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GEORGE M. BODGE.

BRIEF HISTORY

h .."J

KING PHILIP'S WAR.

1675— 1677.

Being a Summary of the Articles appearing in the

New-England Historical and Genealogical

under the title

" Soldiers in King Philip's War."

GEORGE M. BODGE.

s;-

BOSTON :

PRIVATELY PRINTED.

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BRIEF HISTORY OF KING PHILIPS WAR.

i'.

The sole object of this series of papers was, at the beginning,
the preservation in convenient form of the names of those sol-
diers who served in the Indian War of 1675-7, known as "King
Philip's War"; so called from the name of the recognized leader
of that war, whose Indian name was Metacom or Pometacom, or
Metacomet ; but whom the English called Philip. He was the
second son of Massasoit, who at the settlement of the English at
Plymouth and Boston seems to have been chief sachem of all the
various tribes and fragments of tribes living between the Charles
River and Narraganset Bay, and including that part of Khode
Island east of the Bay, and also the Cape Cod tribes. The rule of
Massasoit was probably rather indefinite both as to limits of territory
and extent of authority over the subordinate chiefs. While Massa-
soit seems to have been the acknowledged head of the tribes within
the limits above named, the league between the chiefs of the tribes
was evidently very loose, and held mostly for conv?uience in
defence, and perhaps for the settlement of difficulties b>. i.iV>en indi-
vidual tribes. The territory of this Sachem was bounded ipon the
west by the Nipmucks and Narragansets. But a very great propor-
tion of this had been sold by the Sachems before the opening of the
war. Massasoit had several children, three of whom are known to
us by name ; Wamsutta and Metacom, who came to Plymouth
about 1656 and at their own request received English names from
the Governor, who " christened " them "Alexander" and "Philip." A
sister of these was the wife of Tuspaquin, chief of the Namaskets ; she
was called by the English " Amie." Mention is made of another son
and also a daughter, but I have not proper authority for their names.
Alexander married a Sachem's daughter, or widow, of the Pocasset
tribe, and after his death, soon following Massasoit's, 1661 or '62, she
returned to her own people, and ruled there with influence and
ability until the war ; when her second husband, Petananuet, Petono-
wowett, or "Peter Nunnuit" (as he is sometimes called), took sides

' f ■

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KINO rillLirs WAR.

with the Enfjlirth, she, possibly reluctantly, joined the fortunes of
Philip, who hud married her sister VVootonekanuske, and had great
inHuence with her.

Miissusoit had always maintained a cordial and firm friendship
with the English ; and it would seem that Alexander also was some-
what of his father's nature and disposition. The moment, however,
which saw Phili|) raised to the place of power, gave signal of a far
different course of conduct on the part of the Wampanoag Sachem.
The limits of his father's olden territory had been greatly reduced
before he came to power. The English had purchased and other-
wise absorbed a largo proportion of their lands. Philip kept on
selling and surrendering, till at last, as early as 1670-1, he began
to feel the pressure of civilization upon their hunting and fishing
grounds as well as cornfields. The Court at Plymouth itself had
interfered and forbidden the transfer of certain parts of the Wam-
panoag territories, and thus doubtless saved the Indians in various
tribes a home. Pokanoket, the hereditary home, was thus saved to
Philip's people ; and here he lived at the time of the opening of the
war. This place was called by the English "Mount Hope," and it
is now embraced in the town of Bristol, R. I.

But now having given some account of the principal character in
the war, we may state briefly the method of collecting the material
in these papers, and the purpose of this present pamphlet.

Tiie method adopted in arranging the soldier's names needs ex-
planation. The material which served as the basis of the work, and
indeed first suggested the undertaking, was found in three manu-
script volumes, containing the accounts of John Hull, who was the
Treasurer of the colony at the time of the war. These volumes are
devoted to the accounts pertaining to the war, and consist of a
Journal and two Ledgers. The Journal was opened June 24th, 1675,
and originally contained over five hundred pages, as the Ledger
shows, but now has only four hundred and sixty-one complete.
There was evidently a later Journal and also a Ledger, now missing,
which belonged to the set. The third book is later, and contains the
closing accounts in the war. These old books were preserved in
private hands for a century and a half, until discovered by one who
appreciated their value for genealogy and history, and secured them
for those purposes. In searching these books for the name of one who
served in the Indian war, the present writer discovered the impor-
tance of the accounts in the matter of the Indian war of 1675. Every
soldier who served in that war is credited with military service, and
the name of the officer under whom he served is given in the credit.
The date at which payment is made is given in the "Cash" account,
but the time and place of service is not designated ; nor is the
residence nor any further information about the soldier given.
Some of the soldiers served at different times and under diflferent
officers. The best method therefore of arranging the men in com-

KINO PHILIPS WAR.

panics wna found to be that of following the names of the officers as
they occur in the credits. The names were tlms {gathered from the
Journal, and placed in companies with their officers. Then the
fortunes of each company were followed as carefully as po8f<ible
throughout the several campaigns of tlie war. Hut it was found
that a great amount of unpublished material is still preserved in our
State Archives, County and Town Records , and elsewhere ; and
this, in the light of the great number of names identified in these
credits as soldiers, becomes available and interesting as history.
Additional material has been gathered and incorporated here from
all sources, whenever it would add to the sum of knowledge con-
cerning the war.

The officers and soldiers, many of them, served in several, some
in all the different campaigns ; and thus in following their fortunes, it
was necessary to go over the same events many times, so as to
marshal the various companies in order in the military operations.

It will be seen that by this method of arrangement, a great
amount of important material has been massed together conveniently
for the study of history, while the story of the war has not been
followed by consecutive events, but according to the experience of
individual officers and companies. It is proposed in this introductory
chapter to give a brief account of the war, following events in order
as nearly as possible. It will not be necessary to discuss the causes
leading up to the war. It is enough to say here, that the English
had assumed the government of the country, and followed their
course of settlement with small regard to the rights of the natives.
In some of the plantations, the settlers purchased their lands of the
Indians, as a matter of precaution ; partly that they might have that
show of title in case any other claim should be set up in opposition
to theirs, and partly to conciliate the savages, whose hostility they
feared, and whose friendship was profitable in the way of trade, in
furs and other products of the hunt. The Indians were always at
disadvantage with the English, in all the arts of civilized life. The
English paid no heed tf (» Jian laws or customs or traditions ; and
ruthlessly imposed their own laws, customs and religious ideas, with
no apparent thought of their intolerance and injustice. They made
treaties with the savages in the same terms which they would have
used had they been dealing with a civilized nation. They made
out deeds, in language which only the learned framers themselves
could understand. In brief, the Pilgrims and Puritans mostly
looked upon the Indians as heathen, whose "inheritance" God
meant to give to his people, as of old he had dealt with Israel and
their heathen. There were some, however, who, with Rev. John
Eliot, believed that the Indians had immortal souls, and that they
were given to God's people to educate and save. But there was
nothing which the rulers of the Indians resented more persistently,
nor complained of more frequently, than the attempts of the Chris-

KINO nilLIP's WAR.

tians to convert their people. Indirectly one of these converted
Indians wiia the immediate cause of the opening of hof^tilities. There
were many grievances of which the Indians complained ; but they
had not the foresight to sec the inevitable result of the constantly
incrcaHing power of the English, in their acquisition of land, and
multiplying of settlements. It was only when they felt the pressure
of actual privation or persecution, that they began to think of
opposition or revenge. Their chiefs had been summoned frequently
before the English courts to answer for some broach of law by their
subjects ; several times the English had demanded that whole tribes
should give up their arms because of the fault of one or a few.
The Indians lived mostly by hunting and fishing, and at the time of
the war used fire-arms almost wholly. They had learned their use
and bought the arms of the English, nearly always at exorbitant
prices. They were expert in the use of their guns, and hold them as
the most precious of their possessions. The order to jrive these over

to the P]nglish, with their stock of ammunition.

was regarded

them as robbery, as indeed in most cases it was, as they seldom
regained their arms when once given up. We can now see that
from their standpoint there were grievances enough to drive them
to rebellion. But our forefathers seem to have been unable to see
any but their own side. But now to the story.

John Sassamon (Mr. Hubbard says Sausaman) was the son of a
Wampanoag Indian who with his wife and family lived in Dorchester.
They had been taught by Mr. Eliot, and professed the Christian
faith. The son John was the pupil of Mr. Eliot from his early
youth, and was made a teacher among the Christian Indians at
Natick. Mr. Hubbard says that "upon some misdemeanor" there,
he went to the Wampanoags, where he became the secretary and inter-
preter of the chief, to whom he was a most valuable assistant and
trusted adviser. He was soon prevailed upon by Mr. Eliot to return
to Natick, where he became a preacher, while still preserving
friendly relations with Philip and his tribe. In 1672-3 he was
at Namasket as preacher among the Indians, whose chief was
Tuspiiquin, whose daughter Sassamon had married. While here
he discovered that a plot was in process, extending among many
tribes, to exterminate or drive away the English settlers from the
country. This plot Sassamon disclosed to the authorities at Ply-
mouth, and afterwards the story was told to the Massachusetts
authorities ; and Philip was summoned to answer to the charge.
At the examination, where nothing positive could be proved against
Philip, he found by the evidence that Sassamon had betrayed him,
and he immediately condemned him to death in his council. The
sentence was carried out January 29, 1674-5 while Sassamon was
fishing through the ice upon Assawomset Pond. His executioners
were brought to punishment, and it was discovered that the deed was
done by Philip's order. The trial was in March, 1675, and the

KINO rniLIP'8 WAR.

urge.

principal nctor, Tohiiis, nnd liis accomplice, Mnttnshunnnnnmoo,
were executed ns murderers, June 8, 1075 ; while Tobias's son, who
was present but took no part in the crime, was reprieved for one
month and then shot. After the execution of the two in June, Philip
threw off all di^<gui80 as to his plan, and pushed his preparations as
diligently as possible. The plan had been to complete preparations
and include all the tribes in New England, so that a simultaneous
assault could be made upim all the settlements at once. This plan was
spoiled, and probably the settlements saved from destruction, by the
impatience of the leader's vengeance. While Philip's preparations
went forward, the authorities thought best not to make any immediate
military demonstration further than the placing of a guard by the
various settlements to prevent a surprise. They thought Philip
would soon tire of holding his men in arms and training, so that
they could get him in their power. But his company increased, and
the younger warriors began to demand some open act of hostility.
At last they began not only to insult the English settlers in the
nearest settlements, by their words of insolence and threats, b'lt to
shoot their cattle and plunder their houses. The Indians increased
greatly in numbers, from the neighboring tribes, many "strange
Indians" appearing among them, and most of their women and chil-
dren being sent away to the Narraganset country. At Swansy they
appeared in considerable numbers, and used all their ways of provo-
cation to induce some act of resistance from the settlers ; and at last,
upon June 24th, one man was so enraged at the shooting of his
cattle and the attempt to rifle his house, that he shot at an Indian,
wounding him. Upon this the Indians began open and indiscrimi-
nate hostility, and on that day eight or nine of the English at
Swansy were killed and others wounded. Two men were sent for
a surgeon, but were waylaid and slain, and their bodies left upon the
road. Messengers, sent from the English authorities to treat with
Philip and prevent an outbreak, came upon the bodies of the men
slain in the highway, and speedily turned back. The colonies awoke
to the fact that an Indian war was upon them, but supposed that a
few companies sent down to Swansy would at once overawe the
savages and reduce them to submission. A speedy muster was made,
both at Plymouth and Boston, and on the afternoon of June 26th,
five companies were mustering or on the march from the two colonies.
The details of the account of the war will be found in the body of
the preceding chapters. Here only a brief outline of current events
can be given. The first company of infantry from Boston was made
up from the regular military companies of the town. A company of
cavalry, or "troopers," was gathered from the regular organization in
three counties. A third company, of "volunteers," was raised about
the town and vicinity, from all sorts of adventurers, sea-faring men
and strangers, with a number of prisoners who had been convicted
of piracy and condemned to death, but were now released to engage

KING PHILIPS WAR.

I' 'i

ifi

in fighting the Indians. Capt. Daniel Henchman commanded the
first company ; Capt. Thomas Prentice the troopers, and Capt.
Samuel Mosely the "volunteers." These three companies marched
out of Boston on the 2Gth and 27th and arrived at Swansy on the
28th, having formed a junction with the Plymouth forces under
Major James Cudvvorth and Capt. Fuller. The forces quartered
about the house of Rev. John Miles, the minister at Swansy, whose
place was nearest the bridge leading over the river into Philip's
dominions. Some of the troopers that evening rode across the bridge
and had a slight skirmish with the enemy. On the 29th, Major
Thomas Savage arrived with another company of foot with Capt.
Nichohis Paige's troop. Major Savage took command of the
Massachusetts forces ; while, according to the custom in the United
Colonies, the senior officer of the colony in which the forces were
engaged at the time became commander-in-chief. The present seat
of war being in Plymouth colony. Major Cudworth was thus the
commander of the whole army. On June 30th, the troopers, sup-
ported by Mosely's company, charged across the bridge for a mile
into the woods, driving the enemy before them into swamps, with a
loss of five or six. Ensign Perez Savage being severely wounded on
the English side. This charge so frightened the Indians that they
fled, in the night, out of their peninsula of Mount Hope, across the
channel to Pocasset, now Tiverton, R. I., so that on the next day
when the whole force marched over into Mount Hope, and marched
back and forth sweeping the country with their lines, they found no
enemy. The forces were engaged several days in scouting the
neighboring country in search of the Indians, not yet knowing that
the main body were in Pocasset.

Then orders came from Boston for Major Savage's forces to march
into Narraganset, to enforce a treaty with that powerful tribe, and
prevent their junction with Philip. They found the country appar-
ently deserted, few except the very aged being left in any of the
villages. Neither Canonchet nor any of his leading Sachems could
be found. The officers, however, spent several days completing a
very ceremonious treaty with some of the old men whom they were
able to bring together. Canonchet afterwards treated the whole
matter with scorn as being a farce.

In the meantime the Plymouth forces pfiesed over to Pocasset and
found a body of Indians, and had a skirmish with them. Capt.
Fuller was in command, and Benjamin Church conducted a part of
the force, which became engaged with a much larger force, and after
hard fighting were drawn off with difficulty by the tact and courage
of Mr. Church, after inflicting serious injury upon the enemy, and
eufFering: little loss themselves. After this the Indians retired into
the swamps about Pocasset, and were held at bay until the return of

when ail marched together for concerted

tuc

Mittssachuseiia

forces ;

action against their enemies.

KINO PHILIP'S WAR.

On July 18th the combined forces arrived at the Pocasset swamp,
and made a resolute attack upon the enemy concealed in the thick
underbrush, from whence at the first volley they killed five and
wounded seven of our men. After this volley the enemy retreated
deeper into the EWPnip, where it was impossible, night coming on,
to follow them. The commanders in council concluded that they
had the enemy now enclosed securely within the swamp, whence it
was impossible to escape, if a suitable guard were left to watch.
Major Savage and the Massachusetts men returned to Boston , except
Capt. Henchman's company of one hundred men, who, with the
Plymouth forces, remained at Pocasset. Capt. Henchman began to
build a fort there, which might serve as a stronghold for the English
and might guard the entrance to the great swamp.

The English were deceived by the apparent easy conquest of both
the Wampanoags and Narragansets, and believed they had over-
awed them and set their hostility at rest, and now might take their
own time in crushing Philip and thus finishing the war.

Plymouth Colony had been engaged from the first in seeking to
conciliate the tribes, in their bounds, which were related to Philip.
Through the efforts of J.Ir. Benjamin Church, a resident of Seconet,
who was acquainted on pleasant terms with nearly all the tribes in
the colony, negotiations were held with Awashonks the squaw-
sachem of the Seconet Indians and Weetamoo the squaw-sachem or
"queen" of the Pocasset tribe. Awashonks and most of her people
passed over into the Narragnnset country at the opening of active
hostilities, and thus avoided joining Philip ; but Weetamoo and her
people were swept along with him in his retreat towards the Nipmuck
country. Plymouth companies were abroad, too, scouting the
country in the effort to protect their settlements, exposed, like Dart-
mouth, Middleboro', &c. Tliey also established a garrison at Mount
Hope after Philip retreated to Pocasset, to prevent his return. The
entrance of Philip into the Pocasset swamps compelled the coopera-
tion of the hesitating Weetamoo, and afforded him a safe hiding-
place to recruit and prepare for his flight northward.

In the meantime the Massachusetts authorities had begun negotia-
tions with the various Nipmuck Indians. Seven of the principal
towns had been visited and treaties made with each. On July 16th
Ephraim Curtis returned to Boston and reported the Quabaugs
gathered at a great Island in a swamp beyond Brookfield, and show-
ing a defiant and hostile spirit. The Council immediately sent
Capt. Edward Hutchinson, escorted by Capt. Thomas Wheeler and
his mounted company, with Curtis as guide, to find the Indians and
bring them to terms. The company, accompanied by some friendly
Naticks, arrived at Brookfield on August Ist, and immediately sent
Curtis with the guides to arrange for a meeting next day. The
Quabaugs, whose leader was the famous Muttaump, agreed to come
next day to a plain some three miles from Brookfield to meet the

i I

KING PHILIP'S WAR.

1 1

IK:

English. The next morning, the company, with three of the chief
men of Brookfield, rode out to the appointed place, but found no In-
dians. Urged by the Brookfield men, but against the earnest re-
monstrance of the Naticks, they rode forward towards the place
where Curtis met them the day before. But coming to a narrow de-
file between a high rocky hill and an impenetrable swamp, and rid-
ing single file, they found themselves caught in a great ambuscade
of the Indians, who let them pass along until they were able to sur-
round them, and then rose altogether and fired into their column at
close range. They killed eight men outright and wounded five, in-
cluding Capts. Hutchinson and Wheeler, the former mortally. The
English were forced to retreat, fighting, up the hill ; and, under the
skilful conduct of their Indian guides, were able to make a safe re-
treat to Brookfield where they gathered the people and fortified a
house just before the Indians came sweeping furiously down upon
the village. Here they defended themselves against great numbers
for several days, till Major Willard and Capt. Parker came with a
company and reinforced the garrison, when the enemy retired.

At Pocasset, Capt. Henchman continued building his fort, and
Philip was making ready for his flight. The English seem not to
have contemplated the possibility of a general war, nor to have at
all appreciated the gravity of the present situation in the colonies.
Phihp with all his fighting-men and the greater part of his own and
Weetamoo's people, escaped across the river and passed through the
open plain in Behoboth, where they were discovered by some of the
settlers. A scouting party from Taunton made the discovery that
it was Philip's Indians who were thus escaping. The situation of
aflfairs may be briefly stated. Capt. Henchman was guarding the
swamp wherein Philip and his people were supposed to be securely
trapped. Major Cudworth and Capt. Fuller were at Dartmouth
with a company of one hundred and twelve men. Lieut. Nathaniel
Thomas of Marshfield was at the Mount Hope garrison with twenty
men. At Rehoboth a company of Mohegan Indians under Oneko,
under convoy of Corporal Thomas Swift, arrived from Boston on
the 30th on tlieir way to Capt. Henchman at Pocasset. Upon the
alarm. Rev. Mr. Newman, of Rehoboth, began to organize a com-
pany of volunteers for the pursuit of the Indians. Lieut. Thomas,
with a small detachment, happened to come to Rohoboth on the 30th,
and hearing of the escape, hastened back to carry the news to Capt.
Henchman, and urge his cooperation. Lieut. Thomas then, on the
31st, took eleven men of his Mount Hope garrison, and being joined
by Lieut. James Brown, of Swansy, with twelve men, marched in the
pursuit. The Rehoboth men, with some volunteers from Providence
and Taunton, led by the Mohegans, had started earlier upon the
trail of the enemy. Lieut. Thomas and his party overtook the
others at sunset, and after a brief council-ot-war, sent out their
Bcouts, Indian and English, to discover the movements of the fugi-

KING PHILIP'S WAR.

, com-

tives. Having f: 1 that they had encamped for the night, and
apparently not si: , cting pursuit, the English left their horses with
a guard, and, with the Mohegans in the van, marched silently for-
ward to a field, at a place called "Nipsachick" (said to be within
the present town of Burrillville, R. 1. ) . The night being very dark,
they were forced to wait for light. At dawn they made tiieir attack
upon what proved to be Weetamoo's camp. The Indians were
taken by surprise and fled, leaving everything behind them. But
the Mohegans and English rushing forward found themselves con-
fronted with Philip's fighting men entrenched behind trees and rocks
ready for battle. Adopting the tactics of the enemy, the English and
their allies engaged them fiercely until 9 o'clock, when still fighting
desperately, but with powder nearly spent, the hostiles sullenly re-
tired, leaving many of their dead upon the field. Some twenty-
three of the enemy were killed, it is said, including a prominent chief,
Woonashum, called by the English, Nimrod. Of the English, two
were killed and one wounded.

Near the close of the fight. Rev. Mr. Newman and a party came
up, bringing supplies. Capt. Henchman arrived after the fight,
having sailed to Providence and marched up thence, with sixty-eight
soldiers and sixteen friendly Indians. He immediately took com-
mand, but concluded not to push the pursuit until next day. The
Rehoboth and Providence men returned home, to bring up sup-
plies for the further pursuit. They hastened back next day with all
speed, but found to their great disappointment that Capt. Henchman
had not moved until that same day, giving the enemy a full day's
start ; and Lieut. Thomas and his party overtook him on the even-
ing of August 3d, at a place called by them in the report, " Wapo-
soshequash." The enemy were beyond pursuit, a part (Weetamoo's
people, except the fighting-men) having turned off into the Narra-
ganset country, while Philip and the rest passed into the great forests
beyond Quabaug. The Mohegans went to their own country on
August 4th, accompanied by Lieut. Brown and a small party, to
Norwich, to secure provisions and news of the enemy. After await-
ing the return of this party three days, Capt. Henchman on August
7th, marched back to Mendon, meeting Capt. Mosely with a com-
pany of dragoons coming up from Providence with supplies. Next
day Capt. Henchman went up to Boston, and the Rehoboth men
returned home. Capt. Mosely was left in command at Mendon.
Capt. Henchman was relieved of command in the field and was sent
to bring off his men remaining at Pocasset. Mendon had been at-
tacked July 14th, by a party of Nipmucks, led by Matoonas, and six
or more of the settlers were killed while at work in their fields.

When the Indians returned from their siege of Brookfield, they
met Philip and his people in the woods and told him of their exploit.
He was greatly pleased, and gave some of the chiefs presents of
wampum, and promised them fresh supplies of ammunition and

to:.

w M

KING PHILIP'8 WAR.

arms. The Brookfield affair had the effect of bringinjj in the falter-
icg tribes, and Philip's coming confirmed the plan to clear the Con-
necticut Valley of English settlers. Massachusetts Colony raised
several companies to protect the frontiers. Capt. Mosely with his
own and Capt. Henchman's men marched from Mendon, and Capts.
Thomas Lathrop of Essex County with a fine company, and
Richard Beers of Watertown with another, marched to Brookfield
where their forces were joined by Capt. Watts of Connecticut with
two companies of English and Indians. Major Willard took com-
mand of this force, and broke it into several parties in order to better
protect the several settlements. These companies were engaged in
scouting the frontiers and guarding supplies sent up to the various
garrisons. The Springfield Indians, hitherto pretending friendship,
fled and joined the hostiles on the night of August 24 ; and the
English, pursuing, had a sharp fight with them at a swamp near
Mt. Wequomps, losing nine of their own men. The English troops
were concentrated at Hadley under the general command of Major
Pynchon. On Sept. 1st the Indians attacked Deerfield, burning
most of the houses and killing one of the garrison soldiers, and with-
drew. On the 2d they fell upon Northfield, where many of the
people were abroad at work in the fields, and the women and
children at the houses in the town. The assault was from all quar-
ters at once, and many were killed in the fields and as they escaped
from their houses to the garrison. The Indians burned most of
their houses and drove away their cattle. On the 3d, Capt. Beers,
with thirty mounted men and an ox-team, was sent to bring off the
garrison of Northfield, not knowing of this attack. This force on
the next day was ambushed at Saw-Mill Brook, near Northfield, and
Capt. Beers and some twenty of his men were killed. Next day
Major Treat with a hundred men marched up to Northfield, finding
and burying the dead of Capt. Beers's company, and then bringing
oflP the garrison. It was -now decided to strengthen the garrisons
and act upon the defensive. Upon Sept. 18th Capt. Lathrop w^ith
his company was sent to convoy teams bringing loads of grain from
Deerfield to Hadley. A strong ambuscade was made at a place
known since as " Bloody Brook," and there the Indians encompassed
and massacred nearly the whole company, some eighty, including
the teamsters. Only eight or ten escaped. The number killed
was between sixty and seventy. Capt. Mosely came hastily from
Deerfield upon hearing the shots, and engaged the great company
of several hundreds of Indians, charging in amongst them with
intrepid fury which drove them headlong before him into the woods
and swamps ; but, finding them gathering in immense numbers and
seeking to surround him, he threw out his lines to prevent being
flanked, and began a cautious retreat; when Major Treat coming
upon the field; the Indians, seeing the reinforcements, fled.

These terrible reverses threw a gloomy, superstitious fear over

III;.

KINO PHILIP'S WAR.

being
boming

ir over

the colonieB. The English troops, hitherto despising the Indians in
war, now seemed helpless before them. On Sept. 26th the Indians
assaulted Springfield, west of the river, burning the houses and
barns. On October 5th, having made some demonstrations against
Hadley, the soldiers were drawn from Springfield to strengthen the
garrison ; the Indians fell upon the latter village and destroyed it,
before the companies could return to save it. After this blow,
Major Pynchon begged the Court to appoint a commander of the
forces on the river in his place, and Major Samuel Appleton was
appointed, and by advice of the Council garrisoned the various towns
not abandoned, and then withdrew the other troops to Boston. The
Connecticut troops helped to garrison Northampton and Westfield,
and the Indians withdrew to their winter camps. Philip had long
since gone into winter quarters above Albany.

But now the colonies determined to strike the Narragansets in
their own couuiry before they should be able to join the hostiles.
A great muster was made in three colonies, and an army of one
thousand men was raised and equipped, half of which was sent from
Massachusetts. The Narragansets were entrenched in a very strong
position in a great swamp in what is now South Kingstown, R. I.
It was claimed that great numbers of Wampanoags and other hos-
tiles were among them finding refuge, and they were defiant and
threatening. The English forces under command of Gen. Winslow
of Plymouth gathered at Wickford, and on December 19th, 1675,
marched some twenty miles through intense cold and a heavy snow-
storm, to the swamp ; the waters had been frozen by the severe cold,
and this fact made it possible for the English to reach the rude
fortifications. Without waiting for any organized attack, the Mas-
sachusetts troops, being at the front in the march, rushed forward
across the ice in an impetuous charge, and into the entrance, where
the Indians had constructed rude flankers, and placed a strong
block-house in front, so that the first to enter were met with a terri-
ble enfilading fire from front and flanks, and were forced back for a
time ; but others coming on pressed into the breach, and, though
suffering severe losses, at last stormed all the fortifications, drove
the enemy from every line of entrenchments within the fort, and out
into the woods and swamps beyond. They set fire to the wigwams
and store-houses of the savages, in which were burned many of the
aged, and women and children. Then taking their wounded, the
English took up their march back through the deep snow to Wick-
ford, where they arrived the next morning.

The details of this fight, as well as the subsequent movements
of this campaign, are given at length in the articles of which this
pamphlet is the compendium, and are briefly passed here. The
Narragansets kept well out of the way of the English army, and
made many pretences of negotiating peace, but at last, about January
26th, having made several raids into the settlements, and captured

'ill
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KING Philip's war.

numbers of cattle and horBce, Canonchet with his strong rear-guard
took up his line of retrea^ for the north, and two days afterwards
the army, some twelve hundred strong, marched in pursuit. The
Mohegans and Pequots, among the Connecticut forces, led the pur-
suit, and had several sharp skirmishes with the enemy, always re-
treating northward. This running fight was kept up for several
days, until provisions having failed and no base of supplies possible,
the General abandoned the pursuit and marched his troops to Marl-
borough and thence to Boston. The men suffered severely in this
march, from hunger, and it was known for several generations as
the " hungry march."

The Connecticut forces separated from the others on February 3d,
and the main body of the army arrived in Boston on the 8th and
were dismissed. A company 'aider command of Capt. Wadsworth
was left at Ma/lboroi'gh to guard the frontiers and neighboring towns.
Canonchet and his great and warlike Narraganset tribe, maddened
by what they believed their wrongs, and thirsting for vengeance,
were now joined with Philip and the other hostile tribes, and all
within an easy day's call, except Philip and his band who still remained
in their retreat beyond Albany. The time was critical for the
settlements ; prompt action was necessary on the part of the Indian
leaders, to keep their young men in courage and training. Upon
t'ebruary 10th the Indians in great force fell upon Lancaster, and
nearly destroyed the town. They killed or took captive fifty of the
people. Among the captives was Mrs. Rowlandson, wife of the
minister. One garrison-house was saved by the arrival of Capt.
Wadsworth and his company from Marlborough. On February
21st a strong body of the enemy surprised Medfield, although a
large force of soldiers was then in the town. There were no guards
set, nor other precautions taken. The soldiers were scattered about
in the houses, and the Indians placed ambuscades in front of each
house, and shot them down as they rushed out upon the alarm.
The enemy were frightened away by the firing of a cannon, and crossed
the river, burning the bridge behind them. Another army was now
raised and sent out to the Connecticut River towns, to protect them,
and try to bring the enemy to battle. There were said to be two
great fortified camps ; one near the " Wachusett Hill," and the other
at Menameset, beyond Brooljfield. The army was under command
of Major Thomas Savage, and consisted of three foot companies and
a troop of horse from Massachusetts. Connecticut sent several
companies of English and friendly Indians. A number of Christian
Indians from the Naticks went with Major Savage. The army marched
to Menameset, March 2d-4th, to find the enemy gone. They
pursued them to Miller's River, across which they escaped. It was
thought that this great body of the enemy would now fall upon the
western towns, so that the army marched thither, abandoning the
design upon "Wachusett Hill" encampment. Major Savage dis-

KING Philip's war.

posed his forces to guard the towns. On March 14th an attack was
made upon Northampton, but was repulsed with severe loss to the
enemy. On the 24th they appeared at Hatfield, but finding it well
garrisoned made no attack, though driving off some horses and
cattle. The Indians began to prepare for planting fields along the
river ; and Canonchet with a body of his men went back to their
country to bring up seed-corn, of which large quantities were there
stored. It is probable that a large company went towards Plymouth
colony, a small party of whom destroyed the house and family of
Mr. Clarke at Plymouth village. March 17th they burned Warwick.
Plymouth Colony sent out a company of fifty under Capt. Michael
Peirse of Marshfield, to protect its frontiers. A party of twenty
friendly Indians under " Capt. Amos " was joined with Capt. Peirse.
This company marched to Seekonk, and there had a sharp skirmish
with the Indians on the evening of March 25th. Next day, suppos-
ing they had beaten the Indiana, they pursued them and were drawn
into an ambush and surrounded near Patuxit River with great num-
bers, so that they were obliged to fight to the death. The whole
company, including the oflScers, were killed, together with eight out
of the twenty Indians. The enemy, too, lost very heavily. March
28th and 29th the Indians burned seventy houses and thirty barns
at Providence.

In the meantime in Massachusetts the enemy were not idle.
Lurking parties hovered about Groton, plundering the vacated
houses, and driving away any stray cattle within safe reach. On
March 13th they fell upon the town in force. The people were
gathered in five garrison-houses. One of the garrison-houses was
captured, but the people mostly escaped to another. The other
garrison-houses were stoutly defended. The Indians burned the
unfortified houses and withdrew. On March 26th, the fatal day of
Capt. Peirse's destruction, they burned sixteen houses and thirteen
barns at Marlborough. Capt. Brocklebank, then in command at
Marlborough, sent out a party in pursuit, who overtook and sur-
prised the enemy at night sleeping about their fires, fired into their
midst and put them to flight. On the same day, at Longmeadow,
a party going to Springfield to church was ambushed by a small
company of Indians, and several were captured and killed.

Finding the campaign to have failed in its main object, the Coun-
cil ordered Major Savage to withdraw his troops, leaving Capt.
Wm. Turner, with a hundred and fifty men, to garrison the towns.
April 7th the army marched homeward.

But now the Connecticut authorities, fearing a return of the Nar-
ragansets to their vicinity, in numbers such as overwhelmed Capt.
Peirse, mustered a mixed company of English and Indians, and sent
them into the Narraganset country under command of Capts. Deni-
son and Avery. These, guided by a captive whom they had taken,
surprised and captured Canonchet not far from the Patuxit river,

,t..

KINO PHILIP 8 WAR.

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where he was encamped with a few of his men, while the great body
were scattered, scouting and foraging. He was soon after executed
by Oneko, by the judgment of the English authorities. The death
of" Canonchet was really the death-blow of the war, for he was the
real leader of all active operations at this time. Philip was still the
chief instigator, however, and now more than before, became, for
the time, the controlling mind of a larger number than ever before.
There were dissensions, however, and many of the chiefs began to
murmur and some to threaten against him as the cause of all their
troubles. Some of the river tribes began to show signs of weaken-
ing, and proposed negotiations with the English. Philip withdrew
to the strong-hold near Wachuset with such as adhered to him, and
with Quinnapin, and such of the Narragansets as followed him.
The Indians were still active, and watched every chance to strike a
blow. They came to Marlborough on April 18th and burned the
abandoned houses of the settlers. Capt. Brocklebank commanded
the garrison there and refused to be drawn out into the ambuscades,
which, before the burning, the Indians had set. On April 20th they
crept down and encompassed the town of Sudbury. On that day
Ciipt. Wads worth marched up from Boston with a company of fifty
men, passed through Sudbury, and doubtless the lines of the enemy,
without any knowledge of their vicinity. He was forcing his march
to relieve the garrison at Marlborough, where they arrived about
midnight on the 20th, and without delay leaving their recruits, took
those relieved to come home, including Capt. Brocklebank, and
came back towards Sudbury. The great numbers of Indians had
encompassed the town, and in the morning of the 21st began to
burn outlying houses, to draw out the inhabitants from the garrison.
They soon made a furious and persistent attack on Haines^s garrison
from morning till mid-<la/, but were beaten off, until rumors of rein-
forcements from various quarters caused them to withdraw to meet
these. Edward Cowell and eighteen troopers coming to the relief
of Sudbury were attacked, but escaped with only four killed, they
turned back, suspecting the ambush laid for them. Capt. Wads-
worth soon after arrived by another road, and meeting with an out-
post of the enemy rushed forward to engage them, and, as usual,
they soon found themselves surrounded by great numbers, and
were forced to a position on a hill, where most of the company fell
fighting, including Capts. Wadsworth, Brocklebank and Lieut.
Sharpe. Some sixteen of the company managed to escape to a
mill, and there defended themselves until relieved. A company
from Watertown arrived soon after Capt. Wadsworth, and crossing
the river, made a brave attempt to get to the hill to join him in his
desperate fight, but were nearly surrounded themselves and forced
to retire. Capt. Hunting vtrith' a company of Christian Indians and
a squad oi troopers arrxveu iFoin oiiariestown late in tue afternoon,
in time to rescue the men at the milL After this fight, in whicb

KING PHILIP'S WAR.

they BtrucV. such a terrible blow, and ao close to BoBton, too, they
seem to have retired to their several camps, and soon to have
gathered to their great fishing-places in order to take the
run of fish. Capt. Turner was still in command of the garrisons at
the west. From captives who had escaped, and scouts here and
there, came rumors of a great company of Indians fishing at the
" Upper Falls " of the Connecticut. Capt. Turner and his officers
were anxious to strike a blow against the enemy, and Connecticut
authorities were applied to, and promised speedy reinforcements.
On May 12th the Indians made a raid into Deerfield meadows and
stampeded some seventy head of cattle belonging to the English.
Roused by this fresh outrage, the people urged retaliation, and
Capt. Turner and his officers determined to attack the Indians at
their great fishing place at once. On May 18th the whole company
of soldiers and volunteers, about one hundred and fifty, mustered
at Hatfield, and marched out at evening towards the " Falls." They
eluded the outposts of the enemy, and at daylight arrived undis-
covered at the camp of the Indians at the fishing-place. The sav-
ages were asleep in their wigwams, and the English rushed down
upon them and shot them by scores, pointing their muskets in
through the wigwam doors. No resistance was possible, and those
who escaped the first fire fled in terror to the river, pursued by the
soldiers and were cut down or driven into the water without mercy ;
many were drowned attempting to cross the river.

But it was soon found that there were several other great bodies
of the Indians, above and below the Falls on both sides of the river,
and these began to swarm towards the fight. Capt. Turner now
prudently began a retreat, having struck his blow. As the soldiers
retired the enemy gathered in great numbers upon rear and flanks,
seeking to force the English into narrow defiles. Capt. Holyoke
commanded the rear-guard, and checked the enemy by stout fight-
ing, but for which, it is likely, the whole command would have been
lost. Capt. Turner led the advance, and while crossing Green
River was shot down by Indians lying in wait. Capt. Holyoke
then led the company back to Hatfield, fighting nearly the whole
way. There the killed and missing numbered forty-five. A few
came in afterwards, reducing the number of the lost to about forty.
It is estimated that some two hundred Indians must have been de-
stroyed.

The blow struck by Capt. Turner greatly intimidated the enemy,
though the retreat was so disastrous to the English. The tribes
became divided and demoralized. They seem to have broken up
into small wandering parties. Philip with large numbers of his
adherents went down towards Plymouth. Massachusetts sent troops
to the western frontiers again, and also to aid Plymouth^ The
operations in the field were mostly the pursuit of non-combatants, the
aged, and women and children. Large numbers of the Wampa-

"i' t

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KING PHILIP 8 WAR.

nongs and Nnrragansets had now returned with Philip to their own
country. Small parties from time to time plundered and killed as
opportunity offered. The colonists were roused to new activity at the
evident weakening of the Indians. Aid was sent to Plymouth, under
Capts. Brattle and Mosely ; and Capt. Henchman did good service
in the parts about Brookfield. Major Talcott, with a mixed force of
English and Indians, about five hundred in all, came up the river
and marched into Hadley about the 11th of June, and was quartered
there on the 12th, when the Western Indians, some seven hundred
strong, made their last great assault in force in these parts. The
town was quite strongly garrisoned besides this reinforcement, of
which probably the enemy knew nothing. The attack was alto-
gether unexpected and was furious and determined, but the repulse
was decided and sanguinary. Major Talcott then led his force down
into the Narraganset country, where, about the 2d of July, he
encountered a great body of Indians, and driving them into the
woods and swamps slew great numbers, and took many captives.
The plight of the savages was pitiful ; without ammunition, without
leadership, without country or hope of any sort, they found no
mercy now at the hands of their olden foes, the Mohegans and Pe-
quots, Bor yet the English.

The remaining operations of the war in these parts were simply
the hunting down of almost defenceless enemies. The colonial
authorities issued a proclamation, calling all those Indians who had
been engaged in the war to come in and surrender, submitting
themselves to the judgment of the English courts. Many parties
sought to take advantage of this, but were captured upon their
approach by scouting parties, and treated as captives. Some of
those who had been prominent in the war and could not hope for
mercy, escaped to the eastward and p':t themselves under the pro-
tection of Wannalancet and his Pennacooks, who had remained
neutral. Some fled further to the east, and there incited war.

The constant success which the Connecticut troops had always
had after their use of the Mohegans and Pequots, was a plain rebuke
to the Massachusetts colonists for the numerous disasters from which
the Christian Indians might have saved them, if they had trusted
and employed them. As soon as Capt. Hunting and his Indian
company were put in the field, this appeared. The Indians in small
parties skulking in woods and swamps might have eluded English
soldiers for years, but as soon as other Indians were employed,
escape was impossible.

At the close of July, many of Philip's followers had been taken,
and his wife and several of his chief men were captives or had been
killed. With a small band of his followers he was hiding in the
swamps at Mounthope and Pocasset. English scouting parties
were active in all parts of the colonies hunting down the trembling
and unresisting fugitives ; and especially Philip. Benjamin Church

KINO PllILIP'8 WAR.

was among the most active in hunting and bringing in the Indians,
and when one of Philip's men came to betray his cluof, he found
Mr. Ciiurch at Major Sanford's in Rhode Ishmd with his scouting
jiarty of English and Indians a short distance away. Upon the
news of Philip's hiding-place and the offer of the Indian to lead
thither, Mr. Church gathered as many as he could enlist in addition
to his party, and, under the lead of the Indian deserter (who acted,
it is said, from motives of revenge for his brother's death, by Philip's
hand, because he advised him to make peace with the English), the
party marched with great secrecy to Mounthope. Mr. Church
arranged his attack with skill, and came upon Philip's party un-
guarded and asleep, and Philip springing up and attempting to
escape to the swamp near by, was confronted with two of Mr.
Church's guards, an Englishman find an Indian. The Englishman's
gun missed fire, but the Indian, named "Alderman," immediately
fired and shot the great chief through the breast, so that he fell for-
ward into the water of the swamp, upon his face, dead. Philip was
killed August 12th, 167(5. Weetamoo's party, the sad remnant of
her tribe, had been captured on the 7th, and she, trying to escape
across a river, was drowned, and, her body being found, her head
was cut off and paraded in the public streets. In the body of the
papers, by ii strange continuance of an old mistake, this fact is
accredited to Awashonks, squaw sachem of the Sogkonates.

After Philip's death, his chief counsellor, Annawon, led the rest of
the party out of the swamp and escaped. With his party he soon
after surrendered to Mr. Church. The death of Philip was practi-
cally the close of the war, though hostilities continued for some time
after, and at the eastward for a year or more longer. At Dover
Major Richard Walderne had held command of the military interests
and operations in those parts. He was a trusted friend of Wanna-
lancet and the neighboring Indians. Under the proclamation the
old chief and his people came in without fear, as they had taken no
part whatever in the war. There were many Indians with them,
however, it was suspected, who had been among the hostiles and
now wished to come in with the Pennacooks and secure the advan-
tages of their influence in giving themselves up. They began to
come in at Dover about the first of September, and when, on the
6th, the companies, sent to the eastward under Capt. Hathorn,
arrived at Dover, there were some four hundred there, including the
Pennacooks. In some way the immediate surrender of all these
was received, probably by Major Walderne's great influence with
them. They were then disarmed, and as the Massachusetts officers
insisted upon treating all as prisoners of war, Major Walderne
was obliged to send all, save Wannalancet and his "relations," down
to Boston to be tried there by the Court. The number sent was
about two hundred.

Some of the Southern Indians, having lost all except their own

KINO PHILIP 8 WAR.

jiiMted to tk» F/Mtern tribes and were active in exciting to
The Iocm' f <li iA)« had been hostile the previous year,
committiVii^ ihtprodatiorm from the Kennebec to Portsmouth. In the
summer of 167(1, it is thought flnt many who had been amctijjf the
Indians in the war, came to these tribes and caused much of the
trouble which . isued. The day before Philip's death the ludians
fell upon the settlci h at Falmouth, and killed or carried away some
tt)irty-four persons and burr'^ their houses. Further eastward also
)he settlements were attacked. It was upon these occasions that
Capt. Hnthorn's force was sent to these parts. They marched on
from Dover on September 8th, as far as Falmouth, Capt. Hunting's
Indians scouting the woods. This expedition was not of much
avail, as the Indians easily eluded the troo[)8, being only war parties
without the encumbrance of women and children.

But the scope of this review of events did not contemplate' the
detailed account of affairs which have already been related in tl*-
body of the work, of which this pamphlet is a brief summary, but
to give a consecutive account for the convenience of readers.

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