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T II B PKODUCriON OF CEMENT, LIME, CLAY PRODDCTS, STONE, AND OTHER STRUCTURAL MATERIALS '>V or i 'V CANADA During the Calendar Year 1910 JOHK McLEISH, BA. Chief of the Division of Mineral Resources and Statistics. M OTTAWA aOVERNMENT PBINTINO BUREAU 1911 9267—1 No. 114 • • • •• •• t • « • • V ::. ' • i*«*» • • • • • •• ••• •• •• r. * • * I ••• • •••»••* * •• **•'•• • > • •«•'•• * • • * *■ ■ .** ••• • • .*•• •• *• • • • ; • • . • • • ••• • • • * • 1 ADVAHC5E CHAPTER OF THE AHNTTAL BEPOET ON THE MIHEBAL PBODUCTIOH OP CAifADA DURINO THE CALENDAB YEAB 1910. STRUCTURAL MATERLU.S AND CLAY PRODUCTS. The subjects included under this heading oomprixc. in the order treated: cement; clay products of various kinds, such as brick, sowerpi[« and tile, pot- tery, etc.; lime; sand-lime brick ; sands and gravels ; slate; and stone for building and other purposes, including granite, mari)le, limestone, sandstone, etc. The rapid growth of Canada's population, particularly in the west, and the development of industrial resources throughout the country are naturally a^oom- panied by a greatly increased production of clay products and other structurnl material such as those enumerated above. The record shows a total prwluction of those prwlucts In 1910 valued at $19,627,592, as compared with a value of $16,.5.1.3..149 in 1909; an increase of 13,094,243 or 18-72 per cent. Statistics of building permits issued in twenty-four cities representative of every- province of the Dominion show a corresponding growth. The total per- mits for construction issued in 1910 were $94,129,423, compared with permits of $64,509,620 in 1909; an increase of 4592 per cent. A summary of the production of structural materials and clay products ia shown below : — 1906. 1907. 1908. Cement Clay products Lime Sand-lime orick Sand and gravels (exports). Slate Stone Total. 3,170,850 5,072,635 1,009,177 139,712 24,446 2,113,699 11,530.538 3,781,371 5,772,117 974,595 167.795 119,853 20.056 2,027,262 12.863,049 1909. 1910. 3,709.9.M I 4,500.702 ! 712,947 I 152,856 161,387 13,496 2,088.613 11.339.955 5,345.802 6,450,840 1,132,756 201,650 256,166 19.000 3,127.135 6,412,215 7,629,956 1,137,079 371,857 407,974 18,492 3,650,019 16,533,349 19,627 592 The increase in the value of cement sales in 1910 over 1909 was 20 per cent- clay products, an increase of 18 per cent; stone, an increase of 17 per cent; sand- lime brick, an increase of 84 per cent. There was only a 9mall increase in the production of lime and about the same production of slate. Complete statistic* 9257 — IJ of gan value of $408,046; clay products, $4,331,;J97; lime, *1.'J8,S47; sand and gravel, !H0fi,7(iC; slate, $142,285; stone, 1845,12.1; or a total imiM>rt vnlued at *(l,122,46». CEMENT. While the production of cement in Canada in 1910 is all clas^d as Port- land, the output includes Puzzolnn cement made at Sydney, N.S., and a "natural Portland" made at Babcm-k, Manitoba, located 75 miles southwest of Winnipeg on the Canadian Northern railway. According to returns received from the manufacturers, the total quantity of cement made in Canada during 1910 was 4,396,282 barrels of 350 pounds net, as compared with 4,146,708 barrels in 1909; an incroarie of 249,574 barrels or 6 per cent. The total quantity of C'anadian Portland cement sold in 1910 was 4,753,975 barrels, as compared with 4,067,709 barrels in 1909; or an increase of 686,266 barrels or 16-9 per ce ♦,. The total consumption of Portland cement in 1910, including Canadian and imported cements, was 5,103,285 barrels (of 350 pounds net), as compared with 4,209,903 barrels in 1909; or an increa^ of 893,382 barrels, or 21-2 per cent. Statistics of the total annual sales of natural roc«: and Portland cement since 1887 are shown in thd following table: — Annnal Prodnction of Cement.* Calendar Year. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897.. 1898.. 1899. 1900.. 1901.. 1902.. I9a3.. 1904.. 190S. 1908.. 1907.. 1908. 1909. 1910. . Natural Rook (Viiicnt. Portlanil (Vmint. Totals. Barrels. Valu Harrcln. Valutv | Barrrls. Valur. 90.474 87. 521 i 90,846 88.187 126,673 72.965 66.219 70,705 85,450 87,125 147,387 125,428 133,328 127,931 92,252 56,814 14.184 8,610 5,775 1,044 69.790 74.822 103,479 94.912. 130.167 74,842; 60,795 60,500! 65.893 73,412 119,308 99,994 »t,415 98,932 74,655 50,2471 10,274' 1 6,052 2 4,043 2 815 " 4 0, 4 Nil, 14.695 2.6.S3 29,221 31,924 35,177 62,075 78,385 119,763 163,084 255,366 292,124 317,066 Wf4iOw4i 627,741 910,358 346,548, 119,761 436.903: .61 5,289; 067,7091 753.975 Nil. 17,583 5,082 52,751 63,848 69,795 112,880 141,1,11 209,380 324,168 513,983 562,916: 565,615, 1,028.61.8' 1,150,592 1.287,992 1.913,740 3. 164.807 3.777.328 3.709,1.39 5,345.802 6.412,215. «9.843 50.668 90,474 102,216 93,479 117,408 1&8,597 108,142 128,294 149,090 2tl5.213 250,209, 396,753 417,552 450,394 722,525 719,993 967, 172 1,360,732 2,128,374 2,441.868 2,666,3.13 4,067.709 4.753,975 81.909 35,593 69,790 92,405 108,561 147,663 194,015 144,637 173,675 201,651 275,273 397,580 633,291 662,910 660.030 1,127,550 1,225,247 1,338,239 1,924,014 3.170,859 3,781,371 3,706,954 5,345,802 6.412,215 'Quantities sold or shipped. The production of cement in 1910 was derived from 22 oporatinjr plants with a total daily capacity of 25,835 barrels, the operating plants beinjf distri- buted as follows: one in Nova Scotia usinK blast furnace slafr; one in Manitoba making a natural Po-fl.ind cement; one in British Columbia; two in Alberta and three in Quebec using limestone and clay ; and fourteen in Ontario of which eleven used marl and three limestone. The Exshaw plant was not operated dur- ing the year nor was the Point Ann plant of the Canada Cement Company, in O 0. comparison of the principal cement statistics for 1909 and 1910, giving the increases or decreases as the case may be, is shown in the next table. OompftritOB of Prodnetion, Salei, and Imports of PortUod Cement in 1909 nd 1910. 1900. 1910. InrrcMF. i I DrrrcMo. Cement sold Il|g. Omont mmnufactured " 8tock on hand Jan. 1 " 8tock on hand Dec. 31 " '1,177,238 4,OC7,70B, 4,7.V),97S AN6.206 4,U6,7(W^ 4,396,283 249,874 ,0)8,239 1,189,731 91,492 Value of remcnt sold $ Average price per barrel " Wage* poid " Men employed No. 5,315,802 1 31 in'9. «0 8-3! 832,038 1 345.200 29-3 1, 208,128 1,409,715 2,4961 2,220 6,412.215 1,066.413 1 35 Ot 143,5871 200 31 11-3 Import" ol Portland rement . . . liU. Value o( cenicr* % A\-eragc price per barrel ' Total comnimption o( cement in i (-'anada Bis. ' No. ol eoinpletrd plants operated I Total daily capacity of operatingi plnnts aa ofl Dec. 31 Bis. I It will be observed that there was a falling off in the stock of cement on hand at the end of 1910 as compared with the stock at the end of 1909, also that thcie was a considerable increase in the imports of cement. The total wages paid show an increase of about 11 per cent although apparently there was at the same time a decrease in the avera-:e number of men employed; an increase of 6 per cent only is shown in the quantity of cement made, as compared with an increase of 17 per cent in the sales and an increase of 21 per cent in the consumption. Of the total quantity of cement made i-i 1910, 1,214,479 barrels were made from marl and 3,181,803 barrels from limest> . e and slag. In 1909 there were 810,706 barrels madefrom marl and 3,336,002 barrels made from limestone and slag, and in 1908, 1,573,09^ barrels were made from marl and 1,922,871 barrels from lime- stone and slag. The detailed prmi" ' ■. of cement in Ontario during 1909 and 1910 is shown in the next table and the production in all other provinces in the table following : — Cement Prodnetion in Ontario, 1909 and 1910. igw. 1910. Incnnxe. Di-rrramv Ceir.>nt aold Bli. 2. i«2.(K7 2,.'M>4.6.'W Cament mMnrfKtund " 2,283,283 2.4M.200 Stock on haid Jan. I " 7(U,873 60O.U7I Stock on huid Dec. 31 " S87,119 592,521 Value of cement sold I 3,084.218 3,150.479 Wacespaid " i 604,639 743,213 Mencmploved No. ; l,34o! 1,306 Total daily capacity o( oper- I ating plant* RIa. : '450 15,300 42,623 212,937 5,412 66,261 136, 574 2,850 17 9-3 9 2-2 22 5 164,902 21 5 22-9 34 2'S Cement Prodnetion in other Provinces, 1909 and 1910 Cement sold Bis. Cement manufactured " Stock on hand Tan. 1 " Stock on hand Dec. 31 " Value of cemert sold t Wages p.iid " Men employed No. Total daily capacity of. oper- ating plants ' Bis. 1,605,682 1. 86.1, 445 3", 386 1 500,129! 2,261,584! 659,489 1,158 2,249.325 l,900,0f'' 588,760 239,517 3,281.736 666,503 914 643,643 36,637 256,394 1,000,152 7,013 10,000 10,535 535 40-r 2-0 77-1 1 ' 350,612 59-4 44-2 Ml I 244 21 1 sJ i Statistics of the annual production of Portland cerr.ent for a number of years shovting the quantity made, the quantit' iW, stock on hand at the end of the year, value of sales, etc., are shown in i ■ lext table. 8 Annual Production of Portland Cement. Year. 1887... 1898... 1899... 1900... 1901... 1902... 1903... 1901... 1905... 1906... 1907... 1908... 1909... 1910... Quantity Made. Quantity Sold. On hand Dec. 31. Value of Sales. Barrela. 360,160 562,335 714, 136 ('•18,990 1,541, ,568 2,152,562 2,491,513 3,495,961 4,146.708 4,396,282 Barrels. 119,763 163,084 255,366 292,124 317,066 594,594 627,741 910.358 1,346,548 2,119,764 2,436,093 2,665,289 4,067,709 4,753,975 Average per barrel. Daily Capacity. Barrels. S t cts. ! 209,380 1 75 324, 168 1 99 I 513,983 2 01 i 562,916 1 91 58,094 565,615 1 78 33,446; 1,028,618 1 73 128,386 1,150,592 1 83 112,051 1,287,992 1 41 306,466 1,913.740 1 42 302,356, 3,164,807 1 49 354,435 3,777,328 1 55 1,214,021 3,709,139 1 39 1,777,238 5,345,802 1 31 832,038: 6,412,215 1 35 Barrels. 3.900 4,850 8,000 10,500 14,400 27,500 23,050 25,835 Imports and Exports. — There has heen very little cement exported from Canada during past years. The value of the exports during 1910 was only $12,914, as compared with a value in 1909 of $113,362 and in 190'8 of $34,591. The quan- tity exported is not shown in the Customs reports. The imports, which, previous to 1901, were larger than the Canadian produc- tion, have been decreasing since 1906, although in 1910 a consideraMe increase in imports is again shown. The imports in 1910 were 349,310 barrels or about 7 per cent of the total consumption, as compared with imports of 142,194 bar- rels in 1909 or about 3 per cent of the consumption in that year. A duty of 12} cents per 100 pounds, equivalent to 42J cents per barrel of 350 pounds net, is levied on imports. The weight of the package is, however, included for pur- poses of duty. The United States was the principal source of imports of cement during 1910, supplying about 48 per cent of the whole. Great Britain supplied about 36 per cent of the imports in 1910, as compared with 64 per cent in 1909. The imports of cement during 1909 and 1910 by countries were as follows: — 9 Imports of Cement. 1909. 1910. Cwt. % Value. Cwt. % Value. Great Britain 322, IK 145,962 15,761 13,806 i i 64-7 29-3 3-2i 2-8 t 104,060 51.222 5,029 6,358 4.33,578 591,403 66,595 131,010 35 5 48-4 5-4 10 7 S 130,951 253,463 20,618 63,014 United States Belgium Other countries Totals Equivalent in barrels 497,678 142,194 1000 166,669 1,222,586 349,310 1000 468,046 Statistics of the exports of cement .since 1891 ami of the in.iwrts since 1880 are ^ven in the next two tables : — Exports of Cement. Calendar Year. 1891 1802, 1893. 1804. 189S. 1896, 1897. Value. 2,881 938 1.172 482 937 1,328 644 Calendar Year. Value. 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 Calendar Year. Value. 2,117 1905 2,733 1906 3,296 1907 . . 1,514 1908 2,267 1909 2,851 1910 5,494 3,143 7,5{)1 9,618 34,591 113,362 12,914 9257—2 10 Importi of Cement into Canada. Fiscal Year. Cement and Mfrs. of. - N.E.S.* i Hydraulic Cement. Portland Cement. Barrels. Value, i Barrels. Value. 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907(9inoB0 1908 1909 1910 28 298 86 548 1,236 1,315 1,851 1,419 5,787 10,668 5,443 2,890 3,394 2,909 2.618 2,112 3,672 4,318 3,263 8,929 10,452 4,890 12,234 16,281 14,305 18,489 27,858 16,201 12,418 5,733 7,678 10, OM 7,812 11,945 11,659 8.606 5.613 6,164 6,160 5,636 5,835 5,440 3,515 2,214 4,896 1,054 5,333 5,688 2,494 Cwt. 16,033 1,678 10,418 17,784 29,585 13,690 12,088 16,961 10.794 1,192 18.860 438 588 10.306 7,821 13,410 13,755 9,514 5,396 6,028 8,784 7,522 7,467 9,(M8 6,152 2,782 8,060 985 7,001 8,948 3,937 7,097 694 4,711 6.865 17,755 6.. 333 5,391 10,690 4,034 685 6,710 466 553 55,774 45,646 66,579 102,537 102,857 ' 111,521 120,398 102,750 148,054 122,402 177,158 122,273 179,406 192,322 313,572 183,728 304,648 187,233 281.553 229,492 316,179 224,150 280,841 196,281 242,813 204,407 242,409 210,871 : 252,587 Cwt. 1,073,058 1,300,424 1,301,361 1,612,432 1,971,616 2,316,853 2,476,388 4,228,394 2,848,582 1,551,493 2,427,381 1,460,850 490,809 355,264 467,994 498,607 654,595 833,657 868, 131 995,017 1,234,649 963,839 523, 120 852,041 475,676 158,487 • Cement not elsewhere specified and manufactures of cement. Consumption of Cemen/.— Although the exports of cement have been in- creasing during the past two years, the value is still comparatively small, and as the quantity has not been recorded, the consumption has been estimated on the basis of the Canadian production and the imports. The total consumption of Portland cement in Canada in 1910 was 6,103,285 barrels (893,075 tons), made up of: 4,753,975 barrels (831,946 ton.s) of Canadian cement, or 93 per cent; and 349,310 barrels (61,129 tons) of imported cement, or 7 per cent. In 1909 the total consumption was 4,209,903 barrels (736,733 tons), of which 97 per cent was made in Canada, and 3 per cent imported. 11 In 1901 the total consumption was S72,966 barrels (152,769 tons), of which only 36 per cent was made in Canada, and 64 per cent was imported. Following is an ei^tiniate of the consumption of Portland cement in Canada during the past ten years : — Annual Consumption of Portland Cement. C'umid inn. ImportpJ. Total. Calendar Year. Barrels. Hiirrcl.>i. '; Barrels. 1901 317,066 36 .5.55,900 64 872,966 1902 594. 5M 52 544,9.54 48 ; 1, 1.39,. 548 1903 627,741 45 773,678 55 1,401.419 1904 910,358 54 784,6;J0 46 1,6!M,988 1905 1,346,548 59 918,701 41 1 2,265,249 1906 2,119,764 76 665,845 24 2,785,609 1907 2,436,093 78 672,6.30 ! 22 3.108,723 1908 2,665,289 85 469,049 15 3,134,338 1909 4,067,709 97 142,194 [ 3 4,209,903 1910 4,753,975 93 349,310 7 1 1 5,103,285 Following is a Vn't of cement manufacturing companies : — Name. Location of Plant Head Office. Sydney Cement Company, Ltd Canada Cement Company, Ltd Montreal Mill No. 1 Montreal Mill No. 2 International Mill Owen Sound Mill Belleville Mill Lehigh Mill Lakefield Mill MarlbankMill Port Colborne Mill Alberta Mill Grey and Bruce Portland Cement Co The Sun Portland Cement Co., Ltd. (In liquida-; tion) The Imperial Cement Co., Ltd Hanover Portland Cement Co., Ltd The Ontario Portland Cement Co., Ltd . . The National Portland Cement Co., Ltd. . Kirkfield Portland Cement Co., Ltd Superior Portland Cement Co., Ltd The Maple Leaf Portland Cement Co.. Ltd The Crown Portland Cement Co., Ltd The Commercial Cement Co., Ltd . The Western Canada Cement & Coal Co. . . The Hocky Mountain Cement Co Vancouver Portland Cement Co Sydney, N.S Sydney, N.S Montreal, Que. iMKgiae Point, Que Kilboum .Siding, Que. ... Hull, Que Shallow Lake, Ont Belleville, Ont i Belleville, Ont Lakefield, Ont Marlbank, Ont Port Colborne, Ont Calnary, .\lta Owen .Sound, Ont Owen Sound Ont. Owen Sound, Ont Owen Sound, Ont Owen .Sound, Ont Owen Sound, Ont. Hanover, Ont Hanover, Ont. Blue Lake, Ont Hrantford, Ont. Durham, Ont Durham, Ont. Raven lake, Ont Toronto, Ont. Oranneville, Ont . Orangeville. Ont. .Atwood, Ont I.istowel, Ont. Wiarton, Ont. Babcock, Man Winnipeg, Man. Exshaw, Alta Ottawa, Ont. Blnirmorc. Alta Blainiiore, Alta. Tod inlet, B.C Victoria, B.C. 0257— 2J 12 Following is a list of companies building, or contemplating the erection of mills : — Ben Allan Portland Cement Co Lake Medal Portland Cement Co Bells Lake Portland Cement Co The Brant Portland Cement Co Canada Cement Co., (Quebec Mill) British Columbia Portland Cement Co.. Owen Sound, Ont. Hamilton, Ont. Harkdale, Ont. Brantford, Ont. Neuville, Que Montreal, Que. Princeton, B.C. CLAY PRODUCTS. The clay products made in Canada comprise brick of various kinds, includ- ing common and pressed brick, paving, ornamental, and fancy brick, firebrick, porous fireproofing brick and blocks, sewerpipe, drain tile, pottery, and sanitary ware. According to tlic returns received the total production of clay products in 1910 was valued at $7,629,956, as compared with a value of $6,450,840 in 1909; showing an increase of $1,179,116, or 18-3 per cent. The total «5,773,117. '?\w of the produftion in 1908 was $4,500,702 and in 1907, These statistics represent actual sales; material produced but held in stock over the end of the year not being included until disposed of. The annual record is now fairly complete although there are still a number of small producers who neglect to send in their returns. For the year 1910 about 438 active firms reported sales of clay products; the average number of men employed was 8,656 and total wages paid, $3,308,609. Of the total clay products production in 1910 about 78-5 per cent was made up of building and paving brick and about 15 per cent of sewerpipe and tile. 18 Production of Clay Frodncti, 1909 and 1810. 1909. 1910. Quantity. Value. PerM. Quantity. Value. PerM. Bricks — Common No. Pressed " PaviiiK " 539,228,708 57,264,656 3,759,803 t 4,212,424 630,677 67,408 8.866 78.132 113.886 285,285 645,722 408,440 S cts. 7 81 11 01 17 93 627,715.319 67.895.034 4.214.917 703.345 S 5.105.354 807, 2M 78,980 16,092 50,215 176,979 250,924 774,110 370,008 t cts. 8 13 11 89 18 74 22 89 Firebrick and fireclay 1 shapes, etc i Fireproofing, and archi- tectural terra-cotta. etc Pottery Sewerpipe Tiles, drain 27,671.097 14 81 24,562,648 Totals 6,450,840 7,629,956 Production of Clay Products, 1907 and 1908. vm. 1008. Quantity. Value. PerM. Quantity. Value. PerM. Bricks- Common No. Pressed " Paving " Ornamental 439.015,556 78,922.092 3.617,720 $ 3,455,524 794,722 72,354 47,288 131,322 89,389 253,809 667,100 260,609 $ cts. 7 87 10 07 20 00 353,261.268 53,480,764 3,719,961 t 2.611.554 517,180 59,456 18,535 110,302 170,211 200,541 514,362 298,561 1 cts. 7 39 9 67 IS 98 Firebrick and fireclay shapes, etc Fireproofing.and archi- tectural terra-cotta. etc Pottery Sewerpipe Tiles, drain 20,100,261 14 85 ToUls 5,772,117 4,500,702 14 By provinces, the prcxluction diirinpr the past five years has been as follows: — Prodaciion of Clay Products by Provincei, 1906-1910. Province. Nova Scotia Nt'W Brunswick... Quebec Ontario Manitoba Saskatchewan Alberta British Columbia, 1906. 1907. 160,506 49,220 769.458 3.136.870 517,065 136,022 180,217 123,277 125,560 57,377 1,214,108 3,123,372 466,432 125,459 353,672 306, 137 5,072,635 5,772,117 1908. 1909 1910. 117,833 75,513 893,717 2,476,152 265,091 87.566 240 334 344,446 4,dOO,702 188, 185 65,570 1,153.832 3,425.841 559,008 145,516 442,486 470 402 204,782 56.475 1,442,842 3,667,810 781,605 160,850 753,232 562,360 6,450,840 1 7,629.956 Annual Value of Production of Clay Products, 1899-1910. Calendar. Year. Value. Calendar. Year. 1900 1901 1902 2.988,099 3, 195, 105 3,382,706 3,625,489 Value. ' Calendar. Y'ear. Value. 1903 i 4,034,289 1904 ; 3.841.560 ia05 1 4,709,842 1906 ' 5,072,635 S 1907 i 5,772,117 1908 1 4.500,702 1909 6,450,840 1910 ■ 7,629,950 Exports and Imports.— The only export of day products recorded is that of building brick, of which the e.xports in 1910 were 390,000 valued at $2,762, as compared with 365,000 in 1909 valued at $2,255, and 2.344,000 in 1908 valued at $9,047. The imports of claj and clay products into Canada are. on the other hand, quite considerable and amounted in value during the calendar year 1910 to $4,331,. 197, equivalent to about 56 per cent of the domestic production. In 1909 the imports were valued at $3,247,539, showing an increase in 1910 of $1,083,858 o- 33 4 per cent. These imports include chiefly manufactured pro- ducts, such as L.ick, tile, earthenware, and ch .i of all kinds. There is also, however, quite a large importation of clays, such as the bettor grades of china- clay, fireclay, etc. The imiwrts of brick and tile were valued at $1,755,773, as coirparcd with .fl.L'19,450 in 1909. Earthenware and china were imported to .i value of $2,283,110, as compared with $1,781,759 in 1909, and clays to a value of $292,.508 in 1910, as- compared with $216,330 in 1909. 19 ! ' Importt of Clay Prodncts, 1909 and 1910. 12 months j 13 months ;I2 muntns pndini; ending I i-ndinK Marrh, DecfniberJ Deccnil)pr, 1909. 1909. 1 1910 Brick and tiles — Bathbrick Building brick Paving brick Firebrick of a kind not iiiude in Canada ^ Drain tile, not glazed Drain pipe, sewerpipe, etc Mfgs. oi clay, N.O.P Earthenware and chinaware — Brown coloured 28, 273 Demijohns, churns, and crocks ! 10,571 Tableware of china, porcelain, white granite i 1,202,537 China and porcelain i 87, 798 Tiles or blocks of " 43,299 Earthenware tiles, N.O.P I 79,854 Mfgs. of earthenware, N.O.P i 66,932 Earthenware, N.O.P i 197,623 Clays- China-clay Fireclay Pipeclay Clays, all other, N.O.P Grand total 1,716,887 90,922 77, 146 887 21,280 190,235 2.722,1.55 ( $ % 4,432 1,495 2,290 108,773 ; 195,360 274.482 101,187 139,.366 124.994 350,457 485,994 811.927 2.394 . 2.785 4,485 106,399 170,280 175, ,599 141, ,391 254,170 361.996 815,0.33 1,249,450 I 36,673 I 8,888 1,212,365 87,467 .56.974 81,393 78,063 219,936 100.066 86. 161 310 29,793 216,330 1,755,773 53,413 6,607 1,545,538 95,509 90.524 125,772 163,278 202,475 1.781,7,59 ! 2,283.116 142. 125 124,293 114 25.976 292,. 508 3,247.,539 I 4, .331. .397 16 In addition to the imports shown in the above table, there is also a con- siderable annual importation of " chalk, china or oomwall stone, cliff stone and feldspar, fluorspar, magnesite gnround or unground," much of which ia no doubt used in connexion with the manufacture of clay products. The value of these imports during the calendar year 1910 was $121,959: of which $90,131 was from the United States and $29,646 from Great Britain. The value of the imports under this item during the calendar year 1909 was $96,747. There is also an annual importation of "baths, bath tubs, basins, closets, lavatories, urinals, sinks, and laundry tubs of any material," the value of such imports during 1910 being $262,667, as compared with $211,837 during the year 1909. Imported clay products are derived chiefly from Great Britain and the United States, although considerable quantities oi earthenware, china and por- celain ware, white granite or ironstoneware, etc., are brought from Germany, France, Austria-Hungary, and Japan. The imports during the fiscal year, show- ing the country of origin, are shown in the next table. Of the brick and tile imported 74-4 per cent was from the United States and 25-6 per cent from Great Britain; and only $607 worth from other countries. Of the earthenware and chinaware 63 per cent was imported from Great Britain; 14 per cent from the United States ; 8 per cent from Germany ; 6 per cent from France, and consider- able values also from Japan, Austria-Hungary, and other countries. The crude clays were imported principally from Great Britain and the United States. IT 1 t3 a \ s, .^6 s s a B hi ■2 5 Unn 8S Sod m5 5« ;« a 8 g*- I'a sss ' i - 3 S S i§ i§3 Hs " QpK5 riac CI — -^ g Su5p — M w w — ' o r- iO MM .s ^ s sS3 a » b * = = f u3 •c.= -?~ a - E « .5 o ° ^ * ._ » H *i_ M*^ i.'—"S 6 X w x'3.Sj.S.S-S5 3 aar« U9M3 t- ^ ■* to ■■ -t" — ■js 2fc ^ a - S it t i Us. a =. j:C * S JS = = a J; I 3 ec - a • ■■1:3 £-"■£ O u OlJS •o O « " •-3 ;£ ■ a ' a ■fc : a a *- Sac q V 5 =« a y ii*=3 -^ ° I S. 5 S £ £ . * O ^ O fc- S* 3S I la o Qh oh us 9267—3 18 •■3 ' ? « _ i -M V •S 1 I i 1.5 8. E ^ 1» I A reconl of the total annual value of the import* of clay i)ro«luct« since 1900 iH Hhown in the next table. In eleven years Canada haM iinporterts hu« been most pronounced in the «a«e «.f brick end tile, the import^ of which in 1900 amounted to $145,014, as coniparef earthenware and china- ware, and of clays have nearly doubled in the m me lime. Imports of Clay Product! (total valne) 1900-10. Fiwiil Vcar. Brick nnil Tile. Fjirthenwuie uml ( 'hinan:irp. f la>> Ti.ti.l. J900 1 145.914 «flO< , 133,34.3 1902 1 172,281 : 1903 157.783 1904 259.421 ' 1905 TeLTiSB", 1906 ! 1,000,372 J 1907* I 770, 68« ' 1908 1 1,079,556 1909 815,033 1910 ■ 1.. 141, 310 ' 9.W.52tt 1.114.677 1,275,093 1.406,610 1.611,356 1,636,214 1,692,359 1,422,880 2,190.784 1.7'6,887 1,859,302 122,965 141,251 140,521 176,416 144,706 176,805 220,504 178.240 267,720 190,235 218,232 1.228,405 l..'i88,271 1,587,89.5 1,740,809 2.01.V483 2.574,775 2.913,235 2.371,806 3,.VW,0ft 2,722 3,41b, . 6,6.37,4.55 16,885,688 1,977,595 I 25,500,7.38 *9 months pnJinK M irdi 1907. ••Includes fireclay , laf^.-'ified i.8 "for u.««- in prey ess of iiiunufarturc^." Dr. Heinrich Kic-. wlio is invc'^tijratinff the clay n'>.o)inc- of ( anada for the (ieoliigieul Survey, re;)( rts with resi)cct tn the clay working indu.stry in the western provinces: 'The main cJay-workiu;.' industry at tiie prcs-cnt time is the manufacture of common brick, but the product in many b.calitics. as around Victoria and Vancouver, does not supply ilie entire dcmaiul. and common brick are importetl in large quantities from Seattle, Washington. 'Dry-pressed brick are made in small quantities at a number of jioints. but file only plants of larpe capacity arc those at .Mi-dicine Hut and Clayburn. ' Most of the pre>sc'^-« " ;-; ^7 J 2 .380 in 1909. and the value of pro.luction .how. an .ncrea»e of |l.O«.9.547. •"' rU the total production wa. 590.493.304. valued at ^^'^^'^^l^^^^^^ ^^ of. .530.228.708 common, valued at $1,212,424. or an average value per t^ou and of $7.81; and 57.204.050 pre..ed brick, valae.1 at $.«0.077. or an average value per *'Tn mlTtotal pr.luction wa. 4.K.742.030. valued at *3.m^^ -Je UP of- 353.201.208 common, valued at $2.011,.'-,.'',4. or an average value per tho>^ anH of $7.39; and 53.480.704 pre.sod buck, valued at $517,180. or an average 'rn"l'9;;;:r t^:!^^ .». 517.937.048. vamed at 1^^240; made up of- 439.015.550 common, valued at $3,456,524. or an averse value per thou. L of $7.87; and 78.022.092 pressed brick, valued at $794,722. or an average value per thousand of $10.07. Production of Clay Building Brick (Common and Freocd) ^^^'^^^ 1909. 1910. Province. Ko. acid. Vmlue. < S s ■; NovaScotia... ^^ New Brunswick " Quebec „,. Ontario ^i[ Manitoba ,-i Saskatchewan i? Alberta ,. f!! British Columbia "j 1 Totals. 386; 18.875.000i 6,170,000 101.471,5671 322,524,4141 59,110.000! 14,416,770 45,479,855 28,445,758 114,795; 44.330, 690,9181 !,5,'i7,068 544,5481 144,316 441,606 305,520 No. sold. Value. 2-37 0-91 14- 27, 52 -so; 11-241 2-98 9121 6-31 IS 4 62 235 22 1 "i 29 19 18,730,000 3,950,000 130,287,310 342,119,078 75,834,550 14,733,310 73,639,771 36,316,3041 113,436 31,350 929.492 2,785,361 746,704 160.850 7,50,982 394,473 1-92 ,S3 15-72 47-11 1263 2-72 12-70 6-67 596.493,364 4,843.10lj 100 I 397; 695,610,3531 5,912.M8 100 Zl PrednetioB of Clay Building Briek (Coamoii aai* Pretaed) 1907 and 1908. Proviner. No. Sold. NovaHrolia 19.6M.00O NewBrunawick 4,M1,141 Quebn- UM,3M.700 Onurio I r %vao.7«3 ManitobB I .i.OBi.lSO SMkatchewsn 12.024,1)70 Alberta I 31,384,740 Brit:»h C'Liunthia | 12,922.045 ToUls i 517.»37,»48 Value. Per e«"nt of total value. 110 3« 71S 2.311 465, 125. 353 131 ,338 ,037 B22 ,499 282 450 672 137 4.250,246 2-60 0-87 1684 54 38 10-95 2 95 8-32 3 09 No. Hold. VnliM-. 1 9,125.000 t 56.064 6.594,011 54.573 90.667,177 601.874 221.600.575 1,664.184 26.818.000 254.591 8.262.996 87,566 25.521.911 240,338 18.152.362 169.546 Her lint ttl tulnl value. 1 79 1 74 19-24 53- 19 8 14 2 80 7-68 5 42 100-00 i 406,742.032 3. I2S.734I 100 00 The pnxluctiun in the Maritime I'roviiu e- shows a slight fulling off. although this may in part be due to incompleteness of the recortl, as only four firms in New Brunswick made returns in 1910 as coniparod with six in 1909. The prmluction in Quebec shows un iiicrortse of $•2:18,574 or ^4-.'> per cent; returns havinir been received from Cd active tinn.s in 1910, as coinparer»,(X) valued at $248,035, an average of $9.45 per thousand, from the United States. The imjwrts during the calendar year 1909 were 27,972,000 brick, valued at «195,.360: of which 1,7?8.000 valu.d at $21,fi80. an average of $12.47 ixr thousand. 22 .ere in.porto.1 i-o.n Croat Britain: a,.d 2C.2:U.O.)0 valued at $173..«0. an over- i.KO of $6.f.2 per tlu.usan.l. from the I'nitoil >tatL-><. Exports of Building Brick. Ciilondur Year. Viilui". 1891 ' -'^6 1.03 1892 1 1.9t>3 12,192 1883 . «,073 44,110 1894 ' 1,095 7,405 1898 1.355 , 8,665 1896 1 983 1 5.678 1897 :: ' 573 ! 2.679 I ("Mloniliir Year. 1898 1899. 1900 1901 1902. 1903 65 172 .546 646 ,110 891 Value. 442 1.351 4,528 5,189 12,786 5,699 (iilenilar Year. M. Value. 1904 1905 1906 1907. 1908 1909 1910. i s 696 5.3.W 7M 5.888 697 6 Ml 802 6.193 344 9,047 365 2.2S5 390 2,762 Imports of Building Brick. li«-al Year. ' M. j Value, ^j Ki«cal Year. M. Value. Ki.scal Year. 1880 1881 1882 . 1883 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890 340 415 3,500 ; 1,448 1 3,263 1 3.108 : 983 276 2,483 2,590 j 1,933 i 2,(167 : 4,281 24,572 ; 14,234 20,258 14,632 5,929 2,440 •20,720 24,. ■W5 12,500 1891 . 1892 1893. 1894 1895. 1898 1897. 1898. 1899. 1900. 1901 589 9,744 621 5,075 1.489 14,108 2,220 18,320 575 4.705 1,057 23,189 2,094 10,336 639 6,652 2,611 21,306 1,792 19.305 2.800 20,677 \cal.t,v. n:ar- kot or den,an.l: tho value, as «iven in the tahle of i.ro.luetion are those at the vara or kiln an.l do not inelude eo,t. of deliver.v. They do not. therefore repre- sent the pri.-e to the .onsun.or. The average price of --"-" J"^«^^^' .f .,^'!,': in 1910 acordinK to the.e return, was $.S.1.% as compared with $..81 ,n !.«).• . and of presse.1 hrick $ll.s-.t. as compared with $11.01 in 1009. In the :Maritin.e Province., during 1!)10, the price of connnou hr.ck varied from $4.H0 to $!•. avcraRing for Nova Scotia $.-..77, and for N.'w Brunswick *^"^"ln Quebec- the pri.e of common brick vari.nl between $1 and $10. nverngin« $6.03: while the price of pressed brick averaged $1.".. with only one firm reporting production. The average price of common hri.k in Ontario was $7.88. 98 tlie limit of variation being $4.70 ami $1<>; while for i>r«->e(l l>rick tlie uvortige wa.-< $ft.74 :in to $12. Pressed briek in the west uvcrnsred .tHi.JT per tlioiisniid in Manitoba; $U.07 in Saskatchewan; $10.01 in Alberta; and .$:!:!..">•> in British Columbia. The following table shows the average values at tin.' kilns of coninion and pressed brick in the several provinces durin;? lilOs, limit, and 1!M(^. as furni-hed by the producers :— Average Prices per Thousand of Common and Pressed Brick. i CllMMON HkII K. I'nr.ssKn Hun K. 1908. 1909. 1910. 1908. 1900. 1910. Nova .' fi:t 11 62 14 00 1.5 00 7 71 7 88 8 74 9 40 9 74 9 14 9 81 1.5 4.5 12 00 10 27 » 6li 9 03 U 18 14 00 14 97 9 21 9 63 12 97 13 aj 19 01 9 73 9 77 20 40 31 05 33 ,50 7 81 8 13 9 67 11 01 11 89 Ontario. — This Province has for a number of years past produced over .">0 per cent of the clay building-brick production in Canada, though tlie percentage in 1910 has fallen to 47. The vicinity of the city of Toronto, including the counties of York and Ifalton, is the principal brii-k making section and in 1910 produced about 62 i)cr cent of the Ontario producticm. or about 20 per cent of the total Canadian production of brick. The district next in importance is the county of Wi'utworib. comprising the city of ITaniilton and vicinity, producing about fi [lercent of '.he Ontario produc- tion. The Ottawa district, including the counties of Uus:-ell aiul Carleton, also produced about the same amount. Other important districts are Algoma and Nipissing, which cover a wide area, and the ciunties of Waterloo, .Middlesex, Grey, and Kent. These eleven counties contributed over S5 per cent of the Ontario prodiution. Practically nil the pressed brick reported as sieh was made in the Toronto and Hamilton districts. 24 Production of Common and Prewed Brick by Principal Conntiei. County. CollMO.4. Prcsbid. No. Value. Halton. Wentworth. Russell Carleton — Algoma Nipissing. . . Waterloo. . . Middlesex.. Grey Kent York 157,634,189 1,314,153 Per M. No. Value. 1 Per M. 8 34. 19,024,051 12,950.000 9,664,000 8,815,000 4,700,000 7,140,159 5,956,150 6.387,000 4,800,200 Total, 11 counties. . 237,070,749 Total, other counties.' 56,362,020 134,825i 97,800 87,231 78.650 51.000| 50,431: 43,413; 11,004 30,846 7 09 7 55 9 03 8 92 10 85 7 06 7 29: 6 42 6 43 16,773.221 25.120.000 4.100.000, 172.183 238.361 36.119 Total Value. Per cent. 10 27: 9 49; 8 81 30.000 240 8 oo; 100.000 800 8 00 1.486.336 238.3611 170.944 97,800 87,231 78,650 51,000 50.431 43.653 41.004 31.646 1.929.353 8 14 46,123.221 382.004 447,703 9 71 2,377,056 53-36 8. 56 6' 14 3-51 3 13 2-83 1 82 1-81 1-57 1-47 M4 The annual production of common and pressed brick in this Province .= 1898 as ascertained by the Ontario Bureau of Mines is shown in the following table. The figures show the total quantit.v and value of the brick made, as dis- tinguished from the sales given in the previous table. Building Brick made in Ontario since 1898. Common Brick. Pressed Brick. M. Value. Average per M. 1898. 1899. 1900. 1901. 1902. 1903. 1904. 1905. 1906, 1907 1908. 1909 1910 170,000 233,898 i 240.430 ! 259.265 : 220.500 1 230.000 I 200.000 I 250.000 I 300.000 I 273.882 I 222.361 j 246,308 1 304,988 i 914.000 1.313.750 1,379.590 1.530.460 1.411.000 1.561,700 1,430,000 1,9.37,500 2,157,000 2,109,978 1.575.875 1.916,147 2.374.287 $ cts. 5-376 5-617 5-738 5 903 6-399 6-790 7150 7-750 7-190 7-704 7-087 7-779 7-785 M. Value. Average per M. 8.970 10.808 11.562 12,846 19.755 23.703 26.8.57 26.000 39,860 69.783 66,167 53,167 44,204 100,344 105,000 114,419 104,394 144.171 218.550 226.750 334.000 337.795 648.683 485.819 490.571 458,596 S cts. 11 187 9-715 9-896 8-127 7-298 9-220 8-443 9 000 8-475 f -98 8-649 9-227 10 37S 25 Maniloha. — The pra' otion of building brick in Afanitoba in IDIO wa- t5,S;M thousand valued at $74i'».704, as compared with r.0,110 thousand valueil at $544,548; an increase of ;57 i>er cent in the value of production. Mr. Joseph Keele, who is associated with Dr. II. Kics in an investigation of the day resources of Canada, reports : — '"About tweiity-si,x brickyards are in operation in Manitoba; of these about four produce dry press bricks, and the rest, with the exception of one stiff mud machine at Alsip's yard in Winnipejr, turn out soft mud bricks. " The burninfr is most easily done in scove kilns, the fuel beinte.. which liavc bwii usually termed fireclays. These include clays found with the coal measures at Westville, Nova Scotia, and at Comox. Vancouver island; also days found south of Moosejaw, Saskat- chewan, and at Clayburn, near the city of Vancouver. British Columbia. Stove lining and other refractory clay products a'-, made at several places in Ontario and Quebec from imported fireclay?. The total value of the sales of fireclay, firebrick, and fireclay products in 1010 was $50,215; as compared with a valuation of $78,1.12 in li)Of), $110,.3O2 in 1908, and $1.31,.322 in 1907. It:.'.-. -H S8 The production iu 1910 comprised 1.375,400 firebrick valued at $29,352, or an overage of $21.34 per thousand; fireclay sold was 1,425 tons valued at $5,863. and other fireclay products valued at $15,000. The production of 1900 compris^ed 1.059,270 firebrick valued at $32,742, or an average of $30.92 p.-r thousand; fireclay sold, 4.405 tons valued at $12,390, and other fireclay products valued at $33,000. Fireclay products iu 1908 included 2,415.871 firebrick valued at $70,429, an average of $29.16 per thousand; fireclay sold, 1,984 tons valued at .$8,121, and other fireclay products value.! at $31,752. The 1907 production comprised 4,323,179 firebrick, value.1 at $113,322, an averrtRe of $2ti.21 per thousand; and other fireclay shapes to the value of $18,000. The i.niwrts of firehriok during the calen.lar year 1910 were valued at .$-(11,927: of which $734,90^ worth were imported from the United States and $70,902 from Great Britain. Fi^n-lay was imported during the calendar year 1910 to the value of $124,293, as compared w..h a value of $80,161 iu 1909. The following table gives a record of the imports of fireclay and firebrick ^in.. ond Now OLi.sfrow, N S. Ontario Sewerpipe Company, Toronto, Ont. Dominion Sewer Pipe Compnn.v, Toronto, Ont. Hamilton nnd Toronto Sewer Pipe Co., Ltd., Hamilton, Ont. B. C. Pottery Company, Victoria, B.C. In adewer- pipe, and other clay prnduct-. The production of driiii. tile a^: reported to this Bran<'h was not a.s larpe in lOlO a'i duriiifT K'<>!». The total >al("; iu 1010 were 24..-.«2,(;48 valued at $.370,008, an increase of ifl.l.Or. i)er thousand; a- eotuparcd with sales of •2",.')71,Ott7 valued at $408,440. an averajie of $14.S1 per thousand, in r.»i)9. The sales in 100S were reported as 20.41S.O(IO, valued at $2!H..'>C1. The Ontario Bureau of Mines reports the total number made in that Province diiriufr lOlO as 21.02S.OO<>, valued at $.T1S,4.')0, or an averajre of .$1."i.14 per thousand; as compared with 27,418,000 valued at $303,550, or an averajie of $13.25 per thousand, in 190i). The sales in Ontario duriiifr 1010. accordinir to direct returns to this Branch, wer-^ 22,S10 thousand, valueil at $334,402, or 03 per cent of the total production in Canada. The imiwrts of unplazed drain tile are comparati\ely small, the value during the calendar year 1910 heinfr .$4.48.". only, as compared with $2.7s5 in 100f». Statistics of the annual production of sewerpipe and fif tlie imports of drain tile and sewerpipe are shov.n in the next three tables. Production of Sewerpipe, etc. Calendar Year. \'nlue. Calendar Year. Value. Calendar Year. Value. 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 i894 1895 i 266,320 1896 Not available 1897 348.000 ISftS 227.300 1899 367,600 1900 3.50,000 1901 250,325 1902 257,045 1903 * ! » 153,875 : 1901 ' 440,894 164,2,50 ; 1905 .■«2,000 181,717 1906 3.50.045 161, ,546 1907 ; 667,100 231, .525 I 1908 ' 514, ,362 248,115 I 1909 ' 615 7?2 301,965 : 1910 774,110 317,970 j Year. 1801. 1892. 1803. ISM. 1895. 1896. 1897. Production of Drain Tile in Ontario. (As ascertained by the Ontario Bureau of Mirt . No. Value. 7.500,000 10,000.000 17,300,000 2.5,000,000 14.330,000 13,200,000 •Not stated. 90,000 100.000 190.000 280.000 1.W.000 144.000 Year. 1898.. 1899. 1900 1901 1902. 1903. 1901. Xo. Value. k'ear. No. Value. 22.6(V8.000 21.027,400 19,,544.000 21..')9.'.000 17. .510.000 18,200,000 16,000.000 22.5,000 190.5... 15,000.000 240,246 1906. 17,700,000 209,738 1907.. 15,. 578, 000 231,374 1908 . 24,800,000 199,000 1909 . 27,418,000 227,000 1910 21,028,000 210,000 220,000 252,500 250. 122 338,6.58 303,550 318,450 Imports of Drain Tile and Sewerpipe. FisclYear. Drain Tile («)SowerpipMh).|i KiscHl Yoar. Dnun Tile (a);Seworpipo (M. 1880.. 1881.. 1882.. 1883.. 1884.. 1885.. 1886.. 1887.. 1888.. 1889.. 1890.. 1891.. 1892.. 1893.. 1894. 1895. 5, .585 2,911 1,905 2,183 4.290 2.346 3,780 ti73 473 110 53 f.95 33. 37, 70. 70, m. .56, 69, 96, 80, 73. 86 .59 38 24 20 790 368 061 699 170 678 048 020 967 809 654 .522 (MM ,891 ..572 358 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 19(M 1905 \^Q% 1907 (9 iiio.'*.). 1908 1909 1910 .339 416 157 1.817 1,383. 1,264 269 252 1,637 1,229 4,727 12,106 2,080 2,394 2,739 18,957 33,870 29,454 32,071 37,766 ,54,819 55,261 .57,100 ,53,958 101,166 131,353 93,4,58 125,747 106,399 196,002 l6lE™ir^o::"s?l;^;ipc.,and carthrnwarc fiHin«s therefor, ehimnoy linings, or vents, oliinmcy tops and inverted bloeks. glazed or ungUu<250,ft-24; as foinpari'd with a valuation of $285,285 in IftOO, and $200,.->41 in 1!>08. Annual statistics of production are shown herewith. Annoal Production of Pottery. Calendar Year. 1 i Valu<-. ("alon iar Year. Value. Calopil.ir Year. Value. 1888 1889 1 $ 1 27,750 . Not avuilnhle 195,242 2,58. S44 265.811 213. 18G 162. 144 151,588 1986 1897. 1898 1899 - 11100 1901. 1902. 1903. $ 163.427 129.029 214.675 1S5.000 200.000 200.000 200.000 200,000 1904 1905 l«0ti I!MI7 1908 1909 1910 $ 140.000 120,000 1890 1891 1802 1.5O.00O 2.5:t.SO!t 200.. >4t 1893 1894 1895 283,28.". 250,924 DetaiU of the imports (if furthi'invme jiml chiiiawuru sliowinn tht- values inijwrted and countries of oriaiii hiive iilr.ndy lio> ii jiivcn on pnjrcs 1."), Hi, and 1". The total imports in ll'ln were vulucd at $l'.2s:),1 Hi, as compared with a value of $1.7>il,T.">9 in 1!M)!). These imports arc siilidividcd into cijrlit classes and in 1910 include: brown coloured ware, if5;5,413; di'inijohns, churns, ami cro;'ks, $<>,<507; tableware of china, jwrcclain, white ttranitc, $1,.')4.">.,");W; china and jwrce- lain, $95,509; tiles or blocks of earthenware or stone prepared for mo-aic flooring, $90,524; earthenware tile*, N.O.P., $12.">,TT2; manufactures of earthenware, N.O.P., $1C:!,278; earthenware, N.O.P., $202,47.'.. (Ireat Britain is the principal source of the ini|X)rts of this class of i.roducts, but ipiifc larjre snj>plie> arc also obtained from the United States, Ciermany, France, Austria-IIunyary. .fajian, and other countries. Imports of Earthenware and Chinaware. Fisral Year. \':iluo. Fiscal Y<'iir. Value. Kiscal Veiir. Viilue I s 18.S0 :i22,333 1881 439,029 1882 646.734 1883 6.57.886 1884 ,544. .586 1885 .511.8.53 1886 ,599,26!) 1887 7.50,6'M 1888 697.082 1889 697,919 1890 695.206 H91 6.34.907 1892 74S.810: 1S93 709.7.37 1894 695,314 IS93 ,547,933 1896 .575,493 1S97 .593. S22 189S 673.S74 1899 916. 727 1900 9.59. .526 1901 1,114.677 1902 1.273.003 1903 1.406.610 liN)4 1.611.356 1905 1,636.214 1906 1,692.359 1907 (9nio.s.) 1.422.880 190s 2.190.784 imCl 1,716,887 1910 I. .S3'.). 302 loTestigfttion of the Clay Betonrcet of Canada. An invfcitiKation of Canadian cluy rosouifes was initiated by the Mines Branch in 1905 when a report was prepared on the ohiy resources of Manitoba- This work has been continued under the OeoloKienl Survey Branch by Dr. Ilein- rich Ries, who has made similar investipations into the clny resources of many parts of the I'nited States. Dr. Ries has been assisted in tliis work by Mr. Joseph Keele of the Geoloftieal Survey. The season of 11)09 was spent in the Maritime Provinces and 1910 in the western provinces from Manitoba to British Columbia. Preliminary reports on these iiivestifrations have been published in the Summary Report of the (ieolopical Survey for 1909 and 1910 and also in the Transactions of the Canadian Mining Institute for 1910 and 1011, and a com- plete report on the clay and shale deposits of Xovn Scotia and portions of Xew Brunswick, has jusi been issued by the (icolojtical Survey.' The results of the field invest i^'ations in the Maritime Provinces, as pub- lished in the Summary Report of the (ieolosical Survey for 1909, were quoted in the report of this Branch en the Production of Structural ^fnterials and Clay Products, durin« 1909. With respect t<. the laboratory tests on these clays, Dr. Ries states : — "The laboratory tests have shown that many of the Nova Scotia and New Brunswick clays and shak-s can be utilized for pressed brick njanufiuture, and as there are practically no producers of pressed brick eastward of Ontario, there would appear to be a pood field for enterprise in this direction." Dr. Ries reports as follows on his field investigations during 1910: — '• The field work was begun at Winnipeg, Man., and extended westward as far ns Victoria, B.C., but the present summary covers the territory between Regina and the coast. "Samples were collected from many localities, for the purpose of testing; but as the laboratory investigation of these is not yet complete, only the mode of o'curri nee of the clays and shales, and the industry based theri'on, is referred to. " With reference to the geographic distribution of the clays and shales, it may be pointed out that the most extensive and important deposits lie east of the Cordilleran area. In other words, in the region of the CJreat Plains: -vhile second in extent are the deposits of the Pacific coast belt. " Few or none arc found in the region lying between the eastern boundary of tlie Rocky ^fountains and the Coast ranges. " (Jeologically, the clays and shales show a somewhat restricted distribution, ranging from Jurassic to Pleistocene. " For convenience of description the occurrences may be divided into three areas, viz. : The Great Plains, the Cordilleran, and the Pacific coast. ,, ' The^^'a^ and shale deposits of Xova Scotia and portions of New Brunswick, Memoir >io. IR-E. OHKAT PLAINS HKIJIOV. " In that portion of tlu- (Jr.Mit I'luins am, lyin^ „o>t of the Uu^iUulo of Koffina an.l Prince Albert, surface eluys nn.l «ilt« are al.«n.J«ntIv .listrihuted and ofU-n used 1,k.«11.v for the n.anufneturc of con.mou brick. The pro.luet thus made h usudly of red colour, and often highly porous, but since in n.anv dis- tricts no other nmterial is locally available, it has to be useil. Those clavs which are strongly calcareous yield a buff brick. "The Pleistocene days and silts referre.1 to above are in .no,t -. '-Dirt llilh J,y,«._This name is applicl t.. a prmip „f bills risin«- from ,1,,. plains about :]0 n:ik^ south of Moos.-jaw. and extcndin,^ south and soutbenstvard for aome distance. The beds are of Laramie a^re; and about .^:! miles south of nnnkwater. on the Portal branch of the Canadian Pacific railwav, there are expose.1 a series of white an.l brown .-lays in the outer slopes of the Pirt bills I he beds appear to dip westward, an.l the bills :« which the clavs occur have a steep eastern face, and a western sIoim- conformable to the dip. •' The . edominant beds are white an.l greyish white san.lv clavs, an.l brown- ish red siliceous clay shales. „s well as some pypsiferous be.ls and bluish clavs The white sandy beds, which form the larirer part of three bills, are quite prom- inent, and contain occasional lenses .,f a finer praine.l white clay. "The succession of beds, fr..m the bott.,m up. wb.ere the white clavs are best exposed, appears to be as follows :— Brownish clay-sliale*-. Soft sandstone. Gre.y clay. White san.ly clay. Thin beds of purplisn and bluish shale. Brownish clay-shales. White and grey clays. " The wliito elii.v-' are firecl«i.vn, fusing at cones .'JO to 82. " Some of the nhito sandy Hay has lieon hauled up to Moon n satisfactory notation of the trnn»i>ortatii>n prohlcni, and thi« may occur iit no distant date, as there ig said to W a projected hrancji of tlie Canadian Northern, which will pa«» within three mites of tlirse day dciKwits. '• Satiric l'o//pi/.— The liunite scams of the Souri-s coal-field have Ix^eii des- crilHMl hy Dowlinjf.' and in his pai)cr mention is made of the sandstones and shale- whi 'i arc intcrJiedded with the liKnitc. There seems little douht that many of these shales could he utilized for the nianufncture of clay products, but up to the presiiit time nftt much has l)een done to develop ttiem. " The only locality at which they are worked is at Estevan. Sask.. where the shales hclonffiiitr to the upi>cr memher of the coal series in that field are mined l)y flic Estevan Coal and Brick Company. '•The section shown in their workings is ns follows: — Top ftlacial clay 10 to 20 ft. I-i^nitc S ft. I'lirtiuK: day clinic •_• to 2J ft. I''K"ite X" to 2 ft. Blue day >halc iippi-r l."> fcft -ii:ooth :!(• to 40 ft. '■ Tiic top day. whi<-h i-s liijjldy calcareous and cream biirniup. i> iis(-^ for makitinf common hrick. "The -hale, which !■< won iiy drift mininjr. is used for makinj? dry-pressed brick. It is red biiminjir. " Shales arc found at a iiuir.ber of other points in the Souris River coal field, l>ut some of tliem crack in nir-ilrying. One very smo .:-. i.. v ic di'posit «iis found ovcrlyinjr the day at I'into. '• Medicine //a/.— This town lies in the Bdly River shale area, the beds of this formation bein? exposed at a number of points alonj: the Saskatchewan river, as well a* in tlie slopes of some of the surroundins.' bills, -vbere tlio sbalc« have not been rcmnvpd by i.vc-f-lncial (>roMon. or are not covered by placial days or .-ilts. '• It may !),■ said of tiio slinles of this area in ceiier.d, that they con-i• -'i«'o- to tin. cannot always I* „v. ..1,.|. So.ne of them n.ay be cure! of craokinR bv pro- heat.ng. an.l cx.H.ri.nen,- arc now un.Ier way to .k.tom.ino thi.. •'Mo.t of tl... .haK. of tlM. Mo.li<.ino Hat region are not rofnu-torv an.l only one of the bo.ls thu. far op,...! „p i. ,,ain....| ,o be a «„o.. tiro..].. '"' ^"-^ K'^«*r ^I'nlo' nr.. now workf.I noar r..ler..lKo. an.l Re,l Cliff \t he fornu^ocality .be .bnb. o..,.. „„ .,.p, „, , ,,.:,. h.JI, r!' .; vu^. san,Nt...,e so„.o .olcK-t.v.. n.ininK an.l nortin^ U n.-.-essarv. An.on. the types of clay thus far identifiera -vn.on, tne brick, and firec-Iay. ' '"" " ""'= ^'^^'^n.-p.-. pres.e.l "Th.. shale, ar.. I.,a.l..,l .,„ ..ars whi.-h are run .lown a .pur to the Cana.llan P.c.hc railway an,lth..nco to Me.Ii,.ino Hat. where they a c to bll 'H.V an,l exten.ve plant .,f ,he Alberta Clay Pro,l„ct.s Con.panv. ••At Red Cliff, .J ,„il..s up tl„. Sa«kat.-b..uan river tro.n Afedi.'in.. ir„t „ somewhat deep section =. ox,k>.c.1 in a coulee running fron, be t , the iiff i"c ,.,uii.. and the secn-.n is .somewhat as f.,llows:— Shales V ith sandstones . Dark. eli„.-.,i„t.. day. .hecks in drvin-. . •; T' Alternatin;f .bale>. silt-, and some' li^^nite seams" "" .^o " l.ijfuif." ,>) '• Sandy >liidi'- I'lKiiite ' 4._5 .. Carboiiiu'eiin-i -hale '''" '•'^■'''' l''^'-' < icea]..,l) aJMmt . .' . . .". "' r.O '• are red-burnin.. .nd I, i , Hkely that any „, then, S.,.Z: " Ked cliff r/'r""' '^ "■'"■'"' '" '" '"■ '■*^''""^- *^^^'''''''""' '''-t .f .!,.. uea V lift JJrii-k Conipany. "^IWtly a,.,.o-s U,e ,iycr i. an,„l„. ..„„,,„, ,,,„,,,,^ „. ^,,,.^,„^. ,,^ ^^_^_ ■"•"'-■-y dilT,.,vn.. :„.,1 ar,. n,ostlvv,.rv .„,,,;„ ,.,,,,,„,„, tion, lint the beds 36 " EfImonton.—T\u'TV arc four possible soiim^s of day or shale in this area as fo"'"vs: — ■ 1 i). '""lood plain days, of very silty or even sandy chariicter, underlying iih ion t.'. ICO horderinp the Saskateliewnn river. This material is used for •■nninn ,• pressed brick. •'(2). (ilacial (0 days of highly plastic character, underlyinp the upper level terraee on which Strathcona and Edmonton stand. " (3). Shales underlying many of the coal scams, and usually too thin to be utilized. " ( t). Sludes higher up in tiic section than the coal -cams at Kdiiioiiton and Strnthoona. " The last named npiiear to reI^resent t!ie best tyixi of material found in the innnodiate vicinity of Kdnionton. Tlie best obscrvcil exposures He just northeast of Strathcona. in the valley of Mill cn^-k, and along the Edmonton, Yukon, and I'acific railway. They are exceedingly idastic, and are said to burn to a vitri- fied bod.v. No claim is m.'Kh' for a high refractoriness, and some of them have a ratiier high air shrinkage. This horizon should be carefully prospected to deter- mine the occurrence of days at other l(H'alitie>. " The development of the days around Edmonton is a matter of the highest commercial imiwrtance. as the deinnnd there for all grades of structural clay products is large. " South of Edmonton, betw.- free from the sandstone be.ls, so abundant at the two localities mentioned above. " Other noralUi,:s.—T]u' l?dly Kiver shales are well exposed along t!io Bdly river at Letlibridge, and also in the workings of the coal mincM there. Those associated with tlu; coal are often highly carbonaceous, and often gritty, hut some, sudi as those exposed alonjur the wagon road near the bridge acToss the 37 JIo> nn best ..vn ,„ the nulway ,.,„s l.,,w.,.„ thnt town .,,.1 llill-r.-st. Tl.eir va.u...n,l ............ ..a„n..t l.e ,loHni,..V ..t., .,„ti, th. ,ost. ..„ then, are 'I:: c n>, out , p „ 1,.. ..,,,,,, ,,„k „„ „„. „.^^„.^„ ,,^,^,^, ^^^ ^,^^_ ^^^^ miles to .„ .,>.,fhu. St ul ,nR Mil] ,,repk a> .eNer.il /•(Vetaeeo,. ..ai.- of .ri.ry ehara-ter have also hee„ .,narrie,I at Seehe OlltDlr.l.KliAX llK - -....ea.,. .,.. tlK- valleys and are worke.l at several loealities i„el„.li„,, N,Ko„ (' .. •TunctioM. K'a.nloops. a.i.1 Kn.Ierhv I ■ollifrar PACIKIC COAST IIKI.T. the most .utcrest.ng ser.es of shales to be found in the western provinces 38 " The section involves a series of shales, saiulstones, and at least one con- glomerate. Some quartz porphyry is present, but not in contact with the worked shate deposits. "The entire series appears to dip southwest at an angle of about 15° to "(>" and the shales range from those of a highly refractor>- character to others of much lower refractoriness. On this account son.e of the shales burn buff, and others red. " At the base of the section, there appear to be at least two beds of firerlav, the lowest one divisible in son.e places into three parts. Of these the lowest bench .s called a china-cla.v, and is said to bum white, but our tes' show that it does not. The muldle and upper bench are separated by a seam oi coal, of var- iable thickness an.l containing flint clay partings. Some of the best fireclay in the mine has a fusing point of cone ,32. and fiJI"- V^^^T ""^ '"''^ '° •" "*''"^*'^ *" '^' manufacture of pressed, paving,, and firebrick, and sewerpipe. - i « b. " Pleistocene clays are foun.l on the lower slopes of the mountain, and can ne used for common brick. Kril r^*''^ '' ""T " ^'"''"■'' '"" •'^'''•"t'"" «t ('Inyburn, that of the Clayburn «nck Company. A narrow gauge road has been laid for a distance of 3 miles up a |?u]ch m Sumas mountain, and the total rise in this distance is 450 feet. The nunes bdonging to the Company are located along the line of this railwav. Other deposits not yet developed are foun.l on the op,«site side of the mountain, but these will probably be opene.1 up before long -Around Vancouver, along the Fraser river, at least as far east as New Westminster, and at Sumas mountain, as well as other points, there are deposits d posits "; '"'. ;*r'''"' '''"■~*°'^"'" ^""■^•' ^^•'"^■'' "^-"•^- ^--« ^-ticular an.l ,s worked at New Westminster, Clayburn, Port Ilanev etc "A glacial clay is employed for common and presse.l brick manufacture on ^.; ar:!:d v;:t"r ^°"""- '"""- "'""'^"' ^^ «•- -'-' - ^'^- ^^'-^. CnS^'T"''"^ and fireproofing are made at Victoria from shales obtained near lameldan"""" ' "' ""'"' '"■"'"" '""' *'"' ""''''^^■^^^^ ^'^ "^ «'- toba'^ Keele reported as follows with respect to field investigations in Mani- " About 20 samples of clays and shales were collected at various worked and unworked hM-ahties. The limitations an.l possibilities of these materials will be tully considered in a report to be issued after the series of tests that are now in progress are completed. 181. ■Summary Report of the G«,loBic«l Survev Branch, DopartmenVof MinesTwio: p. IS (I il)tniiuMl from two sources 39 " The maU-rial availnl.le for Htru.tural purj.,,. —surface cluys and i.!ial,>s. ".e fact that ^J^Z^ZfrT "" " "'"^^ ^"■'"''""■'- ^'•'-t''>tan,lin. limited portion ft „;;:: ;"■"• '" .'"""•^" '■'"-'^- "*■ ^--' -'^-t''. only a clay woLr. T . h t ?' '"""• n' 'T '""'""'"^- '•^' '"'''-' ^^ ^l- about .-J feet of the , o, t ♦•-■-'-''■••"-I. 1 of Winnipeg, whore only 40 feet of :;: " , j^ : ;;;:;,;: r:'- ;;"•• "'^":'"!^'' '•-•' '^ ••^- - --" »; making purpose. t , f *''"• '^ '^ ""''*' '■■'^"'*"'''" ^^ I'nek- ^iH.:.^..:y..ith;hr ::. r.r;::;''''^^''^ r"'^^ " ^'"'"^'"^ --'^^ desire. There s on v , ' t ' "; *"■.""' " '''""' "^ »'"' ''-•■■'■'<-''-> "«ner. brick clay con-eraltult :r;:tr "" '" '" —' ""■• '" ">- ^"^ colour, nnd'^oft „.l !."':„ k" '":'' '""' "'"" "^ "^ « "»''■' --^ 00.0... and „.ke a::n;;;.,f L.^llj^^^.l^^^ "- '--". H..U huff in not ^..craHy .een outcropping 1^!: ^:!:,:::-rr 'T'y • '" ^^^ over, notably at the Ridi,,.. .„„. i , • '"' "f'*"".^ ■>< ^->i"- localities, hon- worked for brickn.a^i.^p :;,::' !;;;fZ "'T'"'- """' " "" '^"'"'^ "- and non-plastic, so tlu^ when fin'el ' ", " '"""'"'' '"•" ^"""^■•''"■V ''ard be n.- . .,: .hap^is^ I . e"::" ^ '"'T' "''" ""'"^ *- '--t and ;■ . me nuite .oft and ,1 ti' T 1, 7 Tr"' ''' ''"''''''"'''■ brick a , .. .idin, i. i,. „,;. J ^ „ T e^l'T '""''"^ '^^' '"^^^ will stand much har.ler firin. than the surf.! .. i!" "■" " '' "'' '"'''''^' ^"-^ 40 LIME. The production of limo .luring i:M() ,li,l not show as hirpe an increase over the previous .vear's output as .li.l the oth.-r structural materials. The total sales were n-porte.l as 5.848,14.1 hushol.. value,! at $l,i:]7,079, or an average of 19 eents per hushei; as compared with .5..-,92.!)24 bushels, valued at $1.1.32.7.56. or an average of 20 cents per hushel in ■"r,,)9. lona'"^'"^!"'''"" "■"' '■''""■*"^ '"■ "" "'''''" ^""^ •■'■'' ^"'"P^^'-'l «itl> «4 fir."s in 1909. The average number of men em„lo,ve,l was reported a, 970 an.l wages paid $4...!.S,6. There was apparently a falling off in protati>ti.s .jf produetion sinee 1907 are sh.mn l...l„w:— Annual Production of Sand-Lime Brick. ( alcndar Year. N'uiiiImt. Value. I'cr M. \SnL Ifi. 492,971 SS i7,2s«.:>(io !5i5::::::::::::::: li'^Cr*^ 44,o!».i..)4| $ 167 "a"> 152 sr>« 201 fi-V) :i7i 857 $ ris. 10 17 H 84 7 45 8 34 The follo«--!g is a l''st of nianufai'tnrer of returns of production were repuive.l: — The Sehultz B.os. Co., Ltd.. Branttord. Ont. .Tno. Mann Brick Co., Lt.I.. Brantf.)rd, Ont. The Silicate Brick Co.. of Ottawa. Ltd.. Ottawa. Ont. The Peterhoro Sands^tono Brick Co.. Ltd.. Petcrb ^roii^th. Ont. Toror.;,, Indestructible Brick Co., Ltd.. Toronto. 0„t. Canada Sand Lime Pressed Brick Co.. Toronto. Out. The Port Arthur Sand Lime Brick Co., Port Arthur. Out. The Brandon San.^tone v .... Ltd., Brandon. Man. Ifanitoba Presso.l Brick Co.. Lt.I.. Winnip<«. Man. Winiiipep (p:ii) Sandstone Brick Co. Winnipep. Man. Interoeean Pressed Brick Co.. Regina. Sask. Calgary Silicate Pressed Brick Co.. Calgary. Alta. Victoria-Vancouver Lime an.l Bri.-k Co., Vict.iria. B.C. uil-litnc i)rick froiu wlmm 44 SAND AKD OBAVEI.. No statistics are available as to the production of Rand and gravel, but the trade retunis of the Customs Department show an export and an import of these materials for a number of years, of which a record is given in the accom- panyinjr tables: — Annual Ezporti of Sand and Gravel. Calendar Year. Tons. Value. Calendar Year. Tons. Value. 1893 329.116 324,656 277, 162 224,769 152,963 165,954 242,450 197,5.58 197,302 $ 121,795 86,940 118 359 80,110 76,729 90,498 101,640 101,666 117,465 1 1 1 1902 1,59,793 3.55,792 399,809 306.9.15 336.550 298.095 298.954 481.. 584 624.824 1 119.120 124,006 1894 1903 1895 1904 .... 129,803 152,805 1896 1905 1897 1901 139 712 1898 1907 119,853 1899 1908 161,387 1900 1909 256,166 407 974 1901 1910 Annsal Imports of Sand and Gravel. Fiscal Year. I Tons. Value. Fiscal Year. /ons. Value. 1893 26,069 S 31.739 33.506 24.779 ' 24.604 , 25.222 43.287 42.209 , 41.280 ! 42.891 1 1 1902 47.381 91.518 110.631 85. .139 t 58,668 95.647 1894 41,573 1903 J895 ' 19,609 1904 107.547 1896 1 18,953 1905 09 7V>. 1897 21,308 1906 116.500 173! 727 171.700 ; 177.412 266.704 223,013 132,158 : 136.011 151 962 • i*^*^ ^^"^ 1898 32,148 30,288 35,713 35,749 1907 (9 mos ) 1899 1908 1900 1909 1901 1910 43 SLATE. The prodiK-tion of slate has xhown little variation for a nuii)l)er of years the output having been obtaine.1 entin^ly fron. the New Roorted from Great Britain, while slate pencils come principally from Germany and the T'nited States. Statistics of imports and e.xports are shown in the following tables:— 4t Xmporta of Rlate during the Tean 1909 and 1910. slate ami Manufarture« ci 13 ninntha ! 12 monthi 12 mnnths. riuliitK emiinit endinK March, 1910. D«<-., 1900. De<-., 1910. Knonnff sliite S<"hiK)l writing Blatc Slate poorilg Slutc of all kinds and inanufarturei) o(. 72.842 i 71,914 67.063 31,252 ' 34,065 31.397 6,0»« 6,154 6,048 26,211 23.068 36,877 136,401 135,221 142.285 Exports of Slate. Calendar Year. Tons. Value. 1 ! Calendar Year. Tons. Value. s 1 1884 539 6.845 1 1892 87 2.038 1885 346 5,274 ' 1893 178 3,188 1886 ; 34 495 1894 187 3,610 1887 27 373 .^95 36 574 1888 22 475 1896 .301 8,913 1889 26 3.. 303 1897 to 1907 Nil. Nil. 1890 12 153 1908 2.. MO 1891 15 195 1909 134 812 i 1910 Nil. Nil. Imports of Slate. Fiscal Year. Value. Fiscul Year. Value. Fi.soal Year. Value. t i S » 1880 21,431 1890 22,871 1900... 53.707 1881 22, 184 24.543 1891 1892 46,104 50,441 1901 .. 1902... 72, 187 1882 72,601 1883 24,968 1893 51,179 1903. . 84,4.17 1884 28,816 1894 29,267 1904 . 86,057 1885 28,169 1895 19.471 . 1905 .. 93,228 1886 27.852 1896 24,176 1906 .. 112,941 1887 27,845 1897 21.015 1907 (9 nios.) 95.520 1888 23,151 1898 24,907 1908 .. 131,069 1889 41,370 1899 33,100 1909 . • 1910 .. 124.065 136,401 4T Mr. J. A. Dresser of the Gi^loKical Survey .l,.,iiribfV tlic slate of the East- pm Townships, Provinw of QuoIm-o, ns folI,,\v^^:— " Slate of good quality both for roofinsr aii.l ..tiior jxirim^es occurs in =pveral phices in the Onlovieian an.l Can.hri.ui strata n.ljment t.. the =rrpeufi„c belt. Ii. a munber of t•.,e^e places quarries wen- o,x'ne.l bet«v.n thirfv nn.l fifty years nKo, but m.st of them have l.m^. si„..,. I,<.,.„ ,l.,s,.,i <>.„„ .„,.■ <•.„> r „nntl,..r principally, it would apixar, from an iusufti.ient n.ark.t at th.. time tliev were operateil. " At the pre^nt time these conditions have npi.^u-entlv .-luiuKed for the iKJt- ter. an.l the slate deposits miKht pr.n.rl.v re.eiv.. r..t,..«ed ntt.ntion. "Onhvlrian Slales.-JUo Ordnvi.i.u .latcs o.vnr in th.. .rRillaceous parts of the Farnham (lower Trenf.n) formation. Th.y arc .lark, or bluish prev in colour, an.l have an e.x.vllent .■l..ava^v. n..arly v..rti.-al. whi.-h n.av be at'anv angle to the heddinjr planes. "These slates h.,v.. hc... .,„arri,..l .t Danville. Corris. H^,mpto„, Melbourne, an.l .New l{..c-klan,l. Th.. h.^t nuntioned ..UMrry i- th.. o,dy one at pr.^s.-nt iu op..rat>.,M ,„ eastern C.na.la. Th.. ^late pro.ln.-e.l is of ...vellent ..ualitv '• I he .p.nrries at ( 'orris. .Melb.,urn... au.l X..w II.H-klan.l are situated so near he .■ontaot ..f the slat.s with an intrns to the serp-n- t.ne .s both a favourable an.l unfav.,urable fa.-tor. Out.i.k. of the zone of .-on- taet metan...rphism the slate is .oft, and lacks the strength that u,akes it especially valuable when slightly har.lened by th.> intrasion; but vithin the contact zone. .,uartz v.ins, or flints bc-on... more num.rous as the serpentine is approaehe.1, and thus tend to lessen the value of the slate. Verv near the contact too, the .slate becomes a fine hornstone. too hard to be well wor " an.l it is then said to be .sharp. The part of th.. ro.k of greatest value .cen.., therefore to be near enough to the .-ontaet with the intru>ive ro.-k to -e.^ure strong slate' and far enough from it tiu.t the >paees between the flints are so larg.. as to be' worked advantageously. "The other features that injure the slate arc oblique cleavages called slant.s and shattered bands known as posts. These depen.l ou n,e,.hani..al deformation,' an.l may be connected with the intrusion of the seriHutine. At the Melbourne quarry, dykes of pyro.x..nit.. strike o" fron, the intrusive rocks for 40 feet into the slate. " In its original c.mposition. the r.,..k may have largely been ma.le up of P00.1 materud for slate, except near tho bottom of the slat.- b.-ds wh.r.. the basal conglomerate is fouml. Slabs take.i from the lowe.n level at the north side of the man. pit at X..w I{.,eklan.l show pebbl.s of Cand.rian sau.lstone an.l quartz.te. and in.lieate that the b..ttom of the slat,> has there beeu reaehe.l 217. 'Summary report of the UeoloRical Survey B^ii^^^h. Department ot M.r.es. 1910, p. 48 " The Xi'w Roc'klund quarry has been o|«rated almottt continually ainoe 1868. DurinK the past c' "it y«-ors it has been worketl by Messrs. Frazer and Davies under a lease from the New Rockland Slate Company. Some 35 men are i'iiipl<>yej.en the loss from brenkajre of good slate by falling into the pit before blustinj?. DurinR winter it is an advan- tage to have as little of the walls cxpow'd to the frost as possible, since the slate, once frozen, becomes valuel.-ss if it is not split when frozen. The waste rock is, therefore, removed somewhat irregularly. " Cambrian Slates. — The f'nmbrian slates are grei>n and retldish or purple in colour, and whi>re there is a mingling of these colours s liaiidsomc mottled slate results. The green colour, in all cases seen, is that known as the ever or unfading green. The slates of this formation, as far as known, have not been influencwl by the action of igneous rocks. They split less smoothly than the dark slates just described, having a coarser te.xture, and are frequently not as strong. '• The quarries that have been op counter sunk, for which an extra charge is made. These h«-avy slates are sai-four';.. of a mile south of New Rockland quarr>-: purple and Rr«.n at the KingHoy qunrry. 6 milos north of Richmond, also m Brompton. southeast of Mud pond, and at other pla.^. i„ the Eastern Town- ships. " Roofing slate is bought and sold by the square, that is sufficient slate to cover 100 square feet after allowance has been made for all overlapping. A square of slate } inch in thickness weighs upwards of 1,000 pounds; hence the thicker grades weigh a ton. or. a ton and a half jkt square. The present prices m New Englan.l for slate of good quality range from $G to «12 per square according to thickness. In Canada most of the slate is made into the lighter or thinner grades, for which the pri.es are a little Ih-Iow those obtained in New England." STONE. Statistics of stone production given herewith include the sales of all classes of stone used for building, monumental, and ornamental purposes, stone for paving purposes, curbstone, and flagstone, rubble, rip-rap, and crushed stone limestone for furnace, flux, sugar factories, et.-., but stone used for burning lime or the manufacture of cement is not included. The kinds of stone quarried luivc been classed as granite, liniestone, sand- stone, and marble. The records are practically confined to quarry operations or the production of sr-Ti or polished stone when these oix^rations are carried on by the quarry operaiors. In ad.lition to this production of stone by regular operators, there 18 no doubt a large stone production by individuals such as farmers and others for house or barn foundations, concrete work, etc., of which it would be imprac- ticable to obtain any satisfactory record. Much stone is probably also used in railway construction work and in road building, of which uo record has yet been obtained. The statistics obtained for 1(HW were much more complete than those for former years, and for that reason it is somewhat difficult to make comparisons. It IS impossible, also, except in a few cases, to show the quantity of stone production, so that the value only of the shipment can be given. The total value of the production of stone in 1010. according to returns received, was $3,650,019. as compared with a value of $.3,127,135 in lilOO; showing an increased production of $,'522,884 or 16-72 per cent. so In 190S the total value of the production was estimated at $2,378,318. The numher of active firms reporting in 1910 was 160; the total number of men employed 5,105; and total wiigos paid $2,225,791. In 1909 the total number of mcti reported en. ployed in connexion with stone quarrying was 4,843, and the wages paid $2,111,987. Of the total value of the 1910 production, limestone constituted $2,249,576 or 61-7 per cent; granite, $739,516 or 20-3 per cent; sandstone, $502,148 or 13-7 per cent, and marble, $158,779 or 4-3 per cent. Stone was used for building purposes to the value of $1,504,001 or 41-2 per cent of tlie t.tid; monumentiil and ornamental stone, a value of $147,421 or 4 per cent; curb paving and Hagstone, $239,068 or 6-6 per cent; rubble. $352,000 or 9-7 per cent; crushed stone, $975,379 or 20-7 jior cent, and furnace flux, 896,757 tons, valued at $431,.")50, or 11-8 per cent. By provinces, Quebec shows the hirgcst output, having a value of $l,4(;!l,0Sti or 40-3 per cent of the total, being made up of limestone to the viiliie of $962,429 granite valued at $.356,257, and marble, $151,000. Ontario again takes second place with a production of $898,788, or 240 per cent of the total: of which lime- stone is credited with $722,703; granite. $109,678; sandstone. $62,247. an8,5I3 189, 6(M 42, 180 1,. 359, .349 748, 639 .331,899 90,383 ■365,081 1.58,441 ,374,179 5 1 12 61 13 43 5 23 ■» 10 6 2-9 11-7 3,127,135 100 100 89 Valne of Stone Sold for Yariou Furpowt in 1909. Kiad. Building. 1 Ornamental and Monu- mental. Paving and Curb- stone. Rubble. Crushed. Furnace Flux. Total. Granite 1 159,470 666,324 20,000 324,716 $ 73,611 95,457 135,780 t 106,963 154,490 1 63 205 t 51,575 609,349 S t 454,824 2,139,691 158,441 374,179 Limestone Marble 210,418 2,661 26,836 403,613 Sandstone 1,490 17.774 3.363 Totals 1,170,550 306,338 j 279,227 303,120 ! 664,287 ; 403,613 3,127,135 Frodnction of Stone by Frovincei and for Fnrpoiei nsed, 1909. Province. Nova Scotia New Brunswick. . Quebec Ontario Manitoba Alberta British Columbia. Totals Percent Building, 16,043 29,192 554,722 99,200 179,605 87,450 204,338 Orna- mental and Monu- mental. 4,018 7,038 230,095 12,687 45,000 1,170,550 37-4 7,500 Paving and Curb- stone. 2,846 450 210,426 54,443 62 Rubble. Crushed. Furnace Flux. 11.000 306,338 I 279,227 9-8 8-9 6,000 5,500 94,241 82,449 49,312 2,933 62,685 303,120 9 7 S I t 800 j 159,897 269,6i5'i "i6,2W 303,652 I 196,208 67,920 I ........ i . 42,300 I 37,258 664,287 I 403,613 21-3 I 12-9 Total. 189.604 42,180 1,359,349 748,639 331,899 90,383 365,081 3,127,135 100- Exports and Imports. — The exports of stone are classified simply as wrought and unwrought; the total value of the exports in 1910 was $27,471 as com- pared with $59,370 in 1909 and $58,005 in 1908. The annual exports since 1890 are shown in the following table : — I 53 Exports of Stone and Marble, Wrought and Unwronght. Calendar Year. , Wrought. Unwrought I Calendar Year. Wrought. ln«Tought. 1890.. 1891.. 1892.. 1893.. 1894.. 1899.. 189S.. 1897.. 1898.. 1899. I t 21,725 13,398 7,698 9,102 22,576 8,587 4,934 9,415 2,526 5,092 S 43,611 46. 162 47,424 12,532 34,130 51,616 32,897 42.a'M 65,370 101,931 I 1900. I 1901. 1902. ' 1903. 1904. \ 1905. I 1906. : 1907. 1908. , 1909. ' 1910. t 5,933 5,917 8,632 7,684 4,760 3,545 23,097 4,233 5.194 33,598 5,352 t 115,711 1.57,739 124.829 46,295 17,802 13,089 4,675 3,087 42,811 25.772 22,119 -ae imports are classified as building stone of all kinds, except marble, manufactures of granite and other stone, and marble and its manufactures. The total value of the imports of stone during the calendar year 1910 was $845,123, as compared with a value in 1909 of $683,801; showing an increase of $161,,322, or 23-6 per cent. Of the total imports during 1910, $311,595 in value was classed as building stone, and $192,21'' as granite sawn and manufactures of; $74,100 as paving blocks, and $267,215 as marble and manufactures of. During 1909 the imports of building stone were $280,557; granite. $162,742; paving blocks, $58,355, and marble, $182,147. The imports during both years were derived chiefly from the United States and Great Britain; the United States supplying buildinp- stone, paving blocks, and marble principally. The imports from Great Britain consisted mainly of manufactures of granite. Marble is obtained in some quantity also from Italy and other countries. The total value of the imports from the United States in 1910 was $640,084; from Great Britain, $160,664; from Italy, $31.^14 and from other countries, $13,061. u I?- 04 Total Imports of Stcne during the Calendar Yean 1909 and 1910. Imports. 1909. 1910. Tons. Value. Tons. I Value. Building stone, rough (1) 21,746 102 470 " dressed (2) 35,910 178!o87 uranite, sawn only 3q7 2 380 " manufactures of 120918 Paving blocks 58355 Manufactures of stone, N.O.P '.'..'..'.'" \ 30444 Marble and manufactures of — j ' Marble, sawn or sand rubbed, not polished ' ! 118,095 " rough, not hammered or chiselled ... J 8414 " manufacturer, of, N.O.P < 1 ss'gsg 1 27,658 1 33,996 i 789 i s 125, .531 186,064 3,287 154,798 74,100 34,128 154,153 18,368 94,694 683,801 845,123 ch' ^M J'^'**""^''' 8™"''«> fough sandstone, and all building stone not hammered, (2) Flagstone; all other building stone, sawn or dressed. sawn, or Imports of Stone, showing Country of Origin, Calendar Year 1910. Imports. Building stone, rough (1) " dressed (2) Granite, sawn only " manufactures of Paving blocks Manufactures of stone, N.O.P Marble and manufactures of — Marble, sawn or sand rubbed, not polished " rough, not hammered or chiselled " manufactures of, N.O.P Great Britain. United States, i Italy, r' ." I "^ Countries, Tons. Value. ■ Tons. 1 Value. Value. I Value. 265 42 7 1,810 26,951 122,531 . 1531 33,954 185,911 37| 782 3,250 . 149,958! i 4,762 ! 73,033. 4,340| I 27,548. 299! I 122,168'. 12,939; 87,942'. S •1,190 4,067 160,664' 31,314 640,084 31,314 78 1,067 2,240 372 5,429 2,685 13,061 chiseJlLf''*''*""**' ""*"""• "'"*'' »"ni/cd '"*"*""**' ''"'"'**• ""'*'' sandstone, and all building stone not hammered, sawn, or (2) Flagstone; all other building stone, sawn or StoNB. Rough. I Dressed. ! Munufac- tures of Marble. Flagstones. Total Value Granite, etc. t 1880 „,.,24 1881 i 7.823 1882 32,848 1883 - 33,429 1884 46,232 1885 28,433 1886 1 36,776 1887 47,819 1888 i 84,263 1889 ! 89.723 1890 < 126.456 1891 151.119 1892.. 85, 189 1893 47.609 1894 48,097 1895 37,732 1896 42,737 1897 27,442 1898 25,,322 1899 43,494 1900 63.376 1801 45,0,39 1902 69,972 1903 ' 71 202 1904 1 59,864 1908 1 49,004 1906 ! 66,994 1907 58,398 1908 80,950 1909 63,984 1910 110,997 1 3,146 29,408 ' 50,326 1 36,877 i 775 37,267 1,632 45,636 i 4,856 45,290 2,058 39,867 ! 4,899 41,984 6,549 41,829 2,110 47,487 10,591 61,341 5,699 84,, 396 19,771 61,051 10.381 39,479 8.901 49,323 4.811 49,510 6,550 51,050 1 11,393 51,499 I 11,272 34.026 3, 173 41,240 4,546 60,148 1,157 57.039 1,039 66,6.39 29,102 72,. 397 16,664 78,629 33,914 141.165 53,813 150,160 65.134 178,4.35 78,967 136,779 90,740 192,248 72,961 1 3,949 184,620 223,462 63.015 85,977 109.505 128,520 108,771 102,835 117,752 104.250 94.681 118,421 99,3.53 107,661 106,268 96,177 94.657 83,422 90,065 77,150 95.894 104,879 94,017 96, 1,59 130,424 1.53,481 181.511 145,466 189,589 176,4.tO 287,587 200,928 184,798 241 848 99 1,158 1,756 9,443 10,966 21,077 15,451 48,995 36,348 15,048 8,500 2,429 84 Nil 227 1,540 i Nil I 63 ; Ufl ' ,231 Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil 1, 128,. 393 181.244 181.243 209,316 206,307 174,949 210,854 211,413 249,618 295,527 304,899 372,950 2,56,345 210,510 199.504 178,8.38 195,694 1.50,117 167.129 210,067 215.652 208.992 303.126 319,976 416,454 398.443 500,152 450.594 651.525 531,822 703,877 56 OSAHITE. The production of jtranite and trap-rock in 1910, according to returns from 33 active firms reporting, was valued at $739,516; as compared with a production by 29 firms valued at $454,824 in 1909; showing an increase of $284,692, or 63 per cent. There was an increased production of granite for building, monumental, and ornamental purposes, a very large increase in the production of crushed granite, and a falling off in values of granite sold for curbing, paving, and rubble. Quebec province was the largest producer, the value of sales in 1910 being $356,257, as compared with $257,096 in 1909. The value of sales in British Columbia in 1910 was $244,767, as compared with $134,310 in 1909; while Ontario produced a value of $109,078 in 1910, as compared with $42,700 in 1909. New Brunswick was at one time a large producer of granite, the quarries in the vicinity of St. George being extensively opereted. There is still a con- siderable industry at St. George, although much lo.s than formerly, in the manu- facture of granite, the total value of the dressed stone produced in 1910 being $70,000. The rough stone, however, is now obtained largely from other quarries mclu''-,g Spoon island, N.B., Rodbeaeh, Maine, and Mt. Johnston, Que. Statistics of the production by provinces for 1910 and 1909, showing the pur- |« es for which the stone was sold and the annual total production since 1886, are shown in the following tables :— Value of Oranite Production by Provinces, 1909. Province. IMonumental Building. ! or I Ornamental Curb, or Paving. Rubble. I Crushed. Total. Nova Scotia New Brunswick. . . Quebec Ontario Manitoba British Columbia. Total. 45S I 3.378 139, 63t ' 2.528 7,038 58,845 2,700 16,000 2.500 159,470 73,611 2,846 450 56,167 36,500 11,000 106,963 675 i 20 2,430 I 3,500 ' 3,345 62,510 , 44,300 63,205 51,575 5,832 11,541 257,096 42,700 3,345 134 310 454,824 L 67 Value of Oranite Prodnction by Prtnrincet, 1910. Province. I Building, I Monumental or „ . Ornamental P-'^'-'K- Curb. Rubble. I * Nova Scotia ' 2 600 New Bruniiwick. . Q''f'^.'^ '''.'.'.'.'.'. "202.435 : Ontario j joq ! Manitoba ..........'.. ' I British Columbia '.'.'.]' 62 062 i Total I 268,197 j Totel. 11,091 4,600 i ' 18,29! 6,S80 I 6880 53,405 40,831 3,0.H 56,531 ,3.56;257 200 j 30,320 33,513 44, .M5 109,678 t I 3 64'i ' 1 (Mt 3.0001 3;756' i0,071 I 165;884 244;767 74,576 j 79,501 46,639 ; 270,603 739.516 Annnal Prodnction of Oranite. Cale-.d«r Year. 1886.. 1887.. 1888.. 1889.. 1890.. 1891.. 1892.. 1893.. 1894.. 1895.. 1896.. 1897.. Tons. 6,062 21.217 21,352 10,197 13,307 13,637 24,302 22,521 16,392 19,238 1 18,717 ; 19,345 i Value. 63,309 142,506 147,305 79,624 65,985 70.056 89,326 94,393 109,936 84,838 106,709 61,934 Calendar Year Tons. 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 23,897 13,418 1 15.136 Value. 81.073 90,542 80,000 155,000 210,000 200,000 150,000 226,305 278,419 194,712 282,320 454,824 7.39,518 LIMESTONE. The statistics given hen ith do not include the value of the stone burned into lime by the quarry operators nor that of the stone used in the manufacture of cement, a record of lime and cement production being separately given With these exceptions the total value of the production of limestone in Canada m 1910 was $2,249,576, as compared with a value of $2,139,691 in 1909, or an increase of about 5 per cent. There was a decrease in the production of limestone for building and orna- mental purposes and for curbstone and paving, but an increased production of crushed stone, rubble, and furnace flux. The production during 1910 of limestone for building purposes was valued at $695,729, as against $761,821 in 1909; the value of chrushed stone in 1910 was $701,556, as against $609,349 in the previous year. Curbstone and paving blocks were produced to the value of $125,637 in 1910, as compared with $154,490 in 1909. The value of rubble in 1910 was $295,168, as against $210,418 in 1909. The production of furnace flux in 1910 was 896.677 tons, valued at $431,486, as compared with 842,232 tons, valued at $403,613, in 1909. There is no separate record of the production of limestone in 1908 or pre- vious years. Value of Limestone Prodnetion by Provincei, 1909. Province. Building ; 'and Orna- Crushed, mental. Nova Scotia ' 2,025 New Brunswick | 30 f; and British Columbia $3,679 as compared with $25,000 in 1909. With the exception of the Philips- burg quarries the operations were practically confine.1 to the development of quarries. Annnal Production of Harble. Calendar Year. Tons. 1886.. 1887.. 1888.. 1890.. 1891.. I8j2.. Value. Ml 9.900 242 6,224 191 3,100 >:i 980 780 10,776 240 1,752 340 3.600 Calendar Year. Tons. Value. 1893 flon 1894 Sn 1895 ; 200 1896 224 1897 to 1907 inclusive '.'.'.'.' Nil 1908 1909 1910 5.100 Nil 2,000 2,405 Nil 125.000 158,441 158,779 e.> SAHDSTOHE. There was a considernl.lc iiicreiise in the pnxluction of Mindstoue in 1910, the value of output being $502,148, ai .omimred with $;J74,179 in im«t. Th<' greater part of the sandstone quarried is used for building purposes. A small quantity is used a* rubble an.l ns cru-ijicd stone, while in Ontario sandstone paving blocks are made. Of the production in 1910 building and ornamental sandstone was sold to the value of $454,220. or 90-5 per eeiit of the total sandstone salt*. This amount comprised $118,3(!4 in value of rough stone and $.335,850 in dressed stone as sold l).v the quarry operator-. The pro.luction in 1909 of building and ornamental stone was valued at $32(!.20<5, comprising $103.H-,9 in rough stone and $222,347 in dressed stone. Statistics of protluctiim i„ 1909 and 1910 are shown it. the next two tables. There is no complete record of the san.lstone pr ,duction throughout Canada in previous years. Value of Sandstone Production by Provinces, 1910. Province. Building and Orna- j Crushed, mental. Nova Seotia New Brunswick... Ontario Alberta British Columbia. Total... «,032 ' i. ..::::::: ::' 2;76r 35.301 I 1,370 I 34..'»0 1.049 234.487 129,325 I 1.500 6,.'?71 16.42S 51,793 62,247 240,858 130,825 454,220 3,220 34.530 10 ^78 S02,148 Value of Sandstone Production by Provinces, 190 . Province. BuildinK and Orna- mental. Crushed, i Paving. Nova Scotia New Brunswick... Ontario All)erta British Columbia. 15,050 25,784 29,584 87,450 168,338 800 Rubble. Tola'. 2,563 17,774 6 000 4,825 12,903 2,933 175 21,850 30,609 63,824 90,383 168,513 Total I 326,206 3,363 17,774 6,836 374,179