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 ar. 
 
 BY 
 
 GEORGE M. BODGE. 
 
BRIEF HISTORY 
 
 Of 
 
 h .."J 
 
 KING PHILIP'S WAR. 
 
 1675— 1677. 
 
 Being a Summary of the Articles appearing in the 
 
 New-England Historical and Genealogical 
 
 Register, from 1883 to 1891, 
 
 under the title 
 
 " Soldiers in King Philip's War." 
 
 I. 
 
 BY 
 
 GEORGE M. BODGE. 
 
 s;- 
 
 BOSTON : 
 
 PRIVATELY PRINTED. 
 
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'>':■■ 
 
 BRIEF HISTORY OF KING PHILIPS WAR. 
 
 i'. 
 
 The sole object of this series of papers was, at the beginning, 
 the preservation in convenient form of the names of those sol- 
 diers who served in the Indian War of 1675-7, known as "King 
 Philip's War"; so called from the name of the recognized leader 
 of that war, whose Indian name was Metacom or Pometacom, or 
 Metacomet ; but whom the English called Philip. He was the 
 second son of Massasoit, who at the settlement of the English at 
 Plymouth and Boston seems to have been chief sachem of all the 
 various tribes and fragments of tribes living between the Charles 
 River and Narraganset Bay, and including that part of Khode 
 Island east of the Bay, and also the Cape Cod tribes. The rule of 
 Massasoit was probably rather indefinite both as to limits of territory 
 and extent of authority over the subordinate chiefs. While Massa- 
 soit seems to have been the acknowledged head of the tribes within 
 the limits above named, the league between the chiefs of the tribes 
 was evidently very loose, and held mostly for conv?uience in 
 defence, and perhaps for the settlement of difficulties b>. i.iV>en indi- 
 vidual tribes. The territory of this Sachem was bounded ipon the 
 west by the Nipmucks and Narragansets. But a very great propor- 
 tion of this had been sold by the Sachems before the opening of the 
 war. Massasoit had several children, three of whom are known to 
 us by name ; Wamsutta and Metacom, who came to Plymouth 
 about 1656 and at their own request received English names from 
 the Governor, who " christened " them "Alexander" and "Philip." A 
 sister of these was the wife of Tuspaquin, chief of the Namaskets ; she 
 was called by the English " Amie." Mention is made of another son 
 and also a daughter, but I have not proper authority for their names. 
 Alexander married a Sachem's daughter, or widow, of the Pocasset 
 tribe, and after his death, soon following Massasoit's, 1661 or '62, she 
 returned to her own people, and ruled there with influence and 
 ability until the war ; when her second husband, Petananuet, Petono- 
 wowett, or "Peter Nunnuit" (as he is sometimes called), took sides 
 
 ' f ■ 
 
 i.. 
 
 'f.' 
 
 I 
 
 m 
 
KINO rillLirs WAR. 
 
 fy 
 
 with the Enfjlirth, she, possibly reluctantly, joined the fortunes of 
 Philip, who hud married her sister VVootonekanuske, and had great 
 inHuence with her. 
 
 Miissusoit had always maintained a cordial and firm friendship 
 with the English ; and it would seem that Alexander also was some- 
 what of his father's nature and disposition. The moment, however, 
 which saw Phili|) raised to the place of power, gave signal of a far 
 different course of conduct on the part of the Wampanoag Sachem. 
 The limits of his father's olden territory had been greatly reduced 
 before he came to power. The English had purchased and other- 
 wise absorbed a largo proportion of their lands. Philip kept on 
 selling and surrendering, till at last, as early as 1670-1, he began 
 to feel the pressure of civilization upon their hunting and fishing 
 grounds as well as cornfields. The Court at Plymouth itself had 
 interfered and forbidden the transfer of certain parts of the Wam- 
 panoag territories, and thus doubtless saved the Indians in various 
 tribes a home. Pokanoket, the hereditary home, was thus saved to 
 Philip's people ; and here he lived at the time of the opening of the 
 war. This place was called by the English "Mount Hope," and it 
 is now embraced in the town of Bristol, R. I. 
 
 But now having given some account of the principal character in 
 the war, we may state briefly the method of collecting the material 
 in these papers, and the purpose of this present pamphlet. 
 
 Tiie method adopted in arranging the soldier's names needs ex- 
 planation. The material which served as the basis of the work, and 
 indeed first suggested the undertaking, was found in three manu- 
 script volumes, containing the accounts of John Hull, who was the 
 Treasurer of the colony at the time of the war. These volumes are 
 devoted to the accounts pertaining to the war, and consist of a 
 Journal and two Ledgers. The Journal was opened June 24th, 1675, 
 and originally contained over five hundred pages, as the Ledger 
 shows, but now has only four hundred and sixty-one complete. 
 There was evidently a later Journal and also a Ledger, now missing, 
 which belonged to the set. The third book is later, and contains the 
 closing accounts in the war. These old books were preserved in 
 private hands for a century and a half, until discovered by one who 
 appreciated their value for genealogy and history, and secured them 
 for those purposes. In searching these books for the name of one who 
 served in the Indian war, the present writer discovered the impor- 
 tance of the accounts in the matter of the Indian war of 1675. Every 
 soldier who served in that war is credited with military service, and 
 the name of the officer under whom he served is given in the credit. 
 The date at which payment is made is given in the "Cash" account, 
 but the time and place of service is not designated ; nor is the 
 residence nor any further information about the soldier given. 
 Some of the soldiers served at different times and under diflferent 
 officers. The best method therefore of arranging the men in com- 
 
KINO PHILIPS WAR. 
 
 8 
 
 panics wna found to be that of following the names of the officers as 
 they occur in the credits. The names were tlms {gathered from the 
 Journal, and placed in companies with their officers. Then the 
 fortunes of each company were followed as carefully as po8f<ible 
 throughout the several campaigns of tlie war. Hut it was found 
 that a great amount of unpublished material is still preserved in our 
 State Archives, County and Town Records , and elsewhere ; and 
 this, in the light of the great number of names identified in these 
 credits as soldiers, becomes available and interesting as history. 
 Additional material has been gathered and incorporated here from 
 all sources, whenever it would add to the sum of knowledge con- 
 cerning the war. 
 
 The officers and soldiers, many of them, served in several, some 
 in all the different campaigns ; and thus in following their fortunes, it 
 was necessary to go over the same events many times, so as to 
 marshal the various companies in order in the military operations. 
 
 It will be seen that by this method of arrangement, a great 
 amount of important material has been massed together conveniently 
 for the study of history, while the story of the war has not been 
 followed by consecutive events, but according to the experience of 
 individual officers and companies. It is proposed in this introductory 
 chapter to give a brief account of the war, following events in order 
 as nearly as possible. It will not be necessary to discuss the causes 
 leading up to the war. It is enough to say here, that the English 
 had assumed the government of the country, and followed their 
 course of settlement with small regard to the rights of the natives. 
 In some of the plantations, the settlers purchased their lands of the 
 Indians, as a matter of precaution ; partly that they might have that 
 show of title in case any other claim should be set up in opposition 
 to theirs, and partly to conciliate the savages, whose hostility they 
 feared, and whose friendship was profitable in the way of trade, in 
 furs and other products of the hunt. The Indians were always at 
 disadvantage with the English, in all the arts of civilized life. The 
 English paid no heed tf (» Jian laws or customs or traditions ; and 
 ruthlessly imposed their own laws, customs and religious ideas, with 
 no apparent thought of their intolerance and injustice. They made 
 treaties with the savages in the same terms which they would have 
 used had they been dealing with a civilized nation. They made 
 out deeds, in language which only the learned framers themselves 
 could understand. In brief, the Pilgrims and Puritans mostly 
 looked upon the Indians as heathen, whose "inheritance" God 
 meant to give to his people, as of old he had dealt with Israel and 
 their heathen. There were some, however, who, with Rev. John 
 Eliot, believed that the Indians had immortal souls, and that they 
 were given to God's people to educate and save. But there was 
 nothing which the rulers of the Indians resented more persistently, 
 nor complained of more frequently, than the attempts of the Chris- 
 
KINO nilLIP's WAR. 
 
 tians to convert their people. Indirectly one of these converted 
 Indians wiia the immediate cause of the opening of hof^tilities. There 
 were many grievances of which the Indians complained ; but they 
 had not the foresight to sec the inevitable result of the constantly 
 incrcaHing power of the English, in their acquisition of land, and 
 multiplying of settlements. It was only when they felt the pressure 
 of actual privation or persecution, that they began to think of 
 opposition or revenge. Their chiefs had been summoned frequently 
 before the English courts to answer for some broach of law by their 
 subjects ; several times the English had demanded that whole tribes 
 should give up their arms because of the fault of one or a few. 
 The Indians lived mostly by hunting and fishing, and at the time of 
 the war used fire-arms almost wholly. They had learned their use 
 and bought the arms of the English, nearly always at exorbitant 
 prices. They were expert in the use of their guns, and hold them as 
 the most precious of their possessions. The order to jrive these over 
 
 to the P]nglish, with their stock of ammunition. 
 
 was regarded 
 
 by 
 
 them as robbery, as indeed in most cases it was, as they seldom 
 regained their arms when once given up. We can now see that 
 from their standpoint there were grievances enough to drive them 
 to rebellion. But our forefathers seem to have been unable to see 
 any but their own side. But now to the story. 
 
 John Sassamon (Mr. Hubbard says Sausaman) was the son of a 
 Wampanoag Indian who with his wife and family lived in Dorchester. 
 They had been taught by Mr. Eliot, and professed the Christian 
 faith. The son John was the pupil of Mr. Eliot from his early 
 youth, and was made a teacher among the Christian Indians at 
 Natick. Mr. Hubbard says that "upon some misdemeanor" there, 
 he went to the Wampanoags, where he became the secretary and inter- 
 preter of the chief, to whom he was a most valuable assistant and 
 trusted adviser. He was soon prevailed upon by Mr. Eliot to return 
 to Natick, where he became a preacher, while still preserving 
 friendly relations with Philip and his tribe. In 1672-3 he was 
 at Namasket as preacher among the Indians, whose chief was 
 Tuspiiquin, whose daughter Sassamon had married. While here 
 he discovered that a plot was in process, extending among many 
 tribes, to exterminate or drive away the English settlers from the 
 country. This plot Sassamon disclosed to the authorities at Ply- 
 mouth, and afterwards the story was told to the Massachusetts 
 authorities ; and Philip was summoned to answer to the charge. 
 At the examination, where nothing positive could be proved against 
 Philip, he found by the evidence that Sassamon had betrayed him, 
 and he immediately condemned him to death in his council. The 
 sentence was carried out January 29, 1674-5 while Sassamon was 
 fishing through the ice upon Assawomset Pond. His executioners 
 were brought to punishment, and it was discovered that the deed was 
 done by Philip's order. The trial was in March, 1675, and the 
 
KINO rniLIP'8 WAR. 
 
 urge. 
 
 principal nctor, Tohiiis, nnd liis accomplice, Mnttnshunnnnnmoo, 
 were executed ns murderers, June 8, 1075 ; while Tobias's son, who 
 was present but took no part in the crime, was reprieved for one 
 month and then shot. After the execution of the two in June, Philip 
 threw off all di^<gui80 as to his plan, and pushed his preparations as 
 diligently as possible. The plan had been to complete preparations 
 and include all the tribes in New England, so that a simultaneous 
 assault could be made upim all the settlements at once. This plan was 
 spoiled, and probably the settlements saved from destruction, by the 
 impatience of the leader's vengeance. While Philip's preparations 
 went forward, the authorities thought best not to make any immediate 
 military demonstration further than the placing of a guard by the 
 various settlements to prevent a surprise. They thought Philip 
 would soon tire of holding his men in arms and training, so that 
 they could get him in their power. But his company increased, and 
 the younger warriors began to demand some open act of hostility. 
 At last they began not only to insult the English settlers in the 
 nearest settlements, by their words of insolence and threats, b'lt to 
 shoot their cattle and plunder their houses. The Indians increased 
 greatly in numbers, from the neighboring tribes, many "strange 
 Indians" appearing among them, and most of their women and chil- 
 dren being sent away to the Narraganset country. At Swansy they 
 appeared in considerable numbers, and used all their ways of provo- 
 cation to induce some act of resistance from the settlers ; and at last, 
 upon June 24th, one man was so enraged at the shooting of his 
 cattle and the attempt to rifle his house, that he shot at an Indian, 
 wounding him. Upon this the Indians began open and indiscrimi- 
 nate hostility, and on that day eight or nine of the English at 
 Swansy were killed and others wounded. Two men were sent for 
 a surgeon, but were waylaid and slain, and their bodies left upon the 
 road. Messengers, sent from the English authorities to treat with 
 Philip and prevent an outbreak, came upon the bodies of the men 
 slain in the highway, and speedily turned back. The colonies awoke 
 to the fact that an Indian war was upon them, but supposed that a 
 few companies sent down to Swansy would at once overawe the 
 savages and reduce them to submission. A speedy muster was made, 
 both at Plymouth and Boston, and on the afternoon of June 26th, 
 five companies were mustering or on the march from the two colonies. 
 The details of the account of the war will be found in the body of 
 the preceding chapters. Here only a brief outline of current events 
 can be given. The first company of infantry from Boston was made 
 up from the regular military companies of the town. A company of 
 cavalry, or "troopers," was gathered from the regular organization in 
 three counties. A third company, of "volunteers," was raised about 
 the town and vicinity, from all sorts of adventurers, sea-faring men 
 and strangers, with a number of prisoners who had been convicted 
 of piracy and condemned to death, but were now released to engage 
 
6 
 
 KING PHILIPS WAR. 
 
 I' 'i 
 
 ifi 
 
 in fighting the Indians. Capt. Daniel Henchman commanded the 
 first company ; Capt. Thomas Prentice the troopers, and Capt. 
 Samuel Mosely the "volunteers." These three companies marched 
 out of Boston on the 2Gth and 27th and arrived at Swansy on the 
 28th, having formed a junction with the Plymouth forces under 
 Major James Cudvvorth and Capt. Fuller. The forces quartered 
 about the house of Rev. John Miles, the minister at Swansy, whose 
 place was nearest the bridge leading over the river into Philip's 
 dominions. Some of the troopers that evening rode across the bridge 
 and had a slight skirmish with the enemy. On the 29th, Major 
 Thomas Savage arrived with another company of foot with Capt. 
 Nichohis Paige's troop. Major Savage took command of the 
 Massachusetts forces ; while, according to the custom in the United 
 Colonies, the senior officer of the colony in which the forces were 
 engaged at the time became commander-in-chief. The present seat 
 of war being in Plymouth colony. Major Cudworth was thus the 
 commander of the whole army. On June 30th, the troopers, sup- 
 ported by Mosely's company, charged across the bridge for a mile 
 into the woods, driving the enemy before them into swamps, with a 
 loss of five or six. Ensign Perez Savage being severely wounded on 
 the English side. This charge so frightened the Indians that they 
 fled, in the night, out of their peninsula of Mount Hope, across the 
 channel to Pocasset, now Tiverton, R. I., so that on the next day 
 when the whole force marched over into Mount Hope, and marched 
 back and forth sweeping the country with their lines, they found no 
 enemy. The forces were engaged several days in scouting the 
 neighboring country in search of the Indians, not yet knowing that 
 the main body were in Pocasset. 
 
 Then orders came from Boston for Major Savage's forces to march 
 into Narraganset, to enforce a treaty with that powerful tribe, and 
 prevent their junction with Philip. They found the country appar- 
 ently deserted, few except the very aged being left in any of the 
 villages. Neither Canonchet nor any of his leading Sachems could 
 be found. The officers, however, spent several days completing a 
 very ceremonious treaty with some of the old men whom they were 
 able to bring together. Canonchet afterwards treated the whole 
 matter with scorn as being a farce. 
 
 In the meantime the Plymouth forces pfiesed over to Pocasset and 
 found a body of Indians, and had a skirmish with them. Capt. 
 Fuller was in command, and Benjamin Church conducted a part of 
 the force, which became engaged with a much larger force, and after 
 hard fighting were drawn off with difficulty by the tact and courage 
 of Mr. Church, after inflicting serious injury upon the enemy, and 
 eufFering: little loss themselves. After this the Indians retired into 
 the swamps about Pocasset, and were held at bay until the return of 
 
 when ail marched together for concerted 
 
 tuc 
 
 Mittssachuseiia 
 
 forces ; 
 
 action against their enemies. 
 
KINO PHILIP'S WAR. 
 
 On July 18th the combined forces arrived at the Pocasset swamp, 
 and made a resolute attack upon the enemy concealed in the thick 
 underbrush, from whence at the first volley they killed five and 
 wounded seven of our men. After this volley the enemy retreated 
 deeper into the EWPnip, where it was impossible, night coming on, 
 to follow them. The commanders in council concluded that they 
 had the enemy now enclosed securely within the swamp, whence it 
 was impossible to escape, if a suitable guard were left to watch. 
 Major Savage and the Massachusetts men returned to Boston , except 
 Capt. Henchman's company of one hundred men, who, with the 
 Plymouth forces, remained at Pocasset. Capt. Henchman began to 
 build a fort there, which might serve as a stronghold for the English 
 and might guard the entrance to the great swamp. 
 
 The English were deceived by the apparent easy conquest of both 
 the Wampanoags and Narragansets, and believed they had over- 
 awed them and set their hostility at rest, and now might take their 
 own time in crushing Philip and thus finishing the war. 
 
 Plymouth Colony had been engaged from the first in seeking to 
 conciliate the tribes, in their bounds, which were related to Philip. 
 Through the efforts of J.Ir. Benjamin Church, a resident of Seconet, 
 who was acquainted on pleasant terms with nearly all the tribes in 
 the colony, negotiations were held with Awashonks the squaw- 
 sachem of the Seconet Indians and Weetamoo the squaw-sachem or 
 "queen" of the Pocasset tribe. Awashonks and most of her people 
 passed over into the Narragnnset country at the opening of active 
 hostilities, and thus avoided joining Philip ; but Weetamoo and her 
 people were swept along with him in his retreat towards the Nipmuck 
 country. Plymouth companies were abroad, too, scouting the 
 country in the effort to protect their settlements, exposed, like Dart- 
 mouth, Middleboro', &c. Tliey also established a garrison at Mount 
 Hope after Philip retreated to Pocasset, to prevent his return. The 
 entrance of Philip into the Pocasset swamps compelled the coopera- 
 tion of the hesitating Weetamoo, and afforded him a safe hiding- 
 place to recruit and prepare for his flight northward. 
 
 In the meantime the Massachusetts authorities had begun negotia- 
 tions with the various Nipmuck Indians. Seven of the principal 
 towns had been visited and treaties made with each. On July 16th 
 Ephraim Curtis returned to Boston and reported the Quabaugs 
 gathered at a great Island in a swamp beyond Brookfield, and show- 
 ing a defiant and hostile spirit. The Council immediately sent 
 Capt. Edward Hutchinson, escorted by Capt. Thomas Wheeler and 
 his mounted company, with Curtis as guide, to find the Indians and 
 bring them to terms. The company, accompanied by some friendly 
 Naticks, arrived at Brookfield on August Ist, and immediately sent 
 Curtis with the guides to arrange for a meeting next day. The 
 Quabaugs, whose leader was the famous Muttaump, agreed to come 
 next day to a plain some three miles from Brookfield to meet the 
 
 i I 
 
8 
 
 KING PHILIP'S WAR. 
 
 1 1 
 
 IK: 
 
 m 
 
 English. The next morning, the company, with three of the chief 
 men of Brookfield, rode out to the appointed place, but found no In- 
 dians. Urged by the Brookfield men, but against the earnest re- 
 monstrance of the Naticks, they rode forward towards the place 
 where Curtis met them the day before. But coming to a narrow de- 
 file between a high rocky hill and an impenetrable swamp, and rid- 
 ing single file, they found themselves caught in a great ambuscade 
 of the Indians, who let them pass along until they were able to sur- 
 round them, and then rose altogether and fired into their column at 
 close range. They killed eight men outright and wounded five, in- 
 cluding Capts. Hutchinson and Wheeler, the former mortally. The 
 English were forced to retreat, fighting, up the hill ; and, under the 
 skilful conduct of their Indian guides, were able to make a safe re- 
 treat to Brookfield where they gathered the people and fortified a 
 house just before the Indians came sweeping furiously down upon 
 the village. Here they defended themselves against great numbers 
 for several days, till Major Willard and Capt. Parker came with a 
 company and reinforced the garrison, when the enemy retired. 
 
 At Pocasset, Capt. Henchman continued building his fort, and 
 Philip was making ready for his flight. The English seem not to 
 have contemplated the possibility of a general war, nor to have at 
 all appreciated the gravity of the present situation in the colonies. 
 Phihp with all his fighting-men and the greater part of his own and 
 Weetamoo's people, escaped across the river and passed through the 
 open plain in Behoboth, where they were discovered by some of the 
 settlers. A scouting party from Taunton made the discovery that 
 it was Philip's Indians who were thus escaping. The situation of 
 aflfairs may be briefly stated. Capt. Henchman was guarding the 
 swamp wherein Philip and his people were supposed to be securely 
 trapped. Major Cudworth and Capt. Fuller were at Dartmouth 
 with a company of one hundred and twelve men. Lieut. Nathaniel 
 Thomas of Marshfield was at the Mount Hope garrison with twenty 
 men. At Rehoboth a company of Mohegan Indians under Oneko, 
 under convoy of Corporal Thomas Swift, arrived from Boston on 
 the 30th on tlieir way to Capt. Henchman at Pocasset. Upon the 
 alarm. Rev. Mr. Newman, of Rehoboth, began to organize a com- 
 pany of volunteers for the pursuit of the Indians. Lieut. Thomas, 
 with a small detachment, happened to come to Rohoboth on the 30th, 
 and hearing of the escape, hastened back to carry the news to Capt. 
 Henchman, and urge his cooperation. Lieut. Thomas then, on the 
 31st, took eleven men of his Mount Hope garrison, and being joined 
 by Lieut. James Brown, of Swansy, with twelve men, marched in the 
 pursuit. The Rehoboth men, with some volunteers from Providence 
 and Taunton, led by the Mohegans, had started earlier upon the 
 trail of the enemy. Lieut. Thomas and his party overtook the 
 others at sunset, and after a brief council-ot-war, sent out their 
 Bcouts, Indian and English, to discover the movements of the fugi- 
 
KING PHILIP'S WAR. 
 
 9 
 
 , com- 
 
 tives. Having f: 1 that they had encamped for the night, and 
 apparently not si: , cting pursuit, the English left their horses with 
 a guard, and, with the Mohegans in the van, marched silently for- 
 ward to a field, at a place called "Nipsachick" (said to be within 
 the present town of Burrillville, R. 1. ) . The night being very dark, 
 they were forced to wait for light. At dawn they made tiieir attack 
 upon what proved to be Weetamoo's camp. The Indians were 
 taken by surprise and fled, leaving everything behind them. But 
 the Mohegans and English rushing forward found themselves con- 
 fronted with Philip's fighting men entrenched behind trees and rocks 
 ready for battle. Adopting the tactics of the enemy, the English and 
 their allies engaged them fiercely until 9 o'clock, when still fighting 
 desperately, but with powder nearly spent, the hostiles sullenly re- 
 tired, leaving many of their dead upon the field. Some twenty- 
 three of the enemy were killed, it is said, including a prominent chief, 
 Woonashum, called by the English, Nimrod. Of the English, two 
 were killed and one wounded. 
 
 Near the close of the fight. Rev. Mr. Newman and a party came 
 up, bringing supplies. Capt. Henchman arrived after the fight, 
 having sailed to Providence and marched up thence, with sixty-eight 
 soldiers and sixteen friendly Indians. He immediately took com- 
 mand, but concluded not to push the pursuit until next day. The 
 Rehoboth and Providence men returned home, to bring up sup- 
 plies for the further pursuit. They hastened back next day with all 
 speed, but found to their great disappointment that Capt. Henchman 
 had not moved until that same day, giving the enemy a full day's 
 start ; and Lieut. Thomas and his party overtook him on the even- 
 ing of August 3d, at a place called by them in the report, " Wapo- 
 soshequash." The enemy were beyond pursuit, a part (Weetamoo's 
 people, except the fighting-men) having turned off into the Narra- 
 ganset country, while Philip and the rest passed into the great forests 
 beyond Quabaug. The Mohegans went to their own country on 
 August 4th, accompanied by Lieut. Brown and a small party, to 
 Norwich, to secure provisions and news of the enemy. After await- 
 ing the return of this party three days, Capt. Henchman on August 
 7th, marched back to Mendon, meeting Capt. Mosely with a com- 
 pany of dragoons coming up from Providence with supplies. Next 
 day Capt. Henchman went up to Boston, and the Rehoboth men 
 returned home. Capt. Mosely was left in command at Mendon. 
 Capt. Henchman was relieved of command in the field and was sent 
 to bring off his men remaining at Pocasset. Mendon had been at- 
 tacked July 14th, by a party of Nipmucks, led by Matoonas, and six 
 or more of the settlers were killed while at work in their fields. 
 
 When the Indians returned from their siege of Brookfield, they 
 met Philip and his people in the woods and told him of their exploit. 
 He was greatly pleased, and gave some of the chiefs presents of 
 wampum, and promised them fresh supplies of ammunition and 
 
 to:. 
 
 w M 
 
10 
 
 KING PHILIP'8 WAR. 
 
 arms. The Brookfield affair had the effect of bringinjj in the falter- 
 icg tribes, and Philip's coming confirmed the plan to clear the Con- 
 necticut Valley of English settlers. Massachusetts Colony raised 
 several companies to protect the frontiers. Capt. Mosely with his 
 own and Capt. Henchman's men marched from Mendon, and Capts. 
 Thomas Lathrop of Essex County with a fine company, and 
 Richard Beers of Watertown with another, marched to Brookfield 
 where their forces were joined by Capt. Watts of Connecticut with 
 two companies of English and Indians. Major Willard took com- 
 mand of this force, and broke it into several parties in order to better 
 protect the several settlements. These companies were engaged in 
 scouting the frontiers and guarding supplies sent up to the various 
 garrisons. The Springfield Indians, hitherto pretending friendship, 
 fled and joined the hostiles on the night of August 24 ; and the 
 English, pursuing, had a sharp fight with them at a swamp near 
 Mt. Wequomps, losing nine of their own men. The English troops 
 were concentrated at Hadley under the general command of Major 
 Pynchon. On Sept. 1st the Indians attacked Deerfield, burning 
 most of the houses and killing one of the garrison soldiers, and with- 
 drew. On the 2d they fell upon Northfield, where many of the 
 people were abroad at work in the fields, and the women and 
 children at the houses in the town. The assault was from all quar- 
 ters at once, and many were killed in the fields and as they escaped 
 from their houses to the garrison. The Indians burned most of 
 their houses and drove away their cattle. On the 3d, Capt. Beers, 
 with thirty mounted men and an ox-team, was sent to bring off the 
 garrison of Northfield, not knowing of this attack. This force on 
 the next day was ambushed at Saw-Mill Brook, near Northfield, and 
 Capt. Beers and some twenty of his men were killed. Next day 
 Major Treat with a hundred men marched up to Northfield, finding 
 and burying the dead of Capt. Beers's company, and then bringing 
 oflP the garrison. It was -now decided to strengthen the garrisons 
 and act upon the defensive. Upon Sept. 18th Capt. Lathrop w^ith 
 his company was sent to convoy teams bringing loads of grain from 
 Deerfield to Hadley. A strong ambuscade was made at a place 
 known since as " Bloody Brook," and there the Indians encompassed 
 and massacred nearly the whole company, some eighty, including 
 the teamsters. Only eight or ten escaped. The number killed 
 was between sixty and seventy. Capt. Mosely came hastily from 
 Deerfield upon hearing the shots, and engaged the great company 
 of several hundreds of Indians, charging in amongst them with 
 intrepid fury which drove them headlong before him into the woods 
 and swamps ; but, finding them gathering in immense numbers and 
 seeking to surround him, he threw out his lines to prevent being 
 flanked, and began a cautious retreat; when Major Treat coming 
 upon the field; the Indians, seeing the reinforcements, fled. 
 
 These terrible reverses threw a gloomy, superstitious fear over 
 
 III;. 
 
KINO PHILIP'S WAR. 
 
 11 
 
 being 
 boming 
 
 ir over 
 
 the colonieB. The English troops, hitherto despising the Indians in 
 war, now seemed helpless before them. On Sept. 26th the Indians 
 assaulted Springfield, west of the river, burning the houses and 
 barns. On October 5th, having made some demonstrations against 
 Hadley, the soldiers were drawn from Springfield to strengthen the 
 garrison ; the Indians fell upon the latter village and destroyed it, 
 before the companies could return to save it. After this blow, 
 Major Pynchon begged the Court to appoint a commander of the 
 forces on the river in his place, and Major Samuel Appleton was 
 appointed, and by advice of the Council garrisoned the various towns 
 not abandoned, and then withdrew the other troops to Boston. The 
 Connecticut troops helped to garrison Northampton and Westfield, 
 and the Indians withdrew to their winter camps. Philip had long 
 since gone into winter quarters above Albany. 
 
 But now the colonies determined to strike the Narragansets in 
 their own couuiry before they should be able to join the hostiles. 
 A great muster was made in three colonies, and an army of one 
 thousand men was raised and equipped, half of which was sent from 
 Massachusetts. The Narragansets were entrenched in a very strong 
 position in a great swamp in what is now South Kingstown, R. I. 
 It was claimed that great numbers of Wampanoags and other hos- 
 tiles were among them finding refuge, and they were defiant and 
 threatening. The English forces under command of Gen. Winslow 
 of Plymouth gathered at Wickford, and on December 19th, 1675, 
 marched some twenty miles through intense cold and a heavy snow- 
 storm, to the swamp ; the waters had been frozen by the severe cold, 
 and this fact made it possible for the English to reach the rude 
 fortifications. Without waiting for any organized attack, the Mas- 
 sachusetts troops, being at the front in the march, rushed forward 
 across the ice in an impetuous charge, and into the entrance, where 
 the Indians had constructed rude flankers, and placed a strong 
 block-house in front, so that the first to enter were met with a terri- 
 ble enfilading fire from front and flanks, and were forced back for a 
 time ; but others coming on pressed into the breach, and, though 
 suffering severe losses, at last stormed all the fortifications, drove 
 the enemy from every line of entrenchments within the fort, and out 
 into the woods and swamps beyond. They set fire to the wigwams 
 and store-houses of the savages, in which were burned many of the 
 aged, and women and children. Then taking their wounded, the 
 English took up their march back through the deep snow to Wick- 
 ford, where they arrived the next morning. 
 
 The details of this fight, as well as the subsequent movements 
 of this campaign, are given at length in the articles of which this 
 pamphlet is the compendium, and are briefly passed here. The 
 Narragansets kept well out of the way of the English army, and 
 made many pretences of negotiating peace, but at last, about January 
 26th, having made several raids into the settlements, and captured 
 
 'ill 
 I, 
 
 
 !;n 
 
12 
 
 KING Philip's war. 
 
 numbers of cattle and horBce, Canonchet with his strong rear-guard 
 took up his line of retrea^ for the north, and two days afterwards 
 the army, some twelve hundred strong, marched in pursuit. The 
 Mohegans and Pequots, among the Connecticut forces, led the pur- 
 suit, and had several sharp skirmishes with the enemy, always re- 
 treating northward. This running fight was kept up for several 
 days, until provisions having failed and no base of supplies possible, 
 the General abandoned the pursuit and marched his troops to Marl- 
 borough and thence to Boston. The men suffered severely in this 
 march, from hunger, and it was known for several generations as 
 the " hungry march." 
 
 The Connecticut forces separated from the others on February 3d, 
 and the main body of the army arrived in Boston on the 8th and 
 were dismissed. A company 'aider command of Capt. Wadsworth 
 was left at Ma/lboroi'gh to guard the frontiers and neighboring towns. 
 Canonchet and his great and warlike Narraganset tribe, maddened 
 by what they believed their wrongs, and thirsting for vengeance, 
 were now joined with Philip and the other hostile tribes, and all 
 within an easy day's call, except Philip and his band who still remained 
 in their retreat beyond Albany. The time was critical for the 
 settlements ; prompt action was necessary on the part of the Indian 
 leaders, to keep their young men in courage and training. Upon 
 t'ebruary 10th the Indians in great force fell upon Lancaster, and 
 nearly destroyed the town. They killed or took captive fifty of the 
 people. Among the captives was Mrs. Rowlandson, wife of the 
 minister. One garrison-house was saved by the arrival of Capt. 
 Wadsworth and his company from Marlborough. On February 
 21st a strong body of the enemy surprised Medfield, although a 
 large force of soldiers was then in the town. There were no guards 
 set, nor other precautions taken. The soldiers were scattered about 
 in the houses, and the Indians placed ambuscades in front of each 
 house, and shot them down as they rushed out upon the alarm. 
 The enemy were frightened away by the firing of a cannon, and crossed 
 the river, burning the bridge behind them. Another army was now 
 raised and sent out to the Connecticut River towns, to protect them, 
 and try to bring the enemy to battle. There were said to be two 
 great fortified camps ; one near the " Wachusett Hill," and the other 
 at Menameset, beyond Brooljfield. The army was under command 
 of Major Thomas Savage, and consisted of three foot companies and 
 a troop of horse from Massachusetts. Connecticut sent several 
 companies of English and friendly Indians. A number of Christian 
 Indians from the Naticks went with Major Savage. The army marched 
 to Menameset, March 2d-4th, to find the enemy gone. They 
 pursued them to Miller's River, across which they escaped. It was 
 thought that this great body of the enemy would now fall upon the 
 western towns, so that the army marched thither, abandoning the 
 design upon "Wachusett Hill" encampment. Major Savage dis- 
 
KING Philip's war. 
 
 13 
 
 posed his forces to guard the towns. On March 14th an attack was 
 made upon Northampton, but was repulsed with severe loss to the 
 enemy. On the 24th they appeared at Hatfield, but finding it well 
 garrisoned made no attack, though driving off some horses and 
 cattle. The Indians began to prepare for planting fields along the 
 river ; and Canonchet with a body of his men went back to their 
 country to bring up seed-corn, of which large quantities were there 
 stored. It is probable that a large company went towards Plymouth 
 colony, a small party of whom destroyed the house and family of 
 Mr. Clarke at Plymouth village. March 17th they burned Warwick. 
 Plymouth Colony sent out a company of fifty under Capt. Michael 
 Peirse of Marshfield, to protect its frontiers. A party of twenty 
 friendly Indians under " Capt. Amos " was joined with Capt. Peirse. 
 This company marched to Seekonk, and there had a sharp skirmish 
 with the Indians on the evening of March 25th. Next day, suppos- 
 ing they had beaten the Indiana, they pursued them and were drawn 
 into an ambush and surrounded near Patuxit River with great num- 
 bers, so that they were obliged to fight to the death. The whole 
 company, including the oflScers, were killed, together with eight out 
 of the twenty Indians. The enemy, too, lost very heavily. March 
 28th and 29th the Indians burned seventy houses and thirty barns 
 at Providence. 
 
 In the meantime in Massachusetts the enemy were not idle. 
 Lurking parties hovered about Groton, plundering the vacated 
 houses, and driving away any stray cattle within safe reach. On 
 March 13th they fell upon the town in force. The people were 
 gathered in five garrison-houses. One of the garrison-houses was 
 captured, but the people mostly escaped to another. The other 
 garrison-houses were stoutly defended. The Indians burned the 
 unfortified houses and withdrew. On March 26th, the fatal day of 
 Capt. Peirse's destruction, they burned sixteen houses and thirteen 
 barns at Marlborough. Capt. Brocklebank, then in command at 
 Marlborough, sent out a party in pursuit, who overtook and sur- 
 prised the enemy at night sleeping about their fires, fired into their 
 midst and put them to flight. On the same day, at Longmeadow, 
 a party going to Springfield to church was ambushed by a small 
 company of Indians, and several were captured and killed. 
 
 Finding the campaign to have failed in its main object, the Coun- 
 cil ordered Major Savage to withdraw his troops, leaving Capt. 
 Wm. Turner, with a hundred and fifty men, to garrison the towns. 
 April 7th the army marched homeward. 
 
 But now the Connecticut authorities, fearing a return of the Nar- 
 ragansets to their vicinity, in numbers such as overwhelmed Capt. 
 Peirse, mustered a mixed company of English and Indians, and sent 
 them into the Narraganset country under command of Capts. Deni- 
 son and Avery. These, guided by a captive whom they had taken, 
 surprised and captured Canonchet not far from the Patuxit river, 
 
 W 
 
 ,t.. 
 
 H 
 
14 
 
 KINO PHILIP 8 WAR. 
 
 i'li 
 
 
 
 ife: 
 
 ill- W: 
 
 where he was encamped with a few of his men, while the great body 
 were scattered, scouting and foraging. He was soon after executed 
 by Oneko, by the judgment of the English authorities. The death 
 of" Canonchet was really the death-blow of the war, for he was the 
 real leader of all active operations at this time. Philip was still the 
 chief instigator, however, and now more than before, became, for 
 the time, the controlling mind of a larger number than ever before. 
 There were dissensions, however, and many of the chiefs began to 
 murmur and some to threaten against him as the cause of all their 
 troubles. Some of the river tribes began to show signs of weaken- 
 ing, and proposed negotiations with the English. Philip withdrew 
 to the strong-hold near Wachuset with such as adhered to him, and 
 with Quinnapin, and such of the Narragansets as followed him. 
 The Indians were still active, and watched every chance to strike a 
 blow. They came to Marlborough on April 18th and burned the 
 abandoned houses of the settlers. Capt. Brocklebank commanded 
 the garrison there and refused to be drawn out into the ambuscades, 
 which, before the burning, the Indians had set. On April 20th they 
 crept down and encompassed the town of Sudbury. On that day 
 Ciipt. Wads worth marched up from Boston with a company of fifty 
 men, passed through Sudbury, and doubtless the lines of the enemy, 
 without any knowledge of their vicinity. He was forcing his march 
 to relieve the garrison at Marlborough, where they arrived about 
 midnight on the 20th, and without delay leaving their recruits, took 
 those relieved to come home, including Capt. Brocklebank, and 
 came back towards Sudbury. The great numbers of Indians had 
 encompassed the town, and in the morning of the 21st began to 
 burn outlying houses, to draw out the inhabitants from the garrison. 
 They soon made a furious and persistent attack on Haines^s garrison 
 from morning till mid-<la/, but were beaten off, until rumors of rein- 
 forcements from various quarters caused them to withdraw to meet 
 these. Edward Cowell and eighteen troopers coming to the relief 
 of Sudbury were attacked, but escaped with only four killed, they 
 turned back, suspecting the ambush laid for them. Capt. Wads- 
 worth soon after arrived by another road, and meeting with an out- 
 post of the enemy rushed forward to engage them, and, as usual, 
 they soon found themselves surrounded by great numbers, and 
 were forced to a position on a hill, where most of the company fell 
 fighting, including Capts. Wadsworth, Brocklebank and Lieut. 
 Sharpe. Some sixteen of the company managed to escape to a 
 mill, and there defended themselves until relieved. A company 
 from Watertown arrived soon after Capt. Wadsworth, and crossing 
 the river, made a brave attempt to get to the hill to join him in his 
 desperate fight, but were nearly surrounded themselves and forced 
 to retire. Capt. Hunting vtrith' a company of Christian Indians and 
 a squad oi troopers arrxveu iFoin oiiariestown late in tue afternoon, 
 in time to rescue the men at the milL After this fight, in whicb 
 
 
KING PHILIP'S WAR. 
 
 15 
 
 they BtrucV. such a terrible blow, and ao close to BoBton, too, they 
 seem to have retired to their several camps, and soon to have 
 gathered to their great fishing-places in order to take the 
 run of fish. Capt. Turner was still in command of the garrisons at 
 the west. From captives who had escaped, and scouts here and 
 there, came rumors of a great company of Indians fishing at the 
 " Upper Falls " of the Connecticut. Capt. Turner and his officers 
 were anxious to strike a blow against the enemy, and Connecticut 
 authorities were applied to, and promised speedy reinforcements. 
 On May 12th the Indians made a raid into Deerfield meadows and 
 stampeded some seventy head of cattle belonging to the English. 
 Roused by this fresh outrage, the people urged retaliation, and 
 Capt. Turner and his officers determined to attack the Indians at 
 their great fishing place at once. On May 18th the whole company 
 of soldiers and volunteers, about one hundred and fifty, mustered 
 at Hatfield, and marched out at evening towards the " Falls." They 
 eluded the outposts of the enemy, and at daylight arrived undis- 
 covered at the camp of the Indians at the fishing-place. The sav- 
 ages were asleep in their wigwams, and the English rushed down 
 upon them and shot them by scores, pointing their muskets in 
 through the wigwam doors. No resistance was possible, and those 
 who escaped the first fire fled in terror to the river, pursued by the 
 soldiers and were cut down or driven into the water without mercy ; 
 many were drowned attempting to cross the river. 
 
 But it was soon found that there were several other great bodies 
 of the Indians, above and below the Falls on both sides of the river, 
 and these began to swarm towards the fight. Capt. Turner now 
 prudently began a retreat, having struck his blow. As the soldiers 
 retired the enemy gathered in great numbers upon rear and flanks, 
 seeking to force the English into narrow defiles. Capt. Holyoke 
 commanded the rear-guard, and checked the enemy by stout fight- 
 ing, but for which, it is likely, the whole command would have been 
 lost. Capt. Turner led the advance, and while crossing Green 
 River was shot down by Indians lying in wait. Capt. Holyoke 
 then led the company back to Hatfield, fighting nearly the whole 
 way. There the killed and missing numbered forty-five. A few 
 came in afterwards, reducing the number of the lost to about forty. 
 It is estimated that some two hundred Indians must have been de- 
 stroyed. 
 
 The blow struck by Capt. Turner greatly intimidated the enemy, 
 though the retreat was so disastrous to the English. The tribes 
 became divided and demoralized. They seem to have broken up 
 into small wandering parties. Philip with large numbers of his 
 adherents went down towards Plymouth. Massachusetts sent troops 
 to the western frontiers again, and also to aid Plymouth^ The 
 operations in the field were mostly the pursuit of non-combatants, the 
 aged, and women and children. Large numbers of the Wampa- 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 "i' t 
 
 iS'^-i 
 
16 
 
 KING PHILIP 8 WAR. 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 nongs and Nnrragansets had now returned with Philip to their own 
 country. Small parties from time to time plundered and killed as 
 opportunity offered. The colonists were roused to new activity at the 
 evident weakening of the Indians. Aid was sent to Plymouth, under 
 Capts. Brattle and Mosely ; and Capt. Henchman did good service 
 in the parts about Brookfield. Major Talcott, with a mixed force of 
 English and Indians, about five hundred in all, came up the river 
 and marched into Hadley about the 11th of June, and was quartered 
 there on the 12th, when the Western Indians, some seven hundred 
 strong, made their last great assault in force in these parts. The 
 town was quite strongly garrisoned besides this reinforcement, of 
 which probably the enemy knew nothing. The attack was alto- 
 gether unexpected and was furious and determined, but the repulse 
 was decided and sanguinary. Major Talcott then led his force down 
 into the Narraganset country, where, about the 2d of July, he 
 encountered a great body of Indians, and driving them into the 
 woods and swamps slew great numbers, and took many captives. 
 The plight of the savages was pitiful ; without ammunition, without 
 leadership, without country or hope of any sort, they found no 
 mercy now at the hands of their olden foes, the Mohegans and Pe- 
 quots, Bor yet the English. 
 
 The remaining operations of the war in these parts were simply 
 the hunting down of almost defenceless enemies. The colonial 
 authorities issued a proclamation, calling all those Indians who had 
 been engaged in the war to come in and surrender, submitting 
 themselves to the judgment of the English courts. Many parties 
 sought to take advantage of this, but were captured upon their 
 approach by scouting parties, and treated as captives. Some of 
 those who had been prominent in the war and could not hope for 
 mercy, escaped to the eastward and p':t themselves under the pro- 
 tection of Wannalancet and his Pennacooks, who had remained 
 neutral. Some fled further to the east, and there incited war. 
 
 The constant success which the Connecticut troops had always 
 had after their use of the Mohegans and Pequots, was a plain rebuke 
 to the Massachusetts colonists for the numerous disasters from which 
 the Christian Indians might have saved them, if they had trusted 
 and employed them. As soon as Capt. Hunting and his Indian 
 company were put in the field, this appeared. The Indians in small 
 parties skulking in woods and swamps might have eluded English 
 soldiers for years, but as soon as other Indians were employed, 
 escape was impossible. 
 
 At the close of July, many of Philip's followers had been taken, 
 and his wife and several of his chief men were captives or had been 
 killed. With a small band of his followers he was hiding in the 
 swamps at Mounthope and Pocasset. English scouting parties 
 were active in all parts of the colonies hunting down the trembling 
 and unresisting fugitives ; and especially Philip. Benjamin Church 
 
KINO PllILIP'8 WAR. 
 
 17 
 
 was among the most active in hunting and bringing in the Indians, 
 and when one of Philip's men came to betray his cluof, he found 
 Mr. Ciiurch at Major Sanford's in Rhode Ishmd with his scouting 
 jiarty of English and Indians a short distance away. Upon the 
 news of Philip's hiding-place and the offer of the Indian to lead 
 thither, Mr. Church gathered as many as he could enlist in addition 
 to his party, and, under the lead of the Indian deserter (who acted, 
 it is said, from motives of revenge for his brother's death, by Philip's 
 hand, because he advised him to make peace with the English), the 
 party marched with great secrecy to Mounthope. Mr. Church 
 arranged his attack with skill, and came upon Philip's party un- 
 guarded and asleep, and Philip springing up and attempting to 
 escape to the swamp near by, was confronted with two of Mr. 
 Church's guards, an Englishman find an Indian. The Englishman's 
 gun missed fire, but the Indian, named "Alderman," immediately 
 fired and shot the great chief through the breast, so that he fell for- 
 ward into the water of the swamp, upon his face, dead. Philip was 
 killed August 12th, 167(5. Weetamoo's party, the sad remnant of 
 her tribe, had been captured on the 7th, and she, trying to escape 
 across a river, was drowned, and, her body being found, her head 
 was cut off and paraded in the public streets. In the body of the 
 papers, by ii strange continuance of an old mistake, this fact is 
 accredited to Awashonks, squaw sachem of the Sogkonates. 
 
 After Philip's death, his chief counsellor, Annawon, led the rest of 
 the party out of the swamp and escaped. With his party he soon 
 after surrendered to Mr. Church. The death of Philip was practi- 
 cally the close of the war, though hostilities continued for some time 
 after, and at the eastward for a year or more longer. At Dover 
 Major Richard Walderne had held command of the military interests 
 and operations in those parts. He was a trusted friend of Wanna- 
 lancet and the neighboring Indians. Under the proclamation the 
 old chief and his people came in without fear, as they had taken no 
 part whatever in the war. There were many Indians with them, 
 however, it was suspected, who had been among the hostiles and 
 now wished to come in with the Pennacooks and secure the advan- 
 tages of their influence in giving themselves up. They began to 
 come in at Dover about the first of September, and when, on the 
 6th, the companies, sent to the eastward under Capt. Hathorn, 
 arrived at Dover, there were some four hundred there, including the 
 Pennacooks. In some way the immediate surrender of all these 
 was received, probably by Major Walderne's great influence with 
 them. They were then disarmed, and as the Massachusetts officers 
 insisted upon treating all as prisoners of war, Major Walderne 
 was obliged to send all, save Wannalancet and his "relations," down 
 to Boston to be tried there by the Court. The number sent was 
 about two hundred. 
 
 Some of the Southern Indians, having lost all except their own 
 
18 
 
 KINO PHILIP 8 WAR. 
 
 
 jiiMted to tk» F/Mtern tribes and were active in exciting to 
 The Iocm' f <li iA)« had been hostile the previous year, 
 committiVii^ ihtprodatiorm from the Kennebec to Portsmouth. In the 
 summer of 167(1, it is thought flnt many who had been amctijjf the 
 Indians in the war, came to these tribes and caused much of the 
 trouble which . isued. The day before Philip's death the ludians 
 fell upon the settlci h at Falmouth, and killed or carried away some 
 tt)irty-four persons and burr'^ their houses. Further eastward also 
 )he settlements were attacked. It was upon these occasions that 
 Capt. Hnthorn's force was sent to these parts. They marched on 
 from Dover on September 8th, as far as Falmouth, Capt. Hunting's 
 Indians scouting the woods. This expedition was not of much 
 avail, as the Indians easily eluded the troo[)8, being only war parties 
 without the encumbrance of women and children. 
 
 But the scope of this review of events did not contemplate' the 
 detailed account of affairs which have already been related in tl*- 
 body of the work, of which this pamphlet is a brief summary, but 
 to give a consecutive account for the convenience of readers. 
 
 
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