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JA.-NIKS STRKKT MONTREAL The Introduction. HIvS small book is intended as a ^uido and souvenir for those attendinji^ the Sixty-F"ifth Am. ual Meeting of the British Medical Association held iu Montreal from August 31st to Sep- tember 4th, 1S97. The first meeting was held in Bristol, in 1S33. This great organ- ization had its origin in "The Provincial Medical and vSurgical Association." To it other medical societies united themselves, and year by year new l)ranches were formed, subordinate to the parent institution, till to-day the Association numbers over seventeen thousand members. In il)t. Wilson. \V. I-. Hainiltoii, !•;. V. Hciioit, H. H. Hlackadi-r. S. I". Wilson. . . Ml'SKlM SrH-COMMrrTIvIv. C/iairinati : Dr. J. IVrri;.,'o. H26 Slu>r1)rooke Street. Senrlaries : Dr. J. W. Stirling, 2S5 Mountain Street ; Dr. J. M. Jack, 5^1 Ikaver Hall Ilill. Drs. r,. A. Herwick. (',. T. Ross, (). V . Mercier, Wyalt John- ston, J. (i. McCarthy, C. l'\ Martin, Iv. J. Senii)le, W. !•:. Decks, S. R. MacKcnzie. A V.. Vipond, A. A. Fouclier, W. II. Janiieson, .\. 1%. (iarrow, A. A. Bruere. ¥ I'RINTIN(; AND ITHMSIIING SrB-COMMITTl-;!';. Chairman : Dr. J. (i. Ai»ii. Vice-Presidents : Dr. V. Huller, Montreal ; Dr. R. A. Reeve, Toronto ; Dr. Kd. Desjardins, Montreal ; Dr. A. A. I'oucher, Montreal. Secretaries : Dr. W. H. Smith, V.'innipeg ; Dr. Jehin Prume, Montreal ; Dr. T. H. Kickerton, Liverpool. Larvncoi.oc.y AM) OTor.ocv. President: Dr. Greville Macdonald. London. Vice-Presidents: Dr. W. Tohin. Halifax; Dr. (i. A. S. Ryerson, Toronto ; Dr. H. S. Rirkett, Montreal ; Dr. G. R. McDonagh, Toronto. Secretaries: Dr. Chretien, Montreal ; Dr. H. D. Hamilton, Montreal ; Dr.W. Permewan, 7 Rodney vStri-ei, Liverpool. 12 The IJsf of Officers,. Anatomy and PHVStou)C.v. President: Auj^ustus Waller, M.I) , I'.R.S., London. rice-/'residenls : Dr. I'. .SliL-pherd, Montreal; Dr. A. R. Macalluiii. Toronto ; Dr. T. Wesley Mills, Montreal ; Dr. .\. Primrose, Toronto; Dr. J. R. .\. Laniarehe, Montreal. Secretaries : Dr. J. M. l';ir. J. L. Milne, \'ictoria. Secretaries: Dr. Cionlon Campbell, Montreal; Dr. J. M. Jack, Montreal ; Dr. James Calloway, 21 (jneen .\nne Street, Cavendish Square, London, \\ . il-^:^.-•^-- ■.■..■=^"3 OF CANADA. TIIIC POLITICAL OKCANIZATION. Canada as a political community dates from July ist, 1867. Tpon that day the British North America Act came into force by royal proclama- tion. This imperial act was passed upon petition of the two colonies known as Upper and Lower Canada, otherwise Ontario and Quebec, and of >,ova Scotia and New Brunswick. In the next six years, the remaining provinces of Prince Edward Island and British Columbia joined the Federation, along with Manitoba, a new province created out of the vast North West Territory. The remainder of Uiis region was acquired by purchase of the rights of the Hudson's Bay Company, and is now divided into five districts for jmrposes of gov- ernment. This act now forms the fundamental law for all the British possessions in North America, save Newfoundland alone — is in short the "Constitu- tion," and can only be altered by decree of the Imperial Parliament. The government of Canada therefore is vest- ed in : I. The Sovereign, in whose name all executive authority is exercised — Parliament called together and dissolved, bills assented to or reserved. The .■#*» 14 British Medical Association. QuetMi is represented by the Governor-General appointed by Her Majesty in Council, and holding office during pleasure, responsible as an imperial officer but exercising all authority under the ad- vice of a responsible ministry. On occasion, the Governor-General has refused the advice of his ministry when he believed they did not possess the confidence of the people. 2. A Ministry of thirteen to fifteen members having seats in either House of Parliament, ])ossess- ing the numerical support of the Lower House and responsible for all legislation and administration. 3. A Senate composed of seventy-eight mem- i)ers appointed by the Crown for life, holding powers of legislation coordinate with the Lower House, excepting in respect of initiating or amend- ing money or tax bills. The position of senators is somev/hat anomalous since their number can not be varied by the House of Commons, excepting by the addition of six members, and an incoming ministry is apt to find a senate of the same political complexion as the ministry it has succeeded. 4. A House of Commons compo.sed of two hun- dred and fifteen members elected for five years upon a suffrage practically universal, havnng the same privileges and powers as the English House of Commons when these are defined by law. The number of representatives allowed to each jirovince is redistributed after decennial census, Quebec al- ways having sixty-five. 5. A Dominion Judiciary, consi>.ting of a Su- preme Court of six judges, of whom one is chief justice. This body acts as a court of appeal for all provincial courts, and appeal may again be had from its decision to the judicial committee of the Queen's Privy Council in Ivngland. Souvenir of Montreal, iSgj. 15 The .G^overniiient of the various provinces is vested in : 1. A Lieutenant-Governor, appointed by Gov- ernor-General in Council, and executing the usual functions of the head of a responsible executive. 2. An Executive Council, analogous wicw a ministry and conducting' the business in accordance with the usual conventions. I'AKI.IA.MKNT lif I LDI .\(;S. OTTAWA. 3. A Legislature, composed, in some provinces of two Houses and in others of a House of Assem- bly alone. The legi.slators are appointed for a period varying in different provinces and under different suffrages. 4. A Judiciary, appointed by the GTOvernor- General in Council and removable only by the Dominion Parliament. The distribution of powers between the Domi- nion and Provincial authorities is dealt with in yw-''''-'3* ' v ' " ' 'I r6 British Medical .dissociation. sections 91-95 of the Act. It clearly sets forth the powers vested in the Dominion Government alone, the powers vested in the i)rovinces alone, the pow- ers exercised by the Dominion Government and the provinces concnrreritly and the powers j^jven to the Dominion Government in general terms. The safegnard of the union consi.sts in this : the rf-sidinm of authority remains with the central gov- ernment of the Dominion. In the words of the Act "such classes of subjects as are expressly ex- cepted in the eiuimeralion of the subjects assigned exclusively to the legi.slatures of the provinces," are retained within the authority of the Dominion Parliament. In the I'nited States it rests with each meml)er of the confederacy, and the pretext for the great Rebellion was the establishment of this doc- trine of States Rights. When the Dominion of Canada was founded the provinces resigned every vestige of their authority into the hands of the Imperial Government, which in turn redistributed it to the various elements making i.p the Con- federation. This distribution i^ embodied in the Constitution and forever defines the status of each province. The bond of union is .strong but at the same time it is comfortably loose. The central government retains control of the regulation of trade and commerce, the borrowing of money on public credit, the public debt and property, the postal, military and census services, all matters pertaining to marine and fisheries, currency and coinage, financial and banking regulations, pat- ents, copyrights, weights and measures, natural- ization, marriage and divorce, criminal law and procedure. On the other hand the Provincial legislatures have exclusive jurisdiction over the constitution of 'K ■"".",.-'X.Ji*^"j»" 7^ .V L. •T-l ■kp'^'^^. , « ,^ :^RC^^J^j ^PWI»> OlM/UUTt ft CO. iMkSi. 4^ HiiNTCItS MONTIlCAt ^k 90 80 70 eo 60 40 )^ ^v: ^•.'■ .1^ ^*< ^^y ^ ^rd§ 'a > DockburnA "..-" \ ^ \ Island !V. \^yw \. 4^ '^'^^Jt •»'nt Yk f i.»^' L L'-e/y, .^\ T ^ B.CMURC <»tt t)^ *^ HINDI .<& >* ^ V 8M»P -t Chicago) 70 ^S\:V .^/' \. •' ^ \ )fi / $<«>r*i»aj^ Souvenir of Montreal, iSgy, 17 llicir own provinces, direct taxation, the borrowing of money upon their own credit, the tnana^etnent of their own lands and the payment of their oflicer;, the riiaintenance of prisons, asyhims and hosjntals for the province, the achninistration of justice and enforcement of penaUies in relation to any law the province is competent to enact. It is alsc' p.ovide.l that the Provincial lej^isla- tures may lej;islate on the sul)ject of education, but it is reserved to the Dominion Parliament to take measures in case of infringement of any le^al rij^hts enjoyed by any minority at the time of the Con- federation. This was intended to safej^uard the .school systems of the Protestants and Catholics in any province in which they might be in a majority, (^ut of this arose the famous Manitoba school (jues- tion, the gravest issue which ever arose between the provinces and the Dominion, and which was re- cently settled upon a basis agreeable to all reason- able men. Canada is practically free to exen^ise the func- tions of Inde])endent Governmeiit, and the ties which bind it most strongly to the Mother Country are the ties of mutual interest and a loyalty inde- pendent of material consideration. Canada cannot directly negotiate treaties with a foreign power. The Imperial Government retains control of peace and war, of the appointment of the Ciovernor-Creneral, and may disallow legislation directly in opposition to its own policy in .so far as it touches foreign States : it is only by its authority that amendment may be made to that instrument known as the British North America Act. Finally the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council is the last court of resort for Canada as well as for all the Empire. 1 8 Dn'iish Afediral Association. Notwithstanding all the care expended npon the franiin^^ of the Constitntion. (piestions of juris- diction are continually coming up, to be settled by the Judiciary. Most of these are submitted in a friendly s})irit for the sake of defining; individual rij^hts and duties. Anionj,' these (piestions are : the deterniininj; of Provincial boundaries, the ap- pointment of (Queen's Council, and lej^Mslati(m con- cerning the prohibition of the sale of alcohol. Tin-; rKoi'i.i:. There have been but three decennial census taken in Canada, the result of each being : i«7i 3,695.024 1881 |.,324.Sio 1H91 4.^33.239 The increase for the second period was 1.S.97 per cent. ; for the last period i 1.76 per ce.it. There are nineteen cities in Canada, contain- ing over ten thousand inhabitants. The urban population in relation to the whole was for the three periods iS.S, 21. i, and 28.77 P^^ cent, respectively. The French Canadian population is 1,404,974, or 29 per cent, of the whole. In 18.S1, it was 29.9 per cent, of the whole population. The density of population in Canada is 1.5, in Prince Edward, the most thickly peopled 54.5, in Quebec 6.= The birth rate of Canada was 28.3 per thousand. The death rate 14.10 for ten years 1881-1891, prac- tically the same as for the city of London. The death rate of children under one year, in relation to total births, was in Quebec 18.80 ; for the whole of Canada, 11.6. This is less than the rate in luig- Souvenir of Montreal, iS<^j. »9 land, (icrinaiiy, Holland, Italy, Switzerland, I'Vance, Iklj^iinn, and Denmark. The death rate frjni smallpox in Canada, in iSiyi. was 0.20 per .eii thonsand livinjj^. Ivnj;land Uein^ 0.67. vScarlet fever 1.14, I'jij,,dand 5.21;. I)ii)hteria 9.36, ICnj^land 3.05. The death rate under five years of a^e, i)er thonsand living at that a^e, was: Canada 46.' Ivni^land (^},.(\ United vStates 58. .S, France 7^.., An.stria 11 1.7, Ital\- 110.6, .Spain 106.2. The pro- PROVl.N'CI.M. I'AKI.IAMIONT uril.DI.NC.S, T.>> percent., and numbers 2,745,453 adherents. The Catholics number 1,992,017, or 41.21 percent, of the vhole population. The Church of ICn^land in Canada has 23 per cent, of the Protestant community. The first gen eral synod of the entire Church in Canada was held in Septen\:5'jr, 1.S93. The I'pper House is composed of two archbishops and ei)^hteen bishops. The clergy number over 1,200. The Presbyterian Church 1138755.326 adherents in Canada, being 2.S per cent, f the Protestant p()l)ulati<)ii. The Presbyterian l-t dy is in many respects the most inlluential in Montreal from the fact that so man\- of the well-to-do i,.sidents are of vScotch descent. In iSjo, most of the vdiurches of all the different kinds of Presbyterianism united into nienihers, or \ \ per cent, of the Protestant ]M»pulation, two conventions and s<>o ministers. THK KHSOIKCI'S OF CAN.AU.V. It would l)e (|nite easy, but also (|uite u.sel'.'ss, to .set forth an array of fij^ures indicating the extent and resources of Canada. A rej^ion cannot ! e dealt with in this way, which extends from the latitude of the Dardanells to the I'olar region, and fri)m the Atlantic to the Pacific occons, a region including more than one half of the Xorth American Con- tinent, a country in which the vegetation ranges from grapes to reindeer mo.ss. The following .statement will however afford some va'^ue notion of the export trade that is carried on : '"^li'ii-rals 5 S,4f)i,76() |ii,56^,.vS9 l'"isli 11,183,698 10,629, .S2.S .Animals atid products . 37,404,396 40,290,584 •'•"■est 27.324,.S94 3i,5(X),o63 .\j.,'riciil; iiral 17.974,011 25,809,504 Manufactures 10.222,877 10,169,167 ."Miscellaneous 473, ■''54 ^73. 106, 586, 284 5120,156,77? This is nearly .seventeen million dollars larger than any figures hitherto recorded in the history of Canada. The value of exports of farm produce was higher than the average for twenty years, which was $23,600,000. A comparison of exports for five years is as follows : 'Jj9.^ |ii5,564,fKio '•^94 1 1 4, 524, (XX) '^95 I io,6^8,fxx) ''""196 117.684,000 '^97 V- > . 134,1 i3.<al." When Maisonneuve arrived, all trace of this town had vanished, leaving only obscure legends of a Huron Helen and the evil that was brought by her. A tablet, in Metcalf street, near vSherbrooke, marks its probable site. The next European to visit the spot was vSamuel de Champlain in 161 1. He landed at a place he called Place Royale, a name it still bears. He found, ' ' in the middle of the river an i.sland about three- quarters of a league in circuit, fit for the building of a good and strong town, and I named it the Isle of Saincte Heleine. The rapids come down into a .sort of lake, where there are two or three islands and fine meadow-lands." Montreal was abandoned by the French the year after Ouel^ec fell and has ever since remained in peaceable possession of tlie British Crown, except- ing when it was temporarily occupied by the Ame- ricans in 1775. One who has a taste for old things may wander about the city, at will, and gratify his mind by the remembrance of other days in reading the tablets erected by the Antiquarian Society. The.se tablets are some ninetv in number and indicate the chief Sonrcfiir of Montreal, iSgj. - 1 events in the history of Montreal, from tlie earliest limes. For example, one reads on a tai)let athxed to the Bank of Montreal: "The vStone Forti- fications of \'ille- Marie extended from Dalhonsie S(|nare thron^h this site to McCiill street, thence south to Commissioners street, and alon,2^ the latter to the before-mentioned square. Beji:un 1721 by Chaussej^ros de Lery. Demolished 1S17." I'pon the vSeminary, across the square: " The vSeminary OLD SKMI.NARY CATIC AND CLOCK. MONTRKAL. of vSt. Sulpice, founded at Paris, by Monsieur Jean Jaccjues Olier, 1641 • established at \'ille-Marie, 1657, Monsieur Gabriel de Queylus, Superior." On the north corner of vSt. vSulpice and vSt. Paul streets: "Here was the first Parish Church of Ville-Marie, erected in \(^^(^y On the Imperial Building: "Near this square, afterwards named La Place d' Amies, the founders of Ville-Marie first encountered the Iroquois, whom they defeated, Chomedy de Mai.sonneuve killing the Chief with his own hands, 30th March, 1644." On the Cha- 2.S British Medical Association. teau de Rame/.ay : " Built about 1705 by Claude de Rainesay, (Governor of Montreal, 1703 ; headquar- ters of La Compasuie des Indes, 1745 ; official residence of the British Oovernors after the Con- ([uest ; head(|uarters of the American Army, 1775 ; of the vSpecial Council, 1.S37." Another upon the same building: "In 1775 this Chateau was the head(iuarters of the American Brigadier-General Wooster, and here in 1776, under General Benedict Arnold, the Commissioners of Congress, Benjamin Franklin, vSamuel Chase, and Charles Carroll of Carolton. held council." PIULIC PLACES. The glory of Montreal is its mountain, though the unthinking call it a hill. It is only .seven hun- dred feet in height, and covers an area of four hundred and thirty acres. It was acquired by the City from private owners in 1.S74, and since that time the energy expended on it has been chiefly in the direction of preventing inroads upon it by private corporations, and not altogether with suc- cess. It has fairly well resisted all efforts at improvement since it was laid out by Mr. Frederick Law Olmstead, the same who so successfully dealt with Central Park in New York. In a little book upon the .subject, he reveals his plan for the devel- opment of the property : namely, to follow along the lines which nature had already laid down, and bring to light its half h' Iden but characteristic beauties. This he has succeeded admirably in do- ing. Even his names are suggestive and artistic, though they have long ago fallen into disuse, if indeed they ever were commonly known. The most characteristic approach is by Univers- ity street, along Pine Avenue, past the Royal SoKvcnii- of Moulira/, iSi^y. -^9 Victoria Hospital, and thence, by an easy and <;raceful serpentine driveway, to the Upper Reser- voir at Cragsfoot. The ascent is continned westward thron^h the forest or Underfell. throu^^h the clifTs, and at the western end one sees at tlie k-it, rolling grassy slopes known as the Glades, and on the right, a pine covered knoll which, from iheabnndant growth of ferns, is termed the Hrackenfell. Hv this cir- .MrtTNT KDVAI- E'AKK DRIVi:, MONTKKAI,. cnitoiis route the summit, or Ujiperfell, is reached, and from Piedmont in the north, one may look out toward St. Jean-Baptiste village over the level plain of Cote Placide. This wide expanse is known i.s Fletcher's Field, over which, for twent' -three years, the members of the Royal Montreal Golf Club teed and drove and putted until its very stones were dear to them. From these various elevations, views are seen which each one may fit with words according to his 30 British Medical Association. desire. A\va\- to the westward, the valley of the Ottawa opens out, and the river itself, splitting n])()n the Island of Montreal, sends its waters upon either side to mingle witii the vSt. Lawrence. Lake St. Louis is .spread out like a sea, and the Lachine Ca- nal gleams like a ribbon of silver, and, upcm occasion, one may see the leaj) and .sparkle of the Rapids. Looking to the south across the river, a level plain is .seen with scattered villages and pointed peaks, Laprairie at the extreme right and Varennes on the left. The mountains ri.se from the level like miniature Fusi-Yamas, being in order from the we.st, Monnoir, vShefford, Ror.gemont, Yama.sVa, Bekeil and Mon- tarville. Away in the di.stance, dimly outlined are the Green Mountains of Vermont, and the Adiron- dacks of New York. Towards the north and west at some little distance there is a conical peak, and in the hollow and .slopes between it and Mount Royal is the resting place of the dead. Catholics and Protestants, religiou.sly divided even in death. Ascending the farther hill by a toilsome path is the Way of the Cross, with shrines at regular inter- vals for contemplation of the events which once transpired on .some such way as this. Upon the summit, one eh olds three cro.sses bearing their burdens allegorical of the central fact in the doc- trines of the Church. I'pon the first day of the week, pilgrimages of men and women, led b}- their gowned priests, "make the way," stopping at the shrines for admonition and prayer, and as they toil upward, one may hear from afar the confused nuirmur of chanting - v ■ Stabat Mater dolorosa, , ' Juxta Cruceni lacryniosa, : • . \ Duiii pendebat Filiu.'^. Souvenir of Montreal, iSqj. t, i Place d' Amies is a small enclosure surrounded by several noble buildings. The parish church of Notre- Dame, with the Seminary of the vSulpicians, occupies the southern side. The Hank of Montreal with its classic front faces the church, and upon either hand are larj^e buildings for commercial pur- poses. The most notable feature of the Place d'Armes is the :;tatue erected in honour of Sieur Chomedy de Mai.sonneuve, the founder of Montreal. He is represented in bron/,e, in the costume of the 17th century, holding a fleur-de-lys Ijanner. The granite pedestal .shows the inscription : " Paul de Chomedy de Mai.sonneuve, Fondateur de Montreal, 1642." It rests upon a fountain, and displays bas-reliefs representing : Maisonneuve killing the Indian chief, the founding of \'ille Marie, the death of Lambert Closse, defending his enclosure near St, Louibert Hill ; the heroic death of Bollard, who fell A'ith his companions at the Long-Sault of the Ottawa, and .saved the colony. At the four corners are life-size bron/.e figures, representing an Indian, a colonist, with the legendary dog Pilote, a .soldier and Jeanne Mance, all finely done under the direc- tion of P. Hebert. Jacques Cartier Square fronts the river and is adorned with a column and .statue of Lord Nelson, erected in 1.S08. It is now fallen into decay, but a project is afoot for its re.storation. Into this .square the traffic from Bon.'iecours market overflows, and it has lost all the dignity of a public place. At the head of this square, Frontenac burned four Iroquois in 1696, with good success. > v \'ictoria Square is in the centre of the city, at the foot of Beaver Hall Hill, and contains a good bronze .statue of Queen Victoria, of colossal pro- portions, by Marshall Wood. y- /Jn'/iA/i Medical Associatiou, Dominion »S St. Helen's Island, at the foot of the current, is a small island called by the name of Helen, wife of Champlain, the first Kuropean woman to visit Canada. The English government acquired it from the Barons of Longueuil for a military depot and station. There is yet upon the Island a battery of guns and barracks. The place is ])rettily wooded, and at times many secluded spots are to be found. It well warrants a visit, and is easily reached by steamer from Jaccjues Cartier Scjuare. THE CIirRCHKS. Montreal is so well provided with churches that a visitor of curious wit remarked, a boy could not throw a brick without breaking a sacred window. The Cathedral of St. James has an imposing situation U]ion Dominion Square. It is erroneously called the Cathedral of St. Peter, because it is a reproduction of St. Peter's at Rome, modified to suit the exiger.cies of the Canadian climate. I'or DOMINION SyrAKIC, .MONTkl; A!,. 34 British Medical Association. example, the roof is slopinj^ to throw off the snow. This noble edifice was projected by the late Arcli- biv'hop Boiirget in 1852, when his church and palace on St. Denis street were consumed in the great fire of that year. The work was commenced in I.S6.S, and is yet unfinished. Apart from the plan, the exterior is hard and gloomy in appearance. The dome is a noble adornment and a salient feature in the architecture of Montreal. Its height with th? cross is two hundred and fifty feet, and its diameter ninety feet. The facade and portico are unfinished. The plan is cruciform, after the manner of its pro- totype, the tribune and ends of the transept being rounded. The total length is three hundred and thirty feet, the breadth at the transept two hundred and twenty-five feet, the height to the roof tree eighty feet. The interior when finished will be upon the model of the Italian churches. The large brick structure adjoining it, is the palace of Arch- bishop Bruchesi. The pari.sh Church of Notre-Dame faces the Place d' Amies. It is a plain, stately edifice of a late Gothic style, built of grey stone, in 1.S24, by James O' Donnell. The present site was occupied by a church built in 1672, a long low structure with a pointed roof. Notre-Dame is one of the largest churches in America, being two hundred and fifty- five feet long and one hundred and thirty-four feet wide, and capable of containing fifteen thousand persons. There are two towers two hundred and twenty-seven feet high, provided with an elevator, and from the summit a notable view may be obtained. They contain a chime of ten bells which are rung upon special occasions. There are three others, one, " le Gros Bourdon," the largest bell in America, weighing fifteen tons. The interior is Souvenir of Montreal, i8gj. 35 florid and tasteless in its decoration, but the wood carvinj^ is good. The organ was built at St. Hya- cinthe in 1S90. Behind the choir is the richly adorned " Lady Chapel." Adjoining the Church is the Seminary of St. vSulpice, erected in 17 10 and now used for the offices of the Order. As in the days of Char- levoix, it is "a .stately, great and pleasant house, built of free-stone, after the model of that of St. Sulpice at Paris ; and the altar .stands by itself, just like that at Paris." Notre- Dame-de-Lour- des, on St. Catherine .street, is the only church in Canada in which all the interior decoration is meant to illustrate one central idea, in this case the dogma of the Im- maculate Conception. M. Boura.ssa, the artist, was stimulated to this effect by the declaration, in 1S54, of Pius IX. , that this dogma was of faith. The style of architecture is Byzantine and Renais- •sance, in harmonious proportions, and within and without the effect is one of unity and fo-ce. Notre- Dame -de- Bonsecours dates from 1673, when it was founded by Marguerite Bourgeois. The present edifice dates from 1771, and .several times was in danger of being swept away by the tide of connnerce at its base. It has l)een .sorely mishandled bv the renovator. BONStCOlRB CHIRCH, MONTRKAI.. 36 British Medical Association. The Church of the Gesii, on Bleury street, with vSt. Mary's College adjoining, is the abode of the Jesuits. They returned to Canada in 1H47, and erected the present church in 1.S64. Members of this order were the first to establish missions in Canada and an account of their trials affords the most romantic reading of history. Individual priests penetrated the wilderness and lived and died often in hideous torment among.st the .savages of the Iro ^ lois confederacy. At the tin.e of the conquest, they were expelled from Canada, and their estates confiscated. Up to five years ago, their revenues were devoted to educational pur- po.ses when, under arrangement, their estates were restored to the order. The church is one hundred and ninety-four feet long, ninety-six feet w'de, the transept one hundred and forty-four feet, and the nave ninety-five feet high. The frescoes are in grisaille, graj ish tints imitative of bas-reliefs, a very effective decoration for the interior. The evening music is very fine, and an admirable ser- mon in Kngli.sh is often preached, which attracts many non-adherents of the Roman communion. Among.st the churches of Montreal, the Anglican Christ Church Cathedral holds first place in correct- ness of .style. The style chosen is Karly English, and the architect has insisted very clearly upon its proportion and .symmetr>-, and has succeeded in erecting one of the most important architectural units in America. Its conception is due to Dr. Fulford, the first resident bishop of Montreal, and his memorial on the east side is much admired. It re.semliles the Martyrs' Memorial at Oxford. The church is in the form of a Latin cro.ss. The total length is two hundred and twelve feet, trans- ept one hundred feet, height of spire two hundred Souvenir of Montreal, rSgj. 37 and twenty-four f^et, nave sixty-seven feet. Tlie material of which it is built is Montreal limestone faced with Caen, Normandy, white sandstone, whicli seems to be too soft for this climate, though it weathers to a very delicate tone of colour. There is no attempt at interior decoration, except in the staining of the glass, which is well done espe- cially the northern window and those of the transept. Other features are the .seats of the choir, and the capitals of the cohunns carved to imitate Can- adian flowering plants. The chapter house, an octagonal building with broken outlines, adds to the general effect. Behind the cathedral is the l)isliop's court and rector}', and synod hall. In spite of. or perhaps by rea.son of, the correctness of the design and the adherence to it, the edifice .some- how lacks the true cathedral feeling. CHRIST ClIIRCH CATIIKDRAL, MON TK 1:A L. 38 British Medical Association. "" St. George's Church, Anglican, on Dominion S(iuare, is a very dainty piece of building after the manner of the thirteenth century Gothic. One notes the following features : the stone porch, the spire two hundred and thirty feet high, lately completed, the wide span of the roof, and the freedom of the nave from pillars. The church was erected, in liSyo, of limestone and olive sandstone. The Church of St. James the Apostle, on St. Catherine .street west, is a pleasing little edifice. It contains a chime of six bells which ring with good effect. One admires the pulpit of Egyptian marble and Caen sandstone, and the stalls of carved butter wood. The principal Presbyterian churches are St. Andrew's (Church of Scotland), on Beaver Hall Hill ; St. Paul's, Knox, American, and Crescent, on Dorchester street ; and, most important of all, Erskine Church, on Sherbrooke street. vSt. James is the chief of the Methodist churches. It is situated on vSt. Catherine street ; it is elaborate in design, and, within, the arrangement i.« of a very modern kind. PI.ACES OF VARIOUS INTKKKST. The Natural History Society's Museum was establi.shed in 1822, and incorporated in 1827. One of the charter members, J. J. Day, Q.C., is .still living. It contains about .seventeen thousand .spec- imens of various kinds. On the .stairca.se landing is an interesting collection of Montreal birds, also a small .series of monkeys and marsupials, and three ca.ses of British birds. Canadian mammals are in the centre of the main hall ; ca.ses on the left con- tain the geological collections, these on the right a collection of .shells. The wall cases contain a Souvenir of Montreal, '^gj. 39 fine series of Canadian ])ircls, and also a collection of foreign ones. In the j^allery. are minerals and fishes, and also the " Ferrier " collection of Egyp- tian anti(inities ; the walls are decorated with weap- ons of various kinds, and amongst the miscellaneous objects there are several of (|uite historic interest. The museum, also, possesses cabinets of botany and entomology, and a small collection of skulls, and of birds' egg.. \\, Within the Chateau de Rame/.ay, the c features are : the lUgin Callery, contaii many rare historical por- traits and relics, and especially the bell of Loui.slxnirg ; the "Court • • *.»^:?s:;^"r Room , • ' hung with battle .l^^i^f f^^ scenes of the British I{mpire ; the "Council Chaniljer," where Mont- calm, Charlevoix, Benja- min Franklin, Benedict Arnold, and the famous governors \'audreuil, Haldimand and Klgin, have sat ; the "Salon"; the "Parloir"; the "Old Vaults," in one of which Franklin's printing pre.ss was set up; the "Kitchen," with its great fire-place; the " Bakery." As a building, the Chateau is of small architectural importance ; its interest being derived from its great historic associations, and the light thrown by its con.struction upon the methods and manners of New France. The Fra.ser In.stitute F'ree Public Library was founded by Mr. Hugh Fra.ser, a citizen of Montreal who died 15th May, ICS70, leaving con.siderable property to tru.stees. After paying certain legacies, they obtained an act of incorporation. The will CIIAYEAU DE RAMKZAY. 40 British Medical Association. J was contested, and carried to the Privy Council, but was sustained. The Institute was ()])ened to the public, October 15th, 1S.S5. The Library con- tains about thirty thousand volumes. The In.stitute has been the recipient of nian\- j^enerous donations and bequests. TIIK ART ASSOCIATION mil.DINC. MONTREAL. The Art Association Building, on Phillips square, is an imposing structure well suited for its purpose. In the collection of the Art Association of Mont- real, there are one hundred and sixty-three oil paintings and forty- two water colours. The most miportant oils are : The Crown of Thorns, by W. A. Bouguereau ; The Huntsman, by A. W. Kowal- ski ; A Woodland Brook, by Bliss Baker ; La Rosee, by E. Lansyer ; vSand Dunes, by Tholen ; Dutch Interior, by Peter de Hoocke ; vSunday in the Back- woods, by T. Faed. In the Tempest Bequest, there are good ex- amples of C. Troyon, Jacques Henner. James Moris, Souvenir of Montreal, iSijj. 4 1 and Pelouse ; of water colours, Mauve, Israels, Jas. Moris, and de \'enne. There are many notable pictures in private hands, some of which are owned as follows : ySir Donald A. Smith — Turner, Henner, Jules Hreton ; vSir W. C. Van Home — Monticelli, Rous- seau, Daubij^ny, Corot, Delacroix ; Hon. G. A, Druinmond — Troyon, Daubigny, Dupres. P. de Hoocke, Franz Hals ; R. W. An>?us — Gainsborough, Rowney, Rembrandt, Dagnan - Bouveret, vSwan, Reynolds, Moniicelli ; James Ross — Rembrandt, Corot, Troyon, Millet, Fortuny, Teniers ; \i. B. Greenshields — Turner, Moris, Ryder ; W. J, Lear- mont — Turner, Reynolds, Swan, Gainsborouj^h. The \'ictoria Bridjj^e was long regarded as one of the greatest engineering feats in the world, but now its usefulness is over, and it is being replaced 1)\- a modern structure to acconnnodate modern needs of transport. It was designed by Rol)ert Stephenson, and inaugurated by the Prince of Wales, in iS'^io. The Bank of Montreal is the fifth strongest financial in.stitution in the world. It was organized in 18 1 7, and is the oldest Ijank in Canada. The sculpture on the pediment is the work of John Steel, R.S.A. The arms of the Bank, with the motto "Concordia vSalus," forms the centre of the group. On each side is an Indian, one barbaric, the other becoming civilized. The other two fig- ures are a .settler and a sailor, the former with a pipe of peace in his hand, reclining ujwn logs and sur- rounded by the implements of indu.stry and culture. The .sailor is as u.sual pulling at a rope, and is api)ro- priately surrounded with the emblems of conunerce. The Lachine Rapids H>clraulic Company is the .second largest electrical in.stallation in the world. A plant has just l>een completed for the develop- 42 nriiish Afcdical Associafion. nu'iit of twenty thousand horse power from the waters jf the Rapids. TIIK IIOTKI.S. The hotels are not far to seek. The Windsor stands \\\>o\\ Dominion .square, and for twenty years it has been identified with the life and growth of Montreal. The pul)lic have always looked to the TIIK HANK OK MONTREAL, MONTREAL. Wind.sor that strangers should be comfortably en- tertained until the hotel has come to be as much a representative institution as a private enter'^rise. The hotel seems to be managed in trust ^or the public solely for the convenience of travellers : which is to .say, persons stopping at the Wind.sor are well and kindly cared for, and any one who would be friendly will find friends in the management. The St. Lawrence Hall, on St. James street, is one of the oldest hotels in Montreal, and has many Sonvoiir of Montreal, iSgj. 43 of the advantages, with some of the disadvantages, it may be. which pertain to ap^e. The venerable jiroprietor well merits the nnmberless epithets which have been applied to him, importing "geniality," "affability," etc. The Queen's Hotel, facing the Grand Trunk station, is a new and thoroughly reliable house. The Balmoral Hotel, on Notre Dame street, gives good accommodation at a very reasonable price. The Richelieu Hotel is chiefly French in its appointments. Of .semi-private houses, the Avenue House, on McGill College avenue, is the best. The Turkish Bath, at the foot of the .same avenue, is both good and rea.sonable in price. Montreal is ill supplied with restaurants. The real reason seems to be that from the compact- ness of the city, the ease of transportation and other cau.ses, residents prefer to eat at home and strangers dine where they lodge. Yet a rea.son- able good meal may be had at the Arcade Cafe, St. Catherine .street, and at Detlef's, St. Catherine .street. In the business centre there are many lunch rooms, and in the East End one or two places with some pretensions to magnificence, especially in the mural decorations. '%^f < on, o 'A o ^ a A 00 'J »; ^ '3 CO 2 in t % •" 2 M « C ^ ^ 5 l-l^* >0 * . '♦<'» ?l • f. S"^ i« is 1 , .^'- - ! '^' = 0?. 1 ■g B 1 ^ 3- ir, M . , d T-r. vC O" >r, sf. '', ■ G ""' 2' 1^ m'*- ^ to4 ■* - 1^ ri vC - - 2''^"^>^ - ;J^ s ** ^ s ■* / § 2 w tl V s-sti c in 1 ;;.££ — •t 1 ■ s f.tr.^c PI ^c Tv; ri M f 1' cf d -• ir, ^ ^ 1 ^ •f N 1 ^ ''i T "•. T -T T, ir.vC ir.vo "■. ". N f' ■ li If) "t f i^ 2^ = - - 5- 42 s vC rf »! ir,x vr f, - ", fj 1^ If 8 • i ?r.^^?^.?^^^^^^i,S C : ? ■p»i I « 41 v: f>. jS a^ - 1 ~ f. ir, ri 7- f r' ^ S d •«• •d -f 'N '• 1/ 3 !* — r-iMH^N-- — .-H-^M S 1- w« • X >« - fi ■<»■ (N vc IN "■, ■/: "vvc ■/: a h £ - ''■, f'. l^vC "t - 1^ -^ -' / vC *J^ O fN — rO ^ <^- ^ r1 «*< r; *'. III 1 «•. III _ 1 f\ » w y. r^ i/-,vo q 1-;. ■* f. I-»3C r^»o s P. \r, - tr, 1^-4 vd Ov <7» 'hx t^ « fcj «-^ T r f *". s h C3 j; Xl - :5 'it V U >. . C ) XH c^ ^- •*■ X t*. < «M r r -i"- i E c a 1 1 ? : ; 2*E. MO E - 5 = S >. « it .iid u r, w .C ■r. ..^ y a z /■ ^ X I! >C ^ - ^ =* O ^ ij Z r^ ^ r- i)^- y vr> ;^ ri — 1 t- *- C . ^ ^ u S - — ■ 5 °; -i s s 4^ ' ' oS .a * « u ' « S I- I- ' -rz ^ 5 V S k, - •/. X S ."J -■ - ;f C 1/ be '^ j; « - " ii M ' is 2^5^="" = = w HJ£ c~ c « f 'fi »t; N 7- ■r. X rt rt 1/ ra is •^ ^I u X •" u ij t*m < .1, ;JL, •X •*- 7* it 3. ii -K ^ ■1 y j.< ♦J U (N w «-< *j T :>•/: 1/ ^£ rt u 1/ U 5 Ij rt is > .-3 is b£ J; T a 1/ 1/ i/ -r -s /C c i- r; I- > S '^ i; • ^ .— ;^ 50 rt .i O N _._ , ■, ■■L,.j/a^:',''j»''— '^J_i-'--L-- • •■• ■ TH1-: (;k()LO('.v of moxtrkal. Fourtc-cn dislinct ^colo^ical forniatioiis or hori- zons have been described within a radi.ts of a few miles from Montreal. Four of these belonjti: to the Quaternary or newest system, one is doubtfully but proba])l>- referable to the Devonian, one to the vSilurian (Upper Silurian of Murchison), seven to the Ordovician ( Lower Silurian and Cambro- vSilurian of nian>- authors), and the remainder to the Laurentian or ])art of the great Arcluean Complex. A j^eological map of Montreal and its environs would com]>rise four areas marking four distinct orographic features worth\- of note, as follows : ( I ) A more or less hilly and mountainous ])la- teau of Archaean rocks to the north and north-west of Montreal. (2) A broad, flat, more or less elevated Ordovi- cian plain. ( 3 ) A number of conspicuous, more or less elevated conical mountains or hills of volcanic ori- gin rising through the Ordovician plain. ( 4 ) Marine clays and sands, gravel terraces, and raised beaches accompanied by ' ' till ' ' and numerous phenomena characteristic of the " Great Ice Age." \ , , WJ . 46 British Medical Association. Summary of the various ckological i-ormatioxs in and arount) moxtrhai., canada, and somk of thkir mork skmhnt characters. PLEISTOCENE. Exclusive of the fre.sli-water, lake and river deposits of more recent times, the Plei.stocene forma- tion, in descendinja^ order, consists of the following : I. Saxicava vSaxd Formation', of Eastern [ Canada. Characteristic fossils : Saxicava rugosa, Mya arenaria, M. tnoicaia, Macoma fragilis. II. Ekda Clay "Pormation, marine cla; .-. v/iin occasional .sandy partings ; foramini feral. Fossils : Lcda ( Portlandia ) arctica, Craniella Logani, Op/iio- glypJia Sarsii, Polystomclla crispa, etc. III. Glacial or Bouldkr Clay.s, Till. No fo.s.sil remains have as yet been found in the Mont- real glacial clays. Localities : St. Louis and Mile-End ([uarries, the Tanneries, etc., are excellent collecting grounds for Pleistocene fossils. DEVONIAN. Devonian Eruptivks, ktc. To the Devonian Epoch are ascribed those nepheline syenites ma.sses, diabase, and trachyte, and other dyke rocks, which are so conspicuous and numerous about Montreal, Dawsonite, sodalite, ekeolite-syenite, etc. The eruptive masses comjirise Mount Royal, Beheil, Montarville, Rougemont. Mount Johnson, etc. An occasional pebble of fo.ssiiiferous Middle Devonian limestone marks the po.s.sible existence, at one time, of a basin of Devonian rocks in the Mont- real district, .similar to those which are known to exi.st farther ea.st alony the Famine River, and in Souvoitr of Montreal, iSgj. 47 the Gas])e Peninsula of Quebec, or to the south in the Helderberj^; mountains of New York vState. vSuch Devonian ])ebl)les occur in the volcanic a^- •^lonieraies or breccias of St. Helen's Island, just south of Montreal. vSILURIAN. LowKR HELDKRHKRCi P'oRMATiox. Consists of somewhat limited patches of light j^ray and compact more or less altered limestones which abound in fossil remains, chiefly Hrachiopoda. Fossils : Fa- vosites Gothlandicus, Lepticna rliomboidalis, Orthis CfHineiis, Strophodoiita varistriata, S. punctnlifcra, Pentamerits galcatus, Spirifer concinuus, S. cyclop- ienis, Atrypa reticularis, Stenoscliisma formosum, Platyostoma. deprcssnm. Localit>- : South side of vSt. Helen's Island. ()RD()VICI.\N. The Ordovician ( Cambro-Silurian and Lower Silurian ) formations in the Montreal district are seven in number, and from the Lorraine or upper- most OrdoN 1 Man in Canada, down to th "'\)tsdam sand.stone there is not a sinc^le break in the suc- cession. From Ste. Anne, a point twenty miles west of Montreal, to Chambly, there is a complete section and series of the.se seven formations in descending order as follows : I. LoRR.vrxK ( " Hudson River" of many geol- ogists). Con.si.sts of dark brown and black, brittle, for the most part indurated cla>' and arenaceous .shales and .sand.stones. Fo.s.sils : Colnmnaria alveo- lata, Zyii'ospira Hcadi, Plcrinca demissa, Dyssonychia radiata, Ortliograpttts quadrimucronatiis, Clidophoriis plaunlatus, Orthodcsma parallclum, Cyrtolitcs orna- tus. Localities : Chambly, Rougemont, Riviere- des-Hurons, BeUuil. 48 British Medical Association. II. X'^^TiCA Formation. Dark brown and black, brittle and bituminous shales with occasional bands of limestone at the base. Fossils : Rctco^raptus ( ? ) eiiclians, Lrptoji^raptns flaccidus, Lcptobolus insignis, Schizocrania filosa, Cornnlites immaturum, Troclio- litcs animofiins. Triarthrus Becki. Localities : St. Helen's Island. W^est luid, Point vSt. Charles, near \'ictoria Brid^^e. III. Tkkxtox Formation. Dark ^ray fossili- ferons limestone and shales. Fossils : Glyptocystitcs Logani, Iletcrocriiius tennis, Pachydictya acuta, Plec- tavibonites sericea, Prasopora Sel^vyni, Dalinanella testndinaria, Parastrophia Iicniiplicata, Rafinfsquina altcrnata, Trentatis Montrcalensis, T. tcrminalis, Glossina riciniformis, RJiynchotrema inceqnivalvis, Cvclonema Mouirealeuse, Belierophon bilobatus, Conn- laria Trentoncnsis, Trochonema nmbilicatnni, Isoselus gigas, Ca/ymena senaria. Localities : Mile- End and St. Louis quarries, Lachine, Pointe-aux-Trembles, Hochela^a. IV. Bird's Eyk and Black Rivkk F'or.ma- TiON Dark .i?ray impure fossiliferous limestones. Blocks of this limestone were u.sed in construct- Kw"^ the piers of the Victoria Tubular Bridji^e. Fossils : Tetradiuni fibratnm, Colnmnaria Halli. Solcnopora conipacta, Siroinatocerinm rngosnm, He- licotonia plannlata^ Cyrtodonta Hnronensis, Bathy- nrns cxtans. Localities : Pointe-Claire, vSt. \Mn- cent-de-Paul. \ . CiiAZY Formation. Lis'ht and dark jj^ray fossiliferous limestones. P\)ssils : Bolboporites Ame- ricana, Malocystites Mnrchisoni, Blastoidocrinns car- chariicdens, RJiynchotrema plena, IJngula Belli, Orthis ( Hcbertella ) borcalis, O. impcrator, Bathynrus Angclini. Localities: vSault - au - Rccollet, Back Souvenir of Montreal, iSqj. 49 Mountain, St. Martin, Terrebonne, Cauji^hnawaga. Excellent building stone. VI. Calcifkrous FoRM.VTiox. Dark gray, im- pure, more or less niagnesian and arenaceous, fossil- iferous limestone. Fo.ssils : Pleiirotoviaria ealcifera, P. Canadensis, Orthisina Grandivva, Ophileta covi- planata, O. disjiincia, Hormotoma Anna, Metoptovia simplex, Orthoceras Laniareki, Amphion Salteri, Bathyurus Cybele, Ribeira lalcifera, Lepcrditia Anna. Localities : Ste. Anne, Caughnawaga, Carillon. VII. Potsdam (Sandston/:) Formation. Light yellow, rusty-weathering sandstones. F^o.ssil remains : Seolithus Canadensis, Protichnites multino- tatus, P. lineatus, P. octonotatus, P. septemnotatus. Localities : Beauharnois, for tracks ; vSte. Anne, for Seolithus. ARCH.I^.AN. Laurp:xtiax. The " Morin area," north of Montreal, has been recently described by Dr. Adams, and forms a part of that extensive series of granites and granitoid gneis.ses, limestones and anorthosites so extensively developed everywhere in North- East- ern Canada, covering as they do an area of more than two million square miles. For a more detailed account of the geology of Montreal and its environs, the reader is referred to volume \"II of the "Annual Report of the Geo- logical Survey of Canada," 1.S96, in which Dr. Ells, Dr. Adams and Dr. Ami present the leading geo- logical features in the stratigraphy, petrography, and pakeontology respectively. The "Geology of Canada," i-7,-- ..., - - H. M. A. ^T^^- ~?" ~Y"~T~"r»^MS THE FLORA OF MONTREAL. The late Dr. Holmes and Dr. Barnston were ]:)i()neers in the study of the flora of Montreal. Dr. Holmes' herlxarium can be .seen in the Peter Red- path Mn.seum of McGill College. Dr. Barn.ston's catalogue of the Holmes herbarium was ])ubli.shed in the " Canadian Naturali.st and Geologi.st " for 1859. The flora of Montreal is an exceedingly rich and interesting one, and comprises not less than one thousand .species of flowering plants, mo.st of which may be oljtained within easy reach of the city. It may not be deemed out of place here to note some of the most con.spicuous and interesting plant flow- ers which can be obtained during the month of Augu.st. Of Compositce, we find the following golden- rods : Solidago riigosa, S. nemoralis, S. squarrosa, S. scrotina, S. ulmi/olia, S. Canadensis and its \'ariet>' scabra and procera. Among the a.sters, we note : Aster corymbosus, A. Nova-Ang/ice, A. um- bel/at us, A. vbnencus, A. diffusiis, A. iardijlonis, A. iradescanti, A. ptarmicoides, A. fordifolius, A. puniceus, A. tenuifoliiis^ A. Macrophyllus^ and A. lavis. The genus Hieracium counts H. Canadcnse and H. scabnini, whilst Nabalus a/bus and N. altis- simus are both abundant. Lactiiia Canadensis^ L. Souvenir of Montreal, iSgy. 51 inte^rifolia, and Mufgcdinm leucof)h(Bum are the let- tuces of this district. The j^^enus Helianthus has two species : H. divaricatns and H. tnbcrosus ; Bi- dcns ceryuia and B. connata are also found in Auj^^ust in damp waste places. Lobelia cardinalis and L. injlaia are connnon in low wet j^rounds and mead- ows, Chelonc glabra and Mimulus ;v«4'tw5 delighting in the .same habitat. The LabiatiE are many of them Augu.st flowers, and we note : Teiicrium Canadense, Mentha viridis, M. piperata, al.so M. Canadensis, besides Lyeopus Virginicns and L. Europceus var. sinuatus, and Lopliantlius nepetoides, Leonurus eardiaca, with the two Scutellaria', S. lateriflora and ^. galericulata. The Chenopodiacejc include : Blitum eapitiitum, Amarantus retroflexus, and A. albus. The Polygonums are also numerous and inter- esting, including the following .species : Polygonum avieulare, P. inearnatuni, P. Pennsylvanieiim, P. amphibium war. aquaticuvi, P. hydropiper, P. hydro- piperoides, P. aere, P. sagittatuvi, P. coyivolvulus, P. dmnetoruni, besides Rumex orbiculatus, R. obtnsi- folius, and Fagopyrum esculentmn , all of which may be collected in flower during the month of August. The Kuphorbice include : Euphorbia humistrata, E. obtusata, E. platyphylla, E. peplus. Urtica gracilis and Laportea Canadensis are amongst the .stinging nettles, whilst Veronica agres- tis and Gerardia purpurea var. paupercula occur in low wet and swampy places. Among.st other Composita; not mentioned above are the following, which bloom in August : Cirsiuni lanceolatum, C. discolor, C. mutieuni, C. arvense, Xanthium strumarium. Ambrosia artemisiafolia. A, trijida, Artemisia vulgaris, Gnaphalium polycepha- luin, Ci. uliginosum, Tanacetum vulgare, besides 52 Drilish Medical Association. Eupaiorium purpureum, E. pcrfoliatnm, E. ogcra- toides, and Senccio aureus. The swamp fly-honeysuckle, Lonicera oblongi- folia ; the rein orcliis, Hahcnaria hyperborca ,• the water-Hly, Nyinphcsa tuberosa ; the water parsnip, Slum cicutccfolium ; the wild Bean, Apios tuberosa ; the rattlesnake root. Preuanthes crepidiiica, and the lion's foot, P. Serpentaria, are also found in August and in bloom. The ferns of Montreal comprise over thirty s])ecies, some of which are now exterminated. Polypodium vulgare, Aspidium Nova-Boraccnsc, A. crista tuu/, A. Tliclypteris, A. Goldianum, A. acrosti- choides, Cystopteris bu/bi/era, Asplenium Thelypte- roides, A. felix-ficviiiia, J\llcca gracilis, Ptcris aqui- lina, AdiantuDi pcdatuni, Oiioclea scvsibilis, O. ,strut/iiopteris, IVoodsia Jlvcfisis, Osviufida recalls, Botrychium Virgi)iianum and />. simplex are amon<;st the interesting species. w:?'-?^ — wKhk'^'l ..^...atwJIKnK' ^ '■11 nt*'^ ik ^ ***^% \ %tl 11 i I if? ffi'ltlt'c m^m^ 1 .■ ;; -' : c. HHBH^.^;". -Moiwirtrfr.. C"^^' " Till-: CITY HALL, MONTRlvAL. OF THE UNIVERSITIES. The educational matters of Canada are under provincial control. In British Columbia, Manitoba, Xew Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince ICdward Island, the schools are wholly undenominational. In Manitoba religious instruction may be gi\en lialf an hour daily by their own advisers to pupils whose parents consent. In Ontario separate schools may be had under certain conditions, but in all these provinces the schools are under rigid Govern- ment control and inspection, without reference to denomination. In Quebec the schools are strictly Catholic and Protestant, each class being under control of a separate Board. The Catholic schools number 4,634 ; the Protestant, 976. Of the population of Canada 71 per cent, are able to read, and 80 per cent, know how to write, Manitoba stands fir.st with 93 per cent, and Quebec last with 64 per cent. McGiLL Umvkksitv. The circumstances attending the foundation of Montreal, the mixture of its languages, races and religions, have led to an emulation in multiplying charitable and educational institutions. Montreal is the educational centre of Canada. It owes this position chiefly to the presence and 54 Brilish Medical Association. influence of McOill rniversity, an institution which numbers in its five faculties considerably over twelve hundred students. The Tniversity owes its origin to the foresight and beneficence of James McGill, a native of Glasgow, born in 1744, and who died in Montreal in iSr^. His will, dated iSth January, i.Si i, devised property worth ^20,000 and ;^io,ooo in money to the Royal Institution for THIi MKDICAl. lUILDJNG, MCOILL INI VEKSIT V. the advancement of learning. This corporate body was establi.shed in i.Sor, and its aim was the erec- tion of a " University or college for the purpose of education and the advancement of learning in the Province of Lower Canada." The only condition attached to the bequest was "that one of the col- leges to be comprised in the said university should be named and perpetually known bj^ the appellation of McGill College." A charter was secured in 1 82 1, but it was not till 1829 that educational work was actually undertaken. The first principal was SoHVcnir of Montreal, rSgj. 55 Dr. Mountain, a graduate of Cambridge, and for many years the teaching staff was drawn from the Universities of Oxford, ICdinbnrgh, Aberdeen and Trinity College, Dublin. Up to the middle of the century the history of the University is one long story of litigation, poverty, schism and political rancour. In 1845 the principal, Rev. John Bethune, rector of Montreal, was in front of a movement to aflix to the l^niversity a distinctly denominational .stamp. The api)ointment of the principal was consequently di.sallowed upon the advice of Mr. Gladstone. An extract from his letter to Earl Cathcart is of inter- est id shows how desperate were its straits to merit such a complicated utterance : Into the various and somewhat complicated chartfes which have been brouj^ht aj^ainst Dr. Hethuiie, in his capacity as principal of the Collej^e, I do not find it necessary to enter ; nor do I wish to state at the ])resent moment any decided opinion as to the extent to which the })resent condi- tion of the Institution is owing to the character and position of its principal. INIy decisions are founded upon reasons which are not ojien to dispute : the first, the weight of the Bisho])'s authority together with your own. indejiendently of any reference to that of the Board of Visitors, which may be considered to be to some extent, at this moment in dis- pute ; next, the fact that Dr. Bethune did not himself receive an university education, which I must hold to be, unless under circumstances of the rarest occurrence, an indispensable requisite of such a position as he occupies. To these I am disposed to add, although I expre.ss the opin- ion without liaviu}^ had the advantage of learning what may be the view of the Lord Bishop in this particular, that I can- not think it expedient that the offices of principal and pro- fessor of divinity in McGill Colleji)ula- tioii of the town of Montreal, I inu-it, as at present advised, holv the t^overnors of the Corporation that the members of the Montreal Medical Institution be engrafted in the College as its Medical faculty, it being understood and agreed upon Souvenir of Montreal, iSgj. 63 between the said contractiuj^ })arlies that, until the powers of the charter would be altered, one of their number only should be university professor and the others lecturers. That they slioukl immediately enter upon the duties of their respective offices. All oi which arra genients were aj^reed to. The first session of the Medical Faculty of McCiill Collej^e was held in 1S29. Thirty-five .stu- dents were on the register, and the Faculty has continued the .sessions ever since, with the exception of the three .se.s.sions between 1836 and 1.S39, when internal troubles afflicted the country. In iear with a doctor was accepted as equivalent to the first .session at the University. Three full sessions at the college in addition had to be attended i>y the aspirant for the medical degrees. It has always been the ambition of the Faculty to keep in the van of medical progress, and as they felt sure of their ground, reforms and improvements were from time to time introduced, as for in.stance the compulsory bedside examination in 1S70, the summer session in 1876 with compulsory courses in midw! "'^ry and clinical chemi.stry, and a compulsory course on morbid anatomy. In 187S, feeling the importance Ci practical anatomy at the instance of the then demon.strator, a compulsory practical examination on the actual dissections was instituted. In 1879, a laboratory for practical physiology was in.stituted by Dr. \Vm. O.sler, and the students were afforded opportunity of practical work. In 1884, 5 66 liritish Afidiai/ Association. four full years at the University were required a^i qualify inj; for the M.D.C.M. degree, the pos- session of a B.A. degree not a.s heretofore allowing a man to go through in three years. In 1894, the sessions were extended to nine months. The year 1855 was an important one for the Univenity. In that year, John William Dawson was appointed principal ; from the time he took office, until his retirement in 1895, his heart and soul were in the work of the University, and no one did more to advance its interests, in season and out of season, than vSir Wm. Dawson. The proud posi- tion the University holds to-day is, in a great measure, due to his exertion. Soon after coming here, he became the professor of botany and zoology in the Medical Faculty, and for many years lectured successfully on those subjects, and in this way he became known to hundreds of graduates scat- tered over this continent, by whom he was much beloved and re: pected. In 1853, the new Medical School Building, on Cote street, was completed and occupied by the Faculty ; it was situated near Craig street, and next door to the Theatre Royal. For the time, the building was a commodious one, and satisfactorily fulfilled the purpose for which it was built. The F'aculty now possessed a library and museum, and a good dissecting-room. For twenty years the Fac- ulty occupied this building. In 1872, by the exer- tions of the principal and members of the Faculty, aided by the liberality of the governors, a new and handsome cut-stone l)uilding was provided in the University grounds. This is now the central build- ing, and as will be seen has been greatly added to. Dr. CjCO. W. Campbell was dean at this time, and together with other members of the F'aculty fur- Sonvoiir of Montreal, iSgy. 67 iiished both library and tniiseum. Dr. Howard, in his address at the semi-centennial celebration of the Facnlty. has eloquently discussed Dr. Campbell's merits and told us what we owe lii*m. On Dr. Geo. \V. Campbell's death, in iSSj^, he was succeeded in the deanship by Dr. Robert Palmer Howard than whom no one has cast more honour on the Faculty and Tniversity. Dr. How- ard's lectures on the practice of medecine will lon^^ be remembered by tho.se who listened to them, witli what earnestness and conviction he taught both in the lecture room and at the bedside, how thorough- ly he kept his class posted in the latest advances in pathology and medicine, and how he stimulated them to hone.st work I Alas ! he too passed away, and was succeeded by others who followed in his foot.steps, especially by two men whose early deaths we still continue to deplore. Dr. George Ross and Dr. Richard MacDonnell, Dr. Ross was elected vice-dean and assi.stant to the present able occupant of the deanship, Dr. Robt. Craik. Dr. Ross, from his wide clinical and hospital experience, and his logical mind, became the l)est clinical teacher Montreal, and perhaps even Canada, has ever seen, and no student could attend his clinics without acquiring accurate methods of examination and powers of estimating the value of symptoms. Dr. Richard MacDonnell, who succeeded him, was mak- ing a reputation for himself, both by his teaching and writings, when he too was called away. Dr. MacDonnell, by his high sense of honour, strict integrity and courteous manners, endeared himself to all who knew him. The Faculty of Medicine has always, with one or two exceptions, been composed of native-born Cana- dians, educated by the University in which they 6.S Ih'itisli Medical Assoc iaiio)i. held appointments. At the present time out of the twenty -one professors only three are not natives of Canada. The increase in the number of students has Ijeen progressive. From 25 at the first session in 1824, it jumped to 50 in 1S44 ; in 1.S72-3, there were 154 students with a j^raduatinj^ class of 35 ; in 1S92-3, 315 with 45 graduates; in 1S95-6, 419 with 90 graduates. In 1.S24 we have seen there were only four teachers, increased in 1.S46 to ten. In the calendar of 1S52-3 (a small pam]ihlet), there were still only ten teachers, of whom Dr. Holmes alone was a jirofessor. In the calendar for 1897-9S, which is quite a large book, the number of professors is 21; lecturers, 7 ; demonstrators, 23 — in all 51 teachers, teaching 21 sul^jects. The number of graduates in medicine since the estab- lishment of the Faculty- is over 1.500. The condi- tion of the Faculty is now a most prosperous one, and this ])rosperity has been, in a large measure, due to the generous friends who came forward with money to endow chairs, such as pathology, hygiene. In 1883 Sir Donald A. Smith ga\e the Faculty $50,000 on condition that they would raise an equal sum from amongst their friends. This was easily accomplished, and by this means Sioo,ooo was placed to the credit of the general endowment of the Faculty, which before had amounted to only a few thousands of dollars. One part of the fund is called the Campbell Memorial Fund in memory of the late Dean Geo. W. Campbell. In 189 1 Mr. Walter Drake endowed the chair of physiology to the extent of $500 a year in mem- ory of his brother, the late Dr. J. Morley Drake, professor of physiology, and in 1S92 the College received a bequest of $10,000 from the estate of Souvenir of Montreal, rSc^y. 69 the late Mrs, Mary Dow. In 1S9;, the Faculty was ver>- fortunate, receivinjj^ $160,030, S6o,ck)o from the late J. H. R. Molson for the purchase of land and erection of a patholoj;ical buildinj^j. and $100,000 from vSir Donald A. vSniith for the endow- jnent of the chairs of palholoj^y and hygiene. I5y means of these generous gifts and other smaller ones, the F'aculty was enabled to erect and efpiip MCCll.L MlCniCAI. I.IHRARY. modern laboratories and research rooms, so that now its position and capacity as a teaching body is not excelled by any medical school on this continent. It is not so many \ears ago since all that was thought necessary for teaching in a medical school were lecture rooms, a dissecting room and o>ie mi- cro.scope. Now there is a splendid library and mu- seum, magnificent laboratories and research rooms, with every kind of apparatus and appliances. The library has an interesting history, and its growth has 1)een marvellous of late, chiefly owing to the exertions of the assistant librarian, Miss 70 Ihifis/i Mediial Association. Charlton. It was fouiulcd !)>■ the mcnilMjrs of the Montreal Medical Institution on the 27th of Aujifust, 1H23, and when the Medical Institution became the Medical Faculty of the McC.ill I'niversity the librarv was transferred. The library was orijj^in- ally the property 0.' the members of the school collectively, and no one could transfer his share of the library. In case of dissolution of the Institute it was provided that the library should remain, unless dissolved by unanimous consent. To be- come a member of the library each meml^er had to pay in the sum of /"y. 10 and an annual subscrip- tion of /,2.io was required. To the late Dr. Holmes the library owes much. When alive he was most active in its supjiort and most interested in keeping it eflficient. There were about 1,500 volumes in 1S29. now we have 15,000. The pres- ent museum is much indebted to the energy ami persistency of the late Dr. (ieo. H. Fenwick in obtaining specimens. Most of the 1)eautiful speci- mens exhibiting diseases of bones are contributed by him. Dr. F^enwick, as professor of surgery, was well-known and much beloved throughout the Dominion, and he did much, not only for the Col- lege, but for the General Hospital, with which insti- tution he was intimately connected for many years, and where he was long looked upon as a father in surgery by many practitioners and students. The names of many men might be mentioned who have passed away after having worked faith- fully and successfully in the field of medicine and whose connection with the McGill Medical College shoidd not be forgotten, notably Hall, F'raser, Sutherland, Scott and Drake, in addition to those already alluded to. F%)rtunately all the men who were long connected with the Medical Faculty Souvenir of Montreal, rSgj. 7 1 and helped to build up its reputation have not joined the majority. Two are still with us : Dr. Wright and Dr. MacCalluin. the latter still in active work as chairman of the Medical Hoard of the (ieneral Hospital. He evinces the greatest interest in medical matters. Dr. W'm. Osier, vvhcse reputation as a scientific ])ractitiou,'r was established during his connection with his Alma Mater as profes.sor of physiology and pathology, though he has not yet joined the majority, has left us. Since his translation to Johns Hopkins' Hospital his reputation and fame have spread, and de.iervedl>' so. Of the active members of the b*acult>' it is not the intention to speak. That may be left to those who come after. This much, however, may be said : " Their labors have not been in vain." F. J. S. The home of the Faculty of Medicine is an irregular collection of buildings situated in the north-ea.st portion of the University grounds. These buildings may be reached either from the main drive which leads up to the Arts Building from Sherbrooke street, or by entering the grounds from University street, by the University .street gates. The medical buildings have grown up in re- sponse to the needs of the school. The front building, of plain .stone, is the olde^^t, ?-iid was presented to the Faculty of Medicine, in 1.S72, by the governors of the I'niversity. In direct con- nection with this are two additional buildings, the intermediate .structure, chiefly of brick, was erected in 1883 by the Faculty, and the larger new .stone building behind this was erected in 1894 by the late 72 Ihitish Medical Association. Joliii II. R. Molson to nicct the increasiiiK^ (kniaiid for laboratory space. Directly attached to this building, on the north, is the wing for pathology. This was a .stone dwell- ing house which was conii)letely altered to meet the recpiirenients of a modern pathological laboratory. The total length of the main corridor of the Medical Building is two hundred and seventy-eight feet, and the ground area covered is over twenty- two thousand five liundred S(iuare feet. The *otal available floor area of the Faculty building.-, is a1)out fifty-five thousand scpiare feet. The first building reached from the College grounds has two entrances, the main entrance with its limestone portico leads to the main floor of the buildings. The second, on the east side, is the .students' entrance and leads to cloak rooms, labora- tories, locker rooms, etc., and is connected with the janitor's apartments. The ground floor is laid in asphalt throughout, and the walls are panelled in a.sh. The lavatorie:-- liave l)oth walls and floors tiled. The library is reached by the fir.st door to the left of the main entrance. The first room on entering is the general reading room for the u.se of students and strangers. This connects with the stack room, behind which is the Faculty room, and professors' reading room. The librar\-, which is entirely medical, contains about fifteen thou.sand volumes, among which are complete sets of many of the standard periodicals in FyUgli.sh and German, and also many rare volumes of intere.st to the antiquary. The library has between five and six thou.sand readers per annum. On the opposite side of the hall is the patho- logical mu.seum, consisting of two rooms, each with Souvoiir of Monhial, iSc^j, 7^^ a gallery. The first of these is reserved tor calculi and hone specimens, the second contains onlv moist preparations and models. This has been n^-wly renovated, and presents not a few features which may a])peal to those intere.sted in museums. Adjoining the nuiseum is the office of the Regis- trar and Bursar of the haculty ; a ri.se of three steps marks the l)ej.^innin,i,^ of the second buildin>^^, the main lloor of which is occupied on the ri^ht )>> the chemical laboratories. The laboratory is 60 by 45 feet, accommodates 124 students, and has connected with it a ')rivate laboratory and an outdoor labora- tory. On the left is a lecture theatre with seating capacity of about 250, in which the section of An- atomy will meet. Adjoining the lecture room is the professors' cloak room. The new wing is reached by a short flight of steps, passing the students' reading room and a .small cloak room on the left, the entrance to l..^cture room No. 3 is reached. This room is rectangular, and has a seating capacity of over four hundred. Here the vSurgical section will meet. Behind this lecture room are two preparation rooms for the use of the i^rofessor of chemistry and an ante-room. On the opposite side of the hall is the private entrance to the pathological wing. This leads to the small research lalioratories, preparation rooms and the private laborator\- of the professor of pathology. Above these rooms is the large students' labora- tory for pathology, opening into the main l>uilding and connected with the private laboratories. Tal)les and microsco])es for thirty to forty .students are provided. The floor alcove this is for the u.se of the curators and the articulators of the pathological and anatomical museums. 74 British Medical Association, From the students' entrance to the laboratory the nie/./.anine floor is reached, in which is the upper entrance to the lecture room and the museum of hygiene, which contains interesting working models of filter plants, steam disinfectors, ventilat- ing contrivances, etc. One of the smaller rooms opposite is used to illustrate the water carriage sy.s- tem of removal of house refuse, including modern pluml)ing. On the floor above this are, begitming on the right, the laborato y for normal histology, with two sets of tables for microscopes at different levels and an adjoining private laboratory for special work. Next to this is the laboratory and mu.seum of pharmacology, containing a classified collection of typical drugs and therapeutic agents, together with appliances for instruction in pharmacy and element- ary experimental pharmacology. The rest of this flat is occupied by the labora- tories for the .stvidy of Physiology. They are four in number, one large laboratory for the use of students, two smaller ones connected for special work and the professor's priv'ate laboratory. The students' laboratory is arranged for demonstrations as well as for individual work at the smaller tables. Descending the .staircases near the entrance to the physiological laboratory, the upj^er floor of the middle and front buildings is reached. This floor is practically reserved for the stud>- of anatomy. The lecture room No. 2 \\\ wliich the Pathological section will meet, has the .seats arranged in a .semi- circle and will seat about three hundred. Heneath this is a small private dissecting room and demonstrator's room. The private room of the })rofessor of anatomy connects the lecture rooni Souvenir of Montreal, iSgj. 75 with the anatomical niuseiun. This niuseuni con- tains besides the iisnal moist and dry preparations and casts illustrating human anatomy (i ) an inter- esting collection of human brains made by Profes- sor Osier ; (2) a collection of skeletons and bones of the extremities of the various orders and classes of vertebrata ; (3) numerous fro/en cross sections of the human body and a complete set of Steger's brain sections. The dissecting room opposite is L shaped, one arm 76 by 31 feet, the other 45 by 32 feet. It con- tains tables for thirty subjects. The floor is of lead ; the room is well lighted for work by day or night. It occupies the south and west of the first or oldest building of the series. R. F. R. Thk I'aci'i.tv oi' AiM'r,ii;i) Science. Tile Faculty of Applied vScience provides a coni- ])lete training in ci\il, mechanical, electrical and mining engineering, in architecture and chemistry. Ivich course covers a period of four years. The teaching stalT is twenty-four in number, and there are in attendance two hundred and fi\e students. It is in this department the most striking progress has been made in recent years, in the erection of new buildings with laboratories, workshoj/s, ma- chincr>- and a])pliances of every kind suitable for demonstrating all the operations of engineering, till the main ])uilding resem])les the site of some enormous industrial estal)lishment. At a very early period in the history of the University, the attention of the authorities \\..s drawn to the importance of establishing a depart- ment of practical science, and in the year 1S56 T. C. Keefer, C.K., M G., v'as appointed pro- 76 British Medical Association. fessor of hydraulic engineering. At the same time Robert Crawford, B.A., was made professor of road and railway engineering, which position he lield until the year 1857, when he was succeeded by Mark J. Hamilton, C.H., who held the post until the year i- Professor Bove\' with Mr. Taylor were taken to luijj^land by him, and submitted to man\- of the leadint;- phy.sicists of Great Britain to obtain their opinions and advice. The ICn"(;ini;i;kin(; IUti.dinc. On October 25th, 1.S90, the corner-stone of the iMiji^ineerinj^ Huildin.sj^ was laid by His I{xcellenc\- Lord vStaidey of Preston, ^.governor-general of Can- ada. P'rom that time the work was rapidl>' i)iished forward. The Facult_\' took ]X)s.session of each ])art as completed, and the engineering and physics buildings were formally oi)ened by Lord vStanley, on PY'bruary 24th, 1.S93. P\)r the style of the architecture, Italian Renais- sance was cho.sen of a simple and severe type, as suitable for its purpo.se, and \et not inharmo- nious with the Mu.seuni already built on the other side. The Macdonald Ivngineering Building is about one hundred and seventy-fi\e feet in length, from fiftv-five feet to .sixtv-five feet in width, and has 78 /hifjsh Medical Associatio)i. a hascmciit, five stories, and a larj^e aiuoiiiit of attic room in the roof. In the basement, below the testin<^ laljoratories, are to be found \Vorthin<^ton and Hlake (hi])lex steam pumps. The <;round floor is occujMed l)y the te.sting and hydrauhc lal)ora- tories, the h^litinjj^ station, enj^ine room containin*^ an eijj^hty-hor.se power Mcintosh & Seymour eniz;ine for driving the experimental dynamos, the <^eodetic TIIK MACDONAI.I) l;X(;i NKER INC, llC I LDI.Nd. and thermodynamic laboratories. One half of the thermodynamic laboratory occupies two stories. On the first floor are the cement testinti^-room, electrical, mathematical and thermodyriamic lal)ora- tories, the electrical workshoji, the mechanical en- g^ineerinj^ lecture-room, private offices, cloak rooms, and lavatories. On the second floor are the mag- netic laboratory, the mathematical, survexing and api^lied mechanics lecture rooms, the library, instrument room, private offices, cloak rooms, and lavatories. The li1 rary is a very handsome room, containing betwe< . four and fi\e thousand SoHvenir of Montreal, rSgj. 79 books specially relatin*; to the work carried on ill the lui<;ineeriiija;^ Hiiil(lin<^. The whole of tlie third floor is taken iij) h\ splendidly li<;lited draw- iii<^ rooms, while the eiit^iiieerinj; inuseiiiii occu])ies the whole of the fourth floor. Aiiioiij^st other ai)]xiratiis, the iiiiiseiini contains the Reiileaux col- lection of kinematic models, ])resented !)>• Mr. Mac- doiiald, and j^ronounced by Professor Reiileanx to be the finest and most complete collection in America. Workshops. — The workshops erected on the Thomas Workman endowment have a floor area of more than tweiity-fi\e thousand scpiare feet. The ])racti^cd instruction in the workshops is designed to oive the student some knowled^ie of the nature of the materials of construction, to famil- iarize him with the more important hand and machine tools, and to «^ive him some manual skill in the use of the same. For this purpose, the student, duriiij^ a specified number of hours per week, works in the shops under the superintendence of the pro- fes.sor of mechanical eiii^ineerino-, aided by skilled mechanics. The courses commence with j^raded exercises, and .gradually lead to the makiiit;- of joints, members of .structures, frames, etc., finall\- coneludinj^ in the iron-workinji^ department with the manufacture of tools, parts of machines, and, if po.ssil>le, with the building of complete machines. Thk Physics Rrirjuxc. The Macdonald physics building has been erected and equipped for the teaching and study of physics, including mechanics, with special regard to its intrinsic importance as an integral part of a liberal education in the Faculty of Arts, and its essential tiecessity as a study preliminary to the courses of 8o Brilisli Medical Associafioii. engineering;, mining, and practical chemistry in the r'acuhy of Applied vScience, and the prosecution of original research. The building is one hundred and twenty-five feet long, sixty-four feet wide, and has five stories, besides a range of attics, used for storage, in the mansard roof. L' is constructe-, alonj^ with the medical undergraduates. In 1S75 the present College buildings were erected on Tnion avenue at the expense of the director. The progress of the school was such as to attract students from all parts of the United vStates and Canada, and the success of the graduates so great that many of them received appointments I.IJCTURH ROOM NO. 3 MCdll.r, MKI>ICAI. I'ACfl.TV. as lecturers in veterinary and agricultural colleges and filled important government appointments both in Canada and the X'nited »States, and several have won distinction as authors of text l)ooks. In 1S89, on the recommendation of the Faculty of Medicine and Corporation of McGill I'niversit}', the governors created a faculty of comparative medicine and veterinary science, and appointed the director of the Montreal \'eterinary College, dean and professor of veterinary medicine and SoKVi'fih of Montreal, iS(jj. S5 surgery, Makolin C Hakcr, \".vS., professor of veterinary anatomy, and Charles Mclvacliran, \'.S.. professor of cattle pathology and veterinary obste- trics, and Prof. (\. V. C.irdwood, Prof. Wilkins, Prof. Penliallow, Prof. Mills, a.ssociate professors. Professors Adanii and lUackadder bein^ subse- (|uentl\' added. A. X. Shevvan, M.A., was ap- pointed matriculating examiner, and the following extramural examiners named l)y the Government and appointed by the governors of the University to assist at final examinations, viz. : J. A. Couture, D.V.vS., A. McCormick. I).\'.vS., A. W. Harris, D.V.vS., John M. Parker, D.V.S., Frank Miller, V.S., and A. \V. Clement. D.V.vS. Rosa I, X'ktoria Coij.I'Xw;. This new addition to McCiill University is situated on vSherbrooke street, at the head of Union avenue, ju.st outside the grounds. The new college is a gift from Sir Donald Smith, and is intended for the education of women in connection with the Faculty of Arts. Its length is 190 feet b>- 76 feet deep, with a rear centre extension 64 by 70 feet. The building is vScotch Baronial with a slight Renaissance modi- fication. The exterior is picked face Montreal lime- .stone, laid in vScotch range work. It has five floors Ijesides the ba.sement. The three upper floor.s are in suites of two bedrooms and one parlour. The two first are for study and kitchen purposes. The building is strictly fire-proof, of .steel construction with terra cotta flooring, roof and partition. All masonry, brick and terra cotta, are laid with cement mortar, and asbestic plaster is used throughout. The coping placed in front of the property, parts at the centre, leaving the extensive entrance to. the building. A^ t> ^J^ r V IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) /. %is ^ ^/ ^^"^"^4 y. M^o C/u & ^ 1.0 I.I |50 "^" Mw^ 1^ I4£ IIIIIM 1^5 IIIIIJA IIIIIM V] V] ^c-1 4s ^. /J y V Photc^raphic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ^ ^ V ?V <^ '4^>^, ^\ Wc^ VSJ"^ '^ %^ .^ ^ ^ ^ 86 British Medical Association. vStanding in this entrance, at the toot of the steps, on an octagon granite pedestal, is the new- bronze statue of Queen Victoria, with the following inscription: "Victoria, Queen, statue given by Donald Smith, the work of Princess Louise, iosed of seven elliptical arches, resting on eight octagonal columns. This portico is sur- mounted by a battlement which forms a balustrade to the gallery above. The three gal^les, together with the dormer and bay windows forming *he facade, ?rr effectively shown off by the dark slate roof. Placing of Si;ctioxs. Arrangements have been made for the placing of the sections in the various McGill buildings, as follows : Section of Surgery — Lecture Room No. 3, Med- ical Buildings ; Anatomy and Physiology — Lecture Room No. 2, Medical Buildings ; Pathology — Lecture Room No. i , Medical Buildings ; Gynae- cology and Obstetrics — Lecture Room, Physics Building ; Public Medicine — Lecture Room, Red- path Museum ; Medicine — Convocation Hall, Dio- cesan College, University St. ; Ophthalmology — Kngineering Building, Mathematical Lecture Room ; Dermatology — Engineering Building, Applied Mechanics' Lecture Room ; Laryngology — Engineer- ing Building, Mechanical Engineering Lecture Room ; Psychology — Presbyterian College ; Phar- macology and Therapeutics — Wesleyan Theological College. An excellent birdseye view, by Mr. Eugene Haberer, of all the accessory buildings to the Uni- versity will be distributed free to members. Souvenir of Montreal, rSg'j. Laval Uxivkrsity. 87 Laval University was founded in 1S52 by the Quebec vSeminary. The Royal Charter, which was granted it by Queen Victoria, was signed at West- minster, on December the Sth, 1S52. By the Bull biter varias soJUcitiidines, of the 15th of i^pril, 1876, LAVAL r.NIVlIRSITN', MONTRKAL. the Sovereign Pontiff Pius IX. granted it most extensive canonical privileges and powers. According to the Royal Charter, the Visitor of the University is always the Catholic Archbishop of Quebec, and he has the right of veto on all regula- tions and nominations. The vSuperior of the Que- bec Seminary is, by right, the Rector of the Univer- sity. The Council is composed of the directors of the Quebec vSeminary and of three of the oldest titulary professors from each f.icult}'. There are four faculties : Theology, Law, Medicine and Arts. 88 British Medical Association. The professors of theology are named by the Visi- tor ; all other professors are named by the Council. The degrees to be ol)tained by the students in each faculty are those of Bachelor, Master or Licentiate, and Doctor. The Laval University, at Quebec, has fine build- ings, around which are clustered others of great historical and scientific inte^'e^t belonging to the Seminary. The University contains very interest- ing museums, a vast library and choice picture galleries. The Quebec vSeminary, that owns the Laval University, was founded in 1663 ^Y ^^g^*- tie Laval Montmorency, the first Roman Catholic bishop of Quebec and of Canada. It was first intended ex- clusively for the education of priests, but soon it was divided into two parts, a grand seminary and a minor seminary — the former for the students in divinity, the latter to furni.sh a classical education for boys. The average attendance is over 400. The revenues for the support of those institutions are derived from a few private beciuests, but princi- pally from seignciiries and land properties bestowed upon the Seminary by Bishop Laval, who v^-as personally wealthy and allied to the royal family of France. He imposed but two conditions on the Seminar}' : That it should maintain the foundation of the Grand and Minor seminaries ; that it should furnish gratuitously board and education to twelve poor boys. "1 MoxTREAF. Branch. In conformity with a decision of the Propaganda, dated February ist, 1876. and through the initiative of Dr. E. P. Lachapelle, a branch of Laval Uni- versity was established in Montreal in 1877, giving Souvenir of Montreal, iS^y. 89 the same instruction and enjoying all the privileges of the Mother University at Quebec. This Montreal Branch has its new College build- ings on St. Denis street, near St. Catherine stieet. This imposing structure was raised through the generosity of the vSeminary o'^ St. Sulpice and was built and equipped with a view of providing the students with all modern advantages in ea<"h faculty of Law and of Medicine. The style of architecture of the building is a modern adaptation of the Re- nais.sance. It has been devised for the use of two faculties for the present, with room for the general administration. The cellar contains, as is u.sual in such structures, all the necessary appliances, and in the most recent and approved styles, for steam- heating, electric and gas-lighting. The ground floor is occupied by lecture rooms, museums of anat- omy and the library of the School of Comparative Medicine and Veterinary Science, and it h?s also large recreation and club rooms, a large and com- modious reading room for students, and the janitor's quarters. The first floor is devoted to the Law Fac y, the reception parlors, the rector's apart- menis, and a suite of study rooms for the profes- sors. There are on this floor two amphitheatres, with a capacity of 200 to 300 seats respectively, for the use of the Law Faculty. The Peristyle, which is an imposing feature of the exterior, le ids to this story. The second floor is entirely occupied by the Faculty of Medicine, cind contains a general profes- sor's parlour, laboratories and lecture rooms, also a library, and quarters for the treasurer and secretary of *he Faculty. The finest rooms are perhaps a lar^e laboratory of histology, perfectb lighted, and provided with modern apparatus for the practical teaching of normal and morbid histology. The QO IWitish Medical Association. amphitheatre of the Primary Course, can accom- modate 300 students. It can be put into direct connection with the laboratory of Chemistry. Tlie amphitheatre for the Final Course accommodates 400 students. The Promotion Hall ( third .story) has a seating capacity of nearly 2000 and lias been much used of late for public lectures. It is profusely lighted by electricity, and the day light is also abundant. Its acou.stic and vi.sual (pialities are perfect. The proscenium is .so constructed that it can be u.sed for concerts and other spectacular performances by the students. Six large rooms, averaging 35 x 50 feet, are reserved for mu.seums and for collections of documents. The amphitheatre of Anatomy, accommodating 300 students, is in the last .story and in connection with the dissecting room, which is very spacious. The dispo.sal of the room.s, stairways, elevator, lavatories, and other necessary conveniences is very good, and there is not a single room in the whole building which is not well-lighted. The architecture of the interior is very simple, but quite effective, especially that of the Promotion Hall. The lectures in each faculty are private, but once a week a practical lecture is given by a pro- fe.s.sor to the general public in the Promotion Hall of the University. The Medical Faculty of this Montreal Branch, which has now, since 1891, become anialgamated with the Montreal School of Medicine and Surgery, is attended every year by about three hundred students. The .schola.stic year is of nine months, divided into three terms of three months each. The teaching is given by titulary profes.sors, lec- turers and demonstrators ; the first mentioned alone being members of the Council of the Faculty. The Souvenir of Montreal, fSgy. 91 Faculty utilizes for its clinical work the H6tel-^)ieu Hospital, the Xotre-Dame Hospital, the St. Pelade Maternity Hospital, the St. Jean-de-Dieu In.sane iVsylum, the Ophthalmic Institute, and several dispensaries in the cj^^^y. The Montreal vSchjol of Medicine and Surgery, which joined the Laval Branch in 1S91, was founded in 1843, and is the Alma Mater of the greater number of the older French-Canadian physicians. The Faculty of Theology, ])elonging to the Montreal Branch, has its teaching centre at the Grand Seminary on Sherbrooke street west, and is under the supervision of the »Sulpicians. As at Quebec, the Grand Seminary is more particularly for divinity students, and its actual building was constructed about 1S55. The Faculty of Arts has its quarters, ]iartly at the Minor Seminary and partly at the Polytechnic School. The Minor Seminary is located in a fine building of recent date, and fully up to modern teaching, on the slope of the Mountain, behind the Grand Seminary. The Polytechnic School is sit- uated at the head of Avenue du Plateau, on St. Catherine street, near St. Urbain street. The Montreal Branch of Laval University has a vice-chancellor, who is the Archbishop of Montreal, ex-offia'o ; a \ace- rector, and a board of governors. Bach faculty has its own council. Bishops Collegk. Bishops College was incorporated by an act of the Legislature of Lower Canada, in 1843. and was, by a Royal Charter dated 2Sth January, 1853, erected into a university. The design of its estab- lishment was two-fold : ist, to provide the Church of England, in Lower Canada, with a place in which 92 British Afedira/ Association. to educate its ministry ; 21kI, to oiTer to tlie Province a sound and lil)eral education upon reasonable terms. Lennox ville was selected as the site, on account of its central position in the midst of the lui^lish speaking people of Lower Canada, and of substantial offers of assistance from persons resid- ing in the neighbourhood. At the ver\ outset, a school was established, which has ever .since flourished, and has educated man\' of the leading men of Canada, and others who have liecome distinguished officers of the Brit- ish Army. vSteady progress was made in university work till 1S72, when it was decided to extend its operations into the city of Montreal, by estab- lishing a faculty of medicine there. This deci.sion was brought al)out by the nucleus of a .school of medicine having been formed, in 1S71, by the fol- lowing : — Drs. Charles Smallwood, A. H. David, Sir W. H. Hingston. E. H. Trenholme, and Francis W. Campbell. The.se gentlemen were accepted by the liniversity, as its first professors, in the Medical Faculty, and to them was entru.sted its completion. This task was successfully aocompli.shed, and on the 9th of Octol)er, 187 1, the first .session was opened in Montreal. The appearance of this new compet- itor for public favour created no .small excitement, e.specially as it was found that it had introduced, as part of its curriculum, .some new subjects, and separated one or two, which hithen.o had been combined. So .successful was the fir'.t .ses.sion, con- ducted in rented quarters, that its second .session was opened in a building especially erected for it, and in which it to-day carries on its work. \n 1S96, the Dental College of the Province of Quebec affiliated with the Ihiiver.sity, and its .students take the Medi- cal Course and receive thf cu Tree of D.D.S. from it. Sonvoiir of Montreal, iSgj. 93 Tlic FacultN of Medicine has educated a lar^e lunnher of men, many of whom hold distinguished ])()sitions in various (|uarters of the world. Many of its professional staff have been chosen to continue their work in larger spheres. The number of its students last year was one hundred and five. The University itself has made very rapid advancement during the last few years, and there is before it a brilliant future, in which its medical faculty is sure to have its share. , r . \\ . L . MONTREAL COLl.KdK. OTHKR CATHOLIC INSTITUTIONvS. It would only bewilder a visitor to enumerate the other Catholic educational and charitable institu- tions, the hotels, seminaries and convents, and to set them all in order would involve a study of the organization of the Catholic Church. Vet their very presence and complexity give a variety to the life of a city and an interest to the stranger. However, the existence of a few is noted and they give occasion for surpri.se and wonder at the evidences of the power and organization of the Catholic Church. 94 British Medical Association. TiiK Skminakv of St. Siupice. The vSulpicians laiide(' in Montreal in the year '637. Their Superior was M. de yueylns, of the ilhistrions house of Levis, and abb6 of Loc-I)ieu. M"*^ Mauce had already founded the H6tel-I)ieu which went into the hands of the " vSnenrs Hospi- talieres de La Fleche" the following year. That same year (165.S) Mother Bourgeois, who had been in Montreal for four >ears, was able at last to open her schools. M. de (Jueylus. S.vS., founded the parish of Notre-Danie. and the Indian Mission of Kente, on Lake Ontario: M. Tronson, S.S., founded the one of Acadia. M. vSouart, vS.vS., who was parish priest in Montreal, founded the " petite.s ccoles " at the Dorval islands and the brother of Hishop Fenelon established the Indian schools. In 1663, the Seminary of St. Sulpice obtained from the " Compagnie de Montreal" the .seignory of the Island in al)solute ownership, but with its debts and obligations. Thenceforward the colony remained entirely under its charge. Towards 1671, the Mission at the Mountain was founded and a fort constructed, two towers of which may still be .seen on Sherbrooke .street west. Later on, for the protection of the Indians from the excessive use of strong liquors, the Mission was transferred to Saultau-Recollet and thence to the Lake of Two Mountains where the Nipi.ssingues of Ile-aux-Tourles united with the Algonquins and the Iroquois. In the closing years of French Rule, the famous abl)6 Picquet, S.S., founded the Iroquois Mission and the fort of La Galette, opposite Pre.s- cott, to allv the Five Nations to the French. M. Souvenir of Moufrca/, rSgy. ^^^ Nonnant. S.S.. and M-- d'Youville undertook the direction of the General Hospital (Grey Nuns). At this epoch the Seminary luiiiihered forty missionaries, and ministered to the needs of all the parishes of the Island and of many others from Three Rivers and Sorel to Vaudreuil. After Canada had been ceded to Kn^land. the Seminary of Montreal was confirmed in the posses- sioii of its lands and became the sole proprietor by a full and entire transfer from the vSeminarv of St. Sulpice of Paris. It attended to the spiritual wel- fare of the vast parish of Xotre-Dame, which in- cluded all the parishes which have since ]>een formed in the city and suburbs. In 1840, under the ministry of the Duke of Wellington. lingland granted a Royal Charter to the Seminary, confirming all the right of property whicii it had had from the beginning. The Semi- nary to-day has charge of t^- parishes of Notre- Dame, St. James and St. Patrick, and also of the I/ake of Two Mountains. Forty Sulpicians are engaged in the .service of parishes, religious communities, academies and hos- pitals, two of which latter have been founded by the effective corporation of St. Sulpice. But the most important work of the Seminary is that of teaching. It owns the College of Mont- real, on Sherbrooke .street, founded in 1775, the Seminary of Philosophy and the (irand Seminary, in whicli theology is taught. These hou.ses of higher education are admirably situated on the southern declivity of the Mountain. The collegial course of the College of Montreal includes the teaching of tl;e Greek, Latin. French and English languages, as also literature, historv, geography and mathematics. The vSeminarv of Philosphv (j6 British Medical Association. completes the work of the College by j^ranting degrees in the Faculty of Letters and Arts of the Laval University. Philosophy and the natural sciences are the principal branches. The Grand vSeininary gives a complete course of ecclesia.stical sciences and grants university degrees. These three houses instruct annually six hun- dred persons, and have more than forty professors ; they have -ich libraries, a large variety of instru- ments and whatever is neces.sary for ex])eriments in Physics, a chemical laboratory, precious collections in natural history. They have given to the clergy of Canada and of the United States a large number of 1)ishops and priests ; to the lay .s(jciety they have given many ministers, magistrates and honourable citizens. To complete the studies in theology, St. Sulpice has established in Rome, at the desire of the Cana- dian hierarchy, and with the permission of the civil authority in Canada, a Seminary, absolutely its own property and under its entire direction, and which is under the protection of the English Government. Moreover, to encourage the studies pre])aratory to the liberal professions, it has powerfully contri- buted to the establishment of Laval University in Montreal. The tourist may now 'contemplate the magni- ficent results which Olier ai.d de la Dauversiere's eyes had foreseen, and which " la Societe de Mont- real " had eagerly hoped to see realized. St. Mary's College is carried on by the Jesuit Fathers, and adjoins the Church of the Gesu, on Bleury street. Here twelve hundred students are assembled, and they receive an excellent classical training and some scienHfic knowledge. Souvenir of Montreal, iSt^j. 97 The vSisters of the Con^rci^alioii or Xolrc-Dainc is a body of relij;ions hulics willi num.- instiliitions for the education of j^irls. Tlie Order was estal)- lished in 1653, eleven years after the fonndinj^ of Montreal. The mother house, \'illa Maria, was burned down two > ears ajj^o, and oidy a ruin remains upon the western sl()])e of Mount Ro\al. These ladies ha\-e ninety-one educational establishments in all parts of Canada and the United vStates. There are nearly a thousand nuns, ind they have over thirty thousand pupils under their care. The Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary have the Hochela^a Convent for a mother house, and ha\-e thirty-six branches, teachiuij^ ten thousand children. The Hospital of the Grey Nuns was founded in 1755, but the building; itself has \o\\<^ since been transformed into warehou.sc. .n the heart of the city. The present ho.spital, occupyinjj^ a whole scpiare, is of large extent and has de])artments for the aj^ed ...id in- firm, for orphans and fouudlint^s. The Grey Nuns, as they are called, h ciji^ht other hou in Montreal, tlii in the Pro- vince of Que- bec, nine in tlie North- west Terri- tories, and three in the United States. MONTREAL cr-LKtiE, jV'ii-^ -T- '■• -b 'T- -I- -•- ■'■ <■ -T- '•- -T- -1- -T- 'T- <- 'I- ^T^' -T- -r- •^■- OF THE HOSPITALS. The Hotki.-Dieu. Montreal was founded upon a plan. There were three societies, one for tilling the soil, one for nursing the sick, one for teaching the children. With a perversity peculiar to the time, the plan was laid when there were no sick to tend, no children to teach, and an energ\- was spent upon these imagin- ary tasks, which should have been reserved for the first businCvSS of colonists. This was in 1643, the year after the settlement, jypne (^jy Bullion supplied the funds, forty-two thou- .sand livres — the unknown benefactress — for such it was her whim to be called. Nobody was sick, yet the foundress, with a founder's privilege, would have a hospital. The coloni.sts in vain urged her to "divert" the money to the Huron missions. Ac- cordingly the pious task was commenced, and a building sixty-four feet long by twenty-four feet wide was erected outside the fort, near the .site of the present Notre-Dame Church. It was well defended with pali.sades. The Hospital con.sisted of two low^ rooms, with a chamber overhead, twenty-five feet .square, having four cells and a closet for .stores. For thirteen years the closet was empty. This chamber was ill Souvenir of Montreal, iSgy. 99 l)iiilt, and that winter the snow had to he removed from it with shovels. The food would freeze on the table, and the bread had ti> be thawed before beinja^ cut. By a piece of extraordinary ^ood fortune, the ecstasy of one of the nuns assumed the strano;e form of a transcendent skill in cookery, so that ' ' with a small piece of pork r.tid a few herbs she could make soup of a marvellriis relish." Another sister exercised her gift, which was a very con- venient one, in respect of the pigs ai.d the hens. Jeanne Mance was in charge, and she dominated the hospital with her tall austere figure worn with care and suffering. When the Irocjuois wars commenced, the little hos- pital did not lack ' ' clinical material, " chiefly scalp wounds. Till 1659, the lady toiled on. In that year, she fell on the ice and gave to Bouchard, the surgeon, the opportunity for a wrong diagnosis. A di.slocation of the wrist was overlooked. As is .still the cu.stom in .some quarters, .she went to Europe for treatment, and was cured of her infirm- ity, while paying homage to the heart of Olier, the foundtr of the order of St. Sulpice. The Jesuits alTected to di.sbelieve in the miracle, but M"'' Mance affirmed its truth in the .strongest way po.s.sible, namely by writing an account of it with her hand which had previou.sly been paralyzed. During this visit, .she obtained twenty-two thousand francs more from " the unknown benefactress." She dcpo.sited the amount with Dauvensiere who appropriated it to his own use. Yet he a.s.si.sted M"^ Mance in MUf Je.-iime Mance. TOO Ihitish Medical Ai^sociatiou. l)rin^iii^ back lo Canada "a conipaiiN- of Ihc most virtuous i;irls she could find." In 1695, it is recorded that two sury;eons attended and divided l)et\veen them the modest sum of fifteen iloHars a \ear. In 1721, the hospital was burned, and aj;ain in 17.^4. When Montreal passed under British control, in 1760. (k'ueral Amherst wrote "Amherst j^rateful to the Sisters for their care of the wounded luiglish soldiers, seiuls them a CG'iple of hundred half-dollars, and two dozens IU)TKI.-l)lia', M(>NTKl;.\I,. Madeira." He accompanied the v;ift by assurances of ret^ard and promi.ses of ])rotection. In iS^i), the preseu'. pile of buildiui^s was erect- ed on Pine avenue, in what was then an open field. At the same time the vSt. Patrick's Hospital was incorporated Mito the Hotel- Dieu. The Hotel-Dieu contains 275 beds, and is there- fore one of the larj;est I'.ospitals in America. The nursing is done entirely by the ladies of the order. The revenues are derived chiefiy from investments and very little from private charity. The surgeon- in-chief, Sir William Hales Hingston. has been associated with the hospital for thirty-seven years, Souvenir of Montreal, iSqj. ioi and has done much of tlie pioneer work of Amer- ican surgery. The staff is composed chiefly of the professors in Laval University, and tlie house surgeons are named by the connnunity. The otlier members of the staff are Drs. Angus C. Macdonald, J. A. S. Hrunelle, L. I). Mignault, L. A. Demers, L. M. I-ortier, H. Merrill, A. Hudon. \\. J. C. Kennedy^ Dube, and Asselin. Tmc Gi:nekai, Hosimtal. The General Hospital has, for many years, been perhaps the most popular of Montreal's numerous charities. In the first animal report, it is .stated that the increa.se of population and the great influx of emi- grants from the United Kingdom, rendered the H6tel-I)ieu inadequate for the care of the indigent sick, and further it was desirable to acconnnodate patients sulTering from contagious di.seases. In 1819 a hou.se was hired as a temporary build- ing, and in 1S20 the site on wh^ch the old' part of the Ho.spital now .stands was purchased. This lot, then " in the suburbs, was chosen for its proximity • to the town and the .salubrity of the .situation." The corner-stone of the building was laid with Ma.sonic ceremonies on the 6th of June, 1S21, and the building was opened for the reception of patients on the ist of May, 1822, the cost of the erection ^eing /4,556 currency. This building, which is now represented by the entrance hall and rooms above, was designetl to accommodate .seventy-two patients. The sub.sequent history consists chi«-llv in the addition of block after block of buildings to the I02 British Medical Association. original small stone central edifice, each addition being named after a generous donor or honoured citizen. On the death of the Hon. John Richardson, the first president, it was resolved to perpetuate his name and connection with the Hospital by the addition of a wing to be named after 'lir.i. A generous re.spon.se was made by the public, and in I.S32 the building attached to the east end of the original structure was opened for the reception of patients. In 184S the widow of Chief Ju.stice Reid signi- fied her intention of adding a wing correspond- ing with the first, to Ije named after her decea.sed hu.sband. Special provision was made for the treatment of children by the erection of the Morland wing, in rear of the Reid wing. This building was added in memory of Mr. Thomas Morland, an active member of the Committee of Management, and was opened in 1874. It contained rooms after- wards utilized for outdoor patients, private wards, and accommodation for .servants, which was subse- quently transformed to a female ward. In accordance with the views of the founders of the Hospital, accommodation was long provided for patients suffering from infectious fevers. Ca.ses of smallpox, typhus, scarlatina, diphtheria and measles, were for years accommodated in the central building or its wings. During the great epidemics of typhus or as it was better known ship fever, brought to the country chiefly by Irish emigrants, the Ho.spital capacity was taxed to its utmost, and temporary .sheds had to be erected for the accommodation of the sufferers. In the years 1831-32, 1832-33 and 1847-48, 5631 patients were admitted of whom 3458 Souvenir of Montreal, rSgj. 103 suffered from fever. Dr. Howard, in hi.s report, slates that over half the fever patients were case.s of typhus. vSniallpox again, which in former years was very prevalent in Montreal, was treated in special wards of the Hospital Owing to the disease spreading to other patients a brick building, now used as a kitchen and laundry, was constructed in the rear of MONTREAL GENERAL HOSPITAL. the Richardson wing. Half the cost of this struc- ture was generously donated by Mr. Wni. Molson ; the building was used for infectious cases up to 1894. -^t that time, after many applications and nuicli pressure from the governors, the city under- took to subscribe $6,000 annually to the Hospital to defray the expense of providing for infectious disease. Two houses were utilised for a year in the neighbourhood, and the department was then I04 British Medical Associatio)i. moved to the Civic Hospital, on Moreau street. Halt this Imilding is controlled by the (ieneral Hospital and is supported financially by the city. The Hospital, as it now stands, has been com- pletely metamorphosed durinj^ the past few years. Two surj^icui pavilions and a large operating theatre were opened for use in December, .892. Mr. George vStephen, now Lord Mount Stephen, one of the generous donors of the Royal A''ictoria Hospital, contributed $50,000 in memory of the late Dr. G. W, Campbell, formerly dean of McGill Medical Faculty, and a bequest from Mr. David Greenshields of $40,000 was also utili.sed in adding these wings. From that time accommodation for surgical cases has been excellent. The old part of the Hospital was however in a very unsatisfactory state. The wards were small and the building antiquated. Lack of funds onl}- had long prevented a radical change being made in this block. The present president, Mr. F. Wolferstan Thomas, set him.self the task of collecting funds to renovate this part of the building and to render it in keeping with the surgical side. As the outcome of his untiring work in aid of the Hospital $100,000 was collected. The interior of the old building was pulled down and it \'as skillfully remodelled, under the direction of Mr. A. T. Taylor, for the accommodation of medical, gynaecological and ophthalmic patients, the old operating room being retained as a medical lecture, and gyucecological operating theatre. The Ho.spital is thus now divided into a medical and surgical side. The old building contains two male and two female medical wards ; the cubic capacity of the former is 31,416 cubic feet, and they are each provided with eighteen beds. The female wards are smaller, their cubic capacity being 20, 100 Souvenir of Montreal, iSgj. 105 cubic feet, and each accommodates twelve patients. In addition there are gyniecological, male and female eye wards, and a clinical laboratory. Private wards are provided in both medical and surgical departments, the meals being provided from a special diet kitchen, which is also used to instruct the nurses in preparing invalids' dishes. The two surgical pavilions each contain two wards. Three of these are utilised for surgical cases, and the fourth has beei. converted to a children's ward Each ward is v^esigned to hold twen^^y-fonr adult patients, and the cubic capacity of eacii i^ 1H.600 cubic feet The operating room is large and ca- pable of accommodating three hundred students. The pathological department contains labora- tories and a small lecture theatre. It has proved of much value in the scientific work of the Hospital. The building is lighted throughout with elec- tricity, and the various parts connected by a system of telephones. The direction of the Hospital is under a Board of Governors, numbering almost 500, who are quali- fied by a donation of $100 and an annual fee of $12. A Committee of Management, including a repre- sentative of the Medical Board, is chosen annually from the governors, and they carefully supervise and direct the management of the institution. The attending staff constitute a Medical Board, to whom are referred various professional questions in connection with the Hospital. It is composed of four physicians and four surgeons, each of whom serves for a period of six months each year. The general out-patient department is controlled by three physicians and three surgeons, each of whom attends twice weekly throughout the year. In addition there are specialists and assistant special- lo6 British Medical Association. ists for the eye and ear, gyiuecologN-, and nose and throat. The apjwintments to the attendinj^ staff are vested in the governors ; akhough nominally holding office for a year only and snbject to annnal election, changes are only made when vacancies occur through death or resignation. The medical superintendent is appointed by the Committee of Man' j;;ement, and is responsible to it for the internal management of the Hospital, and hj alone has the right of admitting patients. The resident medical officers are apjiointed annually by the Committee, on the recommendation of the Medical Board ; they are seven in number, an-'' acl: under the direction of the attending staff. It was evidently the intention of the founders of the Hospital to provide for proper nursing so far as was possible, before the advent of Florence Night- ingale. We read in the first annual report, among other rules, that the nurse, on admission of a patient, ".shall immediately wash his or her face and hands, neck and arms, feet and legs, with tepid water ; she .shall give him or her (if he or she have none) an hospital shirt and night-cap." Again they are instructed to keep themselves cleaii and de- cently clothed, and to be diligent in complying with the orders of the medical officers, surgeon and mat- ron. Surely we have here inculcated two important duties of the modern nurse, cleanline.ss and obedience. In former years attempts were made to establish a satisfactory system of nurses. Women trained in England were brought out to act in this capacity. For one rea.son or another this arrangement proved un.satis factory, and it was only in 1890 that the present nursing school was established. It is under the control of the lady superintendent, and has been very successfully conducted. Souvenir of Montreal, iSgy. 107 I^cich mirse enters the Hospital for a i)eri()(l of training extendinjj^, after a month's prol)ation, over tliree years. The r.struction is mainly of '' practical nature, together wit' a few lectures from the attending staff, and class work by the lady superintendent. After leaving the Hospital, mos» of the members engage in private nursing, and theii services are mucn ap])reciated by the general pul)lic. A Jubilee Nursing Home, on the Hospital grounds, is now being erected. It is hcped that :i few graduate nurses may l)e retained by the Hos- pital to engpge in district nursing, and look after the poor in tiieir own homes. The number of patients treated in the wards last year was 2,716, the daily average being 1,695. In <"he out-patients department, there were 44,658 consultations. The finances of the Hospital, with the exception of a small Government grant, are almost entirely provided by subscriptions or bequests from citizens. Where so many are concerned, it is impossible to here recognize the remarkable generosity of the numerous donors. It is enough to say that both rich and poor contribute, as their income permits, toward the charity. The annual expenditure is now in the neigh- bourhood of seventy thou.sand dollars, and although the income usually falls a little short, yet the gov- ernors feel that the support of a generous public is always behind them, and that an appeal in aid of the funds will always be cordially responded to. The following are the medical officeis : — Consulting staff : Robert Craik, M.D. ; D. C. MacCallum, M.D.; William Wright, M.D.; Thomas Simpson, M.D. ; J. C. Cameron, M.D., M.R.C.P.I.; G. P. Girdwood, M.D., M.R.C.S. Eng. ; T. G. io8 British Medical Association. Roddick. MI).; William (kirdncr, M.I).; Frank Buller. M.I). ; James Ik-11, M.I). ; (^co. Wilkins, M.I)., M.R.C.S. EiiR. Phy.sician.s : Wm. A. Molson. M.I).. M.R.C.vS. Knj,^ : F. (;. Finky, M.I). : A. I). Hkickadcr. H.A., M.I)., M.R.C.vS. Ivnjr. ; \\. A. Lalkiir, M.I). vSciro^eons : I". J. vShepherd, .\I.I).. M.R.C.vS. Ivii^. ; CiC'orj^e Iv. Arm.str()nS6,ocx3 the adjoining plot of land up to University street. It is on the latter site that the building of the Hospi- tal .stands. The la d granted by the city, which is twenty-five acres in extent, is ta.sttfully laid out, and adds much to the beauty and usefulness of the Hospital. At first it was considered by many that the site of the Hospital was so far removed from the city that it would be inconvenient and undesirable. Experience has, however, shown that the site was well and wi.sely chosen. The situation is un- equalled, and cannot but be of great benefit in ever\' way to the sick. Standing as it does, i.solated. and on the brow of the Mountain, facing the south, there is abundance of light and air. The Hospital was incorporated in 1890 by an act of Parliament, for the reception and treatment of sick and injured persons, of all races and creeds, without distinction. The act provides that the governing board shall consist of fifteen ])ersons, seven of whom are to hold office in virtue of their official position and the remaining eight to be selected by the whole board. The ex-officio governors are the Mayor of Mont- real, the president of the Board of Trade, the presi- dent of the Canadian Pacific Railway, the general manager of the Bank of Montreal, the chief officer resident in Montreal of the Grand Trunk Railway, i lo firilish Medical Asson'alion. the principal of McCiill University, and the dean of the F'acnlty of Medicine of McCiill University. The selected j^overnors at present are Messrs. Roi)ert B. Angus, Iv. vS. Clouston, Alexander Pat- terson, Thomas Davidson, Hon. Geo. A. Drunnnond, James Ross, Robert G. Reid. Mr. Robert H. Angus is president of the Hos- pital. The act of incorporation gives the governors ]>o\ver to establish convalescent cottages at HanlT, Alberta, and at Caledonia vSprings, in Ontario. ThK rS1'ITAI,. MONTREAL, twenty-three feet six inches in width. The ceiling is fourteen feet in height. The towers, which add so much to the beauty of the exterior of the wings, have been utilized by the architect for the clo.sets and ward baths. Between the latter and the wards there is a system of cross ventilation. Off the corridors leading to each of the large wards there is a ward kitchen ; a small dining-room for patients able to move around -, also a room for the head nurse, and a room for the separation of patients who are .seriously ill. 2. In the fourth story of the medical wing 1' "re are eight private and isolation wards. The latter 8 114 British Medical Association. are so arrant^ecl that the nurse in charge can have no need of communication with either the private or public wards. 3. The Medical Amphitheatre. — This large room is situated on the ground floor, and is on the same level as the lowest of the three public wards. It is seated to comfortabh' accommodate 250 .students. The area is large and well adapted for the demon- stration of ca.ses. Among the articles of furniture are a large iron screen for hanging diagrams, which has been found very useful ; a i^^volving iron stool for the demonstration of chest diseases. A projec- tion apparatus, made by Schmidt and Hoen.sch, has been found to be very useful in the clinical demon- stration of disease. 4. Clinical Laboratory. — Two rooms adjoining the theatre are devoted to laboratory purposes. One, a small one, where the clinical clerks carry out their chemical and microscopical examinations. . There is a large room for laboratory purposes, where the resident medical staff and special workers carry out their work. It was fitted out after care- fully con.sidered plans by Dr. Ruttan. The chem- ical outfit, besides the usual reagents for quanti- tative and qualitative estimation of the products of secretion and excretion, contains an improved Sartorius balance, a polariscope (Schmidt and Haen.sch's improved for sugar), various forms of gas generating appliances, Kyeldahl's apparatus for the estimation of nitrogen, a Westphal balance, an electric centrifugal machine. A room adjoining the large clinical laboratory is utilized for the keeping of various models, instru- ments and appliances used in the diagnosis and treatment of di.sease, of which only a few of the more important can be mentioned. There is a very Souvenir of Montreal, iSgy. 115 complete set of vSte^^er's plaster preparations repre- senting the anatomy of the brain, chest, abdomen and extremities. The set includes in all upwards of thirty different casts. They have been found of great value in the clinical demonstrations. There are also several beautiful wax models of different parts of the central nervous sy.stem, made by Tra- mond, of Paris. There is a very complete set of micro.scopes and blood examination appliances. The electrical out- fit, which consists of static, faradic and galvanic machines, was made by Gaiffe, of Paris. No reasonable expense has been spared to fur- nish tlie medical side with the most improved mod- ern appliances for the diagnosis and treatment of disease. The Surgical Pavilion is 320 long, and has accommodation, including general .^urgery, opthal- malogy and gyucecology, for 150 patients. It comprises, first, three large wards, 123 feet by 26)2 feet, each capable of accommodating thirty- two patients ; one ward for twelve patients ; one for eight patients ; one for six patients ; and one for fourteen children. There are in addition four isolation rooms and a few for private patients. Each large ward has adjoining it a bath room and lavatory, a ward kitchen, a dining room for conval- escents. The same system of ventilation is carried out as in the medical department. The Operating Theatre is situated at the rear and is capable of accommodating 300 students ; there is an anaesthetic room, 26 by \o]A feet ; an in.strument room, a room for the preparation and storing of dressings, a room for sterilizing instru- ments and dressings, an after- recovery room, and a surgeon's private room. The theatre is lighted ir6 British Medical Association. from the roof and by a large window, extending from floor to ceiling. The floor is laid with granu- loid and so graded that it can be flushed with facility. Altogether no expense has been spared to make it meet the most urgent requirements of modern surgery. The Pathological Institute may be said to consist of a mortuary and a post-mortem theatre with its accompaniments, to comply to the fullest with the demands of modern pathology. The building is eighty-five feet long and forty feet broad ; it is connected with the end of the med- ical wing by a narrow portion, 12 x 27 feet, which, upon the first floor, forms the private laboratory of the director, and upon the .second is utilised in part as the connecting passage way, on a level with and leading into the main floor of the Hospital. By this passage there is direct communication with both the medical and surgical wards, so that without passing outside the building, or carrying up and down stairs, cadavers can be brought to the elevator in the pathological department and lowered there to the mortuary. There is also an entrance to the laboratory on the ground floor, on the inner side of the building, which also leads to the passage, beneath the medical theatre, and on the outer side there is a doorway sufficiently large to permit hearses to be backed in out of public observation. Close to the entrance hall is the mortuary proper, a room, 16 x 18 feet, with cement floor and refrig- erating apparatus. The latter consists of a series of deep cupboards, between the walls of which percolates the water draining from an ice chamber above, each cupboard being provided with a sliding tray to receive a body. Souvenir of Montreal, i8gj. 1 1 7 The semi-circular end of this floor forms a room of seventeen feet radius, used as a waiting room for the friends of the deceased, or for services whenever a funeral takes place directls' from the Hospital. The other half of the ground floor is divided into four rooms, one of which is devoted to experi- mental research. It contains a water meter for running recording instruments and a centrifugal- izer. A second room is a workshop and prepara- tion room, and contains apparatus for glass-blowing for the sterilization and preparation of bacteriologi- cal media, and cupboards for storing the same, and a work bench for putting up simple pieces of apparatus. The first floor is speciallj- devoted to post-mor- tem work and morbid histology. Occup5'ing the further end of the building is the post-mortem room, which thus secures ample light, there being a large skylight immediately above the operating table, and a large v;indow at either side, and all around, above the amphitheatre, a series of smaller windows. There is ample floor space for the per- formance of autopsi(;s, while the theatre proper is made peculiarly stee]) so that the students can look directly down upon the post-mortem table at as acute an angle as is compatible with comfort. Students and spectators enter the theatre from the second floor, and are separated from the pathologist and his assistants. It is unnecessary to describe the table, and the various arrangements for the examinations of tissues, flUvShing and drainage. From the pit of the theatre a door leads into the preparation room, which is supplied with the necessary apparatus for cutting, mounting and ex- amining the material obtained at the autopsy, in both fresh and hardened condition. Ii8 British Medical Association. A certain number of students, at each post- mortem, cut and examine the removed tissues, and thus, besides completing the anatomical diagnosis of the case, gain practical instruction in the methods of morbid liistology. Opening into and adjoining the preparation room is a large chamber, well lighted on two sides, whose internal measurements are thirty-five by twenty-eight feet. Tables are placed beneath the windows of either side for the purpose of micro- scopic demonstration. From the further end of this room, a door leads to the private room and laboratory of the director of the institute. Upon the second floor are the laboratories for bacteriology and pathological chemistry, and also the photographic room. Apart from the post- mortem theatre and large histology room, the institute is es.sentially for research and post-grad- uate work. , . A training school for nurses is attached to the Hospital. It is under the superintendence of Miss Annie Murray. The nursing staff consists of a night superintendent, seven head nurses, thirty-one pupil nurses, seven probationers, making a total of forty-six. . , The Medical Board of the Royal Victoria Hos- pital is : Robert Craik, M.D., consulting physician ; Thomas G. Roddick, M.D., consulting surgeon; James vSte wart, M.D., physician; W. F. Hamilton, M.D., assistant physician; C. F. Martin, M.D., assistant physician; James Bell, M.D., surgeon; A. E. Garrow, M.D., assistant surgeon ; Wm. Gardner, gynjecologist ; J. C. Webster, assistant gynaecologist ; Frank Buller, ophthalmologist and otologist ; J. G. Adami, pathologist. Souvenir of Montreal, iSgy. 119 There are in all ten resident medical officers : four each on the medical and surgical side, and one each in gyuitcology and ophthalmology. The superintendent of the Hospital is Mr. J. J. Robson. %i J- s. Thk Notrk-Damk Hospital. This in.stitution is situated on Notre- Dame street, near the eastern Canadian Pacific Railway station, in a populous commercial and manufactur- ing centre, and in close proxinniy to the harbour. It was founded in 1880. The branch of the Laval Medical Faculty, established in Montreal in 1877, had no hospital, its professors and students being excluded from the Hotel-Dieu, on account of the difficulties that had p risen between the Faculty and the Montreal School of Medicine and Surgery, the latter holding the Hotel-Dieu. Knowing that a hospital was greatly needed in the commercial and manufacturing part of the city, and would afford abundant clinical material, the professors undertook to found Notre- Dame Hospital. Dr. E. P. Lachapelle, taking the lead, obtained the co-operation of the Rev. Victor Rousselot, of the Seminary of St. Sulpice, who assumed half the financial responsibility of the enterprise, the pro- fessors taking the other half. The co-operation of the Rev. Sisters of Charity (Grey Nuns) was next obtained to care for the sick and see to the internal economy of the Hospital. The old Donegana Hotel was rented, and the contracts for repairing, renovating and furnishing the building granted ; and on the ist of July, 1880, the Ho.spital, with fifty beds, was inaugurated. In 1 88 1 it was incorporated, the corporation being under the direction of a Medical Board, a Board of I20 British Medical Association. Governors and a Board of Management. Later on the Hospital became possessor of the Donegana Hotel and the adjoining estates on each side, and gradually comjileted the important repairs and renovations requisite to adapt thost buildings to the needs of the institution. Its presidents were successively: Hon. L. J. For- get, Hon. J. R. Thibaudeau and Mr. C. P. Hebert. The first superiiitendent and adviser of the Hos- pital was Dr. E. P. Lachapelle, who has filled the position ev^er since. The citi/.ens of Montreal and the public gener- ally have always contributed liberally to the main- tenance of the institution. The ladies of Montreal, fully interested in the good work to be done, founded an association — The Lady Patronesses of Notre- Dame Hospital — to co-operate more effec- tively with the directors. The Ho.spital to-day contains 125 beds, the greater number of which, 100, are devoted to the poor and unfortunate sick of all races and creeds. Besides the wards there is an outdoor depart- ment, comprising dispensaries for general medicine, surgery, eye, nose, throat and ear diseases, diseases of women, diseases of the skin, diseases of children and nervous diseases. In the Hospital proper, there are men's and women's wards for surgery, medicine, ophthalmo- logy and gynsecology. There is a pathological laboratory in the hospital. An ambulance service does activ^e work, succoring the sick and injuied, and providing the Hospital with abundant clinical cases. The whole of this varied and practical clini- cal material is classified and utilised b}^ the Faculty for the graded and thorough instruction of its students. Souvc7iir of Montreal , iSqj. 121 The maintenance and success of the Hospital depend upon annual public subscriptions, bequests, and charity fairs. So far, the Hospital has no endowments, but subsists on the above mentioned revenues furnished by the ever generous public of the city and elsewhere. Wkstkrn Hosphwl. This ho.spital was brought into existence in iSjr, the year in which the Medical Faculty of Bishops College was established. For some time previously the want of a hospital in the West Ivnd had been felt and spoken of, but further than this no action was taken. When Bishops Medical Faculty was in its inception, it was feared they might not get full facilities for their students in the existing ho.spitals. Circumstances which occured seemed to indicate that this would V)e reali.sed. As a result a friend of Bishops College, Major Mills, offered to give $12,000 to build a western hospital. This donation was put in writing by Dr. Wilkins, then in Bishops, and sig ■ ed by Major Mills, and an active can- vass commenced. In a short time $30,000 was sub- scribed, the present site purchased, and on the 29th June, 1876, the founda- tion stone of the i :i f ¥. 11! i •J' ■ , , - . .,-,^.., Ui-.MKRN HOSriTAI., MONTKIOA!.. 122 British Medical Association. present building was laid with appropriate cere- mony. It is not required to notice the vicissitudes, which the buildinj; met with, beyond statinj; that for several years it remained unfinished. When at last completed, the We.stern Hosj)ital Corporation was not in position to commence hospital work. It was leased, in 1SS4, by the Woman's Hospital, the charter of which is owned by the Medical Faculty of Bishops and opened for hospital work, there beins two departments — a Oyna'cological and a Maternity. A most successful work was done by this hospital when, in 1.S95, the marked growth of the city westward .seemed to indicate that the time had arrived for piUting the building to its original purpo.se, that of a general hospital. The lea.se with the Women's Hospital was therefore cancelled by mutual consent, and \v the fall of 1895, the We.stern Hospital, as a general hospital, began its active work. The ground owned by the Hospital Corporation is nearly three acres in extent, and is bounded by four .streets, one being an avenue of over one hundred feet wide. This avenue leads directly to many of the large manufactories in the West End, and they furnish the Hospital with a large amount of its surgical work ; in fact the Western Hospital promi.ses to become one of the most important .surgical hospitals of the city. Already there is a demand for additional accommo- dation, and it is pretty well understood that in the near future an additional wnng will be erected, which will give a capacity of one hundred beds. The present capacity of the in.stitution is about forty beds. The annual cost per patient is le.ss than that of any other hospital in Montreal ; the annual ex- penditure is about seven thousand dollars. The staff of physicians and surgeons is largely recruited I Sonvoiir of Montreal, iS(^y. \ 23 from Hishops College Medical Faculty. Two of the staff are however connected with McC.ill University. TlIK PkoTEvSTANT HoSI'ITAI. kor thk In.s.vnk. The Protestant Hospital for the Insme is located on the Lower Lachiiie Road, ahont two and a half miles fnmi the westerly termination ol the Welling- ton street electric railway. The Monntain, shrouded in green, is seen in the background ; in front stretches tne St. Law- rence with its timbered islands, and almost at the doorway are the dancing Lachine Rapids with their musical roar. ' The institution, situated on a farm of no acres, was erected, mainly by private subscription, at a cost of some S.loo,ooo, and consists of a central building, annex and infirmary. These structures, built chiefly of stone, are lighted by electricity, and afford ample accommodation for both private and public patients. The capacity of the whole insti- tution is 400, the present number of patients being 290. This hospital is incorporated by special act, a permanent provision of which is that all revenues, derived from endowments, paying patients, and other sources, must be expended in the mainte- nance of the buildings and the inmates. The im- mediate management of the corporation is invested in a Board of Management. The medical officers of the institution are : Medical superintendent, T. J. \V. Burgess, M.B., F.R.S.C. ; assistant superintendent, G. H. Man- chester, M.D. ; consulting surgeon, G. K. Arm- vStrong, M.D. ; consulting physician, F. G. F'inley, 124 /irilish Afrdica/ Association. M.D. ; Ryiiacolo.t^ist. F. A. L. Lockl)art, M.B., lulin. ; patli()l(),i;ist, Andrew Macphail, H.A., M.D., M.R.C.vS., I'lij;. ¥ ThK MoXTKI'AI, I)ISI'KXS.\KV. The Montreal Di.spensary, 145 St. Antoine .street (near Windsor), is; one of the city'.s olde.st charities, and is dependent chiefly upon the {gener- osity of the citi/.ens for support. It affords outdoor relief to the sick poor of Montreal, reji^ardle.ss of nationality or religion, and is advantageously situ- ated therefor. While its natural district is "the city below the hill," where the poor abound, yet it has ever been i)opular in all parts of Montreal and its environs. All patients who can, must come to tl:e clinics, but needy ca.ses are visited at home by the staff, the institution having no beds. La.st year 19,800 applications for relief received atten- tion. To meet increasing recjuirements, in 1896 the building was enlarged and renovated, so that, in addition to a spacious waiting room and apothe- cary shop, there are seven well-equipped rooms for the physician.s' use. The attending staff is com]>osed of : General phy.sicians, Doctors J. H. B. Allan, E. H. Black- ader, A. K. Vipond, H. Tatley, A. E. Orr, J. V. Anglin, H. B. Carmichael, A. W\ Haldimand, G. A. Brown ; oculi.st and auri.st, Dr. J. W. Stir- ling ; gynaecologist, Dr. A. Lapthorn Smith ; la- ryngologist, Dr. H. D. Hamilton ; dermatologist, Dr. J. M. Jack; dentist, J. G. Gardner, D.D.S. ; apothecary, J. E. H. Quipp, L.P. A consulting staff, made up of those who. in times past, have served as attending physicians, includes many of the prominent medical men in the city. Souz'fHif Of Montreal, rSgj. '25 Tmc MoNTKKAi, Sick livitv Hosimtai, and XlKSKXV. The Montreal Sick Haby H()sj)ital and Nursery is on Ar^yle avenue. It is a useful charity, atul the nucleus of what promises to be an extensive hospital for the treitnient of infantile diseases, and for the study of the numerous problems which are bound up with the care of the younjj^. The attend- ing stalT is composed of Doctors Hlackader, Cam- eron, Reddy, K. Cameron, lu'ans, Martin, Mac- phail, Johnston and McKenzie. Dr. Ward is superintendent. POST OKKICE, MONTREAL. THE MONTREAL MEDICO-CHIRURGICAL SOCIETY. On Saturday, September 23, 1S43, nineteen inedical men met at the house of Dr. Jame.s Craw- ford, on Little St. Jame.s street, and re.solved to found a .society " for the purpose of communicating together on subjects connected with their profes- sion." The founders were : A. F. Hohnes, O. F. Bruneau, J. B. C. Tre.stler, Arch'd Hali, Hy. Mount. \Vm. McNider, J. G. iiibaud, Jas. Crawford, Geo. \V. Campbell, C. S. Sewell, \Vm. Sutherland, Francis Badgley, Arthur Fisher, David D. Logan, Wni. Fra.ser, C. A. Campbell, M. McCuUoch, F. C. T. Arnoldi. Pe-ier Munro. Only one of the.se, Dr. Arthur Fisher, of this city, is still living. '" " -i ' ^ The name cho.sen for 'he .society was "The Medico-Chirurgical Society of Montreal," and at a meeting held *he following week, a code of by-laws was adopted P'^^viding for the holding of fortnightly meetings fr-^ *he first of October until the first of May, and fo^ .nonthly meetings during the rest of the year. The officers consisted of a secretary-treasurer — Dr. Francis Badgley ♦^or the first year — and a com- mittee of management of three, elected annually. Souvenir of Montreal, rSgj. 127 The members, in the order in which their names appeared on the roll, presided at the meetings and the president for the evening was also expected to provide the principal part of the programme. Dr. A. P\ Holmes presided at the first meetin.g held on October 14, 1S43, and read a paper " On two cases of pariplegia," exhibiting the diseased portions of the vertebral column from one of his cases. At a meeting two weeks later, Dr. W'm. Fraser distributed vaccine virus "which had been recently taken from a cow by himself," and on December 9th of the .same year Dr. Henry Mount reported upon an epidemic of Cynanche maligna (diphtheria) then raging at Coteau du Lac. On February 17, i-o ^-..ili-'^liCf MEDICO-LEGAL MATTERS. ' I.RGAL STATUS 01' THK MKDICAI. PROFE.SSION. A clause of the British North America Act, dealing with provincial, as distinguished from Fed- eral powers, gives to the various provinces sole jurisdiction over educational matters, medical as well as non-professional. In each case, the prcjvinces have passed enact- ments governing the entrance to the profession of medicine, in some cases defining the standard re- quired for the entrance to the study, as well as the requirements for the licence, but thee has gradu- allj' been evolved a desire to find a mode whereby this provincialism can be overcome. * It is found in many instances to work detriment- ally to the best interests of the profession, l)ut it is a difficult task to secure such legislation as will meet the wishes and the demands, of so widely divergent lands as now compose the Dominion of Canada, and to induce the various provinces to part with this autonomy. Many are not without hope that success will come, but before it transpires, local jealousies, and aspirations will have to disappear, and there will have to be gradually brought about a distinct un- derstanding as t J * e requirements of entrance, and Souvenir of Montreal, iSpy. '3> the course of study necessary for the licence. The Canadian Medical Association has done, and is doing much in this direction. ; Ontario. . In Ontario the College of Physicians and Sur- geons consi.sts of ten members, chosen from the various universities and colleges in the Province — one from each — seventeen members elected from the sevente^ i divisions into which the Pro\ ince was divided by the Act of 1S93, for the purpose of their election, and five members elected by the homoeo- pathic practitioners of the Province. The seventeen territorial representatives are elected now every four years, by thr resident practitioners of each such division, and the candidate must not only reside ill the division for which he is elected, but must continue to live there during the term he represents such division. No teacher, professor or lecturer in the Medical Faculty of any of the colleges sending its collegiate representative to the Council can be a territorial representative. The members of the Council receive such allow- ances for attendance and travelling expenses as may be granted them from time to time by by-law of the Council. The Council fixes by by-law the requirements for the preliminary examination, the curriculum of studies necessary for the examination for the licence, but graduates in Arts, in any uuiversit>- in Her Majesty's dominions, are exempted from the matriculation examination. The Board of Examiners is elected annuall>-, and consists of one member from each of the teach- ing bodies in the Province, and not less than six 1^2 British Medical Association. mem1)ers to be chosen from registered practitioners of the Province, unconnected with the teaching bodies. The examinations for the licence must be held at least once a year at Toronto or Kingston. The yearly fee payable to the College from each member is two dollars. Up to 1895, each division of the Province had its association, and this association had the right of fixing its own fees, which tariff became law when it was submitted to the Council and ratified by them, and received the signature of the president, but the Legislature repealed this clause in the Ses- sion of 1895, and now no medical tariff of fees exists legally in the Province, but each case in court will depend largely on the discretion of the presiding judge. The Council may admit in its discretion any duly registered practitioner of Great Britain to registration in Ontario upon such terms as may seem expedient. * No per.son other than a registered practitioner of the Proi'ince can practi.se in Ontario, and the usual penalties are exacted when a conviction is obtained. A practitioner's name may be era.sed from the Register, by order of the Council, if he is found guilty of a felony or misdemeanor, or if he is guilty of infamous or disgraceful conduct in a professional respect, but he has the right of appearing before the Committee to defend him.self, and he may be representeu by counsel, and he may subsequently appeal to the Division of the High Court, if the decision of Committee is against him. Souvenir of Montreal, iS(^j. 133 Ql'KBKC. ' The College of Physicians and Surgeons is the corporate name of all the registered practitioners of the Province, each one of whom is styled a member. It has two places of business — Montreal and Quebec. Its affairs are conducted by a board of gov- ernors, forty iu number, elected for three years : fifteen from the district of Quebec, nineteen from the district of Montreal, three from the district of Three Rivers, and three from the district of St. Francis. Of these forty, ten are to be collegiate members: two from Laval University, at Quebec, two from Laval University, at Montreal, two from McGill Universit}', two from Bishops College. This board of governors of the College is known as the Provincial Medical Board, and meets twice a year to perform its functions. This board has the power to regulate the study of medicine, by making rules regarding the prelimin- ar)- qualifications, duration of .study, and curriculum. It appoints c. ery third year four persons ac- tually engaged in education in the Province as Matriculation Examiners, and persons desiring the licence must qualify before these examiners before entering upon their professional studies. By an amendment passed in 1890, holders of a degree of B.A., B.S.C., or B.L., conferred by any Canadian or British university, are exempt from passing the preliminary examination. As regards the profe.s.sional requirements for the licence, holders of a degree in medicine from Laval University, McGill University, Bi.shops College, and the Montreal School of Medicine, are entitled to the licence by virtue of such degrees, without 134 British Medical Association. examination. The same privilejj^e is granted to reji;istered practitioners of Great Britain, under the Imperial Medical Act of i.S,S6, Other than the graduates so mentioned, all candidates for the licence, must pass an examination before the Board. The Provincial Medical Board also has power to fix the tariff of fees for profe.s.sional .services, and such tariff nui.st have the approval of the Lieuten- ant-Governor in Council, and be published in the (Official Gazette six months before it l)ecomes law. The fee payable by members to the College is two dollars per annum. No person may practi.se the profession of medi- cine in the Province who is not a member of the College, and he is liable to fine, and even imprisonment, for repeated offence. If guilty of felony, his name i.«» removed from the Regi.ster, and cannot again be regi.stered. New Brunswick. The Medical Act of this province, pa.ssed in i88r, constitutes all registered practitioners as " The New Brunswick Medical Society." The Medical Council is composed of four mem- bers appointed by the government of the day, and five members appointed by the New Brunswick Medical Society. This body of nine members is called ' ' The Council of Physicians and Surgeons of New Brunswick." Students desirous of entering upon the study of medicine must pass the matriculation examination beforehand, but matriculants in Arts in Great Brit- ain, Canada, and the United States, are exempt from such examination. The Council may admit to registration, upon being satisfied that the candidate is a matriculant — L _ Souvenir of Montreal. /Sqj. 135 that he has studied at a recognized scliool for four years — that he is the holder of a medical degree from a recognized school after due examination, or, if not a holder of a diploma, that he has passed the examination laid down by the Council. The Council also has power to admit to the Reg- ister, under a recii)rocal clause, any registered prac- titioner from a province where the standard for registration is satisfactory to the Council, provided that the same privilege is accorded to registered practitioners from New Brunswick. The registrar is obliged, under the act, to pub- lish before the ist of May in each year, in the Royal Gazette of the Province, a list of registered practi- tioners of the Province, as it existed on the ist of January of such year. The presence of such name on the Register is prima facie evidence in all courts that such person is entitled to practise, and the absence of such name is />r/;;/a /a«V evidence as against registration, and hence it comes that by this simple provision all fees owing to the Council for yearly membership are promptly paid by the ist of January in each year. It is an object lesson to certain other provinces where the non-payment of paltry annual dues is a serious hindrance to the work and standing of the College. The usual penalties exist for practising without being registered. Nova Scotia. The Provincial Medical Board consists of thir- teen registered practitioners of at least seven years standing, seven appointed by the Government, and six by the Nova Scotia Medical Society. Students must pa.ss the preliminary examination 136 British Medical Association. rc(iuired by the Hoard before enterin^^ upon jirofes- sional studies, but matriculants of the Nova vScotia Barristers' Society are exempted from this ex- amination. The Hoard may admit to the Rej;ister an\' duly (jualified practitioner, who is able to satisfy them that he has comi)lied with a curriculum in all respects ecpial to their own standard. The same simple process e.xists here as in Xew Hrunswick, viz : — the reji^istrar is oblij^^ed to publish annually, in the Royal Ga-ctte of the Province, a full list of registered practitioners. This ga- zette is prima facie evidence of registration or otherwise, and is jniblished Ijefore the first of Au- gu.st, as it existed on thirtieth day of June. The penalty for practising m ithout registration is twenty dollars per diem. Regi.stration obtained by fraudulent representa- tion is punishable by a fine of one hundred dollars. Regi.stered practitioners convicted of felony in Court, or guilty of infamous profe.s.sional conduct, are liable to have their names summarily removed from the Regi.ster. Prince Edw.\rd Island. Regi.stered practitioners are incorporated by virtue of an act pa.s.sed, in 1892, into a .society known as ' ' The Medical Society of Prince Edward Island." • The Medical Council consists of seven members elected annually by the members of the Medical Society. Registered practitioners of Great Britain are entitled to Register upon payment of the fee. Graduates in medicine from any university or .school of medicine in Great Britain, Canada, or Souvenir of Montreal , iSgj. 137 from certain I'liited vStates medical schools, speci- fied in a separate schedule to the Act, who obtained their diploma prior to 1S80, are entitled to rei^istrn- tion upon payment of twenty dollars. Other than these above mentioned, all ])ersons desirous of registration must pass an examination before the Medical Council and must present proofs of having undergone the requisite amount of study usually required, and the Council may dispense with an examiuption in any case they see fit. Since 1H92, persons desi*-ous of registering must pa.ss Matriculation Examination equivalent to that required by the College of »Surgeons, London, or mu.st hold a fir.st-class teachers' certificate, or must obtain from the Council a certificate of having matriculated according to the schedule provided by the Act. Graduates in arts, or matriculants in arts, in any university in her Majesty's Dominions, are exempt from matriculation. There is a reciprocal clar'-e in the Act similar to that already quoted in other provinces, and amended in 1894. The annual fee payable to retain memljership in the Society and therefore to retain registration is five dollars. The Coinicil must provide for holding examina- tion for the licence every three months. The registrar must issue a correct register of licensed practitioners once in two years. The usual penalties exist for practising without a licence and for procuring fraudulent registration, and there is the .same liability to erasure from the Register in the event of a conviction for felony or for infamous unprofessional conduct. I3'S British Medical Association. Manitoba, The registered i>ractitioners of this province are incorporated under the title oi " The College of Phy- sicians and vSurgeons of Manitoba." The Council of Miis college consists of three niendjers chosen from the Manitoba Medical Ccll»\ge, two mend)ers from any medical college in the Province, afilliated with the University of Manitoba, three members from the licensed practitioners of W'iiniipeg, three mem1)ers from each of the districts of Selkirk and Marquette, one member from each of the districts of Provencher and Lisgar. The houKeopathists are also represented on the Council in the proportion of one to every fifteen registered hcm(eo])athists in the Province. The term of office is three years. The fee payable by members of the College to the Council is from two to five dollars, according to by-law. Graduates in Medicine by examination of the Univer>'ity of Mani- toba are entitled to registration, and a reciprocal clau.se exists whereby registered practitioners from other provinces may register if a similar privilege is granted Manitoba practitioners in the Province from whence such practitioners come. The University of Manitoba is the sole examin- ing l)ody in medicine in the Province, and the Council of the College elect annually seven of its members to represent it on the University Council. The regi.strar must publish a co '"'^t register from time to time under direction fr Council, and this register is prima facie e' .a all courts of registration or otherwise. The usual penalties exist for practising without registration or for fraudulent registration, and re- moval from the Register follows upon a conviction cnvcuir of Montreal, /Sgj, 13 of felony or for iiifainoiis unprofessional coiiduct, bui the person whose name is so erased has the rii;iit of appeal to any judji^e of the Court of Queen's llench. • HKITISH Coi.tMItlA. The Medical Council of Hritish Cohnnbia is the orj^ani/ed body ^overnin^ the profession, and it consists of seven niend)ers. elected every three years by the registered practitioners of the Province. All persons mentioned in Cha])ter 4.S of the Hritish Act, 49 and S(> ^'i^^. duly re>,nstered under the Medical Act on the 30th June, 1SS7, are entitled to re^i^istration l)y complyinj^^ with the by-laws, regulations, etc., and ]>ayment of the fee. All persons who j^roduce a diploma from any college or .school of medicine recpiiring a three years course, and who pa.ss n .satisfactory examination before dul>- appointt'd examiners, .^''e entitled to registration. The fee is fixed by by-law, and must not exceed one hundred dollars. The usual jK-nalties exist for practising without a licence, or for fraudulently procuring registration, and a i^roce.ss exi.sts for era.sing from the Regi.ster the name of a felon, or one who is guilty of gross infamous unprofes- vsional conduct. XORTHWKST TKRRITORIKS. The organization of the profession is the same as in Manitoba, but the Council consists of fi\e mendjers only, and they hold office for two years. Members are not entitled to vote for members of the Council nor are they eligible for election there- to unle.ss all their fees due to the College are paid. All pensons presenting a medical diploma from i any college in Great Britain or Ireland are entitled 140 British Medical Association. to registration. Licensed practitioners of the pro- vinces of Manitoba, Ontario, and Qnebec are also entitled to rej^istration. All persons who produce satisfactory evidence of a continuous four years' study in any recognized college or school of medi- cine, and who pass a satisfactory examination be- fore the Council or its accredited examiners, are entitled to registration. The fee for registration is fifty dollars. The fee for membership is one or two dollars, as deter- mined upon by by-law. The usual requirements exist for keeping and I)ublishing the Register, and the usual penalties exi.st for practising without a licei^ or for fraudu- lently procuring registration, anti a process is pro- vided fo. erasiiig from the Register the name of any one convicted of felony, or for gross infamous unprofessional conduct, with a right of appeal. R. W. P. LUIKT HorSi;. MONTRliAI,. BOARDS OF HEALTH. Ti'K Board of Hkalth ok the Pkovincb: or Qrp:i{EC. The Board of Health of the Province of Quebec was appointed in August, 1887, under the authority of an act passed in 1886, immediately after the severe epidemic of smallpox in Montreal. The good work of the Emergency Bor.'-d created in 1885, the success it obtained against the epidemic had proved to the Legislature how useful a permanent sanitary organization would be. This epidemic had, for the province of Quebec, the .same effect the cholera of 1832 had for England, it gave rise to the sanitary movement in this province. The Board has its offices at 76 St. Galiriel .street, opposite the Champ-de-Mars, Montreal. Under the authority of the Health Act, the Board has made and enforces by-laws relating to the prevention and limitation of infectious disease, the improvement of .sanitation, the removal of nuisances, the .sanitary conditions of factories. Since 1894, "^^ sy.stem of water supply or .sewerage can be established without the Board having approved of them, and this is ^Iso the cases since 1895 for projected cemeteries. In 1893, the Legislature con.sented to the law of .statis- tics by which the data contained in the registers of civil statutes were made available to the Board, 142 British Medical Association. and this was the origin of its department of Vital Statistics. In 1S93, the Board established a bac- teriological and chemical laboratory, where muni- cipalities can have their work done at reasonable rates. The Board has jurisdiction over the eight hun- dred and eight3'-two municipalities in the province of Quebec, and it has power to require the organiza- tion of a local board in every municipality. Muni- cipal councils are bound to execute all the regula- tions of the Provincial Board, and whenever the latter is not satisfied, it may cause them to be executed at the expense of the municipalities in fault. Although the Board is attached to the depart- ment of the Provincial Secretary, the various gov- ernments which have been in power since 1887 have always left the direction of the work of the Board to its president, Ur. E. Persillier-Lachapelle, who has held the position without interruption since its organization. The Board is composed of seven members, one of whom is the president. The other officers of the Board are : a secretary, an inspector of health, a bacteriologist, a chemist, and a recorder of vital statistics. In reference to the registration of civil status, it might be of interest to recall that the keeping of registers, by clergymen, was ordered in 1667, by lyouis XIV., and that even to-day the mode of keeping them remains practically unchanged. Souvenir of Montreal, iSqj. 143 The Board or Hkai.th of thk Citv of * Montreal. The Board of Health of the cily of Montreal is composed, like the ordinary committees of the City Council, of seven members. The powers of the Board are, in health matters, even beyond those of the Council itself. But, excepting in time of epi- demic, the actual powers exercised are not more than those of the other connnittees. In time of epidemic, when such i:; declared by the Lieutenant-Crovernor in Council, they exercise their functions under a provincial act and are quite independent of the Council. But the Council has the rigiit at any time to appoint additional members of the Board. The Health Department staff is composed of the medical health officer, Dr. Laberge, sanita^-y engi- neer, secretary, accountant and assistant, three vaccinators and district physicians, the house phy- sician of the Civic Hospital, who is also city bacte- riologist, two milk ins])ectors, who are veterinary surgeons, six clerks, one messenger, t\vent>' sani- tary inspectors, one disinfector, four meat inspec- tors, three guardians of the public l)aths. The vital statistics are com])iled strictly with a view to the practical requirements of the Department. The mean annual death rate for the decade end- ing ]S95, was 25.93 per 1,000 of the population; mean birth rate, 42.74 per 1,000; mean marriage rate, 9.76 per 1,000. Since last >ear, the registration of deaths has been done in the Health Department, .special ar- rangements having been made to carr\- out the new law authorizing municipal registration in cases of death. Hitherto this work was done bv the ceme- 144 British Medical Association. tery authorities. The law requires the reporting of cases of contagious diseases. These reports together with the mortuary statistics guide the Department in applying measures of prevention. Disinfection of houses is effected hy means of sulphurous acid gas; clothing, bedding, etc., by superheated steam. A house of refuge for fami- lies while their houses are being disinfected is maintained. The system of vaccination adopted for a number of years by the Department has been to obtain regularly returns of baptisms from the churches and notify the parents to have their children vacci- nated within three months. The vaccinators visit the children and vaccinate all those not alread}' vaccinated by their family physicians. Animal vaccine alone is used. Com- munication is had constantly with the schools to prevent the spread of disease through their means. A civic bacteriological laboratory is now being fitted up and will tend to complete the organization of the Department. The former smallpox hospital has been converted into a Civic Fever Hospital for cases of diphtheria and scarlatina. A small temporary pavilion has been erected for smallpox ca.ses. The plans for all new buildings are examined by the sanitarv engineer. He also keeps a surveil- lance over the .schools and large establishments for the same purpose. The .sanitary inspection is carried out by the inspectors, systematically, from hou.se to hou.se. About 49,000 regular visits are made annually. The special complaints from all quarters of the city are attended to according as they are received. About 40,000 special visits are made annually. Souvenir of Montreal, iSc^y. 145 Total number of nuisances caused to be abated, about 45,000 annually. Smoke and peppermint are used in testing drain and plumbing work. • The scavenging service is luider the control of the sanitary engineer. The refuse is removed twice a week from the districts into which the city has been di\-ided for scavenging purposes. The more offensive part of the offal is incinerated ; later, it is probable that the whole of the refuse will be thus dealt with. The removal of night soil and of dead animals is done by contract. The proprietors pay for the removal of the night soil, six cents and a half a cubic foot ; the city pays six thousand five hundred dollars per annum for its incineration. The city pays eight hundred dollars annually for the removal of dead animals, and the contractor has to incinerate the residue after utilizing all he can of the animals. There are three public baths : one for the east- ern, one for the western, and one for the centre part of the city. The latter is situated on vSt. Helen's Island. The milk inspectors examine the dairies and cows from which the milk supply of the city is obtained. They also collect samples of milk daily, test them, and, when found below the standard, refer them to the department analyst for analysis. When the analysis confirms the test, the dealers are prosecuted. About twenty-one thousand gallons of milk are sold daily by licensed dealers. About two thousand five hundred samples are tested annually. The prosecutions average about seventy yearly. The average annual expenditure for .sanitary purpo.ses is about one hundred and twenty thousand dollars. 10 SPORTS AND PASTIMES. ! I Canadians have inherited the Anglo-Saxon love of outdoor sports and pastimes, and the youth of Montreal holds a notable pre-eminence in all athletic exercise. Canada has sports peculiarly her own, indigen- ous to the country and inherited from the ancient lords of the soil. From the ball play of the Indian the Canadian national game of lacrosse has devel- oped, and from the snowshoe and toboggan, the aboriginal method of locomotion over the snows of winter, the white man has derived two glorious winter pastimes. The recorded history of sport goes back to the beginning of the present century, although it is said that cricket and curling, England and vScotia's favorite sports, came into the country with Wolfe's victorious army. The Montreal Curling Club, founded in 1807, is undoul^tedly the oldest organized club for outdoor sport on the American continent, and is still in hearty and active existence. There are records of cricket matches in the "thirties," but the early archives of the Montreal Cricket Club have been destroyed. Snowshoeing was organized as a pastime by the Montreal Snowshoe Club in 1840, with a continuous history and record ever since. Souvenir of Montreal, iSgj. H7 In 1842 the first athletic club for footracitij? and outdoor athletics was formed in Montreal and called the Olympic Club. It is claimed that this was the first known organization formed for footracing. The Athletic Club of Kxeter College only claims to have formed the first athletic clul) in England in 1850, eight years after the Montreal athletes organ- ized the Olympic. After an active existence of some years the Olympic disbanded and a number of its members founded the present Montreal Lacrosse Club in 1856. Skating dates its organized life from 1859, the present \'ictoria Skating Club dating from 1862. The year 1878 saw the formation of bicycling clubs on this continent, the Boston and Montreal clubs being founded that year, the Boston a few mouths the senior. Montreal, however, claims the honor of having the first rubber-tired bicycle im- ported to the American continent, pedaled through her .streets on the fir.st day of July, 1874, by one of the founders of the Montreal Club. The Montreal Football and Montreal Toboggan clubs date their formation from the years 1868 and 1881 respec- tively. It will thus be seen that organized .sport in Montreal is of varied character and of very respect- able antiquity. The record of indoor athletics commences in 1849, but the organization was not long lived. Another effort in i860 proved more success- ful, and the Montreal Gymna.stic Club finally built a gymnasium, on Mansfield .street in 1867. Out- door sport finally proved too pow- erful a rival for its .separate ex- istence, and the property was only 148 British Medical Association. preserved from the hammer by the Montreal La- crosse and vSnowshoe chibs leasing the building for several years as a clul) house, and on finally assuming a mortgage of $13,000, becoming the possessors of the building. In this they were as- sisted by the Montreal Bicycle Club, the three clubs forming the Montreal Amateur Athletic Asso- ciation in 1 88 1. The Toboggan Club affiliated in 1884 and the Montreal Football Club in 1885. The success of this amalgamated association has been remarkable. In five years they paid off the mortgage, owning a property va- lued at thirty thousand dollars, and free from debt. Since then, the>- have purcha.sed two adjoin- ing stone houses, in order to extend the club house, and large connnodious grounds at West- mount, with cinder path, pavilion for six thou.sand spectators, club hou.ses with dressing rooms and every convenience for the athlete of every sport, and valued at one hundred thousand dollars. On this ground, in sununer, the lacrosse, foot- ball, tennis and cricket clubs hold their practices and matches ; and in winter, the .snow .shoe clubs their races, while the toboggan clubs run a magnifi- cent outdoor .skating rink with a membership of nearly four thousand. Here the various .skating champions of Swedi.sh, Dutch, Norwegian, American and Kngli.sh nationalities have competed for the world's .skating champion.ship. The Montreal Amateur Athletic A.s.sociation is an in.stitution unique in organized .sport. It is governed by three representatives from each of the Soiivrnir of Monti raf iSi^j. 149 five clubs who are subdivided into chainneu of departments, such as j^ynuiasiuni, reading and club room, outdoor sports, billiards, bowlinjj^, entertain- ments, property, and j^rounds. The receii)ts of all the clubs are pooled in the Association, • yet the autonomy of each club served, the interior economy of bein^ attended to by their o\v ecutive. The fees are within reach of almost any youn^ mai over sixteen of years ot aj^e, beinj^ ten dollars entrance and ten dollars annually, givin Speckled trout, January ^ I.st to vSeptember 15th ; maskinonge, June 15th to April 15th; woodcock, snipe and plover, Sep- tember I.st to February I.st; duck, September ist !(■ 152 /in'iish Medical Association. to March ist ; caribou, Scptctnhcr ist to February 1st; moose and red deer, October ist to January ist. The ^aine laws of British Cohiinbia and Mani- toba arc nuich the same as in Ontario. Goi.i". "The Royal Montreal Golf Club " was the first in.stituted in America. That was in 1.S73. The jiresent links are at Dixie, near Lachine. The property is newly ])urcha.sed, and a club h(m.se erected at a co.st of ei^ht thou- .sand dollars. The pro})erty itself cost twent>' thou.sand dollars, \JJ\ and thoujii^h the ground is new, ^^'fDW T ■^^^C"'^ ^^^^ course and greens are in L.jv\ I ^ \\ rea.s()na])ly ^-ood condition. \'isit- ing members are admitted ^^^, on presentation of card, - and matches have been ar- ranged. HrxTiNci. "The Montreal Hunt Club" has forty couples of hounds, and a morning's ride rarely ends without a kill. The season opens in September. ;^ WixTKR Sports. Meml^ers will miss, of course, the curling, the skating, the snow-shoe tramps over the mountain, and the .swift toboggan down its precipitous .sides, and all the other novelties incident to the Canadian winter. ^&^ 7'"?"?~V "T""T ■? 7 T~^^:'ii>f5s'^"r""7- ^' 7-"r-7'~T^"7 THE CLIMATE OF CANADA. 'v^ It is believed tliat a reference to some of tlie more prominent features of our climate will not he witlumt interest to the mcmhers of the Britisli Medical Association, on this, the occasion of their first visit to Canada, and for that purpose, the t>vv subjoined, necessarily abbreviated, extracts have been culkd from Sir William Kingston's work on "The Climate of Canada and its Relation to Life and Health." Looking to the extent of country which the Canadian Dominion comprises, and the diversified nature of its surface and physical characters, it should 1)e no matter of surprise that it is subject to the most widely varying- conditions of temperature, and that almost every known climatic feature, ex- cept that of the torrid zone, can be met within its l)oundaries. There is here the climate of the At- lantic coast, in the east ; that of the genial Pacific, in the West ; that of central Canada, influenced b\- its vast fresh water lakes ; that of the prairie dis- trict, with its dryness ; that of the mountainous regions, with its clear rarified atmosphere, one shading imperceptibly into the other. Over some portion of this surface may be met with any degree of heat, any degree of cold, any degree of moisture, any degree of dryness 154 British Medical ^'Association. The low altitude of Canada is favourable to its climate and vegetation. Ail the long and gentle slopes descend towards the Atlantic and the frozen /one ; and all its short and rapid slopes, or counter slopes, are directed towards the Pacific, while the Rocky M'^ :ntains and the Mexican Cordilleras are phced, as it were, to modify the genial air of the Pacific ere it reaches the central and eastern portions cf the Dominion. Raise the altitude of the northern and north-eastern coasts of Canada. and lower the mountain ranges on the .south and south-we.st, and human life would be impossible. The series of lakes and rivers exert a vast influence in modifying the climate of the country'. The larger lakes — Ontario, Erie, Huron, Michigan, and Superior, have an aggregate area of 98,000 scjuart miles, and a depth varying from 500 to 1,000 feet. Add to the.se the .smaller lakes and the St. Lawrence. Ottawa and other rivers, and there are upwards of 130,000 .sciuare miles of water, comj^rising nearly one- half of all the fre.sh water on the surface of the globe. The area of the Dominion is so extended that one part may be clad with perpetual snows, while another is bathed in almost perpetual heat and sun- shine. One part receives the cold atmosphere of the frozen .sea ; another, tlie humid air of the At- lantic ; another, the mild gentle breeze of the Pacific ; yet, there is no dislocation of temperature from what is proper to each place, but each undergoes rapid modification to suit the regions for which it is destined The foliage of the country ranges from the lichens, mos.se-., and snow plants and the curled up leaves of some of the coniferas, through 'very shade and variety to the large umbrageou:; plants of the equator Sonvoiir of Montreal, iS(^j. 155 In its extremely northern parts, the vegetati(3n is so stunted, that the highest tree does not reach to a child's knee, but, proceeding southward and westward, vegetable life reaches the highest state of development ; majestic forests al)ound in every variety, proper to a temperate climate, and cereals and succulent vegetables and every variety of fruit, testify to the genial influence of the climate There is everywhere an unbroken chain of vege- tation, little affected, save by the degrees of latitude and longitude. Sometimes many degrees of longitude are trav- ersed in Canada, without observing any important change in vegetation. For instance, along the North Saskatchewan, two hours and a half behind Montreal time, vegetation is of the .same general character as that of Ontario The climate of Canada is much more uniform than that of Iun"op>?, and the meteorological differ- ences are such as can be produced ])y position alone. On reviewing the distinctions between the.se, we observe that they are mainh' caused by winter. The temperature of the summer of Paris is not so wide a departure from the mean as is the winter of St. Petersburg ; yet, those are the sunnner and winter climates which Canada, at least at Montreal, is thought most to resemble While in the more temperate regions, in tho.se pa ts selected by P^uropeans, the mix:'l forest is met with in rich luxuriance, as the oa^:, elm, beech, maple, linden, chestnut, a.sh, hickor> , walnut and other deciduous trees. Even the wild grape is met as far north as the 52nd degree of north latitude ; the Island of Orleans, below (Quebec, was covered with grape vines when Jacques Cariier passed, and he gave it the name of Islt of Bacchus 156 British Medical Association. As a wheat o^rowinj^^ country, Canada may be compared witli central Russia. From the valley of the Saskatchewan, and from far down the Mac- kenzie rive: , in the north-west to the Pacific, and alonji^ the huge chain of Canadian rivers, throuj^^h- out the whole interior valley, wheal of a white and fine description is j^rown, inferior in gluten, only to that cultivated along the shores of the Medit- erranean. Canada, minus its lakes, is not unlike the north of l{urope in l)eing both continental and oceanic ; its oceanic features, however, are limited and are soon lost in the continental, a short distance from the coast. The extreme heat of sunnner -would give to Canada a continental climate, were it not associated with profu.se rains at regular intervals, and the cold of winter, like the heat of summer, is .severe without being destructive Extreme cold in winter lays vegetation com- pletely a.sleep and preserves it, and a thick man- tling of snow covers up the roots and s])ongioles, and preserves their dormant \'itality for u.se in The changes of tem])erature, the variations of every kind, the o.scillations of every .sort, .strike over Canada, a;'> over any plane surface, with .such luiiformity of progression that meteorological ol^- servers, knowing what the condition of the atmo- .sphere is at a few jilaces, may easily infer what they have been at all Europeans visiting this country cannot fail to notice a variety of features with which they are not already familiar. Not alone in the clearness of the .skies ; the dryness of the atmo.sphere ; the great variety of foliage ; the differences in the animals and in the feathered tribes, but thev will also bouvoiir of Montreal, iSgj. 157 observe, in the occupant of the soil, modifications of the European type — modifications due larj^ely to climatic surroundinj^s It is almost an axiom that the mixed forests, where the hardier varieties of deciduous trees are met with are those parts where the climate is best suited for tlie abode of men In our forests are found the trees common to all northern and temperate climes, their variety and extent being, perhaps, eireater in this portion of the continent than in any other. As with the forests, so with the fauna, and as with the fauna, so also with the human species, with whom there is every evidence of health of body and of vigor of mind. The aborigines of the country, who have occu pied the .soil for untold ages, are distinguished for their splendid physique. In height, weight and .strength they tower over their Asiatic ancestors. The French, who came after them, have increa.sed, in all these respects, over their progenitors ; while those who have more recently come from the Brit- ish Lsles have, certainly, exhibited no signs of de- generation ; on the contrary, wherever stati.stics are obtainable, the commercial value of life, up to thirty-five years, is found to be greater than in Europe, and life insurance companies regulate their premiums in accordance with this fact by charging less ; but, after that age, on account of the rela- tively greater wear and tear of the system, espe- cially in cities and towns, a higher premium is required. In rural districts, however, green old age is met with everywhere. The birth rate all over Canada, especially in its eastern counties, is exceptionally large, and, as a result, the death rate bears a corresponding ratio. 158 Brilish Medical Association. In separating us from the great branch of tlie European family, we are grateful that the steps of our forefathers were directed to a land where no disease peculiar to the country is to be encountered ; where no poisonous effluvia enters our nostrils ; where no venomous reptile instils its poison into our veins, but where a fruitful soil rewards the labors of the husbaii'''man with ample returns. K>, ATOK ON THIC HASTURN SI.OI'i: Ol- MorXT UOYAL. OF EXCURSIONS. A man who comes to Canada, and desires to take note of the country, had better first sit down and count the cost in time and monej'. Montreal is the best spot for this enquiry since all lines of travel centre there. He will quickl}' find that the whole region falls within a series of five excursions : 1. The St. Lawrence River, Quebec, the Sague- nay and Lake St. John region. 2. The journey to the Maritime Provinces of Canada. 3. The Ottawa \'alley, Toronto, Niagara, and the Thousand Lslands. 4. The trip through lakes Champlain and George, through the Adirondacks and down the Hudson. 5. The great trip over the Canadian Pacific, across the Rocky Mountains to the western ocean, returning by the American Yellowstone Park and the principal cities of the United vStates. It is proposed to deal with each of the.se excur- sions in some detail. St. Lawrkxcp:, Quebec, Sac.i-exav and Lake St. Jdiin. Finst : of the journey down the St. Lawrence river past Quebec and ending in the fastnes.ses of the Saguenay. From Montreal to Quebec there is l6o Bn'lish Medical Association. choice of three routes — the Canadian Pacific Rail- way on the north shore of the vSt. Lawrence, the Grand Trunk Railway on the south shore, and the Richelieu and Ontario Navigation Company's steamers upon the river itself, in many respects the preferable route. In connection with cost of transportation, it may be said at once that all the Canadian railways will give the members of the British Medical Association and their families single tickets for half-one fare, or return tickets for one first-class fare. The railroads in the New Knglan States, including tho.se com- ing from Boston ana New York to Montreal, have granted return tickets for their lines for one fare and a third, good for three days before the meeting and three days after the meeting. The rates on the Canadian railways are good from July i.st to September 30th. Montreal to Queukc hv Watkr. Those who prefer to descend the river it.self will embark upon one of the Richelieu and Ontario steamers at Montreal any evening, except Sunday, at seven o'clock, and upon that day at three o'clock in the afternoon. There is yet plenty of light as the .steamer launches out into St. Mary's current to see Mount Royal in the distance, Victoria Bridge spanning the river and St. Helen's I.sland on the right. To the extreme right is the village of Lon- gueuil with its pretty church, and on the opposite bank Longue-Pointe, where is situated the Lunatic Asylum. This great hospital, known as St. Jean- de-Dieu, contains 1500 patients, and is under the control of the Rev. Sisters of Providence. The present buildings are temporary to replace the edi- fice destroyed in the fire of 1891 in which one hun- Souvenir of Montreal, rSgj. l6l dred patients lost their lives. New buildings in keeping with the most advanced ideas in the man- agement of the insane are now under advisement. The medical oversight is vested in four visiting physicians : Drs. Villeneuve, Perrault, Devlin and Laviolettt , and three resident physicians : Drs. Bourque, Prieur and Chagnon. A little further down is Pointe-aux-Trembles, where still remain the ruins of the stone mill built by the Sulpicians in 1665. Then come the low, flat island of Boucherville, in shallow water grown with wild rice and reeds, the favourite feeding grounds of the black duck and the pike. We are now approaching a locality, the richest in historic associations. The river here expands into Lake St. Peter, having a width of nine miles and a length of twenty- five. . Upon the nor^^li bank is Berthier. Upon the south isSorel, lying at the junction of the Richelieu river with the St. Lawrence. This was the path- way by which Lake Champlain and the headquar- ters of the Hudson used to be reached, and also the well trod way by which the Iroquois hunting par- ties gained a ready entrance into Canada. It is not until Que])ec is neared that the river banks begin to rise into cliffs, and twelve miles above Levis the Chaudiere river bursts through the forest and leaps I over a great precipice into the St. Lawrence. Thus Quebec is reached at daylight by the finst route. MONTRRAI, TO QUEBEC BY CANADIAN PACIFIC By this route Montreal may be left in the morn- ing at 9 o'clock, 3.30 in the afternoon, or at 11 o'clock at night, from Dalhousie square station. The di.stance is 172 miles, the time occupied six hours. n I I I I I 162 British Medical Associaiio)i. The East Kncl station, now being constructed at the corner of Berri, Craig and Lacroix streets, is a four-story Iniilding, with a central tower of six stories, which is one hundred and thirty-six feet above the curb. The building is of slow brrning construction. Montreal limestone is used up to the second story window sills, and Scotch fire-brick, with lime- stone quoins and band courses, to the roof. The building is of the French Renaissance design, at the time of the Old Chateau style. The front, on Craig street, is tliree hundred feet long, with two projecting gables. Between and under these gables, on the ground floor, is the portico, two hundred and twenty-.seven feet long by sixteen wide, consisting of twenty-one elliptical arches, crowned with a limestone balus- trade which incloses a spacious gallery. The corners of the building are finished with turrets, corbeled from the wall, which run two stories high. • The roof will be of black slate, studded with stone and copper dormer windows, all together forming a beautiful sky-line. The interior will be plain but very substantial. White Italian marble will be used on the ground floor, laid with ashler joints. Quarter oak will form the trim and wainscot. The hotel portion will be painted. The entire upper floors will be of Douglas fir with oiled and waxed margins for the use of rugs instead of carpet. Leaving this station, the route is northward through Hochelaga — the old Indian name of Mont- real before it became known as Ville-Marie. The Island of Montreal is left behind, and the river Souvenir of Afontreal, iSqj. 163 dividing it from the mainland — a branch of the Ottawa — is crossed at Sault-au-Recollet, so-called from the drowning of two RecoUet Fathers at this point. At St. Martin's Junction the main line from Quebec to Vancouver is reached. L,et us for the present turn eastward. An hour's run brings us past places bearing the names of a galaxy of .saints to Joliette Junction. One of the mo.st interesting points on this portion of the Can- adian Pacific route is St. Leon Springs, where the famous medicinal waters of that name are obtained. The springs are about five miles from Loui.seville station, and stages meet all trains. Good hotel accommodation will be found here. Until Three Rivers is reached, ninety-five miles from Montreal, the route lies through a typical French-Canadian country ])etween the vSt. Lawrence and the Laurentians, a level plain, well tilled, with the narrow farms running from the river to the hills. Three Rivers lies at the junction of the St. Mau- rice, opening by three channels into the vSt. Law- rence, and is a place of some considerable si/e. This was a trading station from the beginnings of Canada, and the principal link in the chain of seignories which extended from Quebec to Mont- real. Then, as now, it is at the head of the tide- water of the vSt. Lawrence, and was the gateway for the treasures of the Upper St. Maurice, then, moose and beaver skins, now lumber and speckled trout. A mile or two below is Piles Junction, from which a branch line extends northward to the Shawanegan Flails, in spring a torrent of si/.e and i:)eauty, but in the autumn a thin veil of water fall- ^ ing over a precipice. The cout'' ry onward is purely French, dotted with thrifty villages and bearing such names as Chariplain, Batiscan, vSt. Anne-de- 164 British Medical Associaiioii. la- Parade, Grondines, Lachevrotiere, Portneuf, St. Ha/ile and Lorette, the abode of tlie last of the Huron Indians who were driven by the Iroijuois to find shelter beneath the walls of Quebec. To this day the traveller may witness the spec- tacle which Marie-de-l'lncarnatioti saw, "a poor man with eight children and more running about with barehead and barefeet and a little jacket on their backs, living on nothiiig but bread and eels, and on that diet growing fat and stout." MoNTKKAr, TO QuKBi'X' Hv Tni-; (Vrand Trunk Raii^way. The third and only remaining route is l)y the Grand Trunk Railway. It is worth pausing here to note a few facts in connection with this road. The Grand Trunk Railway System is the pioneer line of the Dominion of Canada, and one of the earliest pioneers of railway enterpri.se on the Amer- ican continent, for the oldest Systems in the world were but in their early infancy when the charter of the (irand Trunk Railway was granted, in 1.S51. Within two years, the line from Montreal to Port- land, a di.stance of two hundred and ninety-.seven miles, was opened ; the line from Richmond to Levis (Quebec), ninety-.six miles and a half being added the following year. The main line from Montreal to Toronto vas opened in 1S56, and the Sarnia Divi.sion in i.S5- Captain Kirke, but it was re.stored three years later. In 1690 and 171 1 it withstood two unsuccessful attacks. Kver vSince 1769 the city, citadel and co!<>*iy, gained by the memorable victory of Wolfe, nave reniLiined in liritish hands. SoHvniir of Montreal, iS<^j. i6i) During the wars of the American revohition. Cieneral Benedict Arnold, after a famous march, aj^peared under the walls, and he was joined a fort- nij^ht later by (icneral Montgomery. The combined forces made a desperate attem])t to storm t'e town, but their leader was killed before a barricade in 'Jhamplain street. The present fortifica- tions were built from 1.S20-1S30. ])Ut there is no attempt to keep them in adecjuate repair. If neces- sary, however, the position could be made inr "eg- nable. No one who visits Quebec can realize that he is eight days' sailing from Europe, for he beholds a city more Catholic than the Pope, more P'rench than St. Malo, in Brittany — a fragment of thi old world hidden awav in this corner of the new. lyo British Medical Association. If one climb the steps of Cliamplain from Lower Town, observing the foreign names, the unnsual cast of countenance and colour of the " habitants," and if he persevere till the eminence is reached, upon which stands the strongest citadel in America, he will be rewarded bj- a prospect of matchless beauty. At his feet is the mighty river, on its way from Niagara to the sea, and upon its further banks Pointe Levis, as strongly situated as Quebec. LTpon the left hand the Kails of Montmorency drop like a curtain adown the face of the cliff a good three hundred feet. Upon the right are the memorable Plains of Abraham, where Wolfe sealed with his blood the covenant which gave to England this great heritage. Quebec appeals to one by reason of the fine romance of her pa.it, her historic associations, the picturesqueness and strength of her position. The harbour affords ample space for a fleet to manrx'uvre and the warships of the North American Squadron frequently visit it. Ships sail from here to the ends of the earth laden with lumber, and the variety of the craft gives to the scene an additional touch of foreign colour. Until the year 1893 the people of Quebec per- mitted their meditcval habits to extend to the hotels, but now the Chateau Frontenac is as fine a hostelry as could be desired. It is entirely in keeping with its surroundings, being erected upon the site of the old Chateau St. Louis, and some of the old stones are actually incorporated into its building. B\- em- ploying one of the many local guides to Quebec, a visitor may in a few hours visit the spots where the destiny of a great countr}' was visibly worked out. A visit is to be made to the P'alls of Montmorency, seven miles down the river, of which let Mr. Ho wells sj^eak : Souvenir of Montreal, i8gy. 171 "The lofty bluff was scooped inward from the St. Lawrence, ni a vast irregular semicircle, w'th cavernous hollows, one within another, sinkinj^ far into its sides, and naked from foot to crest, or mea- grely wooded here and there with evergreen. From the central brink of these gloomy purple chasms the foamy cataract launched itself, and like a cloud, " Along the cliff to fall, and pause and fall did seem." I say a cloud, because I find it already said to my hand, as it were, in a pretty verse, and because I must needs liken Montmorency to .something that is soft and light. Yet a cloud does not represent the glint- ing of the water in its downward swoop ; it is like some broad slope of sun-.smitten snow ; but snow is coldly white and oj^aciue, and this has a m()Ntm()ri:ncy kali.s. 172 British Medical Association. creamy warmth in its luminous mass ; and so there hangs the cataract unsaid as l)efore. It is a mystery tliat anything so grand should be so lovely, that anything so tenderly fair in whatever as])ect should yet be so large that one glance fails to comprehend it all." Queljec has also its medical school, besides being the seat of the College of Physicians and vSurgeons, the licensing body of the Province. Here is Laval University, instituted in 1S52 by royal charter from the Queen and papal charter from Pius IX., in further development of the Grand Seminar\- founded by Laval in 1663. The University building is large and spacious, with a librar\- of more than 85,000 volumes. Its medical .school is, however, relatively small, and has suffered from the establishment of a Montreal branch of the University. There are four hospitals, two — the Hotel- Dieu and the General Hospital, founded in the seventeenth century ; the other two — Marine and the Jeffrey Hale. Miracles are performed at many places in the province of Quebec, but the wonders which are done at St. Anne-de-Beaupre overshadow all the rest. This .sacred shrine was visited last year b>' 127,418 pilgrims, and the percentage of cures was very large. The right radius with the scaphoid and .semilunar bones of St. Anne were deposited at this .shrine by Pope Leo XIII. in 1892, but the cu.stod\- of the .sacred relic has been transferred to the Church of vSt. Jean-Baptiste, Ii^ast Seventy- sixth .street, Xew York, where it is now on loan. A novena was held in X'^ew York prior to the feast of St. Anne, 2Sth July, of which P'ather Tetreau wi.sely remarked : ' ' We do not lay so much stress upon the cures worked by the relic as we do upo:i the relitrious character of the celebration." Souvenir of Montreal, iS(^j. 173 Morxr ST. ANNK. lU'I.OW i^lKBKC. I-RO.M TIIK ST. I.WVRMNCK. 174 British Medical Association. \,Kv.v. St. John and the Saouknav. Quebec is the starting point for tlie rest of the excursion to Lake St. John and the vSaguenay. If one does not visit these places it will be to him a matter of life-lonj; regret. The Saguenay is as distinctively a show-place of the earth as the Rhine, the Inland Sea of Japan, or the Fiords of Norway. The Lake vSt. John Territory extends from the head of navigation of the river Saguenay, at Chi- coutimi, to the northern boundary of the province of Quel:)ec, a distance of two hundred and twenty miles, and from the sources of the waters flowing into Lake vSt. John, from the east, to the river vSt. Maurice, and embracing the valley of the river Batiscan, a distance of two hundred miles, the whole forming an area of forty- four thousand square miles, or about twenty-eight million acres. Com- paratively little is known of this great country', with the exception of the valley of Lake St. John, which, within the last few years, has been coloni/.ed with great rapidity, and now contains a popalation of some forty thousand. The journey may be made in a circuit to Lake St. John, Chicoutimi down the vSaguenay to Quebec, or in the reverse order. The round trip costs ten dollars. The present project is to pass from Quebec to Lake St. John, and thence to Chicoutimi on the vSaguenay, by rail, and down the Saguenay by day- light, and back to Quebec ])y water, by the steamers of the Richelieu and Ontario Navigation Company. Passengers leave Quebec at 8.40 an}- morning, except Sunday, and arrive at the Roberval Hotel, Lake St. John, a distance of one hundred and 'i SoHvem'r of Montreal, iSgj. 175 ninety miles, at 4.55 in the afternoon. After a rest of two hours, they then proceed eastward to Chi- coutinii, sixty-four miles, at the head waters of the Saguenay. The run down the Saguenay occupies five hours, and another night is consumed in reach ing Quebec. • The railway from Quebec passes through the heart of the Laurentians, a geologic formation CHICOt'TlMl, SII(J\\M\(; ST. ANNE. S.\(irKNAV RIVl;i<. which is the foundation of the world. It was in rocks of this formation Sir William Dawson dis- covered the Eozoon Canadcnsc, the oldest known form of animal life. In the .saxicava sand of this region fossils have been found corresponding with living molluscs in the Greenland seas. The road cros.ses the vSt. Charles river, and soon comes in view of the ruins of the chateau of the Intendant Higot. Next the Jacques Cartier river is 176 British Medical Association. crossed, noted for its ra])ids and salmon, and a stop is made at Lake St. Joseph, where one sees re- vealed upon the receding hills the full splendor and glory of the Canadian autumn. The largest and also the most picturesque village on the ronte is vSt. Raymond, hemmed in by hills, with a river run- ning through its streets. Fifty-eight nu'les from Quebec is Riviere a Pierre, and near it the Lower Laurentian Railway crosses the line to Lake St. John. This road is intended to form a link with a line being built from Parry Sound, on the Georgian Bay, to Ottawa and thence to Quebec, the intention being to afford an outlet for the wheat of the great West, that is now conveyed as far as Duluth by the - western roads of the United States. Proceeding northward, a sport.sman would soon find the place where he desired to be, as indicated by the Batiscan river. The road follows its course for twenty miles, past ca.scades and rapids with altern- ating stretches of deep still water. Lac des Grandes- Isles, now known as Lake Edward, is the next considerable body of water. It is like so many of the Laurentian lakes, rather a • reserx'oir fed from the bottom by bubbling springs, I- always cold and clear, with the great trout lurking in its coolest deepest spots. "The trout of Lake lulward are exceedingly l)rilliant in colour, much more variegated than the ordinar>' fish of the species, and in size have been taken approximating five pounds in weight, while still larger specimens have been seen time and again. The numbers of trout wrested from these waters almo.st surpass 1)elief, and great big fellows can be seen in tlie clear water, moving about care- lessly and lazily, tantalizing the angler as he sits in his boat." Souvenir of Montreal, rSgj. 177 At a hundred and twenty-six miles from Quebec, the crest of the Laurentians is reached, one thou- sand five hundred feet above the level of the sea. Henceforth the rivers flow northward. Then the train goes flying down the grade, hugging the sides of the mountain, or bridging a ravine and TADOUSAC, I'RO.M SAUl'KNAV K1VI:K. again winding a])out the face of some diz/y pre- cipice. At length, the great inland sea is reached. The discoverer of Lake St. John was Father Jean De Qiien. This was in 1647, and he reached it by way of the Saguenay. The "Relations des Jesuites " give this description of it : "This lake is so large that it is difficult to see the opposite shores. It appears to be of a round shape ; it is deep, and swarming with fish. Pike, perch, sal- mon, trout, dore, whitefish, carp, and several other kinds, are caught in it. It is surrounded b\- a flat 12 lyS British Medical Association. country, tcriniiiated by lii^li moimtains at a dis- tance of three, four, or five leagues from its shores. It is fed by the waters of about fifteen rivers, which serve as highways to the dilTerent little nations that live in the lands whence they flow, by means of which they come to fish in the lake, and to inter- change articles of commerce and friendshi]) with each other." Hotel Rolierval, at Roberval, Lake St. John, is open from June to October, and accommodates 300 guests. This hotel has all modern conveniences, is lighted by electricity, and is built on a commanding site, aflfoiding a magnificent view of the whole expanse of Lake St. John. Almost in front of the hotel is the steamboat wharf where tourists may embark on the steel passenger steamer "Mista.ssini" making daily trips and excursions to all points on Lake vSt. John during the touri.st season. The Montagnais Indians, who.se village is a short dis- tance froM the hotel, are available as canoemen and guides, and their bark canoes and intimate knowl- edge of all the best .sporting localities around the lake are at the service of guests of the hotel. The Trappist Monks have an establishment on the Mi.stas.sini river. The.se monks, who.se order enjoins ])erpetual silence, devote themselves to agri- culture, and have alreads- turned a forest into a centre of colonization, a large number of settlers having followed them into the wilderness. The steamer "Le Colon" runs to this colony, leaving Roberval Tuesdays and Saturdays at 8.30 a.m., and returning to Roberval at 4 p.m. on Wednesdays, and at 6 p.m. on Sunda>s. There is another branch of this order at Oka, near Montreal, where one may still witness the practice of media.'val au.sterity, labour, fasting, si- Souvenir of Montreal, iSqj. 179 leiicc, and castij^^atioiis. Their only relaxation is on P'riday, when they chastise themselves with a leathern whip. Six miles from the Hotel Roherval are the famous Oniatchouan Ivalls by which Lake Houchette gains entrance to Lake St. John over a precipice 236 feet high. The Lake is fed by over twent\' rivers bear- ing euphonious Indian names, such as " River where they Hunt the Moose," " River of the Big Rock," "River of the C^reat Killing." Lake St. John is as famous for its ouananiche as Florida for its tarpon. He is a rash man who would add anything to what Mr. Chambers has .said of the ouananiche. He has spoken what is to l)e hoped is the last word, but " lixperienced an- glers declare that no other fresh- water fish, except- ing perhaps the salmon, afford .so much .sport to the fly fisherman as the ouananiche, becau.se when impaled on a fly-hook, it fights nearls- as much in the air as in the water." From Lake St. John, the journey is eastward to Chicoutimi, at the head waters of the vSaguenay, .seventy miles from its mouth. The .steamers of the Richelieu and Ontario Navigation Comjiany con- nect here for Quebec, and convey the j)assengers down this " river of death," as Bayard Taylor calls it. These are really magnificent river boats, com- fortable to luxuriousne.ss in respect of rooms, saloons and table. The following quotations indi- cate the impressions wdiich have been made upon the minds of some who have visited the region : — W. H. H. Murray : " It is a monstrous cleft opened by earthquake violence for sixty miles, through a land.scape of mountains formed of prime- val rock. In old time, a shock which shook the world burst the Laurentian range asunder at its IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) h /, o ^ " 39. The bridge has a span of 1 26S feet and is 190 feet above the water. An attempt nuich more magnificent in its pros- pectus than in its results is being made to "develop" the power which is " going to waste " at the Falls. There is an admirable electric tramway .service to all points of view, and both guides and carriages may be di.spensed with. There was a time when the cabmen of Niagara were robbers, and the curio-dealers thieves in league with them, but since Niagara and its approaches were rescued by the governments of Ontario and New York, and erected into an International Park, Souvenir of Montreal, fSgj. 19 r they have amended their conduct, thoiij^li there are occasional reversions to their old instincts. The only fare that is necessary is 25 cents for crossinj; the vSuspension Bridge, a dollar for the Cave of the Winds, 50 cents for the descent from Ta])le Rock, and 50 cents for a trip in the " Maid of the Mist." The hotels are ^ood on either side, the rate being from three to four dollars a day. The return journey from Toronto to Montreal may be made by the Caiiadian Pacific, the (irand Trunk Railway, or by the Richelieu and Ontario Company's steamers. The fare is five dollars, the distance three hundred miles. If the river route be chosen, the sail is first along Lake Ontario till King.ston is reached. Kingston occupies the site of the old French fort Frontenac, and for three years was the capital of Canada. It is a plea.sant, well situated city, the home of many retired officers and (lovernment officials, and is the seat of Queen's University, directed by Principal (irant. The King.^ton Med- ical School is affiliated with it. The hospital has of late been greath' improved and enlarged. The immediate interest in Kingston is that it lies at the head of the Thousand Islands. They really number 1600 and are merely pieces of the Laurentian System, which here crosses the St. Lawrence to join the Adirondacks, protruding through the .softer Silurian. In respect of the.se i.slands, Charles Dickens exercises his gift after this manner : " The beauty of this noble stream at almost any point, but especially in the commencement of the journey, where it winds its way among the Thou- .sand Islands, can hardly be imagined. The number and con.stant succession of these i.sland.s, all green 192 British Medical Association. and richly wooded ; their fluctuating sizes, some so large that, for half an hour together, one among them will appear as the opposite bank of the river, and some so small that they are mere dimples on its bosom —their infinite variety of shapes, and the numberless combinations of beautiful forms which the trees growing on the'n present — all form a picture fraught with ur common interest and pleasure." - ' When Prescott is reached the trouble in the water begins, first the Galops, then the Iroquois, and most important the Long Sault where, for twelve miles, the whole water of the upper lakes comes tumbling over the rocks and pitches the steamer downward forty-eight feet. Now the land on either hand is Canadian, and the boat descends the Coteau and Cedar rapids. Split Rock, and the Cascades into Lake St. Louis, a descent of eighty-two feet in twelve miles. Here is the head of the Island of Montreal, the village of St. Anne, where the waters of the Ottawa join with the St. Lawrence. They join but do not mingle, and for thirty miles they flow side by side, the clear blue of the St. Lawrence easily distin- guishable from the light gray of the Ottawa. Lake St. Louis crossed, the steamer plunges do.vn the Lachine rapids, beneath the Canadian Pacific Railway bridge, through a howling wilder- ness of water. At length, she glides past Nuns' Island, and under the Victoria bridge, into the harbour of Montreal. Somruir of Montreal, 189J. 193 Lakes Champlaix and Gkorge, THE AdiKOXDACKS, AND THE HUDSOX. For those whose time is limited, a verv admi- ral^le short trip is through Lake Champlaiii, Lake George, the Adirondacks, and down the Hudson rn-er to New York. This would consume onl>' two days. The details are as follows :-From Montreal to Plattsburg by Delaware and Hudson Railway from the Grand Trunk station ; bv steamer to Fort Ticonderoga ; by rail to Baldwin, on Lake George • by steamer to Caldwell, at the south end of Lake George ; by rail to Saratoga Springs, thence to Albany, and down the Hudson by steamer or rail The reasons in favour of this trip are its conve- nience, cheapness and comfort, the beauty of lakes Champlain and George, and the Adirondacks The Hudson, from Albany downward, is as distinctive of America as is the journey, from Cologne to Coblenz, of Europe. Besides, places of great historic interest are passed, notably Fort Ticonderoga, where Champla.n first terrified the Iroquois by his arms, and where later Montcalm and Abercrombie met in battle The old fort is not N-et in hopeless ruins, and well reveals the plan of fortification adopted in those days. This is a thorouglily well equipped tcuri.st line The railway service is of the best, the steamers are well found, and the hotels are the best of their kind. An all rail journey m^y be made through the ' Adirondacks by the New York Central Railway Trains leave the Wind.sor depot twice a day con- necting at Albany for New York. »3 I I ■ 194 Brilish Medical AssocialioJi. WIvSTWARI) TO THK PACIFIC. The fifth excursion is tliL- j^reat journey across tile Continent to the Pacific Ocean, over the line of the Canadian Pacific Railway. Without this joiir- ne\- no adequate notion can be formed of the extent, diversity of scenery or the resources of Canada. The man who named the gateway to the uj^per waters of the St. Lawrence La Chine, builded better than he knew, for to-da>- it is the openin■ none of the lawlessness and violence which have darkh' marked the opening of new districts elsewhere in America ; since the days of the Iroquois, probably no such small body has e\'er exercised so wide a control. The country now has a frontier appearance, the farms in scanty clusters, and here and there large establishments where farming is carried on in an extensive way. Here is a coinitry to delight the heart of a sportsman. Snijie. plover and curlew throng in the grass, prairie chickens and antelopes on the higher ground, and wild fowl blackening the surface of the lakes. This frontier appearance is further marked by the presence of Indians, a gloomy remnant of " Adam's degenerate seed." Descend- ing the valley of the Saskatchewan, Medicine Hat is passed, two thousand miles from Montreal, in the midst of a magnificent ranching district, with coal beds and wells of natural gas. We are now amongst the foot hills, a goodly and plea.sant land, and when Calgary is reached the prairie journey is over. But there are other things demanding attention. The Rocky Mountains are in view, their white peaks looming through the mist or gleaming in the sun, their base a blue wall that seems impenetrable. Suddenly a gap is reached, and between two vertical walls the train enters the Rockies. This is the time to gaze and wonder ; on every hand are snow-laden peaks and castellated promontories, shining pin- 200 British Medical Association, nacles and alcoves in a 'nass oi fantastic shadows aiid battleni'. i;ted walls reachinj^ up tv» the ki<\'^\)U may sail down Pn^et vSouud and join the Xorthern Pacific Railroad. "fl.I'lT Tl-.RKACi;. VKI.I.OWBTONK PARK. The feature of thi.s trip is the Yellowstone Park. It embraces an area of about fifty-four miles in width and sixty-two miles in lenjj^th, and was .set aside by act of the United vStates Congress of 1872, and devoted in perpetuity to the use and pleasure of the people as a National Park. .' • The stopping point is Livingstone, and five dol- lars will take you to the Mammoth Hot vSprings. From here the tran.sportation is by .stages for five days, the total fare from Livingstone being $49.50, including board at the Park hotels, during which time the following places are visited : Norris, Lower and ITpper Gey.ser Pasins, Yellow.stone Lake, Grand Canon and Falls of the Yellowstone. '^ruly this is the wonderland of the world. A region of mountains and canons, rivers and cat- 204 /iritis/i Medical Association, aracts, springs cold and hot, geysers and volcanoes with all manner of stranj^e beasts, bears, buffalos, elks, deer, anle'opes and whole fli)4lits of eagles. It is as if nature had gathered in small compass all things that might show her works and delight the e>e of man. Coming eastward the traveller is lost. He may return by St. Paul and Sault-vSainte-Marie and join the Canadian Pacific again at no extra cost, or he may wander southw-^rd to Chicago, Washington, Baltimore, Philadelphia ai ' New York, If you ha>'e done all Uus, you may go home and write a book bigger and better than this. You will have stored your mind with \-iews and visions which, for the rest of your appointed time, you may call up for your own delectation and for the wonder of your friends as you enjoN* the delicacy of your own fire- side in some sweet Engli.sh home. Additional I xkorm ation. Other publications and all necessary information will be obtained at the reception rooms, which are in a large tent and an extensive suite of rooms in the Arts Building at McGiil University. There, members and guests will register and obtain their cards admitting them to the various sections and meetings, and there will be also post, telegraph and telephone offices, counters for the distribution of tickets and invitation c^.^'ds for the various enter- tainments, cloak rooms, office for sale of railroad and steamboat tickets, .smoking and retiring rooms. There, also, will be distributed each morning the daily programme. Souvenir of MontreaL iSgj. 2o5 JUBILEE YEAR. Public attention is drawn to tin fact that the year iS(.;7 is th" ^^olclen jubilee of the oldest, lar<,^e of the Company and are well worthy of a careful inspection by the public. rile Canatia l.il'c ItiiildiiiK. at Toronto. I'lif Canada I.ifc- Huildiii^', at llaniiltoti. 2o6 British Medical Association. THK CANADA LIFE ASSURANCK CO.S BlILDING, AT MONTRlvAL. Souvenir of Montreal, iSgy. 207 Assurance Co. Head Op kick: Hamilton, Oxt. Annual Income - - . . Assets, over Assurances in Force, over $2,750,000 $17,400,000 $70,000,000 President: A. Q. RAMSAY, F.I.A. Board of Dipectors; Thk Hon. Chikk Ji-.sncic Birton. Toronto Cor.. Sir Casimik S. (Vzowski. K.C.M.G., A.D.C. to the Queen, Toronto. N. Mkrritt, Ivso., Toronto. JofiN vStiurt, E.so.. Hamilton. Ad.\m Brown, Kso., Hamilton. Wrrj.iAM Hkndrik, Hso., Hamilto'i LimiT.-GovK-iNOR Sir Cko. a. Kirki-atrkk. Toronto, A. (j. Ram.sav, Esq., Hamilton, I're.sident Hon. D. MacIxxk.s, Hamilton. Ar,EXAXi)KR Bri-ck, K.so., y.C, Hamilton. HjN. Gko. a. Cox, Toronto. B. E. Wai.kicr, E.so., Toronto. Thk VKRV RHv. (;. M. Ixnks. Dean , of Huron, London f. \\. tiATES, Esq., Hamilton, Vice I're.sident. R. HII.LS, W. T. RAMSA V, F. SANDICRSOX, MA. secretary. Superintetident. Asst. Aetunry. UJonoiarv ©ucc-tois. /Political . ANDRKW AI.I.AX, Ks., K. WO..VKRSTAX THOMAS. K., ^»;^i*-"al Eramiiuncfs, /Boiitrcal : *^- ^'*-^"'^' W. A. MOUSOX, JAS. HKIJ L. 1). MU-.XAII.T, F. A. L. I.Oc,vFTART. " Mavnser for QneUee Province: J. W. MARLiya, Movtreal. 2o8 British Medical Association. THE SUN LIFK AvSSURAXCK COMPANY OF CANADA. The Sun Likk of Canada has gradually come into prominence, and is now one of the most pros- perous and progressive of Canadian life companies. Its business career throughout has been marked by steady progress, and, of late years, has advanced by leaps and bounds. It now does more new busi- ness annually than any other Canadian company. Its various forms of policy contract are of a most at- tractive nature and are designed to meet the various circumstances and needs of its patrons. The head office of the Company is situated at 1766 Notre- Dame street, Montreal, and its headquarters for Great Britain, where a spl'- d business is being secured, are at 42 Poultry, i^ondon, E. C, while branch offices hnve been opened in uU the prin- cipal towns throughout the Kingdom. Within the last two years the Company has likewise extended its business to the United States, with very en- couraging results. The Sun of Canada enjoys an enviable reputa- tion among all who have had business relations with it for fairness and liberality in all its dealings. The profits paid to policyholders are generous, and the Company is constantly being complimented for the promptitude with which claims are settled and paid. This is due to the fact that the diree'-^rs and principal officials are men of tried business ability and sterling integrity. Mr. Robertson Macaulav is president ; the Hon. A. VV. Ogilvie, vice-president ; T. B. Macaulay, secretary and actuary ; Geo. Wilkins, M. D. , M. R. C. S. Eng., medical referee, and James C. Tory, superin- tendent of agencies. Souvenir of Montreal, rSgj. 209 Bril.DINC. ANI .lEAI) OI-MCl' OF TMK SIN l.IKl' ASSlKAXCIv COMPANY OI' CANADA. 14 -^> ,5-^ Table of Contents. Thk Introduction 5 Officers and Committt<:es 7 Of Canada : Political Organization 13 The People i S Resources 21 Of Montreal 23 Public Places 28 Churches 33 Places of various Interest . . 3S Hotels 42 Weather of Montreal 44 Geology of Montreal 45 Flora of Montreal . .; 50 Of. THE Universitie.s 53 McGill University . 53 Peter Redpath Museimi 57 University Library 59 Medical Faculty • 39- Faculty of Applied Science 75 Engineering Building 77 Physics Building 79 Chemical Building 80 Faculty of Comparative Medicine 83 Royal Victoria College 85 Placing of Sections 86 Laval L^niversity 87 Medical Faculty 88 Bishops College gr Other Catholic Institutions 93 2 1 2 Table of Contents. Oi' THK Hospitals : The Hotel-Dieu 98 (General Hospital . loi Royal Victoria Hospital 108 Notre-Daine Hospital .... 119 Western Hospital 121 Protestant Hospital for Insane 123 St. Jean-de-Dieii Insane Asylum 160 ^Montreal Dispensary 124 Sick Bab}- Hospital and \ursery 125 MEniCO-CHIRUKCICAL SociE'iY . . . . ... 126 MKDico-LEciAiv Matters 130 Boards of HEAi/ni 141 vSports and Pastimes 146 The Clim.\TE ok Canada 153 Of Excursions : St. Lawrence River, Quebec, S.iguenay and Lake St. John 159 Maritime Provinces 181 Ottawa \'alley, Toronto, Niaj^ara, Thousand Islands 1S2 Lakes Chaniplain and Cicorge, Adirondacks, and the Hudson 193 Westward to the Pacific 194 Yellowstone Park 202 h±^ ji^\ Advertisements. 2 1 3 Under Eminent Scientific Control. AP E NTA The Be.st Natural App:rirnt Water. Bottled at the Springs, Buda Pest, Hungary. We know of no stronger or more favorably constituted Natural Aperient Water. x? ^ Hoyal Councillor, Af.D., P> ofessor of Chemistry .and Director oj the Royal Hungarian Stale Chemical Institute {MmiUry oj Agriculture). Huda Pest. APPROVED BY THE ACADEMIE DE MEDECINE, PARIS. "The proportion of sulphate of Soda to sulphate of Maji^nesia is 15.432 to 24.496S in the litre, so that this Water may be classed with the best Aperient Waters, and be pro- nounced one of the strongest." PROFESSOR OSCAR LIEBREICH, University of Berlin (''Therap. Monatshefte'^). " The water is constant in its composition. It possesses advantages demanding the attention of therapeutists to this purgative water, and reconnnending it to practitioners." DR. G. POUCHHT, Professor of Pharmacology in the Faculty of Mi'decine of Paris. The Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift. March 22, 1897, publishes a report upon some experiments that have been made under the direction of PROFESSOR QERHARDT, in his clinic, at the Charite Hospital at BERLIN, demonstrating the value of APENTA WATER in the treatment of obesity and its influence on change of tissue. Employed in Montreal at the Montreal General Hos- pital, Royal Victoria Hospital, Hopital Notre-Dame, etc., and at the Leading Hospitals of the United States, in England and on the Continent of Europe. SOLE KXPORTEKS: THE APOLLINARIS COMPANY, Ld., Loudon. 1 4 AdvcrtisiUicnts. Antiseptics in Ointments. -»♦►•-♦••• Wlien studying Bacteriology in McGill Univer- sity, Montreal, under the eminent Professor Osier, seventeen years ago, the author of Pheno-Ijanuni recogni/.ed the need of a more reliable method, of dressing suppurating sores and wounds, than ob- tained by the Ointments then in use, finding the microbes were largely protected from the effect of any ^erm destroyer the Ointment contained^ by the presence o{ oil or grease in any form. — This is more recently confirmed by Breslauer and Koch, and points to the necessity of a preparation that can be relied on. A radical departure from all other Oint- ments has been made in the composition of Pheno- Banum as is readily .seen by the formula, here given : " Phenol," " 01ii)anum," " Myrospermum peruife- rum," "Myrospermum tolutanum," "Benzoin" and " Colophony," which are combined in such a manner as to render it wonderfully efficient ; yet mild ei.'ough not to injure the mo.st delicate tissue ; it has been named Pheno-Banum, and registered, merely to protect against substitutes, when prescrib- ed, as an anodyne dressing which destroys all microbes with certainty. It is being brought before the notice of the British Medical Association, hoping the results secured, (in the hands of such Medical Men as have tried it,) will cause the Profession to i^ivestigate and adjudicate as to its claim of being a reliable Anti- septic, Resolvent, Anodyne, Styptic and Healing Dres.sing, worthy of recognition. L Adveytiseme,its, 215 the Caboratory and the Clinic « X » have both borne ample testimony to J * tlie concentrated potency and aston- * ♦ -1 .... t Dot a Single Casualty * isliing efficacy of our DIPHTHERIA « » ANTITOXIN. S J X » has marred its brilliant record in X { hospital and private practice ♦ % '^^^^ mannfactnre of onr sernni « * is heaged abont with every scientific ♦ J precantion, and each parcel is rigor- $ J ously tested. * * I I CDe l^ertnetically I I Sealed Bulb * * I J renders contamination impossible $ I ParKe, Davis $ go. I 2l6 Advcrtisctiictits. Allan Line Royal Mail Steamship Co. Established 1854. 32 STEAMERS- Aggregating 130,000 tons. PROPOSED SAILINGS: I'Tiiin I.ivfipool. ■ 2 August. 19 26 2 9 i6 7 14 Sept. Oct. STKAMSHIl'S. ♦Nl'MIDIAN . . . CAR'III.VC.1NI.\X ♦CAI,H"()KXI.\. . . I.AIKKNTIAN . . *i'AKISIAX . . . . MM 1 1)1 AN. . . . CARTIIAOINIAN *CAI <•» railway jn\iriiey in the world wliieli ^ivts in one day a variety and >;>lend(iur of landscape to equal that which isenjoyeil by the traveller taking the morning express by this line between Montreal and New York." — I'rof. J. Cl.^ KK MfRKAY, 1,1,. I) , of Mcf.ill CoUej^e. in Stiilti.\h /\'fvie7t\ for Jan., ifsyz. THK <)NI,Y I,IN1': To Ausable Chasm, Lake Champlain, Lake George, Saratoga, etc. Rail Tickets are ji;oo(1 on I.ake Chanij)lain Steamers, ami vice versa. On Lake Champlain. Three Miles 5outh of Plattsburg, "D. & H.R R." The finest s\immer re.sort hotel in America. The natnral stopp-njj over place for toiiri.sts, through I,akes Champlain and (leorne. and to and from the Adirondacks. All boats and tiains stop at the Mo. "jl durinji the season of i)leas>ire travel. Call for tickets to IJlnff I'oint (Hotel Champlain). Tickets sold at all offices of THOS. COOK <}r SO.V and GA/^Ii (^ CO., and at railway offices gevei ally thi oughout the United States and Canada. Time Tables and descriptive literature by mail, post free, upon application to J. W. BUROICK, Gen. Pass. Agent, Albany, N.Y. 2I8 Adverfisemenls. Bank of Montreal ( Efitabllshod IHt7) INCOKI'OK.MKK 11\ ACT ( H" I'A R I.I A M ICNT. CAPITAL ^iill piiid ttp' $iJ,noo,ooo.oo KESEKVUn FIND 6,000,000.00 UNDIVIDED PROFITS S.'i9,fKjS.40 Head Office: Montreal BOARD OF DIRECTORS! Sir 1>()nam) A. Smith, C.C.M.C.., I'lrsiilenl. Hon. C. A. Dkimmoni), I'lCf-I'trsidi'iil. A. T. I'ATKRSON, Ks(i. K. U. .\Nc;iis, Ksti. ■ \V. C. McDo.NAi.i), Ksq. W. W. Odil.ViK, Esq. IIr(.H Mel.KN.VAN, i;s(l. KDWAKI) B. (iKKKNSHIKLDS, Esq. A. 1'. ("lATM.T, KS(1. E. S. Cloi'stun, tiieial Mauager, BRANCHES : Province of Ontario. | Al.MONTlv HKIJ.KVIM.K, HRA VTI'ORI), HUOCKVII.LK, CHATHAM, CORNWAM,, DKSHRONTO. I'ORT Wnj.IAM. C.ODlvRICH, C.IKM'H. HAMII/rON, KINC.STON, LINDSAY, LONDON. OTTAWA. I'KRTH, I'ETERBORO, IN CANADA : Province of Ontario. I'ICTON, SARNIA, STRATFORD, ST. MARYS, TORONTO, NVAI.I.ACHIURO. ST. JOHN'S, Province of Quebec. montr};ai„ do West l>;n(l, do Seij{neur.s St QIKHKC. Lower Provinces. CHATHAM, N.B. MONCToN, N.B. ST. JOHN, N,H. IN NEWFOUNDLAND : Newfoundland .... Bank ok Montreal, Lower Provinces. amhi:rst, n.s. HAMl'AX, n.s. Pro v. of Manitoba and N. \V. Territories. WINNIl'KCi, Man. CAI.OARY, Alberta, [ RIU'.IN.X, Assiiiilioia. I Prov. of Br. Columbia i NELSON, NEW DENVER. N, WESTMINSTER, VANCOUVER, ROSSLAND, VERNON, VICTORIA. ' -, IN ORE AT BRITAIN : l^ONDON, Hank ok Mo>':ikai.. 22 Ahchnrcli Lane, E. C, Ai.KXANDER Lanc. Mauagff. IN THE UNITED STATES: NEW YORK, R. V. Hebdkn and J. M. C.reata, Agruts, 59 Wall .street. CHIC.\r.O, B\NK OK MONTREAI W. MUNRO, Manager. BANKERS IN QRBAT BRITAIN: LONDON— The Bank of England, The I'niou Bank of London, The London and Westniin.ster Bank. The National Provincial Hank of England. Liverpool — The Bank of Liverpool, Limited. Scotland — The British Linen Company Bank, and Branches. AdvertUemcnU. 319 Dominion Line Royal Mail Steamships MONTREAL and QUEBEC to LIVERPOOL V/A RIMOUSKI AND LONDONDERRY it Labrador"'*' Vancouver" ''Scotsman" Large and fast steamers. Midship saloons. I-'lectrio lights. Twin screws. All modern imjirovements. Sail from Montreal daylight Saturdays, from Quehec at 9 A.M. Sundays, Short sea passage, 4 '/^ to 5 days latid to lard. BOSTON SERVICE. Royal Mail Steamship "Canada," 9,fxx)tons, sailing from Boston for Uverpool vid Queenstown. Magnificent new passenger steamer. Comfort and s])eed. For rates of passage and all information, apply to any Agent of the Company, or JOHN FARLGY & 50N, General Passenger Agents, BOSTON SERVICE, Boston. RICHARDS. MII,LS & CO., Managers, Liverpool DAVID TORRANCE & CO., General Agents, Montreal. 220 Advertisements. Anchor Line. New York to Glasgow. — ,-■»■■«■■♦■■' — SAILING FROM NEW YORK: SS. CITY OF ROMIv September nth at noon. SS. ANCHORIA " iSlli SS. FURNESSIA " 25th SS. CIRCASSIA October 2nd SS. CITY OF romp: " 9th Saloon Passage by City of Rome .... $60 ♦♦ ♦• by other Steamers ... 50 Second Cabin $35 and upwards. For further iiifornia ion apply to HENDERSON BROTHERS, General Agents. 7 ^Jowling Oreen, New Yoric, or to D. BATTHRSHY, 174 St. James Street, Montreal, Can. -^RUMMOND, McC.\LL & CO., 16 Custom House Square, Montreal, Can. H. G. ELLIOTT, 136 St. James Street, Montreal, Can. W. H. HENRY, 143 St. James vStreet, Montreal, Can. W. D. O'BRIEN, Agent Grand Trunk RR., Montreal, Can. JER. COFFEY, 11 Mullins Street, Montreal, Can. J. Y. GILMOUR & CO., 354 St. Paul Street, Montreal, Can. Adverfisemenfs. 221 Established 1825. The Standard Life Assurance Company of ^dinhnr^h. Head Office for Canada, MONTREAL. Total Assurances $114,000,000 Total Invested Funds 42,000,000 Bonuses Distributed (over) 29,000^000 Annual Income 5,50oiooo Total Assurances in Canada ... 15,200,000 Total Investments in Canada (over) . , . 12,500^000 World-Wide Policies issued Free of Charge. Thirteen Months for revival ot" I^apsed Policies, without Medical Certificate, or five years' existence. J. HUTTON BALFOUR. \V. M. RAMSAY. Superintendent. manager. The Molsons Bank Incorporated by Act or Parliament, 1855. Capital, all paid up, - - $2,000,000.00 Rest $1,400,000.00 Head OFFICE: IS/IONTREAL. DIRECTORS: W M MACPHERSON, President. S. H. EWING, Vice-President. W.M.RAMSAY, SAMUEL FINLEY, HENrt Y ARCHBALD, J. P. CLEGHORN, H.M.MOLSON, F. WOLFERSTAN THOMAS, General Manager. A. D. DURNFORD, Inspector H. LOCKWOOD, Assistant Inspector. BRANCHES ; .\ylnier. Onl.. Hrockvillc, Calgarv, .Mb.. Clinton, Ivxeter, Hamilton I.ondon, Mealord, Moiitn.al -St. Catherine St. Branch, Morrishurn Norwich, Ott.iwa, Owen Sound, RidKctown, Smith's I'alls. Sorel. 1". f). St. Thomas. Toronto, Toronto Jtiuct.. Trenton, \V iterloo WinniDeir Woodstock. ■ i i.. Agents In all Parts of the Dominion of Canada, United States, and Europe. Collections made in all partsof the Dominion and returns proniptlv remitted at lowest rates of exchange. Commercial Letters of Credit and Travellers' Circular Letters i.ssued, available its all parts of the World. 222 A dvertisevien ts. HAM)IMAND HOUSE, MONTMOKKNCY FALLS, OCCUl'IED, 121 YEARS ACO, HV THE Dl'KE OK KHINT. Frederick Stearns & Co. Manufacturing Piiarmacists, DETROIT, Mich., ij.s. a. Windsor, Ont. London, Eng. New York City. I£stat3llaliecl 42 Years. We ofTer full liue.s of all the Standard I'hannaceiitical Products as well as many oriRinal Specialties such as : ''KASAGRA'' {STEARNS' CASCARA AROMATIC) the original The only full strength fluid extract of Cascara Sajjrada, which is not hitter, and which does not gripe. WINE OF COD I^IVER OIL. Containing the alterative principles of Cod I,w r;.n', Man. r,. 1 . MKBDKN, .S;t/>1. of lUanrlies. Branches In Ontario and Quebec SeSi:;"" i^',s';„e isr^ ' s]»'-'^- JEK;" sis-" i:-™^ S:^^;=,^' <:alt Montreal y[,e, ec i^'u'^'^ Gananoque Mitchell i