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Las diagrammes suivants iiluatrent la m^thoda. ata lure. ] !X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 NOVA SCOTIA: \ ITS CLIMATE, EESOUECES, AXD ABTANTAGES. BEIXG A GENERAL DESCRIPTION or THB PROVINCE, FOE THE INPORMATION OF INTENDING EMIGRANTS. BY HEEBERT CEOSSKILL, l>eputy I^rovincial Secretary, SECOIVO El>ITIO]V f I t Published under the authority of His Honor the Lieut.-Governor \ and the Executive Council. FATTF^T: ^ PEINIEB BY CHARLEo AriCiXD. 1874. 5 5 Oopy of a Minute of Council passed at HaUfaon on the l^th day of March, 1872. ''Having read the manuscript Description of Nova Scotia, written by the Deputy Provincial Secretary, at the request of the Government, the Council are of opinion that the information therein contained is correct and reliable, and calculated to be very useful to intend- ing emigrants tc this Province. It is therefore ordered that the same be published for distribution in Eiurope." Approved. (Signed) HASTINGS DOYLE, Lieutenant^ Governor, ■ Introduc Descripti Climate.. Soil, and Peat Lan Product! Woods a Game.... Mines ai Mineral Governn ReligioD Educati( Crown L Populati Labor ai Manufac Trade ai Newspa] Postal S Telegraj Internal Externa The tim The Mei County « it INDEX. Page. Q Introduction Description of Nova Scotia -^^ Climate Soil, and the productions thereof •' 1* 21 Peat Lands Production of the Sea and Rivers 22 Woods and Forests ^ 26 Game Mines and Minerals *' 34 Mineral Waters *^ 35 Government ' 37 Religion - Education ^ 40 Crovp^n Land3 ■ ^ Population Labor and Wages Manufactures 49 Trade and Commerce Newspapers Postal System ^^ Telegraphs Internal Communication ^^ External Communication ^^ The time to Emigrate • *^^ The Metropolis—Halifax ^^ County of Annapolis • *^" ^ " " Antigonish ^^ Jl " " Cape Breton ^^ •* Colchester ^^ k " " Cumberland • • I •• •• 1.) ■ • ......... ^. ,. . ' I Vi ( oinity of ( iuysbi )Vougli J_ " ' " IhiVihix ***; " *' Hants ^^' " " Inverness .' •* "icings ^ " •* Lunenburg ^ " " Pictou l^ «• *' Queens ''^ « "Richmond ^* « " Shelburne '^^ « " Victoria • '^^ " " Yarmouth '^^ 79 COiiclusion Appendix Passenger Warrants *" Money Table • Members of the Government of Nova Scotia »* The greater and aj the G( The inform the A from J will b A ] omitte offence the ail w M m 67 68 69 71 73 74 75 76 76 79 83 92 98 94 PREFACE. The demand for the first edition of this book was greater than the Agents in Great Britain could supply, and applications were so frequently made for it that the Government decided to issue another edition. The author has made some additions, and given some information in this, tl at the first did not contain ; and the Appendix has been enlarged by some quotations from Mr. Charles Hallock^s " Fishing Tourist," which will be found interesting. A part of the Introduction to the first edition is omitted in the second, because it, as a criticism, gave offence to another writer, and it was not the intention of the author to offend any one. w» M In t sary t( class c not so present but lit the m in the The q of No^ climate resourc accouni intereil preser^ I am ] pLatica emigra This is cannot trious greater Europe INTRODUCTION. In the compilaticn of this little work it is n'^t necesK sary to enter into the histoi^y of Nova Scotia, as the class of persons for whose benefit it is intended ar" not so much interested in the past as they are in the present and future. Emigraits from Europe care but little whether this Province possesses a history the mo^ remarkable and extraordinary of any country in the world, . x, comparatively, no history at all. The questions with them are, simply. Is the Province of Nova Scotia a good country to settle in ? Is its climate salubrious, its soil fertile? Are its natural resources such that they may be. turned to profitable account? Would a European advance his pecuniary intereks, increase his comfort and happiness, and preserve his health by emigrating to Nova Scotia? I am prepared to answer all the above questions em- phatically in the affirmative, providing the intending emigrant is steady, honest, industrious, and energetic. This is no place for the idle and vicious. Loafers cannot live by loafing in this country ; but an indus- trious man can do well, and live in better style and greater comfort on a small '-apital than he can in Europe, 2 :* io i J This is comparatively a new country, first settled by the British in 1749. In June of that year thirteen transports landed 2376 men, women, and children at Halifax, or rather on the site on which the city of Halifax now stands ; and now the population of the city is aearly forty thousand, and of the Province nearly four hunted thousand. Of this number considerably over three hundred thousand were born in the Province. There are about fifty thousand horses owned in the Province, besides one hundred and fifty thousand neat cattle, one hundred and twenty thousand milch cows, three hundred and forty thousand sheep, and fifty thou- sand swine. Proving, I think, conclusively, that Nova Scotia is a remarkably advantageous coij^try to settle in. I agree with the late Immigration Agen*, Mr. Mor- rison, when he says : " Whiie some other countries have succeeded by a good deal of exaggeration, and even falsehood, in inducing immigration, I feel certain that nothing more than the truth need be told in reference to Nova Scotia to prove its superiority for a good class of emigrants." And I consider the more truthful the des- cription of the Province, the more will it recommend itself to the attention and the consideration of the classes of people for whose information it is written. settled thirteen idren at city of of the e nearly iderably rovince. in the Qd neat h cows, ty thou- X Nova settle T. Mor- les have id even lin that rence to class of he des- >mmend classes ! 4 NOVA SCOTIA. GBNERAL FEATURES, The Province of Nova Scotia, in British North Ame* rica, is now a part of the Dominion of Canada. It is a peninsula, lying between 43 ® and 46 ^ North latitude, and 61 ® and 67 ® West longitude. It is connected with the Province of New Brunswick by a narrow isth- mus, about 16 miles wide ; its area is about 300 miles in length, by 80 to 100 miles in width. Its length runniiig about north-east and south-west. The Province contains about 11,000,000 acres, of whicj^ about one- fifth part consists of lakes and small rivers. About 5,000,000 acres of land are fit for tillage ; the re- mainder, which is chiefly a belt on the sea coast, is rocky and barren, and presents to a stranger visiting our shores a very rough, rugged and sterile appearance ; but the interior of the country is not so. From the appearance of the coast no idea can be formed, could scarcely be imagined, of the beauty and fertility of the interior. It may be compared to a splendid oil painting, set in a heavy, coarse, iron frame. Althotgh the coa«t is rugged, 12 it k indented with numerous excellent harbors, most of of which are easy of access, safe and commodious. Inhere is no finer scenery to be found in Ameiica than j m many parts of Nova Scotia ; there is a great Viu-iety of hill and dale, small, quiet, glassy lakes, and pretty land-locked inlets of the sea which would afford charm^ mg studies for an artist. The gloriously bright tints of our autumn forest scenery, warmed by an Indian sum- mer sun, cannot be surpassed anywhere. Each county has, m its scenery, some feature peculiar to itself, and distinct from that in the others, affording a great variety to the tourist ; and those persons who are in search of a quiet rural residence away from the noise and bustle of the city, may have a^choice of localities such as for . vanety can hardly be found in any country of the same extent on this side of the Atlantic. CLIMATE. It is not generally known outside the Province that the climate of Nova Scotia is more temperate than that of any other part of the Dominion ; but such is the fact. Ihe extreme cold which is experienced in winter in other parts of America is not felt here, owing perhaps to the fact that the Province is almost completely surround- ed by the sea, and that the Gulf stream sweeps alon- withm a few miles of its southern shore ; and furtl^o" »hat the Province is protected from the chilly north I Winds high 1 mate Mr. truthf in the bilitiej averag setts, i HantS; apd 7 counti Victor " Ie or thre the wei from fc which enougl 5 is som< the m( i I away— In Hal rises i I winter i • . . ^ in tjrie I but the , most of us. lica than t Viiriety d pretty I charm- tints of m sum- county elf, and variety 3arch of I bustle I as for le same ce that m that le fact, ter in Laps to ound- along north Winds by an almost continuous belt of mountains, or veuy high hills, stretching along its northern side. The cli- mate varies, however, in different pa^-ts of the country. IVJr. Morrison, in his description of the Province, truthfully says : " The climate o£ the Province varies in the different counties, as the counties do in their capa- ^ bilities and resources. Annapolis is th^. warmest, and I averages about 6 ^ warmer than the State of Massachu- I setts, 3 * or 4 ' warmer than the counties of Kings or Hants, 5 ® or 6 * warmer than Halifax and Colchester-, apd 7 ® or 8 ^ warmer than Cumberland, Pictou, and the counties in the Island of Cape Breton, vi;s., Richmond, Victoria, Inverness and Cape Breton. " In the Annapolis Valley the spring opens about two or three weeks earlier in the year than in Halifax, and the weather is generally dryer, clearer, and more exempt from fog. The mountain at the north "side of the valley, which skirts the shore of the Bay of Fundy, is high enough to prevent the sea fog coming over, and while it is sometimes damp and disagreeable on the north side of the mountain, facing the Bay, only three or four miles away — ^in the valley — it is delightfully warm and bright. In Halifax and the eastern counties the mercury seldom rises in summer above 86 ® in the shade, and in the : winter it is not often down to zero. In the interior, say in the Annapolis Valley, the winter is about the same, but the summer is considerably warmer, although, owing 14 I to the dryness of the atmosphere, the heat is not oppres- grape sive. The climate is extremely healthy ; there is probably none more so in the world. The health returns from British military stations place this Province in the first class. Nova Scotia has fewer medical men in proportion to the population, and requires their services less than any other part of America. The inhabitants live to a good old age. There are many people now in this Prov- ince who have passed their one hundredth year. The Scripture allotment of " threescore and ten," is extended to, and exceeded by our people, not so much " by reason of strength," as by the healthfulness of the climate, which imparts a durabihty to the lives of many who are even constitutionally weak, SOIL AND THR PRODUCTIQN THEREOF. * The fertility of the soil in the agricultural districts is unsurpassed, as is evidenced by the fact, that in quantity and quality, the production of our farms, even under a cai-eless system of cultivation, are equal and in many cases, superior to those of Great Britain ; for instance, our orchards produce larger and finer apples than are grown in any other part of the world. At the Exhibition of the " Fruit Groweis' Associa- tion,'' held at Woifville in 1871, there was a magnificent consistki^r of Dears, nlums, I I canno town "^ apples count: from such < have the ca flavor adapt( perfec plav c Thui^ resem are nc the tl ture \ and tl ties w called deligl goldei green and sj ties, s menti( . _ Tl' pears, pli pei A barrel into ci . oppres- [)robably rns from the first oportion ess than Lve to a is Prov- r. The xtended y reason climate, who are itricts is q[uantity under a n many nstance, han are Associa- ^nificent peaches, I 16 grapes, quinces and apples. Respecting the latter, I cannot do better than to quote from the Bridge- town '* Free Press " : " Year after year there have been such exhibitions of apples under the auspices of this Association as no other country under the sun could have given. Strangers from the United States and Europe, who have witnessed such displays of fruit in other countries as well as in this, have admitted that Nova Scotia transcends them all in the capacity to produce superior apples, as regards both flavor and size. Our soil and climate are marvellously adapted for the development of this fruit in the highest perfection of which it is susceptible. " At no former exhibition has there been such a dis- play of apples as that which came off at Wolfville on Thursday and Friday last. It was held in a building resembling a drill shed — the dimensions of which we are not prepared to give; but it is spacious, and 'just the thing' for the occasion. Three sides of this struc- ture were exclusively devoted to the show of apples — and the show was prodigious. Some of the larger varie- ties weighed more than a pound each; but all of them called for unqualified admiration. "We were particularly delighted with the following : nonpareil, ribston pippins, golden russets, pome-gris, bishop pippins, northern spy, greenings, h^rvey delaware, newtown pippins, baldwins, and spitzenbergs. There were many other choice varie- ties, some of them of much larger size than those just mentioned," ^-a.*iiiT*l-rv.'iiE-7 '«*\-' VXJS.^ V '-•!??•— —ur \z, V ^-r T_r . '^- -_r \^- barrels of apples, and thousands of barrels are converted into cider. II) p III All the small fruits, such as currants, gooseberries, strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, blueberries, huck- leberries, cranberj'ies, etc., are very abundant, both in a wild state and cultivated. The markets of HaUfax and the small towns are well supplied with them in their season. Our wild strawberries, although small, are re- markably rich and high-flavored ^ indeed, they are far more delicious chan any of the cultivated sorts. The cultivation of this fruit seems to increase the size at the expense of the flavor. Probably no country in the world produces a greater variety or abundance of wild berries. They are brought to market and sold not only by the quart, but, some kinds of them by the bushel and barrel. Large quantities are purchased by cordial man- ufacturers, and resold in the shape of cordials, syrups, and wines. Some of the syrups are very good, and afford the advocates of temperance a nice little tipple, without injury to their constitutions or their con- sciences. Our grain arid root crops are also excellent, the aver- age ptoduction of which in the western counties is, as nearly as it is possible to come at it, as follows : Wheat, per acre 18 bushels. %e, « _ 21 " 5^^%> " 35 « Oats, " = _ _ , _ 34 (( Buckwheat, 33 a Indian corn (maize) 42 <( eberries, js, huck- 3th in a fax and in their are re- are far s. The ;e at the in the of wild lot only ihel and il mari- syrups, )d, and tipple, ir con- le aver- ^S x8y clS hels. I ■1 TurjQips, per acre 4J^ bushels. Potatoes, *' g50 " Mangel Wurzel, 500 " Beanil *' gg « Hay, « gtons. The above is a general average of the crops in three counties ; bat there are many farms which, being highly cultivated, produce crops that are truly astonishing. For instance, in Kings county, a few years ago, I knew a farmer who, in one season, raised on a little less than one acre of land /onr huyidred and three bushels of potatoes; and in Annapolis county 1 have frequently seen sixty bushels of shelled corn raised on an acre. In Colchester county forty-six bushels of oats have been produced per acre. Mr. James E. Rathbone, of Lower Horton, in the county of Kings, cut last summer five •md. one half tons of hay (two crops-J from one and one eighth acres of land ; and in 1870 he raised on the same piece of ground seventy-fom busheh of barley. Beets, carrots, parsnips, beans, peas, squash, pump- kins, melons, tomatoes, etc., are raised ia large quan- tities. We sometimes see squash at our agricukuraj exhibitions weighing from 100 to 150 lbs. each. Brpom corn, sorghum (Chinese sugar cane), and tobacco have been successfully grown, and as a proof of i>iiQ wariuui Oi tile (j^jiinate ana lertiiity of the soil, I will mention that a gentleman in Bridgetp\fn, cpunty of Annapolis, in the summer of 1^66, raised and ripened ii 18 in his garden, in the open air, a quantity of peanuts, or ground nuts. The seed was the produce of South Carolina. 1 never heard that they were ^ver raised north of Virginia in the United States, excepting in this instance. The crops of hay, Timothy and Clover and coarse " salt grass," that are raised on the dyked lands and marshes in the counties of Hants, Kings, Annapolis and Cumberland are sometimes almost incredible. I once heard a servant man in Granville, say, '' you go to mowin' on our marsh after a heavy rain, and if yon don't git the ambition dragged right straight out of you before you finish a day's work you kin have all you cut, and I'll pay for it." I have seen four tons, of S240 lbs., of timothy and clover taken off a single acre, besides a light second crop late in the season. The majority of our farmers cultivate their farms in a very careless manner ; of course there are some excep- tions ; but, as a general rule, very little science is em- ployed. If farms in Nova Scotia were as highly culti- vated as they are in England, the produce in quality and quantity would be even much better and greater than it usually is. ^. ,,.,.,.^. j.-i.^.^.^ui.iuii5 Kit luu sou wnicn are, m Great Britain and other countries, a source of wealth to the agriculturist, are hardly thought of by the farming 'popuL are pe be rai Sway o I severa succes I Mr. J burg, few E parati Flax the C( and n ings, I or for Tol in the easily of the westei blosso well. Our I this t^ home i? U'di ¥ ablv I farme 19 leanuts, or of South ver raised ng in this id coarse ands and polis and I once ' you go id if yon It of you you cut, Dthy and ond crop farms in le excep- J is em- ily culti- quality greater L are, in eahh to farming population of this Province, altlitough the soil and climate are peculiarly adapted for them ; for nstance, hemp can be raised here m perfection, but none is grown. By > way of experiment, however, it was tried in 1868 by I several farmers, and the experiment was remarkably i successful. At the Provincial Exhibition of that year, I Mr. John Pratt, of New Ross, in the county of Lunen- burg, obtained the first prize for native grown hemp. A few Euro ^p-xns who understand the cultivation and pre- paration of this phnt, would, probably, succeed here. Flax is grown, but to a very limited extent, chiefly in the county of Lunenburg, where the inhabitants raise and manufacture it, for their own use, into coarse shirt- ings, sheetings, and table linen. None is raised for sale or for exportation, although it is a sure crop. Tobacco might be successfully and profitably cultivated in the counties of Kings and Annapolis. Hops may be easily raised, as the climate is well adapted for the growth of the plant, and the dry warm climate of some of the I western counties would ensure the early ripening of the blossoms. A number of English hop growers would do well, as there is a good home market for the article. Our brewers have, at present, to import all they use ; this tjjey would not do if they could procure hops of home productioti. Dairy farming might be more extensively and profit- I ably prosecuted in this Province. Of course every 1 farmer raises stock ; but most of it is raised to supply 20 M the Wiarkets with butcher's meat. Not nearly so much attention is paid to the making of butter and cheese as to raising cattle for the slaughter house, excepting in the county of Annapolis, where considerable cheese is made. A great deal of the prc^t of every farm arises from the sale of fat cattle. There is plenty of first rate pasturage in every county, and almost the only expemse of raising stock is that of the winter feed, and as that consists chiefly of hay, at a cost or market value, of from ^^s. to 40s. per ton, according to locality or season, it \irill easily be perceived that the business is profitable. The county of Antigonish, in the eastern part of the Province, is a splendid grazing distHct, ^nd large droves of homed cattle are raised there for the Newfoundland market. BuUer is also a stpple commc^dity of this coun- ty, and there is moJ:e made here for exportation than in ^ny other cdunty in the Province. The county of Cumberland is, in this respect, second tio Antigonish. Mr. Morrison's says : '^ As a sheep- taising country there is perhaps ho better locality in America, notwithstianding which th^re is hot a single sheep fatm in the {Province." " Every farmer keeps a few sheiep, but the fiocks are seldom taken j'roper cglre ef. A ntimbeir of tMrough-bred shepherds, who ^ould introduce the best breeds of sheep, both for wool-pro- diicihg and for mutton, wdtild, in a few years, make a sniall fortune. There is a great deal of land suitabfe fbf 8he purpose iti every bouuty, and even among thfe wild] that n . sheep Fai their wives poult] which for th In of pe; in an Scotia wood. is ab( found other least I forest man. such ( enhan well t would would 21 so much cheese as epting in cheese is rm arises first rate ' expemse [I as that I, of from season, it irofitable. t of the *e droves 3undland lis coun- than in t, second a sheep- ►cality in a single keeps a per care o 4rould obl-pro- make a suitabfo ong thfe i wild lands there are large tracts of open, rough pasture, that might be made capable of maintaining vast flocks of sheep at very little expense." Farmers m Nova Scotia raise a good deal of pork for their own use and for market, and many of the farmers' wives obtain considerable pocket money by the sale of poultry and eggs. They also make a great deal of yarn, which they knit and weave into socks and warm clothes for their own *vear and for sale. PEAT LANDS. In many parts of the Province there are large tracts of peat lands or bogs ; but they are rot made available in any way. Peat is not required for fuel in Nova Scotia, because, at present, there is plenty of coal and wood. The celebrated Caribou Bog, in King's County, is about a square mile of as fine peat as can be found in the Emerald Isle itself Kings, like many other counties in the Province, has no coal mines — at least no coal has yet been discovered there — and the forest is rapidly disappearing under the axe of the woods- man. In a few years, as wood for fuel becomes scarce, such districts as the Caribou Bog will be considerably enhanced in value. Even now I believe it would pay well to cut the peat for fuel. The expense of doing so would be trifling, and I have no doubt that the article would sell well at remunerative prices. There are pro- 22 bably over one million cords of peat in the Caribou Bog alone. a THE PHODUCTIOH OF THE SEA AND RIVERS. The fisheries of Nova Scotia have long been celebrated, and indeed they are so valuable tkat the protection of them has caused, a great deal of dispute between the governments of Great Britain and the United States. The Americans, who have no valuable fisheries on their own coasts, ai-e constantly encroaching on ours, notwith- standing their government entered into a solemn treaty with the government of Great Britain to respect, and to cause their people to respect our rights. American fish- ing vessels are fre^^^^jiently captured m the act of fishing within our limits, viz., three miles from the shore. Out- side of that line they have a right to fish if they can.* I do not intend, however, to give a history of the many disputes that have arisen from this cause. I merely wish to give an idea of the variety and extent of the fisheries, and to do this I must refer to the census returns of 1860-61. In 1860, nearly 9,000 men were engaged in fishing, using about 44,000 nets and seines, and over 8000 boats and small vessels. Of fish caught, cured, and sold in that year there were in round numbers : ^* Now, 1874, under the provisions of the Washington Treaty (so called), Americans have the right to fish within the 3 mile Hmit. ibou Bog :rs. slebrated, tection of ^een the d States. J on their notwith- nn treaty ?t, and to ican fish- ►f fishing e. Out- ley can.* S;he many rely wish £sheries, Jtums of . fishing, jr 8 000 ere were on Treaty he 3 mile 28 Codfish and Haddock 396,500 quintaU Mackerel 66,000 barrels. Herring 194,200 « ^Shad 7,600 "> tAlewives ^ 12,500 « Salmon ^ 2,500 " Herring, smoked 35,000 boxes. Salmon, ** 3,000 '^ Fish Oil, manufactured , . . . ^ . . . . 240,400 gallons. In all probability there has been a gradual increasj in the production of fish since 1860 ; but I have nh statljtics fiom which co glaan any information on the subject. In some seasons our bays and harbors teem v/kh fish of various kinds. Mackerel, herring, cod, haddock, halibut, hake, pollock, Bhad, smelt, perch, eels, &c. Lob- sters are abundant, and are iisually sold in the Halifax market at about one shilling per dozen. Good sport is aiFc: ded by spearing lobsters at night by torch-light. Wd%ave a splendid supply of shell-fish, viz. : oysters, scallops, clams, quahaugs, mussels, &c. Indeed no country in the world can produce a greater variety of sea fish, or in greater abundance. Onr rivers and lakes afford salmon, trout, and grayhng; and we ^ have no lack of the disciples of Isaac Walton, from the youngster of ten years of age, to the gray-h'^aded old sportsman of seventy, who may be seen all through the encxnorx-n \xreiinr\ir\rr f-rioif tiT'cixr Airifn ■r>r\r\ 1 o-m /-1 1 *%<-«• wx^y.*- »«.J basLet, to the favorite haunts of the silvery salmon or speckled trout. Any boy with a bean-pole, a half-dozen 24 yards of twine, with a hook at the end of it, and a few angle worms or grasshoppers, may go out in the morn- ing and kill as many trout as will do a large family for breakfast, and be back in time to have them conked, although he may have to walk two or three miles to and* from the stream or lake. In a country where fish are so plentiful no man need starve, unless he be too lazy to " kill and eat." Our lake trout vary somewhat in qua- lity, in some lakes they are quite large, and are taken as heavy as four or five poiuids : In other lakes they are small, seldom weighing more than one pound. These fish are the most delicious, the flesh is a deep pink or salmon colour, while that of the larger fish is usually nearly white, and not so fine in flavor. There are, how- ever, some exceptions to this rule; the lakes on the north mountain in the county of Annapolis, produce very large fish, which are very deep in color and rich in flavor, while the fish in the lakes on the south mountain are the reverse. The little brook trout is an excellent pan fish ; the prince of all the trout tribe is the sea trout. This fish is taken in large numbers, at the mouths of rivers emptying into the Atlantic ; it is large, fat and handsome, and to my taste, much more delicious than a salmon. Salmon were so plentiful in 1873, that num- bers of them of quite large size were dipped out of small pools in brooks and rivers with common dip or scoop nets. The estimated value of fish, of all descriptions. 26 and a few he morn- family for a conked^ les to and e fish are 00 lazy to t in qua- j taken as thev are . These pink or 1 usually ire, how- i on the produce d rich in nountain excellent 5ea trout, ouths of , fat and 3 than a lat num- of small )r scoop riptions. WOODS AND FORESTS. Nova Scotia contains vast tracts of woodland, which produce timber for shipbuilding, and for manufacturing Jnto lumber for exportation. Millions of feet of pine, spruce, hemlock and hardwood deals, scantling, staves, etc, are annually shipped from the different ports in the Province to the West Indies, United States,. Europe, etc. We also supply the ports of Massachusetts with thou- sands of cords of firewood. Oak, elm, maple, bbech, birch, ash, larch, poplar, spruce, pine, hemlock, fir, etc., all grow to a large size. There are many other kinds of trees, but they are chiefly ornamental rather than useful. The sap of the rock maple tree is manufactured into sugar and syrup. The former, of which some tons weight are annually made and sold, is used chiefly as confectionery ; the latter is used as treacle. Both have a delicious flavor. The season for collecting the sap is March, when the trees are tapped by boring them with an auger a foot or two from the ground, and allowing the sap to run into troughs. When a sufficient quantity is collected, it is boiled down in large pots, or cauldrons, and sugar is made by a simple process known to all our farmers. Rock maple and yellow birch make better fuel than n any other of our forest trees ; but it seems a pity that in .-■V' I a country where coal is so abundant so many and such valuable trees should be used for the purpose. 26 In our forests may also be found numeious small ti-ees and shrubs, which are valuable for medicinal and other purposes, among which are wild cherry, sumac, rowan, sarsaparilla, elder, alder, hazel, bay, etc. Wild flowers' are in great profusion, ^l.^he traiUng arbutus, our little mayflower, which blooms in April and May, cannot be surpassed ii^ delicate beauty and fragrance. It is cer- tainly an exquisite httle plant. Strange to say, it has as yet been found impossible to cultivate it in our gardens. When removed from its native home in the woods it will not blossom GAME. Nova Scotia is a sort of sportsman's paradise, as there is excellent hunting, shooting and Ashing in every county. Of wild aninals we have bears, foxes, moose, deer (cari- boo), otter, mink, sable, musquash, hares, raccoons and squii-rels ; and of feathered game, woodcock, snipe, plover, partridges, geese, ducks, brant, curlew, etc. Our game laws are simple, and not oppressive. They are made only to protect game when out of season. This is necessary in order to preserve it from total destruction. No person is allowed to kill any ^rtridge, snipe or woodcock, between the first of March and the first of September, under a penalty of two dollars for each ; offence. No person is allowed to kill any moose or ^ cariboo between the fifteenth div of F..Kv„o>.., .,.a ^u. first of September ; neither is any person allowed to set ti ps o and m and th( Intl and sh< aiany < in thee for the the ga Provin shootir roads t the aul of Cu moose- The gold, I of thes Island by the in the tion, \ in 181 I Inl are fiv I produ' 27 small tiees and other ac, rowan, ild flowers , our little cannot be It is cer- 1, it has as r gardens. lods it will 5, as there ry county, leer (cari- 3oons and k, snipe, etc. Our They are n. This struction. snipe or le first of for each tnoose or ed to set ti ps or snares for catching these animals. Otter, mink, and musquash are protected between the first of May and the first of September, In the proper season all persons are allowed to hunt and shoot ad libitum. No true sportsman would do so a£ any other time. There are no private game preserves in the country, consequently there is no necessity for a law for the punishment of poachers, and we have none. All the game we have, is, at present, the property of the Province, and is, therefore, free to all. Our hunting and shooting grounds are easy of access, as we have good roads to every part of the Province. Charles Hallock, the author of " The Fishing Tourist " says, " the whole of Cumberland County comprises one of the finest moose-hunting grounds in the world." « MINES AND MINERALS. The Province contains very valuable mines of coal, gold, and iron, which are worked by private companies ; of these the coal mines are the most important. In the Island of Cape Breton, one or two mines were opened by the French more than a century ago. There are now in the Island twelve extensive mines in successful opera- tion, which produced and sold over half a million tons in 1870. In the county of Pictou (Nova Scotia proper), there are five mines, three of which are in operation. These I produced last year about 255,000 tons. 28 In the county of Cumberland, several mines have lately been opened. The Spring Hill Mining Company have commenced operations on an extensive scale ; in a short time they will be able to raise, at least, 1000 tons per week. Their coal is of superior quality. About eight tnousand tons of coal were raised from the " Jog- gins Mine " last yeai-. A few hundred tons were also raised from the Maccan Mine. The natural markets for Nova Scotia coal are the large cities of the United States. Since the abrogation of the Reciprocity Treaty, the United States government levied a heavy tax on Nova Scotia coal, which has in a great measure restricted the business of our mines, notwith- standing which, the production and sale of coal was 38,000 tons more in 1871 than in 1870; in 1872 and 1873 there was a steady increase in the production, and there is a prospect that this year, 1874, the production and sale of coal will be larger than ever. When the United States tariff is amended and the duty reduced or removed, which it will be, probably, in a few months, our coal exports must rapidly increase, and our rames will then be worked to their full capacity. There will then be employment for a couple thousand extra miners. Of gold mines, we liave in fourteen districts about tlty-eight mines in working order ; ^f these the Mon- tagu mines arc the most prolific. The Lawson mine m this district produced in 1871, from 468 tons of quartz. S'272 mines id nines have ^ Company scale ; in a 1000 tons ty. About the "Jog- i were also e the large ion of the lent levied in a great i, notwith- coal was 1872 and ction, and )roduction I and the ^bably, in increase, capacity. thousand : its about I he Mon- on mine f quartz. i212 ozs., 17 dwts., and 10 grs. of gold. The other mines in Montagu, yielded nearly 2i ozs. to each ton i)f quartz. In the whole district there were 848 tons of quartz crushed, which yielded 3152 ozs. of gold, the produce of the labor of 51 men, giving an average of $1143.52, or £228. 17s. Id. stg., per man. No other district has given anything like the same returns. The mines at Tangier, produced 2093 ounces of gold from |S^24 tons of quartz. The Waverly, 1427 ounces from 12742 tons quartz. Renfrew mines yielded 360 ounces from 900 tons of quartz. At Wine Harbor, 2927 tons ,of quartz yielded 1538 ounces of gold, the labor of 3G ,men, giving an average of $790 to each. I The Donaldson mine at Oldham, is proving first late, the quartz yields an average of foui* ounces gold per ton. The proprietors are making theij* fortunes rapidly. The small mines at Caribou, in which only ten men have been employed, yielded 304 ounces of gold from 479 tons of quartz — an average of $933.88 to each man. The Chief Commissioner of mines, in his report for the year 1870, says: "The gold mining operations jhave been conducted with more or less activity in tha I various districts. A continued suspension has prevailed I in some localities, and in others the resumption of work ^promises to be attended with favorable results. The |experience which is each year being gained is beginning bear fruit in the adoption of that system of working wmr 'rl latter. while Worth one S steel. purpoi In oppei jteulpni: Snined Of 30 which is found to be best adapted to the particular cir- cumstances of each mine j and, although, a closer atten- tion to the treatment of the quartz and its contents is desirable, it must be admitted to be a favorable indica- tion of progress, when lodes that do not yield over half an ounce to the ton can be profitably worked. A more general application of steam or water power for - hoisting and pumping is also being attended with good * results: and it may, therefore, be stated with some degree of confidence, that, notwithstanding the room for improvement that still exists, the operations in this branch of mining industry are in a more healthy state than has for some time prevailed." Although we have iron ore in inexhaustible quantity almost all over the Province, we have but one iron mine m operation, namely, that of the Acadia Company at Londonderry, in Colchester County.» This company possesses a very valuable property, and carry on an ex- tensive business in mining, smelting, and manufacturing. Ihe : ,eel made at this establishment is very superior. Ihey also manufacture car wheels, and iron and steel rails for railways. They employ about three hundred h-nds and thirty horses. The quality of the iron of their names may be judged of by the price in the i!-nglish market as compared with EngUsh iron. The ' p:-o.p;cte ""''""""'i'"'^ ^" ^"^ ^»"ty of Annapolis, with good 1 . ^«' llilac cc X 31 f* 1 . ' cir- latter, in pigs, is worth an average of £4 stg. per ton, ioser atten- ^^ile Nova Scotia iron brings £7. English bar iron is contents is |vorth £9, Nova Scotia £16, per ton. There is but Die mcUca- ^^^g Sweedish iron which is considered superior for over half iteel. All Nova Scotia bar iron is used for this 3rked. A purpose. power for i^ addition to coal, gold and iron, we have silver, with good Ibopper, lead, zinc, tin, manganese, mercury, plumbago, ted with jBulphur, etc., but none of any of these materials are ndmg the Ruined, with the exception of manganese, operations | Qf minerals for jewelry and ornamental purposes re healthy Jgeveral kinds have been found in the Province. Opal was found by Dr. Gesner at Partridge Island, n the county of Cumberland, Topaz. — Several specimens were exhibited in London in 1862 by a Mr. McDonald; who found them in Cape Breton. Amethyst. — ^This stone is found in considerable quan- tities at Partridge Island, at Cape Blomidon, in Kings superior. ^County, and in many places along the shore of the Bay and steel |of Fundy, in the counties of Kings, Annapolis and hundred 'Digby. There is a crystal (rf this mineral fi-om Blomi- iron of don in the crown of France. A few years ago the late Dr. Webster, of Kentville, 3 quantity one iron Company i company on an ex- fact uring. in the m. The fhad more than a bushel of splendid specimens, which "7 f were found in digging a well in Cornwallis. been com- _ ,_ ^ ^° _ . "" with good i ^(X>rnet. — ihere is a beautiful garnet sand of a pale llilac color found on the shore of Lake George, 'n Shel- 32 )i-hood use it burne County. The people in the neighbo for sanding the outside of their houses Garners ol considerable size were found in gneiss and mica slate m rrany parts of the Province. I have seen a beautiful deep red garnet nearly an inch in diameter Uken from a niece of loose gneiss rock. Gairngo^-m.-This mineral is found la many locali- ties, but chiefly in the county of Annapolis, where im- mense crystals of it have been found near Paradise. Some of them are of a bright rich yellow color, as trans- parent as glass. I have seen a piece as large as a man s head, and so transparent that objects in the street could be distinctly seen through it. This piece had a sort of drab or smoky color. I should think tons of this smoky quartz might be obtained. ^flai^ r 4.1,^ ,1.* 1 _iri-i- 1 J he could not live during the fii'st two or three years 44 i^ithout some independent means. In any case the settler should have suiEcient money wherewith to purchase a yoke of oxen, a common wood or lumber cart, and a sled, besides feed lor his cattle as well as for himself ^nd family for the first six months. His own labor ought to provide for the remainder of the year, and en- able him to add to his stock one or two cows and a few sheep or swine. ^ To the sportsman, who is fond of hunting and fishing, life in the forest near some quiet lake or trout stream may be, and is, no doubt, enjoyable, and any gentleman possessing a small income might settle in the back woods of this country and spend an easy, happy and pleasant life, and at the same time need not be more than a couple of hours ride from some pretty little country town or village ; but I could not with a clear conscience, recom- mend such a life to an emigrant having a family depend- ing upon his daily work for tlfe means of living. Although the Government of Nova Scotia have con- siderable land to dispose of, they would not be justified in persuading Europeans to come out to this country to purchase wild land farms, while they understand the difficulties which new settlers would have to encounter. There are plenty of farms already under cultivation which may be bought at very reasonable rates, and any practicable farmer, with a small capital, may at once possess a good and comfortable home ; and by energy, industry, aKd enterprise may make for himself a fortune lone 45 le settler Durchase ;, and a himgelf ^n labor and en- id a few fishing, stream Qtleman k woods pleasant L couple own or recom- iepend- ve con- ustified - Lntry to nd the •unter. ivation ad any it once mergy, fortune and position in Nova Scotia, in a few years, such as he could not obtain in a life time in Great Britain. It is not my intention to entirely discourage emigrants from taking up crown lands in Nova Scotia ; but I want them to understand fully the difficulties with which they would have to contend in settling on such land if they be poor and entirely destitute of means. I am aware that many persons will accuse me of ex* aggerating those difficulties, and perhaps I may have done so in some measure ; but it is better to err on this side than on the other. It is far more honest toward the poor emigrant to over-estimate the difficulties than to endeavor to make him believe there are none to en- counter, and that the life of an emigrant in the back- woods is a foretaste of eternal happiness. Were I to recommend an emigrant to purchase and settle on a wild land farm I would be assuming a re- sponsibility that I do not wish to incur ; and I am certain that the Government of Nova Scotia wish to deal honestly in the matter, and would not, for the sake of disposing of their wild lands offer inducements to emigrants which are not real and substantial. POPULATION. The Province, as before mentioned, contains a popu- lation of nearly 400,000, consisting of English, Scotch, Irish, French, Germans, and native-horn inhabitants, a few thousand colored people, and abor.t six or seven 46 hundreu Indians. The latter me a very inoffensive race, and in some respects, very useful. They supply our markets with baskets and other small articles of woodenware, by the sale of which, and by hunting, they earn a livelihood and supply their wants, which are not very numerous. They live in camps or wigwams in the forest on lands of their own, granted to them by the Government, and termed Indian Reserves. Pictou, and one or two counties in the Island of Cape Breton, are settled almost entirely by Scotch, and one — Lunenburg — by Germans. The County of Digby contains two or three thousand French Acad.ian':;. This fact proves conclusively the salubrity of the climate, in- asmuch as that the number of deaths must have been very small in comparison nth the number of births. By a good system of immigration the population might, in the ensuing ten years, be increased fifty per cent. i) < I * LABOR AND WAGES. Laborers get very well paid in Nova Scotia. The common wages paid for ordinary day labor are from 3s. 9d. to 5s. sterling. Farm laborers, during the hay- making season and harvest, frequently earn 6s. a day and board. Farm servants are now in demand, and a few hundreds of good steady men, who can do general farm work, would find immediate employment with pay. Grooms also are wanted. Good Grooms 8 1 Uv>U. can earn £2 lOs. to £S 10s. per month, with board. 47 •ffensive supply icles of ig, they are not s in the by the land of :ch, and f Digby . This late, in- 76 been births. might, nt. I. The rom 3s. le hay- . a day , and a general it with Grooms ird. There is quite a scarcity of female servants. A largd number, who could bring good certificates of character, and recommendations as cooks and housemaids, would find good situations with pay at from £1 to £1 lOs. sterling per month — with board and Ipdging of course. Out-door servants who board themselves can live perhaps cheaper than they can in England, and particu- larly in the country parts of the Province. The price of flour is from £1 to £1 10s. sterling per barrel of 190 lbs. ; oatmeal 10s. to 12&. per cwt. ; beef, mutton and veal from 2d to 6d. sterling per lb. Fish and vegeta- bles are abundant and cheap. Tea from Is. 9d. to 2s. 6d. per lb. ; coffee 9d. to Is., and sugar about 5d. per lb. Miners would find employment in the counties of Pictou and Cape Breton, and there is a prospect that during the coming summer mining labor will be in great demand. -At present we have a fair supply of Mechanics; but there is still room for a few good house joiners, brick- layers, stonecutters and masons. Carpenters get 6s. to 7s. 6d. sterling per day ; bricklayers and plasterers 8s. to 10s. " It must be borne in mind that it is useless for an uii- steady mechanic to come out to this coCmtry. None but sober, honest, industrious men will be employed. Good mechanics do well, and rapidly acquire property, and even wealth. 4^ KtANUFACTURK9. Although Nova Scotia is perhaps better adapted (ot d manufacturing country than any other part of America, bwing to an unlimited command of water pow^r, and its inexhaustible su^ly of coal and IroUj we have few manufactures in comparison with what, considering our facilities, we ought to have. The following list com- j)rises the most of them : 5 Woollen goods manufactories, 12 Boot and shoe " ft tf (t « (C (( 4 Tobacco 3 Edge tool 9 Skate % Piano X Powder 2 Chair 2 Nail 2 Confectionery 5 Sash, door & blind '' 6 Soap and candle, ** 1 Cordage 1 Saw 2 Corn brooms 1 Paper ^ Trunk 2 Potteries (( (( if t€ tt and lat breweri< ture ms The scale, V are mai import certain made h besides, money of it foi Nov? any kii buildin a mam than tl Englar tation and w( with a (( The derfull We have a large number of saw mills, grist, carding I '^^ ^^ m erica, and its ive few ng our Jt com- and lath and shingle mills, a number of tanneries, breweries, and several extensive carriage and furni- ture manufactories. THe most of the above are conducted on a small scale, with a very limited atnount of capital. There are many kinds of manufactories required. We now import largely from Europe and the United States certain manufactures which might be more cheaply made here, and the cost of importation, at least, saved ; besides, we would hav^ the advantage of keeping the money in circulation in the country that now goes out of it for the purchase of those goods. Nova Scotia presents a first rate opening for almost any kind of manufactures. Land, water power, and building materials, are so cheap that the total cost of a manufacturing establishment would hardly be more than the cost of a site for one in almost any part of England or Scotland. Our facilities also for transport ^. tation and shipping aie second to none in the world, and we have the markets of the Dominion of Canada, with a population of four millions, open to us, TRADE AND COMMER( E, The trade and commerce of the Province have wonr derfuUy increased within a few years. Twenty years ago >ii». a^-nrkfi-c a-nr\ imr^nvfa ^xreivf^ x'Prv hftm mnrp fnnrj Vipl-f \JiA.i. C-.'V Lyi-.-i V« s.-.iiVt iiii I lis much as they are now. Our imports from foreign 5u countiles md the ..ther Provinces amount to about #12,000,000, auJ our exports about #9,000,000. Our shipping has, in the same time, doubled in number and tonnage. Nova Scotia owns more ship- ping in proportion to the population than any other country, and our vessels do a large proportion of the carrymg trade of the world. They may be found in every part of the habitable globe loading and dis- charging cargoes on our own and iV„ ,ign account. Ihey are m general well built, substantial craft, and fast sailers. Our exports consist of fish, coal, lumber, and general produce, and our imports of West India produce, British and American manufactures, tea, etc., trom Chma and the East Indies, and hemp from Russia. NEWSl'APKRS. There are thirty-two newspapers published in the Province, of which sixteen are issued in the city of y Hahfax. Four are issued daily, five are sectarian, one the advocate of temperance, and the rest are political and general. * POSTAL SYSTEM. Mails are carried all over the Province, and to all parts of the world. There are daily mails to all the principal towns and villages, and to the other Provinces of the Dominion. Every fortnight to Europe direct by the Allan line » of steamers, and. via N.w V„..u semi-weekly. The rates of postage are : For Ietters,"lo '.iW*^'- 51 about ►00. ibled in re ship- ly other 1 of the ound in ud dis- iccount. ^ft, and lumber, Jt India ea, etc., Russia, in the city of m, one >olitical to all all the )vinces ect by any part of the Dominion, 8 cts. (IJd.) per J oz ; to and from Great Britain or Ireland, Gets. (3d ). News- papers are charged 25c. per year when regulai-ly mailed from the office of publication, or 2cts. per single num- ber. The postage on books is Jet. per oz., and parcels not exceeding 4 lbs. weight are carried at the rate of 25 cts. per lb. For a small commission money orders are issued by tho Department, payable in the Dominion or in Great Britain and Ireland. * TELEGRAPHS. The Electric Telegraph is established all over the Province, and extends through all the other jn'ovin- ces, and to and through the United States. A mes- sage may be sent from Hilifax direct to California. We have also telegraphic communication, by sub- marine cable, with Europe. Messages are sent at a very low rate through the Province, and it is generally conceded that we have the best line of telegraph in America. INTERNAL COMMUNICATION. We have now nearly 350 miles of railroad already in operation. Passengers can go west, per rail, frjrj Halifax as far ns Annapolis (130 miles), and east to Pictou (108 miles), for 3 cts. per mile. Several new i;v.oc c^rp nnw hpiTij/ survcvcd. and it is probable that within five years either extremity of the Province may 5> »• 5 III be reached within a few hours. To all parts of the country where there are no railroads there is good con- veyance by stage coaches, or by steamboats, and passen- gers and freight are safely and cheaply carried in any direction. EXTERNAL COMMUNICATION. We have, as before mentioned, fortnightly communi- cation with Great Britian and Ireland, by the '' Allan line " of Steam Packets from Halifax direct ; and through the summer season, the ships of the '' Anchor line " from Glasgow touch at Halifax to land passengers and freight. With other parts of the Dominion and with the United States we have almost daily communication by rail and steamboat. Steamers ply between Halifax and Portland and Boston, twice a week. Passengers may go by rail or steamboat to the United States, and via Portland, to Montreal and Quebec every day. There is also a line of steamers to Bermuda, and one to T^ewfoundland. In short we have superior facilities for travel to any part of the world. THE TIME TO IMMIGRATE. The best season in the year to come to Nova Scotia is early in April, as we have then fine spring weather, and farming operations may be commenced almost immedi- ately on arrival in this country. Mechanics may, however, come at any season; but I think it would hardly be advisable to come o«t here in the middle of winter as 5a s of the )od con- passen- [ in any 'mmiini- '' Allan through 3 '^ from freight. United :'ail and ^ortland by rail and, to > a line id. In part of cotia is er, and nmedi- •wever, n I \T Ko ter, as ther.^ is not then so much demand for labor as at other seasons of the year. lu the preceding pages I have given a description of the general features of the Province. I will now pro- ceed to describe, first, the metropolis, and then the several counties separately, and in alphabetical order. THE METROPOLIS- The citv of Halifix, in the county of Halifax, is the metropolis, or chief city of the Province — the seat of Government. It is situate on the west side of Chebucto Bay, now called the harbor of Halifax. The city is about three miles in length, by about an average of a half mile in width. It is laid out in squares, the streets run- ning at right angles. In number the streets and lanes are one hundred and thirty-three. Theie are 26 churches, a large number of school houses, some of which are elegant brick structures, 8 banks, I city court house, 1 county do., 1 jail, 2 penitentiaries, 1 fish market, 1 green do., and several private markets for the sale of meat and general countrv produce, % or 3 public halls, 2 large and handsome provincial buildings for public offices, 3 club houses, 3 colleges, 2 barrack?, 3 hospitals (1 city, 1 military, and 1 naval), 1 poors asylum, 1 asylum for the blind, 1 reformatory, and about 20 hotels. Of these the Ipro-psf- nrp the '* Halifax " and the '* International." "'"© — — — There are several manufactories, foundries, etc. At the ,M m 54 north end of the city there is a large dockyard for the accommodation of Her Majesty's ships of war. The city is chiefly composed of wooden houses ; but there are many handsome stone and brick dwellings and stores. In Granville and Hollls streets, in which are most of the best retail establishments, there are some ^ne specimens of architecture. The old wooden houses ai-e gradually disappearing, and mora substantial stone and brick edifices are being erected in their stead. Halifax is perhaps better supplied with water than any other city in America, else very many of the old wooden houses now remaining would, in all probability, have been, ere this, destroyed by fire. Under a city ordin- ance, passed a few years ago, these could be replaced only by stone or brick buildings. The city is governed by a mayor and aldermen, assisted by a stipendiary magistrate and about forty policemen, by whom perfect order is maintained. The streets are lighted with gas and the houses supplied with gas and water. The harbor of Halifax is one of the best, perhaps the very best in the world. It is six miles long by, on an average, a mile wide ; the water is very bold and capable of floating, alongside the wharves, vessels of the largest size. There is excellent anchorage in every part of it. At the north end, the harbor is connected by a narrow arm, called the Narrows, with Bedford T? iciri o cV.^^*. -.r *_., ^' »i ^ '-•'"> ci oiicv^t t/i vviiiur SIX mnes t>y tour in size, capable of containing all the navies of the world. ■■aMM 55 for the ies; but igs and lich are e some houses 1 stone • lan any svooden ', have ordin- id only issigted cemen, houses ifax is d. It b; the ie the iellent d, the rrows, '' four vorld. The city and harbor of Halifax are protected \y eleven different fortifications, and'in every way the port is con- sidered one of the safest and best in the world Opposite the city stands the pretty little town of Durtmouth, con- taining a population of about three thousand. A couple of miles south of Dartmouth, opposite the centre of the city of Halifax, on a commanding site, is the Provincial Asylum for the Insane, a very large, handsome stone building capable of accomodating nearly 300 patients. The scenery around Halifax and Dartmouth, is charm- ing. The North West Arm, a narrow arm of sea, about two Iniles west of the city, is very pretty ; this arm is about three miles long and about a quarter of a mile in width. Some pretty villas along its shores add con- siderably to the natural beauty of the locality. The Dartmouth lakes, Bedford Basin, and the Eastern Passage also present some beautiful landscapes. Halifax is the Headquarters of the British Army in North America, and there are always two or three regiments of the line, besides artillery and engineers, stationed in the city. They have a large, handsome and comfortable brick barrack at the north end overlooking the harbor. The port of Halifax is the summer naval station of the North American Squadron, ■ l^ ! THE COUNTIES. ANNAPOLIS. The county of Annapolis is bounded on the west by Digby, east by Kings, south by Queens and part of Shelburne, and on the north by the Bay of Fundy This is really the best agricultural county in the Province" for althouglf in the counties of Kings, Hants, Colchester,' Cumberland, and Antigonish, the soil is nearly or quite as good, Annapolis has the advantage of being from four to eight degrees warmer. It is the chief fruit grow- ing district in the Province, and the production of apples lar exceeds that of any other district of the same extent m America. There is no better agricultural district north of Mason's and Dixon's line than the valley of Annapohs. It is protected on the north from the cold winds and fog of the Bay by a range of mountains ; and on the soi'th IS another range not quite so high, but suffi- cient y so to afford protection and warmth to the valley The agricultural and horticultural capabilities of the county are superior to those of every other part of BrUtsh NoHh America. Indian corn (maize; is ex- tensively cultivated. The rich soil and dry warm climate «-e peculiarly , adapted for it. Peaches, grapes, and 57 w^est by- part of Fundy, rovince, Chester, T quite g from t grow- r apples extent district lley of le cold s ; and It suffi- valley. ties of mrt of is ex- ilimate ?> and m(ilons of all kinds are easily grown in the open air. Farms are comparatively cheap, and *• for gentlemen of means, who wish to retire from business, no more beauti- ful, healthy or desirable location could be found in America. Game is tolerably abundant. Woodcock, snipe, plover and duck shooting are first rate. Moose, deer, foxes and hares sometimes afford good sport, and there is capital trout fishing in the lakes among the mountains." The chief town is Annapolis, a remarkably pretty place and a splendid situation. The places next in im- portance are Bridgetown, New Caledonia — or Granville Ferry — Clementsport and Lawrencetown. There is con- siv^erable shipbuilding carried on in the county, and a large lumbering business is done. There is abundant water power, and numerous mills are in constant opera- ' -\. There is a woollen manufactory at Lequille (two miles from the town of Annapolis), a foundry and a furniture manufactory at Bridgetown, a hay-rake manu- factory at Clementsport, and a boot and shoe factory at Granville. There are seveial joint stock cheese manu- factories doing a large and profitable business, and the article manufactured is of superior quality, and brings the best price in the Halifax and St. John markets. Nearly, or quite thiee hundred tons of cheese were made in Annpolis County in 1871. .The population of the county is over 18,000, — an in- crease of about 16 per cent, in ten years, A good rail' aS way connects the county with Halifax, and there is steam communication by water with St. John, New Brunswick ANXIGOMSH. This county is bounded on the west by the county of Pictou, north by the Strait of Northumberland, south by Guysborough, and east by St. George's Bay and the btrait of Canso. Antigonish is, almost exclusively, an Agricultural county. It is one of the best grazing dis- tricts in British America, and a great deal of stock is raised here for sale, and for exportation to the New- foundland market. A great deal of butter is exported to the same place also. There is a Eoman CathoUc college located in the town of Antigonish, the capital of the county ; also a court house, three or four churches, and many large and well stocked stores, and two or three hotels. The population, numbering about 17,000, consists al- most entirely of the descendants of Scottish High- landers, There are a few hundreds of French Acadians in the district of Tracadie. Good farms may be obtained m the county of Antigonish at from £1 5s. to £2 10s. per acre. CAPE BKKTON. This is one of the four counties of the Island of Cape Breton, which is separated from Nova Scotia proper by a iiii:row strait termed the Strnih of Canso. good luid suitable for agricultural here IS purposes in this 59 county, but it is not, in general, well cultivated. Dairy farming is carried on to some extent, and a good deal of butter is exported to Newfoundland. A large num- ber of the people are engaged in mining and shipping coal, and many earn a living by fishing. Sydney is the shire town and contains a population of 2000. North Sydney — six miles from Sydney — contains about the same number of inhabitants. The population of the county has largely increased during the past ten years and is now nearly 27,000, being an increase of 22 per cent, over the census of 1861. During the same time several extensive coal mines have been opened and rail- roads have been constructed to the shipping ports. In the course of a very few years the value of mining lands in this county may be estimated at millions of dollars. The development of this property must tend to the rapid increase of population and wealth, and the present little towns must become important cities at no very dis- tant day. COLCHESTER. The county of Colchester is bounded on the south by the county of Halifax, on the north by Cumberland, on the east by Pictou, and on the west by Hants county and the Basin of Minas. It was formerly partly settled by the French, but is now peopled by descendants of immigrants from the North of Ireland and the High- lands of Scotland, The soil is very fertile, and there (30 1 1 m every district indeed in many are many excellent and valuable firn of the county. At Londonderry, an Other districts, there are large deposits of iron. The Acadia Charcoal Iron Company, before mentioned, have their works at Londonderry. The Shad fishery is extensively carried on along the shores of the Bay, and so-ne thousands of barrels of this fish are annually export- ed to the United States. A large business is done in ship- building in some parts of the county. Truro, the shire town, is one of the prettiest little inland towns in the Province, and contains a population of about 3000. The Provincial, Normal and Model Schools are located in Truro. There is a foundry and an extensive boot and shoe fkctory in the town ; also a felt hat and woollen manufactory. The Halifax and Pictou railroad passes through the county and there is a large Depot at Truro. Great Village, 17 miles from Truro, is quite a lively business place. The people are enterprising and indus- trious, and are rapidly acquiring wealth. The county contains a population of about 24,000. CUMBERLAND. This is the most northerly county in the Province, and joins Westmorland, in the Province of New Brunswick by an isthmus 14 miles Avide. It is bounded on the west and north by the Bay of Fundy, on the east by the Straits of Northumberland, and on the south by the county of Gl Colchester. It is one of the best agricultural counties in the eastern section of the Province, and contains nearly half the marsh or dyked land in Nova Scotia, consequently, as the produce of the marshes is invari- ably grass, there is more hay cut in Cumberland than in any other county. These marshes are very fertile, never require manuring or top-dressing, and continue to yield, year after year, immense crops of superior hay. The estimated value of the annual hay crop in this county is £300,000 sterling. Large droves of fat cattle are raised here for the Halifax and St. John markets, and a good deal of butter is exported. There are several coal mines and grindstone quarries in operation in the western section of the county ; also a scythe-stone manufactory. At Oxford, near River Philip, there is a woollen milk where tweeds, blankets, etc., are manufactured. Amherst is the capital, and contains about 1500 or 2000 inhabitants. In the town are several churches, a couit house, four or five hotels, a foundry and machine shop, and two or three tanneries. The county exportr a great deal of lumber, particularly from the Port of Pugwash, at the mouth of the Pugwash River. The harbor here is the best to be found along the whole extent of the north-east coast. • At this port, and at Wallace and Parrsborough, the inhabitants enter largely mto siiipDaiidiug. ±ne popuiauuii ux luc -^kjia-^ivj xo about 24,000. There is considerable crown land in ex- in 62 Cumberland not yet taken up, some of wliich is of cellent quality. I'hcre are two newspapers published i„ this County, viz : " 'J he Amherst Gazette " and the " Oxford Sentinel." DIGBY, The county of Digby is situated at the west end of the county of Annapolis, of which it was formerly a part. It is triangular shaped, and is bounded on the south-west by the county of Yarmouth, and on the north and west by the Bay of Fundy. The town of Digby is situate at- the foot of the Annapolis Basin, into which the River of Annapolis empties its waters. This a very pretty spot, and commands magnificent scenery. A splendid view of the basin and river for many* miles, Nvith the verdure-clad mountains on each side, may be had from the windows of most of the houses. The town contains several churches, a court house, a public hall, a tannery, and two or three ship-yards. The steamers plying between Annapolis and St. John, New Brunswick, touch here. The little village of Hillsburgh, nine miles east from Digby, is a veiT picturesque spot. Snugly ensconsed in a deep dale among the hills, on both banks of Bear Elver, and protected oh all sides, it is very warm, and excellent^ fruit is raised in and around the village. ries are, each season, sent Thousands of quarts of chei to the St. John market. The re are onlv three or four OH is of ex- lished in and the ; end of merly a on the he north Digby is which s a very ry. A ^ miles, may be 5. The a public 3. The n. New ist from sconsed of Bear 'm, and village. 3n, sent or four grape vines in the district. As the climate is so warm and dry, and there is no difficulty in ripening this fruit in the open air, I have often wondered that it is not in general cultivation. Last year I saw some very large and excellent peaches that were raised at Hillsburgh in the open air. There are several lumber mills on Bear River, and large shipments of deals and other manufactued lumber aie made to the United States and West Indies. Some thousands of cords of firewood also are annually shipped to ports in the States uf Massachusetts and Maine. * All around the shores of Annapolis Basin, both in Digby and Annapolis counties, are large estabUshments for the curing and packing of herrings, which are caught in im- mense quantities in weirs, smoked and packed in boxes, and then shipped to different parts of the Dominion, and to foreign ports. Weymouth is situated on the Sissiboo river, near its mouth, and is a place of some importance in the shipping and lumber business. It is quite a pretty place. There are some handsome residences in the village, ajid some excellent farms in the immediate neighborhood. The district or township of Clare, to the south of Weymouth, along the shores of St. Mary's Bay, is inhabited almost entirely by Acadian French. A good deal of shipbuild- ing is carried on in this district. The total population of the county is 17,000. d4 (aiYSHOHOrOH. This county is in the north-eastern part of Nova Scotia and extends from the east end of the county of Halifax to the Strait of Canso ; it is bounded on the north by Antigonish and part of Pictou counties, and on the south by the Athmtic ocean. Along the coast the land is rocky and barren, but in the interior, and near the borders of ^Antigonish, there is some excellent tillage land. Near the coast along the entire length of the county, the in. habitants live chiefly Ly fishing, combined with a little farming ; in the interior agriculture is the principal oc- cupation of the people. Gold mining is successfully prosecuted, and many of the mines at Sherbrooke, Wine Harbor, and Isaac's Harbor afford rich returns to the owners. Guysborough-^The shire -town—was settled by dis. banded soldiers in 1790; but the town has grown very slowly, and even now contains only about 500 or 600 inhabitants, while other parts of the province have rapidly increased in population. The whole number of inhabi, tants in the county is 17,000. There is considerable shipbuilding carried on; but the vessels built are usually of a smaller class than those built inr Hants or Yarmouth. The fishing business brings a great deal of money to the county, and many of those engaged in the trade aie doing well and gradually but surely a3(^uiring fortunes, <^5 HALIFAX. This 18 the metropolitan county, lying between the I county of Lunenburg on the west, and Guysborough oil the '.iast, and is bounded on the north b- ^'nts, Col- chester, and part of Pictou counties. It is wiiat may be termed ^ ^ore county, as it extends east and west, along the sonth shore of the Province, 110 miles. There are numerous fishing villages among the bays and harbors of this county, and quite a large business is done in fishing. All around the shore of St. Margaret's Bay there are ex^ tensive establishments for curing and packing fish and canning lobsters; also at Prospect, Ketch Haiboi^, Portuguese Cove, &c. There are also aumevous saw mills in the county. At Sheet Haibor, Ship Harbor, Fall Eiver, Ingraham's River, and Sackville, a good deal of lumbering is done. Shipbuilding is carried on, in many harboi's along the coast. There are more g ^ mines m the county of Halifax than in any other in ine province. Mines have been opened at Tangier, Musquodoboi^ Oldham, Montague, Waverly, Hammond's Plain, and Lawrencetown. It is not strictly an agricultural county ; but there are many fine farming districts, in particular along the Musquodoboit river, where the soil is excellent and remarkably fertile. Bedford, at the head of Bedford Basin, and nine miles from the city, is the summer resort of the people of Halifax. Here there are several large hotels v huh, during the summer season, are crowded. Boating, fish- ing, bathing, and pic-nics are the general amusements, and judging by the beauty of the place, the sur- rounding scenery, and the jolly, happy faces of the people one meets here, life at Bedford must be really enjoyable. The population of the county, including the city, is 57,000. The county of Hants adjoins the ounty of Halifax on the north, and is bounded on the west by the county of Lunenburg, east by Colchester and north by Kings and the Basin of Minas. It contains now a population of 22,000. Windsor, the capital, is a town of about three thousand inhabitants, and contains several handsome churches, a court house, public hall, foundry, coach factory, &c. The celebrated Kings College is located here. Shipbuilding is quite extensively engaged in, and the shipping of gypsum, in which the county abounds, gives employment to a number of the laboring class, and is a source of great weahh to the county. Hants is a fine agricultural county ; its dyked land is of a superior quahty, and pruduces heavy crops of excellent hay. Some very fine fruit is grown, and great improvement has been made within a few years past in farm stoclc. Many fine Alderney cows are now owned in the neigh- borhood of Windsor and Falmouth. Most of the land in the western part of the county k in (he hands of Thi tends [slant popul few h peopl chief farm< good can i till: near ized refit lalifax county Kings ilation t three idsome coach ocated in, and ounds, ss, and its is a iperior : hay. ement stoclc. neigh - e land nds of ^ V 67 wealthy individuals who have expended a vast deal of money on their estates, and farms there could not be purchased at as Iowa rate as in other parts of the county- Hants is second only to Yarmouth in shipbuilding and many very large ships are annually built at Windsor. Hantsport, Avondale, Maitland and other ports. Ihere are two gold mining districts in the county namely Mount Uniacke and Renfrew. Gold has been dicovered in r.any other places ; but no mines have been opened excepting in the two districts above mentioned. inver:ness. This comty is in the Island of Cape Breton and ex- tends the entire length of the northern side of the Island ; it is the longest county In the Province. Ihe population is about 21,000, and with the exception ot a ?ew hundreds of French origin, is composed entirely ot people of Scotti^h Highland descent. Port Hood is he chief town ; its business is principally trade with the farmers and fishermen who reside in the vicmity. A good deal of money is circulated in the town by Ameri- can fishermen, who resort to the harbor of Port Hood m bad weather. There is a good deal of excellent coal in thlr county. Coal oil (petroleum) has .been discovered „Pnv T,ake Ainslie,and a company has lately bee^ organ- ized to open wells and carry on the business oi refining, &c. (18 There is superior salmon fishing in Inverness, par- ticularly in the Margaree river, and sportsmen from the United States resort there in numbers in May and June. There is excellent land in the county and agriculture is in general the occupation of the people ; even those engaged in the fisheries cultivate some land. KINGS. In the agricultural capabilities of the soil, this couixty is second to none in British North America, and is second to Annapolis county only in the production of fruit and Indian corn. The latter county has an advan- tage over Kings solely from the fact that it averages three or four degrees warmer, and is not subject to the chilly winds, that in the spring of the year, sweep over the marshes of Kings county from the Basin of Minas. Annapolis is simply somewhat better protected. The soil of Kings county is really equal to any in America, and, in point of intelligence, respectability, and standing in the province, the agricultural population who cultivate the said soil have no superiors in the Dominion, and the same may be said of the people of other counties in Nova Scotia. The majority of the farmers of Kings county ire in very comfortable circumstances, and very many of them re?lly wealthy. Their farms are kept in excellent order, and the dwellings, outhouses, &c., pre- sent a neat and handsome appearance. There are some very pretty little towns in the county, among which are Kentvil wick, in this of the from tl fine. I on, but is farm This iiate b Hants north the Al ties or it has ticfulai I county The i 61) !S3, par- rom the d June. Iture is n those ; couixty and is ction of L advan- iverages it to the jep over Minas. i. The Lmerica, standing mltivate and the nties in f Kings nd very kept in ^c, pre- L'e some hich are Kentville— the capital— Wolfville, Canning, and Ber- wick. The scene of Lorgfellow's - Evangeline " is laid in this county. The scenery is charming, and the view of the Grand Pre, Blomidon, and the Basin of Mmas, from the top of the Horton Mountain, is remarkably fine. Some shipbuilding and lumber business is carried on, but the chief occupation of the people of the county is farming. The population is 22,000. LUNENBURG. This is another fine agricultural county, and is sit- uate between the counties of Queens on the west and Hants and Halifax on the east ; it is bounded on the north by Kings and Annapolis, and on the south by the Atlantic ocean. Although not equal to the coun- ties on its northern border in Agricultural capabilities, it has many excellent and very productive farms, par- tic^ularly around Mahone Bay and the interior of the county. The soil is good and the climate very fine. The inhabitants are of German extraction and, per- haps, their farming is not quite so scientific as that of the agriculturists of Hants, Kings, and Annapolis ; but they manage to make a good living off their land, and many of the older inhabitants are known to have a good deal of wealth, in the shape of gold and silver ..^P cf^w.rl nwnv for safe keeping, and for the benefit of their heirs and successors. In every little bay and harbor along the coast trad- II'' 70 ing and fishing vessels are owned in large number ; these little craft range from 40 to 100 tons, are of handsome model, and very fast sailers. The town of Lunenburg is the capital, and contains a population of about 2500. It is cosily situated in a little land locked bay or harbor. There are several very neat little villages in the county, Chester, Kinburn*, and Bridgewater are the most important. The town of Lunenburg owns a large fleet of fishing vessels, and every season they, to the number of fifty or one hun- dred, are fitted out for the fishery on the coast of Labrador. A large trade is done at this pl^.ce with the West Indies. Bridgewater is twelve miles from Lun- enburg, at the head of navigation on the LaHave river. There are in this village four churches, a public hall, four tanneries, three foundries, one carriage factory, and a furniture manufactory. It is a thriving little place, and does a large business in the exportation of cord- wood, lumber, staves, and bark. A small weekly newspaper is published here. Kinburn, in Mahone Bay, is also a very prosperous place, and drives a good business in the building of small vessels, and in the shipment of lumber, wood, etc. The scenery in the neighborhood of Kinburn, and near Chester, at the head of the bay, can hardly be * This name was given to the village a few years ago, but it has fallen into disuse. The general name of Mahone Bay, by which it Avas formerly known, is applied instead. surpassc the cou] The and th have Is Albion harbor Domin vessels agricul tants. Pictou severa machi bacco Th( and le suppl; quant has b payir Til conts nortl 71 lumber ; , are of contains ted in a se veral inburn*, town of sels, and )ne hun- coast of with the im L Oli- ve river, lie hall, :ory, and le place, of cord- weekly Mahone IS a good 1 in the urn, and lardly be but it has y which it sur passed by the Bay of Naples. The population oi the county is 24, 000 PICTOU. The County of Plctou is almost one vast coal mine, and there are three or four mining companies who have large mines in operation, llie coal from the Albion Mines is brought by rail 8 or 9 miles to he harbor of Pictou, and there shipped to ports m the Dominion, and to the United States. Hundreds of vessels load here every summer. Besides mining, agriculture is the principal employment of the inhabi- tants. Much shipbuilding is however carried on at Pictou, New Glasgow, and River John. There are several large tanneries in the county, also foundries, machine shops, saw, grist, and fulling mills, one to- bacco factory and a pottery. The minerals of this county other than coal an3 iron and lead, of the former there is probably an unlimited supply, but no mine of it has yet been opened ; a Jantity of lead ore has been discovered but nothing has been done to ascertain whether it may be obtained in ^'Th! tTwri? Pictou is the capital of the County, and contains over 4000. inhabitants. It is situate on the north side of Pictou Harbor, and is quite a lively busi- ness place. The merchants oi t i^^ou «iv- 5,0^-. comparatively rich, and they deserve to be so, for no ^r-;:^ V2 moro honest, industrious, or enterprising people are U he found in the Province. New Glasgow, on the East Eiver, 7 miles fron l^ictou, is a thriving town and bids fair to be, very soon in business and general enterprise, the rival of Pictou River John, or Welsford, is a village 20 miles from Pictou. This place owes its present prosperity chiefly to the enterprise of one shipbuilder, James Kitchen, Esq.,* who, althougti now not in old man, has built about fiftv larn^e vessels. The soil of the County of Pictou is in general fertile, with the exception of that in the southern portion which is mostly rough and almost unfit for cultivation profitably. , There is no better wheat raised anywhere than that which is grown along the north shore of the County. As the summer is not quite so hot and dry as in some of the western counties, Indian corn cannot be brought to much perfection ; but oats, rye and barley, potatoes, turnips, and in fact, all root crops grow well and ripen early; very little fruit is cultivated; many of the; farms are in a high state of cultivation. The inha- bitants are mostly of Scotch descent, and are an honest, industrious and frugal race. The population of the County is over 32,000. Th ihe c< side ( and, tion. the 8 of B manj Live] lage, * Since this was written Mr. Kitelien hax dopitrted this life. ATor 3ple are t( 'O QUEENS. miles fron , very soon i of Pictoii miles from srity chiefly 's Kitchen, L, has built eral fertile, jrn portion cultivation e than that le County, as in some be brought r, potatoes, i and ripen -ny of the. The inha-i an honest, :ion of the This county is situate on the Atlantic coast, between the counties of Lunenburg and Shelburne. The south side of the county bordering on the sea shore is rocky, and, except in small isolated spots, is unfit for cultiva- tion. In the interior, however, as is the case with all the shore counties, the soil is good, and in the vicinity of Brookfield, Caledonia and Pleasant River there are many good farms with considerable rich meadow land, Liverpool is the shire town, and does a large shipbuild- ing and shipping business. Lumber, staves and fish *- are the chief exports. The population of this place is over 3000. There are in the town an edge tool and a boot and shoe manufactory. Port Medway is a small shipping port at the mouth of the River Medway, 9 miles from Liverpool. Lum- ber is the general export of the place, although some business is done in fish. There are numerous saw-mills at Milton, Mill Vil- lage, and other parts of the county, in which millions of feet of lumber are annually manufactured. The water power is unlimited, and the back country affords a good supply of logs to keep the mills in constant operation. Fishing is successfully prosecuted around the coast, particularly in the neighborhood of Port Matoun, Port Mf^lwnv pnd "RpH'^h lV!pnf1o". r> milr*? from T-ivovnool. '1^ ', IS; 74 Tlie county is rapidly increa&ing in population, and tBe immense lumber trade is yearly bringing additional • wealth to the inhabitants, the whole number of whon^p is 11,000, an increase of 13 per cent, iu 10 years. RICHMOXI). This is one of the counties of the Island of Cape Breton, situatad on the southern side of the Island, and bordering on the Atlantic. 'Hie inhabitants are employed, almost exclusively, in fishing and shipping. At the northern side of the county, a'long the shore of the Br is d'Or Lake, and in the interior about Grand Kiver, however, there are some agricultural settlements 'and much of the land in those districts is good. Ari- chat is the capital, and is situate on Isle Madame, an islaird about IT miles in length, separated from the main island by a narrow strait called Lenox Passage. The population of the town is about 2800, and is com- posed, almost entirely, of Acadian French. Quite an extensire fishing, trading and shipping business is done at this place, and a large number of vessels owned in the part. The harbor is commodious and safe. The scenery around the I^e Madame is very beautiful, as is also that on the north side of the countv at Bras d'Or. Kichmond contains some valuable coal mines, which ivill, ill all probability soon be opened, and will bring a largo amount of wealth to the county. The popula- ;^i 1, and the idditional of whom earsr [ of Cape e Island,, tants are shipping, shore of lit Grand ttlements »d. Ari- danre, an from the Passage, i is com- Quite an s is done •wned in fe. The iful, as is Iras d'Or. 3s, which nil bring s popula- tion is over 14,000. Farms may be had in this county at reasonable prices, SllELBURNE. Shelburne County is situated in the extreme south, or rather at the south-west corner of the Province. With the exception of some of the land bo-dering on the rivers in the interior, the soil is generally unfit for profitable cultivation, ITie surface is rough and rocky. Where the soil is free from stone, as it is in many places up the Roseway and Clyde Rivers, it is remarka- bly rich, and produces excellent and remunerative crops. Fishing, lumbering and shipbuilding are the principal employments of the people. The vessels are mostly built of oak, of which material there is a good supply in the interior. The town of Shelburne is the capital. It was origi- nally laid out for a large city, and contained many more inhabitants than it does now; but trade declined, and mmy of the most enterprising of the people removed to Halifax and other places. Within a few years past an Impetus has been given to ship-building and the fisheries, and the little town is rapidly recuperating. Fishing is carried on in different parts of the county— at Barrington, Lockeport, Port Latour, Cape Sable Island, &c., there are lafge nsiuug ij:=iauix=>-^i«v-".- xini . are ieveral lumber mills in ths i^ounty, and one, in pai-- ;W*rA 7« ticular, at Jordan River, is capable of turning out seven or eight millions of feet of sawed lumber nnnually. The population of the county is about 13,000. VICTORIA. Victoria is situate between the Counties of Cape Breton and Inverness ; it is about 80 miles in length and only from 15 to 20 miles wide. The north-western part of the County is mountainous, and but scantily set- tied. The south-west is better adapted for agriculture, and the soil is particularly good in many parts. Baddeck is the shire town, and contains three places of worship, a court house, jail, &c. It is a very orderly and quiet little place. Shipbuilding, lumbering and fishmg are the chief employments of the people. Many settlers, however, have devoted themselves exclusively to agriculture and have succeeded very well, notwith- standing that the agricultural advantages are fewer than m many other Counties in the Province. The County abounds in minerals, coal, iron, salt, which, with excellent buildmg stone and limestone, are abundant ; gold and silver have been discovered in many places, but no mines have been opened. The population is now nearly 12,000. YARMOUTH. This is one of the western Counties of Nova Scotia proper, and is bounded on the north by the County of 77 ml seven annually. of Cape n length L-western ntily set- •iculture, se places ^ orderly ing and Many ^lusively notwith- /er than County xcellent old and o mines 1^,000. I Scotia unty of Digby, south and east by Shelburne, and west by the Bay of Fundy. The population is nearly 19,000, an increase of 20 per cent, over the census of 1861. Yar- mouth is one of the most prosperous Counties in the Province. The people engage largely in shipbuilding, and in lumbering, manufacturing, fishing and agriculture. Yarmouth is the shire town, and is the next place of importance to Halifax, from which place it is distant 208 miles. It contains many fine buildings, among which are nine churches, thr^** large and handsome school houses, a jail and court house, and a large hall. There are two newspapers in the town ; there are two banks, a library and reading room, also ^ve local Marine Insur- ance Companies, two founderies, one machine shop (manufacturing steam engines, &c.), three ship's block factories, two sash and door factories, a steam saw* mill, and several establishments for the manufacture of farming implements, furniture, buckets, brooms, &c. fAn im- mense business is carried on with the West Indies and the United States and other foreign countries. Fish to the amount of half a million dollars is yearly exported. The County owns over 110,000 tons of shipping. Tusket is a pretty little village, about 10 miles from Yarmouth, in which there are four shipyards doing an active business. The value of the ships built here annu- ally averages about $300,000. The climate of this County is not so dry as that of the other western Counties, owing, perhaps, to its being m 78 Bituatecl near the mouth of the Bay of Fundy, where there is considerable fog. T] father in winter is very mild, and not oppressiv^V '^'^ in summer. The vari- ation of t-lie thermometer .. ic.s in rhe county of Yar- mouth than in any other prt of the Province. Ihe rivers abound in salmon, trout and gasperaux. The first salmon of the season is generally caught in the Tusket River. Agriculture is not so much the occupation of the people of Yarmouth as in Hants, Kings, or Annap. oils; but there are hundreds of excellent fums, on which arc raised good crops of h;«y, grain and roots, r -uit is not generally cultivated ia the Courty. The best potatoes grown in the Province are raised here. They are called pogies, and it is very remarkable that it is impossible to cultivate them successfully in any other County in the Province, excepting in the adjoining County of Digby, and there only in the southern part, near the borders of Yarmouth. »• A lina of railway has been surveyed, and will probably be commenced next summer, which will connect Yar^ mouth with Halifax via the counties of Digby and Annapolis. Steamers ply betwcen^he town of Yarmouth ftud Halifax, St. John, N. B., and Boston, U. S. 'I :ly, where er is very I'he vari- "f of Yar- ice. Ihe The first e Tusket pation of ' Aniiap- irms, on id roots. :y. The ed here. e that it ny other djoining rn part, >robably tct Yar- ?bv and irmouth CONCLUSION. The information contained in the foregoing pages may be relied on as a correct and unexaggerated description of the Province of Nova Scotia, and will, I believe, be found sufficient to enable any man of ordinary intelli- gence to form a very good idea of the general character of the country, its climate, resources, &c., and to see that, for a man of energy and industry, combined with a small amount of money capital, no other part of America offers the same induceme- .ts, or presents the same ad- vantages. As a home for farmers, or for persons of limited incomes, such as haif-pay officers, who are compelled to live and educate their families on small means, no country in the world is more suitable. A quiet country life, or the gaieties and bustle of life in the city may be had according to choice. The nearness of the Province to Europe, and the flicilities for rapid communication with Great Britain and other countries, is a very grea*^^ advantage, and one that should not be overlooked by intending emigrants. Whilst a good intelligent class of emigrants, possess- ing some means, would do exceedingly well here, and much better than they could do in Europe with the same amount of capital, the poorer classes— the paupers — had batter remain at home, or emigrate to some coim- tvy where their pauper habits would \m no detriment to .: i 80 their chance of obtaining a living, or where there may be a demand for the labor of those of them who are willing to work— if sach country can be found. Pau- pers m Europe would be but paupers here, and it would be, simply, a waste of money to send them out. Skilled labor is in demand in the Province, no matter whether it consists in the art of digging a ditch properly, or in manufacturing and putting together the most delicate kinds of mechaiism. All classes of working people who understand the particular business in which thev have been educated, either theoretically or practically' may succeed here if they are willing to put their know- ledge to practical use. In short, industry in any busi- ness will, in Nova Scotia, meet with a sure reward. In all agricultural districts in Great Britain, there are numbers of farms hired of wealthy landholders at large anmial rents. The tenants of such farms would do mucn better in this Province, as they could purchase a farm of one hundred acres here for about the same money they pay annually in rent in England or Scot- land. Among that class of people clubs, comprising eight or ten persons each, might be formed. Every such club could purchase a farm of say, 500 acres, in one of the best agricultural districts of Nova Scotia and divide It among them by lot or otherwise. In this way men of -; — i-^- ""5"^ P^satJbs larms quite iarge enough and with sufficient land in working order to enable them good here may who are id. Pau- l it would Skilled rvhether it "ly, or iv) '' delicate g people lich thev actically, sir know- my busi- ard. ihere are at large ould do rchase a he same or Scot- nprising sry such I one of i divide men of enough, le them I to begin operations at once, and get good returns for their outlay and labor the first season. The suggestion on page 12 of Mr. Morrison's pamph- let in reference to the formation of a Joint Stock Nova Scotia Farming and Land Company I consider a good one. Mr. Morrison says he *^ would suggest the forma- tion in Groat Britain, by the capitalists and others among the agriculturists, of a Joint Stock Nova Scotia Farming and Land Company, with a capital of say £50,000, divided into 10,000 shares of £5 each. With this capi- tal a number of large farms, already in good cultivation, could be purchased in the best agricultural districts, which could be subdivided into several hundred farms, of from 50 to 100 acres each, such as would be worth in England from £2000 to £5000, and costing here, to the company, £100 to £250 each, many of them with good buildings already erected." '* The shareholders of such a company should come out themselves, or send out good practical agriculturists to occupy the land." " Such a speculation could not fail to prove remuner- ative, and, as an investment for spare capital, would give large and sure returns." I believe that an association of this nature might arrange a plan of emigration to, and settlement in, this country that would not only improve the condition of, and benefit a large number of people, but, as Mr. M. ^82 says, might be made to pay satisfactory divideady on the capital invested. Every encouragement would be given to such a company by the Government, and any propos- itions from Emigration and I^and Associations in Great Britain or on the continent of Europe, that might have for their object the settlement of a good class of people in this Province,, would meet with immediate attention and consideration. 1} The information contained in this pamphlet is calcu- lated to assist and guide emigration societies in selectino- the right kind of people to send here. In coming to Nova Scotia, emigrants do not leave a civilized country to re:ide among savages or in a wilderness. They must bear in mind that they are coming amongst a people who are quite as far advanced in the arts of civilization as they are themselves, and who, owing chiefly to our sys- tem of free schools, are better educated than are, on an average, the people of England. The inhabitants of this country are mostly descei^led from British settlers, are governed by the same laws, animated by the same feelings and sentiments, . vl speak the same language as their British ancestors ; and in point of intelligence. In morality and religion they are second to no people in the I s'^'^be world. It is thereibre necessary that Europeans who infciid emigrating to this .countrj^ should be acquainted with this fict so that they may govern themselvea accora- ingly. 1! s% 9 on the 3e given propos- n Great ht have ■ people ttention 3 calcu- electinof tning to country 3y must pie who Ltion as )ur sys- , on an ants of settlers, e same lage as jnce, In. 3 in the IS who lainled iccord- APPENDIX. Since the first edition of this pamphlet was published, a work appeared in New York, entitled, *' The Fishing Tourist," by Charles Halloc! ,, Esquire, r gentleman who resided some time in Nova Scotia, and who, being a thorough sporisman, a man of intelligence, observing, capable ^nd reliable, is fully competent to give an opinion as to the character of the countrv. I have therefore taken the liberty to appropriate the following extracts from his highly interesting book : — '' Herewith I enter the lists as the champion of Nova Scotia. Once upon a time I resided there for a considerable period. Within the past thirteen years I hpve traversed it from one extremity to the other ; much of it by private conveyance. I have become enariored of its natural beauties and unusual resources. Were I to give a first-class certificate of its general ' -^.racter, I wouiJ affirm that it yields a greater variety of products for export than any territory on the p-^obe of the same superficial area. This is saying a good deal. Let us see : She has ice, lumber, ships, salt fish, salmon and lobsters, coal, iron, gold, antimony, copper, plaster, slate, grindstones, fat cattle, wool, pota- toes, apples, large game and furs.* But, as this volume ^Mr. TTi^n^V ri'i'ltf hivve ii'^f\o<^ nTrMo. hv"' T""- j*^-n^ "" ■ H is not a commercial compendium, I yhall regard the attractions of the Province from a Sportsman's stand- point only. " As a game country it is unsnrpn.s^eil . Laige por- tions are still a primitive wilderness, and in the least accessible forests the moose and cariboo arc scarc-lv molested by the hunter. Nearly every stream abounds in trout, and although civilization, with its dams and mills, had nearly exterminated the salmon at one time the efforts of the Canadian Government since 18G8 have' so far restored the streams that this royal fish may also be taken in nearly all its old haunts." Speaking of the salmon rivers, he says :— Most of them are short, running in parallel lines to the sea, ouly a few miles apart. The fishing ground seldom extends more than ten miles from their mouths, and they are so accessible to settlements that the Angler can surfeit him- self with sport by day and sleep in a comfortable Inn or fam-hou.o at night_a juxtaposition of advantages seluom to be found in America. There is no neces^ty for camping out. Sea-trout, or tide-trout, commence to run up the rivers at the end of June, and the sport to be enjoyed m the estuaries at that season is of the most ex- citing character. The fish average about three pounds in weight, and, when well hooked, will test the dexterity ami the strength of his tackle » An^'ie] CO the i'egard the n's stand- L^arge por* L the least D scarcelv 1 abounds dams and one time, 1868 have may also -Most of sea, only a extends ey are so i rfeit him- le Inn or 1 vantages necessity tnence to >ort to be most ex- J pounds ilexterity ', to the .^5 Of Gold River, in the County of Lunenburg, Ml'. Hallock says : '^ In this river I have taken on the same day (the 1st of July) a salmon, a grilse, a sea-trout and a speckled or brook-trout, wit/ioiU chanfjing my casting stand, * * . * * * ^ ^ ^*The middle district includes nearly all of Halifax County, and parts of the Counties of Guysboro and Pictou. 'roo much cannot be said in praise of this entire district. * . * » ^ ^ ^ There are innumerable streams into lohich salmon have been ^ninning the past two years, over unohstructive passes and artificial fish-ioays, in numbers that cause both rod and net fishernu to leap for joy, '' Wiihin a radius of twenty miles around Halifax, trout and salmon fishing can be enjoyed in every phase which the gentle art is capable of assuming.'' ^ Speaking of Shelburne, Queens, and Lunenburg Counties, he says— the district *' is emphatically the lake region of Nova Scotia. All it lacks is the grand old mountains to make it physically as attractive as the Adirondacks, while as for game and fish, it is in every way infinitely superior. * * * Its lakes swarm with trout, and into many of them the salmon ascend to spawn, and are dipped and speared, by the Indians, in large numbers." While fishing the Gold River, Mr. Hallock put up at r-ovett's Hotel, in Chester, of whinh he ^'xyq^, the follow- II '\ 8(5 "There'll be no sorrow there. Private parlor and bed-room, "with gossamer curtains ; sheets snowy white ; boquets of wild flowers, renewed every day ; a rising- bell, or a little maid's tap at the door ; breakfast under hot covers — boiled salmon, baked trout with cream, omelettes, toast, broiled beefsteak (everybody else fries it down here), coffee, eggs, milk, wild honey, and all that sort of thing, ad libitumy ad infinitum.''^ The following questions have lately been asked by parties in Europe, and I give them here, together with the answers that were returned : Question. — On about what terms can a fitrmer in Nova Scotia board and lodge a man and his wife, with a view of the former acquiring an insight into practical farming, and would i^. be possible for one, without any previous knowledge of farming, by this means to gain sufficient experience in a couple of years or so to enable him to carry on a farm for himself ? Answer. — A man and wife, who are willing to work and learn, would get board and lodging for their labor until they understood general farming, with almost any respectable farmer in tlae country, provided said *' man and wife " come well recommended as to character. A knowledge of farming is generally acquired in Nova •actice. If, however, a man omit I ing pri and wife wish to board, and think thev could learn farm V only, famil} of fan man c to em what J jT be wi] Q- suffici A.- can p operal such J f Q- 1 100 I house A. barns bread A. (196 and same lb.; chald or anu white ; rising- t under cream, se fries and all ked by er with •mer in with a iractical )Lit any to gain ► enable :o work ir labor lost any *' man :er. A L Nova r\ o^n rtxr , a man n farm- i ing without practical experience, and by observation only, they could obtain board and lodging in a fiirmer's family for from 6s. to 10s. each, according to the class of ilirmer with whom they want to live. Any intelligent man could get sufficient insight into farming in two years to enable him to commence on his own account, and what he could not learn in that time his neighbors would be willing to teach him gratis. g.__Would a capital cf from £1200 to £1500 be sufficient for a man to start with ? A, — Less would do ; but the more capital a farmer can put into the business the more extensive may be his operations. A practical man ought to make money with such a capital to commence with. Q, — What would be the annual rent ci a farm of 100 acres, having a dwelling, barns and ordinary out- houses ? A. — Farms of from 100 acres to 500, with dwellings, barns, etc., may be hired at from £25 to £80 per annum. Q, — What is the average price of provisions, viz : — .bread, meat, per lb. ; poultry. Also clothing and fuel. A. — Flour (wheat) from 22s. to 283. stg. per barrel (196 lbs.) Beef 4d. to 7d. per lb. according to season and locality ; mutton and veal 3d. to 5d. ; pork, the same ; turkeys, 5d. to 6d. per lb. ; geese 4d. to 5d. per lb. ; Fowls per pair, Is. 9d. ; fuel, conl 2'4s, to 25s. per chaldron : but it is much lower near the coal mines. 8,s ,;-.i li. ■•; Pi Hardwood per cord, (a pile 8 feet long by 4 ft. wide and 4 ft. high) 8s. to 12s. Clothing perhaps^ 15 to 20 per cent, higher than in England. Q. — Is the Province troubled with destructive insects or animals, such as mosquitos, grasshoppers, &c ? A. — The Province is remarkably free from destruc- tive insects or animals, neither have we any venomous reptiles. Q' — Is there any extraordinary rainfall on an average each year ? A. — We have much less rain than in the driest parts of England. Fine clear weather is the rule, and wet, disagreeble weather the exception here. Q' — What is the amount of w^ages paid to agricul- tural laborers, and is such labor to be obtained without much difficulty ? A. — Fiom £20 to £30 stg. per annum with board. During haying and harvest 6s. per day, with board, is often paid in some localities. Last season laborers were in demand. Good hands will always command good wages. Q» — Are there many farmers in the Province, and are the villages far distant from each other ? A, — There are many thousands of Farmei's in the Province, for instance the valley extending through Annapolis, and part of Kings County is about 80 miles long, and there is a succession of farms adjoining each de and 20 per insects estruc- Lomous verage t parts d wet, gricnl- dthoiit board, •ard, is s were I good nd are in the irough ) miles ^ each 8U other, along nearly the whole length. In width it is from 3 to 6 miles, and there are three roads running neaidy the whole length of the valley, besides numerous cross roads. In some counties the villages are numerous and within a few miles of each other, while in others they are more scattered. Q, — What are the means of conveyance for farm pro- duce to the markets ? A. -Railroads, steamboats, small vessels, &c. Faci- liiies for transport are excellent. Q, — Would it be difficult to find an honest, respectable farmer with whom a farm could be worked on shares ? Is such a course advisable ? A. — It would not be advisable to work a farm on shares, excepting in a case where the owner of a farm does not understand the business ; plenty of men could be had to work on shares under such cu'cumstances. Q. — What is the ordinary price of live stock ; horses, cows, sheep, pigs, &c ? A. — Horses are from £15 to £30 each, farm horses are seldom above £20 stg. The higher price is obtained for gentlemen's saddle and carriage horses ; cows from £5 to £7 or £8 each; working oxen from £18 to £25 per pair. Sheep and swine according to breed, weight, &c. Q. — What is the best time in the year for an emigrant to arrive ! 90 ' -4.— From the ^Oth March to the 20th April. Q. — Is the business of market gardening carried on to any extent in the Province, and are the markets easy of access. A, — ^larket gardening is not carried on extensively or scientifically, although Halifax and the numerous towns throughout the Province are tolerably well sup- plied. A few intelligent gardeners, Avho understand raising early vegetables, would make money here, as we have good markets and cheap facilities for reaching them. Q' — What kind of poultry is raised in the Province, and is the climate adapted for this kind of stock ? A, — The climate is very suitable, and numerous kinds of poultry are kept about the iiirm yards. We have Dorkings, Bolton Greys, Pn'ahmas, Black Spanish, Co- chin China, Creve Cours, and many common varieties. We have also turkeys, geese, ducks, etc. Our markets are pretty well supplied with poultry and eggs, but the demand is increasing. 9- — Ts water power abundant and available for manu- facturing purposes ? A, — Probably no country, in proportion to its extent, is so well supplied with water power, which, in connec- tion with inexhaustible mines of iron and coal, affords this Province facilities for manufacturing at least equal to any country in the world, Q. — Is building material expensive, or the reverse ? 91 lied on ets easy Jiisively merous 3II siip- leistand , as we 5 them. oviiice, s kinds e have sh, Co- iricties. narkets 3ut the inanu- extent, jonnoc- affords equal jrse ? A. — In a oonntry where wood, stone, iron and clay are so abundant, building matcials must naturally be cheap. Q' — 1'he prevailing opinion in England is that the climate in Nova Scotia is very cold. AVhat is the fact ? A, — The fact is, that the "prevailing opinion" is quite erroneous, and the people of Nova Scotia are often sur- prised at the amount of ignorance displayed by English journals and a large majority of E^nglishmen in reference to the geography and climate of this country. The Lon- don Times, a short time ago, congratulated the Domin- ion of Canada on the appointment of Lord Dufferin to the Governor-Generalship, and remarked : " There is a literary propriety in appointing him to a distinguished post in * high latitudes,' and the Canadians may think themselves fortunate in attracting so valuable a member of English society.*' The fact is, the " high latitude" of the Dominion of Canada is not so high as that of England by about 6". Montreal is situated in lat 45" S2' N., while London, England, is in 51* 29' N. Nova Scotia, .is before stated, is situated between 43' and 46' N., and averages warmer than any other part of Canada. Our winters are colder and drier than the winters of England ; but our summer is warmer and brighter, and we can produce fruit and vegetables in the open air here which cannot be ripened iu England except under glasa. . -liJ 1 IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 7 // .^ / A 1.0 I.I 1.25 3.2 1^ I^ IAS 1.4 M Z2 1.6 '^ <^ /a ^> (^ cri ^i^,' ^ // O / w Photographic ^Sciences Corporation V '^dl V <^ \ :\ ^9> .V <>\ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 / 71A \ a72-4SQ3 6\ 02 m Is' H 1 PASSENGER WARRANTS. Arrangements have been made with the owners of the '' Allan," '' Dominion" and *' Temperley" lines of Steamships for a system of Passenger Warrants at the under-mentioned rates, to be issued to emigrants in England intending to settle in Canada. Emigrants for Nova Scotia may come by the Allan or Temperley line, landing at Halifax. Each adult ^4 15 stg. Children under 8 years of age 2 7 6 Infants under 1 year 14 2 The emigrants must be of good character, and de- clare their intention to settle in Canada, and generally furnish a certificate from a magistrate or clergyman. The Warrants can be procured from the Dominion Agent in London, 11 Adam Street, Adelphi, W. C, or from the Council of the Agricultm'al Laborer's Union (Mr. Joseph Arch, President) at Leamington. (r t( Table i ad f *«' I. 1 ( ' 1 5 10 25 103 wm lers of nes of at the lilts in nts for ?y line, stg. (( nd de- nerally lan. minion . C, or Union r TaUe MONEY TABLE. \owing the value of Sterlhicj Money hi Ccm^ adian Currency, and vice versa. Equivalent in Sterling money. Small calculations may be l)ased on the Canadian cent are almost identical, tlie fact that the LSD 04 1 H 24 5 7i 10 1 04 2 1 4 1 8 3 12 5 16 5 1 6i 14 8 2 1 1 4 2 2i 5 2 9 10 5 6f 20 10 lU 102 14 9i 205 9 7 1027 7 lU 2054 15 lOi English half-penny and m ^1- k '••' GOVERNMENT OF THE PRO'VINOE OF NOVA SCOTIA. 1^ ■ • ;■ Hoi 4C ti . . if i ,•■.•< . :xv- iS I ! ■ _■ § ' N if f :\ 1 • it . A. it t i( i ' • ii , rS . His Honor Adams George Archibald, C. M. G., Lieutenant-Governor, EXECUTITE COUNCIL : Hon. William Ann'and,M.L.C., 7 reasurer, President. William B. Vail, M. P.P., Provincial Secretary , Henky W. Smith, M.P.P., Attojjiiey General, Hon. D. Macdonald, M.P.P., Com, of Works and Mines. A. J. White, M.P.P., (Jam. of Crown Lands. Richard A. McHeffey, M.L.C. Robert Robertson, ^NF.P.P. John Fergusson, M.P.P. James Cochkan, M.L.C. Ge^ral Immigration Agent for Nova Scotia, M. B. DesBrisay, Esq., M.P.P., Bridgewater, N, 8. ,0im^-iai)f [A. a M. G., President. Secretary, general, nd Mines, I Lands. otia, M. B., S. ^p I- I. I'- ll r ' ^t:- P?^' ...,:h **^.\^itJJ^..L . '■ " A It I. IS > s V A « . r^^i 3'^^*^ iV ,7 jM \o<" / V ""..iVT H A V V r H T F. ^ *^:: } .Hi"" A r'''*' ■ "-•'*«. K A V V r H T F. ^r V ^\ J -^-sr^^ or TIIK IN( LI dim; TIIK I ISLANOofCAPE BRETON. OMPILtO FROM ACTUAL ft R ICEN "sU RVtV S Sinim.- Mikfl R t F E RE NC E HnMlK "Ih 'in»* "' 1rlii;rmih ■ THffi^ih Hidioiui ♦ ♦ . Ki«nilanii« nl I'nunitri * i>al Muivnji Ai . as HBB Pom nrturi. C. 1-1 IK* KS\ -.mm^