scarlet. Indian — Calico, muslin. Turkish — Drag auan, tulip, turban. Spanish — Armada, mosquito, duenna, gala, lagoon, punctilio, )'»alaver. Jtalian — Adagio, bandit, cameo, gazette, macaroni, piano, sonnet. Dutch — Ballast, barge, boom, cable, sloop, skate, squint, .4 wienca— Potato, tobacco, tomahawk, wigwam. Definitions. Etymology is a science which exi»lains the origin and deriva- tion of wurds, with a view to ascertain their radical, or primai7 meaning. Etymology may be divided into two branches, called respec- tively philomphical and historical etymology. Philosophical etymology is an attempt to explain the first origin and formation of the primitive or root words in all lan- LMiages, which Ity some are suit[)osed not-to exceed a few himdreds III number. Historical {iiynnAogy embraces the following three things — 1st. The tracing of a woi-il to its root or roots, as unrighteousness, which is a modilication of the ruot riijht by the pietix w;i, and the two attixes ouc and nesa. -I i fT «; II r II 150 ETYMOLOGY, OR THE DERIVATION OF WORDS. 2d. The tracing of a word to its root, and ascertaining the language whence that root is derived — as in unrighteousness, right is the root, and it is derived from the Latin — re(jo, rect, I rule. 3d. Tli« tracing of tlie growth of a word from its first meaning to its present use, as sacrament, — from the Latin sacramentuniy a sum of money deposited as a pledge ; the oath of allegiance taken by a Roman soldier ; a solemn obligation or engagement ; a sacred tiling ; and now a religious ordhiance, as the sacrament of the Lord's Supper. Derivation is a device of language, by which the modifications of a simple idea are expressed by modified forms of the radical word — as strike, stroke, striker. A primitive word is one which is not formed from any other word — as good, man, home. A derivative Avord is one which is formed from a primitive word, by some change or addition — as from speak, speech, be- speak, speaker. A co7)i2)ound word is one which is composed of two or more simple words — as steauiboat, railroad, golden-feathered. The root of a word is that part of it which expresses the primi- tive idea — as right in iinriffhteoiis, thank in mithanMiil. A prefix is a part ad'led at the beginning of a word — as /ore- taste, inter\Qne, co-operation. An affix is a part placed at the end of a word — as good?iC5«, man?^, Q\\ility. Sometimes more than one prefix or affix is used in forming the same word — aso?i5-co?>i-pose,thank-/«7-?i^55,/?;*e-«n^e-/?gn-ultima?e. Many words derived from the Classics are compound — as aque- duct, telegraph. The meaning of a compound or derivative word is equal to the united meaning of its significant parts — as aqueduct, water-lead, a channel formed through which water may fiow ; incompressible, not together pressed can be, that which cannot be pressed together. The primitive or radical \vords i»l a language furm but a small portion of the whole vocabulary, and in the English language they probably do not amount to 10,000. Of the 60,000 words derived from the Latin and Greek, not more than 2000 or 3000 are radicals. From twelve roots alone, HISTORY OP THE LANGUAGE. 151 ig the 1, right 'ule. eaiiing sntumy 3giance jment ; rament ications radical ly other riinitive jch, be- or more e primi- ■as fore' ning the xMimate. ■as aque- al to the ei'-lead, a pressible, together. t a small lage they reek, not )ts alone} wore than 2000 derivatives are formed. From the verb tra^iOf I draw, more than 200 are formed ; and from facto j I make or do, not less' than 500. There are not less than 200 terminations, prefixes, and affixes used in the fonnation of derivatives, and of these more than a third are Anglo-Saxon. Many primitive words are formed on the principle of imitation, such as — 1. The names of animals from the sounds they utter — as cuckoo, whippoorwill, quail. * 2. Words representing the sounds uttered by animals — as coo, cluck, twitter, roar, buzz, purr. 3. Words whicli represent the sounds made by the motion and meeting of bodies — as click, clanking, dash, thump, rattle, tinkle. 4. Words representing repeated or continuous sounds — as rat- tat, ding-dong, murmur, babble, cackle, ripple. Tliis principle is sometimes illustrated in the collection of words in a sentence, as in the last of the two following lines on a sea- shell : — " Pleased it remembers its august abodes, And murmurs as the ocean murmurs there." Remarks on Derivation. 1. Primitive words are frequently formed by an attempt to represent the sound characteristic of the object they are intended to denote. , 2. Every word at first had only one meaning, called its primary significatio'i. , 3. The primary meaning of a derivative word is the united meanings of its significant parts. 4. Other meanings are frequently superadded to the primary meaning of a word, which are called its secondaiy significations. 5. The secondary meanings are connected with the primary, and derived from it. 6. Words are often used both in a primary and secondary sense. 7. Some words have lost their primary meaning, and retain only their secondary signification. *" j i r:«l ii f :i| A\ ■■i m i 152 ETYMOLOGY, OR THE DERIVATION OP WOUDS. 8. Derivatives formed by prefixes, generally belong to the same part of speech as the root ; but when affixes are used they gener- ally determine the part of speech to which the derivative be- longs. 9. Words adopted from the Latin generally undergo a change in the termination alone — lucrt^m, lucre, actum, act, confido, confide. 10. Roots in composition generally undergo a change in the vowel sounds — as from crt;>io, anticipate, dece^;tion, occupy. 11. Words from the Latin, derived through the French, under- go various changes, and are generally contracted — as imperator. empereur, emperor ; corona, couronne, crown ; plicare, plier, ply. 12. Some words are derived both directly from the Latin and mediately through the French — as from securus, secure; and, securus, sur, sure. 13. In derivatives, vowels are frequently changed, and conson- ants, formed by the same organs of speech, interchanged— as fall, fell ; tell, tale ; str^ke, stroke ; prove, proof ; gird, girth. 14. Saxon roots are often modified by Classic prefixes and affixes, and Classic roots by Saxon additions — as trut.v:'??., disXike ; witness, w?yust ; oxtful, misw^Q. 16. Some affixes have different and even contradictory mean- ings, and sometimes they do not change the meaning of the Avord. at all, or very slightly, hence it is frequently difficult to assign the precise import of an affix, as — lighten, enlighten ; bedeck, be- gird. 16. Derivative* from the Latin or Greek, or other languages, may be considered as roots in English — as receive, derived from re and capio m Latin, from which we form receiver^ receipt, &c. 17. Long sounds in simple or primitive words are usually shortened in compounds and derivatives — as cave, c&vity ; grain, grSnary ; plSase, pleasure ; sheep, shepherd. 18. The term Anglo-Saxon, for the sake of convenience, is employed as embracing the Saxon, Gothic, and Celtic elements of the language ; and the term Classic as including the Latin, Greek, and French elements. Many Anglo-Saxon derivatives are formed simply by the omis- uou, aUditioDi or interchange of letters, without adding a syllable HISTORY OP THE LANGtTAGE. 153 chop chip drop droop din dun fall fell bless bliss feed food sing song sit seat tell tale Verbs derived from verbs — as cling clinch lash slash click clack melt smelt wake watch nip snip wring wrench wiiirl twai Nouns from verbs- dig ditch gird girth speak speech stick stitch strive strife -as l)ake batch choose choice hold hilt lose loss weave woof feign feigned feint flow liowed flood gild gilded gilt give ffived gift join joined joint weigh weighed weight wane waned wa j bear beareth birth brew breweth broth die dieth death grow groweth growth heal healeth health smite smiteth smith steal stealeth stealth Nouns from adjectives — as broad breadth strong strength dear dearth slow sloth deep depth warm warmth long length wide width Families of ivordsfrom a common root. beat, bat, batter, battery, baton, beetle. bind, band, bandage, bond, bondage, bound, boundary, bundle. crook, crack, crick, crouch, crochet, crutch, encroach. foot, feet, fetter, fetloc^. heal, health, hale, hail. slip, slop, slope, slipper, slippery. , spit, spittle, spout, sputter, spatter. sip. sop, soup, sup, supper, bake baker bp.tch bind binder bundle seat sitter saddle break breaker breach gird girder girdle spin spinner spindle dig 4igger ditch prate prater prattle wade wader waddle ,■ I v. :^ ■{ • ^1 I if, i:i M I: 154 ETYMOLOGY, OR THE DERIVATION OP WORDS. I I 1 SEOTION II. PREFIXES. Prefixes are numerous, and are derived from various lan- guages. The prefixes are arranged, for convenience, as to their origin, into two classes — Anglo-Saxon and Classic. The prefixes consist chiefly of prepositions, separable or insep- arable. A separable preposition is one which may be used alone— as with, in wi^/istand. An inseparable preposition is one which cannot stand alone, and is used only as a prefix — as ig, in i^'noble, or se., in select. In many instances the same prefix is common to several lan- guages, the Greek apo or aph, the Latin a, ah, or ahs^ the French rt, and the Gothic of or off, differ only in form. They are the same prefix, and have the same general meaning. The prefixes generally express motion and rest, with regard to time or place, and may be classified according to the relations they indicate. Some prefixes are used to express diff'erent relations, and will be found in more classes than one. I. Prefixes which denote rest and motion in time and place. Anglo-Saxon — a en or em Classic — in or 11, im, ir en or em ( . ) aside, ashore, abed, afoot, abreast, ( ) asleep in or into engrave, enclose ; embalm, embark in on or \ include, infuse, inspect ; illumine, ' . , ' > illude, illapse ; impel, import, im- \ press; irradiate, irrigate in or into energy, endemic ; emblem, emphasis 2. Prefixes which denote rest and motion loithln or between objects in time or place. Classic- within \ entertain, enterprise ; intervene, in* or > terlace, interview, intercourse ; heUween ) introduce, intromit enter, inter, or Intro { PREPIXEt. 155 8. Prefixes which denote rest and motion from a place or point of time. Anglo-Saxon — Off, with I Classic — a, ah or abs, de, apo or aph f I from from ) offset, offspi ing, offshoot, offscour- ) iiig; withhold, withdraw abate, avoid, abuse, avert, abjure, absolve, abscond, abstract ; de- cide, deduct, depart, detain, de- tract; apostle, apology, aphelion, aphoeresis 4. Prefixes which denote rest and motion out of a place or point of time. Anglo-Saxon — out out of outbreak, outcast, outpost Classic — {■j educate, elect, emerge, exceed, ex- out of \ haust, egress ; effect, effulgence ; j eccentric, eclipse 5. Prefixes which denote rest and motion without or beyond a place or point of time. Anglo-Saxon- out Classic— extra, ultra, preter, trans or tres, tra, traf ; para, meta or meth beyond outlive, outrun, outrage, outsell beyond or after extraordinary, extravagant, extra- imiral ; ultramarine, ultramun- diuic, ultramontane ; i^reternatu- ral, preterhuman, pretermit ; transatlantic, transgress, tres- pass ; traverse, traffic ; paradox, paraphrase, paragraph ; meta- phor, metamorphosis, method 6. Prefixes which denote rest and motion before or after a place or point of time. Anglo-Saxon — fore Classic — \ before ante, pre, pro, pur, pros post, pur, and meta { before after \ forearm, foresee, foretuU, forerun. ) ner anLucliambur, antemeridian, ante- pasfc, antedate ; precedi., prefer, prosume, pi ^.'cursor; proceed pro- tract ; ])urpose ; prosthesis, pro- ) postpone, postscript, postmeridian J ) pursue; metaphysics i:.!; "n m I ^ - ,!■ 156 ETYMOLOGY, OR THE DERIVATION OP WORDS. 7. Prefixes which denote rest and motion above or below a pUtce or point of time. Anglo-S(ixon — over \ under Classic — super, sur, supra, and hyper sub or sue, suf, sug, sup, sus ; hypo, cata I above or beyond below or down ) shadow ) undergo, underhand, underrate, alnvp t. overcast, ovcrconie, overflow, over- below undervalue 1 superintend, supersede, superaatu- j ral ; survive, surnioiiut, surprise ; )■ sui)raimnidane, supralapsarian ; I hypercritical, hyijerbole, hypcr- J borean sxibmit, subject; succeed, succumb; sulFer, suil'use; suggest; sui>port, suppose ; suspend, sustain ; hy- jwcrite, hyi)otliesi3, liyi)ben ; cata- c()nil)s, cataract, catarrh, cata- strophe F ! 8. Prefixes wliicii denote rest and motion about or around a place or point of time. Classic— about circmn, peri '{ or o'ound amphi or ambi { both or tw } circumscribe, circumvent, circum- ference ; x)ericar(lium, perimeter, peiiphery, period y •■0 S aniphibious, amphitheatre, ambi* guous 9. Prefixes which denote rest and motion against, in place or Anglo-Saxon- gain and with Classic — contra, contro, counter ; oh or oc, of, op ; anti or ant ' time. against gainsay, withstand ' "] contradict, contravene ; controvert ; I counteract, countermand, coun- against [ *^-P"ise; object, obstruct, occur; •^ f ottend ; oppose, oppress, oppugn ; antidote, antithesis ; antagonist, antarctic 10. Prefixes wliicli denote ic3t and motion fhroiigh a place and time. Classic— \ perambulate, perforate, persecute, Perfect ; pellucid ; par gross, divert ; ditfer, diifuse ; se- j cede, seclude, sedition « t HI 13. Prefixes which denote rest and motion to or upon in place and time. Classic — adduce, advance; accede, accept; allix, affect ; aggressive, aggra- vate ; allocate ; annex, annotate ; - append, applaud ; arrest, arrive ; ascend, assail ; attend, attain ; epidemic, epistle, epitaph, epi- tome ad or ac, af, ag, al, an, ap, ar, as, - at; epi to, or xqion and 14. Prefixe::; wliicli denote najation and destitution in plnxje or tii'ie. forind, forgot, forgive, forsake ; un- lovuly, Uiicqu'.il, unholy, unman- ly, uiijut^':, uncover, unfetter, Uiimask, untie ; disjoin, disunite, for, un, dis not, or op2)oiiite to disgrace jn or ig, 11, im, J vnt, or Ir ; sine, d. or an 1 withoat '] ill 'Ci'Ui.vte, iiicap;vble, infant ; ig- I noble, ignorant; illegiil, illogical; > imui:vture, iniinoit;!l ; irr.itional, I irrcvcieut ; sincere, sinecure ; j ap.„tiiy, ;Uuni, anarchy, atheist 1! v. ,iii!ii '■ 'I'' lliiil ' I ml < i I I ■ill II ! I 158 ETYMOLOGY, OR THE DKRIVATION OP WORDS. 15. Prefixes which denote xoell or ill in place and time, mis -j ill nri/,>-nn alio, I nourish— aliment,-ary,-ation,-iveueHs » V I i [ « in 170 ETYMOLOGY, OR THE DERIVATION OP WORDS. alter, another — alter, -nate, -nation, -cation; subaltern altiu, high — altitude, exalt, -ation ; altar amo {amiciis), I love— amity, iiniicable, amiable, amorouH, amatoTv, enamored, inimical, enmity, enemy amplUB, large — ample, ampli-fy,-ficiition,-tude ango {anxi), I vex — anger, angry, anguish, anxiety, anxious, -ly angrulus, a corner— angle, angular, rectangular, tri.aigular, quadrangle anima, the soul or life — anim-al, -ate, -ation, -alcule ; inanimate animus, the mind — unanimous, animosity, equanimity annus, a year — annual, biennial, perennial, millennium ; annals, an- niversary, annuity, annular, centenary antiquus, old or ancient — antique, antiquity, antiquated, antiquarian ; antic aperio, I open — aperient, aperture ; April appello, I call — appeal, appell-ative, -ation apto, I fit — adapt, apt,-itude,-ly,-ness, adept, inept, -itude,-ly,-nes8 aqua, water — aqueous, aquatic, aqueduct, terraqueous, aquarium arbiter, an umpire, a judge — arbiter, arbitr-ate, -ation, -ary,-ator, -ess arbor, a tree — arbor, -eous,-6scent,-ctum,-ist arceo, I shut up, restrain — coerce, coercive, coercion ; exercise arcus, a bow — arc, arcade, arch, archer, archery ardeo, I burn — ardent, ardor, arduous, arson arguo, I argue— arguer, argument, -ation, -ative arma, arms— ann,-or,-orer,-ory,-y,-ament,-orial,-i8tice; disarm, uuv armed aro, I plough — arable, inarable, aratjon ars {art)^ art— art, -i8t,-i8an,-ifice,-ificial,-ful, -less; inert, inertness, inertia artus {articulus)t a joint — article, articul-ate,-ated,-ately,-ation; inarticulate asper, rough— asperity, aspir-ate, -ation ; exasper-ate, -ation atroz, cruel — atrocity, atrocious, -ness audio, I hear — aud-it,-itor,-itory,-ience,-ible; inaudible augeo {auctm), I increase— augment, -ation; auction,-eer; august, autumn,; author, -ity ; auxiliary, unauthorized aurls, the ear — aurist, auricle, auricular ; auscultation ayarus, greedy— avarice, avaricious,-ly,-ness avlduB, eager — avidity barba, a beard— barb, barbed, barber, barbel barbarus, rude, savage— barbarian, barbar-ou3,-ity,-ize,-ism,-ic beatus, blessed — beatitude, beatify, beatific bellum, war — belligerent, rebel, rebellion bene, well (used in compontion)— benefit, benevolent, beuiaon, benifice, beneficent \ LATIN ROGTa. 171 blbO, I drink — imbibe, bib, bibber, bibulous, bibacious ; wine -bibber bis {bi) twice— biped, bisect, biscuit, binary ; combine bonus, good -booji, bounty, bounteous, bountiful brevis, aliort— brief, briefly, brevity, abbrevi-ato,-ation,-ator; bre- viary brutus, stupid— brutal, -ize,-ity ; brutish, -ly, -ness ; imbrute cado {cos, cid), I fall — cadence, case, casuist, casual, cascade ; acci- dent, accidence, coincide, coincidence, decay, deciduous, incident, Occident, occasion csedo {cid, cis), I cut — cffisura, concise, decide, decisive, decision, ex- cision, incision, precise, precision ; lioniicide, regicide, suicide, &c. calculus, a little pebble— calculate, calcul-able,-ation,-ator j miscal- culate, incalculable candeo, I am white,. I shine — candid, candidate, candor, candle ; in- cense, incentive cano {cant), I sing— cant, canticle, chant, enchant, incantation, re- cant, accent caplllus, a hair — capillary, capillarity, capilliform capio {cep, capt), I take — cap-able, -acious, -acity, -acitate ; capt,-iou8, -ive,-ivate,-or,-ure ; except, precept, intercept ; conceive, deceive, receive, receipt, recipient, acceptation, occupation, preceptor, re- ceptacle, susceptibility caputs (capitis), the head — capital, capitulate, cape, captain, chapter, precipitate, precipice, recapitulate caxo {carnis), flesh — incarnate, carnal, carnage, carnival, carrion, car- case, carnivorous causa, a cause — causation, accuse, excuse, recusant caveo {caut), to be on one's guard — caution, cautious, -ly,-nesa, pre- caution cavus, hollow — cave, cavern, concave, cavity, excavate cedo {cess), I yield, I go — cede, cession, cease, cessation, accede, con- cede, exceed, precede, proceed, recede, succeed, recess, success, -ive,-ion, &c. , celer, swift— celerity, accelerate celeber, renowned — celtibr-ate,-ated,-ation, celebrity celsus, high — excel, excellent, excellence, excelsior censeo, I judge, I blame— censor, censorious, censure, censurable centrum, the centre — central, centrical ; centripetal, centrifugal, con- centrate, concentric ; eccentric centum, a hundred— century, centurion ; centage, centesimal, centi- pede cemo {cret), I judge— certain, certify, concern, decree, diacem, dkl« creet, secrete, secret, secretary il- ; s H l-i I ffl 172 ETTMOLOOT, OR THE DERIVATION OF WORDS. drcus, a circle— circlet, circular, circulate, circuit, encircle, semi circle CltO, I call or rouse— cite, citation, excite, -ment, incite, recite, rcoita« tion, roHUscitato dvls, a citizen —civic, city, civil, -ian,-ity,-izo,-iz.'ition, uncivil Clamo, I ciy out — claim, acdaim, clamor, clamorous, declamation, exclaim, proclaim, proclamation, reclaim claruB, clear, bright — clear, clearance, clarify, declare, declaration clando {dud, dus), I close— close, closet, cloister, conclude, conclu- sion, include, inclose, recluse, seclusion Clemens, merciful, mild — clement, clemency, inclement, inclemency cUno, I bend— decline, declension, declivity, incline, inclination, acclivity, recline COlO (cult), I cultivate — cultivated, colony, colonist, colonial, colonize, culture, agriculturist, occult COlO, I strain— colander, eolation, i)eic()late, percolation conunodus, convenient — commodious, commodity, incommode cor (cordis), the heart — core, cordial, courage ; concord, concordance, discord, record, accord, accordant COmu, a horn— corn, cornet, corneous, cornice, unicorn corona, a crown— crown, coronation, corolla, coronet, coroner corpus (corpor), the body — corporal, corporate, corporation, corporaaj corpulent, corpse, corpuscle, incorporate credo, I trust, I believe — creed, credit, credible, creditor, credential. creduloud, incredulity, accredit creo, I make- -create, creator, creation, creature, creative, recreation oresco (crel), I giow — crescent, accretion, concretion, excrescence, d^ crease, increase, increment crimen, a crime — criminal, elimination, recrimin-ate,-ation crudus, raw, unripe— crude, crudity, crudeness crux (ci'7ic), a cross — crucify, crucifixion, isruciform, crucible, crusad^ excruciate, crosier, cross cubo, or cumbo, T lie down — cumber, cumbent, cumbrance, incubua accumbent, incumbent, recumbent, succumb culpa, a fault — culpable, culpability, culprit, inculpate, exculpate cumulus, a heap — cumulative, accumul-ate,-ation,-ator cura, care — cure, curate, curacy, curious, accurate, secure, sinecure ourro (curs) I run — current, curricle, courier, concur, incur, occur, re. cur, succor, course, concurrence, discourse, incursion, precursor CUrvuB, crooked— curve, curvature, curvate, incurvate damno, I condemn — damage, condcmnable, condemnation, indemnif) debeo, I owe — debit, debt, debtor, debenture, indebtedness decet, it is becoming — decent., decency, decorate, decoration, decorous, indecorous LATTN ROOTS. 173 daleo, I blot out, I destroy — dclcto, indelible, deleterious, •ly,-nes8 deliclae, delight— delicacy, delicate, -ly,-nc8fl, delicious nens, {dent), a tooth— dental, dentist, dentifrice, dentition, indent, indenture, trident flenstui, thick— dense, density, condense, condensation deU8, a god— deify, deity, deist, deism, deification dloo {dicat)f I set apart— dedicate, dedicatory, abdicate, index, indi- cate, indicative, predicate, predicament, adjudicate dexter, right-handed— dexter, dexterity, dexterous, -ly,-ne88 dioo {diet), I say — diction, dictate, dictator, dictatorial, addict, bene- tliction, contradiction, edict, interdict, valedictory, verdict dies, a day-dial, diary, diurnal, meridian, quotidian, diet dlgnus, worthy — dignify, dignity, indignity, ), I have— habitation, habit-l^al,-able, cohibit, debilitate; exhibit, inhibit, prohibition liaereo {lies), I stick — adhere, adiiesive, cohesion, coherent, hesitate, inherent, incoherent haeres (A/urtrf), an heir -heritage, heritable, hereditary, inherit, -anco. disinherit ; heiress, heirloom, co-heir halo, I breathe — exhale, inhale, inhalation, anhelation haurio [fuxust), I draw — exhaust, -ible, -ion, -less, -ive; inexhaustible herba, an herb — herbage, herbalist, herbaceous, herbivorous hilar! s, cheerful— hilarity, hilarious, exhilaration homo, a man — human, humane, homage, humanity, humanize, homi- cide, inhumanity horreo, I shudder horror, horrid, horrible, horrify, abhor, abhorrence iiortor, I advise exhort, exliori;atiou, hortative, hortatory, dehorta- tory hospes {hospif), a gueat —hospitable, hospital, -ity, host, hote3, hostler hostis, an enemy- host, hostile, hostility, hostage humeo, I am moist humid, humidity, humor, humorist, humorous humus, the ground— inhume, exhume, exhumation, posthumous^ huml)le, humility It idem, the same identity, identical, identify, identifiable ignia, lire igneous, ignite, ignition, ignitible Imago, an image -imagint;, imaginary, imagination * I LATIN ROOTS. 177 genuine, ty, pro- degrade, jrsmdize, , grange, ;ratulate, griovousf ;gregioua. ebilitatc ; hesitate, rit,-anco. istible 28, homi- )horrence (lehorta- ], hostler iiioronH IViptra, 1 command -imperative, emperor, imperial impetus, force— impetus, i)npctxxou3,-ly,-ncss, impetuosity llxanis, empty— inane, inanity, inanition iuferuB, below inferior, inferiority, infernal insula, an island— insulated, isle, isolate, peninsula integer, whole— integral, integrity, disintegrate, redintegration Ira, anger — iie, ireful, irate, irascible, irritation ]aceo, I lie — jacent, adjacent, circumjacent )acio iject), I throw — jet, jaculation, ejaculate, abject, conjectures dejection, interjection, objective, reject, subject, subjection JOCUS, a jest — joke, jocose, jocund, jocular, jocularity Jubilo, I shout for joy -jp bilee, jubilate, jubilation Jugxim, a yoke — abjugate, subjugate, subjugation JUBgo, {juiict), I join — junction, juncture, conjunction, conjugal, in- junction ; jum, enjoin, joiner juro, I swear— jury, adjure, conjure, perjury judex, a judge ; jus (;ur), right— just, justice, justify, injury, iudge, judi'-T+'Te, judicious, prejudice, judicial, jurisprudence juvenis, I't ' > ;,' — juvenile, juvenility, juniors, juniority, rejuvene c ice JUVO (jut), i help— adjutant, coadjutor '■■' labor, work — labor, laborious, laboratory, elaborate labor (laps), I slide— lapse, relapse, elapse, illapse, collapse laedo {lid, lis), I hurt — collide, collision, elide, elision lapis {lapid), a stone — lapidary, dilapidate, dilapidation latus, carried, broad — dilate, latitude, latitudinarian, delay, dilatoi , illative, oblate, translation latus (later), a side — lateral, collateral, equilateral laus [laud), praise— laud, laudable, ajjplaud, allow, allowable laxus, loose — lax, laxity, relax, relaxation, prolix lego (legal), I send, appoint— legate, legacy, delegate, allegation lego (Icct), I read or choose— legible, lecture, legion, allege, college diligent, eligible, elegant, election, negligence, selection legumen, pulse, pease, beans — legiuiiinous, legumes levis, light, (levo, to raise)— levity, levy, alleviate, elevate, elevator; relieve lex (ley), a law— legal, legality, legalize, legislator, legitimate, allegi- ance liber, free - liberal, lil)crt-.', li1)or.'ite, illiberal, livery ll"aer, a book— library, lilirarian, libul, libellous libra, a balance -deliberate, -ly,-ive, e'>.Lty» tnn- /ule, i'luohle noceo, hurt noxious, noisoih' . i, loc^'ut. i^ln^^•u-^!l s. atinoyance Komen, a name B^outinatc, uouutkiAuT, duioiumuUun, biuumial, no- menclature, I^XMOUilif 180 ETYMOLOGY, OR THE DERIVATION CF WORDS. norma, a rule —normal, abnormal, enormous, enormity nosco, cognosco, 1 know — cognizance, recognition, knowledge, acknow ledge, recognize, precognition notus, known— note, notable, notorious, aimotator novus, new — novel, novelty, novitiate, innovate, renovate nox {noct), night — equinox, equinoctial, nocturnal nullus, none — nullify, nullity, annul, disannul uumeruB, a nu7nber — numerous, numeration, enumerate, innumerable, supernumerary nuncio, I tell — announce, enunciate, denounce, renounce, pronuncia- tion nutrlo, I nourish — nutriment, nutrition, nutritive, inuutritious l'*fj 11 obscurus, dark — obscuration, obscurely, obscureness, obscurity oculus, the eye — ocular, oculist, binocular, inoculate Odor, smell — odorous, odoiiferous, odorless Oleo, I smell— olfactory, redolent, redolence Ok>; or olBRCO, I grow — adolescence, adult, abolish, abolition, aboli- tionist omnis, all— omnipotent, omniscience, omnivorous, omnibus, &c. onus (oner), a burden — onerous, onerary, exoner,-ate,-ation,-ative opus {oper), a work — oper-ate,-ative,-ation,-ator, co-operate, opera 0rl)ls,*a globe — orb, orbit, orbiculiir, exorbitant Ordo, law— order, disorder, extraordinary, ordain, ordination, subor- dinate Opto, I wish — option, optional, optative, adopt, adoption orior, I rise— orient, origin, originate, exordium omo, I deck — ornament, -al.-ation, adoi-n, adornment, ornate oro, I speak— oracle, oration, oral, oratoiy, orator, orison, adore, in- exorable, peroration OS (osKis), a bone — osseous, ossify, ossific, ossivorous ovum, an egg — oval, ovate, ovally, oviparous palMum, a cloak, covering— palliuli^ f^Iliative, palliation pando, I spread — expand, fcxpanrive, expanse, i)ace, space, compass, surpass, tresi'-iiw pango (part) I fix or agree — j»action, compact, comvactnesH, inij)in|.'e palatum, the roof of the mouth, taste — palate. j>;ilatal, palatable, un- palatable palus, ;i {Kjg or post - j>ale, palina:. palisade, empnlp. empalement par, equiJ- parity, separate, disparity, disparagt. |H'»'r, ])eerless pareo. I appear — peer. ai)pear. apparition, apparent, ti-ansjiai'ent parlo. I bring forth -ynr*r?:rn, parental, oviparous, viviparous paro, I make ready j — ' aatiun, pare, parufle, parry, apparel, pre- iNure, repair, rei)ani.ii>)ii 3. je, acknovr LATIN ROOTS. 181 mumerable, , promincia- itioua iurity lition, aboli- )US, &c. on,-ative ,te, opera lation, subor- late )n, adore, in* ice, compass, }si9, impini;.o klatable, un- lialement Leerless Insinireut rous lipparel, pre- pars, a part — particle, partake, partition, party, partisan, partial, partner, parboil, parcel, apartment, impart, impartiality • pasco {past), I reed— jiastor, pastoral, pasture, antepast, repast pater, a father — paternal, paternity, patrimony, patron, patronize, patrician patlor {pass), I suffer— patience, patient, impatient, passive, passion- ate, compassion patrla, one's country — patriot, patriotism, compatriot, expatriate pax, peace — peace, pacify, pacific, pacification pello {p^lls), I drive — pulse, pulsation, compel, dispel, expulsion, im- pulse, repulsion pello, I name, or call — appellative, compellation, appeal, repeal pendeo, I hang — pendent, pendulum, depend, impend, suspense, ap- pendix pendo {pens), I weigh — pensive, expense, expenditure, compensation, dispense, recompense, stipend, stipendiary penetro, I pierce— penetrate, penetration, impenetrable pes {ped), the foot — pedal, pedestal, pedestrian, biped, quadruped, expedite, expedient, impediment petO, I seek— i)etition, petulant, appetite, compete, competiW, im- petus, impetuous, repeat, repetition pingo {pict), I paint — picture, pigment, pictorial, picturesque, depict plus, dutiful — piety, impious, impiety placeo, I please — placid, complacency, complaisant, displease, im- placable planta, a plant — plantation, plantain, implant, supplant, transplant plaudo (plans), I praise— plaudit, applaud, plausible, applause, ex- plode, explosion pleo (plet), I fill -plenary, plenty, complement, complete, depletion, "eplenish, supply, s\ipplement pliCO, I fold— apply, complicate, complex, display, duplicity, explioatts implicit, perplex, simple, triplet ploro, I wail — deplore, explore, implore pluma, a feather - plumage, plume, plumeless, plumule poena, pain or punishment — pain, penal, penalty, penance, peniten- tiary, impunity, repent polio, I smooth — polish, polite, interpolation pondus {ponder), weight — pound, ponderous, ponder, preponderate, ini ponderable pono {posit), ^ place- post, posture, position, apposite, deposition, dis- pose, expositor, apposition, propose, purpose, repose, transposition populus, the people -popular, populace, population, dei)opuIate, pub- lic, publish, republic porto, I carry -porter, portable, export* import, importunity, report, transportation li'1 I II |i!. 182 ETYMOLOGY^ JR THE DERIVATION OF WORDS. ||? . i m 1 potens, powerful — potent, potentate, potential, -ity,-ly, impotent, omnipotent poto, I drink — potation, potion, potable praeda, plunder— prey, jiredatory, piedaceoiis, depred-{»tion,-ator prehendo, I take — apprehend, conipreheiision, apprentice, reprehend premo {press), I press — print, pressure, compress, depression, express, oppression, repress, suppression, irrepressible prstium, a price — precious, appreciate, prize, appraise, depreciation primus, first— prime, primate, primer, prince, principal, primogeniture privo, I take away — deprive, privation, privative priVTis, one's own, or single— private, privacy, privilege probo, I prove— probe, probation, probable, approbation, improve, disprove, reprobate promo (prompt), I bring forth, I tell — prompter, prompt, promptly, promptitude, impromptu prope (prox), near — propinquity, propitiate, proximate, approximate, approach proprius, one's own — proper, property, appropriate, propriety, impro- priety pudor, shame — impudent, impudence, repudiate pujjno, I fight — pugnacious, i»ugilist, impugn, repugnance pulmo, the lungs — pulmonary, pulmonic pulvls {pulver), dust — pulverize, pulverable, pulverization pimgo (punct), I prick — pungent, puncture, punctuation, punctilious, punctuality, compunction, expunge, point, appoint purgo, I cleanse — purge, purgative, purgatory, purgatorial purus, clean — purify, purity, puritan, impure, impurity pus {pur), matter of a sore — pustule, pustulate, purulent, suppurate puto, I reckon, I prune — putative, compute, dispute, deputy, imputa- tion, repute ; amputate putris, rotten — putrefy, putrefaction, putrid, putridity, putrescence quails, of what kind — qualify, quality, disqualify quantum, how much — quantity, quantitative quaero (quis, ques), I seek— quest, question, acquire, disquisition, inquire, request, requisition, perquisite quatio, I shake — quash, concussion, discuss, percussion quatuor, four —quart, quarter, quartern, quadruped, quadrant quies, rest (puct, (|uiesconcc, intpiietudo, disi|uiotude, ac([uiesce quot, how many— quote, (pioiiuiit, (pi'jtalion, quotidian radius, a ray — radiant, radiation, irradiate, radius radix, a root— radicle, radical, radish, eradicate rado {ras), I scrape— raze, razor, erase, abrasion, rasure ramiu, a branch— ramify, ramiiicatiou LATIN ROOTS. 183 mpotent. ,-ator iprehend 1, express, eciation [logeuiture improve, promptly, proximate, ety, impro- punctilious, suppurate ty, imputa- atresccnce Usquisition, rant ■( [uiesce rapi'", I carry off— rapacious, rapid, rapine, rapture, Huneptitious rax"as, tliin -rarefy, rarefaction, rare rego {rcct), I rule — regal, rej^ent, regimen, regular, register, rector, reign, direct, rectify repo, I creep — reptile, reptilian res, a thing — real, realize, rtiniblic I'ideo (ris), I laugh -Tidicule, ridiculous, risible, deride, derision rigeo, T am stiff — rigidity, rigor, rigorously rivus, a stream— river, rivulet, rival, rivalry, arrive, derive, derivation rodo (ros), I gnaw- -con'ode, corrosion, corrosive, erasion rota, a wheel— rote, rotate, rotatoiy ; rotund, routine rudis, rude, ignorant -rudiment, erudite, erudition ru8 {rur), the country -rural, rustic, rusticity, rusticate Tumpo {rupt), I break — rupture, abrupt, bankrupt, corruj)tion, inter- rupt, irniption sacer, sacred — sacrament, sacrifice, consecrate, execrable, sacrilege sagax, wise— sage, sagacious, sfigacity, presage sal, salt -saline, saltish, sauce, saucy sallo (salt), I leap — salient, saltation, assault, sally, desultory, exal- tation, insult, result, resilient salus (salut), health — salute, salutary, salubrious, salvage, salve, salutary, salvation sancio {sanct), I confirm — sanction, sanctify, sanctity, saint, sanctuary sanguis, {sanguin), blood— sanguine, sanguinary, sanguineous, ensan- guine sapio, I taste, I am wise — sapient, savor, sapid, in8ij)id, insipidity satis, enough —satisfy, satisfaction, sate, satiate, insatiable scando, I climb— scan, ascend, ascension, condescension, descend, ti'anscend scindo (sciss), I cut —scissors, scissure, abscession, rescind, rescension ycio, I know — science, scientific, sciolist, conscience, omniscience, prescience esribo {script), I write — scribe, ccripture, scribble, description, in- scribe, manuscript, superscription nculpo, 1 carve - sculptor, sculpture, sculptured aeco {.Hcct), I cut sect, section, dissect, insect, intersection, tris( ct , IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 121 IM ■ii Hi 12.2 S l£ 12.0 1.4 llllim 1.6 vl 7] J^ ^ P "^J^ ^ /A %^^ > '■^ '/ Photograpliic Sciences Corporation 33 WIST MAIN STRUT WEBSTiR.N.Y. 14580 (716) S73-4503 T" <\ '^j'^ • ^ .^^ 186 ETYMOLOGY, OR THE DERIVATION OP WORDS. nber, fruitful— exuberant, exuberance ^ ^ umbra, a shade — umbrageous, lunbrclla, adumbrate, penumbra unda, a wave — undulate, undulation, ruuuudant, inundate, abound, abundant ungUO (unct), I anoint — unguent, unction, unctuous unus, one — uniform, unicorn, unilateral, unique urbs, a city— urban, urbanity, suburbs, suburban uro (ust), I bum— inure, combustion, incombustible utor (us), I use— utility, utilitaiian, utensil, useful, usefulness, usury, abuse, disuse VEOO, I am empty — vacant, vacancy, vacation, vacate vacuus, emi)ty — evacuate, evacuation, vacuum vado, I go — evade, evasion, invade, perviulo vagor, I wander — vagrant, vagabond, vajrary, extravagance yaleo, 1 am strong, I am worth — value, valor, valid, valiant, avail, valetudinarian, convalescence, invalid, prevalent vanus, emi)ty — vanish, vanity, vain, vainly vapor, steam — vaporj', evaporate, vapid, vapidncss vurio, 1 change — variable, various, variance, variety, variegate vas, a dish — vase, vascular, vessel vasto, I lay waste — vast, vastness, devastation, waste, wasteful veho, I carry — vehicle, convey, inveigh, invective vello, {vuls), 1 pull — convulsion, revulsion velo, I cover — veil, revelation, reveal, xipveil velox, swift— velocity, velocimeter, velocipede vendo, I sell — vend, vendor, vendible, vendue, venal ventuB, the wind— vent, ventilate, ventil-ation,-ator venlo (vent), I come — convene, contravene, advent, convention, in- vention, revenue verbuxn, a word — verbal, verbose, adverb, proverbial verto (vers), 1 turn— verse, version, vertex, advert, aversion, adver* sity, perversion, universe yerus, true — verity, veracious, verify, verdict, aver vestigium, a trace or mark— vestige, invostigate vestis, a garment — vest, vestment, vestry, divest, investment Via, a way— deviate, devious, impervious, previous, trivial, undeviat- ing, viaduct Vicis, a change — vicar, vicarage, vicarious, vicigeioiit, vicissitude Video (vis), I see — vision, visible, visit, evident, providence, revise, supervision Vlgeo, I flourish vegetable, vegetate, vegetation, vigor, vigorous, in- vigorate, vigil, vigilant Vttliw a fanu— village, villain, villany, villanage If QRBEK ROOTS. 187 iM ra abound. », usury, it, avail, te ful itiun, in- I, adver* Liideviai- ude , revise, rou8, in- ^Inco {vict)t I oonquer— victor, convince, evince, province, vanquish. invincible yiniun, wine — vinous, vintage, vinegar, vineyard, wine Vlr, a man — virile, virility, virtue, virago, triumvirate Virus, poison— virulent, virulence VISCUB, glue — viscid, viscidity, viscous Vita, life — vital, vitality, vitalize Vltnun, glass— vitreous, vitrefy, vitref action, vitriol vivo, I live— vivid, vivacious, vivify, revive, convivial VOCO, I call — voice, vocal, vocation, vociferate, advocate, invocation, convoke, revok» VOlo, I am willing — voluntary, volition, benevolence, volunteer VOlO, I fly — volatile, volatility, volatilize VOlVO, I roll— voluiue, voluble, convolve, develop, revolution, revolt VOro, I devour — voracious, devour, carnivorous, omnivorous. VOVeo, I vow —vote, votary, votive, devote, devotion VQlcniS, the common people — vulgar, -ity , divulge, promulgate VUlnilS (vulner), a wound — vulnerable, vulnerary, invulnerable >• SECTiON V. GREEK ROOTS.* a6r, the air — aarial, aerolite, aeronaut, artery, arterial, airy, airiness ag5, 1 lead— demagogue, synagogue, pedagogue, stratagem, strategy agCn, strife— Hgony, antagonist, antagonism, agonize akou5, 1 hea)- — acoustic, acou.stics, acoumetcr angSlds, a messenger — angelic, angel, ui\,hangel, evangel, -ize,-iBt, •ism,-ical anthrdpOs, a man — anthropology, philanthropy, misanthropy archS, beginning, sovereignty— archaism, archives, archon, anarchy, monarchy, oligarchy, patriarcli, tetrarch AStSr, or dstrdn, a star — astronomy, astronomical, astrology ; aster, asterisk ; astral, disaster, disastious atblSte?, a wrestler — athlete, atiiletic atmds, vapor — atmosphere, atmospherical autOs, one's self— autocrat, autograph, automaton, autonomy, auto biography, tautology ha)15< 1 throw ball, ballet, emblenj, hypiirljoh", parable, problem, aymbul, diabolical n^iBttlO, I dip or sprinkle— baptist, baptism, baptismal, anabapUst, psedobaptist • The Qreck letters are expressed by their English equlvftlenta 188 BTYMOLOOT, OR THE DERIVATION OF WORDS. iMUdflt the bottom — basement, baseless, bass, abase, debase, abashed, bashful blblOs, a book — bible, bibliography, bibliopolist, bibliomania MOd, a life — biography, biology, amphibious I I cliaracter, a mark of distinction — character, characterize, character* istic charls, love, or thanks— charity, charitable, eucharist, euchaiistio cbeir, the hand — chirography, chiiology, chiromancy, enchiridion, chirurgeon, (whence surgeon) CllOlS, bile, anger — melancholy, choler, choleric CbrlBtds, anointed — Christ, chi-isni, christen, Christianity, Christmas, antichrist ChrOma, color, — chrome, chromatics, achromatics OhrOnds, time — chronic, chronical, chronology, chronometer, anachron* ism, synchronous, synchronize, synchronism cOsmoB, order, the world — cosmical, cosmogony, cosmopolite, micro- cosm, cosmetic cr&nion, a skull — cranium, craniology, pericranium crates, jiower — democratic, aristocracy, autocratic, theocracy critSs, n judge — critic, criticism, crisis, diacritical, hypocrisy cruptO, I hide — crypt, cryptography, .apocrypha cuclos, a circle — cycle, encyclical, epicycle, encyclopa)dia, encyclope- dist, Cyclops daimott, a spirit — demon, demoniac, demonism, demonology, pande- monium dSka, ten— decade, decalogue, decagon, indecagon, dean dSmos, the people — demagogue, democracy, endemic, epidemic, pan- demic dSspotes, a master — despotic, despotism ^ dogma, doxa, opinion, glory— dogma, dogmatic, dogmatize, dogmas tism, doxology, orthodox, heterodox, paradoxical d6t08, given — antidote, anecdote, anecdotal d]aiamis, power — dynamics, dynameter, dynasty, dynastic eidCs, form — asteroid, conoid, spheroid, kaleidoscope electron, amber— electrical, electricity, electrify, electro-dynamics crg6n, work— energy, liturgy, metallurgy, georgic, organ, -ization etlinOs, a nation -ethnical, ethnology, ethnographer ethds, custom— ethics, ethical etl, well (in composition) —euphony, euphemism, eulogy, eucharist^ evangelist gamOB, marriage— agamist, bigamy, misagamist, polygamy QREEK ROOTS. 189 fO. the earth— geoeentric, geography, geology, geometry; apogee, perigee ge&tiafi, I produce— genesis, genealogy, homogeneous, oxygen, hydro- gen, nitrogen glnoakO, I know— gnomon, gnosticism, diagnostic, physiognomy, prog- nostic glOaaa or glOtta, the tongue— gloss, glossary, glossarial, glottis, epi- glottis, polyglot gfinlA, an angle — pentagon, heptagon, polygon, diagonal, trigonometry graTnma, a letter —grammar, anagram, diagram, epigram, pro- gramme, telegram grapbO, I write— graphic, grave, autograph, epigraph, biography, geography, paragraph, telegraph, topography, &c. gunuids, naked — gymnast, gymnastics, gymnasium irons, a woman— gynocracy, misogynist, mysogyny bfidra, a seat — cathedral, sanhedrim, polyhedron, &c. MllOs, the sun— heliocentric, helioscope, heliotrope, aphelion, peri- helion, parhelion Mmera, a day— ephemera, ephemeral, ephemeris hfiteros, another — heteroclite, heterodox, heterogeneous lllerds, sacred — hierarchy, hieroglyphic, hierography, hierophant 'UBtSmi, to place— apostate, ecstasy, statics, statistic, system, sys- tematize tl6dos, a way — episode, exodus, method, -ist,-ical, period, -ical, synod tl6in68, like — homogeneous, homologous, homonymous tiuddr, water, — hydraulics, hydrogen, hydrophobic^ hydrostatics, an- hydrous tiunmed, I sing— hymn, hymnal, hymnology idiOs, idiom— idiot, idiocy, idiosyncrasy lads, equal (in composition) — isochronous, isosceles, isothermal lambanfi {lep8)t I take — syllable, catalepsy, epilepsy lads, the people — laity, laic, lay, as opposed to clerical legO, I speak or collect —lexicon, dialect, eclectic, elegy, prolegomena llthds, a stone — aei'olite, lithography, lithotomy, monolith l(^d8, a word— logic, analogy, apologue, catalogue, decalogue, dialogue, entomology, geology, neology, theology, zoology, &c. luo, I loose— analyze, analysis, palsy, paralytic lura, a lyre — Ijrric, lyrical, lyrist, lyrated mache, a fight — logomachy, monomachy, naumachy, sciomachy mania, madness — maniac, mouoinania, bibliomania m^rtur, a witness — martyr, martyrdom, martyrology, protomartyr mathcma, knowledge — philomath, polymathy, mathema-tics^-tical, •ticiau ill: r. II ./'' 190 ETTMOLOOT, OB THE DBRIYATIOK OF WOKDS. BUOhailB, a mftohine — meohanio, mechanics, mechanism, maohinatioi machinist inSlos, a song — melody, melodious, melodrama ; Philomel mStron, a measure — metre, metrical, barometer, Jianietcr, geometrj perimeter, symmetry, thermometer, trigonometry micros, small nucr()sc<)]»ic, microcosm, micrography, micrology mlsdo, I hate miHaiiilu-<*pist, iiiiflogynist, misogamist nmSma, memory -mnemomics, mnemotechny, amnesty mOnos, one — monad, monarch, monarchy, monk, monastic, monoi)oh monotheism, monotony morphd, shape — amorphous, metamorphose, polymorphous muthoB, a fable — myth, mythical, mythology nauB, a ship— nautical, nautilus, leronaut, nausea, nauseous, nauseai xificroB, dead — necropolis, necromancy ndmdB, a law, or rule — anomaly, antinomian, astronomy, economy neuron, a nerve — neuralgia, ne\ux>logy, aneurism 0d6, a song — ode, epode, monody, parody, psalmody ; comedy, traged oikttB, a house — economy, diocese, parochial, parish ta6ma, a name — anonymous, metonymy, paronymous, patronymii* synonymous 6ptoinai, I see — optics, optical, optician, catoptrics, dioptrics, myop.v synopsis 6rama, a view — cosmorama, diorama, panorama orthOs, right — orthodox, orthoepy, orthography OBtefin, a bone — osteology, periosteum 0ZU8, sharp, acid— oxide, oxygen, oxytone, paroxysm pals, a child — pedagogue, pedagogy, psdobaptism pan, all (in composition)— panacea, pandemic, panoply, pantheism nathOB, feeling — pathetic, pathology, antipathy, apathy, sympathy pdtalon, a leaf — petals, bipetalous, polypetalous, &c. pStroB, a stone — petrify, putrescent, petroleum phagd, I eat — anthropopliagi, ichthyophagi, sarcophagus plmind, I appear — phasis, phantom, phenomenon, fantasy, sycophant phanuakon, a remedy — pliarmacy, pharmaceutical, pharmacolugy phemi, (phas)y I speak— blaspheme, bfasphemy, emphasis, euphemtam, prophet plierd, I bear — periphery, metaphor, phosphorus phlloB, a friend — philanthropy, philosopher, i)hilter, Theophihis phOnS, a sound — phonetic, aphony, euphonious, symphony, tauti)phony pllSs, light — phosphor, phosphorus, photography, pliotometer phrftsls, a phrase— phraseology, paraphrase, perii)flrase pbrfin, the mind— phrenology, frenzy, frantic, frenetic pllllBlB, nature— physic, physiology, physiognomy, metaphysics ■ • .iv ORBBK ROOTS. 191 BflAiaO, I form — plastic, plasm, plaster, cataplasm, protoplastic imeiiina, the wind, a breath — ^pneumatics, pneumatology, pneumonia^ pneumonic poleO, I make — poem, poet, poetical, poesy p(}leo, I sell — bibliopolist, monopoly, pharmocopolist pdlls, a city jwlice, iMilicy, politic, i>olity, metropolis, poULicf.!, 003" mopolite, necropoliH pdlus, many iK>lygon, polyglot, polysyllable pou8 (pod), a foot— antiijodes, i>olypus, tripod prassO (pragma), I do — practice, practical, impracticable, praxis, pragmatical, pragmatist prfit6B, first — protasis, protocol, prototype, protoplast psallO, u> play — psalm, psalmody, psalmist, psalter, psaltery pseuchfi, breath, soul — ^psychology, metempsychosis, psychomacL/ pur, fire — ^pyre, pyramid, pyrotechny, pyrometer, empyreal . . thedt I flow — rheum, rhetoric, rheumatism, catarrh, diarrhoea, re&W lan, flesh — sarcasm, sarcophagy, sarcotic, anasarca ScOpeO, I see — scope, helioscope, polyscope, telescope, bishop, episoo- pacy, microscope, horoscope, kaleidoscope BftphOB, -rise — sophism, sophistry, sophisticate, philosophy ■phaira, a spLere — sphericity, atmosphere, hemisphere ■tdreoB, solid, firm— stereotype, stereoscope fltlchoB, a line, a verse — distich, hemistich, decastich, acrostio BtellO, I send apostle, epistlfj ftropM, a turning — apostrophe, catasbropho, antistropli kassfi, I arrange — tact, tactir^, syntax taphdB, a tomb— epitaph, cenotaph teclmS, art — technical, techin>l(>t;^y, polytechnic, ppoter^niti kel6, afar oflf — telegraph, telescope, teleology, telegram account of the lives of individuals bios, and logos—the science of life botane, a plant — the science of plants kimia, hidden —the science which treats of element* ary substances conche, a shell, and ^o^os— the science of shells crystallos, a crystal, aiA grapho— the science which treats of the origin and formation of crystals dendron, a tree, and /<^o«— the natural history of trees du'iamis, power— the science of moving powers diiinus, divine— the science of divine things electron, amber— the science which explains the laws of the electric fluid ethos, a custom— the science of morals ge, the eai-th, and logos— the science which treats «>r the formation and structure of the earth ge, and grapho, a description of the surface of the earth ge, a^id metroUf a measure— the science of magnitude PI J NAMES OF THE ARTS AND SCIENCES. 193 hydraulics hydroBtatics bydrodynamics re works, lowledge. B scieocft blstory ( , ! lezicograpliy probably dof uni< ch treats magnetism mathematics Lce or art mechanics ^ndeil art on of the treats of meteorology mineralogy neology riting ai> optics physics elementt Us se which stals story of • physiology . phonetics phonography photography pneumatics ers the law3 pneumatology politics psychology ireats <>? stenography statics J of the statistics guitudQ hudor, water, and aule, a pipe — thc,scicncc which treats of fluids in motion hudor, and statics, standing— the science which treats of fluids at rest hvulor, and dunamis, power— a science which em- braces both hydraulics and kydrontatics hi^toria, learning by inquiry— an account of facts. It is of various kinds, as cicil and natural, poli- tical and ecclesiastical, sacred and irrofaue li'jo, kxicos, I speak, grapho — the art of writing dic- tionaries magnes, a dweller in Magnesia the science which explahis the phejiornena of tlie magnet mathcma, learning— the science which ireats of tho relations and measurement of quantities, and in- cludes arithmetic, alyebra, geometry, kc. mcchanc, a means, o» contrivance - the science wliich treats of the lawn of motion, including both statics and dynamics mcteora, meteors, and Iixjos— the science of the atmos- phere and its plicnomcna mineral, from mine, and hifjos — llio scii'iiccof minerals nouf^, tlie mind, and luyos—tlm science of intellectual facts o/).s', the eye — the science of liglit and vision l)ku>fis, nature— tlio science of nature, natural philo- sophy phusis, and logos— tho science which treats of tho functions of living bodies phone, sound— tiio science of articulate sounds phone, and grapho—thv. art of writing by sound, each sound having a distinct character pkoit, light, and (jrapho— the art of printing by tho action of light pncuma,, a breath- the science which treats of the mechanical ])roperties of the air pncuma, and /0,70s— the science of mind or spirit ;>o//,'^, a city — the acience or :ii"t bf government psnrhe, mind or aomI, and logos— tho science of the mind stcnos, close, and grapJio — sliortliand writing ito {sUif), I stand — the science which treats of bodies at rest sto {stat), I stand — the science whioli classifies and arranges facts m Ml 194 ETYMOLOGY, OR THE DERIVATION OP WORDS. telegraphy theology trigonometry topography zoology tele, afar off, ami grapJio—tho art of writing at a distancu thcos, God, and logos— ihc science which treats of the nature and attributes of Qod treia, three, gonia, an angle, metron, a measure— the art of measuring triangles tojws, a place, and grapho—9, description of a place zoon, an animal, and logo8 — the science which treats of the nature, habits, and haunts of animals Words derived from Proper Names. tMiyonet a short, triangular dagger, to be fixed on the end of a musket— from Bayonne, where it was first made to murder, to got rid of -a modem term, derived from tho name of a murderer, executed in 1829 a kind of cotton cloth — from Galicut, where it was first manufactured a fine, white cloth, linen or cotton — from Cambray, where it was originally manufactured a loquacious f;uido — from Cicero, the Roman orator a small, dried giupo— from Corinth, whence first brought a i)icturc obtained by the rays of light falling upon a prepared plate — from Daguen'c, the name of the inventor cloth woven with flowers and figures -from Damas- cus, whence it was originally brought a blockhead— from a learned schoolman named Duiis Scotus, or John Scot of Dunse, often quoted by his followers luxurious— from Epicurus, an ancient philosopher, who considered pleasure the chief good an instrument of capital punishment — from Guillo till, the name of the supposed inventor of it a coin worth five dels,, first coined in 1GG2, of gold brought from the coast of Guinea gipsy, or gypsy a wanderer or vagrant— from Egyptian burke calico cambric cicerone currant daguerrotype damaak dunce epicurean guillotine guinea herculean hymeneal jovial powerful — from Hercula, an ancient giant of my- thology pertaining to marria^,c — from Hymen, tho god of marriage merry — from Jupiter, jovis, tho planet. To be bon> under this planet wils to have a happy augury THE NAMES OF THE MONTHS AND DAYS. 195 ig at » I of the re— the place I treats aals Q end of ras first derived in 1829 c it was lambray^ 1 orator ice first upon a le of the Damas- ed Duiis Loted by osoplicr, Guillo i)f it , of gold of my- 1 god of be bon> lugury macadamize mausoleum meander mercurial milliner muslin Fblllpplc Platonic satumine Bocratic stentorian tantalise tariff worsted Year Month Week Day January February to cover a road with broken stones- from UfacAilitm, the projector of tlit- plan a magnificuut tomb from Mansnhis, to wliom such a monumont waa erected by his widow to flow in a winding course — from Meander, a river in Phrygia noted fur its windings lively — from planet Mercury, as all bom under that planet are supposed to be light-hearted one who makes or sells bonnets -supposed to be from Milan, whence the articles were imported a fine cotton fabric— from Mosul, where it vas first manufactured an invective— from Philip, against whom Demos- thenes delivere«l some of his moat fiery orutious pure and spiritual, generally iii>])liecl to affection — from riato, who wanidy advocat* d sucli a love gloomy, from the planet Stituvn, whose iiifluonco was supi)osed to make a i)ersuu stern and yravo, the opposite of mercurial questioning, apjdied to a mode of rca.^oning— from Socrates, the philosopher, who used this method in teaching vciy loud —from Stentor, a Greek herald, whose voice was said to have eciualled the united voices of fifty men to tease or vox— from Tantalus, who, according to mythology, was punished by having water placed 80, that whenever he attempted to diink, it re- ceded from his lip duty or customs — from Tarifa, a place near the Straits of Gibraltar, where the Moors were accustomed to levy tribute on the merchant sliips sailing past a kind of woollen yarn — from Worsted, a place in England where it was spun Names of the Months and Days- A.-S. pear — a cycle, or period (;f time, a revolution A.-S. mona — tlie moon, or mooiieth --mouth A.-S. weok—a period of seven days • A.-S. dacff—a. day, or from the rising to the setting of the sun Janus— tlm guil of the year, or janua, a gate Februa — a festival usually hold in that month lOG KTYMOLOOY, OR THE DERIVATION OF WORDS. March AprU May Juno July August September October ' November December Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Candlcinaa Easter WWtsuntide Lammas-day Lllchaelmas iVlartinmas Christmas Yule Mara — the god of war—tlio first month of the llo« man year Aprilis — from apcrin, I n|icTi, the oponing month Mains — from mfijorta, old men, bccauao the month was consecrated to oUl men ; or from Maia, the mother of Mercury Jitno—^i gochless, or juniorcs^ young men Jiifiiis Cajsar Awju8tU8 Cnjsar Srptcm, seven, the seventh month from March Octo, eight, the eighth month Novcm, nine, the ninth month Decern, ten, the tenth month ^l.-zS'. sunne, sun, and ddcff, «lay— anciently devoted to the worship of the sun ATona, the moon, and ird— to gird, tho girth of the body rod A.-S. rod'-ii long Blonder shoot furlong A.-S.far, furrow, ftin!/. l.>!g -a long furrow milo L. milk liasbuum— 1000 i.tcus, the Roman milo league L. Icuca—n Gallic mile rood ^ same aa rod acre L. aycr; Fr. acre — a field cubit L. cubitus— laming, elbow, from the elbcw to the end of the lingers ell A.-S. cine; L. idna—t}\i elbow, or arm, an arm's length .fathom ^.-/S. /(C///CW— both arms extended hand A.-S. hand- -the hant'. closed, four inches I I gUl pint quart gallon firtcin 4. Capacity. A.-S. wngel — one-fourtli of ,• pint (rT. pino, I drink — one draught L, quartus — fourth part (of a (jallon) Ft: (jallon A.-S. four kin—Q, fourth (of a bairel) 198 ETTMOLOGT, OR THE DERIVATION OF WORDS. barrel Fr. harll pipe A. -S. pip a hollow tube peok A.-S. pona- -a poke, or bag bushel Fr. boisscnu, or hoitc— a box The following examples will ilhiRtrate the changes which wot undergo in derivation from the Latin, tl loiigli the French. Latin. French. EiKjlitih. Mean ing. abbreviare abro;^er abridfie to sliorton alter autre other anotlier arinare anil or arm to arm audi re ouir hear to hear balsamum baume lialm a fragrant gum br;!via href brief short cliarta carte cird papcfc iMuvium deluge deluge a flood humanus humaiu human human judex juge judge a judge jungero joiiidre join to unite line a ligne line a tliread naaus nez no 30 the nose octo huit eight eight pauper pau\Te poor poor peregiinus pol'.M-iu pilgrim wanderer plicare plier ply to fold probarn prouvcr prove to tiy publiciro publier pulilish to announce pulvus poudre powder dust recipere recovoir receive to take back rotiuero retcnir retain to hold back schola ecole school leisure fiignarc signer sign to mark simularo semblcr seem to feign ungere oindro anoint to smear ulularo hurler howl to shout ultra outre out beyond vindemia vendange vintage grape-gathering Exercises. Attach roots to the following prefixes, and give both the literal and ordinary meanings of the derivatives — a, be, for, fore, mis, out, over, under, un, witli ; ab, amphi, ante, anli, ad, apo, con, de, dia, en, ox, ill, ob, per, pre, pro, para, peri, re, se, sine, sub, syn, and trani. CHANGES UNDERGONE IN DERIVATION. 199 r |ng and )ver, 1 pre, VHiiit forms do ad, con, ex, in, per, sub, and trans assume? Give •xamples illustjatiiig the ditfereiit forms of each. Specify the relation expressed by each of tlic following prefixes, and give examples: — on, inter, ab, in, ex, post, pre, supra, sub, over, iiypo, dia, cata, contra, ad, dia, epi, a, peii, bene, un, sine, eu, and per. Distinguish between prefixes and affixes as to their use in deriva- tiju, and state the principles ou which they may be respectively clissified. Use the fo'lowing terminations in the formation of noung :— ar, ard, or, ster, ate, uut, ist, ism, ago, auce, dom, ship, ness, ment, ure, let, t'on, linii; h^.)J, cule. Form nouns from able, bishop, cordial, divide, eat, fat, grave, head, idle, judge, kiiv% love, niiui, noble, omit, prefer, (piack, repent, son, utter, vacaui, v/aste, year, young. Form adjfc'.tives with the following terminations :— al, ar, ary, ic, id, ine, ile, Ish, ous, some, ive, ful, blc, ent, like, ly, less, en, and y. Form adj" •tivcs from aim, beauty, defy, eight, fame, grace, hand, ice, joy, lady, move, notice, origin, pomp, quarrel, remedy, Bcorn, tranavund, use, vex, wave, youth. Form verbs from alier., black, canon, distinct, fertile, habit, im- moi'tal, just, legal, moist, public. Form verbs with each of the following terminations : — ate, en, fy, ish, ize, er, and le. Expliiu the force of the affix in each of the following words: — Adventure, beauteous, condolence, dutiful, eagerness, fertiUty, grace- fulness, habituate, intimacy, justice, kindliness, lover, mansion, nature, option, penmanship, querulous, rectify, saturate, tcrmimd, usurious, verify, western, youthfully, zealously. Trace the etymology of the following words ; and give the meaning uf the roots, prefixes, and affixes :— Acrimony, armory, amiable, ai)ti- tude, artful, audience, aggravate, apparent, benefice, benevolent^ lielligerent, brevity, carnivorous, civilization, criminal, conscious, lonjugal, colloquial, crucifix, docility, domestic, denominate, decency, deify, dictionary, dignify, indignity, ductility, education, edifice, entity, equatorial, experience, extraneous. Fabrication, facility, factory, fortitu le, fertility, fidelity, fragment- ary, frateriK'l, fugitive, fusible, gravitate, gesticulation, granary, gov • wtuvueut, habitude, hesitation, homicide, hostile, humidity, horrible. .! I., r. 11' 200 ETYMOLOGY, OH THB DERIVATION OP WOBDS. imitator, imaginntion, imperative, insular, internal, itinerate, itera tiou. Jaccnt, jocular, jurist, injustice, juncture, juvenile, judgment, lapse, legal, lapiilary, dilapidation, military, magistrate, mortality, magnify, mortify, marine, navy, navigation, natal, novice, novel, numerate, octave, oculist, operator, original. Partisan, partial, ii.aity, patrimony, penitent, pauperism, patriotism^ p.acific, ponderous, pendant, pedestrian, petition, picture, placid, plausible, plenitude, pliant, position, pontoon, publicly, purify, quad- rant, quality, qualification, fiuestion, quietude, quotient. Radiate, radical, razor, rapture, rational, rupture, rusticity, regu- larity, rectitude, rivulet, rotate, rudimental, sacred, sacrament, sanc- tity, saline, satisfy, senator, scientific, simultaneous, sequence, senti- ment, solar, solidity, somnolence, solution, sonorous, special, sponsor, spiritual, suasion. Table, tabulate, tangent, tenant, tenement, tenacity, temporal, temperance, temperament, tenuity, terminate, trite, terrace, textual, turbulent, umbrageous, undulation, unction, unity, urbanity, useful- nesH, vacant, vagrancy, verbal, virility, vix'tue, vicarious, vitality, viator, verity, vocal, vocable, visible, visitation, vulgarity. Agriculture, anniversary, aqueduct, artificial, amanuensis, bene- factor, cornucopia, centipede, centrifugal, emancipate, equivalent, gra- minivorous, intersection, intervene, jurisdiction, lucifer, longevity, ni.iltiform, munificence, ossify, ossivorous, peninsular, pellucid, pro- vince, piscivorous, quatlruped, rectangle, sacrifice, superscription, triennial, uiiicorn, valediction. Amateur, anoint, auspicious, apprise, betray, biscuit, ceiling, chief, complacent, convey, count, course, decree, discreet, deny, deliver, despair, devour, discuss, duke, eligible, expire, exult, flexible, fiction, Jlourisli, grief, hotel, iiKiuest, inveigh, jointure, lesson, mansion, manoeuvre, melon, normal, noun, ovation, occupy, peer, precipice, pursue, parricide, provoke, query, question, rely, relict, repair, resemble, scissors, siege, senior, surfeit, surpass, traitor, tutor, voice, volume. Aerate, aerolite, agony, antagonist, anachronism, autograph, atmos- phere, atheist, bi])liograiihy, blaspheme, bishoi), cosmogony, criticism, christian, cyclopajdia, cosmorama, demagogue, democracy, diameter, evangelize, epidemic, etymology, glossary, hyperbole, hieroglyphic, hydrostatics, idiot, kaleidoscope, lithography, monarchy, microscope, polyglot, protoniartyr, physician, panorama, i)hotometer, politi.is, ■tereotype, stereoscope, triitolo^'y, tripod, sarcophagus, tonic, typi :!.l. PREFIXES — APPIXE8. 201 Examples of Derivatives. 1. Pono, pos, I place. * By PrefixeB. pose interpose compose oppose recompose ' propose decompose propound discompose postpone compound purpose decompound repouo depose reposo depone \ suppose dispose transpose rediupose superimpose expose apposition expound ' opponent impose preposition reunpose By Affixes. P>-ifin each of the preceding derivatives, formed by prefixes, several derivatives may be formed by aflTixes : — posd pos, - er, -ingly, -ited, -ition, -itional ; itivo, - ly, -ness ; itiv,-ism,-iat,-ity COifapose compos, -er, -t, -ition, -edly, -edness, -ite, - iter, -ure, ■ itive ; incomposite ; uncomposed recompose recompos,-er, -ition decompose decompos,-er, -ition, -ite, -able; undecompos,-ed,-able discompose discompos, -ed , -edness, -ure compound compound, -ed,-er, -able ; uncompouiiposed propos, -al, -er, -ition, -itional j unproposed propounder postpon, -er, -ment purpos,-ed,-lyj purposeless, -ly ; unpurposed propose propound postpone purpose repone repose suppose presuppose transpose apposition opponent preposition repos,-al,-ednesB, -it, -ition, -itory ; unreposed suppos, -able, -er, -ition, -itional; ititious,-ly,-nes8j itive, -ly ; itory presuppos, -al, -ition transpos,-al, -ition, -itional, -itive; untransposed appositive, apposite, -ly,-nes8 as an adjective, and as a noun prepositional, prepos, -itive, -itor, -iture In like manner, wiite the derivatives of : — ago, amo, audio, cado, csedo, cano, capio, cedo, cemo, clamo, claudo, colo, credo, creo, cresco, cubo, curro, dico {diet), dico (dicat), divido, do, doceo, duco, emo, eo, erro, fari, facio, fendo, fero, ferveo, fido, figo, fingo, flecto, fligo, fluo, frango, fugio, fulgeo, fundo, gero, gigno, gradior, habeo, hsero, halo, jacio, jungo, labor, lego, ligo, linquo, loquor, ludo, luo, mando, maneo, mcdeor, memini, mergo, meteor, migro, minco, misceo, mitto, moneo, moveo, muto, nascor, noceo, nosco, nuncio, oleo, orior, oro, paro, pasco, patior, pello, pendeo, peto, pingo, placeo, plaudo, plco, plico, porto, i^remo, pungo, puto, qufero, quatro, rado, rapio, reg >, rideo, rogo, rumpo, salio, sancio, sapio, scando, scio, sciiido, scribo, suco, sedeo, sentio, sequor, sero, servo, sisto, solve, spargo, specio, spiro, spoii- deo, statuo, stinguo, stringo, struo, suadeo, sum (esse), sumo, tango, tego, tendo, teneo, tero, texo, torqueo, traho, tribuo, trudo, vado, valeo, Aebo, venio, verto, video, vinco, vivo, voco, volvo, volo, voro, voveo, utor. 2. Animay the soul, or life ; animus, the mind. animate animat,-ed,-ing,-ion,-ive,-or ; inanimate,-d,*pesa* ion, unanimatcd, unanimating reanimate rcanimation ftHinfin.1 animal, -isra,-ity,-ize,-ization; unanim&Uzcd animalcule animalcal,-ar,-ine,-i8t unanimous unanimous, -lyj-ness; unanimity equanimity magnanimity magnanimous, -ly pusillanimity pu8ilIammous,-ly,-ne8S animosity andmadyert animadvert, -er, animadverslolii AN&LO-SAXON AND CLASSIC ELEMENTS. 203 oro, |)leo, reg :>, I, seco, spoil - , tegu, veLo, it or. In like manner, let the pupil select any root and form all the derivatives he can, with the apiiropniitc ]>refi.\t s or affixes. Tl;i:! exercise will not only cnahlo him to spoil correctly, but also aid him in acquiring a knowledge of the meaning of a lar;;e nunil)cr of wovilii. Such exercises may be conducted either orally, or in writing ; when conducted orally, each member of the class should, in succession, give a derivative, spell, pronounce, and define it, in ports, and as a wliolc. The pupil may also be required to write out plm derivatives, with their meanings— thus ; Jxinrjo, I }om—junctus, joined. junction, juncture, a union join, to unite joiner, one who joins ; a carpenter joint, a union of two parts, which admits motion ; a hinge jointly, together; in a united man- ner adjoin, to join to adjoining, near to conjoin, to join together conjoint, united conjointly, in union conjugal, joined together; relat- ing to marriage conjugate, to join together ; to give all the parts and intlcctions (»f a verb conjunct, united conjuuctiarato disjunction, separation ; disunion enjoin, to command injunction, order; precept subjoin, to add under subjunctive, annexed subjugate, to conquer subjugation, act of subduing subjugator, one who subdues Exercise on the Anglo-Saxon and Classic elements of the language. The Anglo-Saxon supplies most of tho niuuosyllables, and words used in the ordinary intercourse of life, and in poetry. The Classic element consists mainly of words of two or more syllables, and furnishes the language of literature and science. Most of the words of Classic origin, not scientific, may be translated by equivalent Saxon words — as adapt, fit to ; circumambulate, walk round ; inspire, breathe in. Compare the following extracts : — " That is a step On which I must fall down, or else o'erleap, For in my way it lies. Stars, hide your fires ; ^ Let not light see my dark and deep desires. The eye winks ;it the hand. Yet let that bo Which tJiu eye fears, when it is done, to see." —Shakespeare, vi 204 ETYMOLOGY, OR THE DERIVATION OF WORDS. ** Am predominant habits of warfare aro totally irreconcilable with those of industry, not merely by the immediate works of dostniction, which render its efforts unavailing, but througli that contemi>u of peaceful occupations which they produce, the feudal syatcni must have been intrinsically adverse to the accumnlatiou of wealtii, and the improvement of those arts which mitigate the evil the labors of mankind." s, or :d)ridge In the first extract there are 52 words, 50 of which are mono- syllables, and the other 2 dissyllables. There are 42 dill eront words, all Anglo-Saxon except 1— viz., d, sires. In the second extract there are 64 words, of which only 37 are monosyllables, 14 dissyllables, and 13 polysylla1)lc3. There are 50 different words, of which 25 are of Classic origin. Of the 37 monosyllables, only 1, art, is of Classic origin. While, of the 27 words of more than one syllable, only 3 arc of Anglo-Saxon origin — warfare, evils, and mankind. The pupil should be required to trace the derivation of each of the classical words in the second extract. Passages from the Reading Books should be assigned as exercises, to be analyzed in the following manner. Extracts from the Fourth Beader, pages 292 and 293 : — ** And there lay the steed with his nostrils all wide, But through them there rolled not the breath of liis pride, And the foam of his gasping lay white on the turf. And cold as the spray of the rock -beating surf." " Some time after this occMiTcnco, one of the nobles of the court, a proud, ambitious man, rcsokod to destroy the king and place himself on the throne. In order to accomplish, his diaboliciil pwpose, he secured the confidence of one of the king's surgeons.''^ In the first extract there are 41 words, of which 37 are mono- syllables, 3 aro dissyllables, and 1 is ;> compound word. There are 29 different words, and all are of Anglo-Saxon origin. In the ^econd (extract there are 43 wonls, of which 28 are m(>no syllables, 8 are dissyllables, and 7 are words of more than two syllables. There are 32 different words, of which 15 are of classic origin^, and are italicised. EXERCISE IN DERIYATIOir AND SPELLING. 205 lable with stniction, ritoni]tu of ten I must j.iltii, and A- :il nidge are tnono- — viz., <1. nly 37 arc rigiii. Of nlo, of the xon origin ach of the exorcises, 3:— •ride, 10 coii7't, a cc himself n'posc, he ire mono- origin, ivre mono than two >rigin/> and The following may be taken as a form of an ordinary exercise in derivation^ and also a lesson in spelling : — o 5z; o ^- PS < Q Pi o 'A < a H O o » I— I > < -(J .a to .a o o o 00 ^ 05 « g « a ^^ 0) O '^ .< ag S 2 To 2 .O4 OS .§ 09 •fi o in O a. ? J ;a to o 3 O o C5 .rH to P! o .a ^ s h ^ 1 a to 03 tc OJ 0) 0) n 13 a fcOO § •rs >. .ii a s »— < /J 1; o 1—1 O a i» u c -^ a. 0) u -1^ 09 :3 3 ^0 P ^ - ^•■. u. ^, -^ -^ '^ O I— < o +3 o -fa -«J fcfi ^> ,- Q> «S S S i! 11 ^0 ^g cfl p y a> !^ *— * *-t rt 0) ;3 r— +3 eS -f3 d o ^ rt ^ SQ •l-l o w o o o O CO O p— 1 o +3 ^3 CO :2 § a o u ^ ^ 09 (-1 O o a O c o (U a 73 -I 0) ^ m o o J2 a O c3 A 00 O 8 09 l-H o o +3 p CO ^ OT - i! a O C6 O •^ is 2 o ^ -S S $ ID U o o 00 ♦a P g ;a 1 -^ o « c r- ^ «C! ^r c u 3 K 1 !i 206 ETYMOLOGY, OR THE DERIVATION OP WORDS. The following Exercise may prove interesting as well as instmo- tive to pupils, as illustrating the difference between wordk of Anglo-Saxon, and those of Classic orijg;in. The words selected pertain to HOME. 1. The HOJf E, a cover ; a place in which to live. A.-S. Home, homestead, house, abode, dwelling. CI. Domicile, habitation, residence. 2. The KINDS of homes. A.-S. Building, booth, cot, cottage, grot or grotto, hall, hovel, hut, church, meeting-house. • CI. Cabin, castle, citadel, edifice, fortress, mansion, manor, palace, pavilion, tabernacle, tent, villa, temple, cathedral, chapel, chancel, cloister, convent, minster, vestry. 3. The GROUPS of liousea. A.-S. Borough, hamlet, town. CI. City, parish, municipality, village. 4. The PARTS o£ a house, A.'S. Outside, inside, gable, cud, corner, gate, door, latch, sill, room, bedroom, floor, hearth, roof, lobby, kitchen, window, shutter, stair, garret. CI. Exterior, interior, apartmciib, chamber, cornice, cellar, closet, dormitory, gallery, lintel, library, portal, recess. 5. The BUILDINGS belonging to a house. A.-aS. Outhouse, bam, crib, dairy, shed, stall. Gl. Office, kennel, stable. 6. The FURNITURE of the house. A.-S. Household stuff, bed, bolster, basket, bowl, card, can, cradle, crock, cup, dish, fork, gridiron, hoop, jug, knife, ladle, mat, pillow, pitcher, poker, rocker, seat, sheet, stool, spoon, stove, tankard, tongs, washstand. CI. Basin, candlestick, canister, carpet, chair, chalice, chandelier, couch, cushion, furnace, goblet, lamp, napkin, picture, plate, platter, scuttle, skillet, table. 7. The FAMILY in the house. A.-S. Household, babe, baby, bairn, boy, brother, clan, clansman, child, daughter, father, forefather, husband, kui, kindred, sister, son, wife. (M» Family, aunt, connection, consort, cousin, dame, damsel, grandanxe, infant, matron, parent, patriarch, orphan, nephew, niece, relation, relative, uncle. instmo- )n worda ill, hovel, I, manor, cathedral, NAMES Oi^ PERSONS. ^ 207 8b The SERVANTS of the house. A.'S. Caiman, cook, footman, henchman, hireling, honBemftid, ploughman, steward, shepherd, teamster, washerwoman. CI. Almoner, attendant, chaplain, serf, servant. 9. The FOOD for the household. A.-S. Breakfast, dinner, supper, ale, bacon, barm, beer, batter, bread, bun, butter, cake, cheese, custard, dough, dumpling, egg, flapjack, ham, loaf, meal, meat, muffin, pickle, pudding. CI. Aliment, beef, beverage, biscuit, claret, crust, decoction, diet, feast, flour, nutriment, pork, porter, potation, sauce, tart, toast, wine. .0. The GLOTHINO for the household. A.-S. Clothes, apron, belt, cap, cloak, clog, flannel, fob, garter, girdle, glove, gown, hat, hood, hose, jerkin, kirtle, mantle, muff, ribbon, ruffle, shirt, skirt, shroud, shoe, stocking, tippet. CL Apparel, chaplet, cincture, collar, crown, fringe, frontlet, habiliment, pall, plume, sandal, vest! ! i atch, sill, , window, , cellar, Irecess. 1, cradle, "e, ladle, it, stool, andelier, picture^ ansman, uudred, damsel, orphan. Names of Persons. Formerly surnames were not employed, and the one name given was generally significant. Tliis is true of all Scriptural names, and of ttiany others. * Anglo-Saxon. Ada, happy Alfred,, all peace Adelaide, the princess Adeline, a little princess Alphonso, our help B.aldwin, bold winner Charles, one crowned Charlotte, a crowned woman Edward, truthkcepcr Edwin, happy winner Eleanor, all fruitful Emma, a nurse Ernest, ardent Everard, well reported Francis, freeman Kichard, richly honored Robert, redbearded Walter, wanderer William, defender of many French. Amelia, beloved Arabella, beautiful altar Blanche, white or fair Alici^a, noble Augustus, increanin;{ Amanda, beloved Latin. Isabella, olive -colored Roaabellc, })eautiful rose Rosalind, elegant rose Barbara, strange liu.itrico, one who blcdscf Clara, clear 208 ETYHOLOOT, OR THR DBBIYATION OF WORDS. Grace, favor Jane, peace Julia, soft-haired woman Juliet, the little soft-haired Julius, soft-haired Letitia, joy Margaret, a pearl Miranda, admired Oliver, the olive man Rose, the rose Viola, the violet Oreek. Agatha, good Agnes, chaste Alexander, defender of men Bauil, kingly Bertha, bright Catherine, pure Cyrus, lord « Erasmus, to be loved Eugene, nobly descended George, a farmer Helen, one who pities Matilda, stately PhoBbo, light of life Philemon, one who kisses Philip, a lover of horses Sophia, wisdom Theodore, a gift of God Hebrew. Anna, kind Deb(;rah, a bee Eliz ibeth, house of strength Jiinics, or Jacob, supplantov John, the grace of God Jonathan, the gift of God ]\Iadoline, nol>le Martha, troubled Alary, a salt tear Susan, a lily Sarah, my lady Samuel, heard of God 4 4 J. J. J. A A A A A A PART FIFTH. ♦(I SECTION L A OoUection of Latin Words, Phrases, and' Qnotations. Ab extra^ from without Ab tn'.T. II D. Fellow of Trinity College, Dublin F.2;.'3. Fellow of the Zoological Society Gen. General ABBRBVUTIOlfB. 219 Society r of the y y Gent. Gov. Gov. -Gen. II. M. H.R.H. Hon. j.r. Knt. K.B. K.C.B. K.G. K.G.C. K.G.C.B. K.L.H. K.P. K.T. L.C. L.C.J. Lieut, or Lt. Lieut. -Col. M. M. Mr. Mrs. Mile. Mme. Maj. Brig. Maj. -Gen. M.C. M.L.C. M.P. M.P.P. M.K.C.S. M.R.LA. M.li.S.L. Mus. D. Ph. D. Prof. P.M. P.M.G. Q.a Keg. Prof. Rev. Rt. Rev. Bt. Hon. Gentleman Governor Governor-General Her, or His, Majesty His, or Her, Royal Iliglmcsa Honorable Justice of the Peace Knight Knight of the Bath Knight Commander of the Bath Knight of the Garter Knight of the Grand Cross Knight of the Grand Cross of the Bath Knight of tlio Legion of Honor Kuight of St Patrick Knight of the Tliistle Lord Chancellor Lord Chief -Justice Lieutenant or Gen. or Gov. Monsieur, or Sir Messrs ; Gentlemen ; Sira Master, or Sir Mistress Mademoiselle, or Miss Madame Major Brigadier-, Major-Gcneral Member of Congi'ess IMember of the Legislative Council IMember of Parliament Member of the Provincial Parliament I\Iember of the Royal College of Surgeons Member of the Royal Irish Academy Member of the Royal Society of Literature Doctor of ]\Iusic Doctor of Philosophy Professor Postmaster Postmaster-General Queen's Council Regius Professor Reverend Right Reverend Right Honorable ii^ < 220 ABBREVIATIONS. Sol. -Gen. Serg. Surg. Surg. Gen. Surv. Surv.Gen. V.C. w.s. Lat 171. A.C. A.U. JEt. Ad. Lib. A.R. A.U.C'. C. or Cent. Oal. Cwt. l>el. D.G. D.V. Dwt. E.G. Et. al. Et seq. H.E. H. J. b. H.R.I.P. lb. or Ibid. Id. I.E. I.H.S. 07' J. M.S. Incog. In lim. In loc. In trans. L.S.D. M.S. N.B. Solicitor-General Sergeant Surgeon Surgeon General Surveyor Surveyor General Vice Chancellor Writer to the Signet 2. Miscellaneous Abbreviations. Jnte Christum, before Christ Anno Domini, in the year of our Lord Actatis, of age, or aged Ad libitum, at pleasure Anno Rcrjni, in the year of the reign Anno Urhis Gonditce, from the year of building the city (Eomc) Centum, a hundred Cafcndcv, the calends Ccntiini, weight, a l.uudredweight Delincavit, he drew it,— placed on an engraving with th» name of the draftsman Dei Gratia, by the grace of God Deo tulcnte, God willing Denarl'is, weight, a pennyweight Exempli gratia, for example Et alii, or alibi, and others, or elsewhere Et scqncntia, and what follows Hoc, or hie est, that, or this is Hiejacct sepultus, here lies buried Hie requiesr.it in paee, here rests in peace Ibidem, in the same place Idem, the same Id eat, that is Jesus hominum Salvator^ Jesus the Saviour of men Incoynito, unknown In limine, at the outset In loco, in the place In transitu, on the jiassage Librae, solidi, denarii, pounds, shillings, pence Mcmori(c saa'um, sacred to the memory Nota bene, mark well ; take notice r ▼ ABBREVIATIONS. 221 J the city { with th» en Nem. con. Nem. diss. Ob. Oxon. Per cent. P.M. Pro tem Prox. Q.E. Q.B.D. Q.E.F. Q.V. Sculp. Ult. Vid. V.G. Via. &c., etc. English— A. or Ans. Abbr. A.B.S. A. and F.B.S Auon. Arith. A.S. B.C. B. and F.B.S. Brit. G.B. C.E. Chap. Clk. Co. Coll. C.P. D.F. Doz. E.W.N.S. Ncmine ronfradkente, no one contradicting Nemine dmentknte, no one dissenting, unanimously Obi it, he or she died Oxonia, Oxford I Per centum, by the hundred Post meridiem, afternoon Pro tempore, for the time Proximo, next, or of the next month Quod est, which is Quod erat demx)nstrandum, which was to be demonstrated Quod erat faciendum, which was to be done Quod vide, which see Sculpsit, he or she engraved it Ultimo, last, or of the last month Vide, see Verbi gratia, for example Videlicet, to wit ; namely Et ccetera, and the rest ; and so forth Answer Ed. Abbreviation FoL American Bible So- Hdkf. ciety Hhd. American and Foreign H. M. S. Bible Society I.O.O.F. Anonymous Arithmetic MS. Anglo-Saxon MSS. Before Christ Mt. British and Foreign N.B. Bible Society Britain N.F. Great Britain No. CntiadaLiust; or Civil- N.S. Engineer N.T. Chapter Out. Clerk O.S. County, or Company O.T. College Oz. Common Pleas Ps. Defender of tlie 7aith V. E. I. Dozen Pail. East, West, North, P.O. South Qu. Editor Folio Handkerchief Hogshead Her Majesty's Service Independent Order of Oddfellows Manuscript Manuscripts Mount, or Mountain New Brunswick, or North Britain Newfoundland Number Nova Scotia New Tefitament Ontario Old Style Old Turitanient Ounce P.saliii Prii iceLM ward'slsland Piuliiiiuont Post 01 i ice Question ¥ 222 ABBREVIATIONS. E. A. RoyalAcft tlomy ; Royal Artillery ; Itussian America R.E. Royal Engineer Rec. Sec. Recording Secretary Rcgt. Regiment R.M. Royal Marines U.S.N. R.N. Royal Navy Xmas. Sept. Septuagint ; Septoiriber Xnty. St. Saint, or Street Tr. Univ. U.S.A. U.S.M. Translator University United States of Am- erica ; United Stutcii Army United States Marina United States Navy Christmas Oliristianity THE END. * f ^.'ai ma^m oa of Am- tod Stilted OS Marina 38 Navy W