..^... IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 11.25 ItiMTA 12.5 ■^ i2ii 12.2 Li. ^ iiiim 1.4 Hill 1.6 m ^ '^ w Riotographic Sciences Corporation 33 west MAIN STREET WSaSTIR.N.Y. M580 (716) 173-4303 CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Caradian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques Tht toi The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming). Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. D Coloured covers/ Couverture de couleur I I Covers damaged/ Couverture endommagde Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaur6e et/ou pelliculde Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque Coloured maps/ Cartes gdographiques en couleur Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) I I Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ D □ D Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ Relid avec d'autres documents Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ La re liure snrr6e peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distortion le long de la marge int6rieure Blank leaver added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajoutdes lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela 6tait possible, ces pages n'ont pas 6t6 film6es. Additional comments:/ Commentaires suppl^mentaires; L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exemplai/e qui sont peut-dtre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la mdthode normale de filmage sont indiqu6s ci-desscus. r~~| Coloured pages/ Pages de couleur Pages damaged/ Pages endommagdes Pages restored and/o( Pages restaurdes et/ou pelliculdes Pages discoloured, stained or foxei Pages ddcolordes, tachetdes ou piqudes Pages detached/ Pages ddtachdes Showthrough/ Transparence Quality of prir Quality indgale de I'impression Includes supplementary materii Comprend du matdriel suppldmentaire Only edition available/ Seule Edition disponible I I Pages damaged/ I I Pages restored and/or laminated/ r~p^ Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ I I Pages detached/ I I Showthrough/ r~^ Quality of print varies/ I I Includes supplementary material/ I I Only edition available/ n Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., ont 6t6 film^es i nouveau de fapon d obtenir la meilleure image possible. Th< poi of 1 filn Ori be( the sioi oth firs sioi or i Th« sha TIN whi Mai diff enti beg righ reqi mat This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est filmd au taux de reduction indiqud ci-dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X / 12X 16X 20X 26X 30X 24X 28X 32X lils lu difier ine age The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: Thomas Fisher Rare Bo^^k Library, University of Toronto Library The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. L'exemplaire film6 fut reproduit grdce d la ginirositd de: Thomas Fisher Rare Book Libra/y. University of Toronto Library Les images suivantes ont 6t6 reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et de la nettetd de l'exemplaire filmi, et en conformity avec les conditions du cot .rat de filmage. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en papier est imprim6e sont film6s en commencant par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la derniAre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second plat, salon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont film6s en commenpant par la premiere page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol -^^ (meaning "CON- TINUED "), or the symbol y (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche selon le cas: le symbols — ^- signifie "A SUIVRE ", le symbols V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre film6s d des taux de reduction diff^rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clich6, il est filmd d partir de Tangle sup^rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n^cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. ata ilure. : 2X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ^^vt^-^pHI'lood for ifreunSSmT":::- T« «*• muor of The Globe: ^Here »r« five piriescTiirtlonB which have ^*90f!f9d efficacious in j;L . ^ » latism : » 8od»l sailcyU li/a drachms. ^^ Or^i(0 «yrup> 2 onucaa. . Pure water, iioances. -PMe, tebipooixf ul every four hoiuB. BoAtA BaUeyl, 1 drachm. iiQUa pleual, 7. drachm. Glyceriae, 1 drachm. • £lislr colocua. 1 drachm. . Sose, tettapooii|al everr four hours. One-gtil alcohoL One beef's lealL One Ktli spirits of tarpeatine. > OaeKittsw««#m Four ounces camphor gum. Put In bottle and shake -well. Use two or three times a day. ' ounce, water sufflcinnt for 4 ounces. Sose, teaspoonf ul in water every three hoars. * A ffood IhiDK for tjie patient is to eat celery, cut into bits, iioile i in water until faoft, and the water druck by the patient. The root and sialic can be boiled together. Danvers. o. a. w. '*• • —- ^,.. ▼•■' THE lARTIZANS' GUIDE AKD EyERyBODY'S ASS/STAl\/r: I OONTAININQ OVBB i THREE THOUSAHU NEW AND VALUABLE RECEIPTS AND TABLES EU iJLMOST KVKUV BKANCH OP nuSINKSS OONNEOTBD WITH CIVILIZED LIVE, ViiOit TUU UOnSUBOLD TO THB StANtTFACTORT. By R. MOORE. PRICE IN CLOTII BinDINO) $2. Parties in the United States will please address oniers to JOHH LOVELI. & Sons, Roaee's Point, N. Y. Those in Canada will addresethc Publisher, JOHN LOVELL, St. Nicholaa St., Montreal PRINTED BY JOHN LOVELL, ST. NICHOLAS STEEET. 1874. ,,-«*'^ ^ ^"■'^ ^0BRA^^ ifii ?;■ •A .<•< ■"^^fl^JVry OF TO-.?*j.^- E F A C E The following work will bo found to embrace an Immense amount of the most valuable information regarding almost every branch of useful industry. The information has been collected from many sources with much care and expense, many of the items being valuable trade secrets, conso;|uontly obtainable only at a heavy cost. On the whole, "The Artizan's Guide" will bo found to embrace a vast amount of most useful knowledge in connection with business and manufacturing requirements, as well as the no less indispensable department of domestic uses, much of this information being very difficult to obtain in books. The Appendix, embracing the subject of cor- respondences, &c., is now inserted for the first time, and if favourably received will be inserted in future editions. Many persons who are in proper states fori receiving these truths remain in total ignorance oi their existence, and have no means of knowing them except through some such effort as this. These ex- planations are now appended for the benefit of alU such, certainly not for my own personal emolument, except so far as happiness may be derived from tho consciousness of having tried to benefit others, and this, beyond uU doubt, is an exceeding great reward. March 1873, {Entercsd according to Act of Parliamont, in tho year One ThoiiHandl Eight Hundred and Seventy two, by K. Moorb, in tlie oflico of the] Minister of Agriculturo nnd StntiHticH ofMio Dominion of Canada.] INDEX. )race an For Baking, Cooking, Preserves, Jellies, &c. . . 3-19 For Dyers, Bleachers, Furriers, Hatters, and Clothiers 19-31 For Druggists, Dentists, Family Medicines, Barbers, Perfumers, Fancy Soaps, &c 40-64 For Grocers, Confectioners, Domestic Wines, Sealed Goods, Syrups, Cordials, Ice Creams, Beer, &c 64-96 For Tanners, Curriers, Furriers, Boot, Shoo and Harnessmakers, Marble and Ivory- workers, Bookbinders, Anglers, Trappers. &c 96-106 For Painters, Yarnishers, Cabinet-makers, Gilders, Bronzers, Piano and Organ man- ufacturers. Glass Stainers, China Decora- tors, Potters, Polishers, Wood Stainers, Glass Makers, Architects, &c 106-140 For Watchmakers, Jewellers, Gilders, Color- ers, Befiners, Gold Beaters, Gold and Silver- smiths, Burnishers, Diamond cutters, &c. 140-167 For Machinists, Master Mechanics,Engineers, Blacksmiths, Edge tool. Carriage and Wag- gon makers. Mill owners, Iron and Brass- Founders and Finishers, Locomotive Build- ers, Hardware Dealers, Metal Smelters, Iron, Steel, Anchor, Tube, Spring, Saw, File, Chain, Anvil^ Sewing Machine, Firc- m'oof Safe, Iron Railing, Gas Fixture, and 2 Firo-Arm manufacturers, Bronzors, Lock- smithSj Cutlers, Millers, 8uwyer8, Coppcr- emitlis, Gasfitters, Steainlittens, PluruberB, Tinmen, Die Sinkers, Steel, Copjter-plato and Wood Lngravers, Stencil cutters, Gold and Silversmiths, Sweepsmeltcrs, Enam- ellers, Japanners, liubber work. Gas Com- panies, Boiler Makers, Suj^-ar Eefiners, Starch Miinutacturers, Petroleum and Oil Dealers, Na\igator3, ]5utton. Needle and Pen Manufacturers, Miners, &c., &c 107-280 Items for Daily Eomembrance....o 281-284 Eeady Eeckoner, Interest, Produce, Lumber, Coal, Cordwood, Bark, Moulders', Pattern and Model makers Tables, Weights of Iron, Steel, Brass, Copper, Lead, Eussia Iron, Lead Pipe, Strength of Cast Iron Columns, &c., at sight, embracing 22 pages following Page..,.r...... 284 On Correspondeucos, &c., Soo Appendix. -i VALUABLE RECEIPTS. BAKING AND COOKING DEPARTMENT. Baking Bread. — The quantities and best manner of mixing the ditFtront iugredientd necessary to make good bread, viz., to make the fermentation, sav, for 10 bucketd of Hour; take 5 ^o to a soft pulp in watiT ; pail" iiiMl covk by il.Min <; 11)3. of your b"st ytotatocs, mash your jxitatooH, iukI' rub tlii'Ui .p with rice pulp ; add to tho whole 1I)S. Hour; make all into a douf^h with water, fer- ment with yeast, let it stand a proper length of time, aud then place it in the oven to bake. ^JUA.TED IJUEAD, WITHOUT YeAST. — 1. DlSSolvC 1 02!. of SCSqui- carbonate of ammonia in water, suflicient to make 7 lbs. of Hour into a dough, which must be formed into loaves, and baked immediately. 2. Divide 3 lbs. flour into two portions : mix up the first with water, holding in solution 2 ok. bicarbonate of 8oda; then mix the second portion of Hour with water, to which 1 oz. of muriatic acid has been added ; knead each mass of the dough thoroughly. When this is done, mix both portions to- gether as rapidly and perfectly as possible, form the mass into foaves, and bake immediately. This bread contains no yeast, and is very wholesome. Note. — Bicarbonate of soda and muriatic acid, when chemically combined, form common salt. SuPEBTOR Bread from Buckwheat Meal.— To 2 qts. of sifted buckwheat meal, add hot water enough to wet the same ; when sufficiently cooled, add 1 teaspoonful or more of salt, half a pint of yeast, and half a teaspoonful of molasses ; then add wheat flour enough to make it into loaves (it should be kneaded well) ; ani when risen light, bake or steam it three or more hours. If thiq should get Bour while rising, add a teaspoonful of sugar and f . little saleratus, dissolved in water. For bread from Indian meal proceed in the same way, using it insteo,d of the buckwheat meal. CoRN-MsAii Bread No. 1. — Take 2 qts. of corn meal, with about A pint of (thin) bread sponge, and water enough to wet it ; mix in about half a pint of wheat flour, and a tablespoonful of salt; let it rise, and then knead well the second time; bake IJ hours. Corn-Meal Bread No. 2. — Mix 2 qts. of new corn meal with three pints of warm water ; add 1 tablespoonful of salt, 2 table- spoonfuls of sugar, and 1 large tablespoonful of hop yeast ; let it stand in a warm place five hours to rise ; then add 1 \ teacupfulr. of wheat flour, and half a pint of warm water. Let it rise again IJ hours, then pour it into a pan well greased with sweet lard, and let it rise a few minutes. Then bake, in a moderately hot oven, 1 hour and 30 minutes. Corn-Meal Bread No. 3. — Take 2 qts. of white corn-meal, I tablespoonful of lard, 1 pint of hot water ; mix the lard in water ; stir it well that it may get heated thoroughly, and add one-halt pint of cold water. When the mixture is cool enough, add two well -beaten eggs, and two tablespoonfuls of home-made yeast. Bake 1 hour in a moderately heated oven. If for breakfast, make over night. London Bakers' Bread.— To make a half-peck loaf, take f lbs. of well-boiled, mealy potatoes ; mash them through a fine colander or coarse sieve; add ^ pt. of yeast, or f oz. German dried yeast, BAKING AND COOKING REOEIPTfl. >f sesqui- 8, oftiour nd baked : mix up oonnto of ,0 which 1 ass of the rtions to- mass into no yeast, chemically 3, of sifted Line; when ,lf a pint of vheat flour well) ; anl rs. If thi? agar and [• [ndian meal vheat meal. with about it it ; mix in of salt; let hours. meal with lalt, 2 table- yeast ; let it \ teacupfulf it rise again ^ i sweet lard, j iderately hot corn-meal, 1 ,rd in water ; add one-halt ugh, add two -made yeast, jakfast, make \ take I lbs. of ' fine colander 3 dried yeast, and I pt. lukewarm water (88° Fahr.), together with J lb. of flour, to render the mixture the consistence of tiiin batt'jr ; this mixture is to bo set aside to ferment; if set in u warm place, it will rise in less tliiin two hours, when it resembles yeast except in color. The sponge so made is then to bo mixed with 1 pt. of water nearly blood warm, viz., 92*^ Fahr., and poured into a half peck of flour, which has previously had li oz. salt mixed into it ; the whole should then be kneaded into dough, and allowed to rise in a warm place for 2 hours, when it should be kneaded into loaves, and baked. French Bread.— Take nice rice, I lb. ; tie it up in a thick linen bag, giving enough room for it to swell ; boil from three to four hours till it becomes a perfect paste ; mix while warm with 7 lbs. flour; adding the usual quantities of yeast, salt, and water. Allow the dough to work a i)roper time near the fire, then divide iHto loaves, dust them in, and knead vigorously. Tliis quantitj will make 13 lbs. 7 oz. of very nutritious bread. Paris Baker's White Bread.— On 80 lbs. of the dough left from the previous day's baking, as much luke-warm water is poured as will make 320 lbs. flour into a rather thin dough. As soon as this has risen, SO lbs. are taken out, and reserved in a warm place for next day's baking. One pound of drt/ yeast dissolved in warm water is then added to the remaining portion, and the whole lightly kneaded. As soon as it is sufficiently " risen," it is then made into loaves, and shortly afterwards baked, the loaves being placed In the oven without touching each other, so that they may be * crusted" all round. Brown Bread. — Take equal quantities of Indian meal and rye flour, scald the meal, and when lukewarm add the flour, adding one-half pint of good yeast to four quarts of the mixture, a table- spoon, even full, of salt, and half a cup of molasses, kneading the mixture well. This kind of bread should be softer than wheat flour bread. All the water added after scalding the meal should be lukewarm. When it has risen well, put it to bake in a brick oven or stove, the former should be hotter than for flour bread ; if a stove oven, it should be steamed I'wo hours then baked one hour or more ; when done it is a dark brown. The best article for baking this kind of bread is brown earthenware — say pans oight or ten inches in height, and diameter about the same ; grease or butter the pans ; put in the mixture ; then dip your hand in cold water and smooth the loaf; after this slash the loaf both wajra with a knife, quite deep. Some let it rise a little before they put it to bake. Many people prefer this bread made of one-third rye flour instead of one half. When it is difficult to get rye, wheat flour will answer as a substitute. It adds very much to the rich- T^etis and flavor of this kind of bread to let it remain in the oven over night. Ginokhrhead. — Mix together 3| lbs. of flour ; I lb. butter; 1 lb. sugar ; 1 pint molasses ; i lb. ginger, and some ground orange- peel. Dyspepsia Bread. — The following receipt for making bread haa Droved highly salutary to persons afflicted with dyspepsia, viz : — I quarts unbolted wheat meal ; 1 quart soft water, warm but not IS BAKIN(» ANP COOKING HKCETI'TB. hot ; 1 gill of l^csh yoast ; 1 gill molasses, or not, as may suit the taste ; 1 tojwpoonful of sixicrntus. IiuLK3 TO UK onsKuvEi) IN Cakr-siakino. — 1, In Tnakinfj civkt's, 1186 refined •white sugar, iiltliiiuj,^!! fUuii bfiiwn sagir docd ;u wi;U. 2. Use gooil sweet buUer in every cii, t". 3. Uiiko mixture cannot be beaten too much. 4. An earthen b.isiu is tiic best for beatiuj^ cako iQixturc, or eggs in. 5. A good regular beat must In- kei>t up in tho oven. G. Use a broom sj)lint to run through the thickest part of tho cake ; if done, it will come out clean, if not done, there will be some of the dough sticking to it, This rule applies to bread also. Tho following cakes will bo found to como out all right with a fair trial. SuPEUiOR Indian Cake.— Take 2 cups of Indian mesil. 1 table- spoonful of molasses, 2 cups milk, a little salt, a hantlful of flour, and a little saleratus ; mix thin, and pour "t into a buttered buke- pan, and bake half an hour. Nut Cakes. — Take 1 lb. flour, i lb. butter, same of sugar, five eggs, and spice to your taste. yEED Cake. — 1 tea-cup butter. 2 cups sugar, rubbed into 4 cups flour ; mix with milk hard euougu to roll : i teaspoouful saleratus j seeds to your Uxstc. Buckwheat Cake. — Make a batter of buckwheat flour as you would for pan-cakes ; let it rise light. Then to each quart of ths \)atter add 1 cup of molasses, 2 eggs, 1 teaspoouful of saleratus, » few caraway seeds, and 1 teacupful wheat flour; stir well together. pour into a greased breadpan, and bake in a moderate hot oven | of an hour. Almond Cakb. — Take one pound of almonds, blanched and beaten ; ten eggs, well beaten ; three-quarters of a pound of sugar. and three-quarters of a pound of flour, well mixed and baked. Wedding Cakk — Take three lbs. flour, three lbs. butter, tlirc(» lbs. sugar, two dozen eggs, four lbs, raisins, six lbs, of currants, two lbs. citron, one ounce mace, one ounce cinnamc ), one ounci» nutmeg, half-ounce cloves, half-pint brandy. Beat the batter witli vour hand to cream ; then beat the sugar into the butter ; add th* froth of the yolks of the eggs, after being well beaten, then thd froth of the whites, mix fruit, spico and flour together, then adil them in, baking five or six hours for a large loaf. Pound Cake. — One pound of flour, ore pound of sugar, on« pound of butter, eight eggs, three spoonfuls rose-water, mace, or other spice. ' Buckwheat Short Cake. — Take 3 or 4 cupa nice sour milk, 1 teaspoouful of soda saleratus dissolved in the milk ; if the milk is very sour, you must use saleratus in proportion with a littJ salt; mix up a dough with buckwheat flour thicker than you "Would mix the same for griddle cakes, say quite stifT; put into « buttered tin, and put directly into the stove oven, and biike about 30 minutes, or as you would a short-cake from common flour. Shout Cake. — 5 lbs. flour, & oz, butter, I lbs. sugar, 8 eggs, rose- water and nutmeg. SuGAK Cakb.— Take 7 eggs, and boat the whites and yolks sepa rately : then beat well together; now put into them sifted whito sugar, 1 lb. ; witli melted butter, J lo. ; add a small teaspoonful of .:aKINO and COOKINO RECEIPTS. suit the ki's, use VL-ll. 2. imiot be \\\r ciiko pill tlio :-t ol' tbo bf some ^o. The ith a lair 1 tftble- of flour, -eil biikc- ig!xr, five to 4 cups lulenitus \ ir as you !irt of tlis Icnitus, a toj^ctlior. lot oven ^ cliod and I of sugar, liked. itter, tlired currants, one ouncij latter witli r ; add tin I, then th(» , tLei^ add sugar, on* r, mace, ov ^ur milk, 1 f the milk th a litt) than you put into li )iike about flour, eggs, rose- 'olks sopa iftcd wliito 5p(M)nful of i)nlverizf>d cnrhonnto of ammonia. Stir in just sufficient sifted lllo'ir to !i11mw (if itH boint; rolled out, anci cut into cakes. (Ii.NCKii (Jakk. — Flour 3 lbs., s\\ful of sweet yoast, cJoves and nut- leg for sjiice. CiiEAsr Cake. — 1 teacup cream, 2 teacups sugar, three well X'aten egg.«?, teaspoonful saleratiis dissolvea in a wine glass of Tiilk, i)iece of butter lialf the size of an egg, flour to make as thick IS {lound cake, add raisins and spice to taste ; wine and brandy if ,fou like. Corn Staiich Cake. — ] lb. of sugnr, 4 oz. of but'er, 5 eggs, 1 teasMoonfi;! cream of tartar, I teaspoonful soda j pound ot corn ^tarch, I a gill of sweet milk. Raimload Cake — A i)iut of flour 1 t-^aspoonful of cream of tartar, J a tcasjioonful of soda, a tablespoonful of butter, a tea- BI)oont'ul of sugar ; bake the batter in a square pan twenty minutes. Mountain Cake. — 1 cup of sugar, 2 eggs, half cup butter, half :up of milk or water, 2 cups of flour, tcaspoonful of cream of tartar, ^lalf a tcaspoonful of soda nutmeg. Poor Man's Cake. — 1 cup of sugar. ^ cut) of butter, 1 cup sour ?ro.in), 1 egg, flour enough to make a good natter, ^ a tcaspoonful ?f ?.!loratu3. Vium Uakb.— U lbs. sugar, 1| lbs. flour, ^ lb. butter, C, pgga, a lint of sweet milk" 2 tea spoonfuls sab- ratus, 1 glass of wine, 1 of [irandy, aod as much fruit and spico as you can afford and no iore. 8 BAKING AND COOKING RECEIPTS, Scotch Short Bread.— Flour 2 pounds, butter 1 pound, brown BUgar i pound, blanched almonds, cut small, \ pouml, candied Jemon i)eel, \ pourd ; bfat the butter to a cream, and add it to the iiour and sugar ■with the other ingredients. When well kneaded and incorporated roll it out into cakes about one inch thick. Bake in a moderate oven. Gold Cake. — Yolks of 1 doz. eggs ; flour, 5 cups; white sugar, and butter, of each, one cup; cream or sweet milk, 1 cup ; crt-am of tartar, 1 teaspoon; soda, ^ teaspoon. Beat the eggs with the sugar ; have the butter softened by the fire, then stir it in ; put the soda and cream of tartar into the cream or milk, stirring up and mixing all together; then sift and stir in the flour. Wonders. — 2 pounds flour^ i pound butter, i ounce sugar, 10 eggs, cinnamon. CooKiKS. — 3 pounds flour, 5 pound butter, } pound sugar, 3 eggs; or, without eggs, wet up, raise with saleratus and sour milk. Common. — 12 pounds flour, 3 pounds butter, 3 pounds sugar, 2 quarts milk, yeast, si)ice to taste. Loaf. — 9 quarts flour, 3 pounds butter, 4 pounds sugar, 1 gallon inilk, Avine 1 pint, yeast 1 j)mt. CiDEii Cake. — Flour, G cups; sugar, 3 cups; buttor, 1 cup; cider, 1 cup; salenit\i!!<, 1 tea.spooii ; -toggs; 1 grated luitmcg. Heat | the eggs, sugar, and butter together, and stir in tlie Hour and nutmeg? ; dissolve the saleratus in tlie elder, and stir into the mass, and bake immediately in a quick oven. Molasses Cake. — Molasses, i^ cujjs; suleratu.?, 1 teaspoon; sour I milk, 2 cups ; 2 eggs; butter, lard, or jiork gravy, what you would take upon a spoon; if you use lard, add a little salt. Mi.x all by beating a minute or two with a spoon ; dissolving the saleratus inj the milk; then stir in flour to give it the consistency of sol't cake and pu- directly into a hot oven, being careful not to dry by ov<.r baking. Rock Cakes.— Mix together 1 lb. of flour; J lb. of sugar; i iR of butter ; i lb. of curr.tnts or clierrios, and 4 egg.s, leaving ou| the whites ot 2 : a little wine and candied lemon-peel are a grciii improvement. Jumbles. — Take lib. of loaf-sugar, pounded fine; IJ lb. of flour; ^ lb. of butter ; 4 eggs, beaten light, and a little rose-water and spice; mix them well, and roll them in sugar. Cup Cakes.— Mix together 5 cips of flour; 3 cups of sugxir; I cup of butter ; 1 cup of milk ; 3 eggs well beaten ; 1 wine-glass of wine; lof brandy, and a little cinnamon. <^^?MBAL8. — 2 lbs. flour, 8 oz. butter, i lb. sugar, G eggs, rose- water and a little spice. Frosting, oh Icing, for Cakes.— The whites of 8 eggs, beat to a perfect froth and still"; i)ulverized white sugar, 2 lbs.; starch, 1 tablespoon; pulverized gum arable, J oz. ; juice of 1 lemon; sift the starch, sugar and gum arable into the beaten egg, and stir all thoioughly, when the cake is cold lay on the frosting to suit, ' Jumbi.es. — Butter lib., sugar 1 lli., flour 2 lbs., 3 eggs, i cup of| Bour milk ; 1 teaspoonful of soda, roll in wliite coffee sugar.j This will make a large hatch. DouoHNUTB.— Sugar and milk, 2 cups of each ; saleratus, 1 tett-| I V BAKING AND COOKING BECEIPTS. 6 eggs, ro3e-| ileratus, 1 tca-l spoonful ; 3 eggs, and a piece of butter half as large as a email hen's egg, and llour sufficient. Crullers.— Sugar and melted butter, 6 tablespoonfula of each; G cggG. and flour to roll. Buns. — 1 cup butter, 1 cup sugar, i cup of yeast, J pint of milk j make it stiff with flour ; add, if you like, nutmeg. CocoANUT Drops. — 1 lb. grated cocoanut, i lb. white sugar, the white of 6 eggs, cut to a stifi" froth. You must have enough whites of egg to wet the whole mixture. Drop on buttered plates, in pieces the size of an egg. FuRNCH Rolls. — 1 ounce of butter, 1 lb. of flour, I gill of home- made yeast, 1 egg, milk enough to make a dough. Rub the butter through the flour, beat the egg and stir in, tlien add the yeast, milk, and a UUle salt. Knead the dough ; when it is light, mould it out inlo larg3 biscuits, and bake them on tins. Muffins. — A quart of milk, 2 eggs, 2 spoonfuls of yeast, 2 lbs. of flovj, a Imnp of butter size of an egg — which is to be melted in the milk — anJ a little salt ; the milk is to be warmed, ."nd the ingredients added. Let it rise, and then turn the mixture into buftered pans, and bake to a Sight brown. Bath Cakkh. — Mix well together, 1 lb. flour, § lb. butter, 5 eggs, and a cupful of yeast, set the wliole before the tire to rise : after it rises, add i lb. white sugar, and 1 ouncQ carraway seeds well mixed in, and roll the paste into little cakes, bake them on tins. No. I CuACKBKS. — Butter, 1 cup ; salt, 1 teaspoon ; flour, 2 qts. Rub thoroughly together with the hand, and wet up with water ; beat well, and beat in flour to make quite brittle and hard ; then pinch offjjieces, and roll out each cracker by itself. SuQAii Cbackkrs. — Flour, 4 lbs. ; loaf sugar and butter, of each i lb. ; water, 1^ ])ts. ; make as above. Naples Biscuit. — Wliite sugar, eggs, and flour, of each 4 lbs. Lemon Biscuit. — Take 3^ l])s. white sugar, 4 lbs. flour, J ounce saleratus, i lb. suet, a little milk to wet the dough, cut them out about the size, of marbles, put them on pans a little greased, and bake them in a hot oven and flavor them with essence of lerjon. Abernethy Biscuit. — Take 8 lbs. of flour, IJ lb. of butter, 1 quart of sweet milk, 12 ounces of sugar, 1 ounce of carraway seed, 6 eggs ; mix dough of the above, break them in pieces of about two ounces, mould them off, roll tnem out, prick them and bake them in a' moderate oven. Savoy Biscuit. — Take of sugar the weight of 14 eggs, of flour the weight of 6 eggs, beat the yellows and whites of 12 eggs, separate, grate in tiio rind of a lemon ; after l>""ng in (he oven a few minute? grate on some sugar. You may add peach-water, or lemon-juice, or any flavoring extract. Ginger Snaps. — Take 7 lbs. of flour, 1 quart of molasses, 1 lb. of brown sugar^ 1 lb. butter, 2 ounces of ground ginger, and then jtake 1 gill ot water, ^ of an ounce of saleratus ; mix them all into [doufrh, and cut them out something larger than marbles, and baka tlj"iri in a moderate oven. YoKic Bif.criT. — 3 lbs. Hour, l lb. butter, I lbs. sugar : wet up, and raise with hout milk and saleratus. 10 BAKING /^ND COOKING RECEIPTS. hi i ti Traveller's Biscuit. — 2 lbs. of flour, f of a pound of sugar, i lb. butter, I ti;asi)00uful of (/mo/«'e(/ salomtus, milk suHiciont to form a (lougli. Cut ui) the butter iu the Hour, add tlie supir, .ind put in the salcratus and milk together, po us to form doujrh. Knead it till it becomes perfectly smooth and light. JloU it in sheets about ^ of an inch thick, cut the cakes with a cutter or the top of a tumbler. liake in a moderate oven. Baking Powder for Biscuit. — Bicarbonate of soda 4 lbs., croam of tartar 8 lbs. These ingredients should be thoroughly dried and well mixed, and put up proof against dampness. Use about 3 toa- spoonfuls to ouch quart of Hour, mix up with cold water or milk, ami put it into the oven at once. Brown Bread for Biscuits. — Corn meal 4 qts., rye flour 3 qts., wheat iiour 1 qt., raolarses 2 tablespoonfiils, yiast G tablespoon- fuls, soda 2 teaspoonfuls. Mix during the evening for breakfast. MiNCK Pu;s — Meat 1 lb., suet 3| lbs., currants, raisins and plums, 2 lbs., one glass brandy or wine ; allspice, ciimamou and cloves to your taste, sugar sufficient to sweeten. Baked in a short crust. Fruit Pies. — For all kinds of fruit pies have your fruit sweet- ened to your taste, and then put iu a short crust. Bake in a hot oven. . Pumpkin Pie. — Stew the pumpkin dry, and make it like sqijash pie, only season rather higher. In the country, wl'ore this ■n:al Vdrikcc pit; is prepared in perfection, ginger is almost always us.'d, with other spices. There, too, jiart croam, ins;ead of milk, is mixed with the pniUj>kiu, which gives a richer flavor. LuMON PiK. — 1 lemon grated, 2 i ggs, I cup of sugar, 1 cup of mo- lasses, 1 of vv'ater, and 3 tablespooufuls of flour. Tiiis makes 3 pies. LkmOxN Pir with thkkb crusts. — A layer of crust, a layer of le- mon, sliced fine, a little sugar, layer of crust again, and sugar and lemon again, then the up])er crust. Ano'har Win/. — 1 cup of sugar, 1 cup of swoei milk, 1 egg, IJ lemon the grated peel and juice, 1 taolespoojitul of flour ; then after baking, the white of an egg beaten, sweutened, and put on the to]); then set in the oven and browned. Crumi! PiK. — Mince any cold nu'at very ilncly, season it to taste, a'ul put it into a jjie-dish ; have some linely-grated liread crumbs, with a little salt, pepjjcr, and nutmeg, and' pour into the dish any nice gravy tiuit may be at hand; then cover it over with a thick layer of the bread crumbs, and put small pieces of butter over the top.^ Place it in the o»en till quite hot. Washincton Pui:.— 1 cup of sugar, third of a cup of butter, half a cup of sweet milk, 1 and a third cup of flour, I egg, liaif a tea- spoonfid of soda, 1 of cn'ara of tartar, lemon flavor, (Jrease 2 round tins, and put in the above. Bake uutil done. Then put it on a dinner j)late, s)>read with nice apple-sauce, or sauce of any kind ; then another layer of cake on top. It is nice withoutsauce, but sauce improves 't. FiiiiT PiK.— 1 cup of sugar, 1 of watcu-, tablofipooTifu.l of flour, toa- Bpooiiful oflemon essence (or kun "i gnu;al;.i ica.jMniifuiof ( ronin of tartar, lialf a toaspoonful of soda, lialf a cup ttf' dried currants; mix a ,di)o'l, .stirring to ))revent the flour from s 'ttling. i'UtcKaN Pu;— Take one pair of good young chickeuii^' cut in small BAKING AND COOKIC-Tn RECEIPTS, li :ut in small pieces, season with pepper and salt nrKl small 3trii)3 of iralt pork, put in Haiiccpau with Wiiti-r to cover it, lujii for halt ai hour, u.id flour and biutur to thicken tlie j/nivy, lii)\'e r^aily n large dish, served with paste, put all in the diah covered with a good rich paste. Bake i'vr half an hour Vkal Pot Pie. — Ta,kc 2 pounds of best veal, cut in small pi(;ces, half pound of salt pork, sliced thin, four quarts of cold water; pepper and salt all, put on the lire; after boiling for 1 hour have 3 pounds of light bread dough, pick smaL pieces, say one ounce pieces, put in saucepan, with the veal and pork and let it boil for twenty minutes Serve as soon as taken from the fire Plum Pudding. — Pound G crackers, and soak them over night in milk enough to cover them, then add 3 pints of milk, 4 or 5 eggs, raisins ^ lb., spice with nutmeg and sweeten with sugar and molasses. Bake about 2 hours. Tapioca Pudding. — Pick and mash a cofiFee cup full of tapioca, and pour upon it 1 pint boiling milk ; after stfinding ^ an hour, add another pint of cold milk, with sugar and raisins if you desir-i. Baked Pudding. — 5 tablespoonfula of corn starch to 1 quart of milk, dissolve the starch in a jiart of Ihe nulk, heat the remainder of the milk to nearly boiling, luiviug salted it a little, then add the dissolved starch to the milk, boil 3 minutes, stirring it briskly; rJlow it to cool, aud then thoroughly mix with it 3 eggs, well beat- en, with 3 tablespoonsfuls of sugar ; flavor to your taste and bake tt 5 an hour, 'i his pudding ranks second to none. OuANCE Pudding.— Take 1 lb. of butter, 1 lb of sugar, 10 eggs, the juice of 2 orauges, boil the peel, then pound it hue and mix it with the juice Add the juice of 1 lemon, a wineglassful of brandy, wine and rose-water. If you do not have the fru'.t add the extracts. CocoANUT Pdddiwg. — To a large grated cocoanut add the whites of G eggs, i lb of sugar, G ounces of butter, j u wineglassful of rose-watt*r, and baked in or nut of paste. Kick Pudding. — TaKt 1 ' j. of rice, boiled well with rich mflk, Dtirriug well until it is soft, aud then add i lb, butter, 12 eggs, well beaten, atul spice to your taste, and bake it. IIakd Timks Pudding.— a pint of molasses or syrup, ^ pint water, 2 teaspoonfuls of soda, 1 teaspoonful of salt, tiour euough to make a batter; boil in a bag for 3 hours. Eat it witii sauce. Baked Ai'I'um Pudding. — I'are aud quarter four large aj)ples, boil tluMa tender with the rind of a lemon in to little water that when done .no water may remain, beat tliein quite fine in a mortar, add the crumb of a small roll, i lb. of butter melted, the yolks of 5 and whites of 3 o^gs, juice of ^ lemcii, sugar to your taste, beat all well tojTother, all in paste. G'louND Rice, oit Sago PtTDDiNO. — Boil a large spoonful it, heaped, in 1 pint milk with lemon poi^l aiul cinnamon ; when cold add sufirnr. and nutmegs, and 4 eg,'r», wtdl beaten. C 'i-p ]'{■-■■ \:.--T:VxC ] pi.U. milk, i ..;iiwoi.fals flour, Ge;ik;' WiNTOt, Pudding — Take the erupt of baker's loaf of bread, and fill it with plums, boil it in milk and water. 12 BAKING AND COOKING IlECEIPTS. |]' ■ ^i I '■\ 'i Baked Potatoe Ptoding.— Baked potatoes skimmed and mashed 12 oz., suet 1 oz , cheese, grated liin', 1 oz , milk 1 i^'iU. Mix the potatoes, suet, milk, cheese and all lugetlier, if iiol of a proper consistence, add a litile water. Bake in an earthen pot College Puddings.—^ lb of stale bread, ^'rated ; the same quan- tity of beef suet, chopped very fine ; 1 lb. of currants, .] nutmeg, a few cloves, a glass of brandy, 2 or 3 eggs, 2 spoonfuls of cream or milk ; mix these well together, and make into a paste in the shape of eggs. Fry them gently over a clear lire, in I lb of butter; let them be of a nice brown color all over You may add blanched almonds and sweetmeats Serve them up with wine Family PaoDiNG.— 1 quart of sweet milk, 1 pint of bread crumbs soaked in the milk, 3 eggs well beaten, 1 teacupful of sugar, little mace, 6 good tart apples, pared, cores duff out, a.id stand them in the pudding, and steam until the a\)ple3 arc well done. An hour will suffice. Cottage Pudding. — 1 egg, 1 cup of sugar, 1 of sweet milk, 1 teaspoonful of soda, 2 of cream of tartar, 1 pint of flour, and e, little salt. To be eaten with milk and sugar GitEEN GoosEBKRRiES make a nice pudding by stirring a pint of them into a pint of batter, and either baking or boiling Lemon Pudding — Melt oz. of butter, pour it over the same quantity of powdered loaf sugar, stirring it well till cold, then grate the rind of a large lemon, and add it with 8 eggs well beaten anu the juice of 2 lemors : stir the whole till it is completely mixed together, and bake the pudding with a paste round the dish. Sauceb and Crbams fou Puddings. — 1. Take equal quantities of sugar and molasses, boil them together, and stir in a little flour • 2 Take the juice of an orange, a cup of sugar and the same of good cream . 3 Good sour cream made very sweet with sugar, T/ith or without seasoning, makes a good sauce : 4. Beat 2 eggs well, then add a cup of stewed a!)ples and a cup of sugar. Beef Steak with Onions — l'rei>are a rump steak by pounding it till quite tender, season with rait, pei)per and fresh butter, put in the steak and fry it, when brown on one side turn over, do not let it scorch, when nicely done, take it up, i)ut a little flour over the steak, then add gradually a cup of hot water, seasoned with more salt and pepper, if necessary ; then put the water over the fire and boil again, and pour over the steak Peel 2 dozen onions, put them on tu boil with about 2 quarts of water an hour before the steak is put on to fry When the steak is done, cut them up, put them in the frying pan, season well with Bait, pepper, -^fid butter, si)rinkle with flour, stir all well together, place over the fire, stir often to prevent scorching ; when they are a little brown and soft, nirn th< ui over the s'eak Seasoning for Stuffing.— 1 lb. of salt, dried and sifted; half an ounce of ground white pepper; two ounces of dried thyme; 1 oz of dried nuirjoram ; and one oz of imtmeo-. When this seasoning is used, psir.^ley only is required to he choppe'l in sulTl- cicnt quan;ily to miilsi' tlic sdi'l'i-r gn'jn. TIk-, piojurtu/iib att; — i pound of bread crumbs ; '^ igf^s ; { lb. of Buetj ^ oz. oi sca- boning ; and the peel of Imlf a lemon, grated. BAKING AND COOKING RECEIPTS. 13 Economical Soup. — Put into a saucepan one-pound pieces o! Uuli; l)ivml, ilive liirge ouioiis sliced, a small cabbage cut fine, J-varrut and turiii|), and a small head of celery (or the reinaing of any ruld vegetables , a tablespoonful of salt, a tablespoonful of [)epii( r, a biinch of parsley, a sprig of marjoram and thyme put these into two quarts of any weak stock, (the liquor in which mutton has been boiled will do,) and let them boil for two hours; rub through a fine hair-sieve, add a pint of new milk, boil up, and serve at once. VEOKTAnLE Soup. — Take a shin of beef, 3 large carrots, 3 large yellow onions, 6 turnips, J pound of rice or barley; parsley, leeks, summer savory ; put all into a soup-kettle, and let it boil four hours ; add ]iepj)er and salt to taste ; serve altogether. It makes a good family soup. Pea Soup. — Beet 5 lbs., water 5 qts., 6 large carrots, 6 good turnips, 3 large oniouij, salt sufficient, put it on a good slow fire, let it boil 3 hours, then strain all the broth from meat and vegetables, hikI then add 3 lbs. of split peas to the broth; set it on a slow lire for 2 hours, stirring often, so that all the peas will dis- solve ; take 1 lb. fresh sausage meat, fried to a crisf) ivnd fried bread crumbs ; put all together, add a few fine herbs, and serve hot. FiiiCASSKE Cnii; ens. - Take 2 large young chickens, cut iti small pieces, put ill cold vater for 1 hour to ttike all the blood out, then put in saucepan to parboil for half an hour, then take from sauce- pan drained well, have ready 1 qt. good fresh cream, 2 oz. good butter, 1 oz. of flour, all well mixed together; put in saucepan with the chickens; i)ut on the fire to boil tender; season with pepper and salt ; served with toast bread in the bottom of the dish. Baked ToMATOES.—Wash the tomatoes, take out the seed, make a dressing of crumbs of bread and onions chopped fine ; add salt, butter and pepper. Bake and serve hot. Stewed Tomatoes. — Scald the tomatoes with hot water, take off" the skins, put tiieni in an earthen vessel, strain oft" the water and add butter, salt and pepper to taste. Mashed Turnips. — Wash turnips, boil well, take them up in the colander, press out all the water, r. ash very fine; season with salt, butter ana sugar Serve hot with trimmings Hashed Meat. — Take 2 lbs of fat corned beef, well boiled and cold; 1 lb. of well boiled potatoes, cold; 1 large white onion; put in chopping tray, mince it fine, put all in saucepan together, add 2 0Z3. butter; pepper and salt to taste; add boiling water to make it soft ; set it on a sIoav fire, stirring it often. When well stewed serve hot It makes a fine relis4i for breakfast Lobster Salad. — Take inside of large lobster, mince fine, take yolk of 2 egfs boiled hard and ma.hed fine, with four tablespoon- ful s of sweet oil ; pepper, salt, vinegar, and mustard to taslc ; mix well ; add celery or lettuce to taste ; then when serving, garnish with hard-boiled eggs. SurcoTAHTi. — Take 1 doz. ears of corn, cut the grains from tho cob. iidd 1 qt. of Lima beans, and mix with the corn ; put it on to boil iu 3 qt. of water with i lb. uf pork cut, udd black popper uud 14 BAKING AND COOKING RECEIPTS. ■I salt to tar,lo When the water has boiled away to -I the original quantity, serve in a tnreon as soup. Maccarojji Soup. — 4 lbs. of loan bcof, 4 qts. of water, carrot, turnip, onions ; set it for 4 hours till all mix together ; strain it all through a sieve ; have 2 lbs. of muccaroni broken into pieces of one inch long ; put all into a saucepan together, and let it boil for 10 minutes, and serve it hot. Boiled Custahd, or Mock Crkam. — Take 2 tablespoonfuls of com starch,,! qt. of milk, 2 or 3 eggs, 5 a teaspoonfiil of salt and a small piece of butter, heat the milk to nearly boiling and add tlie starch, previously dissolved in 1 qt of milk, then add tJie cfr'^H, avoII beaten, with 4 tablespoonfuls of powdered sugar ; let it huil up once or twice, stirring it briskly, and it is done. Flavor with lemon or vanilla, or raspberry, or to suit your taste, Lemon Cream. — Take a pint of thick cream and put to it the yolks of two eggs, well beaten, * oz oi fine sugar and the tliin rind of a lemon , boil it up, then stir till almost cold , put the juico of a lemon in a dish or bowl and pour the cream upon it, stii'ring till quite cold. Fruit Creams. — Tak-e ^ oz. of isinglass dissolved in a little water, then i)ut 1 pt. of good cream, sweetened to the taste ; boil it When nearly cold lay some apricot or rai^pberry jam on tha bottom of a gla.s3 dish ana i)our it over Tliis is most excellent. Rasi'berry Cream. — Put G ozs. of raspberry jam to 1 (jt. of cream, pulp it through a lawn sieve, add to it the juica of a lemon and a little sugar, and whisk it till thi'-k. Serve it in a dish or glasses. To roast fowls the fire must be quick and clear. If smoky, it will spoil both tlieir taste and looks Baste frequently, and keep a white paper pinned on the breast till It is near done TuRicaf. — A good sized turkey cliould be roasted 2^ hours or 3 hours — very slowly at first If you wish to make plain stuffing, pound a cracker iii,Ki) Chicken. Slit, tliom down the l^aok nni cliMr lire of conl-;, t!ie inside p.\t llic liro till liiili'doiH' , thou liini, and broil to a n lo brown lolo;-. broil about Sf) niiuut<'s. B011.KU I'KiEo.ss — Boil them about 15 minntos by thonigtdvv'*, then boil a ijicco of bucon ; scrva with slices of bacon and melted butter. Fisii CnotVDEU. — Fry a few slices of salt ))ork, dress and cut Ihr fi.sh iu small. pieces, pare and slice the potatoes and onions, tber. place them in tho kettle, a layer of fish, then of the fried pork potatoes, onions, dice., seasoning each layer wiui salt and pepper. Stew over a slow fire 30 minutes. Roast Beef. — Tiie sirloin is considered the best for roasting. Si)it the meat, j)epper tlie top, and baste it well while roasting with its own drip])ing, and throw cm a handful of salt. When the smoke dra\/s to tho tiro, if is near enough; keep the fire bright and clear. From 15 to '20 minutes to the lb., is the rule for roast- ing. Beep Boiled.— The round is the best boiling piece. Put the meat in the pot, with water eiuiugh to cover it; let it boil very slow at first — tiiis is th<.' great secret of making it tender — take off the scum as it rises. From 2 to 3 hours, according to size, is the rule for boilmg. Beef Steak. — The inside of the sirloin makes the best steak -, cut about j; of an inch thick — have the gridiron hot, put on the meat and set it over a good fire of coals — turn them often. From 8 to 10 minutes is the rul.' for broiling. Roast PouK.—Take a leg of pork and wash it clean — cut the skin m squares -make a stuffing of grated bread, sage, onion, ])epper and salt, moistened with the yolk of an egif. Put this imder the skin of the knuckle, and sprinkle a little ])()wdered sago into the rind where it is cut ; rul) the wh(de surface of the skin over with a feather dipped in sweet oil. 8 lbs. will require about throe hours to roast it. BfeiT" The SuoiTLDEU, Loin, or Chink, and Spare- Rib are roasted in the same manner. Roast Veal. — Pursue about the same course as in roasting pork. Roast before a brisk fire till it comes to a brown color ; when you lay it down baste it well with good butter, and when near done, vith a little flour. 2ioAST Mutton. — Tlie loin, haunch, and saddle of mutton and lamb nmst be done the same as beef. All other parts must be roa^ited with a quick, ckwr fire; baste it when you put it down, and drcdgo it with a little flour, Jn.st before you take it ui>. A leg of mutton of si.v pounds will require 1 hour to roast before a quick fire. To Boil Er.os. — In 3 minutes an egg will boil soft, in 4 tho white part is compliMely coidvod, in Ht, it is fit for a salad. Try tlioir freshness in cold watei', those that sink tho soonest are tho fresliest. Sausaqe Meat. — Take 2 lbs. lean meat, 1 lb. fat-porK, chop fine, 16 BAKING AND COOKING REOEIPTd. and mix with 2 teaspoonfulB of black pepper, 1 of cloves, 7 of powdered sage, and 5 of salt. Apple Ct;sTA!i» —Take apples, pared, cored, nnd aliphtly stewed, suificient to cover the dish, 8 eggs, 1 qt. of milk ; spice to your taste ; bake it i of an hour. New-England Apple-sauce or Butter. — Boil 2 brie, of new cider down to i a brl. Pare, core, and slice up 3 bushels of apples (sweet apples are preferable)j and put them into the cider thus reduced, and still kept boilmg briskly. Stir the whole mass constanUy, to prevent burning, till ot the consistence of soft butter. A small quantity of pulverized allspice, added during the boiling, is an improvement. Boil in a brass kettle, and, when done, put it into a wooden firkin, or small cask, and it will keep for years. Apple Butter (Pennsylvania Method). — Boil new cider down to i. Pare, cut, and core equal quantities of sweet and sour apples. Put the sweet apples in a large kettle to soften a little first, as they are the hardest. A dd enough boiled cider to cook them. After boiling i an hour, stirring often, put in the sour apples, and add more boiled cider, with molasses enough to sweeten moderately. Boil until tender, stirring :o prevent burning. Pack in firkins or stone pots for winter use. Irish Stew. — Take 4 lbs. good breast of fat mutton, cut in small pieces ; 2 large white onions ; 10 large potatoes, well peeled and sliced; put all in saucepan together, with fine herbs, pepper and salt to suit; a little salt pork is a good addition ; i lb. of flour ; i lb. good fresh butter, well rubbed together, and let it boil for one hour, aud have it well cooked. Apple Dumplings. — G eggs, IJ lbs. of flour, some butter to your taste, and tablespoonful of ^'east, and sufficient milk to make a dough to roll-out; when raised, cut in small pieces, put in the apples, and cook for 5 of an hour ; serve with white sugar or wine sauce. Boiled Poultry. — Take large chickens, well cleaned with cold water, put in saucepan with water to cover, boil 1 hour ; served with sauce. Hasued Turkey. — Take meat from boiled fowls, chop fine, put in saucepan, with seasoning to suit taste. Served on toast. Boiled MACCARONi.—Take 2 lbs., break in small pieces^ put ill warm water to steep 1 hour, drain off, put in saucepan witn 2 qts. fresh cream, with grated cheese; seasoned with red pepper. Strasburq Potted Meat.— Take IJ lbs. of the rump of beef, cut into dice, put it in an earthen jar, with i lb. of butter, tie the jar close up with paper, and set over a pot to boil ; when nearly done, add cloves, mace, allspice, nutmeg, salt, and cayenne pepper to taste, then boil till tender, and let it get cold, pound the meat, with 4 anchovies mashed and boned, add i lb. of oiled Imtter. work it well together with the gravy, warm a little, aud add cochineal to color, then press into small pots, and pour melted mutton suet over the top of each. Bologna Sausages. — Take equal quantities of bacon, fat iiud leon^ beef, veal, pork and beef suet; chop them small, season with pep- per, salt, 4c., with sweet herbs and sage rubbed fine. Have trell FMnvn AND COOKINO RECEIPTS. 17 washed intestines, fill, and prick them ; boil gently for an hour, and l)iy on straw to dry. iijcii (S^iJHAdt;.-.. — Tuky 30 ]b:^. of cboppod nioal. 3 oz. fiiio s.'slt, ■^i ca. pi'ppf.r, I tea ciii'i of sago, and U ('ii[;s of swot-t niarjoniin, paascd ILinnigh u line sieve, or, if preferred, thyme aad suiiimer giivory can be substitiitt d for the latter. liow TO SAVK Yoim IcK BiLL. — Get a quantity of empty barrels or boxes during the coldest time in the winter, and put a few indies of water in t-acb ; tiie evening wlien the cold is most intense is the be.^t time to do this. After the water is frozen solid, fill up again, repeat the process until the barrels are full of solid ice, then roll tbem into your cellar, cover them up with plenty of sawdust or straw, and your ice crop is safely harvested. Charlotte Kusse. — Take 1 pt. milk, dissolve with heat, 3 oz. isinglass and I lb. sugar; add, after it is cool, 1 qt. beaten cream and ilour, suit your taste and line out some mould with sponge cake, and put the cream in it and cool. WiNB Jelly. — Take 1 pt. water and 3 oz. isinglass, 1| lb. sugar, the juice of 2 lemons, and dissolve that and let it come to a boil, then add wine, branay and spice to your taste, and strain it through a cotton or flannel cloth and put ii in moulds to cool. To MAKE Apple Molasses.— Take new sweet cider just from the firess, made from sweet ai)ples, and boil it down as thick as West- ndia molasses. It should be boiled in brass, and not burned, as that would injure the flavor. It will keep in the cellar, and is said to be as good, and for many purposes better, than "West-India molasses. B^^Acid fruits should bo cooked in bright tin, brass, or bell metal, and poured out as soon as they are done. Brown earthen vessels should never be used, as they are glazed with white lead, a ])oison which very readily unites with an acid. Jellies. — Lemon Jelly. — Isinglass, 2 oz. ; water, 1 qt. ; boil ; add BUgar, 1 lb. ; clarify ; and, when nearly cold; add the juice of 5 lemons, and the grated yellow rinds ot 2 oranges and 2 lemons ; mix well, strain off the peel, and put it into glasses or bottles; HartshoTTi Jelly. — Hartshorn, 1 lb.; water 1 gal. ;peel of 2 lemons ; boil over a gentle fire till sufficiently thick ; strain and add loaf BUgar, J lb. ; whites of 10 eggs beaten to a froth ; juice of 6 lemons ; taix well together, then bottle. Isinglans Jelly. — Put 4 oz. isinglass and 2 oz. cloves into 1 gal. water; boil it down to half a gal. ; strain it upon 4 lbs. of loaf sugar ; add, while cooling, a little wine ; then bottle. Apple Jelly from. Cider. — Take of apple juice, strained, 4 lbs. ; sugar, 2 lbs. ; boil to a jelly, and bottle. Oooseberry Jelly. — Sugar, 4 lbs. ; water, 2 lbs. ; boil together ; it will be nearly solid when cold ; to this syrup, aad an equal weight of gooseberry juice ; give it a short boil, cool, then pot it. Currant Jelly. — Take the juico of red currants, and loaf sugar, equal quantities ; boil and stir gently for thrco hoiird ; put it into glasi^es ; and in three days it will concentrate into a firm jelly. Tapioca Jelly. — Wash 8 oz. of tji))ioca well ; then soak it in 1 gal. fresh water, five or six hours ; add llio ()eels of 8 lemons, and set all on to heat ; simmer till clear ; add the jaice of the 8 lemons with wine and sugar to taste ; \hen bottlt. 18 BAKING AND COOKING RECEIPTS. BriACKnRRnv .lEiiLY. — This preparation of tho blackberry ia more agroinibli; than the jam, m the Hccl'i, liioi.trli very wholo;U)nie, aru !;i't .1-; .!',;i!/lc t,:j ;iM. UU v.v.ih: ia i ho yiiiite w;iy nrf (Mrrj.iit j(!lly ; l)Ut the f'niit i3 60 svvei'L thai, jc uuly iV4uiivd hall'thu Wciglituf the juieO ill SI!<,':II'. Pkaii Mahiiai,aue.--To G lbs. of small pours, (ako 4 lbs. of snprar; put tlio jioiirri into a sauceiiaii, witli a lit.K' ccjM waiir ; c .vcr it, and sot it over tin; (ire until the fruit i-t soft, tlieii juit them into cold water; pare, quurter, and cue tiiem ; ]iiit to liieui tlia-e toa- cupa of water, set them over the lire ; roll the suj^ar hue, mash tho fruit fine and smooth, ]iut tiie sugar to it, stir it well totfether until it is thick, like jelly, then put it in tumblers, or jars, and, when cold, secure it as jelly. Pkehruvho (Jithon. — Pa.'e and cut open tho citron ; clean all out except the rind ; boil till sut't. To 1 Ih. ot citron add I lb. of sup^ar, and a lemon to each lb. ; i)Ut the sugar ami lemon together, and boil it till it becomes a syrup, skimming it well ; thou put the syrup and citron together, and boil it an hour. Scotch Maumaladk. — Take of the juice of S'ville orangca 2 pts., yellow honey, 2 lbs. lioil 'o a proper consistence. llASi'nEuuv Jam. — Allow a jioutuI of sugar to a ])ound of fruit, mash the rasi)berrie3 and l>ut thom, with tho sugar, into your presc. v^ing kettle. Boil it slowly for an hour, skimming it well. Tie it up with brandy paper. All jams are made m the same manner. FuENCii Honey.— White sugar, 1 lb. ; eggs, leaving out the whites of 2 ; the juice of 3 or 4 lemons, and the grated rind of 2, and i lb. of butter; stir over a slow fire until it is of the consis- tency of honey. Almond Blanc Mange.— Take four ounces of almonds, six o%. sugar, boil together with a (luart of water, melt in this two ounces of pure isinglass, strain in a small tin moidd to stifleu it. When wanted, di|) the mould in hot wat' r and turn it out. Lemon Blanc Manqe. — Pour a jnnt if hot Avat"r upon half arx ounce of isinglass ; when it is dissolved add the juice of throe lemons, the peel of two lemons grated, six yolks of egg^ beaten, and about a good wine-glass of ^ladeira wine to it ; sweeten to your taste ; let it boil ; tlien strain it and put it in your moulds. Molasses Preskiives.— Boil 1 qt. of molasses about ten or fifteen minutes to a thickisli co isisteney, then add eggs well beaten, and a spoonful of flour. Boil a few minutes longer, stirring con- staTtly, then set off the fire, aad tlavor with lemon or allspice as desired. Fruit S.xtracts, &c — Good alco jol, 1 qt. oil of lemon, 2 oz. Break and bruise the peel of 4 lemons, and add to the alcohol for a few days, then filter. For currants, j)eaches, ra3pberrie=;, ])iue apples, strawberries, blackberries kc, take 'ilcnhul and water half aid half, and })our over the fruit, entirely covering it, and let it stand for a few days. For esi^ence of cinuainon, nutnr'g, mace, vanilla, am. T'recisclv as directed for making superphosphate with bones Whale-oil' or the oil of any fisl), when made into a compost with loam, and n little lime or FARMERS RECEIPTS. 23 ,'00(1 ashes, yields a very powerful manure, merely mixed with ihsorbent earth and applied at the end of the month. Impure whale- >il, at the rate of 40 gallons per acre, has produced a crop c;" 23i tons of turnips per acre ; w hile on the same soil, and during the same season, it took 40 bushels of bone-dust to produce only 22 tons per acre. Ashes from Soil by Spontaneous Combustion. — Make your mound Jl feet long by 10^ feet wide. To tire, use 72 bushels of lice. First layer of dry sods or parings on which a quantity of lime ;s spread, lixing soda with it ; then a covering of eight inches of scds, on ,'hich the other half of the lime is spread, and covered a foot thick, the height of the mouud beingabout a yard. In twenty-four hours It will take fire. The lime should be fresh from the kiln. It is jetter to suffer it to ignite itself than to effect it by the operation 3f water. When the fire is fairly kindled, fresh sods must be ap- jilicd ; but get a good body of ashes in the first j)lace. I think it nay b« faiily supposed that the lime adds full ite worth to the piiility of the ashes, and, when limestone can be got, 1 would ad- risc tlie burning a small quantity in the mounds, which would be great improvement to the ashes, and would help to keep the fire |n. Substitute Fon Baun-manure. — Dissolve a bushel of salt iu k'ater enough to slack 5 or G bushels of lime. The best rule for pre- |)iiring the compost heap is, 1 bushel of this lime to 1 load of Bwanip-muck, intimately mixed ; though 3 bushels to 5 loads makes very good manure. In laying up the heap, let the layer of muck , ind lime be thin, so that decomposition may be more rapid and complete. When lime cannot be got, use unleached ashes, — 3 or 4 Visliels to a cord of muck. In a month or six weeks, overhaul and lork over the heap, when it will be ready for use. Sprinkle the ^alt water on the lime as the heap goes up. JiiEEi'-DiiTiNO Composition. — Water, 1 gal. ; benzine, 8 ounces ; caycnnt; pepper, 2 ounces. Mix : make what quantity you tcn the \ FARMERS RECEIPTS. 25 Lor ; strain ;i To Toiir.HKN Hoofs. — Wash them froqiiontly in stronpj brine, and jtiiin brine upon the bottom.'', and soak a few minute."? each time. ScKATCHKS.— Cut ofF the liair close, and wash the legs in strong IsoiilHSuds or urine, or wash with warm vinegar saturated with Isalt, and afterwards dress over with a small quantity of hog's Ihird. CouGii. — Quit feeding musty hay, and feed roots and laxative [food. Sprinkle human urine on his fodder, or cut up cedar boughs land mi.\ with his grain ; or boil a small quantity of fla.x-seed, and liiiix it in a -nash of scalded bran, adding a few ounces of sugar, huolasscs, or honey. Administer lukewarm. If there should be [any appearance of heaves^ put a spoonful of ground ginger once nier day in his provender, and allow him to drink freely of lime Iwater. Si'MT OR Broken IToof.— Let the blacksmith bore two holes on leach r^i'l'j of the err ck or split ; pass long nails throiigh the holes, land clinch tight. After anointing with the hoof-bound liquid, it [will soon grow together. Colic Cuke. — Bleed freely at the horse's mouth ; then take J lb. iiw cotton, wrap it around a coal of lire, so as to exclude tiie air; Svlien it begins to smoke, hold it under his nose till he becomes Dasy. To CURE Distemper. — Take IJ ga's. of blood from the neck vein ; then adniinister sassafras oil, 1^ oz. Cure, S])ecdy and certain. Foi NDER CURED IN 24 IToURS. — Boil or steam stout oat-straw for Iialf-an-liour, then wrap it nround the horse's leg quite hot, cover llip with wet woollen rags to keep in the steam ;• in 6 hours renew • lie api)]ieation, take 1 gal. of blood from the neck vein, and give (piart linseed oil. lie may be worked next day. CuRi'! FOR Staggers.— Crive a mess twice a week, com])osed of irati, 1 gal.; sulphur, 1 tablespoonful ; saltjjetfe, 1 spoonful; )()iliiig siissafras tea, 1 quart; assafwtida, 1^ oz. Keep the horse frcni cold water for half a day afterwards. Ri.vg-Bone and Spavin. — Take sweet oil, 4 oz, ; spirits turpen- tine, '1 oz. ; oil of stone, 1 oz. Mix, and apply three times per day. If the horse is over i'our years old, or in any case when this is not Snnicieiit, in addition to it. you will fit a bar of lead just above it ^viring the ends together, so it constantly wears uirnn the cnlarge- iient; and the two together will cure nine cases out of every ten, [n six weeks. Pom- Evil, and Fistula.— Common ])otash dissolved in \ pint )f water, 1 lb. ; add }, oz. belladonna extract, and 1 oz gum arable lissolved in a ji' tie water ; work all into a paste witli wheat flour, ind bottle up tight. Directions ; wash the sores well with Castile loai)-suds; then apply tallow all around the;n. Next, press the ■hove piiste to the bottom of all the orifices ; repeat every two days [ill the callous fibrous base around the poll evil or fistula is com- letely destroyed ; put a piece of oil-dotli over the sores, and after- tiinls heal u]) with Sloan's Horse Ointment. Tame Horses.— Take finely-grated hor.se castor, oils of rho- liiim and cummin; keep them in separate bottles well-corked; iut some of the oil cummin on your hand, and a])|)roach the luuve }\\ the windy j.nde. He will tlien move toward you. Then rub 26 FARxMERS' RECEIPTS, if and attentive to the animal, and your control is certain. Best Remedy for Heaves.— Balsam of fir and balsam of copaiba, 4 oz. each, and mix with calcined magnesia sulliciently thick to mak< it into balls j and give a middling-sized ball night and morning for a week or ten days. CiiKB FOR BoTS IN HoRSES.— Give the horse, first, 2 qnarts-of new milk, and 1 quart molasses ; 15 minutes afle. -ards, give 2 «Miart3 very strong sage tes* ; 30 minutes after the tea, give 3 pints V'or enough to operate as pi, ysic), of curriers' oil. The molasses and milk cause the bots to let go tiieir hold, the tea puckers them up, and the oil carries them completely away. Cure certain, in the worst cases. Certain Rino-bone and Spavin Cure. — Venice turpentine and Spanish flies, of each 2 oz. ; cuphorbium and aqua-ammonia, of each 1 oz. ; red precipitate, i oz. ; corrosive sublimate, ^ oz. ; lard, IJ lbs. Pulverize all, and put into the lard ; simmer slowly over coals, not scorching or burning ; and pour off, free of sedi- ment. For ring-bone3, cat off the han-, and rub the ointment well into the lumps on<'e in 48 hours. For spavins, once in 24 -hours for 3 mornings. Wash well previous to each application with suds, rubbing over the place with a smooth stick, to squeeze out a thick, yellow°matter. This has removed very large ring-bones. Bone Spavins, French Paste. — $300 Recipe. — Corrosive subli- mate, quicksilver, and iodine, of each 1 oz. Rub the quicksilver and iodine together ; then add the sublimate, and lastly the lard, rubbing them thoroughly. Shave off the hair the size of the bono enlargement , grease all around it, but not where the hair is shaved off, this prevents the action of the medicine, except on the spavin. Then rub in as much of the paste as will lie on a 3 cent piece, each morning, for 3 or 4 mornings. In from 7 to 8 days, , the whole spavin will come out ; then wash the wound with suds for an hour or so, to remove the poisonous effects of the paste ; afterwards heal up the sore with any good healing salve, or Sloan's Horse Ointraent, as per recipe above, keeping the sore covered while it is healing up Another very Valuable Recipe for Rino-Bon?!,— Pulverized cantharides, oils of sjdke, origanum, amber, cedar, Barbadoes tar, each 2 oz ; oil of wormwood, 1 oz. ; spirits of and British oil, turpentine, 4 oz. ; common potash, ^ oz. ; nitric acid,' o' oz. sulphuric acid, 4 oz. ; lard, 3 lbs. Melt the 'lard, and slowly add the acids ; stir well, and add the other articles, stirring till cold ; cliii off the hair, and apply by rubbmg and heating in. In about 3 days, or when it is done ruiming, wash off with soap-suds, and ^ apply again. In old cases, it may take 3 or 4 weeks; but, m ■' recent cases, 2 or 3 applications have ci'red. Another. — Pulverized cantharides, oils of origanum and .irribnr, and spirits turptntine, of each 1 oz. ; olive oil, J oz. ; sulphuric acid, 3 drams; put all, except the acid, into alcohol ; stir the mix- J ture, add the acid slowly and continue to stir till the mixture ;| ceases to smoke ; then bottle for use. Apply to ring-bone or spavin with a S] i.'ito the in twent jilicu'tiori ring-Loni apart, w but does Splint phor, 2 o: by puttin of hot wa four or fii LlNIMEI 8 OZ. ; cat 1 oz. ; oil iron, and For Lo^ root, pow stirred inl pints of ra Scours . burnt into Dint of it ' daily. Tli cause, in n Enqlish monii\,.iinc f ach 1 A oz COLIO ci laudanum, ting it into obtained ir best povvd( For Peu tea; childr IjINIMEN' pulvorizod solved. Ir •^HOEING that lie \v( cause the shoe as fol down to tl is; he the twisted off Slaving, ag House J When fired then sot a head dowi dure a cop "lilt ho w •liis lialf ai farmers' receipts. 21 with a sponge tied on the end of a stick, as long as it is absorbed i.Mto tlic i)iirts ; twenty- four hours after, grease well with lard ; and ill twenty -four he irs more, wash off well with soap-suds. One ap- pliwtion is generally sufficient for spavins, but may need two ; ring-Lones, always two or three applications, three or four days apart, which prevents loss of hair. This will stop all lameness, but does .not remove the lump. Splint and Spavin Liniment. — Oil of origanum, 6 oz. ; gum cam- phor, 2 oz. ; iTiercurial ointment, 2 oz. ; iodine ointment, 1 oz. ; melt by putting all into a wide-mouthed bottfe, and setting it in a kettle of hot water. .£^ pply it to bone spavins or splints, twice daily, for four or five days, and a cure is guaranteed. Liniment for Swseny. — Alcohol and spirits turpentine, of each, 8 oz. ; camphor-gum, pulverized cantharides, and cajjsicum, of each 1 oz. ; oil of spike, 3 c?. ; mix. Bathe this liniment in with a hot iron, and a certain cure is sure to follow. Foil Looseness or ScouRiNa in Horses or Cattlr. — Tormentil root, powdered. Dose for a horse or cow, I to 1^ oz. It may be stirred into 1 pint of milk, and given; or it may be steeped in 1* pints of milk, then given from three to six times daily, until cured. Scours and Pin- Worms in Horses and Cattle. — Wliite-ash bark burnt into ashes, and made into a rather strong lye ; then mix i nint ot it with 1 pint warm water, and give all two or three times daily. This will certainly carry off the worms, which arc the cause, in most instances, of scours and looseness. Enolish Stable Lini?ibnt, vert stronq. — Oil of spike, aqua-am- moni%.and oil of turpentine, each 2 oz. ; sweet oil, and oil of amber, each li oz. ; oil of origanum, 1 oz. Mix. CoLio CURE KOK IIoRSES AND Pkhsons. — Spirits turpentine, 3 oz. ; laudanum, 1 oz. ; mix; and for a horse give all for a dose, by put- ting it into a bottle with half a pint of warm water. If relief is not obtained in an hour, repeat the dose, adding half an ounce of the best ])ovvdered aloes, well dissolved. Cure, certain. For Persons, a dose would be from 1 to 2 teaspoonfuls in warm tea; children or weak jjcrsons, less. Linimen'i koi? fifty cents per gallon. — Best vinegar, 2 quarts ; pulverized saltpetre, ^ lb. : mix, and set in a cool place till dis- solved. Invaluable for oln swellings, sprains, bruises, &c. JSiiOEiNO Houses. — A smith who shod for the hunt, and who said that ho woul(i have to shut up shop if a shoe was lost, as it migiit Oiuise the loss of a horse worth a thousand pounds, fastened the .shoe as follows:— As he drove the nails, he merely bent the points down to the hoof, without twisting them off, as the usual practice is; he then drovt the nails home, and clinched them. He then twisted off the nails, and filed them lightly to smooth them, thus having, as he remarked, a clinch and rivet to hold the nails. House Ail. — Make a slow fire ot old shoes, rags, herbs, &c. When fired a little, smother so r.s to make a great smoke and steam ; then set a barrel without heads, over the fire, and hold the horse's head down in the barrel, and smoke him well. This will soon pro- 'bice a copious running at the nose, and ho will be so well pleased tliiit ho will voluntarily hold his iiead in the smoke. Continue this liiilf an liour or more daily, meanwhile yivc him potatoes and il !■( i: Nl 28 farmers' receipts. wrvrm l)ran ma^^lios, Jind Rontlo pliysio, if tliorebe mnc.h costiv^npss vvliicli tlio laxfUivc foixl will not, ro'iiiove. If he has much fover treat liim. fi)r that. .Sai)I)i,k and riAUNE.ss Gau.h, .tc— Wliito lead anint best cider '. inegar , give for a dose, 1 table- spoonfid in his feed, once a day for a week ; then every other day for 2 or 3 montlis. Wet his h'ty with brine, and also his other food. He will cough more at lirst, but looser and looser till cured. To DiSTiNoiiisir AND cuiiE Distemper. — Wet tip bran with ratlur strong lye; if not too strong, the Iiorse will eat it greedily. If they have the distemper, a free discharge from the nostrils, and a consequent cure, will be the result, if continued a few days ; but, if only a cold, with swellings of the glands, no change will be dis- covered. Remedy for Founder. — Draw about 1 gallon blood from tlm neck; then drench the horse with linseed oil, 1 quart ; now nili the fore-logs long and well with .water as hat as can be borne without scalding. Piivsic-TUij, FOR Horses. — Barbadocs nloes, from 4 to .') or fi dram.s (according to size and strength of tlie horse) ; tartrate of potassa, J. dram ; ginger and Castile soap, each, 2 drams ; oil of anise, or neppermint, 20 drops ; pulverize and make all into one ball, with thick gum solution. Feed by giving scalded J)ran instead of onts, for two days before giving the physic, and during its operation. Physic for Cattle.— -Take half only of the dose above for ft Iiorso, and add to it glauber-salts, 8 oz. ; dissolve all in gruel,! quart, and give as a drench. jun ; burn over the surface (»f the ground early in spring (new land is best), rake it w(dl. and sow the seeds : have a dry, mellow, FARMERS RECEIPTS. *i9 ricli soil, aiul affor a sliowor, when tlic plants Tiavo got loaves the si/.c ufa (|iiart('r-(l()llar, trans]tlant asyoii would cabbage plants, 3J fi.et apart, and weed out carefully afterwards. Break off the suckers from the foot-stalks, as they appear; also the tops of the ])lant3 when they are well advanced, — say, about 3 feet high, — exce|)t those designed for soed, which should be the largest and best plants. The ripeness ot tobacco is known by small dusky spots .appearing on the leaves. The plants should then be cut near the roots, on tlie morning of a day of sunshine, and sliould lie singly to wither. When sufficiently withered, place the jilants in close heaps, under cover, to sweat 48 hours or more ; iliou hang them up under cover to dry. To PitKSEHVE Potatoes from Rot. — Dust over the floor of the liin with lime, and put in about G or 7 inches of potatoes, and dnst with lime as before, then more potatoes, using about 1 bushel of liuKi to 40 l)ughel3 of potatoes. The lime improves the flavor of tlie ]U)tat()os, and eflectually kills the fungi which causes the rot. An old veteran fjirmer, ,ith C3 years' experience, has success- fully fought the ytotatoe rot in the tjroiinci, as follows. He plants tlit'in in the latter )'art of April, or beginning of May, and in the (lid of the moon. When six inches high, they are plastered and dressed out nicely. Now for the secret. When blossoming, take 2 piirts jtliister, and I j.nrt fine salt, mix well together, and put 1 large spoonful of this compound as near the centre of each hill ns ]iossible. When ripe, take them out of the ground, have them dry when put in the cellar, and keep them in a dry, cool place. rACKiNfi Friits for Long DISTANCES. — Take a box of the proper size, soft paper, and sweet bran. Place a layer of bran on the l)ottom, then each bunch of grapes is held by the hand over a sheet of the jiaper ; the four corners of the paper are brought up 1o tlie stalk anil nicely secured ; then laid on its side in the box, !ind so on until the fir.U layer is finished. Then dust o'n a layer of Itriin, giving tlie box a gentle shake as you proceed. Begin the sfcoud layer as the first, and so on until the whole is full. The bloom of the fruit is thus ]>reserved as fresh at the end of a jounuw of 500 miles as if they were newly taken from the tree. Never fails to preserve grapes, peaches, apricots and other fruit. To Sprout Onions. — Pour hot water on the seed, let it remain 2 or 3 spoonds, and they will immediately sprout, and come up much earlier. To Revew Old OiicnARns.— Early in the spring, plough the entire orchard, and enrich the whole' soil with a good dressing of compost of manure, swamp-muck, and lime ; scrape off the old bark with a deck-scraper, or a sharp hoe ; apply half a bushel of lime, and the same of ground charcoal round each tree. Then apply diluted soft soai>, or strong soan-suds, on the trunks and limbs, as high as a man can reach. When the trees are in full bloom, tlu'ow over them a good proportion of fine slacked lime, and you will reap abundant fruits from your labors. To Dkstroy thr MoTii or Milt.er. — Dr. Waterman says, " I took two white dishes (because white attracts their attention in the night) or deep plates, and jdnced them on the top of the hives, and filled them about half-full of sweetened^ vinegar. The next so farmers' receipts. if morninf? I had about 50 millers caught ; the sccoml night T caught ?0 more ; tlie thuu night, being cold, I did not get any ; the Kmrtn night being very warm, I caught about 400 ; tiie litth nigiit I got ^^T^KeepMilk Swteet, and Sweeten Sour MiLK.-Put into the milk a small quantity of carbonate of niagnesui To make Cheap and Good Vinkuar.-To eight gallons of clear rain-water, add G quarts of iiiohisries ; turn the mixture into a clean, tight cask, shake it well two or three times, and add I pt. ot good yeast. Place the cask in a warm place, and in ten or fifteen days add a sheet of common wrappiug-paiK-r, smeared with molasses, and torn into narrow strips; and you will have good vinegar. The paper is necessary to form the " mother, or lito of the liquor. ^ ^ ,f • . Mr. Culley's Red Salve, to curb the Rot in Siieep.—Mix 4 oz. ot the best honey, 2 oz. ot burnt alum reduced to powder, and ^ a pound ot Armenian bole, with as much train or fish oil as will convert these ingredients into the consistence of a salve. The honey must first be gradually dissolved, when the Armenian bole must be stirred in ; afterwards the ahira and train-oil are to be added. To improve the Wool of .Sukei'. by Smkarinq. — Immediately after the sheep are jhorn, soak tlio roots of the wool that remains all over with oil, or butter, and brimstone ; and, 3 or 4 days after- ward, wash them with salt and water. The wool of next season will not be much finer, but the quiuitity will be in greater abundance. It may be depended upon, that the sheep will not be troubled with the scab or vermin that year, tklt water is a safp and eftect,ual remedy against maggots. To Mark Sheep without injury to the Wool, — To 30 spoonfuls of linseed oil, add 2 oz. of litiiarge, and 1 oz of lampblack; boil all together, and mark the sheep therewith. To Prevent the Fly in Turnips. — From experiments lately made, it has been ascertained that lime sown by hand, or plii'd as soon as tlie turnips come up, and in the same daily rotation in which they were sown. The lime should be slacked immediately before it is used, if the air be not sulficiently moist to rendi'r thaV operation unnecessary. Coloring for Cheese. — The coloring tor choeso is, or at le«5t should be, Spanish annotto; ])ut, as soon as coloring became general in this country, a color of an adulterated kind was exposed for sale in almost every shop. ' The weight of a guinea and a half of real Spanish annotto is sufficient f«r a cheese of fifty pounds' weight. If a considerable part of the cream of ihe night's milk be taken for butter, more coloring will be requisite. The leaner the cheese is, the more coloring it requires. The manner of using annotto is to tie up in a linen rag the quantity deemed sufficienr, and put it into ^ pt. of warm w'ater over night. This infusion is put into the tub of milk in the morning with the rennet infusion ; dipping the rag into the milk, and rubbing it against tlie palm of the hand as long as any color runs out. The yolk of egg will color butter 1 IJYEIIS AND ilLEACIIERS' IIECEIPTS. 3l CoMPOHiTioN Fon DniviNO OUT Rats, etc. — Keep on hand a (|iiiintityof chloride of lime. The whole secret consists in scatter- \u^ it dry nil nround their hanntti and into their holes, and they ^vill leave at once, or a lihcral decoction of coal tar placed in t'le roceed in the panic licpior; when it p'ts reduced, fill it up in liie same jjroportions, keeping it at hand heat all the time, not using any soup. Dauk OoLoiis.— To EXTRACT, AND INSERT LiGHT. — This rccIpc is calculated for carpet rags. In the first place, let the lags be washed clean ; the black or brown rags can be colored red, or jturi)le, at the option ot the dyer ; to do this, take, for every 5 lbs. black or brown rags, muriate of tin, ^ lb.: and the lac, J lb., mixed with tiic same, as for the lac red ; (lip the goods in this dye 2 hours, boiling J ot the time; it not red enough, add more tin anin until it suits. Mulberry. — For 1 lb. of suk, alum, 4 oz. ; dip 1 hour ; wash oat, and make a dye with Brazil wood, 1 oz ; and logwood, \ oz. ; by boiling together; dip in this ^ hour, then add more Brazil wood and logwood, in equal proportions, until the color is dark enougn. Black. — Make a weak dye as you would for black on woollens, work the goods in bichromate of potash, at a little below boiling heat, then dip in the logvood in the came way ; if colored in tiie blue vitriol dye, use aboui the sam? heat. Spots— To Remove and Prevent when Coloring Black on Silk or Woollen. — N.B. In dyeing silk or wocUen goods, if they should become rusty or spotted, all that is necessary is to make a weak lye, and have it scalding hot, and put your goods in for 1.') minutes; or throw some ashes into your dye, and run youi* goods in it 5 minutes, and they will come'outa jel black, and an even color. Light Chemic Blue.— For cold water, 1 gal.; dissolve alum, A tablespoon, in hot water, 1 teacup, and add to it; then add ciiemic. 1 teaspoon at a time, to obtain the desired color; the more chemic that is used, the darker will be the color. Purple.— For 1 lb. of silk ; having first obtained a light blue by dipping in the home-made blue dye-tub, and dried, dip in alum, 4 oz. ; to siiiricient water to cover, when a little warm ; if the color is not full enough, add a little chemic. Yellow.— For 1 lb. of silk, alum, 3 oz. ; sugar of lead, | oz. •, immerse the goods in the solution over night; take out, drain, and make a new dye with fustic, 1 lb. : dip until the required color is obtained N.B.— The yellow or green, for wool, works cqual'fy well on silk. OiiANor,. — Takcannotto and soda, and add in equal, quantities, according to the amount of goods and darkness of' the color wanted, say 1 oz. of each, to each pound of silk, and repeat as desired. nioisl DYERS AND btEACHERS' RECEIPTS. ^7 the Crimson.— For 1 lb. of silk, alum, 3 oz. ; dip at hand-heat, 1 hour : take out and drain, while making a new dye, by boiling, 10 minutes, cochineal, 3 oz. ; bruised nut-galls, 2 oz ; and cream of tartar, \ oz., in one pail of water ; when a little cool, begin to dip, raising the heat to a boil, continuing to dip 1 hour ; wash, and dry. Cinnamon ob Brown on Cotton and Silk — By a New Process —Very Beautiful. — Give the goods as much color, from a solution ot blue vurol, 2 oz., to water, one gal., as it will take up in dipping 15 minutes ; then run it through lime-water ; this will make a beautiful sky-blue, of much durability ;' it has now to be run through a solution of prussiate of potash, 1 oz., to water, 1 gal. Aniline Black on Silk or Cotton. — Water, 20 to 30 parts ; chlo- rate of potassa, 1 part ; sal ammoniac, 1 part ; chloride of copper, 1 part i aniline, 1 part ; and hydrochloric, 1 part ; previously mixed together. The fabric or yarn is dried in ageing rooms at a low temperature for 24 hours and washed afterwards. To Color Straw Hats or Bonnets a Beautiful Slatb. — First, soak the bonnet in rather strong warm suds for 15 minutes to remove sizing or stiffening ; then rinse in warm water, to get out the soap ; now scald cudbear, 1 oz., in sufficient water to cover tlie hat or bonnet ; work the bonnet in this dye, at 180'* of heat, until you get a light purple ; now have a bucket of cold water, blued with the extract of indigo, J oz., and work or stir the !)onnot in this, until the tint pleases ; dry, then rinse out with cold water, and drv again in the shade. If you get the purple too deep in shade the nnal' slate will be too dark. To Bleach Straw Bonnets. — Take a common plate, fill it with water, set a small piece of sheet iron, with the ends bent down to raise the top above the water, place in the middle of the tin plate, on which you must place a small piece of brimstone, set it on fire, and cover it over tight with a large bell or large tumbler or bowl that will just shut down close within the rim of the plate ; at first raise the cover a little to admit a current of air to cause the sul- phur to burn, until you fill the whole with a white vapor ; then shut down tight about len minutes, and the water will absorb the sulphurous acid gas, with vhich straw hats or wooden articles are washed over to bleach in the most approved manner. It will also remove fruit and vegetable stains from dress. Washing Fluid— Take 1 lb. sal soda, ^ lb. good stone lime, and f) qts. of water ; boil a short time, let it settle, and pour off the clear fluid into a stone jug, and cork for use ; soak your white clothes over night in simple water, wring out and soap wristbunds, collars, and dirty or stained places ; have your boiler half filled with water Just beginning to boil, then put in one common teacup- ful of fluid, stir and put in your clothes, and boil for half an hour, then rub lightly through one suds only, and all is complete. Chip or Straw Hats or Bonnets may be dyed black by boiling them three or four hours in a strong liquor oi log^^vood, adding a little copperas occasionally. Let the bonnets remain in the liquor nil night ; then take out to dry in the air. If the black is not satis- fiictoiv, dve again after drying. Rub inside and out with a sponge moistened in nne oil ; then block, lied Dye. — IJoil ground Brazil- ii« DYEllS AND liLEACIIERS UECEU'TS. wood in a lye of potash, and boil your straTv hats, &;c., in it. Blue y;y^._Take a siitricient ijuantity'of potash lye, 1 lb. of litmus or lacmus, ground : make a decoction and then put in the straw, and boil it. Dyes for Hats.— The ordinary bath for dyeing hats, employed by the London manufacturers, consists, for twelve dozen, of 144 lbs. logwood ; 12 lbs. of green suljhate of iron or copperas ; 7^ lbs. verdigris. The logwood having lieeii introduced into the copper, and digested for some time, the copperas and verdigris are added in successive quantities and in the above proportions, along with every successive tv/o or three do?;ens of hats suspended upon the dripping machine. Each set of hats, after being e.xposcd to the I^atli with occasional airings during forty minutes, is taken off the pegs, and laid out ui)on the ground to be more completely black- ened by the peroxydizemcnt of the iron with the atmospheric oxy- gen, in three or four hours, the dyeing is completed. When fully dyed, the hats are Avell washed in running water. Watkiu'Roof Stipfenixo for Hats. — Mix 18 lbs. " shellac witli 1 h lb. of salt of tartar (carbonate of j)otash), and 5} gals, water. Those materials are to be put in a kettle, and made to boil gradu- ally till the lac is dissolved, Avhen the liquid will become as clear as water, without any scum upon the top, and \i left to cool, will have a tiiiu crust upon the surface, of a whitish cast, mixed with the light impurities of the gum. When Ibis skin is taken off, the hat body is to be dipped into the mixture in a cold state, eo as to absorb as much as possible of it ; or it may be applied with a brush or sponge. The hat body, being thus stiffened, may stand till it becomes dry, or nearly so ; and after it has been brushed, it must be immersed in very dilute sulphuric or acetic acid, in order to neutralize the potash, and cause the shellac to set. If the hats are not to be napped immediately, they may be thrown into a cistern of pure water, and taken out as wanted. Method of Bleachino Straw. — Dip the .«!traw in a solution of oxygenated muriatic acid, saturated with potash. (Oxygenated muriate of lime is much cheaper.) The straw is thus rendered very white, and its flexibility is increased. JJr-EAcniNO Straw Goof)S. — Straw is bleaclied by simidy expos- ing it in a closed chamber to the fumes of burning sult)hiir, an old flour barrel is the apparatus most used for the purpose l)y milliners, a fiat stone being laid o'l the ground, the sulphur ignited tliereon, and the barrel containing the goods to be bleached turned over it. The goods should be previously washed in pure water. Varni.sit for FADKn RuuBEu (5ooi)S. — Black Japan varnish diluted T/it'- .1 little linseed oil. 'ii» RLEAcn LtNEX. — Mix common bloaching-powder, in tlie pro- portion of 1 lb. to a gallon of water ; stir it occasionally for three liays, let it settle, and pour it off clear. Then make a lye of 1 \h. of soda to 1 gallon of boiling soft w.atcr, in which soak the linen for 12 hours, and boil it half an hour; next soak it in the bleaching liquor, made as above ; and lastly, wash it in the usual manner Discolored linen or muslin m.ay bo restored ))y putting a portion, of bleaching licjuor intii the tub wherein the articles are soaking. parji A? blue baih Kuh it slo watc If )h proc( A: a kei suli.m sliori out ( perm Aa acid, HhadF 10 Holidl by w| Hoiin AfJ pota;! uailil ■ DYERS AND BLEACHERS' RECEIPTS. 3Sa Aniline Green on Silk. — locUne green or night green dissolves easily in wann water. For a liquid dye, 1 lb. may bo dissolved in 1 ^ii\. alcohol, and mixed with 2 gals, water, containing 1 oz. tsulphiiric acid. To Dye Aniline Scarlet.— For every 40 lbs. of goods, dissolve f) lbs. wliitc vitriol (sulphate of zinc) at 180' Pah., place the goods into this bath for 10 minutes, then add the color, prepared by boil- ing for a few minutes, 1 lb. aniline scarlet in 3 gals, water, stir- ring the same continually. This solution has to be filtered bclbre ])eing added to the bath. The goods remain in the latter for 15 :uinutcs, when they have become browned and must be boiled for another half hour in the same bath after the addition of sal am- moniac. The more of this is added the deeper will be the shade. IJisMARCK Brown fou dyeing. — Mix together 1 lb. Bismarck, 5 gills, water, and 3 lb. sulphuric acid. This paste dissolves easily in hot water and may be used directly for dyeiug. A liquid dye may be prepared by making the bulk of the above mixture to 2 gals, with alcohol. To dye with the above mixture, sour with sul])liuiic acid; add a quantity of suli)hate of soda, immerse the wool, and add the color by small portions, keeping the tempera- ture under 212' Fah. Very interesting shades may be developed by combining the color with indigo paste or picric acid. To Dye Wool with Aniline Green. — For wool, prepare two baths, one containing the dissolved dye and a quantity of carbon- ;ilo of soda or borax. In this the wool is placed, and the temjjera- lurc is raised to 212' Fah. A greyish green is produced, which must be brightened and fixed in a second bath of water 100- Fah., to which some acetic acid has boen added. Cotton requires pre- piiralion by sumach. Aniline Blue. — To 100 lbs. of fabric dissolve 1^ lbs. analine blue in 3 qts. hot alcohol; strain through a filter and add it to a l)iiih of 130* Fah. ; also 10 lbs. glaul)ur salts, and 5 lbs. acetic acid. Knt(!r the goods and handle iLem well for 20 minutes; next heat it slowly to 200' Fah. ; then add 6 lbs. sulphuric acid diluted with water. Lot the whole boil 20 minutes longer, then rinse and dye. li" tlic aniline be added in two or three ])roportions during the process of coloring, it will facilitate the evenness of the color. Aniline Red. — Enclose the aniline in a small muslin bag, have a keltic (tin or brass) filled with moderately hot water and rub the swl)stanc(' out. Then immerse the goods to be colored, and in a short time they are done. ltim])rove3 the color to wring the goods out of strong soap suds liefore putting them in the dye. This is a permanent color on wool or silK. Aniline Violet and Purple. — Acidnlate the bath bysulpla-.ic acid, or use sulphate of soda ; both these substances render the Kliiide bluish. Dye at 212' Fah. To give a fair middle shade to 10 lbs. of wool, a quantity of solution equal to A to ij ozs. of the solid ilye will be required. The color of the dyed lubric is improved by washing in soap and water, and then passing through a buth soured by 8uli)huric acid. Aniline Black eor Dveino. — Water 20 to 30 parts, chlorate of polassa 1 part; sal ammoniac 1 part; chloride >( copper 1 part; aniline hydrochloric acid, of each 1 part, iireviously mixed together. 38^. DYERS AND BLEACIIEUS S RECE[PTS. ,» III ty M UU Tt i3 os?!ontinl lliat llio ])i*oparatlnn nlionld bo arid, nnd the nioroi acid it, is t!u) niniv rapid will Itc lli('producti(.ii of Uie black,-! ; if 'oo iniicii Ke' added, in tlie cau» of tlie cotton, some chloride 1 lb., dissolved in:53 lbs. of water, ae(!tateof lead, ,] lb. dissolved in .T) Uis. of water., T!ie solutions areall hot, and separately mi.xed, with the exception of the vitriol which is added. To IJlkacu Feathrus.— Place the feath'^rs from ?. to 4 hours in a tepid dijutesolulion of bichromate of potassa, to which, cautiouslv, s une nitric acid has been added, (a small quantity onlv). To remove a greeaisli hue in luci>d by this solution, iilacc them in a dilute stdulion of sulphurous acid, in water, whereiiy the feitlhers become iierfectly while auut. A tallow candle is fre(|iiently put within eacli inulf when laid by. (jL«tTiiiNO Uknovator. — Soft water, 1 gal. ; inalic a strong decoc- tion of logwood by boiling the extract with the water Strain , when cool, add 2 oz.gum arable in powder ; bottle, cork well, and set aside for use ; clean the coat well from grease and dirt, and np|)ly the above licpnd with a sponge evenly. Dilute to suit tiie \:()Un; and hang in the shade to d^y ; afterwards brush the nap ; nidolh, and it wUl look like new WATEitPiiooFi.NO I'oii I'oiioi's Cloth. — DIssolvc 2^ Ibs. alum in 4 gals, water; di.sstdve also in a separate vessel the same weight of ui'ctate of lead in the same (juantity of water. When both are well dissolved, mix the solutions together ; and, when the sulphate of h'ad lesidtiiig from this mixture has lieen precipitated to the bottom of llie vessel in tiie form of a ])owder, pour off the solution, and filuiige into it the fabric to be renosi- t.on. To Renew ()i,d Fii.ks. — Unravel and put them in a tut), cover lluir With cold water, let them remain one hour; dip them up and • I'oijnuE Mbtalmqi-e.— Tlio article sold under this name in Tans appears to be an amalgam of silver, mercury, arid ammonium, with au excess of mercury, which is presseilout Itetore usiii^r it. To KxTKACT Ti;i;:'u with mttlk oit no 1'ain.— Tincture of aco- nite, chloroform, and alcohol, of each 1 oz.; mix; moisten two jiled^a'ts i)f cotton with the liquid, and apply to the Rums on each side of the tooth to be extracted, holding them in their place witli jdiers or other instruments for from live to ten minutes, rubbing the gum fn-ely inside and out. Tooth Wa.sh.— To !{kmovk Dlacknkss —Pure muriatic acid, 1 oz. ; water, 1 oz. ; honey, 2 oz. ; mix. Take a tooth-brush, and wet it freely with this preparaticjn, and briskly rub. the black teeth, and in a momtut's time they will be perfectly white ; then innuediately wash out the mouth with water, that the acid may not act upon the enamel of the teeth. DKNTisT'a Nervh Paste. — Arsenic, 1 ])art; ro.se pink, 2 part.';. To destroy the nerve, ajqtly tlii > ])reparatioii on a jdedget of cotton, previously moistened witii creosote, to the cavity of tin; tooth, lot it remain 4 hours, then wash out thoroughly with water. DENTisr'a Emeiiy Wiikels. — Emery, 4 11)^.; shellac, 5 ll». ; melt the shellac over a slow fire; stir in the emery, and pour into a mould of plaster of Paris. When cold it is ready for use. Ba.se for AHTii'ioiAL Teetii.— PHoi'oikTioNS,— ludiu rubber, ! lb. ; sulphur, 5 lb. ; vormillion, 1 lb. 4o/i. CuliE Foli Lock jaw, saii> to he positive. — Let any one who lias •an attackof lock jaw tnke a small (piantity ofspirits of turpentine, warm it, and pour it on the wound — no matter where the wound is, or what its nature is, and relief will follow in less than one minute. Tur|icntine is also a sovertMgn remedy for croup. Saturate a i)iece of ilannel with it, and jdace the tiatmel on the throat and ••-best — and in very severe cases three to live drops on a lump of sugar may be taken internally. • Comi'Oi;ni> Extract of Kucnu.— Buchu leaves, 1 lb. ; boiling dis- tilled water. 3 gals. ; boil the leaves in 2 gals, of the water down to G qts. ; then boil it again in the remaining water till reduced to 2 qts. Evaporate the mi.xed liijuors down to (! qts., and add 1 qt. strong sage tea^ 2 drs. bicarb. ])Otassa, 2 drs. tinct. cannabis indica, f) oz. rectified spirit, 2 oz. balsam copaiba, and Harlem oil, 1 bottle. New .Uetiiod or Em]!Almin(;.— Mix together 5 pounds dry sul- piiate of alumine, 1 (piart of warm water, and 100 grains of arseni- ous acid. Inject 3 or 4 quarts of this mixture into all the vessels of the human body. This applies as well to all animals, bird.-J, fishes, &c. This jn-oce.^s supersedes the old and revolting mode, aiul has been introduceil into the great auatoniicid school.^ of J'aris. Nitrate ok Silver.— Pure silver. 1.] oz. ; nitric aeidj \ oz. diluted with water, 2 oz. ; heat by a sand-bath until ebullition ceases, and l)Ki;(J(JIST 8 RKC'Kll'TS. 43 },mm jinihic, 1 dram. of silver, 10 dnini;-: ; tlic n.ilcr 'J ('x|K'lli'tl then pour into nu;iild.s. Tins suhatiiiice must 1)0 kept uow tlie lij,dil. IIahi Dvi;, No. 1. — Take f^allic acid, .] oz : alfohol, 8.oy,. ; soft water, IGoz. I'lit the iicid in tliealeohol, then add the water. .Mo. 2. — t'rystallized nitrate of silver, 1 oz. ; slronj^esl ammonia, ;; oz. ; j^iim arahic, ^ oz. ; soft water, <; oz. I'lit the silver in the animonia ; do not cork it till it is dissolved ; dissolve the gum iu the water, then nii.x, atid it )S ready for use. Keep Nos. i and 2 insepar-ite bottles, and apply each alternatcdy to the hair. IJu particular to clctuisc the hair l»eforu ai>plyinjj the dye. Another. — Nitrate of silver, 11 drams; nitric acid, 1 dram; distdled waiter, 1 pint; sap <,'reen, ^ drams; .\li.\. A.NOTiiKU. - Nit"ic Jicid, 1 dram; nitratx; sap green, 'J drams ; mucilage, [> drams ; dislilled water, ;;?] Iliiid oz. IJAiH I.NVHiouAToii. — Uay mm, 2 pints; alcoiiol, 1 pint; castor oil, 1 oz. ; carij. aiumonia, j oz. ; tincture of caiitharides, 1 oz. iMi.v iLeni well. This compound will promote the growth of the hair, and i»revent it from fallinj^ out. IIazou-Sthoi' Paste. — Wet the strop with a little sweet oil, and up|ily a little flour of emery evenly over the surface.. Oil, OK UosKH. — Olive Oil, I 11).; otto of roses, 50 drops ; oil of rosemary, 25 drops; mix. Another, ro.ses (hardly oi^'ned) 12 oz. ; olive oil, 10 oz., beat them togtither iu a mortar; let them remain lor a few days, then express the oil. Halm of IJkauty. — Pure soft water, 1 (^t. ; pulverized Castile soap, loz.; emulsion of bitter almonds, oz. ; rose and orange ilower water, of each, S oz. ; tincture of benzoui^ 2 drs. ; borax, 1 dr. ; add 5 grs. bichloride of mercury to every 8 oz. of the rui.v- ture. To use, apply on a cotton or linen cloth to the face, .tc. (iRiENTAii Cold Crkam. — Oil of almomls, 4 oz., white wax and .spermaceti, of each, 2 drs. ; melt, and add rose water, 4 oz.; orange, lluwcr water, 1 oz. ; used to soften the skin, apply as the last. SiiAviNO Cream. — White wax, spermaceti, and almond oil, of each i oz. : melt, and while warm, beat in 2 squares of Windsor aoajt previously reduced to a paste with rose water. Circassian Cream. — Take 2 ouncesof perfectly fresh suet, either mutton or venison; 3 ounces of olive oil ; 1 oz. gum benzoin in ])owdcr, and i oz. of alkanet root. Put the whole into a jam jar, wliH.li, if without c lid, must bo tied over with bladder, and place the jar in a saucepan containing boiling water, ai tiie side of the lire. Wigcst for a whole day, then strain away all that is fluid through fine muslin, and stir till nearly cold. Add, say I dram of essence ot almonds, roses, bcrgamot or any other perfume desired. Frecklk Curk. — Take two oz, lemon juice, or half a dram- of powdered borax, and one dram of sugar; mix together, and let lliem stand in a glass bottle for a few days, then rub on iho face oei-asionally. Vankke Sitavino SoAP.-Take 3 lbs. white bar soap, 1 lb. (Castile '^oap, 1 (piHrt rain water. ^ pt. beet"s gall, I gill spirits of tur[ieu- 44 j,aUGGlBT'8 UECEIVTS. raoiua, colored uy a .^ "^- ^ ^^ compounu oi -. ^ tor oil, and perfume wi ^.^^^ ^^ ^,j„^l and orange. of rose water, aii" ^ gar of lead , Mrs. Allen' s.-Toit^ o/^ sulphur and , oz. oi s b CnmsTADOBo's lAiB in*. ^^^ ^^j. ^. ter -No^^^^t.^ted aqua- ammonia and 2 oz. sou ToI^, oz. gallic acKl, and J oz of tannm, dissoU ^^^^^.^^^ , of ^ v^'^'^^.^ic, and 8 water. No. 2- {« \qua-artimonia, add 1^ oz. g 1 oz. concentrated aqua . , i o7 of tannia tlis- - Phalon's (One I "K^^^J aoua-ammonia, add lo u/ ^.^,^ =£« n^^- UX'^^^^^^^^^^ '" '■"" ' and air, a dark color is P ^^.^^ ^^ i| is applied. __^ g oz. vmogar ;l''"'%„„ar of lead. Professor ^\f>«'»,,^,-, 'jrs sulphur, and 2 di=. bh^ part of soft water, add 2 drs. l deuoqist's receipts. U'l ilie or ts of ochi- I oz.*. ropa ; ihol. 2 iliona, Icohol, ij Willi colored oil, and alcohol, . of ciis- in equal of Jeii^i aissolvcd nitrate ot [ 3 oz. o* acid, dis- . oz. crys- ted a(iua- 15 oz. 80tt callicacid, ral. of soft gsolved in able, and 8 tannia dis- o 1 oz. crys- tratcd aqua- No. 3. 1 oz. Ivater. Tbia color if tlie ed nitrate of] soft water. to tlie li^llH to which it| ExTUACT or PATcnonri.— Mix 1} ozs. ottar of Patchouli, nnd i or. ottar of ro^e, with Iji^al. rectified Hpirits. rii;A Fo.vM von Uauhkii.s. — Alcohol, 4 oz. ; castor oil, 1 oz. ; am- monia, y, oz. ; water, I pt. Dissolve the ca.stor oil and ammonia i.i tlic alcohol, then add the alcohol mixture to the water. l*yiior.Ai,uc IlAiit Dyk. — Pyroj^allic acid, \ oz. dissolve it in hot di.^tlilf>(l water 1.V oz., when the solution cools add gradually rectified spirit, ^ fluid oz. FiNi: Shampoo Liquid. — Dissolve ^ o'/. carb. of ammonia and loz. of ))oriix in 1 qt. water, then add 2 oz. glycerine, 3 (jts. of New Eiicrlaml nun, and I qt. of bay rum, moisten the hair with this liq !or, sham])oo with the hands until a slight lather is formed, theu wji?h off with clean water. CiiEAi' Hav Rum. — Saturate a \ lb. block of carb. of magnesia wilh oil of Day ; i)nlverizo tlie magnesia, place it in a filter and pour water tiiroiigh it until the desired quantity is obtained, then add nlcoliol. The quantity of water and alcoliol employed depends on tiic (Iciirod stroagth and quantity of the Bay rum, Aiiolhor^ Oil of Jliiy, 10 lliiid drs. ; oil of pimento, 1 fluid dr. ; acetic ether, 2 fluid drs. ; alcohol 3 gals. ; water 2^ gals. Mix, and after 2 weeks repose ililtoi-. Liquid fou Forcino the Hrahd. — Cologne 2 oz. ; liquid hartshorn, 1 dr.; tiuct. cautharidcs, 2 drs. ; oil rosemary, 12 drop.s ; lavender, IJ drops. Apply to the face daily and await results. Said to bo Iroliahlo. Court PriASTEu. — Brush silk over with a solution of isinglass, in pirit or warm water, dry and repeat several times. For the last pplicatiou apply several coats of balsam of Peru. Used to close .nU or wounds^ by warming it, and applying. It does not wash iff until the skin partially heals. Bailing Powder. — Tartaric acid. 5 lbs. ; pur; sesquicarbonate of loda. 8 lbs. ; potato farina, or other flour or starch, IG lbs. Dry icparately by gcutic heat. Mix this perfectly in a dry room, pas3 he mixture through a sieve and put up at once into damp proof ard lu-L'saed i)ackage3. To use, 1 or 2 teaspoonfulls are mixed ith dry flour, which is then mixed with cold water, and baked nraodiately. Anollm'. — Tartaric acid, I lb. ; pure bicarbonate of idti I lbs. ; potato farina,§lb. Treat the same as the last. Compound Extract Buciiu. — Buchu, in coarse powder, 12 oz. ; cohol, 3 pts. ; water, 6 pts. are sullicient. Treat the leaves by aceration and displacement, first with a portion of the alcohol |ih1 then with the remainder mixed with the water, evaporate the Bsulling liquid with a gentle heat to three pints, and add 2^ lbs. . igar, continue the heat till it is dissolved, and after removing om the iirc, add oil of cubebs, oil of juniper; of each 1 fluid dr.; ;)irit of nilric ether, 12 fluid ozs., previously mixed, stir together. Co.MPouND Svuui' OF IlypopiiosPiirTEs. — Take of hypoi^hosphit© no, I] oz. ; hypophosphito of soda ^ oz ; hypophosyhite of )ta,r:a, .}'oz. ; «ane sugar, 1 lb. troy; hot water, 20 fluid ozs.; f;in,i,^e water, 1 Huid oz. Mix a solution of the mixed salts in the hot iitor, filter through paper, dissolve the sugar in the solution .;i m ivith an •ar of U'«*"- q^fti™^ lioat, and strain, and add the orange flower water. Dose, a spoonful, containing nearly five grains of the mixed salts. 44i DllUGGIST'ti IlECEIPTS. 1i ■' V : Davis' Pain Killeu Imphoved.— Powdorpti gnaiac. 2(» Ib.^. ; cam- phor, 2lbrf. : powdorcd caycuiic jjcppcr. G Iba. ; caustic liquor of ammonia, J lb. ; jjowdcrod opium, l lb.; (Ilt,'e3t these ingredients in 32 (,Ml3. alcohnl lor 13 weeks, and iilter. Compound ISyuup o*' IIyi-oi'iiosimuti: and InoN.— Dissolve 25G grs. each vt hypophosphitea of soda, lime and potassa, and 12G grj. hypophosphiie of iron, in 12 ozs. water, by a water balh. Filter and add su!I:ciCDt water to maice up for the evaporation. Add 18 ozs. sugar by gentle heat, to make 21 Uuid ozs. syrup. Each fluid oz. contains 12 grs. each of the hypophospLitos of soda, lime and potassa, and six grs. hypophosphite of iron. Cure for Duunkenness. — Warranted n certain Remedy. ConCno meat and vegetables steeped in spirit and water. On the fifth day of this treatment he has an extreme disgust for spirit, being con-' tinually drunk. Keep up this treatment till he uo longer desires to cat or drink, and the cure is certain. Rabey's Liniment.— Sulphuric ether, 4 ozs. ; hartshorn, 4 ozs, ; oil of origanum 4 ozs. ; alcohol, 4 ozs. ; sweet oil, 4 ozs. Shako well before using. For sprains, use a tight flannel bandage, four inches wide. For lieadache, rub a little on the temples and apply a bandage with the liniment to the forehead. Rabky's Wizard Oil.— Oil of origanum, 6 ozs.; alcohol; G ozs.; spirits turpentine, 1 oz. ; camphor, 1 oz. Shake well before using. Injection fob Obstructed Menstbuation. — Mix 1 to 2 fluid drs. liquor ol' ammonia with 1 pt. milk ; use thrice daily. To CURE VOMITING IN PREGNANCY. — Mix 1 dr. carbonatc of mag- nesia ; i oz. tinct. of Colombo ; 5)^ oz. peppermint water. Dose, 1 tablespoouful 3 times a day. IIabland's Venereal Cure. — Mix together powdered cubebs, 1} ozs. ; balsam capaiba, i oz. ; powdered gum arable, ^- oz. ; cinnu"- mon water, 3 ozs. A tablespoouful of the mixture to be taken at intervals 8 times a day. Fob Disease of the kidneys. — Boil 1 oz. of pareira brava in 3 pts. of water down to 1 pt. Dose, a wine glassful three times per day. Incontinence of Urine op Old PE0PLE.->-The continued use of 1 to G drops tinct. of iodina has proved a successful remedy. For other persons^ put 4 drops tincture of aconite root in a tumbler of water, and use a teaspoonful every half hour until relieved. Wash for removing Particles op Zinc ob Iron from t e Eye. — Muriatic acid, 20 drops ; mucilage, 1 dr. ; mix with 2 fluid ozs. rose water. Iron or steel particles may be-extracted by holding near them a powerful magnet. To Remove Tumors.— Dr. Simpson of Edinburgh introduces a hollow acupuncture needle, or very fine trocar (a surgical instru- ment in the form of a fine hollow needle) into their tissue, and in- jects a few drops of some irritant liquid such as a solution of chloride of zinc ; percholorde of iron, or creosote. The cflecl is to destroy the vitality of tl^e tumors bo treated, and o4Biit of separating them. TWIOG' Toad. .1 o cdly. till Al.i'l.VE anti .] oz. Glyceh of amniot sugar of] nia, then i for four Ol CUVSTAI melt toget bergamot li't it stai made by u almonds. Macassa then tie I f the oil, let red, then re Ox 31 A BR 6 (yz. ; wher Rear's Haiu Re.« each, 1 07,. ; arc to Stan tabic salt, I oz. This PI ^air, turns common twice a dj hair. F(^r' Balm of ^'hite bar so place till di neroli and New Yobi H pts. ; oitr Barber's cream larta: Fbangipai 1 oz. ; macei gal. ; orang Jockey C gal.; balsan Gf musk, 8 Mix. I-i adies' ' essence of tl i "z. ; es3on( Kl.SS ME Q oforange-flo essence of j DilU(KJIST M RECEIPTH. 45 Twioc'fl ITAm-CoLDniNo.— Tnko 1 dr. lac pnlphur, J dr. sugar of loiul, 1 ()/,. ri)S»> Uiitt-r; mix c'li' fully. Apjily to the bair r^jieat- cdly. till It asi.iihs tlic f bcrgamot or other perfume; put into wide-mnuthi ' hottles, and let it stand till cold. CuDi/ihor't/fl crystallin'^ ( ream may ho made by using camphorated oil (L. Champhorit) instead of oil of almonds. Macassar Oil.— Olive oil, 1 qt. ; alcohol, 2h oz. ; rose oil, IJ oz. ; then tie 1 oz. of chipped alkanet root in a muslin bag, a id put it ia the oil, let it alouo for some days till it turns the color of a pru-tty red, then remove to other oils. Do not press it. Ox Marhow. — Melt 4 oz. ox tallow ; white wax, 1 oz. ; fresh lard, 6 oz. ; when cold, add 1^ oz. oil of boriramot. Beau's Oil. — Use good sweet lard oil, 1 qt., oil bcrgamot, U oz. EIaii! Restohativu. — Sugar of lead, borax and lac sulphur, of each, 1 0/,.; aqua auimouia, 4 oz ; alcohol, 1 gill. Tliese articles are to stand mixed for 14 hours ; then add bay rum, 1 gill : fmo tabic salt, 1 tablespoon; soft water, 3 |)ts. ; essence of berj.,'aniot, 1 oz. This prej'aration gives a sjdendid glossy apj^earauce to tho hair, turns gray hair to a dark color, and restores the hair when common baldness sets in. When the hair is thm or bald, apply twice a dny with a hard brush, working it into the roots of the h.air. For gray hair once a day is sufficient. Balm op a Thousand Flowehs. — Deodorized alcohol, 1 pt ; nice white bar soap, 4 oz. ; shave the soap when put m, stand in a warm place till dissolved; then add oil of cilronolla, 1 dr.; and oils of ncroli and rosemary, cf each h dr. New Youk Bakbkk's Star IfAin Oil. — Castor oil 6^ pts. ; alcohol, 1 J pts. ; citrouella and lavender oil, each ^ oz. BARBEn'a Shampoo Mixture. — Soft water, 1 pt. ; sal soda, 1 oz. ; cream tartar, i O/.. Apply thoroughly to the hair. FnANGiPANxi.— Spirits, 1 gal. ; oil bergamot, 1 oz. ; oil of lemon, 1 oz.; macerate for 4 days, fre(juently shaking; tlien add water, I gal. ; orange-flower water, 1 pint, essence of vanilla, 2 oz. Mix Jockey Club. — Spirit of wine, 5 gal. ; orange-flower water, 1 gal.; balsam of Peru, 4 oz. ; essence of bergamot, 8 oz. ; essence of musk, 8 oz. ; essence of cloves, 4 oz. ; essence of neroli, 2 oz. Mix. Ladies' Own. — Spirits of wine, 1 gal. ; otto of roses, 20 drops ; essence! of thyme, ^ oz. ; essence of neroli, i oz. ; essence of vamlla, i oz. ; essence of berg.amot, | oz. ; orange-flower water, G oz. Kiss me Quick. — Spirit, I gal. ; essence of thyme, i o/.. ; essence of orange-flowers, 2 oz. ; essence neroli. ^ oz. ; otto of roses, .30 drops ; «S3cncc of jasmine, 1 oz. ; essence of balm mint ^ oz petals of V' 'i t rl-*f.. EH t?tf li 5 fl 46 druggist's receipts roses, 4 07.. ; oil lemon, 20 drops ; calorus aromaticus, \ oz. essence neroli, \ oz. Mix aud strain. ^ ^ « j Uppsr '''kn.— Spui-s of wiue, 4 qts. \ essenca of cedrat, 2 drs. ; essence of violets, ioz. ; essence of neroli, \ oz. ; otto ot roses, 20 drops i orangc-Uowcr essence, I oz. : oil ot rosemary, 30 drops ; ods borgamot and neroli, each ^ oz. . ^ , , • , India CnoLAaoauB.— Quinine, 20 grs. ; peruviau bark, pulverized, 1 oz. ; sulphuric acid, 15 drops, or 1 scruple of tartaric acid is best; brandy, 1 gill i water to make one pint ; dose, 5 teaspoonfuls every 2 hours in the absence of fever, an excelltnt remedy. FtBRiruGK Wink.— Quinine, 25 grs.; water, 1 pint; sulphuric acid, 15 drops ; epsom salts, 2 oz. ; color with tir c»,ure of red San- ders ; dose, a wine glass 3 ' imes per day. This is ^ world renowned medicine. Baiibkll's iNDi.'kN-LiNiMENT.— Alcohol, 1 qt. ; tincture of capsicum, 1 oz. ; oil of origanum, sassafras, pennyroyal, and hemlock, of each I oz. Mix. Cod Liver Oil, as usually prepared, is nothing more or less than cod oil clarilied, by which proce-s it is in fact deprived in a great measure of its virtue. Cod oil can be purchased from any wholesale oil dealer for one thirtieth part of the price of cod liver oil as usually sold, and it 13 easy to clarify it. Dealers might turn this information to good account. To make it more palatable and digestible, put 1 oz. of lino table salt to each quart bottle. SisiPLB Rkmkdiks for Scarlet Fever. — Open the bowels regu- larly every day, with some mild aperient medicine, such as castor oil, senna, etc., and keep the patient at rest, and comfortably warm ; sponge the surface with tepid water, two or three times a day; while it is hotter than natural, admit fresh air ; live on n bland diet, such as a cupful of arrowroot, several times a day; toast-water for common drink. Gargle made of strong sago tea, honey aud alum, or borax, may be used from the commencement, if the throat is affected. Parkgoric— Best opium, \ dr., dissolve it in about 2 tablespoons of boiling water ; then add benzoic acid, \ dr. ; oil of anise, \ a fluid dr. ; clarified honey, 1 oz. ; camphor gum, 1 scruple ; alcohol, 76 per cent, 11 fluid oz.; distilled water, 4 fluid oz ; macerate (keep warm) for two weeks. Doss— For children, 5 to 20 drops, adults, 1 to 2 teaspoons. Cough Syrup.— Put 1 qt. hoarhound tea; 1 qt. of water, and boil it down to 1 pt. ; add 2 or 3 sticks licorice ; 2 oz. syrrp of squills, and a tablesi)Oonful essence of lemon. Take a tablespoon- ful 3 times a day, or a:; the cough requires. Cough Syrup.— Syrup of squills, 2 oz.; tartarlzed antimonyj 8 grs. ; sulphate of morphine, 5 grs. ; pulverized gum arabic, \ oz.; honey, 1 oz. ; water, 1 oz., mix: dose for an adult 1 small teaspoon- ful, repeat in halt an hour if it does not relieve : child in pro- portion. Vegetable Substitute for Calomel.— Jalap, 1 oz., senna, 2 oz.. peppermint, 1 oz, (a Utile cinnamon if desired,) all pulverized and sifted through gauze. Dose, I teaspoouful put in a cup with 2 or 3 spoonfuls of hot water, and a good lump of white sugar; when cool, drink all ; to be taken fasting in the morning; drink drugoist's receipts. 47 freely, if it does not operate in 3 hours repeat J the quantity, use iu.^tciul of calomel. S r.\MMKi!i.\(-;.— Iiniiotliments in the sppech may be cured, where lliicis i!() i;nil-f ifiiKLlioii cf the orgiins of articulation, by perseve- r ;iiC( , lor tiate ((r four months, in the simple remedy of reading* nlo'Ml, Willi the teelh closed, for at least 2 hours in the course of cftcli day. Cold in thr Head.— Dr. PoUion, of France, says that cold in till' head can be cured by inhaling hMrtshorn, The inhalation by tii«> nose should bo seven or eight times in live minutes. Camphou Ick.— Spermaceti, U oz., gum camphor, 5 oz.,oil sweet almonds, 4 tcaspoonfiils ; set on the stove in an earthen dish till dissolveu ; heat just enough to dissolve it. While warm pour into snitill moulds, if desired to sell ; then paper, and put into tinfoil; used for cliai)s on hands or lij>s. Imi'kuial Drops for Guavkl and Kidney Complaints.— Oil of oripiinum, i oz , oil of hendock, i oz., oil of sassafras, i oz., oil of anise, i oz , nit oh 1, I p'nt: mix. Dose, from J to I teaspoonful 3 times a dry, in bweetencd water, will soon give relief when con- stant woakiuss is felt across the small of the back, as well as gravilly alfections causing pain about the kidneys. Positive Cikb for GoNOKiiiia':-v.—Li(iuor of potass, ^ oz., bitter api'le, 3 oz., spirits of sweet nitre, | oz., balsam of copaiba, J oz., best gum, \ oz. To use, mix with pepjiermiiit water; take J tea- spdonful 3 times per day ; cure crtaiu in 9 days. {'elkb';atki) Pile Ointment.- Take carbonate of lead, | oz., sul- phate of mor])liia, 1.5 grs. ; stramonium ointment, 1 oz. ; olive oil, 20 drops. Mix, and apply 3 times per day, or as the pain may require. Fly Paper.— Coat paper with turpentine varnish, and oil it to keep tlie varnish from drying. SwKATiNO Drops.— Ipecac, sadron, boneset, and camphor gum. of eacli, 3 oz. ; opium, 1 oz., alcolxd, 2 qts. Let stand 2 weeks and filter. A teaspoonful in a cup of Imt sage or catnip tea every hhor, and spirits of t\irpcntine, of each 3 drams; oil of ]H'j)perniint, 30 drops; mix. Dosi', 1 teaspoonful in brandy and water for diarrhoea ; 1 tablcspooufiil fur cholera 48 DRUGGIST S RECEIPTS. '!^ I VEQBTABriE OR CoMpostTioN PowDEn.— Fine bayberry bark, 1 lb., ginger 8 oz., common cayenne, 3 oz., mix. Dose, 1 teaspoonfiil in a cup of boiling water, sweeten and add milk. The best powder on record. ^ Tinctures are made with 1 oz. of gum, root, or bark, &c.. dried, to each pint of proof spirits, and let it stand one week, ana filter. Essences are made with 1 oz. of any given oil, added to 1 pint alcohol. Peppermints are coloured with tinct. turmeric, cin- namon with tinct. of red sanders, wintergrocn with tinct. kino. SciiSTiTUTii FOR Aruowroot.— Finest potato starch, 75 lbs. ; lump Bugir, 8 lbs.; finely-ground rice, 21 lbs. Mix, ancl sift through lawn ; yields 100 lbs. excellent arrowroot. Cekt.iin Cuke for Choui\— Goo.se oU and urine equal parts. Dose, 1 teaspoonful. A certain cure if taken in time. Corn3 and Waiits.— Take a small quantity of the potash paste recommended for Poll Fvil and api)ly to the corn or wart. Druggist's Colous.— 1>//w, take iron filing:!, hydrochloric acid to dissolve, dilute with cold water. Red^ solution of sal ammoniac, cochineal to color. Jilup, indigo 1 part, oil of vitriol, 2 parts, dis- solve, then dilute with water, f/rcew, verd'gri.s, 1 part, acetic acid, 3 parts, dilute with water. Purple^ cochineal, 25 grs., sugar of lead 1 oz., dissolve. Smelling Salts.— Sub-carbonate of ammonia, 8 parts ; put it in coarse powder in a bottle, and pour on it oil of lavender, 1 part. TuNBuiDcJE Wells VVatek.— Chloride of sodium, 5 grains ; tinct. steel, 20 drops; distilled water, 1.} pints. Mineral Water.— Epsom saltsj^ 1 oz. ; cream tartar, J oz. ; tarta- ric acid, i oz.; loaf sugar, 1 lb. ; oil of liirch, 20 drops; put 1 qt. cold water on 2 tablespoonfuls yeast (winter green oil will do), let it work 2 hours and then bottle. Genuine Seidlitz Powders.— Ilochelle salts, 2 drs. ; bicarb, soda, 2 scruples; put these into a blue paper and put 35 grains tartaric acid into a white paper. To use, put eacii into dillercnt tumblers, fill i with water, adding a little loaf sugar to the acid, then pour together and drink quick. Bottled Seidlitz Water.— Fill soda-water bottles with clear water; add to each as below; cork and wire immediately: Ro- chelle salts, 3 drops; bicarbonate of soda, 35 grs. ; sulphuric acid, 11 drops Excellent Tooth Powder.— Suds of Castile soap and spirits of camphor, of each an eqiial quantity ; tliicken with equal quanti- ties of pulverized chalk and charcoal to a thick paste. Apply with the finger or brusli. Rat Exterminator.— Warm wat<'r, 1 qt.; lard, 2 lbs. ; phosphorus. 1 oz. ; mix, and thicken With Hour; to be spread ou bread ana covered with sugar. Bug Poison.— Alcohol, ^ n-nt; turpontioe, \ pint; crude sal am- moniac, 1 oz. ; mix all topetlier, ami let 'l digest in a warm phice for a fuw days, a' id it is ready for u.se. Mb icated CoiiGii Candy. — To 5 lbs. candy j'ist ready to pour on the slab, iidd the following niixliire, and form it into sticks \o correspond w«th the price asked for them : Tinct. squills, 2 oz ; cum- DRUGGIST S RECEIPTS. 49 (lis- I IKS 'X) CHfU- phoratcd tinct. of opium «.nd tinct. of tolu, of each ^ oz. ; wine of ipecac, sj oz. ; oils of gaiilthcria, 4 drops ; sassafras, 8 drops ; iiiul of iuiise seed oil, 2 drops, and use this freely in commoa coughs. Atkinson's Infants' Preservativr. — Carbonate of magnesia, 6 drs. ; si.giir, 2 oz. ; oil of anise seed, 20 drops ; sal-volatilCj 2i dra.; liiuiliuiuin, 1 dr.; syrup of saffron, 1 oz. Mako up 1 pint with carra- way water. Aoi'E Pill. — Quinine, 20 grs. ; Dover's powders, 10 grs ; sub-car- l)i)iiate of iron, 10 grs. ; mix with iiiiicilage of gum arable and form into 20 \k\U. Dose, 2 each hour, commencing 5 hours before the chill should set in. Then take 1 night and morning until all are tiikfii. J'ii-1.8 TO PROMOTE Mexstrual Secretion. — Take pills of aloes find iiiynli, 4 drs. ; compound iron pills, 280 grs. ; mix and form into ]0') pili^. D>i(^, 2 twice a day. Foil (insTitfUTED Menstruation. — Sulphate of iron, 60 grs.: po- ta.ssa (sill) curb.) GO gi'S. j myrrh, 2 drs. : make them into 3j gr. pilb; 2 lo be taken three times a day, in the absence of fever. For painful Dii'iistruation, take pulr. rhei., 2 drs. ; pulr. jalap, 2 dr; sirup (if of [iopj>ies to mix. Divide into 200 pills, and take night and inoiniiig. To chock immodrrato dow — Tinct. of ergot, 1 oz., iKpior ot ammonia, 3 drs. ; mix. Dose, teaspoonfiil in water 3 times a diiy. (SriMCLANT. — In Low Fevers, and After Uterine Hemorrhages. —Dest III- i!i(ly and ciimamon water, of each, 4 fluid oz. ; the yolks of 2 cgp-!| well bi'aten ; loaf sugar, (J oz. ; il of cinnamon, 2 drops ; nii.x. Do-i'-, From it to 1 (fluid) oz., as often as required. This ; lakes both iiuai and drink. Of course, any other flavoring oils can be used, if i)referrcd, in place of the cinnamon. For Female Complaints. — One of the best laxative pilla for i'einale coinplaints ii niacrotin and rhubarb, each 10 grs.; extract of iiyoscyaums 10 gr.-;. ; Castile soap, 40 grs ; scrape the soap, and tmx well tog 'ther, forming into common sized pills with gum solu- tion. Dose, 1 i)ill at bed time, or sufficiently often to keep the bowels in a laxative state. Anodyne for Painful Menstrdation.— Extract of stramonium .«nd sulphate of quinine, each IG grs. ; macrotin, 8 grs. ; morphine, 1 gr. ; make into 8 pills. Dose, 1 pill, repeating once or twice only, 10 to 5i) minutes apart, if the pain does not subside before this time. Pai.i must subside under the use of this pill, and costiveness u not increased. PowoKR FOR E.VCESSIVE FLOODING. — Gums kino and catechu, each 1 dr.; sMgar of lead and alum, each i dr.; pulverize all and thoroughly mix, then divide into 7 to 10 grain powders. Dose, Olio every 3 or 3 hours until checked, then less often merely to con- trol the flow. i.\.juc'TiON FOR Leucouuh.ka.— When the glairy mucus discharge is prcsfnr, prepare a tea of hemlock inner bark and witch hazel (oiien called spotted alder) leaves and bark, havoaferaab syringe largj eiioiigli lo till the vagina, and inject the tea^ twice daily; ami occasionally ia bad cases, say twice a week, inject a syringf of the folio wiug composition : 50 druggist's receipts. Fob Chronic Femalb CoMPLAiNTS.--White vitriol and sugar of lead, each, ^ oz. ; common salt, pulverized alum, and loaf sugar, each, i dr. ; soft water, 1 pt. Inject as above. For PuELAPStS uteri, OU FALLlhO OF THE WoMB. — Not Only the cheapest but the best support will be found to be a piece of fine firm sponge, cut to a proper size, to admit when damp of being jirossed uiTthe vagina to hold the womb in its place. The sponge should have a stout i)icce of small cord sewed 2 or 3 times through its centre, up and down, and left sufficiently long to allow its being taken hold of to remove tlie sponge, once a day, or every other day at the fartlu'st, for the purpose of washing, cleaning, and using the necessary injections ; and this must be done while the patient is lying down, to prevent tiie womb from again falling or prolapsing. After having injected some of the above tea, wet llio eponge in the same, and introduce it sufficiently liigh to hold the womb in its jjlace. If j)ain is felt about the head, buck, or loins for a few days before the menses appear prepare and use the fol- lowing : Emmenaoogue Tincture.— Alcohol, 1 pt. ; red oxide of iron, 1 oz. ; oils of juniper and savin, each ^ oz. ; oil of tansey, 1 dr.; tincture of ergot, 3 drs.; tincture Spanish Hies, ^ oz ; mix all, and shake when taken. Dose, 1 teaspoon 3 times daily, to be taken in muBJlage of slippery elm or gum arabic, and drink freely of the mucilage also through the day, or use the following : Emmenagogue Pill.— Precipitrited carbonate of iron and gum myrrh, of each 2 drs. ; aloe.s am. tincture of Spanish flies, of each 1 dr. ; and oil of savin, 1 dr. ; all to ba pulverized, and made into 100 pills by using thick gum solution. Dose, 1 pill, from 1 to 3 times daily, but not to move the bt)wels too much. Uterine Hemorrhages. — Unfailing cure. Sugar of lead, 10 grs.: ergot, 10 ffi'S. ; opium, 3 grs.; ipecac, 1 gr. ; all pulverized and ivell mixe(r Dose, 10 to 12 grs. ; given in a little honey or sjTup. In very bad cases after childbirth, it might be repeated in 30 minutes, or the dose increased to 15 or 18 grs. ; but in cases of ra- ther profuse wasting, rcptat it once at the end of 3 hours, or as the urgency of the case may require. In every case of female debility make a liberal use of iron, as the want of iron in the system is often the cause of the trouble. Mix fine irm filings with as much ground ginger. Dose, half of a tea- spoon 3 times daily in a little honey or molasses, increasing or lessening the dose to produce - blackness of the stools. Continue this course until well. Nerve and Bone Liniment.— Beef's gnll. 1 qt. ; alcohol, 1 pt. ; vo- latile liniment, I lb. ; spts. of turpentine, 1 lb. ; oil origanum, 4 oz. ; aqua ammonia, 4 oz. ; tincture ol cayenne, ^ pt. ; oil of amlwr, 3 oz. ; tincture Spanish tlieF, G o:^. ; mix well. ^ Cei'Ualic Snuff. — Take asarabacca leaves, marjoram, light Scotch snuflF, equal parts ; grind them and sift, use like common snuff. Downer's Salve. — Beeswax, 4 oz. ; opium, i oz. ; sugar of lead, 1 oz. ; melt the beeswax, ami rnb the lead up in the wax, thther, 6 oz. ; alcohol, 2 oz. ; laudanum, I oz. ; oil of lavender, 1 oz. ; mix, and cork tightly. In a recent ciise of paralysis let the whole extent of the numb surface be thoroughly bathed and rubbed with this preparation, for several minutes, using the hand, at least three times daily ; at the samo time take internally, 20 drops of the same, in a lit le sweetened water, to prevent translation upon some internal organ. Charcoal a Curk for Riok Headache — It is stated tliat 2 tea spoons of finely powdered charcoal, drank in | a tumbler of water w'll) in less than fifteen mioiites, give relief tu the sick headache, 52 DRUGGIST 8 RECEIPTS. when caused, as in most cases it is, hy superabundance of acid on the stomach. We hafe frequently tried thia remedy, anditsetlicacy in every instance has been sigaiiUy satisfactory. Cathartic Syiicp. — Best sonna loaf, 1 oz. ; butternut, the inner bark of the root, dried and bruised, 2oz. ; peppermint leaf, ^ oz.; feiint-i seed, ^ oz. ; alcohol, ^ pt. ; water, 1^ i»t3. ; sugar, 2 lbs. ; put all into the spirit iind water, except the sugar, and let it stand two weeks, then strain^ pressing out from the dregs, adding the sug.ir and simmering a tew minutes only, to form the syrup. If it should cause griping in any case, increase the fennel seed and pepper- mint leaf. Dose, 1 tablespoon, once a day, or leas often if the bowels become too loose, up to the next period when the headache might have been ex})ected, and it will not be forthcoming. Chilblains. — To Cuiie. — Mutton tallow and lard, of each i lb.; melt in an iron vessel, and add hydrated o.syde of iron, 2 oz. ; stirring continually with an iron spoon, until the mass is ot a uniform black color; then let it cool, and add Venice turpentine, 2 oz. ; Armenian bole, 1 oz. ; oil of bergaraot, 1 dr. ; rub up the bole with a little olive oil betore putting it in. Felons. — If Rkcent, to Ccub i.\ Six Houus. — Venice turpentine, I oz ; and put into it half a tea.spoon of water, aid stir with a rough slick until the mass looks lilce c,uidi<'d honey; then spread a good coat on a cloth, and wrap nroutul tlm finger. If the case is only recent, it will remove the pain in six hours. Fklon Salvk. — A salve made by burning one tablespoon of copperas, then pulverizing itaad mixing it with the yolk of an egg, is said to relieve the ])ain, and cure the felon in 24 hmirs ; the;i heal with cream two parts, and soft soap one part. Apply the healing salve daily after soaking the ])art in warm water. Felon Ointmknt. — Take sweet oil, ^ pt., and stow a 3-cent plug ot tobacco in it until tlie tnbicco is crisped ; thou squeeze it out, and add red lead, 1 oz. ; and boil until black; when a liitlo cool, add pulverized camphor gum, 1 oz. Wakts and Corns.— To Cuhk ix Ten MiNnTEa.--Tako a small piece of potash, and let it stand in tlie open air until it slacks, then thicken it to a paste with i>ulverized gum arable, which pro- vents it from spreading where it is not wanted. German Rheumatic Fluid.— Oils of hemlock and cedar, of each ^ oz. , oils of origauum and sassafras, each 1 oz. ; aqua ammonia, 1 oz. ; capsicum pulverized, I oz. ; spirits of turpentine and gum camphor, each ^ oz. ; put all into a quart bottle, and fill with 95 per cent alcohol. Dose, for colic, for man, half a teaspoonful ; for a horse, J to 1 oz,, in a little warm water, every 15 minutes, till r.-.'lieved. Liniment foh Old Houe.s.— AU )hol, I qt. ; aqua ammonia, 4 oz. ; oil of origanum, 2 oz. ; camphor gum, 2 oz. ; opium, 2 oz. ; gum myrrh, 2 oz. ; ci mmon salt, two tablespoons. Mix, and shake occft- eionally for a week. Li:»imknt.- (.JooD Samaritan.— Take 98 per cent, alcohol, 2 q'\.] and add to it the fillowing aiMicka : (.'ils < f -it.s; ntVai ti.MnK,i k, Ppii-ita of turjieniine, tinctiue ot ciy.'nne, caf-ehu, guaiuc (gUP.-''/, nnd laudanum, of each, i oz. ; tincture of myrrh, 4 oz. ; oil otoriga- num, 2 oz ; oil of wiutcrgreen, ^ oz. ; guin camphor. 2 oz. ; and DRUoarsT's receipts. 53 chloroform, 1 J oz. This is one of tho best applicatioriB for internal pains known : it is superior to any other enumerated in this work. Cook's Elsctro-Magnetic Liniment. — Best alcohol, I ^al, ; oil of ftmber, 8 oz. ; gura camphor, 8 oz. ; Casdle soap, shaved hne, 2 oz. ; b 'ef's gnll, 4 oz. ; ammoiia, 3 F.'s strong, 12 oz. ; mix, and shake occasionally for 12 hours, and it is fit for u.se. This will be found a strong and valuable liniment. London Liniment. — Take chloroform, olive oil, and nqna ammo- nia, (if each I oz.; acetate of morphia, 10 grs. Mix and use as other liniments. Very valuable. Ointments. — Foh Old Soues. — Red precipitate, } oz. ; sugar of lead, i oz. ; burnt alum, 1 oz. ; white vitriol, \ oz., or a little less ; all to be very finely pulverized ; have mutton tallow made warm, ^ lb. ; stir all in, and stir until cool. Judkin's Ointment. — Linseed oil, 1 pt. ; sweet oil, 1 oz. ; and boil them in a kettle on coals for nearly 4 hours, as warm as you can ; then have [julverized and mixed borax, J oz. ; red lea'd,4 oz. ; and surriir of lead, IJ oz.; remove t' e kettle from the fire, and thicken in the powder; continue the stirring until cooled to l)lood boat, tlio'i stir in 1 oz. of spirits of turpentine ; anO now take out a little, Ictti'ig it got cold, and if not then sufficiently thick to spread upon tiiiii poft linen as a salve, you will boil again until thia ])()int is readied. It is good for ail kind.-? of wountls, bruises, sores, burns, white swellings, rheumatisms, ulcers, sore breasts; nnd even where there are wounds on the inside, it has been used with advantage. Ij applying a plaster over the part. Gheen Ointment. —Honey and bces'-wax, each Jib.; spirits df turpentine. 1 oz. ; wintergreen oil and laudanum, each 2 oz. ; ver- digris, finely pulverized, | oz. ; lard, IJ lb. ; mix by a stove fire, in a opper kettle, heating slowly. Mead's SAiiT-RiiEUM Ointmknt. — Aquafortis, 1 oz.; quicksilver, 1 oz.' good hard soai>, dif^solv^d so as to mix readily, I oz. ; pre- nared clinlk, 1 oz. ; mixed with 1 lb. of lard ; incorporate the abov-j by putting the aquafortis and quicksilver into an earthen vi'sse», and when done ef'^rvoscing, mix with the other ingredients, put- ting the chalk in last ; add a little spirits of turpentine, say i table- spoon. Itch Ointment.— Unsalted butter, 1 lb. ; burgundy pitch, 2 oz. ; spirits of turpentine, 2 oz.: red precipitate, pulverized, li oz. ; raelt the pitch and add the nutter, stirring well together ; then re- move from the fire, and when a little cool aid the spirits of tuP- pentiuf^, aid lastly tho precipitate, and stir until c.ild iMAONETic Ointment.— Kaid to he Tkask'.s.- Hard raisins cut \K pieces, and fine-cut tobacco, equal weights; simmer well together, then strain, and press out all from the dregs. Jauniucio.— Ln its Woust Forms. — Ked iodide of mercury, 7 gra. iodide of potassium, 9 grs ; aqua dis. (distilled water) 1 oz. ; mix. Comm nee I)y giving 6 drops .S or 4 times a day, increasing 1 drop a (l.iy until 12 or 15 drops arc given at a dos?. Give in a little wall", iniinediatelv after meals. If it causes a griping sensation in the howels, au'f fulness in the head, when you trot up to 12 or 13 drops, go back to 6 drops, and up again as before. Si DRUTGOIST S RECEIPTS. I Inflamiiatory Rheumatism.— Sulphur and saltpetre, of each I oz. ; gum guuiac, i oz. ; colcbicum rout, or seed, and nutmegs, of eaeh J oz. ; all to be pulverized ami mixed with simple syrup, or molasses, 2 oz. Dose, one teaspoon every 2 hours until it moves tho bowels rather freely ; then 3 or 4 times daily until cured. Rkmedy for Bueumatibm and Stifk Joints. — Strong camphor ■sp'rila, Ipt. ; neat's-loot, coon, bear, or skiiak's oil, 1 pt. ; spirits of turpentine, J pt Shake the bottle when used, and api)ly 3 times daily, by pourmg on a little at a time, and rubbing in all you can for 20 or 30 miuut«i. Asthma Rbmbdivs. — Elecampane, angelica, comfrey, and spike- nard roots with hoarhound lops, of each 1 oz. ; bruise and steep in honey, 1 pt. Dose, a tablespoon, taken hot every few miiiutes, until relief is obtained, then several times daily until a ciira is effected. ANOTiiEtt. — Oil of tar, 1 dr. ; tincture of veratrura viride, 2 drs ; simple syrup, 2 drs. ; mix. Dose, for adults, 15 drops 3 or 4 times daily. Iodide of potassium has cured a bad case of asthma by tuking 5 gr. doses 3 times daily. Take | oz. and put it into a phi.'il, and add 32 teaspoons of water ; tlijn 1 teaspoon of it will contain tho 5 grs., which put into J gill more water, and drink before meals. Composition Powder— Tuo.mi'son's. — Bayborry bark, 2 lbs. ; hem- lock bark, 1 lb. ; ginger root, I lb. ; cayenne pe})[)er, 2 oz. ; cloves, 2 oz. ; all finely pulverized and well mi.\cd. Do.so, J a teaspoon of it, and a sjjoou of S'lgar ; put tiiem into a tea-cup, and pour it half full of boiling w*fer ; Ictit standa f^w mi lutes, and fill the cup wi!h milk, and drink freely. If no milk is to be obtained, fill ap the ©up with hot water. FiiENCii RioMEDY FOR CiiRONic RHEUMATISM.— Dr. Bounet of Graul- bet, France, statC3 in a letter to the** Abuille Medicale," that he lias been long in the habit of prescribing '' the c.^se itial oil of tarpentin.? by friction fur rhvnim Uiim ; and that he has used it himself with perfect success, having almost iusta itaneously got rid of rhoumatio pains in both knees and in the left shoulder." Diuiiurics— Pills, Drops, DiiCocriON, tkncil Ink. — Triturate together 1 pt. pine soot and 2 pts Priurfian blue with a little glycerine, then add 3 pta. gum arable and iiiflicieut glyceiine to furin a thin paste. RuMEDY Fou Small Pox.— Sulphate of zinc 1 gr. foxglove [digitalis,] 1 gr. sugar J|^ tcaspoouful, mix with 2 teaspoonfuls of waier, adtl 4 oz. of water, dose I spoonful every hour, child in pro- porliuu. From experience it is known that nothing will break up this frightful disease sooner than continued and persevering bath- ing witli tlie water at a comfortable temperature. Sec page 254. Tlie four following receipts are said to be genuine. Ayeii's Wild Cheury Expectorant. — Mix together Sgrs. acetate of morithia, 2 fluid drs. tiuct blood-root, 3fluid drs. each antimonial wine and ipecacuanha wine, and 3 fluid ozs. syrup of wild cherry bark. Dose 1 teaspoonful in catarrh, bronchitis, and influenza. Radwav's Ready Relief. — According to Peckolt, is an ethereal tincturii of capsicum, with alcohol and camphor. Radwav's IlRNovATiNa Rksolvent. — A vinous tincture of ginger am! oar'lamom, swecMened wiih sugar. Av;;i<'.i ^r'lAus.MMiMLLA. — Tiike 3 fluid oz"?. each of alcohol, fluid ext,;ir(;j! 01 sarsparilla and of siilliagia ; 2 fluid ozs. each, exiracl of yellow-duck and of podiii)liyllin, 1 polusdiuiu.und 10 grs. imli.li' of iron. oz. sugar, 5)0 grs., iodide of >f' 1 f'l il [Ah PRUOCHST'a EECElPTa. Inhaxation op Tak ron Consitmptton.— Mix together i(? ozs. of liquid tur aud 1 fluid oz. liquor of jot'isya, hoil I Ik in f'T a f w minutes in the oi't'ii air, then let it ?iniiner in an irtri vcisfl (-vera spirit or other lamj> in the ch.iiub' r of tiio ]>a;ien'.. This innv ai lir-it excite H disjHJ.ntion to couirh, but m a short t'lue ir aliiijsii, and reirioves any tcri'Jency to it. Oancek (Jl'HK. — Drink a tea made from the tops of red clover; about 1 qt. per day ?!iould be tiilien internally, au'l ihe t(a shouhl be used ...i a wash twice per day ; very strongly recommended. Tavlou's Remedy koh l)EAK.vI'iSS.— Digest 2 ozi. bruised ):arlic in 1 lb. oil of almonds lur a week and siram. A drop poured into tiio ear is effective in temporary deafness. CuKK KoK Earacue.— Take eq lal parts of chloroform and la'.ida- nam, dip a piece of cotton into the mi.xture and introduce into liie ear, and cover up and got to nleep a.^ .-oon as juissible. Ottawa Root Uekh. T.'ike 1 o?.. emh ot sa-.safras, all.-pice yellow-dock and winter gre^n ; ^ oz. eaeh wild clieny i)ark aiid coriander; \ oz. hop.s and :i qis. niolii'sej. I'our stidicient boi'.Mig water on the iiigredient.s and let ihotu stand lit hour? fdter tlie liquor and add i pt. ye.vst, ajid it is ready for u-e in 24 liour^, To J'iXriiACT Ks.si.NTiAi, Oil kuom \Vooii, LJakk^, Roots IlKun;, itc. — Take J)alni, mint, sage, or any (>thcr herb, ;cv-., put it int') a bottle, and jiour upon it a 3po;:nful of ether; k;n-p in a cool place a few iMjiirs, aud ilun fill ihe l)ottle with cold wa(er ; tlie essential oil will swim ujion the surfu;;.' and may be easily separated. FuMi!>ATiN(} I'apk::. — Dij) li;^ht pairr in a .s.dution of alum, B'.reagth of alum 1 oz. water 1 pt. Dry tiioroughly arid on oie side spread a nii.vtnre of Kpial pajis of gum l«enzoin, (liii)anuiii, or Peruvian l)ttl3ani, molt tiiegums in a i eartiienw.uv dish andspri'.id with a hot spatida, sli|)S of Ihe paper are ludd over a li;.;lil when the odorous matter will be evaporated, the ulum preventing the paper trimi ignilitig. TuANSP iiKNT Ckmk.vt poit Glas.-5. — Di-'solvc 1 part ludian rubber in chiorof'irm, and add 1(3 parts by measure of gum nuistic i i jKnv(K;r. Digest for 2 days, Hhakitig tlie bottle frequently, apply with a fini" camel's hair brush. Mouth Wash. — ^i'roof spirit.-s 1 qt. borax and honoy, of each 1 oz. gmn myrrh 1 oz. red .-anders wood 1 oz. Ri;btlie honey and bora.x well together in a mortar, then gradu.ally add the spirit, the myrrh aud Sanders w od and macerate It day.s. Cami'IIok Soaps. — Curd soap 28 lbs, otto of rosemary \\ lbs. Ri'duee the cain])!ior to powdH Cholbra. — Best Jamaica pinger root, bruis- ed, 1 oz. ; cayeii le, 2 teaspoons ; boil all in 1 qt. of water to ^ pt., aid add loaf sugar to form a thick syrup. Dose, 1 tablc- siioon every 15 minutes, until vomiting and'purg'ng ceases ; then follow up with a blackberry tea. Iniiian Phksckii'tion kor Cmolrra. — First diusolvogum camphor, J oz., in li oz. of alcohol; second, give n, tca.-), RS upon this the life depends, but add no additional clothing. IsTiiMrg Cnoi.ERA Tincturb — Tincture of rhubarb, cayenne, opium, and spirits of camphor, with essence of peppermint, equal ]iiirts of each, and each as strong as can be made. Dose, from 5 to 30 drops, or even to CO, and repeat, until relief is obtained, every 5 to 30 minutes. Kino of On,.s, kor Nkuralgia and Rhettmatism. — Burning fluid, 1 pt. ; oils of cedar, hemlock, sassafras, aid origanum, of each 2 oz. ; carboniito of ammonia, jiulverized, 1 oz. ; mix. Directions. — Apply freely to the nerve and gums around the tooth ; and to the face, in n'Miralgic pain.-?, by wetting brown paper and laying on the part^-, not too long, for fear of blistering, — to the nerves of teeth by lint. NKiRAi/iiA. — iNTRTiNAf, REMEnv. — Sal-ammoniac, J dr., dissolve in water 1 oz. Dose, one tablespoon every 3 minutes, fi)r 20 minute.'^, at the end of which time, if not before, the pain will have disappeared Artificial Skiv. — For Burns, Bruises, Abrasions, &c. — Proof aoain.-^t Water. — Take gun cotton and Venice turpentine, equal jxirt.s of each, and dissolve them in 20 times as much sulphuric ether, dissolving the cotton first, then addi ig tho turpentine ; keep it corked tightly. Water does not aflFect it, hence its value for cracked nipples, chapT»ed hands, surface bruises, Ac, Ac. I.NDiAN Balsam. — Clear, pale rosin, 3 lbs., and melt it, adding spirits of turpentine, 1 qt. , balsam of tolu, 1 oz. ; balsam of fir, 4 oz. ; oil of hemlock, origanum, with Venice turpentine, of each, 1 oz. ; strained honey, 4 oz. ; mix well, and bottle. Dose, 6 to 12 drops ; for a child of six, 3 to 5 drops, on a little sugar. The dose c:in h>^ varied according to the ability of the stomach to bear it, and the necessity of the case. It is a valuai)lo preparation for coughs, internal pains, or strains, and workrt benignly upon the kidneys Wkns— To CtTK. — Dissolve copperas in water to make it very strong; now take a pin, needle, or sharp knife, and i>rick, or cut tliC wen in about a dozen places, just suilicient to cause it to ¥'^ w 5B DRUGOIST'8 reoeiptb. bleed ; then wet it thoroughly with the copperas water, oncKs daily. HrtoxcnocBLB.—E.vLAiioED Neck.— To (^URE.— lodido of potassiiiin (often called laydriodate ot' potash), 2 drs.; iodai*-, 1 dr. ; water, 2ft oz. ; mix and ehako a few mimitcri, aud pour a little iato a phial for internal use. Doeo, 5 to 10 drops before each meal, to be taken in a little water. External Api-lication.— With a feather, wet the enlarged ucck, from the other bottle, night and morning until well. It will cause the scarf skin to peel off several times before the cure is perfect, leaving it tender, but do not omit the application more than one day at most, and you may rest assured of a cure, if a cure can be performed by any moans whatever. Dalby's Cakminativb.— Magnesia, 2 drs. ; oil peppermint, 3 drops ; oil nutmeg, 7 drops ; oil anise, 9 drops; tinct. cf eastor, 1^ dr.s.; tinct. of assafdetida, 45 drops ; tinct. of opium, 18 dro[>.s; eisence penny-royal, 50 drops; tinct. of cardamoms, 95 drops ; peppermint water, ' oz. : POSITIVK b mix. !LiiK FOR DiAViiiH(EA. — Take 2 wine glasses of vincgnr, and one tablespoonful of salt. Mix the whole thoroughly to dissolve tne salt. Add 7 to 10 drops of laudaimm. according ti) the age or strength of the patient, and give the whole at one tloso. Cuke Fou Aole. — Cut throe lemons into thin slices and pounil them with a v:iallet, then take enough coffee to make a quart, bod it down to a pint and pour it while (piite hot over the lemoua. Lot it stand till cold, then strain througii a cloth, and tjike tho whole at one dose, immediately after the chill is over, and bejote th2 fever comes on. To lupiiovE THE Voice. — Bccf wax, 2 drs. ; co]>aiba balsam, 3 drs. ; powder of liquorice root, 4 dr,. ; melt the coj^aiba balsam with the wax in a new earthen i';-' 'n ; wlien milted, remove them from the fire, and mijr in the powder ; make tlie pills of 'A grs. each. Two of these p'.lls to be taken occaaionally, 3 or 4 times a daj'. Very best known. ai(?NB OF Disease in Ciiildrkn. — In the case of a baby not yet able to talk, it must cry when it is ill. The colic makes a baby cry loud, long, and passionately, and shed tears — stopping fur a moment and beginning again. If the chest is affected, it gives one sharp cry, brooking off Ltume- diat«ly, as if crying hurt it. If the b.ead is affected, it cries, in «harj>, piercing thrieka, with low moans and wailt between. Or there may be quiet dozing, and starl- ings between. It id easy enough to perceive, where a child is attacked by djg- eaae, iimt there is some change taking place ; for either its skin will be dry and hot, its appetito gone ; it is stupidly sleepy, or fretful ■, and crying; it is'tliirsty, or pale and languid, »)r in some way ^ betray.s tluit something i.) wrung. When u'cliild vomits, or hii.^ii (1 aTliUia, or is costive and feven.di.i: IS owing to some der.iniromi'nt, anil needs atleulion. ibit tlioH" vjirions Pvmr'ioms ni'iv contin-ir lor II tlMy or two before t!ie nature of the (license ran b • defonn-'neil. A warm bath, warm drinks, etc . cando no harm, and mav help to determine the cjiuc. On coming out of tiie bath, aud being well druggist's receipts. 59 to rubbfd with the hand, the cki:i will show symptoms of rash, if It i3 u t^kin disease wliich hus commenced. By tbc appearance of the li-Ii, ihc ii;iiiiiv oi iiio a.c coii Le lriU,,(.d. Mciisli;3 are in ijhtflic-, d.iik red, aud cniiie out first abuut the face. If scarlet fcvi lis impending, tiie sliin will look a deep pink all over tlie body, th(iiit!;h most so nbnut iLe iioek and face. Chicken-pox shows ftvu-, biilnot p(>iiiueliruiiniu<^.sed (f these angelic qualities, ai;d M'c believe there are uiiuiy such, you will be quite safe in intrusting to her rare tl e mai agenicnt of your sick child, or yourself citliiT, in case of sickness. SliO should not be under twenty-five nor over fifty-five, as between these two ages she will, if healthy, be in li*r full t-tiength and ci.ii aeity. Ilooi'i.No C(n(;ii.— To empty the child's stomach by a lobelia emetic, is the first step. After this make a syrup of sugar, ginger- r(ui, a little water, and enough lolielia tincture to produce a sliglt nausea. This, given two or tliree times a day, will loosen the cough very much. For croup remedy, s'^o " Lock jaw cure," and '* Croup cine." DiAKUiioiA. — Nothing is better for looseness of the bowels than tea made of ground baybtrry. Kweeten it well, and give a half- tea ciipfu' once in two hours, until the child la better. Bathing niwst ) ot be neglected. C'!i ic— Tins can be cured with warm injections, of simple soap- ruJs, or wiirni water with a wanning lincture in it. A little warm tea u;ay hi' given at tlie same time, and t!ie bowels nibbed. Every fumily should have a small and large syringe. Nothing is oftener Ucerlod, particularly in the «ire of cliihircn. FKVEu.--Where a criild lias a bunple lever from teething, or any oth>.:- ci'iii'e ri"i ronu'ctt'd wilii aeue disease, give a teuspoonful of yr ]) of rl:iib.>rl', u warm inj(M lion, aud sponge-baths. These Will g^'iierally bo all that is need'd. RicKKTK and ScuoKULA, — If children have either of these, or boili theac discaises, tt good, nutritive diet is a great essential. h I m dbuqoist's receipts. I : '!« Then the alkaline-bath, a little lime-water, saj a teasiyoon- ful three times a day, and out-door exercise, are the chief romcdies. Fits— Spasms — When these are brought on by indi,c,'*'t*tlon, pl.icn the child in a wann bath immodiatcly, give warm wiitei-, or u lobelia emetic, rub the skin briskly, etc , to get up an action. la Iwain disease the warm water is equally useful. In fact, unless the fit is constitutional, the warm bath will relieve the patient bjr drawing the blood to the surface. Enlarokmknt of thb Brain. — This chiefly nflfects children, and consists in an unnatural growth of the brain. The skull may grow with it, and there bo no symptoms of diseiiso, though children with this large brain are apt to die of some brain disease. Tlie symptoms of enlargement of the brain are, dullness of intellect, indifference to external objects, irritable temper, jiordimite appetite, giddiness, and habitual noadacho. S<»motime3 there are convulsions, epileptic fits, and idiocy. There is also a peculiar projection of the parietal bones in this disease. Treatnunt.—As much as possible, rejiress all ox'rf'iso of tlie mind. Do not suffer the child to go to school ; but i)ut it to tiie most active and muscular ex^'rcise in fiio opeu air. Tlio inonn'iit there is any heat 'v\ the top of the head, npjily c ild water, ic , or cold evaporating lotions. The diet should b' very simple, bp-ad and milk only, if, as the child grows up, the signs of di^iuase increase. Water IN THE Head. — Another disea-?p of children, a id especially of scrofulous children. It is inflammatory, and should bo early noticed. Symptoms. — Capricious appetite, a foul tongue, offensive broafh, enlarged, and sometimes tender b.diy, torjiid bowels, slooL^ lii^lit- coloredfrom having no bile, or dark from vitiated bile, fetid, sou!-- Braelling, slimy and lumpy. The child grows pu'.j an(J thin ; and ia heavy, languid, dejected ; it is fretful, irritabl' . uneasy, and a;it to be tottering in its gait. The disease may begin, after these symptoms, by pains in the head^ becoming more severe and trtqucut, sharp and shiotini,', causing the child to wake i a id shriek out. As the drowsy s'aie advance.^, the shriokinjr gives phu-e to moaning. There is gnat Stiffness in the back ot the neck, pain i i the limbs, tenderne.ss in the scalp, vomiting, si^'hing, intolerance of light, knitting of tiic brows, and increased disturbance of the stomach and bowels. This may last from ten to fourteen days, the patient growing more weak and peevish. Another form of attack is marked by acute pain in the head, high fever, convulsions, Hushed face, brilliant eyes, intoleranco of li^'ht and sound, pain and tenderness i:i the belly, stupor, great ir»"ita'bi. lity of stomach, causing retching and vomiting on every at ximpt to sit up. The third mode of attack i;^, very insidious— the early symntomj being so mild as hardly to b;- noticed. In thi-i case, t!ie coiivulsions or pnl-'y eome suddenly, with-'Ut notice, liringin<,' swTi juid umx- peeled .lestriiotion. In tlio lirst stage of the disease there is iu- oreuaed sensibility; in the second, decreased seusibility ; in the siiini, F pi: ICO , or u DRUaOIST'S RECEIPTS. 61 third, palsy, convulsions, squinting of ihe ejes, rolling of the head, stupor, and a rapid, thre.'ui-like pulse. Titut)iunt.—h\ the first stage, purging js very important, and must b' cuutiiuKMi for three or four days. An excellent purgative isthis : ! ulvirized scamiuouy, six grains : croton oil, four drops ; pulverized louf sugar, sixtceu teadpoonfulg. Rub well together iu a ruortar. Give one tearipoonfiil every hour or two, till it operates. Apply cold Avator or ice to the head. In the second stage put blisters upon the back of tbc neck, and one on the bowels, if very t'^nder. In tlie third stage use the warm bath, also alteratives and diuretics. For an alterative, use iodide of potas- sium, one dram ; water, half pn ounce ; mix. Thirty drops to a child seven years old every hour. For a diuretic, use tincture of digitali.s, one ounce ; syrup of squills, one ounce : mix. Ten drops fur a child seven years old every four hours. Tno patient should be kept v\ a dark room, away from all noise and excitement, and should lie upon a hair mattress, with his head somewhat elevated. The diet i i the first stage should be nothing more than gruel ; after tiiat, more nourishintr, buteasy r* digestion, such as beef-tea, plaiu chicken broth, animal-jellies, etc. At the same time the pa- tieut should be supporied by the cautious use of wine-whey, Vale- ria), or ten drops of aromatic spirits of ammonia every four Lours. Mi:mps. — This disease, most common among children, begins with soreness and sliil'iiess in the side of the neck. 8oon a swel- ling of the jiarutoid gland takes place, which is painful and con- tinues to increase for four or five days, sometimes making it diffi- cult to swallow, or open the mouth. The swelling sometimes comes on one side at a time, but commonly upon both. There is often heat and sometimes fever, with a dry skin, quick pulse, furred tongue, constipated bowels, and scanty and uigh-culurcd urine. The di.-^case is contagious. Trealm^■n^.—K^'v\^ tlie face and neck warm, and avoid taking cold. Drink warm herb-tea.s, and ittho sym}>toms are severe, 4 tx) G grs. of Dover's powder; or if there is costiveness, a slight physic, and oh.-icrvc a very simple diet. If the disease is aggravated by taking cold, and is very severe, or is translated to other glands, phy.^i(; must be used freely, leeches applied to the swelling, or cool- iu<; lotions and poultices Sweating must be resorted to in this •asc. fScARLET Featr 13 an Acute inflammation of the skin, both exter- nal and internal, and connected with an infectious fever. SympUmx. -The fever shows iiself betv/een two and ten days after cKpo.sure. On the pccond day of the fever the eruption comes out inniinuto pimples, which are either clustered together, or spread over the surface in a general bright scarlet color. The disease begins with langour, pains in the head, back, and limbs, drowsiness, nausea and chills, followed by heat and thirst. When the redness appears tho pulse is quick, and the patient is restless, anxious and often delirious Tlie eyes are red, the face swollen, and the tongue covered iti the middle with white mucus, through whicli are seen elevated points of extreme redness. The tonsils are swollen, and tiM throat is red. By the evening of the third or fourth day the 62 DllUQGIST H RECEIPTS. ;ii' I ii redness has reached ita heiprbt, and the skin becomes moist, when the scarf-skin begins to come off in scales. In this fi'ver tlje flesh pufTs up so as to distend the fingers, and disligure the fm-o. As it progresses the coating siidd< nly ec.nies oir the tongiii', h-avinj? it and tho wliole mouth raw and tendur. The throat is very much swolli'i and iullauied, ftnd nlcers form on the tonsils. The eustachian tube which extends up to the ear, the glands under the oar and jaw, sometimes inflame and break; and the abscesses formed in tlie ear frequently occasion deafness more or less difficult to cure. The symptoms of this disease may be distinguished from that of measles by the absence of cough ; by the finer rash; by its scarlet color; by the rash anpearing on tho second instead of the fourth day ; and by the ulceration of the throat. Treatment. — In ordinary cases the treatment required is very simple. The room where the patient lies sliould be kept cool, and the bed-covering light. The whole body should be sponged with cool water as often as it becomes hot and dry. and cooling drinks should be administered. A few drops of belladonna, night and morning, is ail that is needed. If there is much fever and soreness of throat, give the following tincture of hellebore often enough to keep down the pulse : — Tincture of American hellel)ore, 1 dr. ; tincture of black cohosh, 2 o2. ; mix. Take one teu.spoonful 3 to 6 times a day. It would also be useful to oommeuce treatment with an emetic; and to soak the feet and hands in hot water containing a little mustard or cayenne pei)per ; continuing this bath 20 minutes, twice a day, for 2 or 3 days. Tlie cold stage being ]iassed, and the fever having set in, warm water may be used without the mustard or pepper. If the head is allected, put drafts ni)()n the feet; and if tlio bowels be costive, give a mild physic. Solid food should not be allowed ; hut when tlie fcvi-r sets in, cooling drii ks, such as lemonade, taniarind-watt>r, rice-watir. liax.-ei-d tea, then gruel, or cold water may be given in reasonuble quantities. Tu stimulate the skin, muriatic acid, 4.5 drops in a tumbler filled with water and sweetened, and given in doses of a teaspoonful, is a good remedy. Where the disease is very violent, and the patient inclines to sink immediately ; where typhoid symi»toms aj)i>ear and there is great prostration ; the eruption ntrikis in; the hkin changes to a mahogany color: the tongue is u deep nd, or has on it a dark brown fur, and the ulcers in the iliroat become ]iutrid, tho treat- ment must be different from tlie above. In this case it must l-o tanic. Quinia must be prvu frcoly; and wine whey, mixed with toast-water, will 1;? useful. Quinia is made as follows ;— Sulphate of quinine, I scrui)le ; alcohol, 4 ozs. ; sulphuric acid, 5 drops; Madeira wine, 1 quart ; mix. Two wint-glassfuls a day. Tincture of cayenne, in sweetened water, miiy be given in small doses. Gargles are also necssury. A ^oo(\ one is made of pulvoriz*! cayenne, 1 dram ; .«alt., (.ne dram; boiling waior, 1 gill. iMix, and let them f-tand 15 miniites. Tht n add 1 (^ill vin-^p;ir. l.et if Htnnd an hour and strain. Put a tmspoonful in iW child's mouth oiw.' in an hour. A warm buth should be used daily oa soon aa the DRUaOlST's RECEIPTS. 63 whea and :idi.T. m on the ;'and more may i;by )D tllO of the very ftnd with rinks and skin bopins to peel off, to prevent dropsy. If dropsy sets m, the bath once in 3 days is sufficient, and sweating Bhould be promoted by giviiij? tlio tincture ot Virginia snake-rout u d similar articles ; a gi'uerDiis dioi should be allowed at the samt; time, to bring up liie cljild'd strungth. Measles is an acute inflammation of the sKi i, internal and exter- nal, combined with an infectious fever. Symptoms. Chills succeeded by great heat, langour, and drowsi- ness, pains in the head, back and limbs, quick pulse, soreness of throat, thirst, nausea and vomiting, a dry cough, and high colored urine. These symptoms increase in violenct tnr four days. The eyes are iuHamed and weak, and the ncse ])Oiir:; fourth a watery secre- tion, with frequent 8neezit;g. There \-: considerable inflammation in the larynx, wind-pipe and bronchial tube?, with soreness of the breast and hoarseness. About the fourth day the skin is covered with a breaking out which ))roduces heal and itching, and is red in spots, upon the facelirst, gradually sjireading over the whole body. It goes off in the same way, from the face lirst and then from the body, and the hoarseness and other symptoms declinx. with it; at last the outside skin peels cff in scales. Treatment. In a mild form, nothing is required but a light diet, slightly acid drioks, and flaxseed or slipp- ry elm tea. Warm herb teas, and frequent sponge baths with tepid water, serve to allay' the fever; care should be taken not to let the patient take cold. u. the fever is very high, and prevents the rash coming out, a slight dose of salts, or a nauseating dose of ipecac, lobelia, or hive-syrup should be given, and followed by teaspoonful doses of compound tincture of Virginia snake-root until the fever is allayed. If the patient from any derangement takes on a low typhoid type of fever, and the rash does not come out until the seventh day, and is then of a dark and livid color, tonics and stimulants must be given, and expectoration promoted by some suitable remedy. There is always danger of the lungs being left in an inflamed state after the lut asles, unless the grcatt^st care is taken not to suflfer the pa- tient to tjikc cold. Should there be much soreness or pain, and a severe cough, this must be treated as a separate disease, with other remedies. Syinptomt. TvpnoiD Fkvkr is generally preceded by several days of languor, low spirits, and indisposition to exertion. There is alflo, usually, some pain in the back atid head, lo.s3 of api)etite, and drowsiue-ss, though not rest. The disease shows itself oy a chill. During the tirst week there is increased heat of the surface, fre- quent pulse, furred tongue, restlessness, sleeplessness, headache and pain in the back ; sometimes diarrhoja and swelling of the belly, and sometimes nausea and vomiting. The second week is often distinguished by small, rose-colored spots on the belly, and a crop of little watery pimples on the neck and chest, having the appearance of minute drops of sweat; the tonj^'iic is dry and black, or red and sore ; the teeth arc foul ; there maybe delirium, and dullnos-) of hearing ; and the yymptofns every wtiy are more serious than during the lirst week. Occasion- ally, t!ie bowels are at this period perforated or ate through by ulceration, and the patient suddenly sinka. If the discodo pro- 64 GaCCERS AND CONPEOTlONtRS' RECEIPTS. cefda uttfavorably into the third week, there is low, mutterinff delirium; great exhaustion; slidiuK down of the patient toward the foot of the bed; ♦. witching of the musclea, bleeding from the boweli) ; and red or purtile spota upon the sic If, on the other hand, the patient improves, the countenance brightens up, the pulse moderates, the tongue cleans, and the dis- charges loot healthy. t. Give the patient good air, and frequent spongings with water, cold or tepid, as most agreeable. Keep the bowels ia Treatment. with water, coia or lepia, as mosi ugreeauie. ivt-ep lu order, and be more afraid of diarrbosa than ci^stiveness. Diarrlioea phould be restrained by a little brandy, or by repeated doses ied of go on to the last; theu etc back to the first, filling up your barrels in every case when nearly empty, and you will always keep a stofk of good vinegar on aand unless your sales are yery large ; in which case, follow the next process. Have the bung-holes open in the harrels to admit air. ViNKOAH IN Thkre Days.— Get a quantity of marie, beech, ot baaswood chips or shflvings, and soak these in trood vino<'nr for two or three days. With these chips you w-ll fill a barrel, wliicli has been pierced with a large number of inch holes all arou id the sides for the free admis3iv)n of air amoi .,' the chips (the more hole* in the barrel the better, for the r^ore r.i'.' the sooner the vinruar (IROCEHS AND CONFEOTIONEBS' RECEIPTS 65 els ia irrlioca )se9 ('( made keep vera- cd, re- 10 pain sliort, ; lijrlit will be )n. If quinine nurs- will be made) ; cut another barrel in two halves, place one half below the barrel with the chips and the other half above it. The toj) tub must have its bottom piiTccd with a number of gimlet holes, iu which are placed several threads of twine, to coiuluct the vinegar eveuly over the chips. The liquid drains down slowly throuj^'h ihe chips and out of a faucet near the bottom of the bar- rel into the lower tub. Itsliould run through every four honris, ami then be baled or pumped l)ack. Directions to make vinegar from 5iigar : Use 1^ lb. to each gal. of water ; of the dregs of molasses barrels, use 2 lbs. to each gal. water ; small beer, lager beer, ale, &c , which have become sour, make good vinegar by being reduced with water • small beer needs but little water, lager beer as much water as bevr ; to 2 gals, cider .idd J gal. of water ; you can also make excellent vinegar out of the artificial cider men- tioned below. Use, in every case, .soft water to make vinegar, and use 2 qts. yeast to every barrel. It makes much quicker if the fluid is slifrhtly lukewarm. Ltach either of these preparations through the shavings. This process should be attended to during warm weather, or in a room wliere a pretty high temperature is kept up, as it will not work otherwise. ExcKLLE.NT ViNEQAH, CuEAP. — Acetic acid, 5 lbs. ; molasses, 1 gal. ; yeast, 2 ([is ; jiut them into a forty-gal. cask, and fill it up with rain water ; .«tir it up, and let it stand one to three weeks, letting it have all the air possible, and you will have good vinegar, u wanted strotigor, add more molasses. Should you at any time have weak vinegar on hand, put molasses into it to set it working. This will soon correct it. Wiini; Wink Vinkoar. — Mash np 20 lbs. raisins, and add 10 gali?. water ; let it stand in a warm' jtlace for one month, a:id you will have pure white wine vinegar. The raisins may be used a second time the same way. To PiiKsEwvE Egos. — To each patent pailful of water, add 1 pt. of fresh slacked lime, and 1 pt. of conmion salt ; mix well. Fill your barrel half fill with this fluid, ])ut your eggs down in it any time after June, and they will kec)* two years if desired. Ln;uiD Mif'iLAOE. — Fine clean glue, 1 lb. ; gum arnbic, 10 oi. ; water. ! qt. ; molt by heat in a glue kettle or water bath ; when entirely ni'lted, add slowly 10 oz. strong nitric acid, set off to cool. Then bottle, adding a couple of cloves to eacii bottle. B.AKiNO I'owuKUH, vi'n/ hcdUhif — Making soda, G lbs. ; creara of tartar, H lb; Dry each kitul separably and thoroughly then mix all together and put up in dani)) proof jtackagcs. gliuss or tin i;? best, to he iise(l iu the proportion of 1 teaspoonfiil to each qt. of Hour, mix up with cold water aid jiut in the oven immediately. Ca.vdif.d T-i:mon Peici,.— Take lemon peels and boil them in syrup ; then take them out, and dry. Ti{.\NSPAurNT Soap.— Slice G lb=!. nice yellow b.ar-soap into shav- ings ; put into a brass, tin or coy. per kettle, with alcohol, j gal. heatiii!: gradually over a ,«low tire, sliirin'/ till nil is dissolved; then add I oz. sa3.«afras essence, and stir until all is mixed; now pour into paini about 1 A inches deep, miuI when cold cut into .square bars the length or widtli of the pan, as ilesircd. 't\'M I i n^ i 1 \ \ 66 QROCEBS /ND CONFECTIONERS' RECEIPTS. ENOLisn BAn-SoAP.— Six gals, soft water ; 6 lbs. ^ood stone lime; 20 lbs. sal-soda ; 4 oz. borax; 15 lbs. fat (tallow is beat) ; 10 lbs. pulverized resin, and 4 oz. bces'-wnx ; put llie wafer in a keiile on the fire, and when noarlv boiling iidd the lime and Bod:i; when these are dissolved, add the borax ; boil gently, and stir un il all is dissolved ; then add the fat, resin, and bee.s-wax ; boil all gently until it shows flaky on the stick, then j'our into moulds. Best Soft Soap.— Mix 10 lbs. jiotash in 10 gals, warm soft water over night ; in the morning boil it, adding G lbs. grease ; then put all in a bairel, adding 15 gals, soft waer. Soap wituout Lyk oh uueask. — In a dean pot put | lb. linrne- made hard or raush soap, and } lb. sal-soda, and 5 pts. of soft water. Boil the mixture 15 minutes, and you will have 5 lbs. good 3oap for 7i cents. Habd Soap. — Take 5 lbs. hard soap, or 7 lbs. soft soap, and 4 lbs. Bal-soda, and 2 oz. borax, and 1 oz. harts-horn ; boil one quarter hoqr with 22 qts. water ; add, to harden, I 11). resin. German Yellow Soap. — Tallow and sal-soda, of each 112 lbs., resin, 6G lbs. ; stone lime, 2H Ihg. j palm oil, 8 oz. ; oft -.vater, 28 gals. Put soda, lime, and water into a kettle and boil, stirring well; then let it settle, and pour off the lye. In another kettle, melt the tallow, resin, and palm oil ; having it hot, the lye being also boiling hot, mix all together, stirring n,nd the work is done. Fob shall Quantities. — Tallow and sal-snda, each, I lb. ; resin, 7 oz. ; stone lime, 4 oz. ; palm oil, 1 oz. ; soft water, I qt. Hard Soap with Lakd. — Sal-soda and lard, each 6 lbs. ; stono lime, 31bs. ; soft water, 4 gals.; dissolve the) lime and soda in the water by boiling, stirring, settling, and pouring off; then return to the kettle (brass or copper), and add the lard, and boil it till it becomes soap ; then pour into a dish or moulds ; and, when cold, cut into bars, and dry it. WniTE Hard Soap with Tallow. — I'Vesh slacked lime, sal-soda, and tallow, of each, 2 lbs. ; dissolve the soda in 1 gal. boiling soft water; now mix in the lime, stirrinj^ occasionally for a few hours; after which, let it settle, iiouring iff the clear liquor, and boiliufr the tallow therein until it is all dissolved ; cool it in a flat box or pan, cut into bars or cakes as iesircd. It may be perfumed with sassafras oil or any other perfume desired, stirring it in when cool. Onb Hcndrkd Pounds Soap, very cnE.\p. — Potash, G lbs. ; lard, 4 lbs. ; resin, \ lb. Beat up the ri sio, mix all together, and set aside for five day? ; then put the who.'e into a 10-gal. cask of water, and stir twice a day for ten days, when it is ready for use. Solid Candles fkom Lauu. — Dissolve i lb. alum and i lb. salt- petre in i pt. water on a slow fire ; then take 3 lbs. (^f lard cut into small pieces, and put into the pot with this solution, stirring it con- stantly over a very moderate fire until the lard is all dis.-;olved; then let it simmer until all steam cejises to rise and r"'move it. -it once from the fire. If yon leave it too long it will get discolored. These candles are harder and better than tallow. Tallow — To Cleanse and Bleach. — Dissolve alum. 5 lbs. in water, 10 gals., by boiling ; and when it is all dissolved, add t^illow, GROCERS AND CONFECTIONERS' RECEIPTS. 67 20 11)9. ; continue the boiling for an hour, constantly stirring and ekitmuing ; when sufficiently cool to allow it, strain through thich niutlin ; then sol aside to harden ; when taken from the water, lay it by for a short time to drip. Imitation Wax Candles.— Purify melted tallow by throwing in powdered quick lime, then add two parts wax to one of tallow, and a most beuutiful article of caudle, resembling wax, will be the result. Dip tlie wick.s in lime water and saltpetre on making. To a gallon of water add 2 oz. saltpetre and ^ lb. of lime j it improves the light, and prevents the tallow from running. Adamantink Candlbs from Tallow.— Melt together 10 oz. mut- ton tallow ; camj)hor, i oz. ; bees-wax, 4 oz : alum, 'I oz. Very hard and durable, burning with a clear, steady light. Teas. — The names of the different kinas of tea relate to the timo of their being gathered, or to some j)eculiarity in their manufacture. It is a general rule, that all tea is fine in proportion to the tender- ness and immaturity of the leaves. The quality and value of the dififerent kinds diminish as they are gathered later in the season, liLACK Teas. — As soon as the leaf-bud begins to expand, it ia f[athered to make J'ekoe. A few days' later growth produces black eaved Pekoe. The next picking is called Souchoni/; as the leaveo grow larger und more mature, they form Cougou ; and the last pick- ing is livh-a. Jiohea is called by the Chinese, Ta-cha (large tea), on account of the maturity and size of the leaves ; it contains a larger propor- tion of woody fibre than other teas, and its infusion is of a darker color and coarser flavor Congou, the next higher kind, is named from a corruption of the Chinese Koong-Joa (great care, or assiduity). Thitf forms the bulk of the black tea imported, and is mostly valued for its strength. Soucho7i(f — Seaoa-choong (small scarce sort), is the finest of the strongest black tea, with a leaf that is generally entire acd curly. It is much esteemed for its fragrance and fine flavor. rekoe is a corruption of the ('an ton name, I'ak-ko (white down), being the first sjjrouts of the leaf-buds ; they are covered with a white silky down. It is a delicate tea, rather deficient in strength, and is principally n.sed for flavoring other teas. Gkekn Tkas.— The following are the principal kinds Twankay, Jlyson-Skin, Ilyson^ Gunpowder, and I'ouiig Jlgaon. Young llyson is a delicate young leaf, called in the original lan- guage, i'uAsien (before the rains), because gathered in the early spring. llyson, from the Chinese word Tlc-fchune, which means, flourisL- ing spring. This fine lea is gathered early in the season, and pre- pared with great care and labor. Each leaf is picked separately, and nipped off above the footstalks ; and every separate leaf is rolled in the hand. It is much esteemed for its flavor. (iunpowder Tea is only Hyson rolled and rounded to give it tha granular appearance whence it derives its name The Chinese call it Choo-ciia (i^earl tea). Jlyxon-Skin is so named from the Chinese term, in which con- nection .i*»« means the refuse, or inferior portion. In preparing ■idi:i\ 4 "ill 68 aaOCERU AND CONFECTIONERS' RECEIPTS. U! ^ w I! I f« Hyson, all loaves that are of a coarse yellow, or imperfectly twiatcd appearance, are st'iwraled, and sold ad fdcin-tra, at an inferior price. Twan/cdi/ is ihv hist pickinj; of ^^rt't'n tin, and tin? leaf is notrolli'd or twisted us niiicii as the dearer descriptions. There is altogether less trouble bo.-^toweil on the jirejxiiiition. CoFFEKS.— Java Cofkek.— Use of the imported article, 20 Ihg.; dried dandelion root, 7 lbs.; chiccory, 13 lbs. Roast and grind well together. FoK West India, use rye roasted with a little butter, and ground very fine. Bou Turkey Coffee, use rice or wheat roasted with a little butter, 7 lbs. ; chiccory, 3 lbs. ; grind. EssKNCK OF CoFFKE is made by boiling down molasses till hard ; grind to a powder ; add i lb. of good Java collee to every 4 lbs. of the mixture. Put up for sale in round tin cans or air-tight paper packages. Coffee fok Pocnd Packaoes. — Best Java coffee, 1 lb. ; rye, 3 lbs. ; carefully clean the rye from all bad grains, wash to remove dust, dram off the water, ii'id ;iut the grain into your roaster, carefully stirring to brown it evenly. lirown the rye and eoff'e separately, grind, and put up in tight packages to preserve the ftroma. Manufactuuino and Fi-AVoitiNO Tobacco. — After the tobacco ia properly cured and sweated, you will, jirepiiratory to jjressiiig, firoceed to flavor it as follows : Take 1 oz. tonqua beans ; G oz. iquorice, 1 lb. sugar ; pulverize each completely ; add the ingre- dients to 1 gallon water. Macerate and runnnagc u[) for a fi'W days till the aromatic flavor is properly imparted to tlie liquid. Then spread out some tobacco leaves, aid slightly sprinkle them ■with the above fluid till enough is absorbed to render them pliable. Then roll them up in round packages of such a size that ten will make 1 lb. ; then reduce them into flat plugs in a powerful press. A large number of such plugs are subseqiic«it,ly pres.-ed into blocks, when they ure ready for the market at (mmh;. The strength of^tlie above iicjuid may be increased or diluft'd as desired by the mamifacturer, and extract of vanilla may be srtbstittHicd for the tonqua bean. FiiAvoa FOB CiOAB Makers. — Take 2 ozs. tonqua beans and 1 oz. cinnamon ; bruise and pulverize them to a j>owder, and jiut them into 1 pint of Santa Cruz rum ; let it st^ind for a few days to macerate ; stir all together, and with this liquid sprinkle youc common or inferior tobacco. Dry out of the sun, and the -lavor will be uneoualled. To Cdrk Butter.— Take 2 parts of fine salt; 1 part loaf sugar; 1 part saltjictre ; mi.x cosipletely. Use 1 oz. of this mixture to each pound of butter ; work well. Hury your butter firkins in the earth in your cellar bottim, toj)S nearly level with tin; ground, or store away in a verv cool place, coviiriig the butter with n clean cloth and a strong brine on the top, and it will keep two years if desired 1'm:i;i;!no Tr.sts for Good Flour. — Good flour is white, with n yellowisli or straw-cidored tint. Squeeze some of the Hour ii your huiid ; if good, it will retain the shai)e given by press mo. i i Ub^CERS AND C0NFECTI01,iJR« RECEIPXIc 61; Knoad a littlo hetwoc. your (Infers ; if it works soft and sticky, it !M jKKir. Tlintw a little against a dry perpendicular surface; if it fall like powMliT, it i.-s bad. To ('((liiiKCT AlcsiY Flouh. — Carbonate of magnesia, 3 Iba. ; fioiir, 7Y Rvrrp is imitated by moistening th tobacco with a mixture of treacle and water, and allowing it to fi. •r'.ent, Hi'anisii S.NLKF is made from unsifted Havana s luff, reduced by ndili'ig ground S/'iinh/i ?f»^'!/;(e//.'^,sprinklingthe mixture with treacle w "er, and allowing it to sweat f )r some days before packing. Vki.i.ow S.vfFF is prepared from ordinary jxi/e shm//", moistened with a mixture of yellow orhre diffused in water, to which a few bpooufuld of thin mucilage bos been added. ^'''W »..-' m'. 70 UR0CEI18 AND CONFECTION KRH' RECEIl'TS. :il ! I 1 J; *' V ; :; l1 I , ii PitUFrMKfl Kou Sncff — Tonqua beans, essence of ditto, anihcrjyris, musk civet, loaves of orcliis t'lisca a:id es.'^euce of orris rootjesseiicu or oils of IxTganiot, cedra, cloves, lavender, pi-tit {,'raln, neroU uud roses, as well as soTeral (fliers, eitiier aluiie or eouipounded. PuKSKKVKD OB SoUDiFiKU MiLK. - I. Fre. !: .sklmiued milk, 1 j^al.; sesquicarbonaie of soda (in jiowder), 1 i dr. Mix ; evaporate to 1 part by heat of a steam or water-bath, with constant ajifitation ; tlicMi add of powdered sugar bj^ lbs. and complete the evaporation at a reduced temperature. Reduce the dry mass to powder, add the cream well drained, which was taken from the milk. After thorough admixture, juit the wliole i'lto well-sti)pi)ed bottles or tins, and hermetically seal. 2. Carbonate of soda, * dr. ; water, 1 fluid oz.; dissolve; add of fresh milk, 1 qt. ; su}:c»vr, I lb. ; reduce by heat to the consistence of a syrup, and finish the evaporaiioM o i plates by exposure, in an oven hue rve— About 1 oz. ot the powder agitated with 1 pt. of water forms an agreeable substitute for milk. Sealino-wax, Rkd.— Shellac (very pale), 4 oz. ; cautiously melt in a bright coi)per pan over a clear charcoal fire; when fiHud, add Venice turpentine, l\ oz. Mix, and further add vermilion, 3 oz. ; remove the pan from the tire, and pour into mould. For a black color, u^e ivory black, or lamiiblack, instead of tlui vermilion ; for a Idue color, use i'mssian blue instead of th« vermilion, same quantity. Each color must bo well mixed with the composition ; of the lampblack, use oidy sulfioient to color. HouTictTLTURAL Ink. — Copper, 1 part; dissolve in nitric acid, 10 parts, and add water, 10 parts ; used to write on zinc or tin labels. Bottle Wax — Black. — Black nsin Oj lbs.; beeswax, i lb. ; finely powdered ivory black, Ij Ib.s. .Melt together. Rkd, as tho last, but substitute Venetian red, or red lead, for the ivory black. GoLD-coLORKD Sealino-wax. — Bleached shellac, 3 lbs. ; Venice turpentine, 1 lb.; Dutch U-.;f ground fine, 1 lb., or less. The leaf should be ground or powdered sutHciently fine, without being reduced to dust. Mix with a gentle heat, and pour into moulds. Lituoohaphic Ink. — Venice turi^ntinc 1 part, lampblack 2 parts, hard tallow soaj) 6 parts, mastic in tears, 8 parts, shellao 12 parts, wax IG parts ; melt, stir, and pour it out on a slab. Fine Black wiutino Ink.— To 2 gals, of a strong decoction of logwood, well strained, add IJ lbs. blue galls in coarse powder 6 ozs. sulphate of iron, 1 oz. acetate of copper, 6 ozs. of well ground sugar, and 8 oz. gum arable, y^t the above on the fire until it begins to boil ; strain, and then set it away until it has acquired the desired black. GiiEKN Ink. -Cream of tartar 1 part, verdigris 2 parts, 8 parts. Boil till reduced to the proper color. Bmr Ink. — Take sulphate of indigo, dilute it with watCi it ])roduces! the require(l color. Violet Ink is made by dissolving some violet aniline in water to which some alcohol has been added ; it taked very little aniline to make a large quantity of the ink. OKOCKIW AND CONFECTIONERS' RECEIPTS. 71 Gni,n Ink. — Mosaic gold, two parts, gum arabic, one part, ri;l)lK(l lip to 11 proper f>onrHtron. t5ii.\ti; iMi.— i'ritiimio Hi n rnortnr equal parts of ailver foil and B ilpliiuo »t poliidbii, until rt'duct'd It i line powder, tlion wash thu Htit oul, iiiul mix ilic residue with u mucilage of equal parts of gum unil)ic wiilor. Fui-LAMs Kkcipk for Indklibi-k Stbncil-platk Ink. — 1 lb, pre- cipitate ciirbonalo of iron ; 1 lb. sulpliutu of iron; li lbs. acetic iiciil. ^^tir over a fire until tliey combine ; then add 3 lbs. printer's viirnish iiud 2 lbs. line book ink, and stir until well mixed. Add 1 11). ot Ktiiiop'd mineral. KxciiK^i Kit Ink.— liruiscd galls, 40 lb. ; gum, 10 lb. ; green .^iilpliiile of iron, 9 lb. ; soft water, 4J gal. Macerate for 3 weeks witU fri()iient airitrttion and strain. Tuia ink will endure for ages. A.siAiio Ink. — Bruised galls, U lb. ; gum, 5 lb. Put them in a ijniiill c.islv, aud add of boiling soft water, 15 gal.- Allow the wliule to macerute, with frequent agitation, for two weeks, then fiiriliiT add green coirjjeras, G lb., dissolved in 7 pt. water. Again lai.v well, aud agitate tlie whole daily for two or three weeks. E.\TiiA GOOD Black Ink. — iJruiied galls, 2 lb., logwood chips, green copperas and :jum, of each, 1 lb. ; water, 7 gal. Boil 2 hours itud atrain. Product, 5 gal. UiiowN Ink.— A strong decoction of catechu. The shade mav be varied i)y tlic cautious addition of a little weu ksolutiou of bichro- mate of potiirth. Indki.ihi.e Ink. — Nitrate of silver, i oz. ; water, J oz. Dissolve, add iis niiicii of the strongest liquor of ammonia aa will dissolve tiie prici|iitiite formed on its first addition ; then add of mucilage 1^ dr , and a little sap green, syrup of buckthorn, or finely pow- dered indigo, to color. Turns black on being held near the fire, or toiiclR'd Willi a hot iron. IsDKMiii.K I.NK Koii Glass Oil Metal. — Horax, 1 oz ; shellac, 2 oz. ; water, l.s //(."/ oz. ; boil in a covered vessel, add of thick mucilage, loz. ; triturjite it with levigated indigo and lampblack q. 8., to give It a good color. After 2 hours' repose, decant from the dregs and bottle for use. It may be bronzed after being applied. KesLsts moisture, chlorine, and acids. CoMMu.N Ink —To 1 gal. boiling soft water, add J oz. extract log- wood ; boil two minutes ; remove from the fire, aud stir in 48 grains bicliromale of potash, and 8 grains prussiate of potash; for II) gi'i. use G^ oz. logwoodc xtract; 1 oz. bichromate of potash, and 80 [grains iirussiato of potash ; strain. Black Coi'vixo Ink, oit V\ riti.no fluid.— Take 2 gal. rain water and put into it gum arabic, \ lb. ; brown sugar, \ lb.; clean cop-' jitTJis, i 1)). ; powdered nutgails, J lb. ; mix, and shake occasionally] for ten (lays and strain ; if u ;oded sooner, let it stand in an iron ki'tlle uii'iil tlie lUreiigth is obtained. This ink will stand the action of tiie atuiosphore for centuries, if requin-d. Ki;i) I.\K. — In an ounce iiliial put 1 teaspoouful of aqua- ammo- nia ; gum arabic, size o[ two or three peas ; and G grains of No. 40 carmiue ; fill up with soft water, and it is soon ready for uso. Lnji'iD liLACKiNO. — Ivory black, 2 lbs. ; molasses. 2 lbs. ; sweet oil, I lb. ; rub together till well mixed ; then add oil ritriol, % lb. ; 72 (lUOCKHS ANT> CONFECTIONKBS' RKCEirXS. add coRrsc siigar, ] lb. ; and dilute with beer bottoms ; this cn-^-^-t be cxcolled. TirKETiNiJ Ink kou Groceps, &c.— Dissolve 1 oz of piim arahia ill <) oz. water, and strain ; this is the uiuciliifie ; for Llack color^ use drop-blat'k, powdered, and p^ro'ind with the niKcilago to ex- treme fineness ; for l>lite, (dtra-marine is used in the same maniKr ; for (/rcei\ emerald green ; for vhitr, flake white ; for ri/, vcimil- ion, loke, or carmine ; for yrlloic, chrome yellow. When j^roiind too thick, they are thinned with a little water, /.pply to the canla with a small brush. The cords may be sized with a thin glue, and afterwards varnished, if it is desired to preserve them. liLviNC KOU Clothes.— Take 1 oz. of soft Prussian blue, powder it, and put in a bottle with I quart of clear rain water, anreserved is first ]>arboiledor somewhat more, and freed from bones. It is then {mt into tin cases or canisters, which are quite filled up with a rich gravy. 4 *'" eovcr, with a small aierture, is then carefully fixed on by solder; and. wh^ e the vessel is perfectly full, it is placed in boiling water, aiKi uuclergoes the remainder of the cooking. The small hole in the covir is completely closed up by soldering while the whole is yet lio>. The Ct*nister, with its ingredients, is now allowed to cool, in conse- quence of which these contract, and tlie sides of the vessel aro slightly forced inward by atmospheric pressure, and become a little concave. The vessel being thus hcrmetitally sealed, a.nd all access of air prevented, it may be sent iito iviy climate wiil'oat fear of putrefaction ; and the most delicate food of one country may be used in another in all its original jiorfection months and yean after its preparation. Lobsters should ))e boiled longer thn". meats, uvd the scales n'moved ))revious to jiutting into t''-' aiiis- ters. Salmon put up by tliis process is most delicious. Jiv Iho French ()r and continue ibe boil'ng with care for 20 to 30 minutes, or sufficiently long to beat them through, which expels the air. Hnve ready a kettle of bot water, into which dip the can or bottle Icngeurcigh to beat it; klicii fill in tho fruit while hot, corking it innn.'^diatei^, dipping the Diid of th^j cork into the bottle-wax preparation dencribed else- liore. WoiiOESTEUsiriRS Sadcb. — Port wine and mushroom ketchup, of L'ftcli 1 qt. ; old ale and strong vinegar, of each, J pt. ; walnut jiicklc, 1 pt. ; soy, J pt. ; pounded anchovies, A lb, ; froah lemon jicel, miiiccMl shallots, and scraped horse-radish, of each, 2 oz. ; jllj^iiicetiiul black pepiier (bruised), of each, 1 oz. ; curry powder, oz. Diunst It days; strain and bottle. GiiERKi.N.s.— Takesmnll cucumbers (notyoting"), steep for a week 111 venj Mionij brine ; it is then poured off, heated to the boiling jtoint, and iigitin poured on the fruit. The next day, the gherkins are draiiuMl v\\ a sieve, wijied dry, put into bottles or jars, with Boine .'^iiice, ^ringer, pepper, or cayenne, and at once coverca with Btioiif,' piaklinjr vinegar. .Mi.xKD ru'Ki.Ks from rauliflowers, white cabbage^ French beans, )iiions, ciuiiiiiliers, Ac , are treated as ohfrkiim, with raw ginger, piiptjicuiii, nni.-Jtani-seed, and long pej)! er, ndd(>d to each nottle. little coarsely-bruised turmeric improves both the color and Iftvor isniAN Pinci-E. — PiccaUfli. — Take one hard white cabbage (sliceii), 2 cauliflowers, ])ulled to pieces, 20 French beans, 1 stick if hor.^e-radii-h, sliced fine, 2 doz. small white onions, and I doz. rlierkins. Cover these with boiling brine ; next day, drain the rliolo on a sieve, put it into ajar, add of curry powder, or tur- meric, 2 07.. ; garlic, ginger, and mustard-seed, or each 1 oz. ; cap- sioiini, ^ oz. Fill up the vessel with hot pickling vinegar ; bung it np close, and let it stand for a month, with occasional agitation Bvorv weel;. To I'ltEsBuvK Fiuht .TmcE wrrnnnT IIkat. — Ingredients : 10 Ibfl. )r ^Iv^ll-^rlttil( rod, picked, ri)ii' red eurnints, or other fruit, 2 qta. cold wnter, f) oz. tartaric acid, <5 lbs. of coar.ae-siftod sugar. Put •he fruit into a large «'artlien pan, pour the water with the tartaric iciil liitiHolved in ir ovt^r ihe fruit, cover the vh,:\ with Home kind of ' t fM I Hi 'll »l 1 I I If' I 9 74 QROCEUS AND CONFECTIONERS' RECEIPTS, lid, nnd allow the whok' to etccp for 24 hour? in a cold p\\\cf\ and it would bo all tl e holier if tlie piin contiiiui;!^^ the fruit could be imnierifd iu rough ico. Next, pour tiic stLopcd fruit into a siig. ll peudcd stout lliiunel hag, and whou all the juice has run thiough, il tie up tho ojien e;id of the bag, and place it on a large enrtlien dish, with another dish upon it j place a half-hundred weight npot thin, to press out all the remaining juico, and then mix it with the !j other juice. You now put the sifted sugar into the juice, and stir | both together occasionally, until the sugar is dissolved, and then bottle up the syrup, cork, and tie down the botiles with Avire, nnd keep them in theiie woU or in a c('l I cellar, in aroditiiug posiion. i To HE8TOHK i.NjiJiiiii) Mkat. — When tho brine sours and taints 1 the moat, pour it off; boil it. t^kim il well, then pour il back again | on the ui'-at boilinii hot ; this will restore it, even wlion niiich injured. If tainted meat is injiired, dip it in the solution of chlo- rid'- of lime proscnbtil for lani^id butter ; it will roslore it. Fly. blown moat can bo completely restored by inimer.= a tiii3< i Rap n PnncE.'a of mahrtno (Joods at any nFsiuEn pru cent. Pro- fit.— iii^tail iiitTchaiito, ill buying Ri)i,(.la by wliolosalo, buy a pruat uumy articles by iho (iozcn, suoli as Tjoots and shoes, hats ;i 111 Ciips, -uul ni)tions of various kind-!, now, the merchant, in l)uyin>?, for instance, a dozen bats, knows exactly what ouo of these" hats will retiiil fur in the market where lie deals; and, unless lie is a good accountant it will often take him some time to (I'termiue whether he can afford to.jnirchase the dozen bats and make a I'ving profit in selling them by the single bat; andinbuy- iii,,' Ills g'lods by auction, as the merchant often does, he has not time to make the calculation before the goods are bid off. He therefore loses the chance of making po(jd bargains by being iifniid to bid at random, or if be bids, and the pot)ds are cried off, lie may have made a po r bargain, by bidding thus at a venture. It then bi-comes a useful and prac'ical i)rt)blenj to detirmine inslaiitli/ w hilt per cent, he would gain if he retailed the hat at a certain jiriee, to tell what an articK' should rota'l for to mak:: a priitlt of liO j)er cent. RiLi;. — Diiidti what the articles coft per dozen by 10, which is done by /■( inoi'iutj ihe dvciuidi puiiU ntiejilace to tie lejt. tor instance, if hats cost $17.50 per dozen, remove the decimril point one place to the le^'t, making S^I.T.'j, what Miey should be sold for apievu to gain 20 jiev ce;it on the cost. If they cost :*;!!. 00 per dozen, they should be L^old at §.'5.10 apiece, eic \Vc talvc 20 percent, as the basis fur the fullowiiig reasons, viz.: be- cause we can determine instantly, by simply removing the deci- mal point, without ciianging a figure, and, if the goods would not liiiug at least 20 per cent, jirofil in tlie home maiket, the merchant could not ati'ord to ])urcl>ase, and woulii look for cheaper goods. 'I'lie reason fiu- the above rule is obvious, for if we divide the cp.vt (,f a dozen by 12, wo have the cost of a single article ; then if we wish to n.ake 2U per cent, on the cost icust being 1-1 or 5-5), we add the jier c^-Mit., wlueh is 1-5, to tlie 5 5. making tj-5 or 12-10; then as we niuitiidy the cost, divided by 12, ny the 12-10 to find at what priee one inusi be sold to gain 2i) jier cent., it is evident that the 12s will cancel and leave the co.st of a dozen to be divided by 10, to do this remove the decimal point one placi' lo the left. E.KAMi'i.i; 1. — ll'l buy 2 dozen caps ot ^7.50 per dozen, whatshall I retail them al, 'o make 20 per cent.? Ans. 75 cents. !•; .XA.Ml'LK -Whetr a merchant retails a vest at $4.50 and makes 20 per cent., what did lie pay per do2.? Ans, :;?45, Iv\AMi'i.|.; ;h. — At what ])rice should I retail a \nvr of boots that (osi :i?s;V(i() por doz. to make 20 per con-t. ? An;i. ;!i;s.50. Now; a-; removing the decimal point one j.lace to the left, on the cii^tt of a dozen articles, giverf the selling price of a single one v.itli 20 jier ceiil, added to the cost, and, as tlie cost of any articlo is liiO per cent., it is obvious that tne seliim; price would be 20 per cent, iimre, or 120 per cent.; hence, to i'mil 50 per cent, profit wliieli would make the selling price 150 pei- cent., we would first timl IjO per c 'nt. tlic.i add 3'i per cent, by mcreas'iig it one-fourth it,S'il'; to iiKiko 40 per cent aiM 2o per c'lit. by increasing it oiie- ?'.\\\\ il.-elf; tor 35 per cut , ner. a.^o il oue-cigiidi ilsoifj etc. lie .CO t nnirk an article al iinv uor cent, proht we fma the foil owing I f \ i i ■ J, ■! I 111 lih (JKOCEllb AND C0NFKCTIONEU8' RECEIPTS. (lENT.nAii Rule. — Firf^t fin 1 20 per •cr.t. profit In/ rcmovhir; the dcciiiiid piiint. one p/dC:' to tli''. Ljt on the. price t.'if arllcL^s coM per (ioz. thf'ii, (/,•( 20 per a nt profit is ) 20 piT cunt, add to or subtraci from. t/iiH (tiif'uut th'/rncUcii.i^ j-art tJi'j,/ the ri^uired jicr cent adled to 100 iH 7it(>n^ or /ts.f thiiii 120 Mtclmnts, i i m;irki:i{j jroods, j^oiu'n.lly tiike n. per cent, thnt is nil iilicjiiot ]> :rt oflOO, as .:"), ;33 l-;i, 5o, ka. The ri'iison liioy do tliig i.s !)• ciiiisc it iiiaki'd it inucli oiiiitT to add i' icli ft \wr ci'iit. to tlio vo<\ ; for instance, a int'icluint coidd iiuirk uiia<;-it u dozi-n urticlos . at 50 I'l r cenl. i)ro!it in thi' ti.iio it would ijiko liim to innrk om- at 4') i>«'r cent 'J iio folknvinir 'ubli' id arfiingid for t!)(; co ;vc;;i,'.iico <, itycif. l-l 1-5 i-i; days, am « .T) 30 2C. i< 1-H 1-9 1-10 1-12 i-lf) 1-''J " •n 111 iHij " subtract 1-itJ '< \-'.n\ ftiak If I bay a d,./,. sliirU for S2H.0O, what shall I retail tlu-in for to (! ;)0 pi-r ecu t.? A m. :f^:! r,i). KxiM.ANAi ION.- Ketiiovc tiie ; (;int one plai'c, to llio li'fi, I'.ad atid i it.-Hlf. Ami^^cot I'AiiTf. OK lOo AXD 1000.— Morcliantfl in Pt^llinpf goodg peii'Tally niaki- tli(« price of an article some alif^tiot part of i;)0, aa iu scllin.LC s'.!};ar at 12-5 r-nls jic:- lb , or 8 lbs. ^vt $1 Oo, orinsellintr calii'o for 1>! 2-3 c.'iits jicr yard, or (> yds. fjr ^I.OO etc. Tl owiri;; liildo will bi; f)iiiiil valuable for all siiohcal II p-art 12.', is 1-H part of 100 2.'t" ia 1-4 part of I>0. 37.} i^! 3-8 part of 100. r>0 is •!-« or A of HO. <)2.] id r.-H part of 100. 7') i.s C-8or3 4 of 100. «7.| ia 7-8 tartof 100. ol id 1-1(5 part of IOC. IH;} iJ 3-10 part (if 100. 31.( iijf.-l'Jptirtof 100. To muhiplv by an aliquot culationd. 110 Hi is !-!2 jtart of !00, 10 2-Jis 2-i2or ]-() of 100. 33 1.3 id 4-12 .r 1 ;! of 10;). m 2-3 id ^-12 or 2-3 of loo. 83 1-3 is 10-12 or f).(j of 100. 125 ia 1-8 ])art(.'f KiOO. 250;d2Hor 4 of 1000. 3T.5 )8 3-R part of jOOO. (.Jf) 1.^ 5-8 pnrt of h.OO. ' ■■" id 7-iJpiut of ICOO. i.K — Aiid two cv]>;if-rfi to the tnultipiicand ',hen Like !5ti<'V ..f :t . 1 t'., . ,.■• UI: i;«.; .'lift ;r :..i L-,:.l ;i.-llC.-i-i ] ;w (I i iV !'.. If till', nmltiplicnnd is a mi.vd number nnluco the iVactioii to a di'ciimil I f two plure.-j b<'f(tr<> dividing giva-ii. To K prr Vrl 11 OROOERS AND CONFECTIONERS' RECEIPTS 75 Cdrry Powder. — Turmeric nnd coriander Feeds, of each, 4 oz. ; black pepper, '2|J oz. ; (;ei, 14 drs. ; ciiiiuiinuii. mace, luul cloved, uiicb, ^ oz. ; cmrJuiuoiii .sL-eiis, 1 oz. ; cummin seeds, 2 drs. ; cayenuo peppur, 1 oz. ; powder and mi.\. Napoleon's Cami' S.vucK.—Old strong beer, 2 qta., white wine, 1 qt., aiicliuvies 4 ounces : mi.v ; boil for ten minutes ; remove it from tlie lire, and add of peeled sballota, 3 ounces j macerate for 14 ilavri, and boUle. i'lCKiiKD Omons. — Choose small round onions, remove the skiiiS. sti;e|) thcni in strong brine for a week \n a slune vessel, pour it ( tf, and luat till it bods; then pour on the onions, boiling hot; after 24 iKMiiri, drain on a sieve, then put them in bottles, lill u]) over tlieiii with strong spiced vinegar, boiliiiu: hot, cork down imme- iliiiul} , and wax over the cork. In u similar manner are nickled niii.shruonis, canliliower.-i, samphires, pea.^ beans, green gooseoerries, w.tliiuls, red cabbages (wiiiiout sail, wiih cold vinegar). Observe tliai tile soft a*id more delicate articles do not recjiiire so long so.iUitig in briau as the harder and coarser kinds, and may be often kept by simply pouring very strong pickling vinegar on them with- oul the a[ipiicalion of heat. Far pfach>n, select ripe but not soft ones; ruij with a dry cloth; put four cloves, free from their heads, in each large ()eaiig) and sugar in a ]>reser^- iiiiX ktltle over the lire ; boil ami .^kiu' il. ; i>our it boiling iiot over tlic peaelies, covering them dosily ; reptMt the operation tlu' e tinp'.s; til! :; .••■al tlierii tightly in cans or bottles. Fhi;ncii Fatknt Mistaiii).— Flour of nmstanl, 8 lbs.; wheaten flour, H lbs.; bay sail, 2 lbs.; cayenne pepper, 4 oz. ; vinegar ti> mix. 0().MMO\ MfSTAUD. — Flour of musta-d, 28 lbs. ; wheat flour, 28 lli,^.; (-avenue l-ejii^-r, 1 .i oz., or as retpiired; common salt, ID lbs.; rape oil, \i lbs. ; turmeric to color; mix well, and pass through a line sieve. .Stakcii Polish. — White wa.x, 1 oz. ; spcmniceti, 2 oz.; melt them toizetli'r With a gentle beat. When you have prepared a sullicient aiaoiinl of starch, in the usual way, for a dozen jiieces, i>ut into it a piece of the polish the si/.e of a large pea; mort; or less, accod- iiig to lar^o ca- small wa.slinig3. Or thick gum solution (made by pouring boiling w.itor uiion gum arabic), one tablespoon to a pint or:-iarc.li, gives clothes -i beautiful gloss. Fiiii; KiNOLKitrt — To nnike very nice fire kindlers. take rosin, any (piautit,, and melt it, puttnig in U)V each pound being used, from '- 1,0 W o/,. i4 lallow, and when all is hot, stir in i)ine sawdust to make \i-\y thick; and, while yet In. I, spread it out about 1 inch thick, upon b )ards which have fiiu.' sawdust sprinkled u[ion them, tc prevent it from slicking. When cold, break u|) into Imnps about 1 inch square. Hut if for sale, take a thin board and press upon it, while, yet warm, to lay it olf into I inch s(|Uares: Ibis break regidarlv, if ycto press tiie creaSf! ^ulIicK>ntiy KiJ HWKKr, AM) FWKK.rKN Koii! ('iitKU.--To keep cider p!'i Vit, lake a keg and Itore holes in ibe botliun of it: spread a li i 7G GROCERS AN'J CONFECTIONERS' RECEIPTS. piecp of woollen cloth at *.ho bottom ; tlien fill with clcnn snnd closely piickod ; draw your cider from a barrel just as fast ad it will run {)\it)»gh the sand ; after this, put it in clean barrels which have had a piece cf 'otton or linen doth 2 by 7 inches dipped in melted sulphur and burned inside of theni, thereby absorbing the sulphur fumes (this jjrocrss will also sweeli n sour cider) ; th« n keep it in u cellar or room where there is no lire, and add i lb. white mustard /Seed to each barrel. If c der is long niiule, or souring when you get it, about 1 qt. of hickory ashes (or a little more of other hard wood ashes) stirred into each barrel will sweeten and cliirify it nearly equal to rectifying it u. above ; but if it is not rectilied, it must bo racked off to get clear of the pomace, as with this in it, it will sour. Oil or whisky barrels are best to put cider in, or J pint sweet oil to a barrel, or a galhni of whisky to a b.irrel, or both, may bo added, witli decidedly good eflrcfs'; isinglass, 4 oz. to each barrel, helps to clarify and settle cider that is net 'roiug to be rectified. Omniiu Wink. — Water, 10 guls, hin.p si. gar, 20 lbs., bruised ginger, 8 oz.; ': or 4 eggs. Roil well and skim ; then jxjur hot on six or seven lemon:; cut in slices, macerate fi r 2 hours ; then rack and ferment; next add spirit, 2 (j's., aiul afterwards finings, 1 pint; rummage well. T^ make the coh)r, Imil i^ o/. salcratus and J oz. alum in 1 ])int of water till you get a briglit red color. IcK Cream. — Ib.ve rich, sweet cretnu, and a half-pound of loaf Bugar to eacli quart of creaiii or milk. If you cannot get cieam. the best imitation i. to boil a soft custard, ggs to each qu'iit or milk (eggs well beat). Or another is made >'8 follows boil 1 ■quart of milk, and stir into it, while healing, 1 tablesnoonful of arrowroot wet with cold milk ; when cool, stir into it tlie yolk of 1 egg to give it a rich color. Five minutes' boiling is enough lor cither ]>lan. Put the sugar in afier tluy cool ; kee]» the sa»ie pro- portions for any anioinit desired. Or tlius: to <> (piarts of milk add ^ lb. Oswego starch, lir.-t dissolved ; put th(^ staich ip 1 quart of the milk ; then mix altogether, and sinuner a little (not boil); sweeten and liavor to your taste ; excellent. The juice of straw- berries or msplierries gives a beautiful color and flavor to ice creams, or about ^ ounce essence or extract to 1 gallon, or to suit the taste. Have your ice well broken, 1 qt. salt to a bucket of ice. About one 'lalf hour's constant stirring, with occasional scraping down and Ik ;iliug together, will freeze it. SuusTi'i (iTK von (;HEAM. — Take 2 or 'A whole cggF, b'^at them well up in a basin; tl.en i)our boiling hot te:i over them ; pour gra- dr.ally to prevent curdling. It is diflicult for the ti.ste to distin- guish it from rich cream. CincAOo IcK (/UKAM.— Irish moss goakefl in warm water one hour, and rinsed well to cleanse it of sand and a certain foreign taste; then steep it in milk, keeping it just at the point of boiling or eirumering for one hour, or until a rich yellow color id given to the milk ; without cream or eggn, from I "to 1} oz. to a gal. only is necessary, and thisM'ill do to steep twice. Sweeten and flavor like other creams. GiNOKU Hkeu.— Take HJ gal.v water, J lb. ginger root bruised. tMtaric acid, ^ ojt., white Hugflr, 2i lb-?., whit<',^ of 3 egg-« well hoaten, 10 umall teaspoonfuls of lemon ess. ; ycnst, 1 gill ; boil tho OROCEIIS AND CONFECTIONERS' RECEIPTS. 77 oz. root for H'^ minuteg in 1 (»al. of tlio water ; Rlrnin off nntl put tho csH in wliile iiut; mix. iiiuke over night; in the niot-aing, skim and biiitle, k( epiuj? out llie s-rdinienfa. Philadelphia J5ki;h. — Tn\m 30 gals, water, brown sugar, 20 lbs. giii^;ir root bruised, i lb., cronm of tartar, U Ib.s., carbonate of soda, 3 07,., oil of lenion, cut in a little alcohol, 1 teaapoonful, the white oi 10 oggs well bcaien, hops, 2 cz., yeast, 1 qt. The ginger root and hops should be boiled for twenty or thirty minutes in enough of the wrtter to make all luilk-warm ; then strained into the rest and the yeast added and allowed to work itself clear : then bottle. Cjdkh without Ai'i'LEs. — Water, 1 gallon ; common pugar, 1 lb.; tartaric acid, i oz. ; yeasi, one tablespoonfnl ; shake well, make in the evening, and it will be fit to use next day. Foil IJoTTLiNU.— Put in a barnd, G gals, hot water; 30 lbs. com- mon sugar: J lb. tartaric arid ; 25 gallon.s cold water ; 3 pints of hop or brewers' yea.^t, worked into paste with I j>int water and 1 lb. flour. Let it work in tlie barrel fortj -eight hours, the yeast run- ning out of the bunghole nil the time, putting iii a little sweetened water oeeasionally to keep it full ; then bottle, putting in two or three broken raisins to each bottle; and it will nearly equal chnnif agne. ('iiKAi' ('ii)KH.— Put in n cask .'i gals, hot water; 15 lbs. brown pupar : 1 gal niolans s; i gel. lion or biewerr' yeai^t ; good vine- gar, G i]ts. ; stir well, add 25 gals, cold water, ferment as tho liist. Anothei? CmKu. — Cold water, 20 gal>>., brown sugar, 15 lbs., tariarie acii!, ^ lb. : rnuiHia>te well together, and add, if you have tliiui, .'5 or 4 lbs. of dried sour apples, or boil them and pour in the expre.^sed juice. Thi.s cider will keep longer than the others. t-' Mil ce AM) GiNUKii Hkkh. — Cold water, 10 gals. ; lolling water, 11 gnls. ; nii.T in a barrel ; add niolasses, 30 lbs., or brown sugar, 24 lbs. ; oil of spruce or any oil of which you wish the flavor, 1 oz. ; add 1 pint yeast, ferment, bottle in two' or three days. If yoti w sh white spruce bet-r, use luniji sugar; for ginger flavor, use 17 oz. ginger root bruised, and a few hops ; boil for thirty minutes in three gals. i>f the water, strain ami mix well ; let it stand two hours and bottle, using yeast, of course, as before. Hop l')KKi!, vKnv KINK.-- Mix 14 Ibs molasscs aud 11 gals, water Will togetJK r, and boil them for 2 hours with <> oz. hops. Wlu^n quite eool, adij a cui)fnl of yeast, and stir it well by a gallon or two at a time. Let it ferment for 16 hours, in a tub covered with a sack, then put it into a l»-gnllon cask, and keep it filled up ; bung it down in 2 days, and in 7 days it will be lit to drink, and will be stronger than J/ondon porter. ' Edinhuhgh Alk.— Emy)loy tho best pale malt — Ist, mash 2 bar- rels pr. quarter, at 1H3°, mash three-quurters of an hour, let it stand 1 hour, ^nd allow half an hour to run ofl' the wort; 2d, masn 1 barrel uer quarter, at 180", mash three-fourths of an hour, let it stand three-fourths, and tan as befon^ ; 3d, mash 1 barrel per quar- ter, at 17«i", mash lull an hour, let it stand half an hour, and tap as be!V,n'. Tla- first and .second wort may be mixed together, boiling Ih'^ui about nu hour or an hour and a quarter, with a ouantity rf hops proportioned to tho time the ale is required to be Kept. Tho i-^k' Ji • 1 {% i I 78 GROCERS AND CONFECTIONERS RECEIPTS. firnt two riiiiy bo inixerl at the heat of r,;)=, in (ho pcylctiin, nnd tho siicoiul Hhoiild be tliiui-iiteti Hcpiinituly lorsiuiill IklT. Tiie host hojis should ho used in the proportioii of ubout 4 Ihi. lor every quarter ofuinllemphiyed. li )TTLiNO l'oi{TEii.--Hrown Stout. Pale malt, 2 quarters ; amber and brown malt, of each 1^ do.; mash al 3 tinier, with 12, 7, a id 6 barrels of water; boil with hopij, 50 lbs., set with yeast, 2'J lbs. Product, 17 barrels, or Ij times the malt. Lemon Bker. — To make 20 gals., boii « oz. of ginger root bruised, i lb. cream of tartar, for 20 or 30 minutes, in 2 or 3 gals, water ; this will be straiued in 13 lbs. coffee sugar, oii which you have f)ut i oz. oil of lemon, aud si.x good lemons squeezed up together, laving warm water enough lo make the whole 20 gals, just so hot that you can hold your hand in it without burning, or about 70 degrees of heat ; put in U pints of hop or brewers' yeast, worked into paste with 5 or G oz. Hour. Let it work or ar night, then strain aud bottle for use. TAiUiE liKEii.— Malt, « busuels, hops, 7 lbs., molasses, 25 lbs. ; brew for 10 barrels; smaller quantity in jiroporlion. Hop Bekii. — Hop.-*, C> ouuces, molajses, o quarts ;br)il the hops till the strength is out, strain them into a 3o-galliiu l):irrel ; add the molasses and 1 teacupful of yeaat, and till up with water ; shako it well, and leave the bung out till feriiionted, whicli will be in about 24 hours. Ihing up, and it will be lit for use in about three days. M0LAS8E.S liKEU. — Hops, 1 0/..; water, 1 gal. ; boil lor lOmiiiuies, Htrain, add molasses, 1 lb., aud when luke-warm, yeast, 1 spoonful. Ferment. Root IJeeii. — B'or 10 fxallons beer, take 3 lbs. common burdock root, or 1 oz. essence of sassafras ; ^ lb. good hops ; 1 pint c'n'n, roasted brown. Buil the whole in gallons pure water until tlie strength of the materials is obtained ; strain while hot into a keg, a1 place, and in forty-eight hours you will have a keg of tirat-rale sparkling root beer. Cheai' Beer. - Waier, 15 gals. ; boil half tho water with { lb. liojis ; then add to the other h.ilf in the tun, and mix Wel'. with I gal. molasses and a little yeast. To uESToui.: Souk BKKit.— (iood hops, i lb., powdered chalk. 2 lbs. lilt ill th.' hoU- of the cask, aud bungehist^ lor afew days ; forfrostcd l)ccr, juld some finings, a few liaidfuhH of Hour, and some seal led hops; for ropy beer, use a handful or twoof Hour, the same of hops, with a little powdered alum to each barrel, liummago well. To LMi'iiovK jhkFi.avou OK Beeu.— Bruised ginger, 1 oz. ; bruisod cloves, I (y/,. ; a few scalded hops and a doz. broken coarse biscuits to every two barrels, iliimmag'^ well. Lkmonade. White suear. 1 lb., tarUuic acid, i ounce, essence of hyrnoii, 3o drops, wntcr :: ^\i^. .Mi.v. (■KKAM :Soi.,\.— Loaf Biig.ir. ten 11m., water, 3 gal. ; warmgradu- nlly.o a*. not to burn ; gnod rieh cream, 2 quarts, I'xtraet vanilla, IJ ou/»ee->, e.Miact uutm 'g, -i oiuice, tartaric acid, 4 ouncoi. Just OIUK^ERS AND CONFECTIONERS RBCFIPTS. 79 ( hruig to a l)oilinsf heat ; for if you cook it any length of time, it •.viil crvstiillizc ; use 4 or 5 spoonfuls of tlii.-? syrup indteud (if tlini", fn in othir pyrups ; put } toiisi'iionf I of soda to a jrhi^-, if us'mI without a fuuutaia. For charged fuuuiaini no acid i.s u-ril. I'liEKZiNiJ PiiKPAitATioN. - Common Bal-ammoniap, well piilver- iznl, 1 [lart ; Siiltpetrc, 2 parts ; tnix well together. Then take coin- in'iti siMJji well pulverizi-d. T > us'.', take equal (luaiitilies of these lir('ii;iriilioiu-i (which must be kept separate and well covered pre- vioiL-i to u;4inf,') aiul i)ut them in the freezing pot; add of water a ]. roper quantity, and put in the article to be frozen in a i>roper Tcssid; cover up, and your wants will soon bo supplied. For freez- ing cream or wines this cannot be beat. j'ouTAUi.K Lemonadk. — Tartaric acid, 1 ounce, white sugar, 2 lbs., essence of lemon, quarter ounce ; powder and keep dry for use. One dessert spoonful will make a glass of lemonade. Imi'Kiuai, CitKAM Nectak.— Part Ist, take I gallon water, loaf siuriir, (J U»-)., tnrta' ic acid, (3 ounces, gum arabic, 1 ounce. Part 2d, Jlour, 4 Ifiispooiifuis, the whites of 5 egg.s ; beat finely together; thtM aiid k ]»int water; when the first part is blood warm, put in tin; pi'cund ; boil 3 minute.^, and it is done. Directions : 3 tablc- .wiiootifiih of pynip to two-thirds of a glass of water; add one- tliini te:ia;inon"fMl of carbonate of soda, made fine ; stir well, and drink at your leisure. I'kim'Ki:mi.\t (/okdiai,.— Good whisky, 10 galls., water, 10 galls., white sugir, 10 lbs., oil peppermint. 1 ounce, in 1 pint alcohol, 1 lb. Hour well worked in the fluid, A In. burned sugir to color. Mix, lunl let it Ptiiii I one week before'using. Other oil in place of pep- piitiiint, and vou have any flavor desired. Sii,vKi!-Toi' I):mnk. — Water, 3 q ts., white sugiir, 4 lbs., ess. of lemon, 4 tea-poonfuls, white of 5 eggs, beat with I tablespoouful of Hour : liuii to form a syrup ; then divide into equal pnris. and to one add ;! ounces tartaric; acid, to the other 4 otmces of carbonate of soda; jHit in a teaspoonful of each of the syrups, more or less (according to the aim of the glass), to two-thirds of a glass of water ; drink quick. tSANOAiiEK. — Wine, ale, or porter, or two-thirds water, hot or cold — according to the season of the year, loaf sugar to taste, with nut- meg. SrornnTON Bitteus. — Gentian, 4 ounces, orange peel, 4 ounces, ColuMibo, 4 ounces, oamiiinile)ii>w"rs, 4 ounce.-s, cpiassia. 4 ounces, burned sugar, 1 II)., whisky, 2^ galls. M.-X and let U .stand 1 week, liutlle the c'ear liquor. Soda Sviu'ps. — IiO»if or crushed sugar, ft lbs., pure water, 1 gallon, gum arahie, 2 o/, ; mix in u brass or CtJ|)per kettle, lioil until the gum is dissolved, tlieii skiiu a id strain through while tl;iunel, aft- r wliicli aild tartaric acid, ."».] oz. ; dissolve in iioL water ; to llavor, usg e.xtrael of lemon, orange, vanill t, rose, sarsaparilia, strawberry, &e., itc, ^ oz. or to your taste. If you ust» juice of lemon, add 2^^ lb(*. of susriir to a pint, you do not iie<'d any tartaric acid with it"; now use two tables[ioonfuls of syrtip to ^, of a tumbler of water, iinl \ te.isiioonl'ul of super-carbonate of soda, nuide fine; drink quick. For soda fountains, 1 oz. of super-carbonate of soda is used ]|- T'^rii I H ] ■•i f: * 80 GROCERS AND CONFECTIONERS' RECEIPTS. to 1 gallon of water. For charged fountains no acids are needed in the sjTupa. C(jMMoN ISmam. Pker. — A iiarur, and cold water to make a baMer then add 1 qt. .scalding v.alt r. stir and ci i»k for 1;. minutes. Blackukhry Wink. — Wash the berries, and |>oiir 1 qt. of boiling watrr to eacli fal. Lot thr mi.vti;re .stand V-l lioiir.-;, stirring occi- •ionally : then strain and measure into a keg, adding 2 lbs. sugar, and goocl rye whisky I jdnt, or best alcohol, ^ pint to eacii g.nl. Cork tight, and put away for use. The beet wine that can be made. GROCFJIB AND CONFECTIONERS HECEIPTS. 81 TiEMON Svnrp.— rinvflna snfrar, 1 Ih., boil in waterdown to a quart, (lro|i in t'lv ^^' i*" ' ' ' '■:"': "'• •' ?^M'!!'!i if. A'M \ ( /,. tartarif ac d j Ki it 8!ai!i| 2 days; (sUnko oitcii; 12 urops cadiiice of Icmou will niiuli iiii| row it- ,Si I'Kiioii lUiHiN Wine.— Tiiko 30 lbs. of cboppcl raisins fire from FUruri iiml diist ; yiit tlii'iii in a liirj^o V:i'i;,iiii(l inlil to th* in l'» giils. soft \va!o.-; let tluin Htaiul two wckri iinliun^t'd, shakiiij; occu- 8i> iially rwaim |iliico in winter), tbeii strain tlirongli woolleu, or filter; colctr Avilli burnt piigar ; botllo and cork wdl for use. The more rairiiua the better the wiue, not exceeding 5 lbs. to each gal- lon. Raipiv Wine equal to SiiKiinv. — Roil tbo proper quantity of water and ht it stand till cold. To each gal. of lliis water add 4 lbs. (»f clKippcd raisins, previously well Ava.slicd, und freed from gtdlkd , lit tlie wliole stand for 1 niontii, stirring i'rc(iuently ; thcu rciiuive tl.e raisins, aiid bnng nii closely for 1 nmiilli ni ire ; then ruck in'o nnotl.t r vessel, leaving all pediment bt liii d, which must Im rejiea'icd till it becomes line; tlien to every 10 gals, add G lbs. of fine eu^riir, and 1 d(»z. of good oranges, the rinds being iiared very thin, and infused in 2 qts. of t>randy, whit h should be aiided to tho liquor at its last racking. Let the whole staod three nu^ntha in tlie cask, then bottle. It should remain bottled twelve months. To give it the ilavor of Madeira, when it is in the, cask, put in a coufile of green citrons, and let them remain till the wiiie ia bottled. Pout Wine. — Worked cider, 42 gals. ; good port wine, 12 gala. ; gdod brandy, 3 gals.; pure spirits. G gals ; mi.\. Elderberries and hIoos, and the fruit of the black Laws, make a Cue purple color for wirie,=, or use burnt sugar. Ame!iic.\n CiiAMi'AONK. — (lood cidcr (crab-apple cider is tho best), 7 gals. ; best fourth-proof brandy, 1 qt. ; genuine champogno wine, 5 (jts. ; milk, 1 gal. ; bitartrate of i;t)tassa, 2 oz. Mi.\, and let Kiuiid a short time ; bottle while feraieuting. An excellent imita- tion. l^iimsn CnAUfPAONE. — Loaf-sugar, 5G lbs. ; brown sugar (pale), 48 lbs. ; water (warm , 45 gals. ; white tartar, 4 oz. ; mix, and at a proper temperature add yeast, 1 qt. ; afterwards sweet cider, 6 gals.; bruised wild cherries, M or 15 oz. ; palo spirits, 1 gal. ; orris-powdor, \ oz. Hottle while fermenting. hniTisn Madkiua.— Pale malt. 1 bushel ; boiling water, 12gals. ; nia-h and f-trnin ; then add white sugar, 4 lbs.; ycasi, 1 lb. Fcnncnt, next add raisin or (' >t!0 wine, ;i qtg. ; brandy, 3 qts. ; tlicny, 2 qts. ; port, 2 qta. ; bung down. The malt may be mashed ajTHiii for (li/ttlo beer. t rii! ANT AND oTHEH FmT WiNEs. — To pvcy gallou of expressed juici , add 2 gals, soft water, G lbs brown sugar, creani tartar, J J oz. ; and qt. brandy to every G gals. ; some i>r(fer it without br.inciy. AfU r fermenlalion, take 4 oz isirighiss dissolved in 1 jit. of 111'' wine, and i>ut to oacli barrel, wliieh will fine and clear it: when it must be drawn into ch an casks, or bottled, which is pri'ferable. I'LACKHErBT AND SrnAWBERRT WiNES arc made by taking tho above wiue when mad« with port wine, and for every 10 gals. 'IT ■■;! f ■ ■'(•'■ t-ii ^ r| Li 1i IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) A.%^^^ 1.0 1.1 1^ ^ 12.2 Hf U£ 111112-0 u aituu L25 1 U IJA V] 7 r % # ^^ 7 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STRIET WIBSTIR.N.Y. 145S0 (716) 1172-4503 fi if.^ &. ^ k O^ s 82 GROCERS AND CONPfltTTlONERS' RECEIPTS. frora 4 to 6 qts. of the fresh fruit, bruiseu and strained, are added, and let stand four days till the flavor h extracted ; when bottling, add 3 or four broken raisins to each bottle. MoRELLA Wink.— To each quart of the e.xp^sf'od juice of the mor- ella, or tame cherries, add 3 qts. water, and 4 lbs. of coarse brown sugar; let thera ferment, and skim till worked clear; then draw off, avoiding the sediment at the bottom. Bung up. or b(,ttlo, which is best for all wines, letting the bottles lie always on tre side, either for wines or buers. LoNDo.v Sheruy. — C hopped raisinSj 400 lb?.; soft water, 100 gals.; sugar, 45 lbs.; Avhite tartar, 1 lb.; cider, 1) g.ils. Lot thorn stand together in a close ves.sel one raontli ; stir frequently. Then add of spirits, 8 gals. ; wild cherries bruised, 8 lbs. Let them stand one month longer, and fine with isinglass. Enc.ush Patent Wine from Rhubarb. — To each gal. of juice, add 1 gal. soft water, in which 7 lbs brown sugar have been dissolved ; fill a keg or barrel with this pro[)ortion, leaving the bu ig out, and keep it filled with sweetened water as it works off, until cL'ar, Any other vegetable extract may be u^^ed if tliis is not liked : then bung down or bottle as you please. The stiilks will yiidd 4 tlicir weight in juice ; fine and settle with ising.ass as above. This wjue will not lead to intemperance. Various Wines. — To 28 g.ils. clarified cider add good brandy, 1 gal.; crude tartar (this is what is deposited by grape Avines), milk to settle it, 1 pt. ; draw off 30 hours after thoroughly mixing. Ginger Wine. — Put one oz. of good ginger-root bruised in I qt. 95 per. cent, alcohol; let it stand nine days, and strain ; add 4 qts. water, and 1 lb. white sugar dissolved in hot water, color with tincture of sanders to suit. For bar-purposes add 1 pt. port wine. Another. — To 1 qt. 95 per cent, alcohol add 1 oz. b;3St ginger- root (bruised but not ground), 5 grs. cajisicnn. uiid I dr. tiirtaric- acid. Let it stand one week aud filter; now add 1 gil. water in which 1 lb. of crushed sugar has been boiled. Mix when cold. To make the color, boil i oz. cochineal, 5 oz. cream ta'-tar, J oz. sale- ratus, and J oz. alum, in one pt. of water till you get a bright-red 00^ or. To RRSTORE Flat Wine.— Add 4 or 5 gals, of sugar, honey, or bruised raisins to every inO gals., and bung close ; a little spirit may be added, to roughen ; take bruised sloes, or powdered catechu, and add to the wine in suitable proportions, or add a small quantity of bruised berries of the mountain ash, to allav inordinate flatness. Let it stand 2 hours aud bottle, using yeast, of course, as before. White Wines are generally fined by isinglass in the jiroportion of li oz. (dissolved in li pts. of water, and thinned with someof the wine) to the hogshead. lied Winft are generally fined with the whites of eggs, in tiie jiroportion of 12 to 18 lo each pipe ; theyraust be well beaten to a froth with about 1 pt. of water, und afterwards mixed with a little of the wine, before adding them to the liquor. Rummage well. CiiAMi'AGNR CiDRR.—Good pale cider, 1 hhd. ; spirit, ^ gals ; sngfir, 20 lbs. ; mix, and let it stand one fortnight ; then fi le with skimmed milk, i gal. ; this will bo very palo, aud a similar article, ^\:en pro- GllOCtllS AND confectioners' RECEIPTS. 83 pcrly bottled and labelled, opens so brisk, that even good judges b!:vo uiistakcn it for genuine cliiim])agne. ];Kiii,iN Cahhaway Cukdial. — Tjike Hpals spirit, 50 per cent. ; 1 oz. Oil ofciirriiAvuy, which you dissolve in spirit 95 per cf-nt. ; 8 Iba. sugar ; 8 lbs vater. Didsolvo your sugar in the water; mix, stir and filter. SroMACic Bitters Equal to Hostktteks'. — European gentian root, 1 5 oz. : <>raiige peel, 2i oz. ; cinnamon, i oz. ; anise seed, J oz. ; coriaiider seed, ^ oz. ; cardamom seed, { oz. ; unpvound Peruvian bark, ^ oz. ; gum kino, \ oz. ; bruise all these articles, and put them into tlie best alcohol, I pt. ; let it stand a week, and pour off the clear tincture; then boil the dregs a few minutes in 1 qt, of water, strain, and press out all the strength ; now dissolve loaf sugar, 1 lb., in the hot liquid, adding 3 qts. cold water, and mix with the spirit tincture first poured off, or you can add these, and let it stand on the dregs if jireferred. BuKEiis BiTTEKS.— Rasped quassia, IJ oz. ; calamus, IJ oz. ; pow- dered catechu, 1^ oz. ; cardamom, 1 oz. ; dried orange peel, 2 oz. ; macc'iate the alM)ve ten days in ^ gal. strong \Ahisky, and then fil- ler, and add 2 gals, water ; color with mallow or malva flowers. tUKACOA CoKDiAL, 40 Gals.— Esscucc of bitter oiangcs, 2 oz. ; ess. o neroli, 2 oz ; ess. of cinnamon, J oz. ; 3 drs. mace, infused in alco- hol Dissolve the above essences in * gal. alcohol, 95 per cent, ; then put in a clean barrel 13 gals, alcoliol, 85 per v^ent. ; 2G gals. siigar syrup, 30 degrees Baiimc ; and add 1 gal. perfumed spirit aa above. Color with saffron or turmeric. OuuAcoA D'HoLiiANDE, 20 Gals. — Curacoa orange-peel, 2 lbs ; J lb. Ceykm cinnamon. Let them soak in water ; boil them for five minutes with the juice of 32 oranges and 14 gals, of plain wh'te synip ; then add G gals, alcohol, 95 per cent, j strain, filter; color dark yi'Uow with sugar coloring. Anisette Coudial, 40 Gals. — Put in a barrel 13 gals, alcohol, 75 per cent. Dissolve 3j oz. essence of green anise-seed in 1 gal. 95 percent, alcohol, and add jj gal. orange-flower water: 8 or ten drops infusion of mace, and 5 drops essence of cinnamon. Then put in the barrel 2G gals, sugar syrup, 25 degrees Baume ; stir fifteen minutes, and let it rest four or five days ; then filter. Add 2 or 3 sheets of filtering paper. 11a TAFIA. — Ratafia may be made with the juice of any fruit. Take 3 gals, cherry juice, and 4 lbs. sugar, which you dissolve in the juice ; steep in 2^ gals, brandy ten days ; 2 drs. cinnamon, 24 cloves; 16 oz. peach-leaves ; 8 oz. bruised cherry kernels. Filter, mix both liquids, and filter again. AiiuACK Punch Syhup. — 53i lbs. sugar; 3J gals, water. Boil up Well; then add Ij gals, lemon-juice to the boiling sugar, and stir till liie liquid is clear ; pour it in a clean tub, and when nearly cool, add 5 gals. Batavia arrack , then filter. fc^iMPLE Syi;ui>. — To 8 lbs. best white sugar add 2 qts. water, and the whites of 2 eggs ; stir until all the sugar is dissolved ; simmer for two or three minutes : skim well, and strain through a fine flan- nel bag. Sarbaparilla Syrup.— To simple syrup add 10 drops oil of anise, 20 drops oil of wintergreen, 20 drops oil of sassafras, and 6 oz. of caramel or colering to the gallon. Before the oili ar« added to th« J^. :} ' I ',1 84 GROCERS AND CONFECTIONERS' RECEIPTS. syrup, they should bo cut by grinding them in a mortar with as much sugar as they will moisten, or mix with a small quantity ot alcohol. VANiLiiA Syuup. — To simple syrup, add J oz. of ext. of vanilla to the gallon. GixVGKii Syrup. — Bruised Jamaica ginger, I oz. ; boiling water, 1 pt. ; macerate for four hours ; add line while sugar, 2 lbs. ; and s'raiu through a fine flannel bag. Ginger syrup may also be made by ad- ding 2 oz. of the ext. of ginger to 1 gal. of simple synip. Strawbbrey Syrup WITHOUT Strawberries. — Add to 1 gal. simple Byrup 2 teaspoons of essence of strawberry, and i oz. tartaric acid; color with coloring made as follows : boil I oz. of cochineal witli half a teaspoonful of cream tartar. Strawberry Syrup. — Inclose fresh strawbarrics in a coarse bag, press out the juice, aud to eachqt. add 1 pt. water and Gibs, white sugar ; dissolve by raising it to the boiling point, and strain ; bottle and cork hot, ana keep in a cool place. Blackberry Syrup is made as directed for strawberry, adding to each qt. 1 oz. best French brandy. Wild Cherry Syhup.— Stee]) 4oz. wild cherry bark, well bruised in 1 pt. of cold water, for tliirty-?ix hours; press out tlie infusion; let it stand till clear, decant and add IJ lbs", fine white sugar ; mix and strain. Nectar Syrup. — Add to orgeat syrup 1 pt. of best port wine, and I oz. extract of vanilla to the gal. ; or flavor 1 gal. simple syrup with 1 teaspoonful ext. of nectar. Orgeat Syrup. — Take 3 oz. of sweet almonds, and i oz. bitter almonds; gum arable, in powder, \ oz. ; sugar in i)owder, 3 oz. ; rub together in a mortar, adding water from time to time until tlio mixture measures 1 qt. Strain through a cloth, and mix with 1 gal. of simple syrup. OiiANGK Flower Syrup. — Add to 1 gal. of simple syrup, J oz. ext. of orange flowers. Orange Syrup. — Grate off the outside yellow peel of fresh and ripe oranges ; cut them and express the juice : to eacTi qt add 1 ]it. water and 6 lbs. sugar, previously well mixed with the grated peel. Dissolve by gentle heat, then strain. Pine Apple Syrup. — Pare and mash the fruit in a marble or por- celain mortar, with a sma'l quantity ot sugar ; express tiie juice, and, for each qt. take 1^ pts. of water and G lbs. fine sugar; boil the sugar and water ; then add the juice ; remove from tbe fire ; skim and strain. Or make it with the essence directed for strawberry. Peau Syrup.— Make as directed fc r pine apple syrup ; or use the essence of pear, by adding to each gallon of simple syrup, 2 tea- spoonfuls of essence of pear, and ^ oz. tartaric acid. Banana Syrup, — Make as directed ror pine apple syrup, or witli the appropriate essence and acid .a above. Apple Syrup. — Make as directed for pine apple syrup, or with the appropriate fruit and o.sscnce3 as abov^. CiiKAM Syrup. — Fresh cream, 1 pt. ; frc^h milk, 1 pt. ; fine pow- dered sugar, 3 lbs.; heat the s\igar with the milk, and the whites of 2 » gT^; tlicn mix with tlie cream. Flavor with lumon, vanilla, or strawberry. Keep in a cool place, well bottled. GROCERS AND OONrEOTIONERS RECEIPTS. 85 BoTTKic Ethtjr is much used to impart a pine apple flavor to rum. Dissolved in 8 or 10 parts of alcohol, it forms the pine apple essence. From 20 to 25 drops of this essence, added to 1 lb. suo-ar, containing? a little citric acid, imparts to the mi.xture a strong taste of pine apple. Amylo-Acetic Ether is a preparation of frmt-oil and other ingredients, and, when diluted with alcohol, it is sold a'? essence of Jargonelle pear, and is used for flavoring different liquors. Fifteen parts amylo-acetic ether, with half a part of acetic ether, dissolved in 100 parts of alcohol, form what may be called the Bergamot- pear essence, which, when employed to flavor supar, acidulated with a 'ittle citric acid, imparts the odor of the Besgamot pear, and a fruity, refreshinsf taste. Pelargonatb or ETnYLic Ethkr Tpelargonic ether) has the agreeable odor of the quince, and, when dissolved in alcohol in due proportion, forms the quince essence. Acetate op Amylic Etheu ("same as amylo ether), mixed with bufi/ric ether, forms in alcoholic solution the banana essence. VAiiERiANATE OF Amyltc Ether.— An alcoholic solution of this ether in tl e proportion of 1 part to 6 or 8 of alcohol, forms a flavor- ing liquid inder the name of apple essence. Milk Pc rcH. — One tablespoonful of fine white sugar, 2 ditto of water, I wine glass of Cognac brandy, i ditto Santa Cruz rum, i tumblerful of shaved ice ; fill with milk. Shake the ingredients well together, and grate a little nutmeg on top. To make it hot, use hot milk and no ice. Glasgow Punch. — Melt lump-sugar in cold water, with the juice of a couple of lemons, passed through a fine wire strainer ; this is sherbet, and most be will mingled. Then add old Jamaica rum, one part of rum to five of sherbet. Cut a couple of lemons in two, and run each section rapidly around the edge of the jug or bowl, gently squeezing in some of the delicate acid, when all is ready. Mint Julep. — One tablespoonful of white pulverized sugar, 2J ditto water ; mix well with a spoon. Take 3 or 4 sprigs of fresh mint, press them well in the sugar and water, add 1^ wine glasses of Cognac brandy, and fill the glass with shaved ice, then draw out the sprigs of mint, and insert them in the ice with the stems downwards, so that the loaves will be above in the shape of a bou- quet; arrange berries and small pieces- of sliced orange on top in a tasty manner, dash with Jamaica rum, and sprinkle sugar on top. Sip with a glass tube or straw. Cider Nectar. — One qt. cider, 1 bottle soda water, I glass sherry, 1 small glass brandy, juice of half a lemon, peel of i of a lemon, sugar and nutmeg to taste. Flavor it with extract of pine apple, strain, and ice it all well. Half and Half. — In London, this drink is made by mixing half Sorter and half ale ; in America, it is made by mixing half new and alf old ale. Apple Toddy. — One tablespoonful of fine white sugar, 1 wine- glass of cider brandy, J of a baked apple. Pill the glass two- thirds full of boiling water, and grate a little nutmeg on top. Applk: PuNCn. — Lay in a china bowl slices of apples and lomons alternately, each layer being thickly strewed with Dowdered sugur. H Hi: I '' •. I' u ^jli'^'i I 'Hi' ;'5 (i.'fl 86 GttOOERS AND CONPECTIONfiRS' RECEIPTS. ■ T Pour over the fruit, when the bowl is half filled, a bottle of claret ; cover, and lot it staid for 6 hours. Then pour it through a mug- lin bag, and it is all ready. Old Man's Mjlk.— One wine-gla3i5 of port wine, 1 teaspoonful of sugar. Fill the tumbler one third full of hot milk. PKnnjCT Love. One tablespoouful sufrar, 1 piece eacl) of orange and lemon peel. Fill the tumbler one-third full of siiavod ice, and fill balance with wine ; ornament in a tasty manner with terried in eea.son ; sip through a straw. Molasses Candy. — West-Indian molasses, 1 gallon ; brown sugar, 2 lbs. ; boil the molasses and sugar iu a preserving kettle over a ilov/ fire ; when done enough it will cease boiling ; stir frequently, mud, when nearly done, stir in the juice of four lemons, or two tea- 3p<'!)uful3 of essence of lemon ; afterwards butter a pan, and pour out. ^ oNFKCTiONBHt^' Colors. — weri, cochineal, 1 oz. ; boil 5 minutes In half ])int water ; then add cream tartar, I oz. ; pounded alum, i oz. ; boil 10 minutes longer, add sugar, 2 oz ; and bottle for use. Blue, put a little warm water on a pLite, and rub in indigo till the required color is got. Yellow, rub with s 'ne water a little yellow pamboge on a plate, or infuse the heart of a yellow-lily fiower with milk-wanu water. Green, boil the leaves of spinach about 1 ■aii'iute in a little water, and, when strai led, bo;tle for use. To Candy Sugar. — Dissolve 2 parts of double refined sugar in 1 of water. Great care must be taken that the syrup does not boil over, and that the sugar is not burnt. The first degree is called the thread, Avhicii is subdivided into the little and great thread ; if you dip your finger in the syrup, and apply it to the thumb, the tenacity of the s.vrup will, on separating the fingei- and thumb, "f- furd a thread which shortly breaks, this is the little thread ; if the tlireid admits of a greater extension of finger and thumb, it is called the gr<-at thread ; by longer boiling yoii obtain the pearl, which admits of being drawn without breaking by the utmost ex- tension of fingerand ihumb ; this makes candied sugar: by further boiling von obtain the blue, which is known by dipping a skimmer with holes in the syrup, and blowing through them ; if bubbles are perceived, you have got the blow. The feather implies more numer- ous bubbles, and then the sugar will fly off like flakes while the skimmer is being tossed. By boiling longer^ you obtain the erack ; it will crack when b^-oken, and does not stick to the teeth ; dip a teaspoon into the sugar, and let it drop to tne bottom of a pan of cold water. If the sugar remains hard, it has attained the degree termed crack. Fig Candy. — Take 1 lb. of sugar and 1 pint of water; set over a slow fire. When done, add a few drops of vinegar and a lump of butter, and pour into pans in which split fig.^ are laid. Raisin Candy can be made in the same manner, substituting stoned raisins for the figs. Common molasses candy is very nice with all kinds of nuts added. Scotch Butter Candy. — Take 1 lb. of sugar and 1 pint of water ; dissolve, and boil. When done, add one tablespoouful of butter, and enough lemon Juice and oil of lemon to flavor. Common Lemon C andy. — Take 3 lbs. of coarse brown sugar ; add to it three teacupfula of water, and set over a slow tire for hall' syrup. GROCEHS AND CONFECTIONERS' RECEIPTS. 87 an hour ; put to it a little gum arabic dissolved in hot water; tliia is to cl< ar it. Continue to take off the scum as lonp: as nny risen. Wilt ji |)erfectly clear, try it by dipping a pipe-stem iirst into it and then into cold witter, or by taking a spoonful of it into a saucer; if (lone, it will snap like glass. Flavor with essence of lemon and cut it into sticks. Pepfermikt, Rose, on Hoarhound Candy. — They maybe made as lemon candv. Flavor with essence of rose or pepi)ermint or finely powdered hoarhound. Pour it out in a buttered paper, placed in a square tin j an. Poi'PED Corn, dipped in boiling molasses, and stuck together^ fciius an excellent candy. Rock Candv. — To make fine rock randy, clarify double refined wliite sugar, filter it, and boil it till it is ready to crystallize, or boiled to a blister. The boiling sugar must measure 35° on the syrup weight, a degree more or less prevents its crystallization. Then take a brass kettle, of about IG or 18 inches diameter and from 6 to 8 inches deep, smooth and polished on the inside. Make 8 or 10 small holes at equal distances from each other in a circle around the sides of the kettle, about 2 inches from the bottom ; pass threads through these from one side to the other, and stop the holes on the outside with paste or paper to prevent the syrup from ruiming out. Having thus prepared the kettle, pour in the syrup, till it rises about an iuoji above the threads; then place it in a stove moderately heated, and leave it to crystallize, agitating it from time to time. The crystallization will take place in six or seven days. As soon as the crystals are formed, pour off the remaining syrup, and throw in a little water to wash the crystals that are left at the bottom of the vessel. So sooo as the paass is thoroughly drained set it in a very hot stove, leave it for two days, when it is fit for use. Straw-coloured rtick candy is made by substituting brown for loaf sugar. The syrup must be boiled over a very hot tire in order to render the canay perfectly white. The sides of tliejcettle should be sponged repeatealy during the boilirg process, to j^revent the sugar from adhering and burning. Ohangb Rock Candy is made by flavoring the syrup with a couple of teaspoonfuls of orange flower water, and coloring with safl'ron, just as the syrup is about to be taken from the fire. Rose Rock Candy it flavored with rose water, and colored with clarified carmine lake. Vamlla Rock Candy is perfumed with vanilla, and colored with liquid violet. The degree of coloring may be tested by dropping a little of the colored syrup on a sheet of white pajjcr. CJiNGKR Candy. — Dissolve 1 lb. double-refined sugar in J pint of spring water ; set it over a clear fire, and let it boil to a thih syrup. Have ready a teaspoonful of powdered ginger, mix it smoothly with 2 or 3 spoonfuls of the syrup, then stir it graduifilly into the whole Boil the mixture into a ^aA:*?, watching it, care- fully, that it may not exceed this point ; then add the freshly- grated rind of a large lemon, and stir the sugar constantly apd rai idly until it fall in a mass from the spoon, without sinking when dropped upon a plate. If boiled for a moment beyond this point, it will fall into a powder. Should this happen by mistake, add a -'tii- m ■m I i :2 m u '. f 1 te ■ i' n Jl 1 88 OROOBRS AND CONFECTIONERS' EE0EIPT8, little water, and boil to the proper consistency. Dip the can^y from the kettle, and drop it in small cakes upon buttered pans, then set it away to cool. « Orbam Candy.— To 3 lbs. loaf sugar add * pt. water, and set it over a slow fire for half an hour; then add a teaspoonful of gum arable dissolved, and a tablespoonful of vinegar. Boil it till U is brittle, then take it off, and flavor with vanilla, rose, or orange, Rub the hands wi>a sweet butter, and pull the candy till it ia white ; then twist or break it, or stretcn it out into thin white ■trips, and cut it off. t^a Vbbdun Sugared Almonds. — Dry the almonds in a stove by a slow fire. When dry enough to snap between the teeth, put them into a swinging basin and gum them by throwing over them a little gum arabic solution, cold ; swing them constantly till dry ; then give them another coating of gum arabic mixed with 4 oz. sugar, and swing them again till dry, using no fire. When they are thoroughly dry, set them over a moderate fire. Dissolve some sugar in orange or rose water, not too thin, set it over the fire 2 or 3 minutes, strain it through a sieve, and pour it over the almonds in the basin. Swing them till they are tnoroughly coated and dried ; then add another coating, composed of 2 parts of carmine, one part of gum, and one part of sugar, and proceed as before. If the almonds are not perfectly covered, give them a coating in which there is considerable gum ; and when thoroughly moistened, throw on them some sifted sugar, stir till the mixture is all absorbed, then add successive coatings of sugar till they are large enough, and put them into the stove to remain tiU the next day, when in order to whiten them, you will proceed to boil 6 or 7 lbs. of fine clarified sugar to a blister, add 1 lb. of starch after taking it from the fire, stirring it constantly till a paste is formed a little thicker than that used for pastilles ; a few drops of blue lake may be added to produce a pearl white. Put the almonds, warm, into the swinging basin, add enough of the prepared sugar to coat them, swing the basin till they are nearly dry, then set on the fire to finish the drying, then take the basin off tne fire, heap them up in the middle, so as to allow the bottom of the vessel to cool : then add the coating of sugar, swing and dry them as before, and continue the process until 4 successive coatings of equal thickness have boen given ; then heat them well in the basin, put them into pans, and set them in the stove to remain over night. You will then proceed to polish them by giving them a coat of the prepared sugar and starch, and shake them violently until they are quite dry; give them another coating and proceed as before, and continue the process until they have received 4 successive coatings, when thev will generally be found suflRciently polished. When the polishing is finished, put the almonds over a fire and stir gentry till all are thoroughly heated, then place in a stove till the next day in a picker basket lined with paper. Spanish Sugared Almonds.— Make verdun sugared almonds about the size of pigeon's eggs, whiten and polish them by the ftrevious directions, and paint different designs on them when completed. Superfine Vanilla Sugared Almonds. — Proceed in toe same manner as in the manufacture of rerdun sugared almonds, make GEOCERS AND CONFECTIONERS' RECEIPTS. 89 I the Bolntion of sugar in pure water; crush the essence of vanilla with a little sufiiir, and put in tlie solution. Common Scgahed Almonds. — Common almonds, 20 lbs., sugar 8 lbs , farina, 20 lbs., starch, 2 lbs. Heat the almonds iu tlio swing- ing basin, when they boil, make them into a pulp with diluted starch ; give first a warm then a cold coating, cover them with farina, shaking the basin violently ; then, when the almonds have been coated to the requisite size, spread them out on sieves ; after a fortniglit put them in a stove to finish drying; whiten them, and finish hy the process described for the fine sugared almonds. SuPERPiNE Chocolate Sugared Almonds. — Caraccasa cacao- nuts, shelled and roasted, 20 lbs., Martinique sugar, 16 lbs., vanilla 4 drs., starch, 10 oz. The same method is required as for the superfine vanilla sugar plums, but care must be taken in adding the coatings of gum, to touch the cacao nuts lightly, as they are very easily broken. SupEUFiNB SuQABED FiLBaRTS. — Filbcrts, 50 lbs., sugar, 4 lbs., starch, 4 oz. Employ tlie same process as for sugared alraonda and flavor t,o taste. Rose watey is generally preferred on account of its color and fragrance. CoRiANDEii SjoahPloms. — Coriander, 2 lbs. farina, 30 lbs. sugar, 14 lbs. The washings of the basin are added to the coriander and fariua without making a paste, and the method is followed that has been prescribed for the common sugared almonds; 8 lbs. of sugar are used to whiten them, and 6 to polish them ; color after being polished with carmine, Prussian blue, and saflFron. Coriander in Bottles. — Coriander, 10 lbs., farina, 10 lbs., sugar for the whitening, 3 lbs., starch, 1 lb. These are simply colored, and do nou require brilliancy. They are made of the size of small peas, and nre put into little bottles. In making these follow the receipt for common sugared almonds. Anise-seed Sugar Plums,- Dry 2 lbs. of green anise-seed in the stove ; rub it in the hands to break off the stems, winnow to rid of dust, then put it into a swinging basin, and coat it with sugar boiled to a thread, so as to render the candies hard and brittle. When coated sufficiently, whiten and polish them, like the verdun sugared almonds. They vary in size, being generally as large &a a pea. Mint Sugar Plums. — Dry some peppermint seed in a stove and coat it in the same manner as anise-seed (it must not, however, be whiter than rape seed), whiten and finish like anise-seed. The first coating is sometimes composed of equal parts of peppermi ^t and sugar. Common Twist Candy. — Clarify 3 lbs. of common brown sugar, and boil it till it is brittle, take it from the fire, pour it in butterda pans ; rub the hands with a little butter, and as soon as it is cooled, pull it as you would molasses candy until it is perfectly white ; then twist and braid it, and cut it into sticke. Caramel is made by boiling clarified sugar till it la very brittle, then pouring it on an oiled slab or sheet of tin, and, as soon as it is cool enough to receive an impression with the finger, stamping it in small squares, about an inch in size with 8 caramel mould ; then turning over the mass, wiping the bottom to remove any oil W ..'0 hours, then take them off and put them into the stove to dry. When wanted for use, put the quantity required into a large-mouthed jar, and flavor as desired. For instance, to make 2 lbs. of pepper- mint drojiS, take 5 ptii. of sulphuric ether in which are diluted a few drops of essence of peppermint, and pour it over the candies, then cover the jar, and shake it until they are ihorouglily moistened ; then place them on a sieve-, and set them in the siove for 5 minutes, evaporate the ether. In this manner rose, orange, lemon, jonquil, tube-rose, mignonette, clove, cinnamon, or any other drops may bo L,;de, dissolving their essential oils in sulphuric ether. (jiNGEii Candy Tablets. — Take 1 lb. loaf sugar, a few drops of acetic acid or the jiiice of half a lemon, a dessert-spoonful of essence (^f Jamaica ginger. Boil the sucfi'.r with just water enough t(i disi-iCilve it to tlie ball degree, then add the acid and tlie essence, and rub the sugar with the back part of the bowl of a silver spoon up aeainat the sides of the sugar-boiler to whiten or grain it suffi- ciently to give to the whole an opalized appearance ; then ]»our it into very small-sized moulds, measuring half an inch or an inch if fn 92 QROCERS AND CONFECTIONEns' RECEIPTS. oblong square, or else into a tin pan, the bottom part of which is marked out in small tablets, 80 that the candy may be easily broken into Bquaros when dry. Smear the nioiikls slightly with oil of almonds. When the sugar is poun-d into the moulds, place in the screen for half an hour or rrore, to dry them hard. Orange Flowek Candy Table.s. — Ingredients : 1 lb. loaf sugar, a tablespoonful of orange-flower water, and a few drops of acetic acid. Proceed as directed in the preceding. No color. Vanilla Candy Tabletb.— Ingredients : 1 lb. of loaf sugar, a few drops of essence of vanilla sugar, and a few drops of acetic acid. Proceed as for ornaments in grained sugar. Peppermint Candy Tablets. -Ingredients : 1 lb. of loaf sugar, a few dr )p8 of essence of peppermint, and a few drops of acetic acid. Proceed as above. No color. Liqueur Candy Tablets. — Ingredients: 1 lb. of loaf sugar, nnd a gill of any kind of liqueur. Boil the sugar to the crack, then incorporate the liqueur, and finish as in the preceding. No color. Cinnamon Candy Tablets.— Use 1 lb. loaf sugar, and a few drops essence of cinnamon. Proceed as in the last. This may be colored rose pink, the color to be added while the sugar is boil* ing. Olovb Candy Tablets are prepared in the same way as the foregoing, essence of cloves being used Instead of cinnamon. Rose Candy Tablets. — Use 1 lb. of loaf sugar, a few drops of essence of roses, a few drops of acetic acid, and a tew drops of pre- pared cochineal. Proceed as in the preceding. Fruit Candy Tablets. — Use 1 lb. of loaf sugar, | pint of tlio juice of any kind of fruit, either currants, cherries, strawberries, raspberries, &c., extracted by pressing with aspooti tlirough a clean hair-sieve. Boil the sugar to the crack, and then incorporate the fruit juice by rubbing it in with the sugar, as directe(? in the pre- ceding, and iinish the candies as therein indicated. To pbbb Molasses from its Sharp Taste, and to rendrb it pit TO be used instead op Sugar. — Take 24 lbs molasses. 24 ll>a. water, and G pounds of charcoal, coarsely pulverized ; mix them in a kettle, and boil the whole over a slow wood fire. When the mixture has boiled halt an hour, pour it into a flat vessel, in order that the char- coal may subside to the bottom ; then pour ofi'the liquid, and place it over the fire once more, that the superfluons water may evapo- rate, and the molasses be brought to its former cousisteace. 24 lbs. of molasses will produce 24 lbs of eyrnp. Peppermint Lozenges.— Ingredients ; 1 oz. of picked gum traga- canth soaked with 2 oz. of tepid water in a gallipot (this takes some 6 hours), and afterwariis squeezed and wrung through a cloth, about IJ lbs. of fine icing sugar, and a teaspoonful of essence of peppermint. Work the prepared gum with the flattened fist on a very clean slab until it becomes perfectly white and elis- ic, then gradually work in the sugar, adding the peppermint when I he paste has become a compact, smooth, elastic substance ; a few drops of thick, wet, cobalt blue should also be added while work- ing the paste, to give it a brilliant whiteness. The paste thus pre- pared is to be rolled out with fine sugar dredged over the slab to GROCERS AND OONFECTIONEBs' RECEIPTS. 9o .ok, then ing. No the tho thickness of two penny pieces, then if you poaseau a ribbed rolliiig-pin, Hse it to roll the paste avain in cross directions, so ai to impriiit on its whole surface a small lozenge or diamond pattern. You now use your tin cutter to stamp out the lozenges, ana as you do so place them on sugar powdered baking sheets to dry in the screen. Ginger IjOzengeb. — Proceed as in the foregoing ; use a table^ spoonful of essence of ginger, or 1 oz. of ground ginger to flavor, and a few drops of thick wet gamboge to color the paste. Hoar" hountUjOZfuges. Ingredients ; 1 oz. of gum dragon soaked in a gill of very strong extract of hoarhound, IJ lb. of fine icing sugar. Proceed as for the peppermint lozenges. Cinnamon Lozenget are pre- pared in the same ma mer as ginger or peppermint lozenges, witfi this ditFercnce only; a dessert-spoonful of essence of cinnamon is to be used in the flavoring of them, a few dropd of thick, ground, wet-burnt umber should bo used with a pinch of carmine to gfire the paste the tinge of cinnamon color. Clove Lozenges. The samo fts peppennint lozenges, using essence of cloves for flavoring, and burnt unil)or to color tlic pas'e. Orange Lozenges. Ingredients : 1 oz. prepared gum, Ij lb. sugar, 2 oz. of orange-sugar, the gum to be soaked in 2 oz. cf orange flower water. Proceed as for peppennint Idzenges. Lemon Lozenges. Ingredients; 1 oz. prepared gum, 1| lb. of icing sugar, 2 oz. of lemon sugar, and a few drops of acetic acid. CoWsJoot Lozenges. Ingredients ; I oz. of gum dragon soaked in 2 oz. of orange flower water, \\ lb. of fine icing sugar, and J ozof essence of colt's foot. Proceed as for peppermint lozenges. Cayenne and Catechu Lozenges. Ingredients ; I oz. of gum dragon soaked in 2 oz. of water, 2 lbs. iiue icing sugar, | oz. essence of cayenne, audi oz. of prepared catechu. Proceed as for peppermint lozenges. Gdm PASTaLES, OR JujuBES. — ^Ingredients ; 1 lb. of picked guis arable, 14 oz. ot the finest sugar pounded and sifted. \ gill of double orange flower water, and I pt. tepid water to soak the gum in, which is afterwards to be stramed off clean. Put the soaked and strained gum into a sugar boiler with the sugar, and use a clean spoon to stir it over a very moderate fire, while it boils and reduces to the small pearl degree; then add the orange flower water, stir all together on the fire, remove the preparation from the stove, skim off the froth, and use the mixture to cast the jujubes in levelled layers of starch powder contained in a flat box. Spanish Licorice Jujubes. — Ingredients : 1 lb, picked gum Arabic, 14 oz. of suga-, and 2 oz. of Spanish licorice dissolved in a gill of hot water, and afterwards strained clean. First prepare the gum and boil it with the sugar as directed in the preceding article, and when reduced by boiling to the small pearl degree, incorporate the prepared Spanish licorice with it, remove the scum from the surface, and finish the jujubes in the manner indicated above. Raspberry Jujubes. Ingredients : 1 lb. picked gum arabic soaked in a pint of hot water and afterwards strained, 14 oz. of sugar, 1 gill of filtered raspberry juice, and a few drops of cochineal. Proceed as directed in the foregoing case, adding the raspberry and coloring last. Black Currant Jujubes. Proceed in all respects as indicated for raspberr*^ u ,M it 0m 94 GROCERS AND CONFECTIONERS' RECEIPTS, j-.ijubea, omitting tho cochineal, black currant juice being used. Jied Currant Jvjubes. The same as black currant jujubes, red currant juice bfting used and a few drops of cochiiHal. Ordinary Jtijuhes. Ingredients : 1 lb, gum arable soaJced iu i pt. of liot -water and afterwards strained, 14 oz. sugar, ^ oz. essence of roses, and a few drops of prepared cochineal. Let the mixture be prej)ared as for other jujubes, but instead of casting thoni in impressions made in starch-powder, wlicn the preparation is ready, pour it into a very clean sraootii tinned baking sheet tp the depth of a quarter of an inch, and set it to dry in the scieeD, or hot closet (moderate heat) ; when sufficiently dried, so that on ])ressing the surface it proves somewhat elastic to tlie toucli, remove it from the heat, and allow it to become cold ; the sheet of jujube may then be easily detached, and is lo be cut up with scissors in the shape of diamonds. Stick Apple Sugar. — Boil the sugar to caramel, flavor with a\)]}\c juice together with tartaric or otlier acid, pour it (m a marble slab, draw it into sticks, cut them of equal leuglli, tlien roll them on the slab till they are perfectly cold ; ^vhen finished, wrap them in tiisue-paper and put them in fancy envelopes. Currant and Raspberry Paste Drops,— Ins^redients : 1 lb. of pulp (the currants and raspberries in equal j>ro{)ortion8 boiled, and afterwards rubbed through a sieve), 1 lb. of sifted sugar. Stir both togetlier in a copper sugar-boiler or preserving pan over a brisk fire, until the paste becomes sufficiently reduced to show the bottom of the preserving pan as you draw the sjjoon across it; then jiroceed to lay out the drops about the size of a florin, using a spouted sugar boiler for the -purpose. Tlie dro[)3 should then be placed in the screen to dry, at a low heat for an hour or so. When the drops are dry, use a thin knife to remove them froir. Lh' ^n sheet on which you laid them out, and put them away between sheets of paper in closed boxes, in a dry jjlace, iJamaon Faste Drops. Ingredients : 1 lb. of damson thick pulp, 1 lb. bruised sugar. Stir the pulp and sugar on the fire until reduced to a thick paste, then proceed to lay out the drops on square sheets of polisiied tin ; dry them in the screen (moderate heat), and remove Ihem in the manner aforesaid. These drops may be prepared with all kinds of plums and also with gooseberries. Pear Paste JJrops. Use 1 lb. pear pulp (made by peeling the i)eai'j5j. and boiling them to a pulp with ^ pt. of cider or perry, and rubbing this through a coarse sieve), 1 lb, of bruised sugar. Proceed as for damson paste. Apple Paste JJrops. Use 1 lb. of apple pulp (made b}r peeling, slicing and boiling the apples with i pt. ciciCr), 1 lb. of bruised sugar. Proceed as in the foregoing cases, adding a few drops of cochineal to half of the paste for the sake- of variety. Pine Ajyple Paste Drops. Use 1 lb. of pine apple pulp (made by first peeling, and then grating the pine-apple on a dish, using a clean coarse tin grater for the purpose), 1 lb. of bruised sugar. Proceed as in tlie former cases. Vases, Baskets, Fioures, Animals, &c., i.v Ghained Suoar.— The sugar being boiled to the ball degree, add a few drojis uf acetic acid, and work the sugar With the buck part of the bowl of a silver tablespoon up against the side of the sugar boiler, GROCERS AND CONFECTIONERS' RECEIPTS. 95 fetching up the whole in tnrna, so that tverj portion may acquire aaopalized or whitish color. As soon aa the sugar had been worthed up to this state, which constUutes " graining," pour it imme> diately into the ready prepared mould ; and when it has become perfectly set firm in the centre, you may turn the vase, basket, animal, or whatever the object may be, out of its mould, and place it in the screen or hot closet to dry, at a very moderate heat. Af- terwards they may be painted in colors to imitate nature. EvERTON Taffbk. — TO make this favorite and wholesome candy, take ) J pounds of moist sugar, 3 ounces of butter, a teacup and a halt of water, and one lemon. Boil the sugar, butter, water, and biilf the rind ot the lemon together ; and, when done, — which will be known by dropping into cold water, when it should be quite (.j.jgp^_let it stand aside till the boiling has ceased, and then stir in tiie juice of the lemon. Butter a disn, and pour it in about a quarter of an Inch in thickness. The fire must be quick, and the taffee stirred all the time. (Iandy FnciT.— Take one pound of the best loaf sugar; dip each lump into a bowl of water, and put the sugar into your pteservmg kettle. Boil it down, and skim ii until perfectly clear, and in a candying state. When sufficiently boiled, have ready the fruits you wish to preserve. Large white grapes, oranges separated into small pieces, or preserved fruits, taken out of their syrup and dried, are very nice. Dip the fmlts into the prepared sugar while it is hot; put them in a cold place ; they will soon become hard. Jellies witiiodt Fucit.— To 1 pint of water put i oz. alum; boil a minute or two ; then add 4 lbs. white sugar ; continue the boiling a little; strain wlilo hot; aid, when cold, put in half a twenty-five cent bottle of extract of vanilla, strawberry, lemon, or any o'her flavor you desire for jelly. Prize Honkv. — Good common sugar, 5 lbs. ; '^ater, 2 lbs. ; bring gradually to a boil, skimming when cool : add I lb. bees' honey and 4 drops essence of peppermint. If you aesire a better article, use while sugar, and i lb. less water, i Ib.more honey. ANOTHKR.—Coflee sugar, 10 lbs. ; water, 3-lbB. ; cream tartar, 2 oz. ; strong vinegar, 2 tablespoons ; white of an egg well beaten ; bees' honey, J lb. ; Lubin's extract of honeysuckle, 10 drops. Put ( n the sugar and water in a suitable kettle on the fire ; when luke- warm, stir in the cream tartar and vinegar ; add the egg ; when the sugar is nearly melted put in the honey, and stir till it comes to u boil ; take it off, let it stand a few minutes ; strain, then add the extract of honeysuckle last ; stand over night, and it is ready for use. Another.— Common sugar, 4 lbs. ; water, 1 pt. ; let them come to a boil, and skim. Then add pulverized alum, i oz. ; remove from the fire, and stir in cream of tartar, i oz., and water, or extract of rose, 1 tablespoonful, and it is fit for use. To Keep Frdits Fresh. — Rosin, 2 lbs. ; tallow, 2 oz. ; bees' -wax, 2 oz. Melt slowly over the fire in an iron pot, but don't boil. Take the fruit separately, and rub it over with pulverized chalk or whiting (to prevent the coating from adhering to the fruit), then dip it into the solution once, and hold it up a moment to sot the coating, then pack away carefully in barrels, boxes, or ou shelves, 'i A--ii m ■''I'i! ; ! '4 1 Iffa 96 LEATHER WORKERS, &0., RECEIPTS. in a cool place. Unequalled for preserving apples, pears, lemons, oranges, &c. Acid Drops.— Pound and sift into a clean pan 8 ozs. of double reiined sugar, add slowly as much water as will render the sugar sufficiently moist not to stick to the stirring spoon, place the pan on a small stove or 'jlow fire, and stir till it nearly boils, remove from the fire and stir in i oz. tartaric acid. Place it on the fire for half a minute, then dip out small quantities from the pan, and let it fall in small drops on a clean tin plate ; remove the drops in 2 hours with a knife. Ready for sale in 24 hours. TANNERS, CURRIERS, BOOT, SHOE AND HARNESS MAKERS, MARBLW WORKERS, &c. f ! Best Color for Boot, Shoe, and Harness Edge. — Alcohol, 1 pint; tincture of iron, IJ oz. ; extract logwood, 1 oz. ; pulverized nutgalls, 1 cz. ; soft water, J pint ; sweet oil, | oz. ; put this last into the alcohol before adding the water. Nothing oan exceed the beautiful finish imparted to the leather by this preparation. The only objection is the cost. C/BEAP Color for the Edge. — Soft water, 1 gallon ; extract log- wood, 1 oz. ; boil till the extract '.r-, dissolved ; remove from the iirc, add copperas, 2 oz., bichromate of potash aud gum arable, of eucli 1 oz. ; all to be pulverized. Sdperior Edge Blacking. — Soft water, 5 gallons ; bring to n boil, and add 8 oz. logwood extract, pulverized ; boil li minutes, remove ;rom the tire, and stir in 2\ oz. gum arable, 1 oz. bichro- mate of potash, and 80 grains prussiate of potash. For a small quantity of this, use water, 2 quarts ; extract of log- wood, I oz. ; gum arable, 96 grains ; bicliromate of potash, 48 grains ; prussiate of potash, 8 grains. Boil the extract in the water 2 minutes ; remove from the fire aud stir in the others, and it ia ready for use. For tunners' surface blacking, which is not required to take on a high polish, the gum arable may be omiitcd. Sizing FOR Boots Ai«D Shoes in Treeing Out.— Water, 1 quart; dis- solve in it, by heat, isinglass, 1 oz. ; adding more water to replace glass, by evaporation ; when dissolved, add starch, 6 oz. ; extract of logwood, bees'-wax, and tallow, of each, 2 oz. Rub the starch up first by pouring on sufficient boiling water for that i)urpose. It makes boots and shoes soft and pliable, and gives a splendid appearance to old stcck on the shelves. Black Varnish .""or the Edge. — Take 98 per cent, alcohol, 1 pint; shellac, 3 oz. ; rosin, 2 oz. ; pine turpentine, 1 oz. ; lampblack, i oz. ; mix ; and when the gums are all cut, it is ready for use. Tliis E reparation makes a most splendid appearance when appliedj to oot, shoe, or harness edge^ and is equally ajjplicable to cloth or wood, where aglossia required after being painted. LBATHEK WORifEBS, kC, RECEIPTS. n Be8T HARiTOiSS Varnish Extant.— Alcohol, 1 gallon; white turpentine, 1 J lbs. ; gum shellac, li lbs. ; Venice turpeniirse, 1 gill. Let them stand by the stove till the gums are dissolved, then add pweet oil, 1 gill ; and color if you wish it with laupblack, 2 os. This will not crack like the old varnish. Harness oil. — Neat's-foot oil, 1 gal., lampblack, 4 oz. Mix well. Brilliant French Varnish for Leather. — Spirit of wine, ^ pint ; d vinegar, 5 pints ; gum Senegal in powder, i lb. ; loaf sugar, 6 oz. powdered galls, 2 oz. ; green copperas, 4 oz. Dissolve the gum an sugar in the water ; strain, and put on a slow fire, but don't boil ; now put in the galls, copperas, and the alcohol ; stir well for five minutes ; set off ; and when nearly cool, strain through flannel, and bottle for Use. It is applied with a pencil brush. Most superior. Liquid Japan for Leather. — Molasses, 8 lbs. ; lampblack. 1 lb. j sweet oil, 1 lb. ; gum arable, i lb. ; isinglass, 1 lb. Mix well in 32 lbs. water ; apply heat ; when cool, add 1 quart alcohol ; an ox's gall will improve it. Waterproof OiI-Blackino, Oamphene, 1 pint ; add all the India-rubber it will dissolve ; currier's oil, 1 pint ; tallow, 7 lbs. ; lampblack, 2 oz. Mix thoroughly by heat. Shoemakers' Heel Balls. — Bees'-wax, 8 oz. ; tallow, 1 oz, ; melt, and add powdertd gum arable, 1 oz., and lampblack to color. Cement for Leather or Rurber Soles and Leather Beltiko. — Gutta percha, 1 lb. ; India-rubber, 4 oz. ; pitch, 2 oz. ; shellac, 1 oz. ; oil, 2 oz. ; melt, and use hot. Oil Paste Blacking. — Ivory black, 4 lbs. ; molasses, 3 lbs. ; sweet oil, 1 lb. ; oil vitriol, 3 lbs. ; mix, and put in tins. To Dye Leather Blub, Red, or Purple.- For red, steep it in alum water, then put it in a warm decoction of Brazil wood ; bltu, steep it in an indigo vat ; purple, &teep the skins in alum water, then put it in a warm decoction of logwood. Gold Varnish. — Turmeric, 1 dram; gamboge, 1 dram; turpen- tine, 2 pints ; shellac, 6 oz. ; sandarach, 6 oz. ; dragon's blood, 8 drams; thin mastic varnish, 8 oz. ; digest with occasional agitation for fourteen days ; the u 2?+ aside to fine, and pour off the clear. Grain Black for Harness Leather. — First stain in tallow ; then take spirits tui-pentine, 1 pint ; cream of tartar, 1 oz. ; gum shellac, i oz. ; thick paste, reduced thin, 2 quarts This will finish 12 sides. Stains for Wood and Leather. — Red. — Brazil alum, 4 parts ; water, 8.5 parts. Boil. Blue. — Logwood, 7 parts ; blue vitriol, 1 part ; Boil. Black.— Logwood, 9 parts ; sulphate of iron, I part ; water, 26 parts. Boil. Gheen. — Verdigris. 1 part ; vinegar, 3 parts. Dissolve. T'!iiLLow.— French berries, 7 parts ; water, 10 parts ; alum, I part. Boil. Purple. — Logwood, 11 parts ; alum, 3 parts ; water, 29 parts. Boil. Dbi" Skinh. — Tanninq and Buffing for Glov^- — For each skin, take a buckcl of water, and put into it one qt. of lime ; let the skin or skins lie in from 3 te 4 days ; then rinse ia clean water, hair, and Q sodaj 1 oz. ; Mix well. wood, 11 parts: water, 22 parts. UP* n\ u 98 LEATHER WORKERS, &J., RECEIPTS. \ % grain ; then soak them in cold water to get ont the glue ; now 3cour or pjund in good eoap-suda for half an hour; aftei* which take wliue vitriol, alum, and salt, 1 tablespoon of each to a skin; tliese will be dissolved in sufficient water to cover the skin, and remain in it for 24 hours ; wring out as dry as convenient, and spread on with a brush J pt. of currier's oil, and hang in the sun about 2 daya ; after which you will scour out the oil with soap-suds, and hangoutagain until perfectly dry; then pull and work them until they are soft; and ir a reasonable time does not make them soft, scour out in suds again as before, until complete. The oil may be paved by pouring or taking it from the top of the suds, if left standing a short time. The buff color is given by spreading yellow ochre evenly over the surface of the skin, when finished, rubbing it in well with a brush. Tanning with Acid.— After having removed the hair, scouring, soaking, and pounding in the suds, &c., as in tlie last recipe, in place of the white vitriol, alum, and salt, as there mentioned, take oil of vitriol (sulphuric acid), and water, equal p(irts of each, and thorougldy wet the flesh-side of ihe skin with it, by means of a sponge or cloth upon a stick ; then folding up the skin, letting it lie for 20 minutes only, having ready a solution of sal-soda and water, say 1 lb. to a bucket of water, and soak tlie skia or skins in that for t'Vd hours, when ;;'ou will wash in clean water, and applv a little dry salt, letting lie in the salt over night, or that lengtifof time ; then remove tlie flesh with a blunt knife, or, if doing busi- ness on a large scale, by means of the regular beam and flesh-knife; when dry, or nearly so, soften by pulling and rubbing with the hands, and also with a piece of pumice-stone. This, of course, ii the quickest way of tanning, and by only wetting the skins with the acid, and soaking out in 20 minutes, they are not rotted. ANOTiiKtt MfcTHOD.— Oil of vitriol, i oz. ; salt, 1 teacup ; milk BufHcient to handsomely cover the skin, not exceeding 3 qts. ; warm the milk, then add the salt and vitriol; stir the sl£iu m the liquid 40 minutes, keeping it warm ; then dry. and work it as directed in the above LiQCTD Red.— Channellers will find that no better or richer color for their purposes can be got tlian tlie red ink doscribed under the Grocers' Department, diluted to the reqiiirjd shade. For color for the bottoms of shoes use tincture of red sanders. BiiiDLE Stain.— Skimmed milk, 1 pt. ; spirits of salts, i oz.; spts. of red laven'ier, J oz. ; eum arabic, I oz. ; and the juice of 2 lemons; mix well together, and cork for use ; apply with a sponge; when dry, polish with a brush or apiece of flannel. If wished paler, put in less red lavender. New Tanning Composition —For harness leather, 4 lbs. catechu, 3 pts. commor. iye, 3 oz. of alum. For wax leather, {sp'.lt leather) 3 lbs. catechu, 3 pts. common lye, 3 oz. alum. For calf skins, 2 lbs. ciitechu, 1 pt. lye, 2 oz. alum. For sheepskins, 1 lb. catechu, 1 pt. lye, 1 oz. alum. The catechu by itself will make the leatiier hard and brittle, the lye will soften it ; the alum, being only used for color- ing, can be dispensed with, orolhor matter used in its place. The mixture is in every case boiled, and the leather is then immersed in "it long enough to be tlioroughly tanned, for which purpose the b?»-ne8« le^thw ihould be steeped from 18 to 20 days, if ax leather from 2 to 4 P)i( TO 30 comm sutfici limed, it will time \ ing til when LEATHER WORKERS, &0., RECEIPTS. 99 from 12 to 14 days, calf-skin from 7 to 9 days, and sheep-skin from 2 to 4 days. PiiocEss OF Tanning Oalf, Kip, and Harness Lbathbr in from 6 TO 30 Days. — For a 12-Ib. caU-3lcin, take 3 lbs. of terra japonica, common salt, 2 lbs. : alum, 1 lb. ; put tbem into a copper kettle with sufficient water tO dissolve the whole by boiling. The skin will be limed, haired, and treated every way as for the old process, when it wilibeputinto a vessel with sufficient water to cover it, at which time vou will put in 1 pint of the composition, stirring it well, add- ing the same amount each night aad morning for three days, wlien you will add the whole, handling 2 or 3 times daily all the time tanning ; you can continue to use the tanning liquid by add- ing half the quantity each time, by keeping these proportion* for any amount. If you desire to give a bark color to the leather, you will put in 1 lb. of Sicily sumac; kip skins will require about 20 days, light bouse hides for harness 30 days, calf-skins from 6 to 10 days at most. To Tan Raw Hide. — When taken from the animal, spread it flesh side up ; then put 2 parts of salt, 2 parts of saltpetre and alum com- bined, make it fine, sprinkle it evenly over the surface, roll it up, let it alone a few di»y: till dissolved ; then take off what flesh remains, and nail the skin to the side of a barn in the sun, stretch tight, to make it soft like harness leather, put neat's-foot oil on it, fasten it up in the sun again; then rub out all the oil you can with a wedge- shajied stick, and it is tanned with the hair on. French Finish for Leapiier. — Take a common wooden pailfnl of scraps (the legs and i)atei of calf-skins are best), and put a handful each of salt and alum upon thera, and let them stand three days : then boil them until they get a thick paste ; in using, you will warm it, and in the first application put a little tallow with it, and for a second time a little soft soap, and use it in the regular way of finishing, and your leather will bs soft and pliable, like French leather. • French PatSnt Leather. — Work into the skin with appropriate tools 3 or 4 successive coatings of diying varnish, made by boiling liusee'i oil with white lead and li^'iarge, in the proporiion of one pound of each of the latter to one gallon of the former, and adding a portion of chalk or ochre, each coating being thoroughly dried before tlie applic ition of the rest. Ivory black is then substituted for the clialk or ochre, the varnish thinned with spirits ef turpen- tine, aud five additional applications made in the same manner as before, except that it is put on thin and not worked in. The leath- er is rubbed down with pumice-stone, in powder, and then placed in a room at 90 degrees, out of the way of dust. The last vamiah i.^ prepared by boilmg ^ lb. of asphalvum with 10 lb}, of the drying oil us< d in ilie first stage of the process, and then stirring in 5 lbs. copal varnish and 10 lbs. of turpentine. It must have 1 month's age before using it. Chuai' Tann'ing without Babk or Mineral Agtrinoents. — The astringent liquor is composed of water, 17 gals. ; Aleii[.o galls, 5 Ih. ; Bengal catccliu, I5 oz. and 5 lbs. of tormontil, or se[)tfoil* root. Povvder tlie ingredientv-?, and boil in the water I hour; when oo*i, pat in the skint (which must bo pri^ared hf being 100 LEATHER WORKERS, &0., RECEIPTS. w plunged into a preparation of bran and water for 2 da5'9 pre- viously) ; handle them frequently during the first 3 days, let them alone the next 3 days, then handle three or four times in one day ; let them lie undisturbed for 25 days more, when the process will be complete. Canadian Pboobss. — The Canadians make four liquors in using tbeiaponica. The FIRST liquor is made by dissolving, for 20 sides of upper, 15 lbs. of terra japonica in sufficient water to cover the upper, bei ig tanned. The second liquor contains the same amount of japonica, and 8 lbs. of saltpetre also. The thibd contains 20 lbs. of japonica, and ^ lbs. of alum. The fourth liquor contains only 15 lbs of japonica, and 1^ lbs of sulphuric acid ; and the leather remains 4 days in each liquor for upper ; and for sole the quantities and time are both doubled. They count 50 calf-skias ia place of 20 sides of upper, but 1,'tthera lie in each liquor only 3 days. Fifty Dollar Recipb for Tanninq Fcb and other Skins.— Remove the legs and useless parts, soak the skin sol't, and then remove the fleshy substances, and soak it in warm water 1 hour. Now take for each skin borax, saltpetre, and Glauber-sult,,of each i oz., and dissolve or wet with soft water sufficient to allow it to be spread on the flesh side of the skm. Put it on with a brush thickest in the centre or thickest part of the skm, and double the skin together, flesh side in ; keeping it in a cool place for 24 hour?, not allowing it to freeze. Then wash the skin clean, and take Hal-soda, 1 oz., borax, i oz. ; refined soap, 2 oz. ; melt them slowly together, being careful not to allow them to boil, and apply the mixture to the flesh side as at first. Boil up again, and keep in a warm place for 24 hours ; then wash the skin clean again, as above, and have saleratus, 2 oz., dissolved m hot rain water suffi« cieat to well saturate the skin ; take alum, 4 oz. ; salt, 8 oz. ; and dissolve also in hot rain water ; when sufficiently cool to allow the handling of it without scalding, put in the skin for 12 hours ; then wring out the water and hang up for 12 hoars more to dry. Repeat this last soaking and drying 2 or 3 times, according to the desired softness of the skin when finished. Lastly finish, by pulling and working, and finally by rubbing with a piece of pumice-stone and fine sand-paper. This works like a charm on sheep-skins, fur skins, dog, v/olf, bear-skins, &c. French Polish or Dressinq for LsiTHER.—Mix 2 pts. best vinegar with 1 pt. soft water ; stir into it i lb. glue, broken up, * lb. logwood-chips, \ oz. of finely powdered indigo, \ oz. of the best soft soap, J oz. of isinglass ; put the mixture over the fire, a i let it boil ten minutes or more ; then strain, bottle, and cork. When cold, it is fit for use. Apply with a sponge. CuRRiiiRS' Size.— Take of sizing, 1 qt. ; soft soap, 1 gill ; str.ff- ing, 1 gill; sweet milk, ^ pt. ; boil the sizing m water to a proper consistence, strain, and add the other ingredients ; and wnen thoroughly mixed, it is ready for use. Curriers' Paste.— First (^ont.—Tuke of water, 2 qts. ; flour, i pint ; Castile soap, I oz. ; make into paste. Second Coat. — Take of first paste, ^ pt. ; gum tragacanth, 1 gi.l ; water, 1 pt. ; mix all together. This will finish 18 sides of upper. LEATHER WORKERS, AC, RECEIPTS. 101 CunniEiis' Skirting,— This is for finishing skirting and the flesh of liiuiio:-3 leailier, in imitalion of oak tanning. Take of chrome nl'.uw, .] lb. ; yellow oclire, 1 lb. ; cream of tartar, 1 oz. ; aoda, ^ \\7. ; |iiiste, 5 qts. ; mix well. This will finish twelve sides. Skiiitino — Fcr tliu grain to imitate oak tan. Take of chrom? c'liuw, 2 lb. ; yelloTm, ^htv, ^ lb. ; cream of tartar, 1 oz. ; sodia, 1 oz, ; pustf, 2 qfg. j t-i,..ita of turpentine, 1 pt. ; mix well. Tnia will finish twelve sidee. Dyes for Lea.ther.— /?/m«. — For each skin, take 1 oz. of indigo, put it into boiling water, and let it stand one night ; then warm It a little, and with a brush smear the skin twice over, and finish the same as the red. Red. — After the skin has been properly jirepiired with sheep, pigs' dung, &c., then taKe strong alum water, iiiid si)onge over your skin ; when dry, boil a strong gall liquor (\t ciuinot be too strong) ; then boil a strong Brazil wood liquor (the stronger the better); take a sponge, dip it into your liquor, and .sponge it over your skin; repeat this till it come3 to a full red. To liiiish ycur skin, take the white of eggs, and a little gum dragon, mix tlie two together m half a gill of water, sponge over your skin, imd, when dry, polish off. Yellow. — 1. Infuse quercitron bark in vinefTiir, iu Avhich put a little alum, and brush over your skins with tlie infusion ; finish the same as the red. 2. Take 1 pt. of whisky; 4 oz. turmeric; mix them well together; when settled, sponge your skias over, and finish as above. Black. — Put your skin on a clean board, sponge it over with gall and sumach liquors, strong; then take a strong logwood liquor, sponge it over three or four times ; then take a little copperas, mix it in the logwood liquor; s]ioiige it over your skin, and finish it same as the rcd^ r iivjde .—Y'wsX sponge with the alum liquor strong, then with log- wood liquor strong; or mix them both, and boil them, and sponge with th'.' liquor ; finish the same as the red. The pleasing hues of yellow, brown, or tan color, are readily imparted to, leather by the following simple process : steep saffron in boiling water for a nunib'r of hour.*!, wet a sponge or soft brush in the liquor, and with it smear the leather. The quantity of saffron, as well as of water, will of course depend on how much dye may, be wanted, and their relative proportions to the depth of color roquired. To Maiiblk Books or Papkr. — Marbling of books or paper is performed thus • Dissolve 4 ounces of gum arable in 2 quarts of fair water ; then provide several colors mixed with water in pots or shells, and with pencils peculiar to each color ; sprinkle them by way of intermixture upon the gum water, which must be put into a trough, or some broad vessel; then, with a stick, curl Uiem, or draw them out in streaks to as much variety as may be done. H wing done this, hold your book or books close together, and oply dip the edges in, on the top of the water and colors, very lightly ; wiiich done, take them off, and the plain impression of the colors in mixture will be upon the leaves , doing as .veil the ends as the front of the books in like manner, and afterwards glazing the colors. Bookbinders' Varnish. — Shellac, 8 parts ; gum benzoine, 3 parts ; gum mastic, 2 parts ^-'^'se, and digest in alcohol, 48 parts ; oil of lavender, i part. Or, digest shellac, 4 parts ; gum mastic, |i>7(l :& 102 LEATHER TTORKERS, &0., RECEIPTS. ii 11 2 parts ; gum dammer and white turpentine, of each, 1 part ; with alcohol (95 per cent.), 28 parts. Red Sprinkle fob Bookbinuebs' Use. — Brazil wood (ground), 4 parts; alum, 1 part; vinegar, 4 parts; vater, 4 parts. Uoil until reduced to 7 parts, then add a quantity of loaf sugar and gum ; bottle for use, JJlue. — Strong sulphuric acid^ 8 oz, ; Spanish in- digo, powdered,- 2 oz. ; mix in a bottle that will hold a quart, and f)lace it in a warm bath to promote solution. Fgr use, dilute a ittle to the required color in a tea-cop. Jilack. — No better black can be procured than that made by the receipt for edge black- ing, in this work, which see. Orange color. -Ground Brazil wood, 16 parts; annotto, 4 part? ; alum, sugar, and gum arable, each 1 part; water, 70 parts, boil, strain, and bottle. /^Mrp/*.— Logwood chips, 4 parts ; powdered alum, 1 part; soft water, 24 parts ; boil until reduced to 16 parts, aud botlle for use. Green. — French berries, 1 part ; soft water, 8 parts. Boil, and add a little pow- dered alum ; then bring it to the required shade of green, by add- ing liquid blue. Brown. — Logwood chips, 1 part ; annotto, 1 part ; boil in water, 6 parts ; if too light, add a piece of copperas the size of a pea. Trbe-Mabble. — A marble in the form of trees may be done by bending the boards a little on- the centre, using the same method as the common marble, liaving tlie covers previously prepared. The end of a candle may be rubbed on different parts of the board to form knots. Rice-Marble. — Color the covci with spirits of wine and turmeric, then place on rice in a regular manner, throw on a very fine sprinkle of copperas water till the cover is nearly black, and let it remain till dry. The cover may be spotted with the red liquid or potash-water, very freely, before the rice is thrown off the boards. Spotted Marble for Books, etc. — After the fore-edge of the book is cut, let it remain in the press, and throw on linseeds in a regular manner, sprinkle the edge with any dark color till the paper is covered, them shake off the seeds. Various colors may be used; the edge ma}' be colored with yellow or red before throwing on the seeds, and sprinkling with blue. The seeds will make a fine fancy edge when placed very thick on different parts, with a fow slightly thrown on the spaces between. Jap in Colorinj/or Leather, Book-covers, etc. — After the boot is covered and dry, color the cover with potash-water mixed with a little paste : give 2 good coats of Brazil wash, and glaze it ; put the book between the hands, allowing the boards to slope a little ; dash on copperas-water, the i with a sponge full of red liquid press out on the back and on diffe- rent parts large drops, which will run down each board and make a file shaded red ; when the cover is dry, wash it over 2 or three times with Brazil wash to give it a brighter color. {See the various dyes for leather.) Gold Sprinkle fob Books. — Put in a marble mortar ^ oz. pure honey and one book of gold leaf, rub them well together until they are very fine, add ^ pint clear water, and mix well together when the water clears, pour it off, and put in more till the honey i^ all extracted, and nothing remains but the gold; mix one grain of M>rrosite sublimate in a teaspoonful of spirits of wine, and when oiSSOlVtid, put th6 sam^, together with a little gum water, to the lEATHER WOEKERS, &0., RECEIPTS. 103 gold, and bottlo for use. The edges of the book may be sprinkled or colored verv dark, with green, blue, or purple, and lastly with tiiu guld liiiuiit in small or largo spots, very reg;ilar, shaking the bottls boforo using, liuniidli tlii» odg.is wlicn dry, :md cover theui with paper to prevent the du^t falling thereon. This sprinkle will have a mo;?t beautiful appearauco on extra work. To Gild the Edoes op Books. — Armenian bole, 4 parts, sugar can- dy, 1 part, white of egg tomix. Apply thiscumpositioa to the edge of the leaves, previously firr^iy screv ed in the cutting-press ; when nearly dry, smooth the surf ice with the burnisher ; then take a damp sponge and pass over it, and with a piece of cotton-wool, take the leaf from the cushion and apply it to the work; when quite dry, burnish, observing to place a piece of silver or India paper be- tween the gold and the agate. CuiNEsyi: Edge for Books. — Color the edge with light liquid blue nnd dry; then take a sponge charged witli vermilion, and dab on spots iiccording to fancy ; next throw on rice, and liuish the edge with dark liquid blue. Dyes fou Feathers. — Green Dye. — Take of verdigris and verdi- ler, of eacli, 1 oz. ; gum-water, 1 ])t. ; mix them well, and dip the bristles, fuf; or feathers, they having been first soaked in hot water, into tlie said mixture. Blue. — Take of Indigo and risse, each, I oz. ; and a ])iece of alum the size of a hazel nut; put them into gum-water, and dip the materials into it hot ; hang them up to dry, and clap them well that they may open ; and, by changing the co- lors, tlie aforesaid materials mav be in this manner dyed of any color. For purple, use lake and indigo ; for carnation, vermilion and smalt. lied. — Take an ounce of Brazil wood in powder ; ^ oz. of alum ; vermilion, \ oz. ; and a pint of vinegar ; boil them up to a moderate thickness, and dip the fur or feathers, they having been lirst soaked in hot water, into the said mixture. For black, use the same as for cloth, {t^ee " Receipts for Dyeing. ^^) Fellow.-^ Mordant with acetate of alumina, and dip in a bath of turmeric or weld. Crimson. — Dip in acetate of alumina morc^ant, than in a boiling hot decoction of Brazil wood, and, last of all, pass through a bath of cudbear. To MAKE Paper into Parchment. — To produce this transforma- tion, take unsized paper and T>lungo it into a solution of two parts of concentrated sulphuric acid combined with 1 part water; with- draw it immediately, and wash it in clean watcr^ and the change is complete. It is now fit for writing ; for the acid supplies the want of size, and it becomes so strong that a strip 2 or 3 inches wide will bear from 60 to 80 lbs. weight, while a like strip of parch- ment will boar only about 25 lbs. IIoRv IN Imitation of Tortoise-SheMi.— First steam and then press the liorn into proper. shapes, and afterwards lay thefollowiujj mixture on with a small brush, in imitation of the mottle of tor- toise-shell : Take equal parts of quick lime and litharge, and mix with strong soap-lees ; let this remain until it is thoroughly dry; bru.-;h off, and repeat two or three times if necessary Such parts as are required to bo of a reddish brown shouid be covered with a mixture of whiting and the stain. *f § 104 LEATHER WORKERS, kC, REOEIPTS. :iiii :tr Dtks for Ivory, Horn, and Bovk.— Black.— I. Laj" the articles for several hours in a strong solution of nitrate of silver, and ex- pose to the light, 2. Boil the article for some time in a strained aecociion of logwood, and then steep it in a solution of per-sul- pbate or acetate of iron. 3. Immerse frequently in ink until of sufficient depth of color. Blue. — 1. Immerse for some time in a di- lute solution of sulphate of indigo, partly saturated with potash, and it will be fully stained. 2. Steep in a strong solution of sul- phate of copper. Oreen. — 1. Dip blue-stained articles for a short tiiue in nitro-hydrochlorate of tin, and then in a hot decoction of fustic. 2. Boil in a solution of verdigris in vinegar until the de- sired color 18 obtained. Jied. — 1. Dip the articles first in a tin mor- dantj used in dyeing, and then plunge into a hot decoction of Brazil wood— i lb. to a gallon of water^r cochineal. 2. Steep m red ink till sufficiently stained. Scarlet. — Use lac dye instead of the preceding. Violet.— D'n^ in the tin mordant, and then immerse m a decoction of logwood, yellow. — Boil the articles in a solu- tion of alum, 1 lb. to ^ a gallon, then immerse for half an hour in the following mixture : Take ^ lb. of turmeric, and J lb. of pearl- ash ; boil in 1 gal. water : when taken from this, the bone must be again dippea in the alum solution. Etching Fluid for Ivory. — Take dilute sulphuric acid, dilute muriatic acid, equal parts : mix. For etching varnish take white wax, 2 parts ; tears of mastic, 2 parts : mix. To gild Ivory. — Immerse it in a solution of nitro-muriate of gold, and then expose it to hydrogen gas while damp. Wash it afterwards in clean water. To SOFTEN Ivory. — In 3 oz. spirits of nitre and 15 ^z. of spring- water, mixed togetlier, put your Ivory to soak ; and in three or four days it will obey your fingers. To WHITEN Ivory. — Slack some lime in water; put your ivory in the water, after being decanted from the grounds^ and boil it till it looks quite white. To polish it afterwards, set it in the turner's wheel ; and, after having worked, take rushes an^. pumice-stones, snbtile powder, with water, and rub it till it looks perfectly smooth. Next to that, heat it by turning it against a piece of linen or sheep- skin leather: and when hot, rub it over with a little dry whitening diluted in oil of olive; then with a little dry whitening alone: finally with a piece of soft white rag. When all this is performed as directed, the ivory will look very white. Another way to BLBAca Ivory.— Take 2 handfuls of lime, slake it by sprinkling it with water : then add 3 pts. of water, and stir the whole together ; let it settle *e,n minutes, and pour the water into a pan for your purpose. Then take your ivory and steep it in the lime-water for 24 hours, after which, boil it in a strong alttm- water 1 hour, and dry it m the air. Additional Dyes for Peatiiers. — Black: immerse for 2 or 3 days in a bath, at first hot, of lo,!?wood, 8 parts, and copperas or acetate of iron, 1 part. Blue: with the indigo vat Brown: by using any of the brown dyes tor silk or woollen. Crimson : a mordant of alum, followed by a hot bath of Brazil wood, after- wards by a weak dve of cudbear. Ptnk or Hoite : with sar-flower or lemon juice. Flum : with the red dye, followed by an alka- LEATHER WORKERS, AC, PECEiPTS. 105 line loath. Red : a mordant of alum, followed by a bath of I5iMzil Avcod. Yellow, a mordant of alum, followed by a bath of turmeric or weld. CoLOKS FOR ARTiFioiAii Flowkrs. — The French employ velvety fne cambric, and kid for the petals, ana taffeta for the leaves. Very recently thin plates of bleached whalebone have been used for some portions of the artificial flowers. Colors and Stains. Blue. —Indigo dissolved in oil of vitriol, and the acid partly neutralized witli salt of tartar or whiting. Green. — A solution of distilled ver- digris. Zj/ac. —Liquid archil. Jied. — Carmine dissolved ia a solution of salt of tartar^ or in spirits of hartshorn. Violet. — Liqaid arcliil mixed witli a little salt of tartar. Yellow. — Tincture of turmeric The colors are generally applied with the fingers. To cur AND POLISH Makblk. — The marble saw is a thin plate of soft iron, continually supplied, during its sawing motion, with water and the sharpest sand. The sawing of moderate pieces is performed by hand : that of large slabs is most economically done by a proper mill. The first substance used in the polishing pro- cess 13 the sharpest sand, which must be worked with till the surface becomes perfectly flat. Then a second and even a third sand, of increasing fineness, is to be applied. The next substance is emery, of progressive degrees of fineness ; after which, tripoli is employed ; and the last polish is given with tin putty. The body with which the sand is rubbed upon the marble is usually a plate of iron ; but, for the subsequent process, a plate of lead is used, with fine sand and emery. Tlie polishing-rubbers are coarse linen cloths, or bagging, wedged tight mto an iron planing tool. In every step or the operation,a constant trickling supply of water is required. Alabaster, Marble, or Stone ma^ be stained of a yellow, red, green, blue, purple, black, or any ot the compound colors, by the staius used for wood. Powerful Cement for Broken Mabblb.— Take gum arabic, 1 lb.; make iuto a thick mucilage : add to it powdered plaster of Paris. 1^ lb. ; sifted quick lime, 5 oz. ; mix well ; heat the marble, and apply the mixture. bEVEN Colors for Staining Marble.— It is necessary to heat the marble hotj but not so hot as to injure it, the proper heat being that at which the colors nearly boil. Blue; alkaline indigo dye, or turnsole with alkali. Bed; dragon's blood in spirits of wine. Yellow ; gamboge in spirits of wine. Gold Colo, ; sal-ammouiac, sulphate of zinc, and verdigris, equal parts. GrecA; sap green, in spirits of potash. Brown; tincture of logwood. Crimson; alka- net root in turpentine. Marble may be veined according to taste. To staiR marble well is a difficult operation. Perpetual Ink for Tombstones, etc. — Pitch, 11 lbs. :lamphlack| 1 lb. ; turpentine sufficient; mix with heat. To Clean Old Marble. — Take a bullock's gall, 1 gill soap lees, half a gill of turpentine ; make into a paste with pipeclay, apply it io the marble ; let it dry a day or two, then rub it off, and it will apjiear equal to new ; if verj' dirty, repeat the application. To kxtract Oil from Marble or Stone. — Soft soap, 1 part ; fullers earth, 2 parts; potash, 1 part; boiling water to mix. Lay it on the spots of grease, and let it remain for a few hours. 106 CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS, &C., RECEIPTS. To Clean Marble. — Take two pnrtg of common soda, i part pu- mice stone, and I part of finely powdcrecl chalk ; sift il throiit,'!! a (in.! elevi", and mix it with water; then rub it will all over ilio marble, and the stains will beremove'l; then wash the marble over with soap and water, and it will be as clean as it was at first. To MAKK A Chemical Bakomistkk.— Take a lung, narrow bottle, and put into it 2^ drs. of camphor; spirits of wme, 1 1 drs. When the camphor is dissolved, add to it the following mixture : water, 1) drs. ; saltpetre, 38 grs. ; sal-ammoniac. 38 grs. Dissolve ihese salts in tho water prior to mixing with the camphorated spirit ; tiien shako all well together, cork the bottle well, wax ihe top, but afterwards make a very small aperture in the cork with a red-hot needle. By observing the different appearances wfiich tlie aiate- riaU assume as the weather changes, it becomes an excellent prog- nosticator of a coming storm or of a sunny sky. PiiiNTEit'a Rollers are made of glue and molasses, with some- times a little Spanish white. The pmportions are 1 lb. glue lo I pint molasses. Break the glno t') pieces , soak for 24 hours, then melt the molasses, a id cast in a mould previously oiled to prevent it from sticking. When it gets hard after long use, remelt jt, using a little more molasses. Savage's Phintino Ink. — Pure balsam of copaiba, 9 oz ; lamp- black 3 cz. ; indigo and Prussian blue, each 5 drams ; Indian red, ^- oz. ; yellow soap, 3 oz. Mix, and grind to the utmost smooth- ness. Trapper's and Akgler's Secret for Game and Fish. — A rew drops of oil of anise, or oil rhodium, on any trapper's bait, will etitiee any wild animal into the snare trap. India cockle mixed with flour dough, and sprinkled on the surface of still water, will intoxicate fish, rendering them insensible ; when coming up to the surface, they can be lifted into a tub of fresh water to revive them, when tney may be used without fear I- -I RECEIPTS FOR CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS, GILDERS. BRONZERS, GLASS STAINERS, &o. Cheap Black Walnht Stain— Burnt umber, 2 parts, rose pink, 1 part, glue, I p.art, water sufficient ; heat all together and dis- solve completely, apply to the work first with a sponge, then go over it with a brush, and varnish over with shellac. Ebony Stain.— Drop black, 2 parts, rose pink, 1 part, turpentme a sufficient quantity. Bright Ykllow Stain.— 1. Brush over with the tincture of tur meric. 2. Warm the work, and brush it over with weak aquafortis varnish or oil as usual. 3. A very small bit of aloes put iato the varnish will give a rich yellow color to the wood Extra Black Stain for Wood.— Pour 2 quarts boiling water over 1 oz. of powdered extract of logwood, and, when Ihcssolnlion is effected, 1 dr. of yellow chromate of potash is added, and the whole well stirred. It is then ready for use as a wood-stain, or for CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS, AC, B|tCEIPT8. 107 writing ink. When rubbed on wood, it produces a pure black. IJijuat Willi 2, 3, cr 4 appLciitioiis, till a Ufcp black is produced, vtiicli ttcqiiii'^d tlie liifilicst beauty when [loliiilu'd or stniut'd. Imitation of Mahogany.— Let tlici first coat of jiainiiiiK bo wliito lead, the second, orange, and the last, burnt umber oisicuna: juiiiating the veins according to your taste and practice. To Imitate Wainscot. — Let the first coat be white ; th^i second, half white and halt yellow ochre; and the third, yellow ochre only ; shadow with umber or sienna. To Imitate Satin Wood. — Take white for your first coating, light blue for the second, and dark blue or dark green for the third. Rosewood Satin, vf.py Bkight Shade. — Used Cold. — Take al- cohol 1 gal ; camwood, 2 oz ; set them in a warm place 24 hours; then add extract of logwood, 3 oz. ; aquafortis, 1 (.^ lbs ; powdered shellac, ^ lbs. ; spirits of wine, "J gals. ; dissolve and strain ; then add turpentine varnish, 1 pt. ; and it is ready (or use. CuKuiiY Stain. — Rain water, 3 qts. ; annotto, 4 oz. ; boil in a copjier kettle till the auuotto is dissolved, then put in a piece of potash the size of a walnut ; keep it on the fire about half an hour longer, and it is ready to bottle for use. Rosewood Stain, Lioiit Shade. — Equal parts of logwood and red-wood cliips, boil well in water sufficient to make a strong stain; apjily it to the furniture while hot ; 2 or 3 coats according to tie depth of coloi desired. Rose Pink Stain and Vahnish. — Put 1 oz. of potash in 1 qt. water, with red sanders, \^ oz. ; extract the color from the wood and strain; then add gum shellac, ^ lb., dissolve it by a brisk hre. Used upon logwood stain tor rosewood imitation. Blue Stain for Wood. — 1. Dissolve copper filings in aquafortis, brush the wood with it, and then go over the work with a hot so- lution ot pearlash (2 oz. to 1 i)t. of water) till it assumes a perfectly l;lue color. 2, Boil 1 lb of indigo, 2 lbs. wood, and 3 oz. alum, in J gal. water, brush well over until thoroughly stained. Imitation op Botany-Bay Wood.— Boil i lb. French berries (the unripe berries of the Rhamnus ivjectonus) in 2 qts. water till of a deep yellow, and while boiling hot, give 2 or 3 coats to the work. It a deeper color is desired, give a coat of logwood decoction over the yello\\ When nearly dry, form the grain with No. 8, black stum, used liot, and, when dry, rust and varnish. Mahogany Color — Dark.— 1. Boil ^ lb. of madder and 2 oz. log- woDd-chijts in a gallon ot water, and brush Avell over while hot ; wnen dry go over the whole with pearlash solution, 2 drs. to the quart 2 Put 2 oz. dragon s blood, bruised, into a quart of oil of ,351 108 CABIHBTMAKERS, PAINTERS, AC, RECEIPTS. :: 'I turpentine; let the bottle stand in a warm place, shake frequently, and, when dissolved, steep the work in the mixture. Box-Wood Bkown Stain.— Hold your work to the fire, that it may r'^ceive a gentle warmth ; then take aquafortis, and, with a feather, pass it over the work till you fmd it change to a fine brown (always keeping it near the fire) , you may then varnish or polish it. Light Red Brown. — Boil j lb madder and J lb. fustic m 1 gal. water ; brush over the work, when boiling hot, until properly stain- ed. 2. The surface of the work being quite smooth, orush over with a weak solution of aquafortis, i oz. to the pint ; then finish with the following :— Put 4^ oz. dragon's blood and 1 oz.soda, both well bruised, to 3 pts spirits of wine, let it stand in a warm place, shake frequently, strain and lay on with a soft brush, repeating until of a proper color : polish with linseed oil or varnish. Purple. — Brush the work several ^mes with the logwood decoc- tion used for No*G, Black; and, when dry, give a coat of pearla^h solution, 1 dr to a quart lay it on evenly. Red. — 1. Boil I lb. Brazil wood and I oz. pearlash in a gal. of water; and, while hot, brush over the work until of a proper color. Dissolve 2 oz alum in 1 qt. water, and brush the solution over the work before it dries 2. Take a gallon of tlie above stain, add 2 oz. more pearlash ; use hot, aud brush over with the alum solution. 3. Use a cold solution of archil, and brush over with the pearlash solution for No. 1, Bark mahogany. Mahogany Stain on Wood. — Take nitric acid, dilute with 10 parts of water, and wash the wood with it. To produce rosewood finish, glaze the same with carmine or Munich lake. Asphaltum, thinned with turpentine, forms an excellent mahogany color on new work. Beactipcl Varnish for Violins, &c. — Rectified spirits of wine, ^ gal. ; add 6 oz. gum sandarach, 3 oz. ^ura mastic, and ^ pt. turpen- tine varnish ; put the above in a tin can by the stove, frequently shaking till well dissolved : strain and keep for use. If vou find it harder than you wish, thin with more turpentine varnish Another. — Heat together at a low temperature 2 qts. of alcohol, * pt. turpentine varnish, and 1 lb. clean gum mastic ; when the latter is thoroughly dissolved, strain through a cloth. Crimson Stain for Musioal Instruments. — Ground Brazil wood, lib.; water, 3 qts. ; cochineal, i^ouuce; boil the Brazil with tlie water for an hour, strain, add the cochineal: boil gently for half an hour, when it will be tit for use. If you wish a scarlet tint, boil an ounce of saffron m a quart of water, and pass ever the work before you stain it. Purple Stain.— Chipped logwood, I lb. ; water, 3 qts. ; pearlash, 4 ounces; powdered indigo, 2 ounces. Boil the logwood in the water half an hour, add the pearlash and indigo, and when dis- solved, you will have a beautiful purple. Green Stain.— Strong vinegar, 3 pts. ; best verdigris, 4 ounces, ground fine ; sap jCreen, ^ ounce ; mix together. Black Stains for Wood. — 1. Drop a little sulphuric acid into a small quantity of water ; brush over the wood and hold it to the tire , it will be a fine black and receive a pood polish. 2 For a beautiful blackj ou wood, nothing can exceed the black Japan mentioned OABUfETMAKERS, PAINTERS, &0., RECEIPTS. 109 under Tinsmith's Department. Apply two coat»; after which, var- nish and polish it. 3. To 1 gal viaegar, add a quarter of a pound of iron ru3t; let it stand for a week : theu add a pound of dry- lampblack, and three-quarters of a poupd copperas ; stir it up for a couple of days. Lay on hve or six coats with a sponge, allowing it to dry between each ; polish with linseed-oil and a soft woollen rag, and it will look liKC ebony. Incomparable for iron work, ships' guns, shot, &c 4. Vinega,r, J gal : dry lampblack, ^ lb ; iron-rust sifted, 3 lbs. ; mix and let stand for a week. Lay three coats of this on hot, and then rub with linseed oil, and you will have a fine deep black. 5. Add to the above stain, nut-galls, 1 oz. ; logwood-chips, J lb, ; copperas, i lb. ; lay on three coats ; oil well, and you will have a black stain that will stand any kind of wea- ther, and is well adapted for ships' combings, &c, 6 Logwood- chips, i lb.; Brazil-wood, J lb ; boil for IJ hours in 1 gal. water Brush the wood with this decoction while hot ; make a decoction of nut-galls, by simmering gently, for three or four days, a quarter of a pound of the galls in 3 qts. water ; give the wood three coats, and, while wet, lay on a solution of sulphate of iron i2 oz to a quart), and, when dry, oil or varnish 7 Give three coats with a solut on of copper filings in aquafortis, and repeatedly brush over With the logwood decoction until the greenness of the copper i3 destroyed. 8. Boil ^ lb logwood-chip in 2 quarts water , add an ounce of pearlash, and apply hot with a brush. Then take 2 qts. of the logwood decoction, and i oz of verdigris and the same of copperas ; strain, and throw in | lb of iron rust. Brush the work well with this, and oiL MiscELLANEODS Stains. — Yellow 18 produccd by diluted nitric acid, Red\s produced by a solution of dragon's blood in spirits of wme Black is produced by a strong solution of nitric acid. Green is produced by a solution of verdigris m nitric acid; then, dipped in a hoi solution of pearlash produces a Blue stain Purple is produced by a solution of sal-ammoniac in nitric acid Finishing with One Uoat of Varnish. — Valuable Process — Give the furniture a coat of boiled linseed oil, then immediately sprinkle dry whiting upon it, and rub it m well with your hand or a stiff brush, all over the surface; the whiting absorbs the oil, and fills the Eores of the wood completely For black walnut, add a little urned umber to the whiting : for cherry, a little Venetian red, Ac , according to the color of tne wood Turned work can have it applied while m motion in the lathe. Furniture can afterwards 'ue finished with only one coat of varnish. Mahogany Stain on Maple. — Dragon's blood, J oz. ; alkanet, \ oz. ; aloes, I dr. ; spirits of wine, 16 oz. ; apply it with a sponge or brush. To Polish Wood. — Take a piece of pumice-stone and water, and pass repeatedly over the work until the rising of the grain is cut down Then take powdered tripoli and boiled linseed oil, and polish th(' work to a bright surface. Clock Case and Pictdbe Framk Finish. — Copal varnish, 2 lbs.; linseed oil varnish, k oz. ; mix well, shake often, and place in a warm spot The wood to be varnished is prepared with a thin coat uf glue-water, and rubbed down with fine pumioo-fltone or some- Ifi ;V-;i ^m. 'A "m • ¥f "1)1 m' »t».^5 I y. SIvlf 110 CABINETMAKEilS, PAIiNTELlS, &C., RECEIPTS. thing equivalent. In Hght-colorert wood, a light pigment, such as chalk, is added to the glue-water ; in dark wood, n, dark ;-';;:::vnt is added When rciidy, the articles are varnished with the ahovo mixture, and, after dryin?, rubbed with a solution of wax in etiie;- thereby receiving a high polish Fancv Figures on Wood — Slack some lime in stale urne. Dn a brush in it. and form on the wood figures to suit your fan y, Whe 1 dry, ruD it well with a rind of pork Black Walnut Polish. — Take pulverized asphaUnm ; put it in a jar or bottle, pour over it about twice Us bulk of turpentine or benzole, put in a warm place, and shake occasionally ; when dis- solved, strain, and apply it to the wood with a clotli or stiff brush ; should it prove too dark, dilute with turfientine or benzole. If de- sired to bring out the gram still more apply a mixture of boiled oil and turi)entine ; this is better than oil alone When tiie oil is dry, the wood can be polished witli the following Shellac varnish, 2 parts boiled od, 1 part, shake it well before using Apply with a cloth, rubbing briskly Polishes. — 1 Carvers' Polish. — White resin, 2 oz, seed lac, 2 oz.; spirits of wine, 1 pt. Dissolve It should be laid on warm. Avoid moisture and dampness when used 2 French Polish.-- Gum shellac, I oz , gum arable, \ oz ; gum copal, \ oz. Powder, and sift through a piece of musiin; put them i:i a closely corked bottle with 1 pt. spuits of wine, in a very warm situation, shaking every cfay till the gums are dissolved- then strain through muslin, and cork for Uhe. 3 J'olish for Dark-cAilorcd Woods. — SeedUic, 1 oz. ; gum guaiacuin, 2 drs ; dragon's blool, 2 drs. ; gum mastic, 2 drs. ; put in a bottle with I pt spirits of wine, cork close, expose to a moderate heat till the gums are diss(dved; strain into a bottle for use, with i gill of linseed oil ■ shake toroi)J I'ohsh. — Gum benjamin, 2 oz ■ gum sandarach, \ oz ; gum anima,| oz j spirits of wine, 1 pt ; mix in a closely stojiijed buttle, and place either in a sand bath or in hot water till the gums are di. solved, then strain oft the mixture, shake it up with \ gill of the best clear poppy oil, and put it by for use 5 Fuushiny Polmh. — Gum shellac, 2 drs . gum benjamin, 2 drs. ; put into ^ pt.ot best rectilied spirits of wine in a bottle closely corked ; kee;^^ in a warm place, shaki ig fnqueatly till the gums are dissolved. When cold, shake up with it two teaspoonfuls of the best clear poppy oil. Polish fou Removing Stains, Spot.s, and AIii.uew fhom Furni- ture. — Take of 98 per cent alcohol,^ pint.; pulverised rosiu and gum shellac, of each, \ oz Let these cut in the alcohid •, then add unseed oil, ^ pt. ; shake well, and apply with a sponge, brush, or cotton "flannel, or an old newspaper, rubbing it well after the application, which gi'^es a nice polish Polish for Reviving Old Furniture.— Take alcohol, IJ oz. , spirits of salts {muriatic acid), h oz ; linseed oil, 8 oz. ; best vine- gar, h pt. ; and butier of antimony, 1<^ oz. ; mix, putting in the vinegar last. Jrt ou Polish for "Wood or Lrather, Black, Red, or Blvk — Alcohol (t)S per cent.), 1 pt. , sealing wax, the cidor desired, .^ sticks ; dissolve by heat, and have it warm wli«ii applied A apougo 18 the best to apply it with. CABINETMAKERS, PAlJSTEUS, &C., RECEIPUS. Ill Polish for Turners' "Work. — Dissolve sandarach, 1 oz., in spirit of'vviiK', 2 i»t.; next shave bees'-wax, 1 oz. ; and dissolve it in asufli- cieiit (iiiantily of spirits of tnrpentine to make it into a paste ; add thu former mixture by degrees to it, then v/ith a woollen cloth apply it to the work while it is in motion in the lathe, and with a soft linen rag polisli it. It will appear as if highly varnished. FuK.Nirt'UE Polish. — Bees'-wax, ^ lb., and i of an oz. of alkanet root- melt together in a pipkin until the former is well colored. Tlicn add linseed oil and spirits of turpentine, of each half u gill ; strain through a piece of coarse muslin. Fkench Polishes. — 1. Shellac, 3 lbs. ; wood naphtha, 3 pts. ; dis- sohe. 2. Shellac, 2 lbs. ; powdered mastic andsandarach, of each I oz. ; copal-varnish, ^ pint ; spirits of wiue, 1 gal. Digest in llio <;ci](l till dissolved. Oil Finj.sh.— l.Lin:^eod oil, IG oz. ; black rosin, 4oz.; vinegar,4 oz. rectitied sp'rits, 3oz. • butter of antimony, 10 oz. ; spirit ot salts, 2 oz. ; melt the rosin, add the oil, take it oil the tire, and stir in the vinegiir ; let it boil for a few minutes, stirring it; when cool, put it into a bottle, add the other ingredients, shaking all together. 2. Linseed oil, 1 pt. ; oil of turpentine, ^ pt. ; rectified spirit, 4 ozs.; powdered rosin, 1^ oz. ; rose pink, 5 oz.; mix. Fi'R.NiTURE Pastes. — 1. 13ees'-wax, spirits of turpentine, and lin- seed oil, equal parts ; melt and cool. 2. Bees'-wax, four ounces ; turpentine, 10 oz. ; alkanet root, to color ; melt and strain. 3. Bees'-wax, 1 lb. ; linseed oil, 5 oz. ; alkanet root, ^ oz. ; melt, and add 5 oz. of turpentine ; strain and cool .4. Bees'-wax, 4 oz. ; resiu, 1 uz. ; oil of turpentine, 2 oz. ; Venetian red, to color. Furniture Paste. — 1. Turpentine, 1 pt. ; alkanet root, 5 oz. ; di- gest until sufficiently colored, then add bees'-wax, scraped small, 4 oz. ; put the vessel into hot Avater, and stir till dissolved. It wanted pa/c, the alkanet root should be omitted. 2. ( White.) White , wjix, 1 lb. ; li(pu)r of ))otassa, 5 gal. ; boil to a proper consistence. i. Bees'-wiix, 1 lb. ; soap, ^ lb. ; ])earlash, 3 oz. (dissolved in water, J gal., and strained) ; boil as last. 4. Yellow wax, 18 parts ; resiu, 1 |]iart; alkanet root, 1 part; turpentine, G parts ; linseed oil, G parts. First steep the alkanet in the oil with heat, and, when well colored, puur oil' the clear on the other ingredients, and again heat till all are dissolved. * Furniture Cream. — Bees'-wax, 1 lb. ; soap, 4 oz. ; pcarlash, 2 oz. ; j soft water, 1 gal. ; boil together until mixed. Furniture Oils. — 1. Acetic acid, 2 drs. ; oil of lavender, ^ (Jr. ; I rectified spirit, 1 dr.; linseed oil, 4 oz. 2. Linseed oil, 1 pt.; al- kanet root, 2 oz.: he-it, strain, and add lac varnish, 1 oz. 3. Lin- IsceJ oil, 1 pt. ; rectiliod spirit, 2 oz. ; butter of antimony, 4 oz. 4. Linseed oil, 1 gal. ; alkanet-root, 3 oz. ; rose pink, 1 oz. Boil tlietn togetiier ten minutes, and strain so liiat the oil be quite I clear. Woon-FiLLnw Composition. — Boiled linseed oil, 1 qt. ; turpentine, Vi (jts. ; corn starch, 5 lbs. ; Japan, 1 qt. ; calcined magnesia, 2 oz. |Mi\ Ihoruighly. Imi'iioved WooD-FiLLiNO Composition. — Whitening, Ooz. ; Japan, yi. ; boileil linseed oil, i pt. ; turpentine, ^ pt. ; corn starch, I |oz. Mix well togcthei* and ai)ply to the wosjd. On walnut wood 1 ' i 111." «r. ) .1 /^- 112 CABlNETMAKEilS, rAIiNTEIlS, &C., KECEII'TS. S ] ad J a littlo burned urabcr, on cborry a little Venetian rod, to the | above mixture. Dyes for Veneers. — A Jim Black. — Put G lbs. of logwood chips into your copper, with as many veneers as it will bold without I pressing too tight, fill it with water, let it boil slowly for about 3 hours, then add ^ lb. of potvdered verdiffris, ^ lb. copperas, bruised gall-nuts, 4 oz. ; fill the copper up with vinegar a^ the water evapo rates , through let it boil gently 2 hours each day till the wood is dyed A fine Blue. — Put oil of vitriol, 1 lb., and 4 oz. of ih«| best powdered indigo, in a glass bottle. Set it in a glazed earthen ! I)an, as it wdl ferment. Now p;it your ve^^ers mlo a copper oi stone trough; fill it rather more than one-third with water, andi add as much of the vitriol and indigo (stirring it about) as •will make fine blue, testing it with apiece of white jjajier or wood. Let I the veneers remain tii; the dye has struck through. Keep tlie .solutioii of indigo a few weeks before using it ; this improves the color. Fm lYellow. — Reduce 4 lbs. cf the root ot barberry to dust by sawing, which put in a copper or brass trough ; add turmeric, 4 oz. ; water, 4 gals. ; then put in as many vhite holly veneers as the liquor will cover. Boil them together for 3 hours, often turning them. "When cool, add aquafortis, 2 oz., and the dye will strike through mucli sooner, \jBright Green. — Proceed as in the previous receijjt to i)roduct8 yellow ; but, instead of aquafortis, add as much of the vitrioLated iindigo (see above, under blue dye) as will produce the desitedl '«olor. Bright Red. — Brazil dust, 2 lbs. ; add water, 4 gals. Puij; in aa many veneers as the liquid will cover ; boil them fov 3 Iiour^ then add, alum, 2 oz., aquafortis, 2 oz. ; and keep it hike- warm umi it has struck through. Purple. — To 2 lbs. of chip logwood audi lb. Brazil dust, add 4 gals, of water ; and after putting in youi Tcneers, boil for 3 hours ; then add pearlash,G oz., and alum, 'i oz.; let them boil for 2 or 3 hours every day till the color has struck through. Orange. — Take the veneers out of the above yellow dyt,| and while still wet and saturated, transfer them to the bright dye till the color penetrates throughout. To IMPROVE THK CoLOR OF Stains. — Nitric acid, ! oz. ; miiriati(| acid, ^ teaspoonful ; grain tin, \ oz. ; rain water, 2 oz. Mi.xita| least 2 days before using, and keep your bottle well corked. Strong Glue for Inlaying or Veneering. — Select the best li brown glue, free from clouds and streaks. Dissolve Ibis in water/j and to every pint add half a gill of the best vinegar and J oz'jia isinglass. Inlaid Mother of Pearl "Work, on sewing machines and otlia;^ fancy work, is performed by selecting the thin scales of the sbcll^ and cementing them to the surface of the material ; the rest of tli«| surface is covered with successive coats ot Japan varnish, gcnw rally black, being subjected to a baking process after each appli'j cation. When the varnish is as thick as the shell, it is polished,? the gilding and painting added, and a flowing coat of varnisli put] over the whole. Another Method. — Prepare the job with a heavy coa* of black I Japan; then, before it is dry, procure some flakes of pearl ami lajj them on the black surface, pressing them into the Japan until thejj RTc level with the surface ; theu with colors form vines and llowcry CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS, &C., RECEII'TS. 113 I alloniiiR tho pearl to form the body of the flower or leaf, and shade up all nicely. _ ^ Compound Colors. — Light Gray is made ny mixing white lead with lamp black, using more or less of each material, as you wish to obtain a lighte/ or darker shade. Buff is made from yellow ioclire and white lead. Silver or Pearl Gray. — Mix white lead, Ipnissiiin blue, and a very slight portion of black, regulating the I quantities you wish to obtain. Flaxen Gray is obtained by a mix- [tiuc of white lead and Prussian blue, with a small quantity of lake. \ Brick Color.— YaWovf ochre and red lead, with a little white. Oak Wood Color. — 5 white lead and \ part umber and yellow ochre, [proportions of the last two ingredients being determined by the [dpsircd tints. Walnut-tree Color. — I white lead, and J red ochre, vellow ochre, and umber, mixed according to the shade sought. \i' Vt'ining is reipiired, use different shades of the same mixture, and {for the deepest places, black. Jonquil. — Yellow, pink, and wiiite I lead. This color is only proper for distemper. Lemon Yellov). — jRealgar and orpiment. The same color can be obtained by mixing yellow pi'ik with Naples vellow ; but it is then only fit for distem- [per. Orange Color. — Red lead and yellow ochre. Violet Color. — IVermilion, or red lead, mixed with black or blue, and a small por- jtion of white. Vermilion is preferable to red lead in mixing this J color. Pxiryih. — Dark-red mixed with violet color. Carnation. — JLake and white. Gold Color. — Massicot, or Naples yellow, witli [a small (juantity of realgar, and a very little Spanish white. Olive \Color may be obtained by olack and a little blue, mixed with yel- jlow. Yfllow-pink, with a little verdigris and lampblack ; also loeliro and a small quantity of white will produce an olive color. iFor (listcmpe/, indigo and yellow-pink, mixed with white lead or ISpanish white, must be used. If veined, itmust be done with umber. \jjead Color. — Prussian blue and white. Chestnut Color. — Red ochre [and black, foi' a dark chestnut. To make it lighter, employ a mix- Jtiire of yellow ochre. Light Timber Color — Spruce ochre, white, land a little umber. Flesh Color.- — Lake, white lead, and a little jvcrmilion. ]jiglit Willov} Green. — White, mixed with verdigris. tCivKs 6'/ww.— Yellow-pink, mixed with verdigris. Stone Color. — [white, with a little spruce ochre. J)ark Lead Color — Black and liite,witii a little Prussian blue. Fawn Color. — White lead, stone ochre, with a little vermilion. Chocolate Color. — Lampblack and Hpanisli brown. On account of the fatness of lampblack, mix some litharge and red lead. Portland Stone Co/or.-^Umber, yellow ochre, iiid white lead. Rose Color. — White lead and carmine or lake. ^(dmon Color. — White lead and blue, yellow, and red. Pearl Color. -White lead, Prussian blue, and red.. Slate Color. — White lead, alack, red and blue. Pea Green. — White lead and chrome, or Paris ^rcen. Crenm Color. — White lead, yellow and red. Straw Color, -White lead and yellow. Peach Blossom Color. — White lead and Ferniilion. Jirown. — Venetian red and lampblack. Dark Green. -Lanipl)lack and chrome green. Olive Color.— Red, green, or lack, yellow and red. Snuff Color. — Yellow, sienna, and red. Piu'ssiAN l>LUR. — 1st. Take nitric acid, any qu.intity, and as much Iron shavings from the lathe as tho acid will dissolve ; heat the [roil as hot as can be handled with the hand; then add it to the R ! ^' U. 1 V' ■ v-Tt i 'Hi a, •f ii I ;■' ■\ 114 CAIUNETMAKEUS, TAINTEIIS^ &C., RECEll'TS. acid in small quantities as long as the acid will dissolve it; thou slowly add double the quantity of soft wator that there was of acid, and put in iron'^again as long as the acid will dissolve it. 2d, Take prussiate of potash, dissolve it in the hot water to makej strong solution, and make sufficient of it with the first to give the de])th of tint desired, and the blue is made. AnothiSR Mkthod. — A very passable Prussian blue is made hj taking sulphate of iron (copperas) and prussiate of potusiii, equal parts of each ; and dissolving each separately in water, Ibeu uiii- ing the two waiers. Chuomk Yellow. — 1st. Take sugar of lead and Paris white, of each 5 lbs. ; dissolve them in hot water. '2d, Take bichnmiule of l)otash, 0^ uz. ; and dissolve it in hoi water also ; each article to be dissolved separately; then mix all together, putting iu the bi- chromate last. Let stand twenty-four hours. Chrome Green. — Take Paris wliite, G^ lbs. ; sugar of load, anil blue vitriol, of each 85 lbs. ; alum, 10^ oz. ; best soft Prussiai blue and chrome yellow, of each 3i lbs. Mix thoroughly wiiilt in tine powder, and add water, 1 gal., stirring well, and let staiii three or foi r hours. Green, DuRABt,r! and Cheap. — Take spruce yellow, and colorit with a solution of chrome yelloAk' and Prussian blue, until joi give it the siiade you wish. Another Method. — Blue vitriol, 5 lbs. ; sugar of lead, G\ lbs,;l arsenic, 2^ lbs.; bicbromat'j of ))otash, U oz. ;mix tliem tliorouglilji in line powder, and add water 3 parts, mixing well again, aaukl stand three or four hours. Pea Brown. — 1st, Take sulphate of copjjcr any q.aantity, ani^l dissolve it in hot water. 2d. Take prussiate of potash, dissolve itii i hot water to make a strong solution ; mix of the two sulutioni,] as in t!ie blue, and the color is made, liosE Pink. — Brazil wood, 1 lb., and boil it for two hours, liaviii|| 1 gal. of water at the end ; then strain it, and boil alum, 1 lb.,ii| the same water until dissolved ; when suHiciently cool to admil the hand, add muriate of tin, 5 oz. Now have Paris lb.; moisten up to a salvy consistence, and when the first is co stir them thoroughly together. Let stand twenty-four hoiu's. Patent YemAlNTERS, AC, llECEIfTS. holtle it for use ; then add 1 pint of this mixture to 4 pints of I bleached linseed oil, sliake them well together, grind white It-adin spirits of turpentine, and strain it ; tlien add sufficient of the lead to make it proper for ])ainting; if too thick iii using, thin with turpentine, L being suitable for the best iaterual work on account of its superiority and expense. Foil A PURE WuiTK Paint. — Nut-oil is the best; if linseed oil is used, add one-third of turfieatine. To MIX Common Whitk Paint. — Mix or grind white lead in linseed | oil to the consistency of paste ; add turpentine in the i)roportion of one quart to the gallon of oil; but tliese proportions must be varied according to circumstances. Remember to strain your color for the better sorts of work. If the work 's exposed to tlie sun, use more tur[)entine for the ground-color, to prevent its blistering. Invisible Green for Outside Work, — Mix lampblack and French yellow v/ith burnt white vitri(d. These colors mix in boil d oil, Burnt vitriol is the host drier for greens,a3 it is powerful and color- les.^, and, consequently, will not injure the color. BiiioiiT Varnish Green, for Insidb Bmnds, Fenders, &c,— Tiie work must first be i)aiiited over with a light lead color, and, when dry, grind some white lead in spirits of turpentine ; afU'rwardj take about ^ in bulk of verdigris, which has been ground s till in linaeed oil ; then mix them both together, and put into a little lesin varnish, sufficient only to bind the color. When thi^i isnard, ■wliicli will be the case in 15 minutes, pour into the color som« rosin to give it a good gloss. Then go over the work u. second lime and, if required, a third time. Thus you will have u ciieap jiud beautiful green, with a higli polisii. It possesses very drying.^ rpiality, as the worK may be comi)l(!ted in a few hours. Tiie tint maybe varied according to tast('!,by substituting mineral green foi verdigris ; and if a bright grass-green is required, add a little Dutch pink to the mixture. N.B.— This color must be used when quite warm,t,o give the var- nish an uniform extension. Compound Greens. — Tliis is a mixture of whiting, indigo and Dutdi pink, the intensity of which may be increased or diminished I)y the addition of blue or yellow. These mixtures will not admit of any fixed rules in regard to the quantities of the matters used in their composition. Tliey must depend on the taste of the artist and the tone lie is desirous of giving to the color. Pea Green. — Take one pound of genuine mineral green, onej jiound of the precipitate of topper, one pound and a half of bliiel verditer, three pounds of white lead, three ounces of sugar of lead,[ and three ounces of burnt white vitriol. Mix the whole of tiieMJ ingredients iri linseed oil, and grind them quite fine. It will prodticej n bright mineral pea-green paint, i)reserve a blue tint and keepanjj length of time in any climate, without injury, by putting wat«rj over it. To use this color for house or ship painting, take one pound of the green paint with some pale boiled oil, mix them well! together, and this will produce a strong pea-green paint. Tiie I tint may be altered at pleasure, by adding a proportionate quantitj of white lead to the greeu, which may be ground in liusecd oil, CAHINETMAKERS, PAINTERS, &C. RECEIPTS. 114o ii'ul tliiiiiKMl with spirits of tiirpontine for use. It may also bo usoil for painting Venetian window blinds, by adding white lend iiiKi niixinff the color with boiled oil. For all the aforesaid pre- paratioMS it will retain a blue tint, Avhich is very dcslrablu. For Knotti.no. — One pint of vegetable uaptha, 1 leaspoonful of red load, k pint of japanncrs gold size, 7 ozs. of orange shellac, mix all loguth ^.•, set lu a warm place to disaolve, and frequently sluike. Another. — Mix white lead, or red lead powder, in strong glue sine, and api)ly it warm. i^EALTiKUL CoLcu Kou CARKiAGEa, CoACTiES, &c. — Mlx Victoria lake with black ja})an. AVuiTE LEy\i). — The most usual method of manufacturing white lend is lliat known us the Dutch method. It consists in exposing lead, ca3t in thin gratings, to the combined action of acetic acid moist air and carbonic acid gas. The gratings arc supported a little altuve the bottom of earthen pots, similar to llower pots, iti each of wliich a small quantity of weak acetic acid is placed. The pots are built up in altematb layers with spent tanners' bark, until a stack is formed, each layer of pots being covered with a hoard. Fermentation soon takes place in the tan, and serves the double purpose of generating heat and supplying carbonic acid. Afier the lapse of six or eight weeks, the metallic lead is found color some ■ converted into white masses of carbonate mixed with bydrated uxiile. It is then levigated, washed, dried, and ground with oil. To CuiiE Dami' Walls. — Boil 2 ozs. of grease with 2 quarts of tar, for nearly twenty minutes, in an n-on vessel, and having ready ]»oiiiided glass, 1 lb. ; slacked lime, 2 ibs , well dried in an iron pot and sifted through a Hour seive: add soma of the lime to the tar and glas.s, to make it the tliickncss of thin paste, pufficienj to cover a .>;p!aro foot at a time, as it Lurdeiis so quick. Apjdy it about an eij^hth of an inch thick. To PllOTECT WOOU AND BlUCK WOKK FROM DaMP WeATHEK. — Take 3 pocks of lime, slacked in the air, 2 pecks of wood ashes, and 1 peck of white sand. Sift them fine, and add linseed oil suili- cieiit to use with a paint brush ; thin the lirst coat , use it as thick as it will work for the second c:-n.\, grind it hnc. or beat it iu a trough, and it is a good composition. Putty for REPAiRiNfi Broken Walls; — The bes putty tor walls is composed of equal parts of whiting and plaster ot Paris, as it. qiiicldy hardens. The walls may be immediately colored upon it. .Some piMuU'rs use whiting mixed with size; but this is not good, •s it li.ses above the surface of tiie walls, and shows in patches Wi;en the work is finished. Lime must not be used as a putty to ""Mair walls, as it will detitroy almost every color it comes iu con- tact with. IXHTia (^TlONS FOR SifiN WuiTINO, WITH THE CoLOHS TO BE USED FOR THE iJ ROUND AND JjKtters. — On iiM oak ground. ornamental letters, in ultramarine blue, lllled in with gold and silver leaf. Mocked u]) and shaded with burnt sienna. Anolher. — Gold letters on a wliit(; marble ground, blocked up and'sliaded with a transpa- leul 'udwu or burnt toieuua. On ^<> . 116 CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS, &C., RECEirTt^. Green Pa:.tjt for Garden Stands, Blinds, etc. — Take mineral green, and white lead ground m turpentine; n'ixup the quantity you wish with a small quantity of turpentine varniih. This serves for the first coat. For the second, put as much varnish in your mix- ture as rill produce a good gloss. If you desire a brighter green, add a little Prussian blue, which will much improve the color. Milk Paint, for BaRns, any Color. — Mix water lime with skim milk, to a proper consistence to apply with a brush, and it is ready to use. It will adhere "veil to wood, whether smooth or rough, to brick, mortar, or stone, where oil has not been used (in which case it cleaves to some extent), and forms a very hard substance, as durable as the best oil paint. It is too cheap to estimate, and anyone can put it on who can use a brush. Any color may be given to it, by using colors of the tinge desired. If a red is preferred, mix Venetian-red with milk, not using any lime. It looks well for fifteen years. Paint. — To Mak3 without Lead or Oil.' — "^'hiting, 5 lbs.-, skimmed milk, 2 qts. ; fresh slacked lime, 2 oz. Put the lime into a stoneware vessel, pour upon it a sufficient quantity of the milk to make a mixture resembling cream ; the balance of the milk is then to be added ; and lastly, the whiting is to be crumbled upon the surface of the fluid, in wnich it gradually sinks. At this period it must be well stirred in or ground, as you would other paint, and it is fit for use. Transparent Painting on Window Shades. — The muslin is spread on a frame and secured tightly with tacks, then sized with a mixture of fine flour paste, white glue, and white bar soap ; the soap renders the muslin pliable and soft. A thin coat is applied, which is nearly invisible when dry. A coat of pure linseed oil, diluted with spirits of turpentine, is then applied to the whole, or a part, as desired ; lay it on quickly and smoothly, to ensure an even transparent surface. The colors used are, ivory black, ultramarine, Paris green, sienna, umber, verdigris, asphaltum, or other suitable colors. An outline of the design is drawn with a small pencil with black or umber, after which the colors may be applied, more or less diluted, as more or Jess transparency is desired. In general, the brightest colors should be applied first, and the darker shades over tiiem. These colors must be laid evenly and smoothly with soft brushes, and should any part be made too dark, the best way is to scrape off with a stick before the color gets too dry. The best designs for shades consist of landscape views, and should always be designed to accommodate the form and position of the ground on which they are drawn. Stencils will be found useful on this work, in rap' ng corners or stripes for borders. To rsB Smalts. — For a gold lettered sign, lay out on a lead color or white surface the line of letters, and roughly size the shape of each letter with fat oil size. This must be allowed at least 12 hours to get tacky and ready for gilding. After the gold leaf is laid and perfectly dry, mix up (for blue smalts) Prussian blue and keg lead with oil, adding a little dryer. Outline carefully around the letters, and fill up all the outside with blue paint ; then with a small sieve sift on the smalts, allowing the sign to lay horizon- tally. Cover every part with plenty of smalts, and 'llow it to I-' .„ OABINETMAKEIIS, POINTERS, AC, RECEIPTS. 117 remam unmolested until the paint is dry. Then carefully shake oflf the surplus smalts, and the work is done. To Paint Magic Lantkun Slides. — Transparent colcs only are used for this work, such as lakes, sap-green, ultramarine, verdigris, gamboge, asphaltum^ &c., mixed in oil, and tempered with light colored varnish (wnite Demar). Draw on the paper the design desired, and stick it to the glass with water or gum ; then with a fine pencil put the outlines on the opposite side of the glass with the proper colors ; then shade or fill up with black or vandyke brown, as you tind best. Silver Polish Kalsominb. — Take 7 lbs. of Paris white and i lb. of light colored glue. Set the glue in a tin vessel coutaiiing 3 pts. of water; let it stand overnight to soak. Then put it in a kettle of boiling water over the fire, stirring till it is well dissolved and quite thin. Then, after putting the Paris white into a large water- Jiail, pour on hot water and stir it till it appears like thick milk. fow mingle the glue liquid with the whiting, stir it thoroughly and apply with a whitewash-brush, or a large paint brusa. Marine Paint for Metals in Salt Water. — Red lead, 55 parts ; quicksilver, 30 parts ; thick turpentine, 7 parts. Mix wit.» boiled linseed oil to the proper consistency. The quicksilver must be tlioroughly amalgamated with the thick turpentine by grinding or rubbing, and this mixture must be ground with the :x;d lead and more boiled oil. As little oil as is necessary to make the paint lay well must be used. To make the paint adhere more firmly, a previous coat of oxide of iron paint may be used. To Imitate Tortoise Shell. — ^Paint a ground of salmon color ; then when dry and smoothed oflf, coat it over with rose pink, mixed in varnish and turpentine ; then with a flat piece of glass, press on the surface, and remove the glass quickly, being careful not to push it over the paiats so as to disturb the curious figures which the pressure will form thereon. Varnish when dry, and you will fin»l you have a beautiful imitation of tortoise shell. Banner Painting. — Lay out the letters very accurately with charcoal or crayon, then saturate the cloth with water to render the painting easy. On large work a stencil will be found useful. Take a piece of tin, lay the straight edge to the mark, brush over with a sash tool, und by this means you will make a very clean-edged letter. Use stiflF bristle pencils in painting on canvas. Oil Cloth Painting. — To paint canvas for floors, the canvas should first be saturated with glue-water or flour paste, and allowed to dry first. Then paint it with any color desired. To put in the figures, cut out designs in tin plates or stiflF paper, and stencil them on in various colors. To Imitate Marble. — For while marble^ get up a pure white ground, then hold a lighted candle near the surface, ana allow the smoke to form the shades and various tints desired. This will make a very handsome imitation. Black marble imitation is made by streaking a black surface with colors, using a feather and pencil. Another plan is to get up a smooth black surface ; then take the colors, green, yellow, red, white, &c., ground thick m gold size, and streak th« surface with a oiick or pencil. A'' ▼ it to dry, and '^Ppl7 ft henyy CO»t of lampblack and yellow ochre, mixed with \\i ., ^ m ri'iN ii^ CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS, &C., RECIEPTS. rough stuff. When nil is hard, rub down to a level surface xvith lump pumice stone, varnish, and a beautiful variegated marblo will be the result. GiLDiNft AND Ornamenting Carriages.— English gold size is the best for this purpose. If you cannot get it ready prepared, make a substitute b^ using English varnish and japan 'in equal parts. If the gilding id for striping, you should mix a little chrome yellow with it, to be able to see the lines the better, but for lettering no coloring is required. Rub your job down smoothly, take a piece of muslin and tie up in it a lit 'e whitening to form a " pounce bag;" with this dust over every pa t of the work whore the jold leaf is to be put, to prevent the leaf sticking to the surface not covered br the size, or wash the job over with stai'Ch water, or rub it over with the raw surface of a potatoe cut in halves ; the juice of the potatoe aoon dries, and leaves a thin film to which the gold will not adhere. Either ot the above methods will do, and the coating will wash off hop +ho gilding is dry. The surfa^R prepared, take the s1''-e and put < . the stripes, figures, or ornaments, and allow it to dry just enough to enable you to pass your finger over it without sticking, but if it is "tacky" when you placo your finger upon it, it is ready for the gold leaf, which is to btr applied in the way directed for gilding letters on wood. The gold letters may be shaded with ultramarine, carmine, asphaltum, lake, Paris green verdigris, &c. to suit the taste. Bronzino. — Gold bronze is used on carriaf e parts for striping and ornamenting, using the same size as that used for gold leaf. For taking up and applying the bronze, take a piece of plush or velvet and make a " pounce bag, "-by tying up a wad of cotton, rubbing the bronze gently over tlic size. To vary the appenranct', a mixture of copper, gold, and silver bronze may be applied. For fancy work in bronze,cui out any desired pattern on thin sheet bnuss, pasteboard, or paper, and apply it to any nearly dry varnished surface ; rub the bronze on through the apertures in the pat- torn. Good Colors for Ccstnesb 'Waooons. — No. 1. Bodji. — Chrome green ; frame or ribs, black, striped with white or cream color. liunning gear. — Cream color, striped with red, blue or dark green, or black, and red fine line. No, 2. Body. — Yellow ; frame black, striped with blue or white. Running gear. — Light vermilion, striped with black and white. No. 3. Body. — Carmine glaze over Indian red. Running gear. — Vermilion. No. 4. Body. — Deep vermilion. Running gear. — Light vermilion. Mixture to removb old Paint. — Dissolve 1 lb, potash in 3 pts. water over the fire, then add yellow ochro oc some common dry paint until it is as thick as rough stuff; spread this over your old paint, and after a little it will come off quite easily, then wash the wood with soap and water to remove all the potash, dry off and sand-paper, then give a coat of clean raw oil. Another method is to heat V. heavv piece of iron and apply to the paint, which will cause it to become loose and soft, so that it may be scraped off with a knife. Still another method is to direct the flame of a spirit lamp (which may be constructed for the pnrpose) on the old paint, scraping it off as it softens. CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS, AC, RECEIPTS. 1 1 To Br,j5Acn Oil. — Pour as much linspcd oil into a shallow earthen vessel t'-s will stand one incli deep, tlioii i»our in 6 inches ft water, cover with a fine cloth, and i«'t the whole stand in the sun for a few weeks until the liquid becomes thick, wlien itshould be poured into a phial and submitted to a gentle heat ; after which the clear is to be i)oured off and strained through a flannel cloth. 'Jo Ooi'Y AN UnNAMENT. — Place the paper or other article rontaiiiing the ornament against a pane of glass ; then laying a rvi'etof thin paper over it, \ou can copy it exactly with a lead oriicil. Oknaments, in the shape of decalcoraino. or other gilded pic- turns, niuy be easily transferred to carriages -r coaches by following the directions given in transferring pictures to glass. \ermimon. — To prevent vermilion from fading, add -to the dry colul, before mixing, i part of dour of sulphur. Light English vcruiiUon is used for striping, ornamenting or lettering ; the deep vermilion having less bodv, will not cover good. English vermi- lion gives the best coloro:j vajr'age work when mixed with rubbing T.arnishandoil. American vcrmilionshould not be ground nsthe pro- cess would change it to an orango color ; while green, I r-Oibn red, chrome-yellow, and all heavy body colors are all the better for being ground as fine as possible. *Raw oil is preferable to boiled, as it is more volatile, and penetrates and fills the pores of the wood better. I'uiMiNO roll Carkiaoe Work. — J'irst coat of lead. Mu '•■hhv li\'id with raw oil, 2 parts, japan, 1 part, to make it proper for -^ thick coat, aadinga very little turpentine to make it work '"htjily For carriage parts add a little Indian black, but not for boii»«'i ,Seco7i(i coat of lead. Mix white lead with 1 part raw oil and 2 par;* jiipan, and a little turpentine, as before, adding l!i:npb?ack for car- riage parts, but none for the body. Third and fourth coat. Mix Tvhne load into a thick i^aste with turpentine, add a little oil. japan flr.<.l rubbing varnish to bind the paint well ; add, for the carnage part?. n little lamjjblack find a little red lead. Hard drvino Putty. — For ramaae work. — .Mix dry white lead with ji;,?«;n and rubbing varnish equal parts, to the proper 'orisist- cnry, beating it with a small mallet to bruise the lumps. Keep it, when not in use, in water, to prevent i' drying. Koiroii Stufp\ — For carriage work. — Take 3 parts of English filling (ground state), 2 parts dry white lead, 1 part white lead in oil. Mix with japan, 2 {»arts, rubbing varnish, 1 part. Mix and crush thoroughly by running all through the mill together. Facing Lkad rou Carriage Work. — Mix dry whitcvlead with 2 parts japan, 1 part rubbing varnish, and thin with spirits of turpen- tine, adding a little lampblack to make a clean lead color, and run all through the mill, CoAcii Painting.— The panels of such work are generally painted in color, while tlie pillars, top strip, quarters, deck, &c., are alwa^'S black ; umber colors, lakes, greens, and blues are some of the best colors used on this work. To prepare the body for any of these colors, a around color is used in the place of lampblack on black work. The following are a tew approved (/rounds. 7>aA:c.— Indian red arul vermilion mixed to a dark brown, but some prefer a black jii'ound for hike. Ultramarine. — Mix a medium blue with white lead . .1 jf.H 120 CAIilNETMAKERS, PAINTERS, &0., RECEIPTS. nut! Pnissiiin blue. Vei-milion, — A light pink color is generally used as a gronml for vormilion. dreen. — tirecn and all heavy-to(lie(l c;jlors will cover 'well on the lead colors ■without any ground color. FiSH-OiL Paints. — Dissolve white vitriol and litharge, of euch 14 lbs., in vinegar, 32 gals. ; add whale, seal, or cod oil, 1 tun, and boil to dryness, continually stirring during the ebullition. The next day, decant the clear portion ; add linseed oil, 12 gals. ; oil of turpentine, 3 gals., and mix well together. The sediment left ia v/ell agitated with half its quantity of lime-water, used for some inferior paints under the name of '^ prepnrfid residue oil." This oi\ U used for various common purposes, as a substitute for linseed oil, of which the following paints are examples: — Pale Green. -^ Lime-water, gals. ; whiting and road-dust, of each, 1 cwt. : blue-black, 30 lbs. ; yellow ochre, 28 lbs. ; wet blue (previou^y ground in prepared residue oil), 20 lbs. ; grind well togetlier. For use, thin with equal parts of prepared residue oil and linseed-o'.l. 2. Bricfht Green. — Yellow ochre and wet blue, ot each. 1 cwt.; road-dust. 1^ cwt ; blue-black, 10 lbs.; lime water, G gals. ; prepared fish-oil, 4 gals. ; prepared residue and linseed oils, of each, 7^ gals. 3. Lead Color. — Whiting, 1 cwt. : blue black, 7 lbs.; white lead (ground in oil), 28 lbs.; road-dust, 56 lbs.; lime water, 5 gals. ; jirepared residue oil, 2^ gals. 4. Reddish Brown. — Lime-water, 8 gals.; Spunish-brow.i, 1 cwt.; ro.ad-dust, 2 cwt.; prepared fish, prepared residue and linseed oils, of each, 4 gals. 5. Yellow. — Substitute ochre for Spanish-brown in the last receipt fi. Black. — Substitute lamp or blue black for Spanish-brown ia No, 4. 7. Stone Color. — Lmie-water, 4 gals ; whiting, 1 cwt.; wiiite-lead (ground in oil), 28 lbs,; road-dust, 56 lbs.; prep.ucil fish, linseed, and prepared residue oils, of each, 3 gals. 8. Choco- late. — No. 4 and 6 mixed together so as to form a ciiocolate-color. Remarks. — All the above paints require a little "drier." They are well fitted, by their cheapness, hardness, and durabdity, for com- mon out-door work. Porcelain Finish, veuy Hard and White, for Parlors. — To prepare the wood for tiie finish, if it be pine, give one or two coats of the" Varnish— Tr'insparent for Wood," which prevents the pitch from oozing out, causing the finish to turn yellow; next, give tht; room at least four coats of pure zinc, which may be ground in only sufficient oil to enable it to grind properly ; then mix to a proper consistence with turpentine or naphtha, (jiveeach coat time to dry. When it is dry and hard, sand-paper it to a perfectly smooth sur- face, when it is ready to receive the finish, which consists t)f two coats of French zinc ground in, and thinned with Deraar-varuidh, until it works properly under the brush. Jai-an Diuer, Best Quality. — Take linseed oil, ! gal. ; put into it gum shellac, ^ lb. ; litharge and burned Turkey umber, each ^ lb. ; red lead, ^ lb. ; sugar of lead, 6 oz. Boil in the oil till all are dis- solved, which will require about four hours ; remove from the fire, ami stir in spirits of turpentine, 1 gal., and it is done. Another. — Linseed oil, 5 gals. ; add red lead and litharge, each 3J lbs.; raw umber, 1^ lbs. ; sugar of lead and sulphate of zinc, each, J lb.; pulverize all the articles together, and boil in the oil till disselved ; when a little cool, thin with turpentine, 5 gals. used )die(l :olor. each I, and The ; oil left is some lis oi\ Icseed Jcwt. : iously retlier. and juc, ot water. CABINETMAKERS, tAINTEUS, &C., RECEIPTS. 121 DuYiNo On. RQUAT, TO Patbnt Dkiers at One Qc/ABTERTiiKin Price. —Linseed oil, 2 gals. ; red lead and umber, each, 4 o/. ; sulphate of zinc 2 oz. ; suprar of lead, 2 oz Boil until it will scorch a feather, \vlicn it is ready for use. PuEPAiiED Oiii FOR CARRIAGES, *c. — To 1 gal.linpced oil add 2 Ibs. ginn sliellac ; litharge, ^ lb. ; red lead, i lb. ; umber, 1 oz. Boil slowly as usual until the gums are dissolved ; grind your paints in this (any color), and reduce with turpentine. Yellow ochre is iis<'d in floor pamting. Drying Oils. — 1. Nut or linseed oil, 1 gal. ; litharge, 12 oz. ; sugar of lead and white vitriol, of each 1 oz. ; simmer and skim untii a pellicle forms; cool, and, when settled, decant the clear. 2. Oil 1 gal. ; litharge, 12 to 16 oz. ; as last. 3. Old nut or linseed oil, 1 pint; litl)arge, 3 oz. Mix; agitate occasionally for 10 days ; then decant the clear. 4. Nut oil and water, of each 2 lbs. ; white vit- riol, 2 oz. ; boil to dryness. 5. Mix oil with powdered snow or ice, and keep it for 2 months without thawing. To KKOUCB Oiii Paint with Water. — Take 8 lbs. of pure nn- fOackcd lime, add 12 qts. water, stir it and let it settle, turn it off gently and l)ottlo it, keep it corked till used. This will mix with oil, and in proportion of half will render paint more durable. Oil Paint. — To heduok with Water. — Gum shellac, 1 lb. ; sal- soda, I lb.; water, 3 ])arts; boil all together in akettlj, stirring till dissolved. If it does not all dissolve, add a little more sal-soda; wiion cool, bottle for use; mix up 2 quarts of oil paint as usual, any color desired, using no turpentine ; put 1 pint of the gum slit'llac mixture with the oil paint when it becomes thick ; it can then be rtiduced with water to a proper thickness to lay on with a brush. Anotiikr Method. — Soft water, 1 gal. ; dissolve in it pearlasb, 3 oz.; bring to a boil, and slowly add shellac, 1 lb. ; when cold, it is ready ^o be added to oil paint in equal proportions. How TO Build Gravkl Houses. — This is the best building ma- terial in the world. It is four times cheaper than wood, six times cheaper than stone, and superior to either. Proportions for mixing : to eigiit barrows ot 'jlacked lime, well deluged with water, add 15 barrows of sand ; mix these to a creamy consistency, then add 60 barrows ot coarse gravel, which must be worked well and com- ]i!i'tely ; you can then throw stones into this mixture, of any shape or size, up to ten inches in diameter. Form moulds for the walls of tlie house by fixing boards horizontally against upright standards, which must be immovably braced so that they will not yield to the iiiiinen.?e pressure outwards as the material settles ; set the stand- ards in jiairs around the building where the walls are to stand, from six to eight feet apart, and so wide that the inner space shall form the thickness "f the wall. Into the moulds thus formed throw in the concrete material as fast as you choose, and the more pro- miscuously the better. In a short time the gravel will get as hard r.s tiie solid rock. Flexirlk Paint /on Canvas.— Yellow fioap, 2^ lbs ; boiling water, li gals.; dissolve; grind the solution while hot with f/ooci oil vamf; 1 i cwt. PAiNTKii'h Cream.— Pale nut oil, 6 oz. ; mastic, 1 oz. ; dissolvp; add of sugar of lead i oz., preriouely ground in the least poBuible i ; t'S « id liM ii 122 CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS, AC, RECEIPTS. liij, I v. quantity of oil ; then add of water q. s. graduall}', until it acquiros llio consistency of cream, working it well all the t: le. Used to cover the nnfiniahed worltof painlers. It will wash oil with water. Paints, Different Souts. — hniE. — Blue-black, 25 lbs. : whiting, 10) lbs.; road dust, sifted, 200 lbs.; lime-water, 12 gallons. Facti- tious linseed oil to grind. VVhitb Paint. — Whiting, 500 lbs. ; white leac^, 400 lbs. ; lime- water, 20 gallons. Factitious linseed oil to grind. BiiACK Paimt. — Ivory or lampblack, 100 lbs. ; road-dust, sifted, 200 lbs. ; lime water, 18 gallons. Oil to grind. Brown Paint. — Venetian red,orSpanisli brown, 1 cwt. ; red-dust, 3 cwt. ; common soot, 28 lbs. ; lime-water, 15 lbs. Factitious lin- seed oil to grind. Paris Grken. — Take unslacked lime of tlie l)ost quality, slack it with hot water; then take the finest part of ihe powder, and add alum-water as strong as it can be made, suthcieiit to form a thick ])a.-5fe ; then color it with bichromate of ])otash and sulphate of copper until tlie color suits your fancy, and dry it for use. N.B. — The sulphate of copper gives a blue tinge; the bichromate of potash, a yellow. Observe this, and you will get it right. Beautiful Green Paint for Walls. — Take 4 lbs. Roman vitriol, and pour on it a tea-kettle full of boiling water. When dissolved, add 2 lbs. pearlash, and stir the mixture well with a stick until tiie effervescence ceases ; then add i lb. pulverized yellow arsenic, and stir the whole together. Lay it on with a paint brush ; an oz. When properly incorporated and considerably cooled, add oil uf turpentine, 1 pt. Body Varnish. — Finest African copal, 8 lbs. ; fuse carefully: add clarified oil, 2 gals.; boil gently for 4^ hours, or until quid; stringy ; cool a little, and thin v.'ith oil of turpentine, 3j gals. Drips slowly, Carriaob Varnish. — Sandarach, 19 oz. ; palo shellac, 9J oz.; very pale transparent resin, 12^ oz. ; turpentine, 18 oz.; 8,') per cent, alcohol, .'i pts. : dissolve. Used for the internal parts of car- riage, &c. Dries in ten minutes. Cabinetmakers' Varnish. — Very palo shellac, 5 lbs. ; mastic, 7 oz. ; alcohol, 90 per cent. 5 or 6 pts. ; dissolve in the cold with fre- quent stirring. Used for French polishing, &c. Japanners* Copal Varnish. — Pale African copal, 7 lbs. ; fuse ; add clarified linseed oil, \ ^al. ; boil five minutes, remove it into the open air, add boiling oil of turpentine, 2 gals. ; mix well, strain it into the cistern, and cover it up immediately. Used to varnish furniture, and by japanners, coach-makers, Ac. Copal Varnish. — Pale hard ©opal, 8 lbs. ; add hot and palo drying oil, 2 gals. ; boil till it strings strongly fOol a little, and CABIN ETAIAKERS, PAINTERS, &C., RECEll'T«. 125 thin witlj hot rectified oil of turpentine, 3 gals. ? ftnd strain tmtnc- diiitf'l.v into the store can. Very fino. Gold Vakmsii of Watin, for Gir.nnn Auticlks. — Gumlao in pmins, pambogp, dragon's-blood, and annotto, of each 12 J oz. ; satl'ron, 3i oz. Each resin mupt be dissolved separately in 5 pts. of 00 i)er cent, alcohol, and 2 separate tinctures ninst b" made with the dragon's blood and annotto in a like quantity of spirit ; and a proper proportion of each mixed together to produce the required slmdc. VAnjnsn Fon PiiASTER Casts.— White soap and white wax, each 5 oz. ; water, 2 pts. : boil together in a clean vcss?l for a slinrt time. This varnisn is to be applied when cold with a soft brush. Transpauent Vaunish Fon Plouohs, &c.— Best alcohol, 1 gal. ; gnm sandarach, 2 lbs. ; gi m mastic, J lb. ; place all in a tin can wiiich admits of being corlied : cork tight, shake it frequently, occasionally placing the can in not water. When dissolved, it is ready for use. FixB BiiACK VAnNiSH FOR CoACHES. — Melt in an iron pot, amber, 32 07.. ; resin, 6 oz. ; asphaltum, 6 oz. ; drying linseed oil, 1 pt. ; wlicn partly cooled, add oil of turpentine, warmed, 1 pint. MonoANT Varnish. — Dissolve 1 oz. mastic, 1 o/. sandarach, ,'; oz. gum gamboge, and i oz. turpentine in 6 oz. spirits turpentine. One of the simplest mordants is that procured by dissolving a little liuney in thick glue. It has the effect of greatly heightening tho color of the gold, and the leaf sticks extremely well. Chanoino Vabnish. — To imitate Gold or Silver, ^c. 'Pnt 4 oz. best gnm gamboge into 32 oz. spirits of turpentine ; 4 oz. dragon's blood into 32 oz. spirits of turpentine, and 1 oz. of annotto into 8 oz. spirits of turpentine. Make the 3 mixtures in different vessels. Keep tl:em in a warm place, exposed to the sun as much as possible, for about 2 weeks, when they will be fit fo'" use. Add together such quantities of each liqnor as the nature of the color you are desirous of obtaining will point out. Varnwh, Transparent, for Wood. — Best alcohol, 1 gal. ; nice gum shellac, 2i lbs. Place the iug or bottle in a situation to kee]. it just a little warm, and it will dissolve quicker than if hot, or left cold- patent Varnish for Wood or Canvas. — Take spirits of turpen» tine, 1 gal. ; asphaltum, 2 J lbs. ; put them into an iron kettle whicli will fit upon a stove, and dissolve the gum by heat. When dis- solved and a little cool, add copal varnish, 1 pt. ; and boiled linseed oil, 1 pt. ; when cold, it is ready for nse. Perhaps a little lamp- black would make it a more perfect black. Mosaic Gold Powdbr for Bronzino, &C. — .Melt 1 lb. tin in a orucible, add J lb. of purified quicksilver to it : when this is cold, it is reduced to powder, and ground, with J lb. sal-ammoniac and 7 oz. flour of sulphur, till the whole is thoroughly mixed. They are then calcined in a matrass ; and the sublimation of the other ingredients leaves the tin converted into the mosaic gold ])owder wliich is found at the bottom of the glass. Remove any black or discolored particles. The sal-ammoniac used must be very white f^nd. clBftr, and the mercury of the utmost niirity. When ft dw:";r ^1* 12G (;AIJINETA1AKKUS, I'AINTEKS, &C., IlKClilPTS. red is required, grind a very small quantity of red lead with the above maleriaH. TkUK Gold Powder.— Put some gold leaf, with a little honey, or thick gum water made "with gum arabic, into an earthen uioriar, and i)ound ihe mixture till the gold is reduced to very small parti- cles ; then wash out the honey oi gum repeatedly with wiirin water, and the gold in powder will bo left behind. When dry, it iy fit for use. Ddtch Gold Powdbr is made from Dutch gold leaf, which is solo in books at a very low price. Treat in the manner described aliovt for true gold powder. When this inferior powder is used, eovei the gilding with a coat of cleai' varnish, otherAvise it will soon lose its bright appearjuice. Copi'KR PowDKK is prepared by dissolving filings or slips of coi»|)ci with nitrous acid in a receiver. When the acid is saturateil, ilm slips are to be removed ; or, if filings be employed, tlie solution ii to be poured ott' from what remains undissolved. JSmall burs iiic then put in, which will precipitate the copper powder from tlm saturated acid ; and, the liquid being poured from the powder, thid is to be washed clean off tlie crystals by repeated waters. General Directions for Bronzing. — The choice of tho above powders is of course determined by the degree of brilliancy you wish to obtain. The powder is mixed with strong gum water ur isinglass, and laid on with a brush or pencil ; and, when not sd dry as to have still a certain clamminess, a piece of soft lent her v/rapped round the finger is dipped in the powder, and rubbed over the work. When the work has been all covered with the bronze, it must be left to dry, and any loose powder then cleared away by a hair-pencil. Tmk Bronzing of Plaster Casts is effected by giving them a coat of oil or size ^'arnish, and when this is nearly dry, applying witli a dabber of cotton or a camel-hair pencil any of the metallic bron/,e powders ; or the powder may be placed in a little bag of muslin, and dusted over the surface, and afterwards finished with a wad of linen. The surface must be afterwards varnished. Bronzing Iron. — The subject should be heated to a greater degree thaof the hand can bear, and German gold, mixed with a suiidl quantity of spirit of wine varnish, spread over it with the pencil ; should the iron be already polisned, you must heat it well, ami moisten it with a linen rag dipped in vinegar. French Burnished Gilding. — Encollage, or glue coat. — To a decoction of wormwood and garlic in water, strained through a cloth, a little common salt and some vinegar are added. This is mixed with as much good glue, and the mixture spread in a hot state with a brush of boar's hair. When plaster or marble is gilded, leave out the salt. The first glue-coating is made thinner than tho second. 2. White preparation consists in covering the above sur- face with 8, 10, or 12 coats of Spanish white, mixed up with strong size ; each well worked on witn the brush. 3. Stop up the pores with thick whiting and glue, and smooth the surface with dog- skin. 4. Polish the surface with pumice-stone and very cold water. 5. Retouch the whole in a skilful manner. 6. Cleanse witli a damp linen rag, and then a soft pponge. 7. Hub with c, horse's tail CAKINETMAKERS, PAINTERS, AC, UECEIPTtf. 127 1 I (fhare-^rassi the pdrts to be yellowed, to make them softer fl. yjli/w with yellow ochre carofiilly ground iti wulor utid mixed witb tniiidfwreiitcolorlesa size. Use the tliinuer part of tho mixture with a Hiie brujih. 9. Next rub the work with shave-grass to remove any j^rainilar appearance. 10, Gold water aiu consists of Ainii'tiiua bole, I lb. ; bloodstone (hematiio), 2 oz.; and as much jTiileiia, t'iicli st'parately ground in water. Then mix all together with a spoonful of olive-oil. This is tempered with a white slieei)- skiii glue, clear and well strained. Heat, and ipply three coat^ with a >ine long-haired brush. 11. Rub with a clean dry linen doili, except the |)arts to be burnishedj which are to receive otbar 2 coat5 of tli(! gold size, temi)cred with glue. 12. The surface, diuiipcil with coitters find commence writing, laying on the size as thinly as possible, r/ith u sable pencil. Let it stand until you can barely feel a sligiit sticki- ness, then go to work with your gold leaf, knife, and cushion, and feetly dry, I'i'lishtht •able; it^ iv.st veget. sU off the the glass a piece of side of the guidefoT ntioned In fiirhxg the I tj^ until m^iifc until front side ck drying le directly iind water cold water d size from ♦-he glass; nbering to ne edge to when dry agles, &a, !s first, ana scnvtcb the lors on the manner as ay be made any fancy before lay- d wash off 'i, and the Df the gold af to cover ome letter if desired, I well, thickened reduced to oil of tur- reparod as t^hito of an ;r ; addi'ig )le, v/ith ft CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS, 40., RECEIPTS. 131 rild the letters. Take a leaf up on the point of your knive, after ffiviiii^' it a slight i)ufF into the back part of your cushion, and l\.mi\ it on the trout imrt of the cushion as straight as possible, uiviiig it another slight putF with your mouth , in cakes. No. 10. £>eep black. — Oxide of cobalt, 2 parts ; copper, 2 parts; oxide of manganese, I part ; flux No. 1, 6 parts ; fusofl borax, | part. Melt and add oxide of manganese, 1 part; oxide of copper, 2 parts! Triturate without melting. The Apjdicittion. — Follow the gcnerai directions given in another part of this woric, in relatioa to staia- ing glass. riow TO Write ox Glass in the Sun. — Dissolve chalk in aqua- fortis to tlie consistency of milk, and add to that a strong dissolu- tion of silver. Keep this in a ghirfsdecantei wl'11 stopped. Tliea cut out from a paper the letters you would have appear, ond pastu the paper on the decanter or jar, wliich you are to pliica in the sun in such a manner that its lays may pass through the spaces cut out of the paper, and fall on the surface of tlie liquor. The pari of the glass through Avhich the rays pass will tura black, whilst that under the jiaper will remaiii white. Do not shake the bottle during the operation. Used for lettering jars. To Transfer Prints, etc., to Glass or Wood. — Take of gum sandarach, 4 oz. : mastic, I oz. ; Venice turpentine, 1 o;;. ; alculiol, 15 oz. Digest in a bottle, frequently shaking, and it is ready for use. Directions; use, if possible, good plate glass of the size of the pic- ture to be transferred, go over it witli the above varnisi), beginuing at one side, press down the i)icture firmly and evenly a^i you pro- ceed, so that no air can possibly lodge between ; put aside, and let dry perfectly, then moisten tlie paper cautiously with water, and remove it piecemeal by rubbing carefully with the lingers; if managed nicely, a complete trausfoi of the picture to the glass will be effected. Bottle Glass. — No. 1. Dark Green. — Fused glauber salts, 11 lbs.; soaper salts, 12 11)3.; waste soap-aslies, ^ bush. ; silicioiis sanu, ^ cwt. ; glass-skimmings, Tl lbs. broken green glass, 1 cwt. to l| cwt.; basalt, 25 lbs. to \ cwt. No. 2. I\tle Cr/vc/i.— l';ile sand, 100 lbs. ; kelp, 35 lbs. ; lixiviated wood aslies, li cwt. ; fivsh do., 40 lbs. ; pipe-clay, ^ cwt. ; cullet, or broken glass, 1 cwt. No. 3. Yellow or white sand, 120 parts ; wood-ashe-^, 80 parts ; pearl- ashes, 20 parts; common salt, 15 parts; white arsenic, 1 part; very pale. Crystal Glass. — No. 1. Refine 1 potashes, 60 Ibg.; sand, 120 lbs. ; cl»alk, 24 lbs. ; nitre and white arsenic, of each 2 lbs. ; oxide of manganese, 1 to 2 oz. No. 2. Pure white sand, 120 i)arts ; re- tined ashes, 70 parts; saltpetre, 10 ])art3 ; wliite arsenic, i i)art; oxide of manganese, { part. No. 3. Sand, 120 j)arts ; red-lead, 5i» parts; purified pearlash, 40 parts; nitre. 20 parts ; manganese, J part. Flask Glass {of St. Etienne). — Pure silicioug sand, Gl parts; potash, 3J parts; lime, 21 parts; heavy spar, 2 parts; oxide of manganese, q. .s. Best German Crystal Glass. — Take 120 lbs of calcined flints or white saud; best pearlash, 70 lbs. ; saltpetre, 10 lbs. ; arsenic, CABINETMAKERS, PAINTEltH, AC, RECEIPTS. 135 I lb. • and 5 oz. magnesia. No. 2, (Cheaper.) Sand or flint, 120 H,^ '.'peiuljisli, 40 11)3.; nitre, 7 lbs.; arsenic, 6 lbs. ; magnesia, 5 oz. Thiri will require a long continuance in the furnace, as do all othvTS wiieii mucli of the arsenic is used. Plate Glass.— No. 1. Pure sand, 40 parts; dry carbonate of soda '20j piirtd; lime, 4 parts ; nitre, IJ parts ; broken plate glass, 25 parts. No. 2. (Ire's. — Quartz-sand, 100 parts ; calcined sul- pliate of soda, 24 parts ; lime, 20 parts ; cuUet of soda-glass, 12 parts. No. 3. Vienna. — Sand, 100 parts ; calcined sulphate of soda, 50 parts; lime, 20 parte; charcoal, 2^ parts. No. 4. French. — White quartz sand and cullet, of each 300 parts ; dry carbonate of soda, 100 parts ; slacked lime, 43 parts. CuowN Glass.— No. 1. Sand, 300 lbs. ; soda-ash, 200 lbs. ; lime, 30 to 35 lbs.; 200 to 300 lbs. of broken glass. No. 2. (Bohemian.') —Pure silicious sand, 63 parts ; potash, 2'-. parts ; lime, 12 parts ; oxide of manganese, 1 part. No. 3. {Prof. Schwcirigcr.) Pure sand, 100 lbs. ; dry sulphate of soda, 50 parts ; dry quicklime in powder, 17 to 20 parts ; charcoal, 4 parts. Product^ wnite and good. Bkst Window-Glass. — No. 1. Take of white sand, 60 lbs.; puri- fied pearlaslics, 30 lbs. ; of saltpetre, 15 lbs. ; of borax, 1 lb. ; of arsenic. \ lb. This will be very clear and colorless if the ingre- dients be good, and will not bo very dear. No. 2. (Cheaper.) Wiiii-e said, GO lbs, ; unpurifiod 5)oarl-ashe3, 25 lbs.; of common salt, 10 lbs. ; nitre, 5 lbs. : arsenic, 2 lbs. ; magnesia, Ij oz. No. 3. Common yiren loindow-ylass. — White said, 60 lbs.; unpurified pearlashes, 30 lbs. I eominon sal t, 10 lbs.; arsenic, 2 lbs. ; mag- uoiia, 2 oz. LooKi.Nfi-GLAga Plate.— No. 1. Cleansed white sand. 60 lbs.; peaiiashes, i)uritied, 25 lbs. ; saltpetre, 15 Ibi. ; borax, 7 Ids. This composition should be continued long in the lire, which should be Bometimc'S strong and afterwards more moderate, that the glass may be enlirely free from bubbles before it be worked. No. 2. White sand, GO lbs.; peariashe? 20 lbs.; common salt, 10 lbs.; nitre, 7 lbs. ; borax, 1 lb. Tliis glass will run with as little heat as tlie former; but it will be more brittle, and refract the rays of light in a greater degree. No. 3. Washed white sand, 60 lbs. ; purihed pearlashes, 1J5 lbs. ; nitre, 15 lbs.; borax, 7 lbs. If properly man- aged, this glass will be colorless. Window (iLAss. — No. 1. Dried sulphate of soda, lllbs. ; soaper salts, 10 lbs. ; lixiviated soap waste, ^ bush. ; sand, 50 to 60 lbs. ; glass-pot skimmings, 22 lbs.; broken ;>a/e green glass, 1 cwt. No. 2. (/'(tl:'r). White sand, 60 lbs. ; pearl-ashes, 30 lbs. ; common salt, lOlbs. ; arsenic, 10 lbs. ; oxide of manganese, 2 to 4 oz. No. 3. ( Tery P(de.) White sand, 60 lbs. | good pot ashes, 25 lbs. ; common stU^ 10 lbs. ; nitre, 5 lbs. ; arsenic, 2 lbs. ; magnanese, 2 to 4 oz. as re* quired ; broken pale window glass, 14 lbs. OoLORBR Glass. — Pine Blue. To 10 lbs. of flint glass, previously melted and cast into water, add zaffer, 6 drs., ^ oz. of calcined cop- per, prepared by putting shoet copper into a crucible, and expos- ing it to the action of a firo not strong enough to melt the copper, and you will have the copper in scales, which you poimd. Bright Purple.— Use 10 lbs. flint glass as before; zaffer, 5 drs., precipitate of calcium, 1 dr. Gold 1 elloiv. Twenty-eight pounds flint glass^ 136 0ABINETMAKEE8, PAINTERS, 40., RECEIPTS. and a quarter ponnrlnf the tarfnrTvIiich is,ar blue, I iinpbbud?, Venetian red, er chrome green, either of which should be rubbed with a knife (Ui ft plate or stone until aciooth. Use vather thin bat firm paper ; put CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS, &C., RECEIPTS. 137 on with a sponpe, nnd wipe off as dry as convenient ; then lay tliiiii bi'iwci'ii luK'oluivil piijicr, or between newspapers, and presa bv layiiifj hooks or some oilier flat siihstance upon Ibf ^ until the suriihis oil IS absorbed, wben it is reaen mixed (that is, with the oil) ovi r f.ltccn lioiir.s This cement can be used for marine as well as lust, wuiet uquaria us it resists the action of salt water. Th« m I pp WM 1 138 CxVBINETMAKERS, PAINTERS, &0., RECEIPTS. i ■ tank can be used imnicliately, but it is best to.giva U three or four hours to dry. Common 1'asik.— To n tablcspoonful of Hour add gradually \ pt. of cold Wilier, and inbc till quite smooth ; add a })iucli of powdered alum, some add a small piiicii of powdered rosin, and boil for a few miuules, stirring coustautiy. The addition of a little brown sugar and a few gruius of corrosive t ublimale, will preserve it for years. Fou Lutb;. or cement for closing joints of apparr.tus, mix Paris plaster with water to a soft jiiisle, and ai)ply it hamediately. It bears nearly- a red heat. To render it impervious, rvib it over with wax iiud oil. Roman Ckment.— Slacked lime, 1 bush., green copperas, 3J lbs., fine gravel sand, ^ bush. Dissolve tlie copperas iu hot water, ana mix all logctliL-r U) the jirupor consistency for use; use the sam« day it is mixc :i,aud keep stirriug it continually with a stick while in use. Vicat's Hybuaulic Cement is prepared by stirring into water a mixture of 4 parts chalk and 1 {)art clay ; mix with a vertical Avheel in a cireuhir trough, letting it run out in a large receiver. A dejtosit soon takes place which is formed into small brick?, which, after bt-ing dried in the sun, are moderately calcined. It enhirges about 'j wlien mixt-d with water. GiiUK. - Powdered chalk added to common glue i5trengthen3 it. A glue which will resist tiie action of water is made by boiling 1 lb. of glue in 2 qts. of skimmed milk. CiiicAP Wateui'hoop Ulue.— Melt common glue with the smallest possible qt'.aitity of water; add, by degrees, linseed oil,* rendered drying by boiling it with litharge. While tlie (>ii is bei.igadded, the ingredients must be well stirred, to inci)ri)orate them ttioroughly. Fi:e and WATEitruooi)' Glik. — .Mix a haudfid of (luick-liiiie with 4 oz. of linseed oil ; thoroughly lixiviate tiie mixture; boil it to a good tiiickness, and spread it on tin plates ii tiie sliade : it will become very hard, but can be dissolved over a lire, like common glue, and is then tit for use. PuEPAiiKD Lii^uiu Glue. — Take of best white glue, 10 oz.; whitc- leadj dr}', 4 oz. ; rain-water, 2 pis. ; alcohul, 4 oz. With constant stirring, dissolve the glue and lead iu the water, by means of a water-bath. 'Vild the ale jIioI, and continue tiie heat for a few minutes. Lastly, pour into bottles, wliile it ij still hot. Mastio CsME.vr Kou CovEuixo THE Fronts of Houses. — Fifty parts. l»y measure, of clean dry sand, 50 of limesttnie (not burned) reduced to grains like sand, or marble dust, and 10 parts of red lead, mixed wit!i as much boiled linseed od as will make it .slightly moist. The bricks, to receive it, sliotdd be covered with three coats of boiled oil, laid on wiiii abrusli, and suffered to dry before the mastic is put on. It is laid on with a trowel lik ■ plaster, but it is not so moist. It becomes hard as stone iu a few months. Care must be exercisea not to use too much oil. Cement for Tile-Roofs. — Equal parts of whiting and dry sand, and 25 per cent, oflitharge, made into theconsiUe icy of iiutty 'ivilli lin.^ecd oil. It is not liable to crack when cold, nor luel'i, likt' coal-tar and asphalt, with the heat of the sua CABINETMAKERS, PAINTERS, &0., RECEIPTS. 139 or I Okmbnt for Outsidb of Brick Walls. — Cement for the ontsido of Ijiiclc wallrf, to iniitato stone, is made of clean sand, 90 parts: litluu>,'c, 5 parts ; jjlaster of Pari-', 5 parts ; moistened with noiled liiisted oil. The bricks should receive two or three coats of oil be- fore the cement is applied. Excellent Cheap Uoopino.— SniNOLES SopEnsBOBD. — Have your roof stiff, rafters made of siulf li by 8 inclies, well supported and 6 feet apart, with ribs I inch by 2 inches, set edgeways, well nailed to the rafters, about 18 inclies apart. Tne boards may be thin, but must bo well stiasoned, and nailed close together ; this done, lay down at d cover the roof with thin, soft, spongy straw paper used in making paper-boxes^ which conies in rolls, and comes very low. Lay in courses up ana down the roof, and lap over, nailing down with common No. 6 tacks, with leather under the heads like carpet- tacks, TI..n spread on several coatings of the following composi- tion, |ireviously boiled, stirred, and mixed together: good clean tar, 8 gals. ; Roman cement, 2 gals, (or in its place very hne, clean sand may be used) ; resin, 5 lbs. ; tullow, 3 lbs. ; apply hot ; and let a Laud follow, and sift on sharp grit sand, pressing it into the tar conipositiun. If wished fire-proof\ go over the above with the fol- lowing prfparalion : slake stone lime under cover with hot water till it falls into a fine powder, sift and mix 6 qts. of this with 1 qt. salt, add 2 gals, water, boil and skim. To 5 gals, of this add 1 Id. of alum, and Ij lb. of coiii)cras, slowly, while boiling, IJ lbs. potash, and 4 qts. of clean, sharp sand, and any coloring desired. Apply a thick coat with a brush, and you have a roof which no lire can injure from the outside. VVaiku Lime at fifty Cents peu Barrel. — Fine, clean sand, 100 lbs. : quick-lime in powder, 28 lbs. ; bone ashes, 14 lbs. ; for use, beat u|> with water, and use as quick as possible. Cemi:nt f;)K Seams in Roofs. — Take equal quantities of white lead and white sand, and as much oil us will make it into the consist- ence of putty. It will in a few weeks become as hard iis stone. To MAKE UooK Plates. — Cut your glass the right size, and make it perfectly clean with alcohol or soap; then cut a strip of tia-foil sulliciently long and wide for the nume, and with a piece of ivury or other burnisher rub it lengihwise to make it smooth ; now wet the glass with the tongue (as saliva is the best sticking sul)stam!e), or if the glass is very large, use a weak solution of gum arable, or the white of an egg in half a pint of water, and lay on the foil, rubbing it down to the glass with a bit of cloth, then al-io with the burnisher; the more it is burnished the better will it look ; now mark the width on the foil which is to be the height of the letter, and jvat on a straight edge, and hold it firmly to the foil, and with a sliarj) knife cut the foil, and take off the superflu- ous edges ; then either layout the letters on the back of the foil {?o they shall read correctly on the front) by your own judgment,, or by means of pattern letters, which can oe purchased for thai purpose; cut with the knife, carefully holding down the pattern or straight ''dge, whichever jou use ; then rub down the edge of all \h". letters with the back of the knife, or edge of the burnisher, which jTPVo its the black paint or japan, v/hich yon next put over the back of the plate, from getting under the foil; having put a W '^mWM 140 WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLERS, AC, RECEIPTS. i I boffl er nronnrt tlio whole Tlie jupiin is imulc by line niiovo rtirl one boloTv the nnmo, or n plate or not, n3 you bargain f'»r tin' job. (Ii>isr,lviii}r nsjilirtltiiin in just ciiniio'li tiirpontino to cut it ; npply with a brush, aa otlicr paint, ovor lh<' back of the letters, and over the irlass forniinf; a background. Tiii.s is used on the iron plate of tlie frame also, putting it on when the ])late is a liltle hot, pnd na soon as it cools, it is dry. A little lampblack may bo rubbed into it if yoxi desire it any blacker than it is without it. Soluble Glass. — Powdered quartz, 15 parts ; potash, 10 jiartsj ch.ircoal, 1 part; those are melted together, worked in ooM water, j'nd then boiled with 5 parts water, iu which they entirely dissolve. It is then applied to wood-work, or any other required substances. To nE.NDKR Wood ISDEHTRVCTlXtLK. — If ohfuTls'a ProrcHS. This seems to be a process of inestimable value, and de.-^finod tr> produce very mmnrtant results. The api;aratus u'ed consists of a retort or stiil, which can be made of any size or form, in which resin, coal tar, or other oleaginous substances, together witii water, are placed in order to subj'Ct them to the aotioi of the heat. Fire being applied beneath the retort containing th<' coal tar, &c., oleagi- nous vapiT commences to rise, and pass out through a connecting pipe into a larcre Jron tank or chnmbcr (which can al;?o be built of any size), containi ig the timber, &c , to be operated upon. The he;it acts at once on the wood, causing the sap to flow from every ))ore. whicli. rising in the form of steam, condenses on the body of the en inibi'i', and discharges through an escape pipe in the lower part. In this jT' eesg a temperature of 212" to 2.')0" Fnlir is sullicient to remove the surface moisture from the wood ; hut after th'S the temperature should be raised to ."^OO"^ or more, in order to completely saturate and permeate the body of the wood with the ant'septic vapors and heavier products of the distillation. The hot vapor coagulates the albumen of the wood, and opens the pores, so that a b\rge portion of the oily product or creosote is admitted ; the contraction resulting from the cooling procei?s 'ler- metically seals them, and decay seems to be almost impossible. There is a man-hole in the retort, used to change or clean out the contents; and the wood chamber is fiirnislied with doors made perfectly tight. The whole operation is completed in less than one liour, rendering the wood proof against rot, parasites, and the attacks of the tercdn nuvihi? or naval worm. Gkkman Stonr CoATixo FOR Wood. — Chalk, 40 parts; rosin, .W parts; lin«eod oil, 4 j>arfs ; melt togettier. To this add 1 part of oxide of copper, afi'^rwards 1 part of sulphuric acid ; add this last carefully ; apply virilu a brush .1 3' WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLERS, GILDERS, &c., RECEIPT?. Ov Watcm ('r,KA\iN-o.— It i= hardly necessnry to say that great raiitidn must be observed in taking the watch down; thnt is. in separating its parts. If you are new at the business think before WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLERA, *0 , RECEIPTS. 141 you net, find thon net slowly. Take ofl the hands carefully, so as nut to IhihI tliu aliMui-ir nivohi ii[){jn whicli tliey work; this •will be the lirsl atcp. Scidnd, luostti and lift iLo nioveuitnt from the ciii'i.'. Tliii'Ij rcnujvfc Uiu dial aud dinl wheels. Fourth, let down till' iiiiiiiisi»ring by placing your bench key upon the arbor, (,r "wiiidiiii,'' iHist,' iind turning as though you were going to wind tlie wjitcii until the click rests lightlv upon the ratcTict; till 11 wiihyour Bcrcw-driver press the point of the click away from the ttiili, niid cade down the springs Fifth, draw the screws (or piiin) and remove the bridges ot the train, or the upper jdate, lift the c:is(' limy bo. ^'ixtli, take out the balance. Great care must lie ( l).-erved in this, or you will injure the hair-spring. The .■iuid or little stiuare [lost into which the hair-spring is fastened mny hi' iriiiiived fnim the bridge or plate of most modern watches, witiiDiit uiikcying the spring, by slipping a thin instrument, as ilif eiigo of »i knife blade, under the corner of it and prying i,|i\viini. This will save you a considerable amount of trouble, aa \iiu will not have the hair-spnng to adjust when you reset the biiliiiiCP. If the watch upon which yoi propose to work has an upper ])liiti', H-; nil American or an Liiglirih lever for instance, loo.aen the lever bt fure you have entirely separated the plates, otherwise it will liuii'^ and most likely be broken. llavii.^' tlie iii.icliine now down, brush the dust awny from its dif- fircut parLs and suliject them to a careful examination with your cyr-glass. AsHiire yourself that the teeth of the wheels and leaves of the piniuiia are all pi rfect and smooth; that the pivots are all Btraij^ht, round, and highly polished ; that the holes ttirough which tlicy are to work are not loo large, aud have not become oval in sliape ; that every jewel is smooth and perfectly sound ; and that none of tlum are loo.^e in tlieir settings. See also that the escapciiiciit is not too deep or too shallow ; that the lever or cylin- der is perfect: that all the wheels have sufficient jday to avoid friclion, iiut not enough to derange their coming together pro- perly; that none of them work against the pillar-plate ; that the balance t'lrns horizontally and does not rub; that the hair-spring is not bent or wrongly set so that the coils rub on each other, on the jilaie, or on the balance; in short, that everything about tho wliole iiioveinent is just as reason would teach you it should be. If you find it otherwise, proceed to repair m accordance with a carefully weighed judgment and the processes given in this chap- ter, alter which, clean ; if not, the watch only needs to be cleaned, and, therefore, you may go ahead with your work at once. To Clkan.— Many watchmakers wet the pillar plates and bridges with saliva, and tlien, dipping the brush into pulverized chalk or Spanish whiting, rub vigorously until they appear bright. This is not a good |>'an, as it tends to remove the jilating and roughen t'lP ]iartH, and the chalk gets into the holes and damages them, or stick -^ around the edges of the wheel-beds. The best process is to hinrdy blow your breath upon the plato or bridge to be cleaned, and then to use your brush with a little prepared chalk. (Sec r'-'cipe for preparing it.) The wheels and bridgeg should be laid between the thumb aud finger in a piece of soft paper while under- hm mil h* 142 WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLERS, AC, RECEIPTS. ] going the process, otherwise the oil from the skin will prevent their becoming clean. The pinions may be cleaned by sinking thera several times into a piece of pith, and the holes by turning a nicely shaped piece of pivot wood into them, first dry, and after- wards oiled a very little with watch oil When the holes pass through jewels", you must work gently to avoid breaking iliom. The oiling above named is iall the watch will need A great fault with many watchmakers lies in their use of too much o\]. The " Chkmical Process."— Some Avatchmakers employ what they call the " Chemical Process '' to clean and remove discolora' iion from watch movements. It is as follows : — Remove tlie screws and other steel parts ; then dampen with a solution of oxalic acid and water Let it remain a few moincnts. after which immerse in a solution made of one- fourth pound cyanuret potassa to one gallon rain water. Lei, remain about live minutes, and then rinse well with clean water, after whiciijou may dry 'n sawdust, or with a brush and prepared chalk, as suits your convenience. This gives the work an excellent appearance. To PRKPARE CnAtK FOR Cleani.nq — Pulvcrizc your cli.ilk thoroughly, and then mix it witli clear rain water in the proiior- tion of two pounds to the gallon Stir well, and then let stand about two minuto.'i. In tins time the gritty matter will have set- tled to the bottom. Pour the water into another vessel, slowly so aa not to stir up the settlings Let stand until entirely settled, and then pour off as before. The settlings in the second vessel will be your prepared clialk, ready tor use as soon as dried Spanish whiting, treated in the j;ime way, makes a very good cleaning or polishing powder. So-nc; « peratives add a little jewel- ler's rouge, and we think it an i nprovcmenl ; ii, gives the pow- der a nic color at least, and morcfore adds to its im|iorta ce in the eyes of the unii.itiated. In cas:.^ where a sha>'])er j)olisliing powder is required, :t may be prepared in the same way from rot- ten stone. Pivot Wood. — Watchmakers usually buy this article of wa^cli- material dealers. A small shrub known as Indian arrow-wood, to bo met with in the northern and western states, makes an e.xcol- lent pivot wood. It must be cut when the sap is down, and split into quarters so as to throw the pith outside of ihe rod. PirH FOR Clkanin'o. — The stalk of the ^i^mmon mullen (iflTonls the best pith for cleaning pinions W^inter, when the stalk is dry, is the time to gather it. Some use cork instead of pith, but it is inferior. To Pivot. — When you find a pivot broken, you will hardly be at a lojg to understand that the easiest mode of repairing the damage is to drill into the end of the pinion or staff, as the case may be, and having inserted anew pivot, turn it down to the proper pro- portions. This ia by no means a diflicult thing when the piece to be drilled is not too hard, or when the tera[>er may bo slightly dravrn without injury to the other parts of the article. To TELL wiTBS TiTE Leter IS OF PROPER Lenoth. — You may rtJadilyleatn whether or not a lover is of proper length, by m^nsur- ing from the ^mtd point to the pallot staff, and than comparinff with the roUcr or fuby-pin table ; tho .liuiuoter of ibo table should WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLERS, 40., REClIIPTS. 143 nlwftvs be just half the leogth measured on the lever. The rule will witik both wnys, and nmy be useful in cases where a new ruby- i.iii tab! • liii-i i(» be supplied. To ciiAMiE Di:i>TH OK Leveh Escapement. — If you are operating oil A tint' WiiU'li, the best jiianis to put a new staff into the luver, cuttiiif,' its pivots a little to one side, just as far as you desire to cbaut;e the escapement Common watches will not, of course, justify so much trouble. The usual process iti their case is to knock out the stiiH', and with a small file cut the hole oblong in a direction opposite to that in which you desire to move your pallets ; then replace the stuff, wedge it to the required position, and secure by soft soldering. In instances where tlw staff is put in with a screw, you will have to proceed differently. Take out the staff, prize the pallets from the lever, file the ]iin holes to slant in tne direction you would move the pallets, without changing their size on the other side of the lever. Connect the pieces as they were before, and, with the lever resting on some solid substanco, you may strike lightly with your liMinnu'r until the bending of the pins will allow the pallets to I'tiss into position. To TKM- WHEN THE LevER PALLETS ARE OP PROPER SiZE. — The cleiir sinice between the pallets should correspond with the outside measure, oa the points, of three teeth of the scape wheel The usual mode ot measuring for new pallets is to set the wheel as close as po.ssible to free itself when in motion You can arrange it in your depthing tool, after which a measurement between the pivot holes ot the two pieces, on the pillar plate, will show you exactly what id required. To i.E.NCTUKN Levers of Anchor-escapsment Watches wit»- ofT FTammeuino or Soldkrino.— Cut square across with a screw- head file, 11 little back from the point above the fork, and, when you have thiw cut into it to a sidficient depth, bend forward the (li'sired distance the piece thus partially detached. In the eyeul of the i)iece snappii u: off while bending— which, however, rarely happens — lile down the point level with the fork, and insert a pill, Kiiglish lever style. To TK.M1-EII Case and other Sprinos of Watches. — Draw the temper from the spring, and lit it ])roperIy in its place in the watch; then take It out and temper it hard in rain-water (the ad- dition of a little table-salt to the water will be an improvement); after which place it in a small she.eV-iron ladle or cup. and barely cover it with linseed-oil ; then hold the ladle over a lighted lamp until the oil ignites ; let it burn until the oil is nearly, not (j[uite consumed; then re-cover with oil and bum down as betore; and so a third time; at the end of which, plunge it again into water Main and hair-springs may, in like inunner, be tempered by the s:uiie process; first draw the temper, and properly coil and clatnp to keep in position, and then proceed the same as with ease-springs. To MAKE Rkd Watch Hanph.— 1 oz. carmine,! oz.TOtiriato of silvir, ^ o7,. tinner's japan ; mix together in an earthen -vessel, and iiold over ;i spirit-lanij) uiitd formed into a p;astc. _ .Ap))ly this lu the watch hand, and then lay it on aoopjper plRte,imco- m ii ■ 't.' 'i r* ^ ■ lill m m^!' :!^;r !. ^! ^ ^* 1 pi. '■■i ^^'" m p^},,i i 1 i If M| K . -li. 144 WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLERS, &C., RECEIPTS. Bide up, and heat the plate sufficiently to produce the coloi desired. To Drill into Hard Steel.— Make your drill oval in form, instead of the usual pointed t-haixj, and temi)er as hard as it will bear witli- oiit breaking; then roughen the surface where you desire to drill with a little diluted muriatic acid, and, instead of oil, use turpen- tine or kerosene, in which a little gum camphor has been dissolved, with your drill. In openkting, keep the pressure on your drill firm and steady ; and if the Dottom of the hole should chance to become burnished,, so that the drill will not act, as sometimes happens, again rougben with diluted acid as before : then clean out the nole carefully, and proceed again. To Case-harden Iron. — If you desire to harden to any consido able depth, put the article into a crucible with cyanide of potash, cover over and heat altogether, then plunge into water. This process will harden perfectly to the depth of one or two inches. To Put Teeth in Watch or Clock Wheels without Dovb- TAiLiNQ or Soldsrino.— Drill a hole somewhat wider than the tooth, square through the plate, a little below the base of the tooth ; cut from the edge of the wheel square down to the hole alreaay drilled ; then tlatten a piece of wire so as to fit snugly into the cut of the saw, and with a light hammer form a head on it like the head of a pin. When thus prepared, press the wire or pin into position in the wheel, the head filling the hole drilleiiio of the tieth named, and the term centhk, tlu; inensun! from ceiilro of one tooth to centre of the other tooth liiuned, inclusive. For diameter of a pinio'i of 15 leaves measure, with calipers, a shade less than 6 teeth of tho wheel, /uU WATCHMAKERS JEWELLERS, &0., RECEIPTS. 145 For diameter of a pinion of 14 leaves measure, with calipers, a sliiule hd:^ lima G teeth of tin' whei-l, cmtm. For diaiiuior of a piniou of 12 leaves measure, with calipers, 5 teeth of the wheol, centre. For diameter of a pinion of 10 leaves measure, with calipers, 4 teeth of the wheel, /«//. For diameter of a pinion of 9 leaves measure, with calipers, a httlc les? than 4 teeth of the wheel, full. For djanieler of a pinion of 8 leaves measure, with cahpers, a Uttle less than 4 teeth of the wheel, centre. For diameter of a pinion of 7 leaves measure, with calipers, a littl« less than 3 teeth of the wheel, full. For diameter of a ])inioa of 6 leaves measure, with calipers, 3 teeth ot the wheel, centre. For diameter of a pinion of 5 leaves measure, with calipers, 3 teeth of tlie wheel, centre. For diameter of a pinion of 4 leaves measure, with calipers, one half of one space over 2 teeth of the wl'?el,/M^^. As II general rule, pinions that lead, as in the hour wheel, should be somewhat larger than those that drive, and pinions or clocks sliouhl generally be somewhat larger proportionally than those of watches. To FoLigii Wheels pbrfectly without injury. — Take a flat burnishing file, wnrm it over a spirit lamp, and coat it lightly with bees'- wax. When cold^ wipe off as much of the wax as can bd readily removed, and with your file thus prepared, polish the wheel, resting the wheel while polishing on a piece of cork. The finish produced will be quite equal to the finest buflF polish, while there will be no clogging, and the edges of the arms and teeth will remain perfectly square. Rules for nsTERMiNiNO thb cobhect Length of the Lever, sizb OP Ruby-Pin Table, size of the Pallets, and depth of Escapement OK Levku VVatchks. — A lever, from the guard point to the pallet staff, should correspond in length with twice the diameter of the ruby-pill table, and when a tsvbU* is accidentally lost, the correct size thereof may be known by measuring half the length of the lever between the points above named. For correct size of pallet, the char space between the pallets should correspond with tne outside meusnre on the points of three teeth of the escapement wheel. Tlie only rule that can be given, without the use or diagrams, for correct depth of the escapements, is to set it close as it will bear, and still free itself perfectly when in motion. This may be done by fust placing the escapement in your depthing tool, and then setting it to the correct depth. Then by measuring the distance between the pivots of the lever staff and escapement wheel, as n(tw set, and the corresponding pivot holes in the watch, you determine correctly how much the depth of the escapement requires to be altered. To KEMovE KusT KuoM TuoN Oil Stkel, lic. — Por Cleaning pur- '0^< ':^, k,(i kerosene oil or luiizine ;iro probali!*^ the best things noun, Wiion articles have become pitted by rust, however, these can of course, only bo removed by mechanical means, such as scouring with flue powder, or flour of emery and oil, or with very K I WW Hfi, ; I- 146 WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLERS, AC, RECEIPTS. fine emery paper. To preveDt steel from rusting, rub it with a mix- ture of lime and oil. or with mercurial omtment, either ot which will b3 found valuaole. To Put Watches in Beat.— If a cylinder escapement, or a detached lerer^ put the balance into a position, then turn the regu- lator so that it will point directly to the pivot-hole of the pallet staff, if a lever, or of the scape-wheel, if a cylinder. Then lift out the balance with its bridge or clock, turn it over and set the ruby-pin directly in line with the regulator, or the square cut of the cylinder at right angles with it. Your watch will then be iu perfect beat. In case of an American or an English lever, when the regulator is placed upon the plate, you will have to proceed differently. Fix the balance into its place, cut off the connection of the train, if the mainspring is not entirely down, by slipping a line broach into one of the wheels, look between the i)lates and nscertam how the lever stands. If the end fartliest from the bahuice is equidistant between the two brass pins, it is all right; if not, change the hair-apring till it becomes so. If dealing with a duplex watch, you must see that the roller notch, when the balance is at rest, is exactly between the locking tooth and the line of centre ; that is, a li!ie drawn from the centre of the roller to the centre of the scape-wheel Tlie balance must start from its rest and move through an arc of about ten degiees before bringing the locking tooth into action. To Prbvgnt a Chain Running off tub Fusee. — In the first place, you must look and aocerUiin the cause of the difficulty if it results from the chain being too large, the only reniedy is a new chain. If it is not too large, and yet runs oflwiiliout any appa- rent cause, change it end for end — that will generally make it go all right. In cases where the channel iu tlie fusee has been damaged ami is rough, you will be under the necessity of dressing it over with a file the proper size and shape. Sometimes you find the chain naturally inclined to Avork away from the body of liie fusee. The best way to remedy a difficulty of this kin;l is to file off a very little from the outer lower edge of the chain the entire length; this, as you can see, will iiiclnie it to work on insteiui of off. Some workmen, when they have a bad case and a common watch, change the standing of the fusee so as to cause the winding end of its arbor to incline a little from tlie barrel This, of course, cannot do otherwise than make the chain run to its place To Weaken tubHair-Si'Iunq. — This is often effected by grinding the spring down. You remove the spring from the collet, and place it upon a piece r{ pivot wood cut to lit the centre coil A piece of soft steel wire, flattened so as to pass freely between the ooils, and armed with a little pulveri7A'U oil-stone and oil, will serve as your grinder, and with it you may soon reduce the strength of the spring. Your operations \v;ll, of course, be coiifin'd to the ceiUre coil, for no other part of the spring will rest .suffi- ci(!nlly against the wood toeniible you to grind it, but this will generally suHice. The effv'ct will bo more rapid than one wihiM suppose, therefore it will .-^taml you ni haiiP V i I t 146(i WATCHMAKEBH, JEWELLERS, &C.;' RECEIPTS. Trains, for Third IVlieel and Patent 8<>c'^ndfi. No. of Teeth in the Conirj WUeel To«th In JdWUeol. LraTeH lu M Whfol riuiou. 60 72 « 60 60 6 6U 48 6 48 60 6 60 72 6 60 60 6 48 60 6 60 72 6 60 60 6 48 60 6 TOTth in Uh Whuul 60 CO 60 60 54 64 54 48 43 48 Loayort In 1th Wlioi'l Pluluu. 12 10 8 8 12 10 8 12 10 8 Tcdh In tin- lll'Mt Wilt. a. Lc.lvrM J II I ho £-011] »- ll>Lllt Wl 1 I'lllic II. 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 \ii.„t -I'luwli No. of r,it\ln ill 'Iic> Uh one ,\liui.te. I WIutI r.'vc.l- >■'■!< in. 3ii0 3 300 270 270 270 240 240 240 tiJ 60 (X) 60 (30 6.) 60 60 CO 60 Tralutt, for Fourtli H'liuci Necotrdw, \%'ltli l!:ioven Tocib I t (liti l-.A('ai)enion' WIkm-I. 48 4i> 71 6 /* 2' in r lk> 48 45 6 74 6 6 271-h 60 48 45 6 70 6 6 279- m 48 45 6 78 « 6 2St} 60 60 4 ( 4H 4'J 8i» 45 10 75 0) 10 (>4 C4 8 W 76 8 fifi (0 7 f.') 76 1 (54 75 a fiO 60 8 fit 5fi 8 4S 46 « m m ( w 4'J 1 4S 4'J ♦) (-4 46 8 Til) i'M 8 4H rM fi (^4 CO 8 60 46 7 fO 4'J 1 48 45 6 60 M 8 Tcoth In 1th WUuc.'l 70 60 60 60 CO 70 CO. CO 70 CO 70 60 0» 60 CO 6(» 60 60 60 60 60 60 CO CO fiO 60 CO CO m m m C) CO 60 60 TraliiM, for Fourth IVhccI Sefond*!, with Tcoth 111 KMcapoiiieut Wheel. Sev«ntoen l'4 t'i() 8 61 8 17 t) 28y 60 (•4 C(( 8 60 8 17 6 283-f- 60 m 6C 8 61 1 17 6 289 60 80 CO 10 60 8 17 C 2834- 60 76 (» 10 60 8 17 283 -f 60 76 60 10 68 t 17 8 289 G> 75 68 10 68 8 17 8 289 C> 80 76 10 68 10 17 8 283 6/ Traill of the American Wateh COmpany'ii Watch. 64 I CO I 8 j C4 I 8 I 15 I 7 I 300 Id NoTic.— Hy use of tlu! foroRoing sot of Trains, and thn rulo for sizes of Iiiiiions, oil pago 114, nil dilliciilty of calciiliiting is obviated; and atone vii'w, ill cnsc of tin' nccidcntal lo^s of a wliool and pinion, may t)e Icnowii the correct sizo an rUK j OK A (JUAIN, AH KOLLOWn. \ Curat. Dwts. Ors. ur« 1 21 '2 1 19 '! 8 2 17 6 4 3 15 8 6 4 13 1 6 5 10 10 7 6 8 8 » 7 8 6 9 8 4 4 10 9 2 2 11 10 12 10 21 9 13 11 19 7 14 n 17 f. 15 \6 15 3 16 14 13 1 17 16 10 10 18 16 H 8 19 17 6 (') 'Jh 18 4 4 21 19 2 2 '22 22 D Q < a o H o Dwts. tirx. tli,i\\*i Carat. Fine gold, 15 dwts., fine silver, 2 dwts. 4 grs., fuu" copiier, 2 dwts. 19 grs. 5. Anotlur, 18 Carat. Fine gold, IH dwtt;., Iin« Bilver, 2 dwts. 18 grs., lino copper, 3 dwts. 18 gry. 6. Another 3 Carat. Fine gold, 1 oz., fine silver, 2 dwts. (> grs., line cojipcr, 3 dwts. 12 grs. 7. Another, 20 (Jurat Fine gold, 1 oz , fine silv /I dwts., fine copper, 2 dwts. 4 grs. 8. Anof/ur, 22 Carat. Fine gold, IC dwts., fine silver, 12 grs., fine copper, 1 dwt. 3 grs. 9. Cold .vjhkr for the foreijning Alloys Take of the alloyed gold you arousing,! dwt., fine si'ver, G grs. 10. Alloy fur Dry Colored iiiny.i. Fine golil, 1 oz., fine silver, 4 dwts. grs., fine copper, 4 dwt.'*. C grs. 11. !S'Mr /or ditto. Scrap gold, 2 ozs., fine silver, 3 dwts , fine copper, :: ilwts J 2. JJri) Co/vred tScrap reduced to Si).i. Cold. Colored scriip, ioj. 9 dwts. 12 grs., fine silver, 2 dwts., fine copper, 17 dwts. 12 grs, spelter, 4 dwta. Dttv Coloring for the Foregoinc:. — Polish your work wrll and for every 2 ozs. take saltpctn^, 8 ozs., alum,' 4 ozs., ,':alt, 1 o/.s., iccU all toiretho.r iu a black h'ud pot. stirrinn; with n thiu imu bur WATCH MAFCEIIS, JEWELLEIIM, &0,, UKOKII'TS. MCtg wlicii dvvts., line silver, 1 dwt. 12 grs. 7. An- oth''r(lr<'en Hold. Fine gold, 10 dwts.. fine silver, 2 dwts. 2 grs 8. Ut'l (loht, Jar jancxj xvnrk. Fine g'du, 5 dwts., fine copper, 2 dvvts. 12 h'is. "J. Anot/ie'r Ivd Gold. Fine gold, 5 dvvts., fmc copper. 1 dwt. '"> gr.-5. lO. Giihi solders for the foreifoinij Alloy s. Take of tho iilloyed i^'old you are using I dwt., tine silver, tj grs., or, 5 grs. silver anil i K"*- *^'J|*P^''' '""•y '"-' '^=''^'^- 1^- '^'i^dcr /or licpuirtni/ Gold al- loyetl, I dwts. 17. (told, ijoii I color. Fine gold, I oz , fine silver, 6 dvvts., fine cop- per, t dwts. 18. Gul I cost OOs. or § 15, tjood color. Fino gold, 1 dwt. line silver. G dwts., tine copper, 4 dwts. 10. Wet colored solder. kSciaji gold, 4 OZ.S., fine silver, 13 dwts., fine copper, G dvvts 10 grs. 2'i. To n-ditcf 22 carat into Wet colored Gold, 'iold coins, 4 oz., 8 (hvts., line silver, l.'J dvvts., fine copper, 1 oz. 13 dwto. 21. Tore- dace 22 carat to ord'iKtrif wet co'nred Go'd with scrap. Coins 1 oz., line gold, 3 ozs., fino silver, 17 dwts. 12 grs., fino copper, 2 ozs, 1 dwt. 12 grains., scrap, 3 ozs. I dwt. 22. Another way, with sera/). Coins, 3 ozs. 1 dwt. G grs., fine gold, 2 oZ3., fine silver, 1 oz 1 dwt., tine co|)pcr, 2 ozs. 11 tlwts., 3cra|), 1 oz. G dwts. 18 grs. 23. An- other way with scrap. (Joins, 2 oz\, fine gold, 3 ozs. 3 dwts. 3 grs,, liuc silver, 1 oz. 1 dwt. 4 gr^., fine copper, 2 ozs. 10 dwts. 12 grs., scTiip, 1 oz. 5 dwts 24. To reduce 22 carat to ordinary wet colored (rold. without scrap. Coins, 1 oz., fino gold, 8 ozs., fino silver, 2 ozs., fine copper, 4 ozs. 14 dwts. 2.'"), Another way, without .icrap. Coins, I o/,.. line gold, 2 ozs., fine silver, i;{ dwts, fine co[»per, 1 oz., 11 (hvls. 20. Another wxy, without scrap. Coins, 2 ozs., fine gold^ G ozs., fine silver, 1 oz. 14 dwts., fine copper, 4 ozs. 2 dwts. .^■>i'- WmA ■.,-S;'«?l___ 1 % I'^l 1 n;/i 'v.vTfitMAKEiis, .lEwar.LEas, fen.. iiECBiprs. To WuT-OoiiOa TUB Ka?iHr;o...o ALi.OT-i.-'For 5 oz3. ot wotk ta-e Kultpolro, lOo'.i., aliun, Hoji., suit. 8 oz^.,all nulvorizoil and iiiiriiitic ucitl, 2 o/.A., (lUsolvo tlio iiigreilieiitrf gruditiilly in a black lead pot. AVheu it bjils up, aid tho acid, and stir tho wliolo witl» a wooilea .spoon. Havin;;annealc(lyoiiP worit and inf.''»' it porfi3ctly clean, tie in small parcels with platinum or liii'^ silver wlro, and when the. color l»oild up iminoric it thorein for four minutoJi, movinpf it ab)ut to ensure a pcrfoct contact with all partd of thj sui'f.ico. Thju tiko it out ami rinse it well In l)oilinx w iter, tlnn im n^rsis in i'lc color aj^:iin for li minutes and rinse wM oucn m )ro iu frosh hot w.iter. Now adil 2 o/.s. of frjsli hot water to th) c )lor in tho pot, wliicli ■will cause it to sink. When itriaes put in your w )rk for I minute, riu-!lng in fres!i hot w.itcr .-'.jjam, when it will b.5;^in to brijjliten. Now imm !rj'! your work for half is minite loui^^r, and rime for tlie l.ist tim ' in cloau hot WAter, when it will appear of a most beauti- ful color. OUDIX'VKY WET OOLTIBO Go.D. — TAIlt.K SlfOWrX'J TIIK PnoPOtlTIONS UU Af>i-oY wira kii ».vi o.xk o^. vf v » Ttc.v <»z. ow Kink (ioLi». Fine (iold. FIu<« Silver . Fiuo Copper. Tot il )/.. Dw;s. Urn i)£. Dwts. ( rrs. Oz. Dwts. Grt. Hi. O.vts. Grn. 1 ft (1 4 12 10 12 I ir, 2 u 1 1 J 10 a 1) 12 I 11 \1 • t 5 4 u IS 2 2 1 5 1 2 12 2 12 12 s 1". •i 1 7 3 3 » 4 11 a 2 12 4 U 12 1.:* r. 10 2 f. n 5 f. li 10 wO fine Ai, /' '/'/' copi) vorl* i-l- gis. illoyi SlO.'i Oat)i.xAUY uuiour odlh, taulk suowi.vu tui-; I'i; »i' »aru).v oi'- ai.i.')v, wirii KiioM 1 o/,. lit* rofio/s, ok* gxsn a >i.i>. .■!) n I'. Finn Gold. Fine .Silver. roiiijiosition. Total Oz. Dwtsi. (jirs. Oz. Dwt.s. wl* (irs. 1 5 I 2 13 2 10 2 k; 5 3 I.'-. 4 4 7 13 (1 4 3 1 12 10 12 G 1 5 7 13 5 6 1 10 8 Z 15 18 f3aMiM)3iTio\ Kou THE AiJovK. — Fiuo Ooppor 41 o/iS. spelter 8 o/.s, TaIILBOK Atr.OVS put DIPfKttKVr (JirALITIt!:* Ol' <» »f,D. QiiUify. I' iiie Gold. Composition. Total. 9 Carats 12 15 " IS '- . 22 « Oz. Dwts. Grs. 7 12 10 12 12 15 18 18 Oz. Dwts. Gr.H. 12 12 10 7 12 6 1 6 C»z. Owls. I 1 1 1 1 Ur.s. WATOlCVr.VTCEaS, JEWKLLEtt."^, >fei'., UK(1KII'T ' 1^ H: v^OMI» )8ITI0V tfOIl THK .Vn^VB. — FinoSlIvtV, .'{ ()/,.? r» (Iwtl. 4- irvi. fiiu> ci)i>|>'r « '>''■ 1-5 tlwt.-J. I'ijji-s. Siteltttr 1 d/.. I < dvvH. (> f^rs. Ai.l. >v^, '''»>"''^'"^"' '• /*"^" ,'/"' /./'>/■ ct/oi'i'i'/, tJu'iinnl/in'/, or J,il>l>in'/ — l'''iii(i (J »i»l • oz > '•■>'- silver ;> dw'3., Hm* copper 2 dwls., 1:1 (rrd. - Aihitker •litto — Fine ^old 1 oz, tiiu! silvtM-K (^\vt^., fiiio a)|iii'r :{ ilwn , 12 gr^. 3. AuotUnr ditto -V'nw jrold 1 oz., fin*' sil- vor I')dwU ,li iccoppor .{ dwts., 12 gn. 4. Knarmllin;/ (iuld No. i— Fill- gild 1 0/.., (ino siivcir 1 rlwt.. I2grs , (iriocoppcr 2 d\vt(«., 12 218. f). Kii till ■Hill I <}ol l/i'om Slerlini/ —Sti'.rUwrr 1 o/,., Hiio silver 8 gri., fi I ' ooppor 2 dsvtjJ. G. Knnmllinif (} ilil S >l'liT--Vin\A ■ " ' ■ ' U' /ycT 'Ji. — r ii'u g >it lUoyird, I ihvt., Iiiu' silvcir 4 grs 7. AnothiT Uit/o, cox' AU. sf/., or 5; 10. '(."»/'<.•/• 0!. — Flnu g )ld ) -i dvvM., Miio silver 7 dwtj., A gra., tiuo cuppiT ') dwU. -Fino /H'/fiui/ (}old No. 2. C"t/ i'iOf. xt;/. jier oz. gold 1 oz., line ail ver'.> dwts., 12 gra., fine copper 7 dwls , 12 gfs. ;». I'hiiiii"llin:/ (told No. W. — Fine gold 1 o/,., line silver II (I\vt,a jiiic copper IS dwt:".. 10. I'hiainellinif (Jold No. 1. — Fine gold 2 o/,4 , Tnhvl:!., liiiosllver 1 oz,, (> d\vt3.,line copper 1 o/.., pin brum .^(l.vts. 11. h'aiincl/in'/ (Ji)ld No .'). — File goltl 1 oz., line silver rJ(lwt3.,.'iiieo )pper<;d\vt.s. 12. Hnamfllinif Gold No. t't.for fnins- fiiipiil iwiiii''lliiiii — V\\\c gold 1 oz., fine silver 1 1 dvvt.s. line copjter (JdA'ts. l.'{. (hid ijtder /'or cnanmlled work — Fine gold 1 oz., fino .^ilvei I oz., fino copper li) dwts , silver .solder H dwts., M gr.^. 1 \. )'iilr (I'lil I iilloi/.Hjor jiidinhini/, ,'^•1-., No. 1. — Fnio gold 1 oz., fino ffilver S (Iwt.s , fine copper !i dwls , 12 grs. 1."). Anof/fr, No. 2. — l'"iiie golil 1 )z., fin silver I dwt,2i) gr.s., fine copper 1 dwt., I gr.s. p; /''/'/' IH Cdnit Gold—Viiui gold I oz.. finesilver 1 dwt.s., f1ni> CDpperJdwt.s., Ify grs. 17. Anotker Pale IH (^unif (Jold — Fine gold 1 oz , I'i grs., fine silver iJdw*' , H grs., fine ro|>per;{ dwt.s., S '.jr.s. IH I'llr (loll Sold,n-~V%iM alloyed 1 d\vt.,<; grs., fine silver I (hvt. \'J .l/liii/f'ir ln" grs 20. Soll-'rfyr ditto — Kiiio^roiil 12 dwts., line s'lver V dwts., '.^ grs., fineco;)p'r tidwts. 21. Sl-'luuu i/ii'i/ili/ /><')iH—V]n(^ g'^1'1 I oz , Composition 1 oz., l;{ dwts. '11. (''iiii/io'er 1 oz. 2"). .S'o/- il'T lor ditto Fine goM 1 oz , finwsilv.ir 2 ozs., pin l)rass 1 oz. 2*'.. /l'/.)//f ''/ (lol.l Willi Iti-ii^^^ No. 1. — Fine gold 1 oz., fine silver "i (hv.s., ^ grs., fint! copper !{ dwt-*, 12 grs., pin brass IH dwts. 27. Ai'iilnr dilto^ .\o. 2. — Fi le gold 1 oz!, fine silver Idwts., line oop- |MT I dwts., pin brass M dwts. 2H Another ditto, N). A, — Fino \^'M 1 ()/,,, fill" silver.') dwts., 12 grs,fi.ie co'tper.'Jdwts., 12grs , jtin tiniis !'.» dwts, () grs. 20 .l/t'>///r/- /— Fine gold 1 oz., line sil- ver :< 'wts., 21 grs., fine copj)er 9 dwts, ;{ grs. composition.') dwts. '1 f^rs :*>i). A'lntlu'r ditto — Fin-J gold I') dwts., 9 grs., finesilver .5 dwts. 10 grs. fine copper \\ dwts. 21 grs. composition 15 dwts. 31. (I'lmjto^itiiin /'or t lie lust two all.ojfx — Finest copper 1 oz , spelter . 5. (iwt:;. :{2. S'dder for fore ijoing alloya — Gold alloyed 1 dwt., fino cilver 12 grs. 33. Imitniion Gold cokIs^Ic per 02. — Fine silver 2 ozs.. .'i dwts., fine copper 1 oz. composition 1 oz., keeps its color very w 11. ;u. (lomi>oxition for ditto — Fine copper 11 ozs, spelter - 0/.S. 3,"). • Cali/orniu" Gold— F'mc gold 5 ozs., 12 dwts. compo- ■:, ■ - ■ . . . - -. .,\ ■' ^ ll ]4V-i WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLEUS, AC, RECEII'TS. IV sition 7 ozs., ITdwts. .in. Composition for " C. Coiiimnii Col I JVo. 1.— Fine {i^old 1 o/,., line silver H dwts. composition No. ;:4. i oz., rjd\vtd. 41. CoDDNo.i O'lifil, iVo. "J.— Fiue gold 5 dwtd. line . dwts. fine copper 1 oz., speiler .^ d\\t.s. 4.'{. Jhjf Ciilorcd Sent}) reduced to 'A'ts. or lii.S.75 d'oLl — ('olored pcnip ioz., U dwts., 12 grs., fine silver 2 dwts., fine coi)per 17 dwts. 12 grs., speller 4 dwts. 44. Alloti Ji>r (lold Chdiiix.- Fine gold U dwts.,t; grs., fine silver 2 dwt.-i., .^ grs., fine copper i'> dwta., ]>! grs. 45. Another ditto — Fine gidd 1 oz., fine silver !• dwts., fine copiuT 8 dwts Id. (roil worth l.'t.s. sli/. or ^\ 1 .2.")— Fine g(dd I oz., cuniiHi- silion (s'-e No 22) I oz 47. Soldirjor ditto — Fine gold 1 oz., line silver If) dwts., line copper ir> dwts. 4H. 12 Cdnit ti'f'/f/— Fine gold 1 oz., fine silver lu dwls., line copper !» dwt.s., ') grs. 4'.). Common Goldjroin " Ciili/nnnii'"—'^ Ciiliforniii," (see No. ;'.;").) S ozs. line .sil- ver i;'. ozs., in dwts, line copper dozs., 10 du-ts. 5(1. 21».v, '(/.S7.2,'i /.. Dwts. V.r^. Oz. l>Wts) (iis. 0/ 1 >wts ( ; V*. 5 21 t) (i t; 21 1 li IS 14 12 1:5 18 2 17 1& 1 1 18 1 ir> a 1 ir. r, 2 3 12 2 I (5 (i 2 12 21 '.i .O 2 1 21 » 3 10 12 • 4 7 4 2 12 12 4 8 :j ft 8 IS u A y ir. r, t 18 <) 10 12 « ;] 18 u «) ;} 8 7 12 r, 2 4 ".* 21 ''o (iE(jr.'>'RU THE fioi.n LOST IN Coi.oitTNn .- Dissolve ;i Ivindl'iil nt' snlpli ite of iron in boiling Wii.l"v, tiien iidil lliis t(» youi- " color' wate ■, it precipitates the small partic'' • of gold. Now draw oil liiH \.'uler, lieing very cari'fnl not tcdism 1» tlie anrifcrons sedinniit :i t tlie bottom Von will now proceed to wash the sediment Irniii ;dl lra« I! of" acid with )»lenty (d" toiling water; it will !t'» ('omiionitions. Stu t»ai/e 2H 1 SANDOZ MKTHOD OP ISOCaRONISH. i4e;x: till. wts (irs I'KACTICAL MKTHOD Ct PROPUOINO I80CHR0NI»M IN PLAT AND liKKOi'F.T Sl'UlN(»«.— /.«ocArowi»wi, from the Greok, meaning equal time, is tlie i)roi»«.'rty iw.ssessed by the Pendulum anil the Hair Sjiring to nccuni])1isli titcir arcs ol vibration of different amplitudes in the same .simi-t' of time. In a pendulum, the only "ondition re«|uired is that itii icuplli bf such as to niiike tlie centre ol jrravity move accorduig to the cvclttiil (Mu-To: but in the Hair .Spring the means change with the forms nfft'fti'il l»v the Spring. In ti»e npherieal or conical springs, the extreme curves coiistructcd after the mathematical rules discovered by I'rof. I'liiilipps. of the I'olytechiiical School of Paris, will jiroduce an Iso- clirciiisni very nearly perfect. In the Hat spring, these curves cannot exist, tluTct'ore other means must he resorteil to. I shall give now the iPMilts of several years of expi'riment and study, v/hich can be em- boilicil in tlie two it>llowing theorems : \.-ln the fiat »i>rinij, every coil has theoriticnlly a point where the viiirdtiiiiiM an Isochronal. 'l,— lViiit point of I Hochr anixm i» determined by the relative position of thi two points rofinectiny the hair xfirimj with the collet and stud, callftl Points d'attarhe. These two pn>p(>.tili(Mis tnrm the base of Isoehronism hi the Hat spring; Ihcrel'tue tlie idea genera] y accrediteil among watchmakers that thi- iMxIiroiial jirop;' vtles of a flat spring de|ieiiil on lis l«>ngth is incorrect, .since llie luili as wi '.". "s thi iidth cod of the sprmg is able t»> produce tlu' Ir^iiiiironism, the oul\ limit being such sizes of springs that would jiievi'iil the perfect freedon 'U' its action. Kreedtmi (»f action being ne«'e»sary for the Isochronal properties of the spriiig to develop themselves, the spring must be bent to the centre, accunliiig ti> Fig. II— the ilrst coil bemg too near or the curve too tlat, HO that even a minute part of the spring could touch the c<>itet, woidd li'miler tlie Isodironism. Next, tlie spring mu.<>t be pinned perfectly tiiihi ill tlie collet and stud, and move freely between the regulator pins. These conditions fultlllcd, the watch is run H, ti or 12 hours with Just streiigtli enough to keeii it going; the result is compared with a regit- htoraiid set down. Next, the watch is fully wound up, ami alter a s|i,'i('e of lime e<|iial to the tlrsi trial, the result is again set down. Most K iierally the watch will run slower in the short vibrations than in the wiile ones, and consequently lose time tn the pockt't in the last twelve hours t)!' its running. Having set down as a )n-incple that every coil ims an Isochronal point, we have now to determine; that point, ii'in'mi- luriiiK that as a general rule, every increase of ienyth of the sprinchronal wilhthe two /"ii/ir« (/'(iffrirAe iiist opposite each other, au shown in Fig. HI, the lltli and the Kith coil, as well as the l.Mh, will prodtieo the Isoehronism very nearly at the same point. SnppoMing that we increase gradually the length'of that Hair Spring of lit coiis, pinned up so that the two ;/fi/»r.v (yvw^arAc are primitively opposite each other—so that its lem/th mil now '-e ir)*ro*7» — Wiciw^i points d'attache are now in the position shown in Fig. IV, or what is called pinned to the half coil. The result will lie that the Hair Spring will cause the watch to gain in the short vihralions as much as it is in (Is power to do. Hill if we go further than the half <;oil, we now enter the ground that lieli>ii>,'8 to the HHh coil.and every increase of length in that half coil will cause the Hair Spring to lose in the short vibrations, in the same iiioportinn that it has been gaining in increasing the length of the llrst iialt. That change will continue until we reach the same point on the Ititli coil lliat we started from on the l.'ith, viz., the two pins opposite eacli tiiher; at that point we shall have again the Isoehronism. The biiiiie openitioii is applicable to the I tlh coil, with the same results. Now It is immaterial whether we take that half coil to the centre, or to the outside of the spring, because both of these operations will pro- "liice the same results, viz., the change of the relative places ol the pmnis d'attarhe of the spring. Therelore the artist has his chof-^e, and is ic.iided by the size ol tlie spring and the weight of the balance; for lukiiitr hi'.lf a coil to the centre of the spring will not much affect Uie rule of the watch, but taken outeiUe, the diiTerouce will be great. Uu im SANDOZ METHOD OF ISOOHRONISM. the other hand, a very short cut to the centre will Rrcatly affect the Isochrouism, and at tne outside, a lull half-coil will geuerully produce IVom 15 to 25" difference in 24 hours. 11' then the watchmaKCr wouM produce the greateat possible cUauf^cs of Isochrouism in a watch, i\w change of position of the iwo points d^attarhe of the spring of one coil around, will give him the two highest degrees of gaining and losing in the short vibrations. It follows from the following pages, that if a watch loses in llic Inst running (short vibrations), the flrst thing to do is to increase the length of the Hair Sprmg from the outside ; if the residt is better, hut not yei good, gi'"' Btdl more length ; if the result is worse, it shows that yon arc too fai on the coil. Take hack the whole length that you had givcu in the llrst operation, and draw more length, so as to affect the spring the other way ; or if your spring is already small or your balance j)rctly heavy, cut to the center so as to come around to tlie rc(iuirt'd positions. ^iU Fig.II III. Fig. TV. For mstance, in Fig. V, the spring being pinned in A, anu the watch losing 7" in the last 12 hours (short vib.), I flrst mcrease the length of the Hair hpnng to the point B, but as I am already on the grounil belonginR tothe/oaintf action, the result will be an increased lossol tune in tin last running. I then go back to the point A, and moreover i)iu the spring? to , or dial u)) ; making the ends of tlie pivots even and enually well ii'.dished will remove the discrepancy. It the watch /o««.» with .\!il up, which is generally the case, and the iriction ou the balance jewels Itoiiig reduced as much us possible, the remedy is to increase the iVlctiou when the watch is eitlier ilial or cock up. This is done by throw- ing tin Hair Surinp a little out of the center of the cock jewel, thereby adtliug to the friction on the pivot enil, a lateral pressure against the Imlauce Jewels. If the watch is well regulate«l with XII up, and loses with HI up, throw the spring a little towards the Jiaure III ; this operation lifts up the balance when the watch is in the losing position, and iliiiiiuishes the friction di'the pivots iu that uarticular case. Mali ing the ends of the pivots iierfectly llat has a tenuency to make the watch gain with dial or cock up. The souml of the watch must be clear in all ])OHitioiis, else it indicates a friction, as for iustauce rough Jewels or pivots, safety pm rubbing against the roller, etc. How TO Reoulate a Watch in a vkw minutks, and a Practi- cal Method to put a new Hair Sj*RiN«i, ur tuk riuht size AND 1'EIIFECTI.V REUULATKD. IN A WaTCII WITHOUT RUNNING IT. First, ascertain how many vibrations the watch beats in one minute, by counting every other vibration and comiiaringthat time with a well- regulated watch or regulator. In general, Swiss watches beat 18,000 in oue hour, viz., 300 in one minute; American watches, cither 18,000, either 10,200, or 270 per minute ; and the Engiish levers, U,4U0, or 240 per ntiniite. If there is any doubt, it is better f,o count up leaves and teeth, and ascertain the right number ; but these cases are scarce where wutches will beat odd numbers. Having fountl out the right number, examine tlie Balance carefully for one or two minutes, counting every vibration going from right to left, and in the mean time examining the regulator or clock, to see when one minute is up. If the watch is well regulated, the number of vibra- tions must be exactly iialf of the regular llrst number, viz., IWl, 13S, or 1'2(), as only every other vibration lias been recorded to facilitate the oliscrvation. If not so, move the regulator, right or left, until a perfect coiucidence comes. To |iick up a newHair Spring, after having recorded the right number of beats — cither by the
('lislied snh- stance, so as to keep ui» the vibration to about the standard ot ri'^riilar running. A little practice will soon enable the Watchmaker to chanst' a Hair Spring very quick, and without any trouble whatever. Oi' CoMTENSATlON.— .\ most accurate way of counterbalancin^' eflects prodiiceil on tlie running of watches by'dillVrent leinperatiirt's. is the FjXjiansion IJalance, fornu'd of two concentric rings, om intcridr, of steel, and one exterior, of brass, joined together by lianl st '. rinn or smelting. The general proj)rotion of these two metals is one part ol steel, and two of brass. The stronger dilatation of brass, causes ilu' r'ni of the balance to bend iiiwanlly when the heat, iiicrea^inv', diminishes the strength of tl»e Hair Sjiring; the greater conliin limi bends the rim outwardly M'hen cold comes to incnase the rlgi(li(\ di the sjiring's coils. Pushing lorwurd or backward the screws of tho rim will alfect the conipensaling powtrs of the balani'e, by cans ing their weight to be more active as iliey como nearer the end ot ihc cut arm. The thinnt-r and higher the riin, the greater the a<'tion. .\ lew trials will bring the balance to compensate the ellects of tempeiatmt' from 30^' to liMl"-' Falireiiheit. For extreme temiteratiires anotliiT com- pensation, called auxiliary, is used, but only in Sliii) (Chronometers. .\ soft spring Mill be less allected by clian^^es of temperature than a hardened one; this affords a way to (•omiiensate certain balances, where otherwi.se new ones woulil Imve to be iiseil. A i>rccaution to observe in compensating is to make the screws go freely on 'the balance, ami not screw them too tight, else the action of (be rim not being tree, a gooil compensation could not be attained, until the combined actions of dila- tation and contraction tlieinselves of the rim have freed the screws. For watchmr... 'rs who woiihl want to eoinpensate a watch without having an Kxpansion Halance, I give the following process, wliiih 1 liavc Buccessfiilly used : After having cut off the greater jiart of tlic regulator's, arm. another arn: is to b«' lilted w.tli a screw on the rim of the repulator, so as to revolve freely around that screw as an a\is The jtins are juit in the same jiositioii as on the old arm. .\ ring, of two parts of brass and one ot steel, is llien fastened at one end on that iimv able arm. and the other end is screwed at any convenient place, eilhiM on the re.gulat(U' itself, or on the cock. See Fiu. I. \\\ placing the whole ring on the regulator, the latter maybe moved as in any other watch; the ring opening or sbnliini,' itself under the changes A temperature, will push backM'ard and luiward the regulator cins, ami BO elfeet the compensation which is to be regulated by varying eilhci the proportion ot brass and steel, or the size of the ring. To try the running ol the watches, a coninion relrigerafor is used to produce the low temperature, and then nn ap])araliis, Helf-rcgiitalint!, will produce the high temper.ature. Itiscoininonly a square box ol tin or co))per, hernielically «Ios(m|. under wliirli is a gas burner. A com- jiensaling arm of the form of a l'. made of brass and steel, is lasiennt msiile the box, and is conuected by !• string with a lever attached to \\w. key of the burner; and acts so tliat at the bii;li temjieratiire, sav lOii^' Fah., the fjas is nearly shut olT, the conijiensaliiu;: arm gradualfy releasing itselt. and consequently letting out more gas when the heat ilimiiiisln;:* iueide the box. Use sleel piub to secure sprinjj to collet ami bind. Sp I'll I. s WATCII.MAKEIIS, JEWELLERS, AC, RECEIPTS. U? To Tkihtkn a Ri'BY Pm. — Set the ruby pin in asplialtnm var- nish. It will bi'CDini' liiird in a i'ow iiiiiiutos, and bo much firnier „ii(l lictUT tiian e tempered in (piicksilver ai above; or you may ISC k'.id iiiritead of quicksilver. Cut down into the lead, say half 'uiiKli; then, liaviiig heated your indtrum'nt to a liglit cherry iTiJ, iireris it lirmly into the cut. Tiie lead wUl melt around it, and nil I'xeelli'Mt temper v.ill be imparted. OruKU Mk'iuoos to Tkmj-ku Case kSi'Rl.VGS. — Having fitted the .N|iniit; into the case according to your liking, temper it hard by l.iiitiiig iiiid plunging into water. Next polish the small end so lliiU.yoii may l)e aide to see when the color changes ; lay it on a liiece of CDjiper or bra.ss i)late, and hold it over your lamp, vvith the liliizu diri'ctly under the largest part of the .spring. VVatcli the pol- islit'ij part of the steel ring temper may be trcutcil in tiie same way. A not law ]irocess, said to be good, is to temper the spring as in the fust instiiiice ; then jiiit it into a STiiall iron ladle, cover i*, with luiceil oil, and hold over a lamj) till the oil takes lire. Remove !lu' ladle, Imt let the oil eontimie to burn until nearly all consumed, wl'iii blow out, re-cover with oil, and liold over the lamp as before. The ihird burning out of the oil will leave the spring in the right Irliipcr. Tu Tkmi'er Cmcks, RATcnETS &c. — Clicks, ratchets, or other .■^tii'l urviiles re(|iiiriiig a similar (legrec of hardnes.>J, sliould be ti • ■- jMTi'd in inrreurial ointment. The process consists in simply heat- iiig to a cherry red and plunging into the ointment. No othcv iikmIo win combine toughness and luirducss to such an extent. To DllAW TUK TemI'EK KIIO.M Dei.I.'ATE STKKIi riKCES WITHOITT Si'iMN iNliig, made to fit, closely. Tiikf llu- Iniiidlcut tlic key with your pliers and hold its pipe into the hlazc of a lamp till luar hot, then let it cool gradually. When sntticit'iitly cold to hiindlc remove the ping, and you will find the article with its temper fully drawn, but in all other rcspoct.-s just ;is it was before. You will understand the reason for having the article thu.s plugged up while passing it through the heating and cooling process, \vlii;ii I tell you that si)ringing always results from the action of changeable current!* of atmosphere. Tiie temper may he drawn from cylinders, staffs, pinions, or any other delicate pieces, l)y this mode with perfect safety, To Temfkii Staffs, Cylixdkks, ok Pinions, without Si'Iust.ino THEM. — Prepare the articles as in the preceding process, using a steel plug. Having heated the key-pipe to a cherry reil, piuiiLrc it into water; tlien jtolish the end of youi steel plug, jdace tiie key iipoii a plate of brass or copper, and hold it o-ff y(jur liuii|t with the blaze immediately nnder the ])ipe till the jxdi.siied part becomes blue. Let cool gradually, then polish again. iJlue and co(j1 a second time, and the work will be done. To Draw tiik Tkmi-ku kuo.m i'akt ok a S.m\m. Stkkl Article.— Hold the part from which you wish to draw tiie temper with a jmir of tweezers, and with your blow-pip(( direct tlie flame w|iiin them — ncjt tlie artich; — till sulheieul heat is communicated to llio ariiclo to produce the desirecl effect. To BiJiR SciiKWS KvKNi.v. — Take an old watch barrel and tlrill as many holes into the head of it as you desire to blue screws at a time. Fill it about one-fourth full of brass or iron filings, |)nl in the head, and then fit a wire, long enough t(» bend ovor for a handle, into the arbor holes — head of the barrel upwiinl.-!. lirighteu the heads of your screws, se.t them |)oiiil downwards, into the holes already drilled, ami expost; the liottom (d" the hiuiil to your lamp till the screws assume the color you wish. To Rk.movk Ijlitino kkom Stkki,. — IniTiierse m a pickle composod of e(pial iiarts muriatic acid and elixir vitrol. liinse in imre water, ana dry in tissue paper. To Makk Diamond Muoaomks. — Make your broaches of brass tlic size and shajte you desire; then, having oiled them sliglitly. roll tlicir points into fine diamond revent fiyinrj or scattering, then place a flat steel i»unch on each piece separately, and strike the piimii with a mallet or ham ner, with snflicient force to crush the iliainond. When reduced sufliciently fine in this way, the dust iii!i\ he collected ami dri'"l for use ; after drying, it nuiy be gra- liiiated for dill'erent pnrjtoses, by mixing it with a little watch oil ; when aejilated, the finest particles will fh)at near the surface, whilg it ■ ^: .'.i ii % \ m< ;"■ 150 WATCIIMAIvKllS, JhWELLKllS, AC, UEClillTS. ir the coarsest pieces will sink at once to the bottom; and thnsby decanting the oil in which tlie dust Hoats, as many grades of fine, nesd as desired may be ol)tained. The dust may ho separated from tlie oil by pouring on a i)iece of smooth clean paper; tiie paper will absorb the oil, or allow it to filter througii, while the dust will remain on the surface ; but to prevent waste, the better way isito leave it in the oil, and use it directly ihert'tVom as required, or the oil may be washed out of the dust with alcohol. To Polish Stkkl. — Take crocus or oxidc! of tin and graduate it in the same way ae in jireparing diamond dust, and apply it to the steel by means of a piece of sofJ iron or bell metal, uiade \my- per form, and prepared with Hour of emery, saun" as lor pivot Imr- fishers; use the coarsest of the ci'ocus first, and finish oW with tlic finest. To iron or soft steel a better finish may l>e given by hur- nishing than can be imparted by the use of [(olisliiu;^ iiowderof any kind whatever. To I)ETKItMI\K TIIK ExACT FoCAI. DlSTAN'CHO OF SfRCTACM (Jr.ASSEs. — Place the end of a measure of thirty or forty inches in length against a smooth wall, <»r other suitable ground, in plaia view of some wcdl-di'TuK^l object a few rods distant, as tor instuncn a building or window on the o|)posite side of the; street. Tlicti place the edge of your h'us on the measure, and move it baekwanl or forward until a siieetruiii is f'ornu'd, or, in other wonls, until a clear and distinct outline of the distant object is |)rodnci'd on th« ground against which your measure rests. This point will n'|in!- sent sufhciently near, for all practical purposes, the t'xact focal (lis- lance of the lens, ami will corresjtond in inches with the nuinlw on all projxMly niarkcMl convex si)e(iacles. For tnending fine steel spectacle frames, use the best gold in preference to silver or brasu solder. To wiTtiDUAw Macnetism puom SpKKr, ANT) Qi'irif«iiA-t;a from MSTAtiS. — A degrees of heat, coiisidernbly lielow a red heat, will expel (piicksilver tVoni metids in the form of vapor. To witlnlniw magnetism from steid, itc, cover tla; article with the juice of common garlic, and then warm it over a spirit lamp. Do not heat sufficiently to driiw the temper or Ijlue the steed. To i>KOTKCT Stonk ou Pastk Si:r-F{iN(!s, kv., fkom DiMAdH nv Heat wuilb AIe.voinc;. — Cover the heail or set part of the rin^', or other article, with a thick coating of (bimpeiied ])laster of l';iris, or sim])Iy imbiid tiie siime in a ]»iece of green apple «tr potatie. This will obviate all danger from heat din-ing the ;»rocess of mending. A light coat of dampeneil plaster of Paris will, if properly applied, also protect fine Etruscan jewellery, fee, tVonj change of color while mending. To FiiosT Watch Plates.— Watch plates are frosted by means of fine brass wire scratch brushes fixed in a lathe, and inade I) revolve at great speed, the end of the wire brushes striking the plate producing a beautiful frosted appearance. To prevent Watches losinc} Time from Ahtion of PENnt'LUM Spkino. — Pin the pendulum spring into the stud, so that that imrt, the j>art of the eye immediately emerging from the collet, and the centre of the collet, arc in a H-ne; then you will have the spriiij,' pinned in, in equal terms, as it is called by those who are versed WATtllMAKEllS, JEWELLERS, JtC, RECEIl'fS. 151 in the iiiKlier bmnches of springing. Bring tlic watch to time by lidding tt) or tiiiiiiig from the baiaiicc, and poise it ; try the watch witii till' I- "P '"i" ^ hours, then witlj the «i up for 2 hours, theu ]yj„jf down tor the same tune ; the trials liere •lescnbeil will hesulH* cit'iit if the watch hag seconds ; keep the curb pin.^ close so as 10 iilliiw the sprnig only a little play ; the vibration of the balance sliouidbe l.i turn or 1^ Ijing. T(t iiKSTctUK Watch Dials. — If the duil be |)aintcd, clean the fijfiire oil' with spirits of wine, or anything else that will render tlif dial jK-rtectly clean ; then heat it to a bright red, and plungo It into a .strong solution ot cyanide of poiii.s.siuni, then wash in .s()ii|i and water, and drv in box dust. Repeat \i not u good color. Indian ink; ground witn gum water, will do for the figures. 'ToMAKKA Watch Kkki' oooo Ti,mk whkn thk CvM.NnKii edok3 AUK WOHN (»KF, IJY ALTKIU.NO TUB KsCAHKMKNT WITHOUT I'UTTINCJ A NKW (Jvi.iNiiKU IN.— Look at the cylinder, and see if there is room, eiilitr aliove »jr below the old wears, to shift the actiim of Ibe wlni'i. If tilt! wheel hoh'S are brass, making one a little deeper, and piitting a shallower one en the otht.'r side, will perhaps be sulli- cuiit. This must be done according as you want yourwhe lup or down, if the hides are stone, shift yuur wheel on the pinion by II III \v colKt, or turning away luore of the old one, as the ca.se may rc'iiuire. If yo much worn, the great wheel on thcn.xle before named strikes too deeply into the pinions above it, audatoiii the clock. To remedy this, bushing is necessarv, of course. TIic most common way of doing it is to drive a steel point or punch into the plate just above the axle iiole, thus forcing the brass (hwn- wards until the liole is reduced to its original size. Another mode is to solder a piece of brass upon the jilate in such a position ns to hold tilts axle down to its proper place. If you simply wisli your clock to run, and have no ambition to produce a bush that will look workmanlike, about as good a way as any is to fit a piece of imril wood between the post which comes through the top of the plaif nnd the axle. .Make it long enough to hold the axle to its proper place, so that the nxle will run on the end of the grain. Cut notches where the pivots come through, and secure by wrap])in(r around it and the plate a piece of anuill wire, or a thread, 1 liavc known clocks to run well on this kind of bushing, botchifii-d as it may appear, for ten year?. To Ukmkdy Wohn Pinions. — Tiirn the leaves or rollers, so the worn places upon them will be towards the arbor or slial't, and fasten them in that jiosition. If they are " rolling pinions," and you cannot secure them otherwise, you had better do it with alittlo soft solder. To Oil Properly.— Oil only, and very lightly, the i)allcts of the verge, the steel pin upon which the verge works, and the point where the loop of the verge wire works over the jienduliua wire. Use none but the best watch oil. Though you mignt be ttiirkin;; constantly at the clock-repairing business, a bottle costing you but twenty-tivo cents would last you two years at least. V. — Gold, G dwts. ; silver, 1 dwt. copper, 2 dwis. SoKT GoLO SoLDLK. — Gold, 4 parts; silver, 1 part ; cup- pci, I part. SdLiiKits Foil SiLVEi!.— (For the use of jewellers.) — Fine silver, 11) dwts.; coi'per, 1 dwt. ; slieet brass, 10 dwts. WriiTK Soi.oKa Kou f^iLVEii. — Silvtu', 1 oz. ; tin, 1 oz. Sii.vEa SoLi>KH, Kou l*L.\'j'Ki) Metal. — Fiiie silver, 1 oz. ; brass, 10 dwts. iSoi.iiKits. — For Steel Joints. Silver, 19 parts ; copper, 1 part ; brass, 2 parts ; melt all together. Jiurd Solder. — Copper, 2 parts ; zinc, 1 part; riudt together. For (jold. — 1. Silver, 7 parts ; cop- per, 1 part, with l)oriuc. 2. Gold, 2 parts; silver, 1 part; copper, 1 part. 3 G(dd, 3 parts ; silver, 3 parts; copper, 1 part ; zinc, \ I )\ i A ,.^... IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 1^128 ■^ ISA g5 2.2 I.I 1^ HE L25 1'-^ |l.6 6" V] S^ ^ .V V /A Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MSSO (716)872-4503 t^ I %" l54 WAtCIIMAKERS, JEVVELLEllS, &0., REfJElPTS. for 5??i'er.— Silver, 2 pdrts a*ii ■*'. -i- part ... silver, 4 parts ; brass, A parts ; zinc, ,^i brags, 1 part, with borax ; or, part, with borax. For j&f rass.— Copper, 3 parts ; z'lic, 1 part, with borax. For Platina.— Gold, with borax. For Iron. — The best solder for iron is gond tough brass, with a little borax. For Copper.— lirass, G parts; zinc, 1 part ; tin, I part ; melt all together, mix well, and pour out to cool. Cold Solders. — 1. Copper, 24.24 parts ; silver, 27 57 parts; gold, 48.19 parts. 2. Knamel Solder. — Copper, 25 parts ; silver, 7.07 parts ; gold, 07.93 parts. 3. Copper, 2G.25 parts ; zinc, G.25 parts; silver, 31.25 parts; gold, 36.25 jurts. 4. Enamel Solder.— Hilver, 19.57 parts ; gold, 80.43 parts. SoLDKu. — For 22 caral gold. — Gold of ?2 carats, I dwt. ; silver, 2 gr. ; copper, 1 gr. For 18 carat (/old.— Gold, of 18 carats, 1 dwt ; silver, 2 gr. ; copper;" 1 gr. For cheaper gold. — Gold, 1 dwt. ; silver, 10 gr. •, copper, 8 gr. Cheaper still. — Fine gold, 1 dwt. ; silver, 1 dwt.; copper, 1 dv/t. t-'iLVER SoLDF.Rs — 1. {hard.) Coj)per, 30 parts; zinc, 12.85 parts; sdver, 57.15 parts. 2 Copper, 23.33 parts; zinc, 10.00. parts; silver. 66.67 parts, 4. Copper, 26.66 parts; zinc, 10.00 parts; silver, 63.34 parts. 4 (./A/. — Copper, 16 parts; platina, 7 parts; zinc, 1 part; fused together. Alloys for Gold. — 1. Red ^oZrf— Copper, 66.67 parts ; gold, 33.33 parts. 2. Yellow gold. — Copper, 12.50 parts; silver, 37.50 ?arts ; gold, 50 parts. 3. Green gold.— S'llw-r, 25 parts; gold, 5 parts. 4. Velloto gold.— S\\\'(}r,M.(\l \)av[s; gold, 33.33 parts. 5. Gray gold. — Silver, 5.89 jiarts ; gold, 88.23 parts ; iron, 5.89 parts. 6. JJentists' gold. — Silver, 8.34 parts ; platinum, 66.67 i)arts ; gold, 24.29 parts. 7. FJnghsh gold coin. — Copper, 8.34 parts ; gold, 91.00 jiarts. American gold coin. — Coj>per, 10 parts; gold, 90 parts. French g(dd coin same as American. Alloys for Silv'kr Coin and Plate. — 1 Fnylish standard^.—' Copper, 7.50 parts; silver, 92.50 parts. 2. American ditto. — Cop- l)er, 10 parts; silver, 90 parts. French, the same. GiLDiNO Mrtal for common jewellery is made by mixing 4 parts ropper with one of calamine brass. Sometimes 1 lb. copper, with 6 oz. of brass. Dkntists' Plate.— No. 1 Gold,20dwts. ; silver, 1 dwt. ; copper, 2 dwts. 2. Gold, 21 , silver, 2; copper, 1. Jkwkllehs' SoLDEKiNO Fluid. — Muriatic acid, ^ pt. ; grain zinc, l.V oz. Dissolve, and add a little commoti solder and sal-amnKjniac. Gold for SiMiiNGB.— Gold, 18 dwts. 12 grs. ; silver, 6 dwts, ; cop- per, 5 dwts. or. 1 13 good '> parts; pour Out silvor, ;s ; gold WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLERS, &C., RECEIPTS. 155 jF.iVELLERS' Gold Compositions. — Common Gold: Silver, 1 part ; Spanish copper, 16 parts; gold, 2 parts; mix. Ring Gold: Spanish copper, 6 parts; silver, 3 parts; gold, 5 parts; mix. Manheim Gold: copper, 3 parts; zinc, 1 part. Melt, and stir "vrell. Mosaic Gold: copper and zinc, equal parts ; melt at the lowest tempera- ture that will fuse the former, then mix by stirring, and add 5 per cent, more zinc. JParker's Mosaic Gold: copper, 100 parts; zinc, 54 ports. For common Jewellery : copper, 3 parts; 1 of old brass, and 4 oz. of tin to every lb. of copper. Factitious Gold. — Copper, IG parts ; platinum, 7 parts ; zinc, ipart; fused tof^ether. This alloy resembles' gold of IG carats fine, or I, and will resist the action of nitric acid, unle'ss very con- centrated and boiling. IIahmstaut'.s True Imitation of Gold is stated not only to resem- ble ^^uld in color, but also in specific gravity and ductility. Plat- inum, 10 ])arts; copper, 7 parts ; zinc, 1 i)art; put it in a crucible, cover with charcoal powder, and melt into a mass. brass, 2 oz. ; pure silver, 3 oz. common salt, 1 oz. ; arsenic, 1 Do. OP Silver. — Copper, \ oz. bismuth, 2 oz. ; saltpetre, 2 oz. oz. ; potash, 1 oz. ; melt in a crucible with powdered char- coal. This compound, was by a German chemist for unlawful purposes, was so perfoct that he v^ ts never discovered. Aurik'ici. L (iOld. — This is a naw metallic alloy which is now very extensively used in Fiance as a substitute for gold. Pure copper, 100 parts ; zinc, or, preferably, tin, 17 parts ; magnesia, 6 parts; sal-ammoniac, 3-G parts; qnick-lime, i!^ part; tartar of commerce, 9 parts ; are mixed as follows : The copper is first molted, and the magnesia, sal-ammoniac, lime and tartar are then added separately, and by degrees, in tha form of powder ; the wliol(! is now briskly stirred for about J an hour, so as to mix thor- oughly ; and then the zinc iS added in small grains by throwing it on the surface, and stirring till it is entirely fTused : the crucible i.s then covered, and the fusion maintained for about 35 minutes. The surface is then skimmed, and the alloy is ready for casting. It has a fine grain, is malleable, and takes a splendid polish. It does not corrode readily, and, for many purposes, is an excellent substitute for gold. When tarnished, its brilliancj'' can be restored by a little acidulated water. If tin be employed instead of zinc, the alloy Avill be more brilliant. It is very much used in France^ and must ultimately attain equal popularity here. New Fhenoii Patent A£lov for Silver. — Messieurs De Ruolz & Fonteuay have invented the following alloy, which may be used for almost all purposes in which silver is usually applied. Silver, 20 parts ; purified nickel, 28 parts ; copper, 52 parts. Melt the copper and nickel in the granular state, then mtroduce the silver. The flux to be employed is charcoal and borax, both in the state of powder; and the ingots obtained are to be rendered malleable by annealing for a considerable time in powdered charcoal. Enolisii Sta.ndard for Silver. — Pure silver, 11 oz. 2 dwts. ; copper, 22 dwts. ; melt. Silver Imitations. — Copper, 1 lb. ; tin, ^ oz. ; position will roll and ring very near to silver, copper, 1 lb. ; tin, 1 lb. ; regulus of antimony, 2 lbs. ; molt toge- melt. This cora- Britannia Metal : I !■ 15C WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLERS, &0., REOEIi'TS. ther, witb or without a little bismuth. Genuine German Silver: iron, 2j parts; -'''id, 31} parts; zinc, 25J parts; copper, 40J parts ; melt. Fine White German Silver : iron, 1 part ; nickel, 10 parts; zinc, 10 parts ; copper, 20 parts; melt. Finchheck: copper, 5 parts; zinc, 1 part ; melt the copper,- then add the zinc. Jewel- lers^ Metal : copper, 30 parts ; tin, 7 parts ; brass, 10 parts ; mix. parts; copper, 8 ports. 2. Gold, 75 parts ; copper, 25 French Gold" Plate.— 1. Gold, 92 Gold, 84 parts ; copper, 16 parts. 3. parts. BiDERY.— Copper, 48.48 parts ; tin, G.GO parts ; zinc, 33.80 parts ; lead, 12.12 parts. Best Bra^s for Clocks. — Rose copper, 85 parts; zinc, 14 parts; lead, 1 part Alloy for Watch Pinion Sockets.— Gold, 31 parts ; silver, 10 parts ; copper, 39 parts ; palladium, 1 p^rt Pickle, for Frosting and Whitening Silver Goods.— Sulphuric acid, 1 dr. ; water, 4 oz. : heat the pickle, and immerse the silver in it until frosted as desired ; then wash off clean, and dry with a ?ot't linen cloth, or in line clean sawdust. For whitening only, a smaller proportion of acid may be used. EvRUSCAN Gold Coloring. — Alum, 1 oz. ; fine table-sal^, 1 oz.; saltpetre (powdered), 2 oz. ; hot rain-water, sufficient to make the solution, when dissolved, about the consistency of thick ale ; then add sufficient muriatic acid to produce the color desired. Tlie degree of success must always depend, in a greater or less degree, upon the skill or judgment of the operator. The article to bo co- lored should be from fourteen to eighteen carats fine, of pure g.'ld and copper only, and be free from coatings of tin or silver solder. Tlie solution is best used warm, and when freshly made the {irin- ciple on which it acts ie to eat out the copper alloy from the siir- f ice of the article, leaving thereon pure, frosted gold only. After coloring, wash off, first in rain-water, then in alcohol^ and dry without rubbing, in fine clean sawdust. Fine Etruscan jewellery, that has beon.defaced or tarnished by use, may be perfectly renewed by the same process. Tarnish on Electro-Plate Goods may be removed by immers- ing the article from one to ten or fifteen minutes, or until the tar- nish has been Rain- water, 2 removed, but no longer, in the following solution gals. ; cyanuret potassa, ^ lb. ; dissolve, and put into a stone jug or jar and closely cork. After immersion, tlie articles must be taken out and thoroughly rinsed in two or three waters, then dried wito a soft linen cloth, or, if frosted or chased wo:k, with fine clean sawdust. Tarnished jewellery may be speed- ily restored by this process ; but make sure work of removing the alkali, otherwise it will corrode the goods. A Bright Gold Tinge may be given to silver by steeping it for a suitable length of time in a weali solution of sulphuric acid and water strongly impregnated with iron-rust. To Refine Gold. — If you desire to refine your gold from the bnser metals, swedge or roll it out very thin, then cut into narrow strips and curl up so as to prevent its lying fiatly. Drop the pieces tlms prepared into a vessel containing good nitric acid, in the jiro- J)ortion of acid, 2 oz., and pure rain-water, J oz. Suffer to remain lan Silver : opper, 4oi ■ ■ " 10 nickel. ■k: CO nc. wper, ■lewd' )arts ; mix. ^ ports. 2. copper, 25 3.80 i)arts ; !, 14 parts; , silver, 15 -Sulphuric 3e silver in with a ?oh , a smaller ial^, 1 oz.; ) luiike tiie ale ; then ired. Tlie !ss degree, to be co- pure g')](i vcr solder. ! the jifin- n the sur- ly. After I, and dry jewellery, y renewed y immers- ;il the tar- solution ; and put rsion, tlie or three or chased bo spced- oving the ling it for ; acid and from tlio to narrow the pieces n the pro- to re 111 a ill WATCllMAKEttS, JeWeILE'RS, AC,, RECEIPTS. 157 until tlun'oughly dissolved, which will be the case in from ^ an hour to I lioiir. Then pour olf the liquid carefully, and you will find the rold in the form of a yellow i)0wder, lying at the bottom of the vessel. Wash this with pure water till it ceases to have an acif^ taste after which you may melt and cast into any form you choose. Gold' treated in this way may be relied on as perfectly pure. In melting gold use none other than a charcoal fire, and during the process sprinkle saltpetre and potash into the crucible occasion- ally. L)o not attempt to melt with stone coal, as it renders the metal brittle and otherwise imperfect. To KemneSilveu. — Dissolve in nitric acid as in the case of the pold. When the silver has entirely disappeared, add to the 2^ oz. B of Hoiution nearly 1 quart of pure rain-water. Sink, then, a sheet of cloiin copper into it ; the silver will collect rapidly upon the copper, and you can scrape it off and melt into bulk at ])leasure. In the event of your refining gold in accordance with the fore- going formula, and the impurity was silver, the only stejis neces- sary to save the latter would be to add the above named propor- tion of water to the solution poured from the gold, and then to proceed \'ith your copper plate asjust directed. To Refi ve Copper.— This process differs from the one employed to refine silvc r in no respects save the plate to be immersed ; you use an iron instead of a copper plate to collect the raetJil. If tlie impurities of gold refined were both silver and copper, you might, after saving the silver as above directed, sink yonr iron plate into the solution yet remaining, and take out the copper. The parts of alloyed gold may be separated by these processes, and leave each in a perfectly pure state. Cold Silveuin(j of Metals. — Mix 1 part of chloride of silver with 3 parts of pearlash, \\ parts common salt, and 1. part whiting ; and well rub the mixture on the surface of brass or copper (previously well cleaned), by means of a jiiece of soft leather, or a cork moistened with water and dipped in the powder. When properly silvered, the metal should be well washed in hot water, slightly alkalized ; then wiped dry. To llEKiUTEN Tiin CoLOH OF Yellow Gold. — Saltpetre, G oz. ; green copjieras, 2 oz. ; white vitriol and alum, of each I oz. If wanted redder, a small quantity of blue vitriol must be added. For (liiEKN Gold. — Saltpetre, 1 oz. 10 dwis. ; aal-ammoniac, 1 oz. 4(lwts.; Roman vitriol, I oz. 4 dwts. ; verdigris, IH dwts. To Clean Gilt Jewellery. — Boiling water in a clean flask, \ pt. ; cyanide of potassium, 1 oz. ; shake the flask to dissolve the jKitas- siuni. Add, when cold, liquor ammonia, \ oz. ; rectihed alcohol, 1 oz. Used by brushing over gilded articles. CoLORiNo Jewellery. — Boil the articles in a dilut" solution of torchloride of gold, to which some bicarbonate of soda has been added. Coloring of Gildino. — Defective colored gilding may also be improved by the help of the following mixture : nitrate of potash, '^ OZ. ; alum, 1^ oz. ; sulphate of zinc, 1^ oz. ; common salt, 1| oz. These ingredients are to be put into a small quantity of water to form a sort of paste, which is put upon the articles to be coloied ; they are then placed upon an iron plate over a clear fire, so that t ; n *• }r..^ < ^ m hi 1 I* «i , J', ^ ^mu laS WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLERS, &C., RECElt'TS. thoy will attain nearly to a black lieat, wlien tlicy aro sndrlonly jilungocl into cultl watiT ; tins gives tlioni a heantit'iil liigli color. Dillcrcnt hues may be iiad by a variation in the mixture. For Rva) Gold. — To 4 oz. melted yello'.v wax, add, in fine j)Owdcr, I^ oz. ot red ochre ; I2 oz. verdigris, calcined till ityu'ldg 110 fumes; and ^ oz. of calcined borax, Mix tiiem wed! toirc'tlier. Dissolve either of above mixtures in wuter, as the color is wanted, and use as required. Gold is taken from the surface of silver by spreading over it a paste made of powdered sal-ammoniac, w'th acjuafortis, and licat- ing it till the matter smokes, and it is nearly dry ; when the gold may be separated by rubbing it with a scratch brush. AIouLDS AND Dies. — Copper, zinc, and silver in ecpial proportions; !)ielt together under a coat of jiovvdereci charcofil, ami mould into the form you desire. Bring thein to nearly a white heat, mid Ir.y on the thing you would take tiu^ impression ot, jtress with sulliciunt force, and you will get a perfect and heaiitiful impression. Polishing Powder for Gold and Silver. — Rock alum burnt and linely powdered, 5 parts ; levigated cL. Ik, 1 part. Mix; apply with a dry brush. 8ilver-Platino Fluid. — Dissolve 1 ounce of nitrate of silver, m crystals, in 12 ounces of soft water ; then dissolve in the water 2 oz. cyanuret ofpotasli; shake the whole together, and let it stand till it becomes clear, llave ready some half-ounce vials, and fill half full of Paris white, or fine whiting; and then fill up the buttles with the liquor, and it is ready for use. Tlie whiting does not increa.se the coating powder ; it onlj' helps to clean tiie articles, and save the silver fluid by half filling the bottles. Jewellers' Armenian Cement. — Isinglass soaked in water and ♦lissolved in spirit, 2 oz. (thick) ; dissolve in this 10 grs. of. very jiale gum ammonia (in tears) by rubbing them together , then add large tears of gum mastic, dissolved in the least possible quantity of rcctified spirit. When carefully made, this cement resists moisture and driec colorless. Keep in a closely stopped |)hial. • Jewellers' Turkish Cement. — Put into a bottle 2 oz. of isinglass and 1 oz. of the be,, ^.|.ij,.v._T1h! solders to be used for gold, silver, copper and brass me piveii in tiic pniceding part. You commence operations hv ifidiieing your solder to small particles, and mixing it with iMiwderiTd sal-ammoniac and powdered l)orax in (-(pial parts, moist- ened to make it hold together. Having fitt^ed up the joint to be soldered, you secure tie article upon a piece of soft charcoal, lay your sohleiing mixture immediately over the joint, and then Avilh your blow-pipe turn the flame of your lamp upon it until fusion takes !)lace. The job is then done, and ready to be cooled and dressed up. Iron is usually soldered with copper or brass in accordance with the above process. The best solder for steel is pure gold or [)ure silver, though gold or silver solders are often used successfully. Platina can only be soldered v.'ell with gold ; and the expense of it, therefore, contributes to the hindrance of a general use of platina vessels, even for chemical jturposes, where tliey are of so much iinitortiince. To Soft Solder Articles. — Moisten the parts to be united with iolderiiig fluid ; then, having joined them together, lay a smnU piece of solder upon the joint and hold over your lamp, or direct the blaze upcm it with your blow-pipe until fusion is apparent. Withdraw them from the blaze immediately, as too much heat v/ill render the solder brittle and unsatisfactory. When the parts to be joined can be made to s])ring or press against each other, it is best to place a thin piece of soMer between them before exposing to tlie hmn. Where two smooth surfaces are to besoKlered one upon tlie other, joii may make an excellent job by moistening them with the fluid, »inil then, having placed a sheet of tin foil between them, holding them ])ressed firmly together over your lamp till the foil melts. If the surfaces fit nicely, a joint be may made in this Avay so close as to be almost imperceptible. The brightest looking load which comes as a lining to tea boxes works better in the same way than tin foil. To Cleanse Gold Tarnished in Solderixo. — The old English mode was to expose all parts of the article to a uniform heat, allow it to cool, and then boil until bright in urine and sal-ammoniac. It is now usiia'.cy cleansed with diluted sul|)huric acid. The ])iolcle is made in about the i»roportion of one-eighth of an ounce acid to one ounce rain water. To (vleanse SiLVKR TarnishBd in Soldering. — Some expose to a uniform heat, as in the case of gold, and then boil in strong alum water. Others immerse tor a considerable length of time in rt liplied as evenly as i)ossible, usuiilly with a hue scralcli brush. It is then set u)»on a grate over a clmrcoal Hre, or jiIiktiI into an oven and heated to that degree at which mercury exhales The gold, when the mercmy has evaporated, presents a dull yolluiv color. Cover it with a coating of pulverized nitre and alum in frpial parts, mixed to a paste with water, and heat again till /Ms thoroughly melted, then iilungo into water. IJurnish upwilliii steel or bloodstone burnisher. To Make and Aim'ly Golo-Platixo Soll'tion.— Dissolve Joz.oi gold amalgam in 1 oz. of nitro-muriatic acid. Add '2 oz. of alco- hol, and then, having brightened the article in the usual wav, apply the solution with a soft brush. Rinse and dry in sawdust, w with tissue paper, and polish up with chamois skin. To Make anu Ai"'LY Goi.d-Platino PinvoERS.— Prepare a chlo- ride of gold the same as for plating with a battery. Atltltoit, when thoroughly waslied out, cyanuret ])otassa in a proportion ui 2 oz. to 5 ])ennyweights of gold. Pour in a ])int of clean rain water, shak*> up well and then let stand till the chloride is dis- solved. Add then 1 lb. of prepared Spanish whiting and let eva- porate in the open air till dry, after which put away in a tiplit vessel for use. To apply it you ])reparc the article in the usual way, Jind having made the powder into a paste with water, rub it upon the surface with a piece of chamois skin or cotton fliuind. An old mode of making a gold-plating powder was to dip clean linen rags into solution prepared as in the second article preccdini; this, and having dried, to fire and burn them into ashes. Tiit ashes formed the powder, and were to be applied as above. To Make and Apply Silver-Platino Solution. — Put togothcria a glass vessel 1 oz. nitrate of silver, 2 oz. cyanuret jjotassa, 4 oz. prepared Spanish whiting, and 10 oz. pure rain water. Cleanse the article to be ])lated as i)er preceding directions, and apply witlia soft brush. Finish with the chamois skin or burnisher. To Make and Apply Silveu-Platino Powder. — Dissolve silver in nitric acid by the aid of heat ; put some i)iece3 of copiter into the solution to prccijiitate the silver; wash the acid out in tlie usual "vay; then, with ir> grains of it mix 2 drams of fcirtar, 2 drams of table salt, and ^ dram of pulverized alum. Brighten the article to be plated with lye and prepared chalk, and rub on the mixture. When it has assumed a white appearance, expose to heat as in the case of plating with gold amalgam, then polish up with tiio bur- nisher or soft leather. To Enamel Gold or Silver. — Take ^ pennyweight of silver, 21 pennyweights of copper, 3J pennyweights of lead, and 2^ penny- l'"l'J"Kitiiitn f'<'"- Tlifp„l,| "lorc.iry, afie, P^'JI- Itisil,i,„ ' "M chiefly iiseil ' iuid jirupiiMj nttlicurimigiiiij ctly bright, tl,, 111 a Ime scraWi inv, or iilaceii erciiry exhale, tsadullyelluiv nnd alum j,, tJigaiu tiih>jj nish uj) Willi a dissolve J oz. of d 2 oz. of nlco. the usual wav, ' in sawdust, w 'roi)aro a clilo- '••y. Add toil, a]iroi)ortioiiol t of clean rain chloride is (lis- ng and let evii- away ill a tigln c in the usual Lh water, rub it tton fiiuinel. as to dip clean "tide {)recetlin)j to aslies. The above. Put tofrothorin ; ItotasKa, 4 oz, M-. Cleaiisothe I apjtly witlia ler. Dissolve silver ^f copper into >utin tlie usual artar, 2 drams ten the article II the mixture. heat as in tlie with the bur- lit of silver, 21 .nd 2lj penny- WATCHMAKERS, JF.WELLKIIS, &C., RECEU'lVS. ] 03 wciplits of muriate of ammonia. Melt topffHher, and jiour into a criicihU' with twice as iiiucli pulverized sulphur; the crucible is then to l»e immediately covcrfcd that the sulphur may not take fire, iiod the mixture is to be calcined over a smelting fire until tin- siiporfliious sulphur ia burned away. The compound is then to bo toivrsely pounded, and, with a solution of muriate of ammonia, to be formed into a paste which is to be jdaced upon the article it is designed to enamel. The article must then be held over a spirit lamp fill the compound upon it melts and (lows. After this it may be smoothed and polished up in safety. This makes the black enainf'l now so much used on jewellery. To Dkstuov the Effects of Acid o.\ Clotiifs. — Dampen as soon as possible, after exposure to the acid, with spirits ammonia. It will destroy the eifect immediately. To Wash SiLVEiiWAnE.— Never use a particle of soap on your silverware, as it dulls the lustre, giving the article more the appearance of pewter than silver. When it wants cleaning, rub it with a pie«»e of soft leather and prepared chalk, the latter made into a kind of paste with pure water, for the reason that water not pure might contain gritty particles. To Cleanse Brushes. — The best method of cleansing watch- makers' and jewellers' brushes is to wash them out in strong soda water. When the backs are wood, you must favor that part as much as i»«ssible ; for being glued, the water may injure them. To Cut Glass Round or Oval without a Diamond. — Scratch the glass around the shape you desire with the corner of a file or gra- ver ; then, having bent a piece of wire in the same shape, heat it red hot and lay it upon the scratch, sink the glass into cold water ju:)t deej) enough for the water to come almost on a level with its upi)er surface. It will rarely ever fail to breiik perfectly true. To Ke-Black Clock Hands. — Use aspj;altum varnish. One coat will make old rusty hands look as good as new, and it dries in a kw minutes. To Gild Steel. — Pour some of the ethereal solution of gold into ft wineglass, and dip into it the blade of a new penknife, razor, lawcet, &c. ; withdraw the instrunn ut, and allow the ether to cvaitorute. The blade will then be found coven-d with a beautiful coat of gold. The blade maybe moistened with a clean rag, or a small piece of very dry sponge dipped in the ether, and the same efRcts will be produced. SiLVEUiNO Shells. — Silver-leaf and gum water a sufTicient (pian- titf'i grind to a proper thickness, and cover the inside of the sIh-'Hs. For a Gold (>jlor, grind up gold-leaf with gum water, and apply to the inside of the shells. LuM'ii) Foil for Silvering Glass Globes, &c. — Lead, 1 7>art ; tin, 1 jiart ; bismuth, 1 jiart : melt, and, just before it sets, add mer- cury, 10 jiarts. Pour this into the globe, and turn it rapidly round. SiLVEi -Pi.ATE.is' Stripi'ino Liquid. — Sulphuric acid, 8 parts ; nitre, 1 part. Used to recover silver from old plated ware. To Silver Clock-Faces, etc. — Old silver lace, ^ oz. ; nitric acid, 1 oz. Boil them over a gentle fire for about 5 minutes in an earthen i)ot. Aftfr the silver is dissolved, take the mixture oil', and mix it in a pint of clean water, then pour it into another vessel .lb ' 4. ■*/1i>»K~"S!W»»- KM WATCIIMAKEllS, JEWELLERS, AC, KECEirTS. 'I'l free from sediment ; then add a tablespoonfui of common salt, and the silver will be precipitated in tlic form of a white powder or curd ; pour off the acid, and mix the curd with 2 oz. salt of tar- tar, and i oz. whiting, all together, and it is ready for use. To UsM. — Clean your brass or copper plate with rotten stone and a piece of old hat ; rub it with salt ^nd water with your hand. Then take a little of the composition on your finger, and rub it over your plate, and it will firmly adhere and completely silver it. Wash it well with water. When dry, rub it wiili a clean rag, and varnish with this vaknish fob clock-fachs. Spirits of wine, 1 pt.; divide into three parts, mix one part with gum-mastic in a bottle by itself; 1 part spirits and J oz. sandarach in another bottle ; and 1 part spirits and J oz. of whitest gum benjamin, in another bot- tle; mix and temper to your mind. If too thin, some mustic; if too soft, some sandarach or benjamin. When you use it, warm the silvered plate before the fire, and, with a flat camel's-huir pen- cil, stroke it over till no white streaks appear, and this will pre- serve the silvering for many years. Refining Gold and Silver. — The art of assaying gold and silver is founded upon the feeble affinity which these have for oxygen in comparison with copper, tin, and other cheap metals, and ou the tendencv which the latter metals have to oxidize rapidly in con- tact with lead at a high temperature, and sink with it into any porous, earthy vessel in a ihin, glassy, vitrified mass. The precious metal having previously been accurately weighed and prepared, the first process is Cupellation. The nwjffle, with cupel properly am' aged on the *' mtMe plate," is placed in the furnace, and the charcoal added, and lighted pJ the top by means of a few ignited pieces thrown on last. After the cupels have been exposed to a strong white heat for about half an hour, and have become wiiite hot, the lead is put into them by means of tongs. As soon as this becomes bright red and " circulating," as it is called, *he specimen for assay, wrapped in a small piece of paper or lead-f( 1, is added: the fire is now kept up strongly until the metal enters the lead and " circulates^' well, when the heat, slightly diminished, is so regulated that the assay appears convex and more glowing than the cupel itself, whilst the " Mniwtoeons" circulate in all directions, and the middle of the metal appears smooth, with a margin of litharge, which is freely absorbed by the cupel. When the metal becomes bright and shining, or, in technical language, begins to " liffhten," and prismatic hues suddenly flash across the globules, and undulate and cross each other, followed by the metal becom- ing very brilliant and clear, and at length bright and solid (called the brightening), the separation is ended, and the process complete. The cupels are then drawn to the mouth of the " muffle," and allowed to cool slowly. When quite cold, the resulting " button," if of SILVER, is removed by the " pliers" or " tongs" from the cupels, and, after being flattened on a small anvil of polished steel, with a polished steel hammer, to detach adhering oxide of lead, and cleaned with a small, hard brush, is very accurately weighed. The weight is that of pure silver, and the difference between the weight lE>e#^e cupellation and that of the pure metal represents the propor- tion of alloy in the sample examined. In the case of gold, the motal IW WATCII3IAKEfty, JEWELLERS, AC, RECEIPTS. 165 has next to uiuler."0 the operations of quartation, Tho cnpeliod ganittle ia 'useil with 3 times itri weiglit of pure silver, (called the «in/»( *•<"), ^>y which tlio gold is reduced to oue-lourlh of tbemas3, less and iu tiiis state may easily te ronnovod by parting. Tho fllloy, after quartation, is hammered or rolled out into a thin strip or loaf, eurled into a spiral forfflj and boiled for a quarter of an hour with aliout 2} to 3 oz. of nitric acid Csnecific gravity, 13); and the fl'iid being poured off, it is again boiled in a similar man- ner with li to 2 oz. more nitric acid (sp. gr., 1.2) ; after which the 2ol(i is carefully collected, washed in pure water, and dried. When the operation of parting is skilfully conducted, the acid not too strong, the metal preserves its spiral form; otherwise it falls intotiakcs 6r powder. The second boil.ng is termed the " reprise." The loss of weight by parting corresponds to the quantity of silvbs rjifinally in the specimen. Foil Alloys Containing Platinum, which usually consist of (oppcr, silver, platinum, and gold, the method of assaying is as follows : The alloy is cupelled in the usual way, the loss of weight expresses the amount of copper, and the " button." made into a riband and treated with sulphuric acid, indicates by the portion dissolved thai also of the stiver present. By submitting the resi- duum to quartation, the platinum becomes soluble in nitric acid. The loss after digestion m this menstruum expresses the weight of that mptal, and tho weight of the portion now remaining is im.t of pure gold. Gold containing palladium may be assayed in the same manner. Annealing. — This consists in putting tho pure gold into a smalL porous crucible, or cupel, and heating it to redness in the muffle. Wbiguino must be done with the utmost accu- racy. The weight in grains Troy, doubled or quadrupled, as the case ma^ be, gives the number of carats fine of the alloy examined, without calculation. According to the old French method of assaying gold, the fol- lowing quantities were taken : For the assaj/ pound. 12 gr. ; fine silver, .' gr. ; lead, 108 gr. These having been cupelled together, the perfect button is rolled into a leaf (1 J x 6 inches), twisted on a quill, and submitted to parting with 2 J oz. and Ij cz. of nitric acid. sp. gr., 1.16 (20° Baume.) The remainder of the process is similar to that above described. The usual weight of silver taken for the assap pound, when the fineness is reckoned in lOOOths, is 20 gr., every real grai'i of which represents 50-lOOOths of fineness, and so on of smaller divi- sions. Enamelling on Gold or Copper. — The basis of all enamels is a highly transparent and fusible glass, called fdit, flux, or paste, which readily receives a color on the addition of ttie metallic oxides. Preparation. — Red lead, 16 parts ; calcined borax, 3 parts ; pounded flint glass, 12 parts ; flints, 4 parts. Fuse in a Hessian crucible for 12 hoTirSj then pour it out into water, and reduce it to ])owder in a biscuit-ware mortar. The following directions will serve to show how the coloring preparations are made : Black enamels are maile with peroxydo of manganese, or protoxyrio of iron, to which more depth of color is given with a little cobalt. Vioist euum^l of ti very fine hue is made from peroxyde of man- 1' II. %.. r rl' ^« '''^mmmm*-'' 166 WATCHMAKERS, JEWELLERS, AC, RECEIPTS. /qrancse in small quantity, with saline, or alkaline liuxes. Rei enamel is made from protoxyde of copper. Boil a solution of equal parts of sugar and acetate of copper iu four parts of water. The sugar takes possession of a portion of the cupreous oxide and reduces it to the protoxyde ; when it may bo precipitated in the form of a granular powder of a brilliant red. After about two hours of moderate boiling, th« liquid Id set aside to settle, decanted off the precipitate, which ii washed and dried. By this pureoxid« any tint may be obtained from red to orange by adding a greater 01 smaller quantity of peroryde of iron. The oxide and purple of Cassius are likewise employed to color red enamel. This compo' sition resists a strong fire yery well. Green enamel can be produced by a mixture of yellow and blue, but is generally obtained direct from the oxide of copper, or, better still, with the oxide of chrome, ■which last will resist a strong heat, xellow. — Take one part of white oxide of antimony, with from one to three parts of white lead, one of alum, and one of sal-ammo'"iac. Each of these sub- Stances w to be pulverized, then all are to be exactly mixed, and •xposed to a heat adequate to decompose the sal-ammoniac. This epcration is judged to be finished v.-hen the yellow color is well brought out. Blue. — This color is obtained from the oxide of cobaltj or some of its combinations, and it produces it witli such intensity that only a very little can be used lest the shade should pass into black. A white enamel may be prepared with a cdm formed of 2 parts of tin and I of lesd, calcined together : of this combined oxide, 1 part is melted with 2 parts of fine crystal and a very little manganese, all previously ground together. Whea the fusion is complete, the vitreous matter is to oe poured into clear watej, ftnd the frit is then dried and melted anew. Repeat the pouring into water three or four times, to insure a perfect combination €creen the crucible from smoke and flame. The Bmallc ;t portions of oxide of iron or copper admitted into this enamel will destroy its value. The artist prepares his enamel colors by pounding them in an agate mortar, with an agate pestle, and grinding them on an agate slab, with oil of lavender rendered viscid by exposure to the sun, in a shallow vessel, loosely covered with gauze or glass. He should have alongside of him a stove, in which a moderate Are 13 kept up, for drying his work whenever the figures are finished. It is then passed through the muffle. Silveb-Platinq.— File the parts which arc to receive the plate "» f y smooth; then apply over the surface the muriate of zinc, which is made by dissolving zinc in muriatic acid ; now hold this pa' ;: over a dish containing hot soft solder, and with a swab apply the solder to the part to which it will adhere, brush off all super- fluous eolder, so as ^o leave the surface smooth ; you will now take No. 2 fair silvfr olate, of the right size to cover the prepared surface, and lay the plate upon it^ and rub down smooth with 9 cloth moistened with oil ; then, with a tinned soldering iron, pasi slowly over all the surface of the plate, which melts the soldei underneath it, causing the plate to adhere as firmly as the soldei does to the iroa ; then polish the siirface, and finish with buck akift. MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS, 40.^ RECEIPTS. 167 Elkinoton's Patbnt GitDiNO. — Fine gold, 5 oz. (troy) ; nitro- mnn'atic acid, 52 oz. (avoirdupois) ; dissolve by heat, and continue the heat until red or yellow vapors cease to be evolved ; decant the clear liquor into a snitabte vessel : add distilled wpter, 4 pals. ; purebi-carbonate of potassa, 20 lbs. ; and boil for 2 hours. N.B. — The nitro-muriatic acid is made with pvre nitric acid (sp. gr., 1.45) 21 oz. ; pure muriatic acid (sp. gr., 1.15), 17 oz. ; and distilled Ttater, 14 oz The articles, after being perfectly cleaned from scale or grease, and receiving a proper^wce, are to be suspended on wire?, dipped into the liquid boiling hot, and moved about therein, when, in from a few seconds to a minute, depending on the newness and strength of the liquid, the requisite coating of gold will be deposited on tliem. By a little practice the time to withdraw the articles it readily known ; the duration of the immersion reouired to product any given effect gradually increases as the liquid weakens ^y use. When properly gilded, the t^rticles are with- drawn from the sciu^icn of gold, washed in clean water and dried; after which they undergo the usual operation of coloring, &c. A ^^deadffold" appearance is produced by the applicaiiou to the articles of a weak solution of nrtra^e o/'w?e;-cwry previously to the immersion in the gilding liquor, or the deadening may be given by applying a solutidr. of the nitrate to the newly gilded suiface, and then expelling the mercury by heat. Spot Gilding, or gilding in spots, prodscing a very fine appear- ance, is done by putting a thin coat of oil on those parts of the metal where yon do not wish the gilding to appear, the gold will then be deposited on those spots only where there is no oil, and the oiLis easily removed when the job is finished. Watchmakers' Oil.— Insert coils of thin sheet lead into olive oil in a bottle, expose it to tlie sun for a few weeks, and pour off the clear. Solution foh Dipping Steel Abticlbs, previous to Electro- Platino.— Nitrate of silver, 1 part; nitrate of mercury, 1 part; nitric acid (sp. gr., 1.384). 4 parts; water, 120 parts. For copper arttcfe.1.— Sulphuric acid, 64 parts; water, 64 parts; nitric acid, 32 parts ; muriatic acid, 1 part ; mix. The article, free from grease, 18 dipped in the pickle for a second or two. Polishing Diamonds. — The plan in use at all the large diamond cutters is simply a cast iron disc of good metal, with a vertical spindle run thiougli its centre, balanced, and turned, and faced true in a lathe. The disc revolves at about 1000 revolutions per minute. With a little diamond dust and oil the stone is set in a small brass cup filled with common soft solder ; it is then screwed up in the clamps and applied to the skive till the facet is formed. tr i 11 'fl 1 1 «!1 RECEIPTS FOR MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS, MILLOVYNERS, BLACKSMITHS, LOCOMOTIVE BUILDERS, &c., &c., AND METAL WORKERS OF EVERY KIND. On S awmills. — How to get the most Lumber from Sav/^logs. — Experience has abundantly proved to our satisfaction that this can .:,['» '•i 1' f t n i ft 'I 168 . -aCHINISTS, engineers, AC, RECEIPTS. be done only by the use of the circular saw. Human ingenuity thanks be to the Giver of all Good.has been so prolilic in the inven- tion and construction of this kind of machinery, that tlie principal difficulty with the intending purchaser seems to be un inability to decide whose machine is really the best. Every builder or inventor of a rotary sawmill appears to claim for his machine such a per- feet constellation of most desirable features, that a certain aaounl of hesitation in coming to a decision seems to be incvitaWe. Having tried the up and down saw and the circular saw also, we would again repeat our conviction that the last mentioned is the best for manufacturing lumber, and should any person act od this expression of opinion, let him in the first place be very careful to get if possible the best machine, bring it to the mill, and setit perfectly level and true. When you get it in operation,see that you handle it carefully. If you have been used to running the up and down saw only, you will soon find out that your former experience avails almost nothing in the management of the rotary macliiDe; but when you get the hang of rnuning it, the compensation in tie way of convenience, rapidity, and quantity of work, is immense, Some prefer to use tne inserted tooth saws, and will use no other, They seem to possess many advantages, and are entirely safe. A late invention of tpreading the tipper part of the tooth totoardilk point during the process of manufacture, spreading it out so as to make the point orthe tooth the thickest part of 'lie circumference of the saw, enables the sawyer to disjiense in a great measure will the use of the swage. Those inserted tooth saws which do not possess this improvement must be carefully swaged and filed at least twice per day, and soaietimea as often as six or seven times per day, depending upon the kind of lumber being cut. In lilingor swaging the saw, be careful to form the point of the tectli abso- lutely square, and even across, the slightest deviation from perfect trutb in this respect being apt to cause the saw to ran, as it is termed, or vary from its proper course while passing through tlit log. Home prefer to form the point of the tooth a little hoolcing, just enough so as to be barely perceptible, and in swaging toua that part of the die belonging to the swage, which gives the toolt of the saw a slightly curved or rainbow form, something in this shai« ^ or scarcely so much curved. One sawyer of 20 years' experience in running machinery, informed us that he never did better ormore rapid work with his mill than when he kept his saw exactly riglt on these two points just stated. If you can run a No. 7 gauge saw on your mill, the loss resulting from sawdust will be vcrj Blight, and as large saws are generally thickest at the centre, tapering off towards the circumference, this size or No. 6 will.asn general rule, be found sufficiently strong for most purposes. Maie sure at all times, especially during frosty weather, that the dogi have a secure hold of the log before the saw enters it. It is onlyi few days ago that a case came to my knowledge of a firm netf Fredericton, N.B., having sustained a severe loss by a log (insuffici- ently secured, of course) canting over on the saw as it was pasiief through it. The effect was to break off the saw from tlie niandrii twist off the nut at the end near the saw, and break away the tm iron pini used for securing the saw in the collar, causing a stop MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS, &0., RECEIPTS. 169 cage of the mill, and the consequent expense of repair and delay. When yoii gf't tlie mill in operation, see that you han»ilt> St care- filly and inaintiiia unceasing watchfulness over Ler whiito in oneratioii. Give hat plenty of power; if you donH^ you may as well shut I'l) shop at once ; good attendance, and with a good machine, the attendants will not have much time to play themselves, I caa assure you. Keep all the parts well oiYerf— that has a great deal to do with the smooth and successful running of the machine ; and, by the way, I would remark that sawnaills are not the only things in this world that run all the better for being oiled. If tha,' kind, loving, gentle, and affectionate spirit of which oil is the symbol, per- vaded the hearts and minds of our race, and found universal expression ia every thought, word, and deed during ourdailyinter- course with each other, it would be a very different world from what it is— better for ourselves, and better for our neighbors. Let us all carry on this branch of the oil business as extensively as pos- sible and we sh ill soon see a brotherhood " dwelling together ia unity." In order to facilitate calculations regarding the velocity of saws, herewith is appended a reliable tabla to serve as a guido in ascertaining the proper speed for ruaning :— Table of Speed for Circular Saws. 36 inches in diameter, 1000 revolutions per minute. 38 (( 40 (( 42 (t 44 « 46 (( 43 « 50 « 52 « 54 « 56 a 58 i( 60 II 62 « 64 u 66 u 68 tt 70 11 72 11 74 \ i 1' " ty I W . -I' fi. - J-af-- 170 MACHINISTS, ENGINELRS, AC, RECEIPTS. I ';i said of W P Bartley & Co., of Montreal ; James Harrig, of the New Brunswick Foundry. St John, N.B. Messrs McFarlane 4 Anderson, of St. Mary'a and Fredericton, N B , with their two estabhsliraents — the one at the latter place being quite extensive and lately rebuilt at great cost since the tire which destroyed it in the summer of 1871 — are now fully prepared to execute any orders for saw-mills, steam engines, &c , at reasonable rates, For the benefit of- those residing in the United States, we may mention that Stearns, Clark, & Co., ot Erie, Pa., turn out the very best of work. Having made a personal examination of their facilities and appliances, we say that they rank second to none, and, m proof of this, would state that we saw a letter in the "Scientiic American" a few days ago, from a party who was running one of their mills in Wisconsin, if we mistake not, making the statement that he had cut upwards of 60,000 feet in one day with one of their circular saw-mills. That was big business, but the work was done and the hgures produced to prove it from a disinterested sourcel There are also one or two firms in Bangor, Me , who turn out gooii machinery for saw-miUs ; but it is almost invidious to mention isolated firms where there is such an aggregation of excellent houses in this business all over the United States and Canada, In tbe line of saw manufacturers we would enumerate Morland & Watson, and James Robertson, oi Montreal, Alex. Richardson i Co., ot St John, N B., and J. F Lawton, also of St. John, e? bearing the reputation ot turnin^jf out good work In the United States we have honorable and able firms bearing the names of Welch & Griffiths of Boston, the Providence Saw Co , Providence, R ]., who make inserted tooth saws only : R. Hoe & Co., of New York : the American Saw Co , Nev/ York ; Disstou of Pliiladelphia; Porter Saw Co , Bristol, Couq ; Hubbard of Pittsburg, Pa. ; Atijins ot Indianapolis, Ind ; Messrs Sinker & Co., of the same place; Melius ot Detroit, Mien ; Branch, Crookes,& Co., of St. Louis,Mo,, and one or two good firms in Cleveland, Ohio. Shinglb Machines. — There are liUmerous good machines of this class, very highly recommended by the different manufacturers aa a matter ot course, but the interested representations as to their capability o» performing such incredible prodigies of work ins day, are most generally to be taken at a "libertil discount," as the dry goods merchant most eloquently expresseth it. Having had rather unusual opportunities of witnessing the performance of various kinds ot shingle machines, 1 will specify a few, premising, in the first place, that 1 am neither interested in the sale of shinglp or any otner machines, nor in the receipt of "a valuable consideration" from the manufacturers for recommending them, James liarris ot St John, N.B., has built a large number of tlie Cose shiuf^Ie machines (vertical saw) during the year 1871, I hear them high'y spoken of, and have seen (ine, but not in ope- ration. 1 should judge it was a very good machine, i)rice $175,1 with a Bangor edger or trimmer, $25 extra. The Muzzey Iroa Works Company, Bangor, Me., build a very good shingle machine (vertical .saw) ; I have seen many in operation ; they will turn oula | ood deal of work, and do it well. Trevor and Co., of Lockport, Y., turn out very good shingle and heading machines (vertical I MA0HINIST8, ENGINEERS, &0., RECEIPTS. 171 ic Co., of New saw) As a proof of their popularity, I may state tha. Mr. T. Thompson, of Black Rock, N.Y., has four or five of these shingle machines in operation, and prefers them to all others. I caa also bear witness that M. Badger and Co., of Rochester, N.Y., build excellent shingle and heading machines (horizontal saw), and are really deserving of approbation and patronage, not only on account of turning out good machinery, but from the circum- stance that the proprietors are two young ladies (who have inhe- rited the business of their father, now many years deceased) who attend personally to the management of the financial part of the business, while the superintendent, Mr. Doughty, is possessed of every qualification to ensure good work in the mechanical depart- ment, I would also mention James E, Austin and Co., of Oswego. N.Y., as a firm who have expended a great deal of money and much ingenuity in the invention and manufacture of shingle machines, and have brought them to a point of perfection which leaves little more to be desired. Although the machine is quite complicated, it can be speeded up to cut very rapidly. One gentleman in Oswego informed me that he had cut as high as 33,000 shingles per day. I should say that that was an extra day's work, but it must be borne in mind that the machine carries two Dlocks at one time, cutting a shingle from each block alternately. This n.achine also reqtiires a smart careful operator ; auy negligence on hi;' part will undoubtedly be rewarded with a shower of dangerous projectiles, flying ** fast and furious," not at . all careful who or where they strike. The price of this machine is $600. i have seen only one shingle machine that could compete with Austin's. This was in Chicago previous to the great fire, and It could cut about 8000 shingles per hour. I was informed that it was made in Wisconsin, and cost $1400. Many other good machines are made by other makers besides those mentioned above, but space will not admit of further mention. Any enquiries nddressed to either of the aforesaid manufacturers will be answered by illus- trated circulars containing fuj,V information. In the manufacture of shingles, as well as in anythingelse; itis the wisest policy to use the best materials. Get good»rift, free from knots, sand, bark, &c., and you will inevitably get good nerchantable stuff, with less waste and more pleasure every wa;", both with the machinery in the first place, and the satisfactory state of your exchequer in the last. It 13 all the better if you can lay in a good stock oue year ahead, as it cuts much easier when properly seasoned, to say nothing of the saving m weight during transport'* tion. In edging shingles, many prefer the saw to the revolving knives, as it enables the operator in many cases to get a shingle of extra quality by trimming a poor shmgle down, and selecting the best part. This can be done by a smart hand with marvellous rapidity, but still, to Vuse a modern nhraso, many persons can't see it, and so thev use the knives, giving what they conceive to be good reasons for so doing, Velocitv ok WnEELS, PcTLLBYS, Drcms, &c. — When wheels are applied to communicate motion from one part of a machine to another, their teeth act alternately on each other ; consequently, it one wheel contains 60 teeth, and another 20 teeth, the one oon- r 1 '}^Vi '• •I Si' 172 MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS, AC, RECEIPTS. taining 20 teeth will make 3 revolutions while the other makes but 1 ; and if druma or pulleys are taken in place of wheels, the effect will be the same ; because their circumferences, dc'scnbuic,' tiiual spaces, render their revolutions unequal , from ihis the rule is derived, namely ; — Multiply the velocftj . the driver by the number of teeth it contains, and divide by the velocity of the driven. The quotient will be the number of teeth it ought to contain ; or, multiply the velocity of the driver by its diameter, and divide by the velocity ot the driven. Example 4. If a wheel that contains 75 teeth makes 16 revolu. tions per minute, required the number of teeth in another, to work into and make 24 revolutions in the same time. Acconhng to rule, you multiply 16 by 75, and divide the product, which is 1200, by 24, and you have the answer, 50 teeth. Example 5. Suppose a drum, 30 inches m diameter, to make 20 revolutions m a minute, required the diameter of another to uiake 60 revolutions per minute. According to mle, you nuiltiiily 20 by 30, and divide the product, wluch is GOO, by 60, and you have the answer, 10 inches. Example 6. A wheel 64 inches in diameter, and making 42 revo- Intions per minute, is to give motion to a slum at the nitt- 'it 77 revolutions in the 8i.me time ; find the diameter oi a wheel suitable for that purpose. According to rule, multiply 42 bv G4, and divide the product, which is 2688, by 77, and you will have for the answer 35 inches nearly. 77)268S(3418 231 378 308 70 ' Example 7. Suppose a pulley 32 inches diameter to make 26 revolutions; find the diameter of anotlier to muke 12 revolutions is the same time. According to rule, 26 X 32 -j- 12 = 69^ — 26 and 12) 832. This will be seen to be 69^ 32 - 69,^^ = \ 832 Example 8. Find the number of r:volutions per minute made by a wheel or pulley 20 inches in diameter, when driven by another 48 inches in diameter, and making 45 revolutions in the same time. Acctirding lo rule, 48 X 45 -f- 20 — 108 That is, 48 multiplied by 45 = 2160, divided by 20, gives the answer, 108 ro volutions, A leather belt should have a velocity of about 1300 feet per minute, and not more than 1800 foet, or" i? will not last long. V the lightning pulley is used too stnu'cr, it increases friction i" Ihf gudgeons of the shaft, and })reniat!ir!'!y (ie.stroys tlio belt. To InCREASR the PoWKU and DLMiAniLlTV OF Rl?HtlI3(l ]?KLTh\'(3.- Apply the following composition with a painter's brush, and luti^ dry :— Red lead, black lead, French yello iv, and litharge, c^ual MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS, AC , RECETPTS. 173 parts; mix with boiled linseed oil and japan sufficient to make it dry quick. Tins will produce a highly-polished surface Should the belt slip, moisten lightly on the side next the pulley witli hH- sccd oil, and repeat the application if necessary. Belting Fkiction.— The friction by belting on pulleys Is 47 for greased leather, when run on wood drums or pulleys ; 50 for dry leather on woofl , 38 for oiled leather on cast-iron pulleys ; and 28 for (irj- leather on cast- iron pulleys. Belgian Welding Powdeu — Iron filings, 1000 parts; borax, 500 parts i baisara of copaiba, or other resinous oil, 60 parts; sal- ammoniac, 75 parts Mix all well together, heat, ana pulverize completely. The surfaces to be welded are powdered with the composition, and then brought to a cherry red heat, at which the Lowdermelts, when the portions to be united are taken from the hre and joined. If the pieces to be welded are too large to be both introduced into the forge, one can be first heated with the weld- ing powder to a cherry red hea% and the other afterwards to a wiiite heat, after which the welding may be eflected. Composition Used in Welding Oast Steel.— Borax, 10 parts; gal-ammoniac, I part; grind or pound them roughly together; then fuse them in a metal pot over a clear fire, taking care to continue tbe lieat until all spume has disappeared from the surface. When the liquid appears clear, the compositiou is ready to be poured out to cool and concrete ; afterwards being ground to a fine pow- der, it is ready for use. To use this cora])osition, the steel to be welded 13 raised to a heat which may be expressed by " bright yel- low;' It 13 then dipped among the welding powder, and again placed in the tire until it attains the same degree of heat as before : It is then ready to be placed under the hammer Tempering Steel Springs. — The eteel used should be that called "spring' for large work ; for small vork, " double shear." After hardening in the usual way. m watt r, or, as some prefer, in oil, dry the spring over the hre to get rid of its moisture, then smear it over with tallow or oil, hold it over the flame of the smith's forge, passing it to and fro, so that the whole of it will be equally heated, holding it tliere until the oil oi tallow takes fire. Take the article out of the tire and let it burn a short time, then blow it out This process may be repeated two or three times if the operator fancies that iiny portion of the spring has not been reduced to the |)ropei temperature, or rather, raised to it. Tbmi'Eking Saws —A late improvement consists in tempering and stiaightening the saws at one operation. This is done by heat- ing the saws to the proper degree, and then pressing them with a sudden and powerful stroke between two surfaces of cold iron. A drop press is employed for the purpose. The mechanism is quite simple and inexpensive. Its use effects an important economy in the manufacture ot nearly all kinds of saws, and also improves their quality Tempering LrQDio— Water, 3 gals.; soda, 2 oz. ; saltpetre, 2 oz, ; prussic acid, 1 oz., or oil of vitriol, 2 oz. Tempering Spiral Springs —Place a piece of round iron inside the spring large enough to fill it ; then make the spring and iron red hot, ftud, wbeo hot place them quickly Into cold water, and il,l 1 ■ \Wl' 1 1 ;! • • ■ ^i 1 '\i ' ■ -* ■'■!•! 1 ■ '•; ''1 1 f:m J 1 \ A m »'^ i '\ I ,^ '' 'IM 174 MACHINISTS, ENOINEERS, &C., RECEIPTS. stir thorn nbnnt till cold ; nftcnvardg rub them with oil or greage and move tlievn about in a fl imc till the grca3e takes fire ; the spring will then bo reduced to its proper temper. To Soften Malleahlb tiio>f. — When your furnace 13 charged with fuel and metal, get the tire up to a dull red heat, tlion pour fluoric acid all over the coke ; use ^ pt. to 1 pt. or even 1 qt., add. ing a handful of ttuor spar ; it will make the metal much softer. Chilled Iron. — At Lister's Works, Darlington, England, some articles required turning in the lathe, and cast steel could not be made hard enough to cut them. One man proposed cast metai tools. He was laughed at, of course, but his plan had to be tried. Well, cast metal tools were tried, with points chilled, and they cut when cast steel tools were of no use. The article wag turned up with metal tools. Drilling Holes in Cast Iron. — By means of carbolic acid a hole i of an inch in diameter has been drilled through ^ inch thickness of cast iron, with a conmion cari)entor'ri brace; judge, then, what can be done by using the acid and pressure drill. To r.ESToiui: Buunt Steel and imi'uovk I'ooaSTEEL.-Borax, 3oz.' sal-ammoniac, 8 oz. ; prussiatc of potash, 3 oz. ; blue clay, 2 oz,- resin, \ lb.; water, 1 gill; alcoholj 1 gill. Put all on the lire', and simmer till it dries to a powder. I'lie steel is to be heated, dipped into this jtowder, and afterwards hammered. Composition to Touuhen Steel. — Resin, L' 11)3. ; tallow, 2 lbs.; black pitch, 1 lb. ; melt together, and dip in the steel wlien hot. BmicLAu AND DiuLL-PiiOOF DiAMO.sD Ciiill! — Take 1 gal. urine and add to it 1 oz. borax and 1 oz. salt. To RE-CUT Old Filks. — Remove the grease and dirt from your files by Avashing them in warm potash water, tlion wash tiietii in warm water, and dry with artificial heat ; next, place 1 jit. warm water in a wooden vessel, and put in ytMir hies, add 2 oz. of blue vitriol, finely pulverized, 2 oz. of bora.x, well mixed, taki ig care to turn the tiles over, so that ench one may come in co'itaet with the mixture. Now add 7 oz. sulidiuric acid and \ oz. cider vinegar to the above mixture. Remove the files after a sliort time, dry, sponge them with olive oil, wrap them u]) in porous paj-.er, and put aside for use. Coarse files require to Ik; immersed longer than line. Substitute for Borax. — Cop])erns. 2 oz. ; saltpetre, 1 oz. ; com- mon salt, 6 oz. ; black oxide of manganese, 1 oz. ; iirussiate of potash, 1 oz.; all pulverized and mixed with 3 lbs. of nice welding sand, and use the same as you would sand. High-tempered steel can be welded with this at a lower heat than is required for borax. Tempering Liquid for Mill picks. — Rain water, 3 gals. ; spirits of nitre, 3 oz.; hartshorn, 3 oz. ; white vitriol, 3 oz. ; alum, 3 oz.; eal-ammoniac, 3 oz. ; salt, G oz. ; with 2 handfulg of the parings of horse's hoofs. The steel to be heated to a cherry red. A large jug of this preparation should be kept corked tight, to keep its strength from being lost by evaporation. To Soften Iron or Steel. — Either of the following methods will make iron or steel very soft: — 1. Anoiit it all over with tallow, tempei- it in a gvHitle charcoal firr*, and let it cool of itself. 2. Take a little clay^ cover your iron with it, temper in a charcoal fire, 3. When the iron or steel is red hot, stre\v heUebore on it I I r I! MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS, &C., RECEIPTS. 175 4. Quench the iron or steel m the juice or water of commoD To FILE A SQUARE HOLE. — To file a hole square, it is necessary to reverse the work very often ; a square file should first be usea, and the liolos finished with either a diamond-shaped file, or a half round. This leaves the comers square, as they properly should be. To Te-mper Small Springs. — In large quantities. — First, harden them in the usual manner of hardening steel ; th i place as many as convenient in a vessel containing oil. Heat the oil containing the springs until it takes fire from the top, then set off tho vessel and let it cool. The springs will then be found to possess the required temper. TEMPEniso.— The article, after being completed, is hardened by being heated gradually to a bright red, and then plunged into cold water : it is then tempered by being warmed gradually and equably, either over a fire, or on a piece of heated metal, till of the color corresponding to the ■i)urpose for which it is required, as per table below, when it is again plunged into water. Corresponding temperature. A very pale straw 430 Lancets 7 Straw 450 Razors ) Darkerstraw 470 Penknives 1 All kinds of wood toois. Yellow 490 Scissors ) Screw taps. Brown yellow 600 '\ Hatchets, Chipping Chisels, Slightly tinged purple 520 [■ Saws. Purple 530 J All kinds of percussive tools. Dark purple 550 ) q-,_;„„„ Wue........ 570 j Springs. Dark blue 600 Soft for saws. Cbdcibles.— The best crucibles are made from pure fire-clay, mixed with finely-ground cement of old crucibles, and a portion of black-halor graphite; some pounded coke may be mixed with the pli'.mbigo. The clay should be prepared in a similar way as for making pottery-ware ; the vessels, after being formed, must be slowly dried, and then properly baked in the kiln. Black-lead crucibles are made of 2 parts graphite, and ' of fere- clny, mixed with water into a paste, pressed in moulds, and well dried, but not baked hard m the kilu. This compound lorms excellent small or portable furnaces. Tempering Razors, Cutlkry, Sawp, &c — Razors and penknives are too frequently hardened without the removal of the scale aris- ing from the forging : this practice, lohich is never done with the best works, cannot be too much deprecated The blades are heated m a coke or charcoal fire, and dipped m tho water obliquely Jn tempering razors, they are laid on their backs upon a clean fire, about half-a-dozen together, and they are removed one at.", time, when the edges, which are as yet thick, come down to a pale-straw color. Should the backs accidentally get heated beyond the straw- color, the blades are cooled in water but not otherwise. Pen- blades are tempered a dozen or two at a time, on a plate of iron or copjier, about 12 inches long, 3 or 4 inches wide, and about ^ of an inch thiok. The blades are arranged close together on their backs M 176 MACHINISTS, ENGINEEirs, &C,, RECEIPTS. and lenn at an angle apainst erch other. As they como down to the teiii])er, they arc picked out with ^intill pliers and thrown hito water if necessary ; other blades are then thrust fovAvaid from the cooler parts of the plate to take their place. Axes, adzes, cold c! iscls, and other edge tools, in which the total bulk is considfrable compared with the part to be hardened, are only partially dipped: they are afterwards le' down by the heat of the remainder or the tool ; and, when the color indicative of the temper 13 attained, they are entirely quenched. With the view of removing the loose scales, or the oxydation acquired in the fire, some workmen rub the objects hastily in dry salt before plunging them in the water, in order to give them a cleaner and brighter taco, Oil, or resinous mixtures of oil, tiillow, wax, and resin, are used for many thin and elastic uriicles, such as needles, fish-hooks, steel pens and springs, which require a milder degree of hardness tlmn 13 given by witer. Gun lock-springs are sometimes Jried in oil for a considerable time over a fire, in an iron tray ; the thick parts are then sure to bo sufficiently reduced, and the thin parts do not bocorae the more softened from the continuance of the blazing heat. Saws and sj^rings are gencral'y hardened in various composi- tions of oil, suet, wa.x, &c. The saws are heated in long furnaces, and then immersed horizontally and edgeways into a long trough containing the composition. Part of the composition is wiped off the saws with a piece of leather, when they are removed from the trough, and heated one by one, until the grease intiames. Tliid is called " blaziiii/ 0//." The composition used by a huge saw manu- facturer is 2 lbs. suet, and \ lb. of bees'-wax, to every gallon of whale oil ; these are boiled together, and will serve for thin works and most kinds of steel. Tlie addition of black resin, about 1 lb. to each gallon, makes it serve for fhicker pieces, and for those it refused to harden b( fore ; but resin should be added with judg- ment, or the works will become too hard and brittle. To Hkih CE Oxide of 7a\c. — The oxide may ha put in quanti- ties of 500 or GOO lbs. weigiit into a large yr\ over the fire ; pour a sufficient quantity of mi;riatic acid over the top, to act as a fiux, and the action of the fire will melt the dross, when the pure metal "Will be found at the bottom of the i)ot. To Tempeii Taps oh Keameus without springing, select your steel for the job, and forgo the tnj# with a little more than the usual allowance, being careful not to heat too hot nor hammer too cold ; after the tii]) or reamer is forged, heat it and hold it on one end on the anvil. If a large one, hit it with the sledge : if asmall one, the hammer will do. This will cause the tap to bend slightly. Do not straighten it with tlie hamnxr, but on finishing and hardening the tap, it will become straight of its own accord. To HaiiDEn and Temper Cast Steel. — For saws and s]>rings in general the following is an excellent liquid : Sjjermaceti oil, 20 gals. ; beef suet r'>i(/rre(/, 20 lbs. ; neat's-foot oil, 1 gal. ; ))itch, 1 lb. ; black resin, 3 lbs. The hist two articles must be jireviously melted together, and then added to the other ingredients, when tlie whole must be iieated in a prt-pui: iron vessel, with a close cover fitted to it, until nil moisture is evaporated, and the compo- WW MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS, AC, RECEIPTS. 177 sition will take fire on a flaming body being presented to ita aur- Vulcanite Emery Wheels. — Use a compound of India rubber, nnii Wellingtou mills emery, as little of the former as will suflSce to hold tlie particles of emery together. The materials most be thoroughly incorporated together, then rolled into sheets, cat inttJ wheels of the desired size and pattern, pressed into iron moulds ami viilciinizod or cured by being subjected to a high degree ol steam heat for several hours, making it almost ash.irtTas cast iron. To HiiA/.R A Hand Saw. — Whitneifs method. — The tools required are a sin ill portable forge, brazing clamps, &c, and a straight edge, 3 or 4 feet 1 uij,', also some brass wire and powdered borax. Take are used the saw and c!it it to the proper length, scarf the ends from one half to three-fourths of an inch, then put the saw in the clamps. I would say that I use a very small and simple clamp in the shape of a double vise. Keep the back of the saw out of the jaws of the vise, or clamps, and apply the straight edge to the back, as it is very necessary to braze it straight; make the fire in as small a compass as i)oss:blo ; place the clamps directly over the centre of the lire, and then put on three pieces of brass wire, bent in the form of the letter U, so that they will pinch the laps together ; put on as much borax as will lie on the saw, cover the whole with a piece of charcoal : melt the* brass so that it will flow over the saw before taking it off tht fire, and cool very slow so as not to male the braze brittle. File off what remains on the saw, and it is reai y for use. To uEjfovE Rust. — If you immerse the articles in kerosene oil and let them remain for some time, the rust will become so much loos- fined as to come off very Qiisy. To soLDKii FKURiiLKS FOR TOOL HANDLES. — Take your ferrule, lap loiind tlie jointin;j; a small piece of brass .wire, then just wet the ferrule, setter o i the joining ground borax, put it on the end of a wire, and hold it in the fire till the brass fusos. It will fill up the joining, and form a perfect solder. It may afterwards be turned in pour a theliitlio. Hakdknin'g Wood for Pulleys. — After a wooden pulley is turned and rubbed smooth, boil it for about eight minutes in olive oil ; then allow it to dry, and it will become almost as hard as copper. To Puiufy' Gas. — The purifier is to be fiU'-d with milk of lime, made by mixing 1 part of slaked lime with 25 parts of water. A very great improvement in the purification of gas has been effected hv'Mr. Statter, of England, by the employment of hydrated clay along with the liiae ejnjdoyed for this pur;)OSi.. Hydrated clay unites with the ammonia of the gas aa with a base, and, at the same time, with its sulphuret of carbon a3 an acid, and thus removes both of these noxious impurities from the gas exposed to its influence. It assists also, in conjunction with the lime, in rfcmoving tarry vapor and other impurities from the gas. The illuminating power of the gas is positively increased by the clay purification from 22 to ?3§ per cent. To JOINT LEAD Plates. — The joints of lead plates for some pur- poses are made as follows : The edges are brought together, ham* mered down into a sort of channel cut out of wood, and secured w "'. I'll ■ i m ,1- ^ •■' r V I ?ll. 81 .. 1 . ■ , ,; ' 11 • 178 MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS, &C„ RECEIPTS ii is then scraped clean witli a acrapcr 3, and a stream of liot loud is pouroi red hot with a few tacks. The hollow Is rubbed over with candle (grease, into it, the surface being afterwards smoothed with a plumber's ir()n. To JOINT Leau Pipes. — Widen out the end «f one pipe with a taper wood dritt, and scrape it clean inside ; scrape tlic end (*f tlio other pipe outside a little tapered, and insert it in the fomier : tlien solder it with common lead solder as before described; or, if it requires to be strong, rub a little tallow over, and cover the joint with a ball of melted lead, holding a cloth (2 or 3 plies of greased bed. tick) on the under side ; and smoothing over with it aad the plum- ber's iron. Tinning Interior op' Lead Pipes. — This invention consists in applying a flux of grease or muriate of zinc or any otlier (lux tliatwill protect the lead from oxidation, and insure a perfect coating of tin, when the tin is poured tlu-oujfh tiie i ipe or the pipe dipped into the bath of tin ; afier the lead pipe has been made, place the inline in a vertical or nearly vertical ijositiop, aad i)ass down through the same a strong cord, to which a weight is attached to draw the cord through t!ie i)ipo ; and at or near the other end of the cord .i sponge, or piece of other porous or elastic material, is attaclied, of a size to fill tlio pipe, and of any desired length, say iiiclios more or less. The sponge or porous wad being saturated witli the flux, is dra'vn through the pi[)C, and by its length ensures the covering of the entire inside surface of the inside of the pipes with the flux, so that the melted tin, subsequently applied, will adhore to all parts with uniformity and firmness. To SoKTEN Cast Ihon for TuuNiNti. — Steep it in 1 part of aqua- fortis to 4 of water, and let it remain in 24 hours. To Break Oi.n up Cannon. — Old cannon and massive castings nivy be cut in two by a continuous stream of hot molten iron, which wears away the iron as a stream of hot water would cat into a mass of ice. Or the gun may he rolled on a frame to ibi mou'h of a furnace, and the muzzle end s'loved in a.^ far as possible luted around the liie next charife among other iron, the opcniig HI! d up and gun, the end of which is melted olF. At shove it in another length, and so on until the breech is disposed of. Largo masses of cast iron may be broken np by drilling a hole in the m» t solid part, filling it with water, fitting a steclphig very accurately into the hole, and letting the drop of a pile driver descend on the ]'lug. Economic Luhricator. — India rubber, 4 lbs., dissolved in spirits. turpentine ; comiu i;i soda, 10 lbs. ; glue, 1 lb. ; water, 10 gal.; oil 10 gal. Dissolve the soda and glue in the water by heat, then add the oil, and lastly, the dissolved rubber, mix well by stirring. To Lessen Friction in MACHixBiiv.— Grind together black lead with 4 times its weight of lard or tallow. Camphor is sometimes added "(7 lbs. to the hundredweight). Best Step for TrHniN'K W>iekt,s. — Swamp or rock maple '.? " bettor step than '\ther lignum vitse or elm for turbine wlicels. Water Ajinealino. — Heat the sttwl to a red heat, and let ii lie j, few minutes, until nearly black hot ; then throw it int J soap-suds; m TS '' "■ scraper '• "9 [loured a red hot with a taper "f" tlio other }]m\ solder it requires o'nt with a 't'ascd bed. •1 the plum. consists in IX tliiitwill ting "t'tin, 'ij'Pt'd into t? tlio iiarne n tiiroujrl) to (hnvr the ft he cord a tituu-hod, of ly C iiiclioij cd witli tlie lensiires the pipes with will adhere rt of aquii- vo ca?tingj KtlU'ii iron, ■ would cat anio to tliii ■ as poisihle ivroiind the ?xt charge is disi)ose(l ling a hole I stcclphig pile drivtr 1 in spirits. 10 j;al.;oil t, then add ring. black lead sometimes maple b r 'heels, let ii lie a 3oup-siid3; ^W MACHINISTS, ENQINEERS, AC, RECEIPTS. 179 gtcpl in t'l't' ^^"^' ^^'^' ^^ annealed softer than by patting it into the aHhefli.f the' forge. ^ ^ TK.\ii'i!;iiiNf! LiiM II). — To 7 quarts soft water, put in corrosive sublimate, U oz i common .salt, 2 handfuls ; when dissolvi d, it id read}' for use. Th(! first gives toughness to the steel, while the lattrr gives the hardness. Be careful with this preparation, as it j£ 11 (hiiigcrous ])oison. A.N oTHEU.- Salt, I tea-cup; saltpetre, 1 oz.; alum, pulverized, 2 teaspoons? ; soft water, 2 gallons ; never heat over a cherry red, nor ■'""^v n,'iy temper. A.^oi'iiEU.— Saltpetre, sal-ammoniac, and alum, of each 4 oz. ; salt, 3 lbs. ; water, gallons ; and draw no temper. Anotiiku. — Saltpetre and alum, each, 2 oz. ; sal-ammoniac, J oz. ; salt. 1^ lb. ; soft water, 2 gallons. Heat to a cherry red, and plunge ill, drawing no temper. Aniitiiku. — Water. 2 gal.; saltpetre, J oz. ; pulverized borax, J oz. ; -inl-iiinmoniac, i oz. ; white vitriol, I oz. ; salt li pt. Do not haiiiiiirr t'>o c(dd, nor heat too high. If you follow the direction.-! previously given for tempering mill picks, you will generally come out all ri;.;lit. Rk.stohino Burnt Steel. — It is not generally known that burnt stet'l may bo almost instantaneously restored by plunging it while hot i 1 cold water, and hammering it with light strokes on the anvil, liiruing it so as to hammer all over it, again dipping in the cold water, and rei»eaiing the hammering p'ocess »i^ before. Try it ; if you don't succeed tin; fir.^t time, you will soon do so. We saw this done by Mr. T. S. Smith, while in Cincinnati, Ohio, and can vouch for tlio truth of this statement. Mr. Smith stated that it was nn accidental discovery of his own. 1'.\i:kkk's ('oiteuIIaudenino process ia performed by introduc- ing in admixture of a minute quantity of phosphorus into the uieial. Fi rx FOR TTeldino Copper. — Boracic acid, 2 parts ; phosphate of sida, 1 pari; mix. This welding powder should bo strewn over t!u.' .siiit'ace of copper at a rod heat; the pieces should then bo heated up to a full cherry* red, or yellow heat, and brought imme- diately under the hammer. Heat the copper at a flame, or gas jot, where it will not touch charcoal or solid carbon. To iMi'uovE Poor Ikon. — Black oxide of manganese, 1 part; co|iperas and common salt, 4 parts each; dissolve in soft water, a id b )il till dry ; when cool, pulverize, and mix quite freely with nice w(dding sand. When you have poor iron which you cannot afford to throw away, heat it, and roll it in this mixture ; working fur a time, reheating, &c., will soon free it from all impurities, which is the cause of its rottenness. By this process you can make good horse-nails out of common iron. Case-Hardbning for Iron. — Cast iron may be case-hardened by heating to a red heat, and then rolling it in a composition com- posed of equal parts of prussiate of potash, sal-ammonia, and salt- ICM:', all pulverized and thoroughly mixed. This must be got to every ]>art of the surface ; then plunged, while yet hot, into a bath containing 2 oz. prns.siate of potash, and 4 oz. sal-ammoniac to each gallon of cold water. i Si- i 4e ■ ■ •I i '#-' ' !; I', ml ppani 180 MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS, AC., RECEIPTS. To Weld Cast Iron.— The best way of welding cast iitin is to take it at a very intense heat, closely appioaching the melting point. In this state it will be found sufficiently malleable to stand the operation of welding by the hammer. There are other methods but most of them are attended by almost insurmountable difficul- ties. Hardening and Filling for Firb-phoop Safes.— Experience has shown that tae fire and burglar-proof diamond chill for iron or Bteel, described in another part of this work, has no superior as a hardening for c«^curity in the construction of safes ; and, as a non- conductor of heat, we would recommend a filling of plaster of Paris or alum. It is claimed by some that a mixture of both of these articles forms the best known filling for safes, as a'l external application of intense heat is certain to lil)erate a large quantity of water, which is transformed into steam, ihus ensuing entire safety to the contents of the safe. Other manufacturers employ a concrete filling for safes, and extol it very highly. Mr. Aloffiit, gas and steamfitter, Boston, has informed me that he has applied for orotcction iu the matter of a discovery by which he claims that lie can fully protect a safe against a double blast furnace heat, by means of an outside lining of bricks composed of asbestos and kaolin, a very small portion only of the latter material being used. From the well known incombustible nature of these materials, there can be no reasonable doubt but that the claim in question is a just one. For Malleable Iron. — Put the articles in an iron box, and stra- tify them among animal carbon, that is, pieces of horns, hoofs, skins, or leather, just sufficiently burned to no reduced to powder. Lute the box with equal parts of sand and clay ; then place it in the fire, and keep at a light rod heat for a length of time projjor- tioncd to the depth of steel required, when the contents of the box are emptied into water. Anotukr fob Wu ucnr IroN. — Take prussiate of potosh, finely pulverized, and roll the article in it, if its shape admits of it ; if not, sprinkle the powder upon it freely while the iron is hot. To Soften Cast Iron for Drilling. — Heat, to a cherry red, letting it lie level in the fire ; then with ai)air of cold tongs ])ut on a piece cf brimstone, a little less ii size than the bole will be when drilled, and it softens entirely through the \nccc ; let it lie in the fire until a little cool, when it is ready for drilling. To TEMPER Springs. — For teupering cast-steel trap springs, all that is necessary is to heat them in the dark, just so that you can see that they are red ; then cool them in lukewarm water. You can observe a much lower degree of heat in the dark than by daylight, and the low heat and warm water give the desired temper. Dipping Tools when Hardening. — To harden a penknife blade, lancet, razor, chisel, gouge-bit, plane, spoke-sliave, irou shaving knife, three and four square files, and round and flat files, dip them endwise or perpendicularly. This keeps them straight, which would not be the case were they dipped in the water obliquely. Cast Iron Ornaments arc rendered susceptible of being finished \\'ith h scraper, whore they cannot h(> reached with files, after hav- iiig the following liquid ai)plied to them. MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS, AC, RECEIPTS. ISl Scaling Cast Iron. — Vitriol, 1 part? water, 2 parts; mix and iay oil the diluted vitriol witlv some old cloth in the form of a briis! LMMUfifh to wet tlie snrfiic(^ well . after 8 or 10 hours, wash oil' with Wilier, when the hard, scaly surface will be completely lemovT'd. Varnish for smootii mouldino Patterns — Alcohol, 1 gal. ; shellac, 1 lb. ; liimp or ivory black, sufficient to color it. Iron LusTttE is obtained by dissolving a piece of zinc with muriatic a^id, aid mixing the solution with spirit of tar, and apply- ing it to the surface of the iron. To MELT SiEKL AS EASILY AT Lbad. — This apparent imnos.sibility is performed by lieating the bar of iron or steel rea hot, and then touching it with a roll of brimstone, when the metal will drop like water. Red hot iron can be easily cut with a saw. Patent LinuiCATixo Oil. — Water, 1 gal. ; clean tallow, 3 lbs. ; palm oil, 10 lbs. ; common soda, ^ lb. Heat the mixture to about 210° Fahr. ; stir well till it cools down to 70*' Fahr., when it is fit for use. Black having a Polish for Iron. - Pulverized gum asphaltum, 2 lbs. ; gun benzoin, i lb. ; sjtirits of turpentiue, 1 gal. ; to make (luick, keep in a warm place, and shake often ; shade to suit with tiiiL'iy .i^iound ivory black. Apply with a brush. And it' ought to he ii?o(l on iron exposed to the weather as well as on inside work doHiriii}^ a nice appearance or polish. VviMSH FOR lnoN. — Asphnltum, 8 lbs. ; melt in an iron kettle, slowly aililing boiled linseed oil, 5 gals.; litharge, 1 lb. ; and sul- jihale of zinc, ^ lb. ; continuing to boil for 3 hours; then add dark gum amber, l^lb. ; and continue to boil 2 hours longer. When cool, reduce to a proper consistence to apply with a brush, with spirits of tiicpcntine. Temi'euing Mill Picks. — Get double refined cast steel made expressly for mill picks. In drawing out the pick, use an anvil and hammer with smooth faces, and be careful not to heat the steel liigh'T liian a dark cherry red. Do not strike the pick on the edge when finishing it, but hammer it on the flat side, striking light and often, until the steel is qu'te dark, letting the blows fall so as to closo tlie lores of the steel. When a dozen picks are reaily to tcmi.er, get 2 gals, of rain water from which the chill should be taken, if in winter, by dipping a hof iron into it ; add 2 lbs. salt, and it is ready for use. Heat your pick graduallji from the centre ; let the heat run to the point, and when it is a dark cherry red, dip the ])oint vcrlicilly into the bath and hold it still. When the heat hp left the ])art immersed, take it out, and cool the balance of the pick in ordinary water. Be sure to heat and hammer well. Weldino Cast Steel. — Rock saltpetre, i lb. : dissolve in \ lb. oil vitriol ; and add it to 1 gal. water. After scarfing the steel, get it iiot ; and quench in the preparation. Then weld it the same as a ]»ioce of iron, hammer it very quick with light blows. It answers the purposi^ much better than borax ; cork it in a bottle, and it will kei p f )i' years. AxoTiiEit.- Borax, IT) parts; sal-ammoniac, ... parts; cyanide of potassirim, 2 i)art.-! ; -lissuive all in water, and evaporate the water hi a. low tejnr.exfli.ura III t! -s i i 182 MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS, &0., RECEIPTS. ■ . .-'I Case Habdbnino Compound.— Prussiate of potash, 3 lbs. ; sal-am. moniac, 2 lbs. ; bone dust, 2 lbs. Anothep. — Pulverized borax any quantity, and slijrhtiy color it with dragon's blood. Heat the steel red hot, shake tKe borax over it ; place it again in the tire till the borax smokes on the steel which will be much below the ordinary welding heat, and then hammer it. Cement to Resist Red Heat and Boiling Water. — Tc i or 6 parts of clay, thoroughly dried and pulverized, add 2 parts of fine iron filings* free from oxide, 1 part of peroxyde of manganese 1 part of common salt, and ^ part of borax. Mingle thoroughly' render as line as possible, then reduce to a thick paste with the necessary quantity of water, mixing well ; use immediately, and apply heat, gradually increasing almost to a white heat. Cement to Join bscTioNS of Cast-Iron W heels, &c.— Make a £as^e of pure oxide of lead, litharge, and concentrated glycerine, 'nrivalled for fastening stone to stone or iron to iron. Varnish for Boilers.— Asphaltum dissolved in turpentine. {•OFT Cement fob Steam-b ulers, Steam-pipes, &c. — Red or white lead, in oil, 4 parts ; iron borings, 2 to 3 parts. Hard Cement. — Iron borings and salt water, and a small quan- tity of sal-ammoniac, with fresh water. Metal PoLisH.^Kotten-stone, followed by Paris white and rouge. Gasfitters' Cement.— Mix together resin, 4J parts ; wax, 1 part ; and Venetian red, 3 parts. Plumbers* Cement. — Black resin, 1 part ; brick dust, 2 parts, well incorporated by a melting heat. Coppersmiths' Cement. — Boiled linseed oil and red lead mixed together into a putty^ are often used by coppersmiths' and engineers to secure joints ; the washers of leather or cloth are smeared with this mixture in a pasty state. Compositions to Fill Holes in Castings^ — Mix 1 part of borax in solution with 4 parts dry clay. Anoth'r: Pulverized binoxide of manganese, mixed with a strong solution of silicate of soda (water clay) to form a thick paste. Cast Iron Cement,— Clean borings, or turnings of cast iron, 16 parts ; sa -ammoniac, 2 parts flour of =nlphur, 1 part ; mix them i well together in a mortar, and keep them dry. When required for use, take of the mixture, 1 part ; clean borings, 20 parts ; mix thoroughly, and add a sufficient quantity of water. A little grind- stone dust added improves the copient. Cement fob Steam-? ipe Joints,, etc., with Faced Flanoks.— White lead, mixed, 2 part>! ; red lead, dry, 1 part; grind, or otherwise mix them to a oonsifttence of thin putty ; apply inter- posed layers v/ith 1 or 2 thicknesses of canvas, or gauze wire, as tbe necessity of the case may be. Cement for Joints of Iron Pipes or Holes in Castings. — Take of iron borings, coarsely powdered, 5 lbs. ; of powdered sal- ammoniac, 2 oz. ; of sulphur, 1 oz , and watc sufficient to moisten it. Tins composition hardens rapidly, but, if time can be allowed, it sets more firmly without the sulphur. Use as soon as mixed, and ram tightly into the joints or holes. ■ ; sal-am. y color it oorax over the steel, and then l-Tc i or 6 farts of fine i-ianganese, Ihoroughly, fe with the Jiately, and [c— Make a glycerine. ptine. ;c.— Red or small quan- whitc and rts ; wax, 1 JSt, 2 parts, lead rnixed rsmitbs'and or cloth are irt of borax led binoxide :ate of soda ;ast iron, 16 t ; mix them required for parts ; mix little grind- Flanof.s.— ; grind, or ipply inter- uze wire, as INQ3. — Take rt'dered sal- t to moisten be allowed, a as mixed, MACHlNIiTS, ENQINEEBS, &0., RECEIPTS. 182a CnfENTT(rMi:?iD Leaky Boilers. — Porvdered litharp^,2 parts, veiy fiT.c.^aud, 'I parts, slacked q^iiick lime, 1 part. Mix all together. To use, mix the proper quantity with boiled linseed oil and apply quick. It gets hard very soon. Fire Cement. — Fire clay, wet, 100 parts, white lead, 3 parts, powdered asbestos, ^ part, mix all together and use as mortar. Strong Cement for Steam Joints.— White lead ground in oil, 10 parts, black oxide of manganese, 3 parts, litharge, 1 part. Eeduco to the proper consistency with boiled linseed oil and apply. Cement For Holes or Cracks. — Red lead ground in oil, G parts, vhito lead, 3 parts, oxide of manganese, 2 parts, silicate of soda, 1 part, litharge, \ part, all mixed and used as putty. To Temper Ikon or JSteel Very Hard. — Pulverize and dissolve the following articles inl qt. hot water: blue vitriol, 1 oz., borax, 1 oz., prussiate of potash 1 oz., charcoal, 1 oz., salt, \ pt., then add 1 gal. linseed oil, mix well, bring your iron or steel to the proper heat and cool in the solution. It is said the manufacturers of the Judsou governor paid $100 for this receipt, the object being to case harden iron so that it would take a bright polish like steel. Railway Train Spked Table. — A train going 1 mile an hour travels one and seven-f.fteenths— say one and a half foot per sec- ond. To form a table of speed from these, data is a mere matter of multiplication. Example : — A train going 70 miles an hour travels per second 1 and 7-15 ft. multiplied by 70=102 and two thirds feet. German Welding Powder,'— Iron turnings, 4 parts; borax, 3 parts, borate of iron, 2 parts ; water, 1 part. Tempering Swords and Cutlasses. — N. P. Amts, late of Chico- pee, Mass., after many costly experiments, found that the most successful means of tempering swords and cutlasses that would stand the U. S. Government test, was by heating in a charcoal fire, hardening in pure spring water, and drawing the temper in char« coal flame. Moxon's Case-Hardening Process. — Cow's horns or hoofs are to be baked, dried and piflverized in order that more may be got into the box with the articles, or bono dust answers very well. To this add an equal quantity of bay salt; mix them with stale chamber lye, or white wine vinegar ; cover the iron with this mix- ture, and bed it in the same in loam, or enclose it in an iron box, lay it on the hearth of the forge to dry and harden ; then put it into the fire, and blow till the lump has a blood red heat, and no higher, lest the iron mixture be burnt too much. Take the iron out and throw it into cold water. TcRNira AND Boring.— For turning, the proper speed for th»^cir- cnmfereuco is about fifteen feet per minute. The best speed for boring cast iron is about 7^ feet per minute. For drilling, about 10 or II feet per minute is a good speed for the circumference of the tool. For a 1 inch drill, 40 revolutionti = 1 1 feet per minute, other sizes in proportion. How to fit Keys into Locks. — When it isnot convenient to take locks ajiart \\\ the event of keys being lost, stolen, or missing, when you wish to fit a new key, take a lighted match or candle and smoke the new key in the flame, introduce it carefuily into the i y.. m 1825 MAGSmiSTS, ENOmSISRS, &0, BEOSIFTS. key-hole, press it firmly against the opposing wards of tho lock withdraw it, and the indentations in the smoked part of tho key will show you exactly where to file; Metal fou Models. — Tea lead, G lbs.; tin, ^ lb. , antimony, | lb. Alloys FOR Dentists' MoDLDS AND Dies. — 1. Tin, veri/ hard. Tin, 16 parts; antimony, 1 part ; zinc, 1 part. 2. Copper alloy, very hard. Tin, 12 parts ; antimony, 2 parts ; copper, 1 part. 3. Tin, softer than No. 1. Tin, 8 parts; zmc, 1 part; antimony, 1 part. 4, Cadmium alloy about the hardness oj zinc. Tin, 10 parts; antimony, 1 part; cadmium, 1 part. Flux for ueddcing Lead Orb. — Red argol, 6 parts ; nitre, 4 parts ; borax, 2 parts ; fluorspar, 1 part ; grind well, . .d mix thorouglaly. Graham's Qcick Bronzing Liquids. — For immediate action on Copper, Brass, or Zinc, 1. Brown or Dark Bronze for Copper, Bran or Zmc. — Dissolve 5 drachms nitrate of iron in 1 pt. water ; or. 5 drs. perchloride of iron in 1 pt. water. A black may also do obtained from 10 ozs. muriate of arsenic in 2 pts. permuriate of iron, and 1 pt. water. 2. Brown or Red Bronzing for Brass. Dis- Bolve 16 drs. nitrate of iron, and 16 drs. hyposnlphate of soda, in 1 pt. water, or, 1 dr. nitric acid may bo substituted for the nitrate of iron. 3. Bed Brown Bronzing for Brass. Dissolve loz. nitrate of copper, and 1 oz. oxalic acid in 1 pt. water, brought to tnc boil and then cooled. 4. Bark Brown Bronziny for Brass., Mix 1 oz. cyanide of potassium, and 4 drs. nitric acid, with 1 pt. water. 5. Bed Bronzing for Brass. Mix 30 grs. tersulphito of arsenic, G drs. solution of pearlash, and 1 pt. water. 6. Orangp Bronzing on Brass. Mix 1 dr. potash solution of sulphur with 1 pt. water. 7. Olive Green Bronze for Brass. Dissolve 1 pt. permuriate of iron in 2 pts. water. 8. Slate-coloured Bronzing for Brass. Dissolve 2 drs. sulphocyanido of potassium, and 5 drs. perchloride of iron, in 1 pt. water. 9. Steel Grey Bronzing for Brass. Mix I oz. muriate of arsenic with •! pt. water, and use at a heat not less than 180^ Fahr. 10. Bright Red Bronzing for Copper. Mix 2 drs. sulphide of anti- mony, and I oz. pearlash in 1 pt. water. 11. Bark Red Bronze for Copper. Dissolve 1 dr. sulphur and 1 oz. pearlash in 1 pt. water. 12. Copper Colored Bronzing for Zinc. Agitate the articles in a solution of 8 drs. sulphate -of copper, and 8 drs. hypoaulphate of Boda in 1 pt. water. Silver WmxH Bronze Powder, — Melt together I oz. each bis- muth and tin, then add 1 oz. quicksilver, cool and powder. Gold Colored Bronze Powder; — ^Verdigris, 8 ozs. ; tutty powder, 4 ozs. J borax and nitre, each 2 ozs. ; bichloride of mercury, \ oz. ; n^ake into a paste with oil, and fuse them together. Used in japan- ning as a gold color. To Construct a Metronome. — Take a cheap clock movement and substitute for the pendulum a wire with a sliding weight, marking the wire with a file at tho different points of graduation. Used to indicate tho proper time in music. To MAKE DuALiN. — Diialin is made from paper stock, saturated with nitrate of potassium and dried in a furnace, then ground and mixed with uitro-glycerinc. Com itonnH parts of Nilvo-filyrerine. To 45 lbs. of concentrated sulphuric acid and 2J ibs, ot" conceu- trated nitric acid, add 1 lb. of glycerJue. MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS, &0., RECEIPTS. 183 !io lock, the key /, I lb. U/ hard. \ter than idmiutn I part; ^ pint: spirits of turpentine, 2 qts. Put all into a suitable xcept the turpentine, over a slow fire at first; then raise Black Varnistt for CoAri *Bccket3. — Asphaltnra, 1 lb. ; lamp- black, i lb. ; resin, ^ lb. ; sjurits of tur[)entiiie, 1 qt. Dissolve the ttsplialtiini and resin in tlie turpentine, then rub up th lamp-black with linseed oil, only sufficiont to form a paste, and mix with the others. Ajiply with a brush. SoLDEi! NO Fluid. — Take 2 oz. muriatic acid ; add zinc till bub- bles cease to rise ; add i teaspoonful of .^al-ammouiac. Japan Flow for Tin. — All CoLORS.-Gum sandarach, 1 lb. ; bal- sam of fir, balsam of tolu, and acetate of lead, of each, 2 oz. ; lin- seed oil, kettle, ex( . _ to a higher heat till all are melted ; now take from the fire, and, when a little cool, stir in the spirits of turpentine, and strain through a fine cloth. This is transparent; but by the following modifications, any or all of the various colors are made from it: 2. Black. — Prussian blue, 1 oz. ; asphaltum, 2 oz. ; spirits of turpentine, h pint. Melt the asphaltum in the turpentine ; rub up the blue with a little of it ; mix well, and strain ; then add the whole to I i)int of the //•«/, above. 3. Blue. — Indigo and Prussian blue, both finely pulverized, of eacli 2 ^''- i sjtirits of turpentine, 1 pint. Mix well, and strain. Add of this to 1 pint of the//r*< until the color suits. 4. Rkd — Take spirits of turpentine, J pt. ; add cochineal, J oz. ; let stand '5 hours and strain. Add of this to the^Vs^ to suit the fancy. If carmine is used instead of cochineal, it will make a fine color for watch hands. .5. Yellow.— T kc I oz. of pulverized root of curcuma, and stir of it into 1 pt. of thc/r«^ until the color pleases you; let stand a fe"" hours, nnd strain. 6. GuEBN. — Mix equal parts of the blue and yellow together, ttien mix with the^r«< until it suits the fancy. 7. Orange. — Mix a little of the red with more of the yellow, and then with the ^rs^ as heretofore, until pleased. 8. Pink.— Mix a little of#the blue to more in quantity of the red, and then with the^r.s^ until suited. Apply with a brush. Transpaue.nt Blue for Iron or Steel. — ^Demar varnish, ^ gal.; fine ground Prussian blue, i oz, ; mix thoroughly. Makes a splendid appearance. Excellent for bluing watch-hands. To Tin Copper Stew Dishes. &c. — Wash the surface of the article to be tinned with sulphuric acid, and rub the surface well, so ns to have it smooth and free of blackness caused by the acid ; Mien sprinkle calcined and finely pulverized sal-ammoniac upon the surface, holding it over a fire, when it will be sufficiently hot io melt a bar of solder which is to be rubbed over the surface. Any copper dish or vessel may be tinned in this way. To Copper the Suhface of Iron, Steel, or Iron Wire. — Have the article perfectly clean, then wash with the following solution, and it presents at once a coppered surface. Rain water, 3 lbs. ; sulphate of copper, 1 lb. Black Bronze on Thon or Steel, — The following mixtures are emidoyed: liquid No. I. A mixture of bichloride of mercury and s«l ammoniac. No. 2. A mixture of perchloride of iron, sulphate y . H I ; 184 MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS. &C., RECEIPTS. l\! ■I of copper, nitric acid, alcoh>I and ■water. No 3. Perchloride and protochloride of mercury mixed with nitric acid, alcohol nud water. No. 4. A weak solution ut suli'hido of potassiiini. Clean your metal well and ap])ly fl slight coat of No. 1 with a sponge- when quite dry, apply another coat Remove the resulting crust of oxide with a wiro brush, rub the metal with a clean rag, nnd repeat this operation after each a]>plicaiion of these liquids. Now apply several coats of No. 2, and also of No. 3, with a luli sponge; then', after drying for ten minutes, throw the pieces of metal. into •water heated near the boiling point ; let them remain in the water from 5 to 10 minutes according to their size After being cleaned, cover again with several coatings of No. 3, afterwards with a strong coating of No. 4 ; then again immerse in tiie bath of hot water. Remove from the bath, drj', and wi]ie the pieces with carded cotton dipped in liquid No, 3, diluted each time with an in- creased quantity of water ; then rub .•in(i wijie ihem with a little oJ've oil ; again immer=e in a water bath heated to 140° Fahr., re move them, nib briskly with a woollen rag, and lastly, with oil. Unequalled for producing a beautiful glossy black on gun-barrels, steel, iron, &c. Tinning Small Articles. — Dissolve as much zinc scraps in muri- atic acid as it will take up, let it settle, then decant the clear, and it is ready for use. Next prepare n, suitable iron vessel, set it over the fire, put your tin therein, and 'daelt it, and put as much mutton or beef tallow as will cover liie tin al)out | inch thick. This prevents the oxidation of the metal ; but be very careful that the tallow does not catch fire. The iron, oraiy other metal to be tinned, must be well cleaned, cither withscrajjing, filing, polishing with sand, or immersion in diluted vitriol. Proceed to wet the articles in the zinc solution, then ciircfully immerse them in the tallow and melted tin ; in a very short time'they will be perfectly tinned, when they may be taken out. Gold Lacqueh for Tin. — Transparent, All CoLORS.-Alcohol in a flask, I pt. ; add gum shellac, 1 oz ; turmeric, \ oz. ; red sanders, i oz. Set the flask in a warm place, sliake frequently for 12 hours or more, then strain oft' the liquor, riuse the bottle, and return it, corking tightly for use. When this varuish is used, it must be applied to the work freely and flowing, and the articles should be hot when applied. One or more coats may be laid on, as the color is recpiired more or le?3 light or deep. If any of it should become thick from evapuration, at any time, thin it with alcohol. And by the following modifica- tions, all the various colors are obtained : ' 2. RoSR Color. — Proceed as above, substituting \ oz. of finely ground best lake in place of the turmeric. 3. Blub. — The blue is made by substituting pulverized Prussian biue,^ OZ'., in place of the turmeric. 4. PtTRPLE. — Add a little of the blue to i\iQ first. 5. Green. — Add a little of the rose-color to XhQ first. Crystallized Tin-Plate. — The figures are more or leas beauti- ful and diversified, according to the degree of heat and relative dilution of the acid. Place the tin-plate, slightly heated, over a tub of water, and rub its surface with a sponge dipped in a liquor MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS, AC, RECEIPTS. 185 composed of 4 parts of aqnafortia and 2 of distilled water, holding 1 p»rt of common salt or sal-ammoniac in solution. Whenever the crystalliue si)angle3 seem to be thorouglily brought out, the plate must be immersed in water, washed either with a feather or a little cotton (taking care not to rub off the tilm of tin that forms the featberiag), forthwith dried with a low heat, and coated with a lacquer varnish, otherwise it loses its lustre in the air. If the whole surface is not plunged at once in cold water, but if it be par- tially cooled by sprinkling water on it, the crystallization will be finely vanegated with large and small figures. Similar results will be obtained b^ blowing cold air through a pipe on the tinned sur- face, while it IS just pp*ssing from the fused to the solid state. To Crystallize Tin. — Sulphuric acid, 4 oz. ; soft water, 2 to 3 oz., according to strength of the acid ; salt, li oz. Mix. Heat the tin hot over a stove, then, with a sponge apply the mixture, then wash off directly with clean water. Dry the tin, and varnish with demar varnish. To Clean avd Polish Brass. — Oil of vitriol, 1 oz. ; sweet oil, J gill; pulverized rotten stone, 1 gill; rain water, IJ pts. Mix all, aad shake as used. Apply with a rag, and polish with buckskin or old woollen. Silvering Powder. — Nitrate of silver and common salt, of each, SOgrs. ; cream of tartar, 85 drs. Pulverize finely, mix thoroughly, and bottle for use. Unequalled for polishing copper and plated goods. Tin Cans.— Size op Sheet, for from 1 to 100 Gallons. For 25 gallons, 30 by 56 inches. For I gallon, 7 by 20 inches. For 25 3i " 10 by 28 40 5 " 12 by 40 50 6 " 14 by 40 75 10 " 20 by 42 100 15 •' 30 by 42 36 40 40 40 by by 63 70 84 98 (( This includes all the laps, seams, &c., which will be found suffi- ciently correct for all jiruclical purposes. Tinning Iron. — Cleanse thetnetal to be tinned, and rub with a coarse cloth, previously dijipcd in hydrochloric acid (muriatic acid), and then rub on French putty with the same cloth. French putty is made by mixing tin filings with mercury. Tinning. — 1. Plates or vessels of brass or copper boiled with a solution of stannate of polassa, mixed with turnings of tin, become, in the course of a few minutes, covered with a firmly attached layer of pure tin. 2. A similar efF>ct is produced by boiling the articles with tin-filings and caustic alkali, or cream of tartar. In the above way, cliemical vessels made of copper or brass may be easily and perfectly tinned. New Tinning Process. — Articles to be tinned are first covered with dilute sulphuric acid, and, when quite clean, are placed in warm water, then dipped in a solution of muriatic acid, copper, and zinc, and then plunged into a tin bath to which a small quantity of zinc has been added. When the tinning is finished, the articles are taken out, and plunged into boiling water. The operation is completed by placing them in a very warm sand-bath. This last process softens the iron. 186 MACniNTSTS, ENGINEERS. &C.. RECEIPTS. Kustitien's Metal fob Tinnivo. — Malleable iron, 1 lb . r,oat to wbiteuesd ; add *) oz regulns of iiutiinony, und Mi.lufi'! tin, 24 lbs Galvanizino Ikon. — The iron i»laies arc first imiiiorsiid m a cleaising balh of equal parts of suliilmric or muriatic iicid and water used warm; they are then scrubbed with euiery or siind to clean them thoroughly and detach all soaU-.s if any are left, after which they are immersed in a '' jireparing bath" of equal parts of saturated solutlotis of chloride of zinc and chloride of ammonium from which bath they are directly transferred to the fiuid •• metal' lie bath," consisting, by weight, of 340 lbs. zinc to 106 lbs. of mer- cury, to which are added from 5 to G oz. of sodium. As eoon as the iron has attained the lemy)erature of this hot fluid bath, which is 680® Fahr., It may bo removed, and will then be found tho- roughly coated with zinc A little talluw on the surface of the metallic bath will prevent oxidation. Parte for Cleaning Me pals— Take oxalic acid, 1 part; rotten- stone, 6 parts; mix, with equal parts of train oil aiad spirits of tiir. pentine, to a paste To Prevent Iron or, Ste^l from Rustino.— Warm your iron or steel till you cannot bear your hand on it without burning your^ self, then rub it with new and "lean white wax. Put it again to the fire till it has soaked in the wax. When done, rub it over wiih a piece of serge. This prevents the metal from rusting afterwards. Bronzing LiyciD.s for Tin Castings.— Wash them over, ui.er being well cleaned and wiped, with a solution of 1 jiartolsiilijjiate of iron and 1 of suljjhate of copper, in 20 jjarts of water; after- wards, with a solution of 4 parts verdigris in 11 of distilled viue- gar; leave for (la hour to dry acu then polish with a goft brush and colcothar. Fancy Colors ON Metals. — 1 Dissolve 4 oz hypo-sulphite of soda in 1^ pts. of water, and then add a solution of I oz. acetate (it'leud in 1 oz. of water. Articles to be colored arc i)laced in tin- ini.xture, which IS then gradually heated to the boiling point This will give iron the color of blue steel, zinc becomes bronze, and copper or brass becomes, successively, yellowish, red, scarlet, deep blue, light blue, bluish white, and finally white, with a tinge of rose. 2. By replacing the acetate of lead m the solution by sulphate of cop- per, brass becomes, first, of a fine rosy tint, then green and lastly, of an irridescent brown color Coating Iron Castings with Gold or Silver. — The articles to be gilded are well cleaned and boiled in a jiorcelain vessel, together with 12 parts of mercury, i of zinc, 2 of iron vitrid, l-J of muriatic acid of 1.2 specific gravity, and 12 parts of water ; ir a "hort time a layer of mercury will deposit upon the iron, and upon :his the gold amalgam maybe uniformly distributed. Iron to be jilvered is first jjrovided with a coating of copper, upon which the silver is applied either by means of amalgam or silver leaf. Brunswick Black for Ghatks, &c. — Asphaltum. 5 lbs.; melt, and add boiled oil, 2 lbs. ; spirits of turpentine, 1 gal Mix. B;iONZE Paint FOR Iron. — Ivory black, I qz. ; chrome jvllow, 1 oz. : chrome green, 2 lbs.; mix with raw linseed oil, adding ii little japan to dry it, and you have a very nice bronze green. If desired, gold bronze may be put on the prominent parts, as on the Tfl JIACIUNiST.S, ENGINEERS, itC, RECEIPTS. 187 1.."' tips ortdgM ct'an iron railing, when the paint is not quite dry, ,ji'iL' a piece of velvet or plush to rub on tno bronze. liLtiNCJ ON Ukvolvkrs anu Gun BAUUKL8 is performed by simply l.uiitirig Uio piece to bo blued in powdered charcoal over a tire until liie desired color is obtained. 15nowNiN'> FOR Gun Bakrels.— Spirits of nitre, 1 lb ; alcohol, 1 lb.; coiTosu'e sublitniite, 1 oz ; mix in a bottle, and cork for use. D:rectioii3 : polish the barrel perfect ; then rub it with quick lime with a cloth, which removes grease and dirt; now apply the browuin^f tliiiu with a clean white clolh, apply one coat, and set it in a vf&vm diirk place for from 10 to 20 hours, until a red rust forms ,m it; tlien curd it down with a gunmaker's card, and rub off with a clean cloth. Repeat the process if you wish a dark shade. IJHOWNiNU FOR TwiST Baiirkls. — S[)int,; ot nitre, ^ oz, ; tincture ol stoel, ;| oz. ; or use the unniedicated tincture of iron if the tinc- turu of steel cannot be obtained ; blacl< brimstone, i oz. ; blue Vitriol, i oz. , corrosive sublimate. /; oz. ; nitric acid, I dram ; roiipcras, i oz , mix with U pints rain water, and bottle for use Fills is to be applied; the same as the first; it causes the twist of" the barrel to bo visible after application, a quality which the other iiqiiitl (lues not [»osses3. IJltOWNlNO (.'O.MPOSITIONS FOR GuN BARRELS. — 1. BtuC Vltrlol, 4 OZ ; luK'tiiie of muriate of iion, 2 oz. ; water, 1 <|t. ; dissolve, and add aquafortis and sweet spirits of nitre, of each, 1 oz. 2. Blue Vitriol luid sweet sj>irits of nitre, of each 1 oz. ; aquafortis, i oz ; water, 1 p:iit. To be used m the same manner as previously describeil in this work, Vaiini.sii A.Ni) Polish for Gun SrocKS. — Gum shellac, 10 oz.; gum pandiuiuli, 1 oz. ; Venice turi)eiitine, 1 dr. ; 'JS iKircent. alcohol, I pil.; slmke the jug occasionally for a day or two, and it is ready fir use. Apidy a few coats of this to your gun stocks, polish by rubbing smooth, and your work is complete, iJiiAss FOR IIkavy Castings. — Copper, G to 7 parts; tin, 1 pari; zinc, 1 part. ' Ykli,o\v Bhass (for castim/). — 1. Copper, Gl. 6 parts : zinc, 35.3 piirts; lead, '2.9 parts; tin, 0.2 parts. 2. Brass of Jemappes. — Cupper, \M'T, W).0 pails ;/j,|(. 7.9 parts; lend, l.G j)arts. 8. lied 'Atmbac /rum J'uiis.—{^L,^j [)2 parte ; zinc, 8 paf-ts. ' Compositions.— I. For strong jmmi's, .^'c— Coj ])or. 1 lb.; j^j^^ J oz ; tin, 1^ oz. 2. For tnolhcd tv/mls.—iJoYiwr, 1 li)'. ; liruss, 2ti7, • tin, 2 oz. 3. Copper, 1 lb. ; l>rass, 2 or,. , tin, ];\ oz. 4. Fi,r <,«•„! tn(/ work. — Co|)per, 1 lb.; brass, 1.] oz. ; tin, 2 oz. 5. For nnh „j coarse threads 'tnd bcaring9.—VjO^\Mi\\ 1 li; ; brass, I2OZ, ;tin 2i oz. 6. For hearings to sustain great weights. — Cojiimt, 1 Hj '■ ziuc, i oz.; tin, 2h oz. 7. J'ewlerer.f' triiificr. — Tin, 2 Ihs. ; copiifV 1 }b. Used to add in small quantities to tin. 8. I/ard hfiiriixjH machinery. — Copper, 1 ib ; tin, 2 oz. y. Very hard .— Cop] 1 lb.: tin, 2j oz. ANTi-tmcTiON MetaTj. — 1. Copper, 4 lbs. ; rcf^ulus of aiitimonv 8 Iba. ; lianca tin, 90 lbs. 2. Grain riuc, 7.' Ihs. ; piiriliotl ■ml 7i lbs.; antimony. 1 lb. 3. Zinc, 17 jjiirts ;* coi)pcr, 1 ])iut ; ami' niony, \h i)arts. This possesses unsurpassable anti-t'rictiou quiili. tie8, and does not require the protection of outer casings of a biirder metal. 4. Block tin, 8 lbs. ; antimony, 2 lbs. ; copper, lib, If the metal be too hard, it may be softened by adding soiii'' lead' 5. The best alloy for journal boxes is composed of copper, 24 lbs.; tin, 24 lbs. ; and antimony, 8 lbs. Molt the copper first, llien iidd the tin, and lastly the antimony. It should be first rui\ into iiignts, then melted, and cast in the form required for the bo.xes. 0. Mel) in a crucible 1^ lbs. of copper, and, while the coi)pcr in imltinj; melt in a ladle 25 lbs. of tin and 3 of antimony, neaiiy reil hot, pour the two together, and st^r until nearly cool. Thi^ 'iiiikis tlic finest kind of linii'g metal. 7. Very chap Lead, 1 00 lbs. ; ami- mony, 15 lbs. This costs abouo 10 cents per lb Yem-ow Bkassfor Thrnino. -(Common article. )-Copper, 20 lbs.; zinc, 10 lbs. ; lead, 4 oz. Red Brass, fhee, for Turning.— Copper, IGO lbs. .; zine, 50 lbs,; lead, 10 lbs. ; antimony, 44 oz. Another Brass for Turning.- Copper, 32 lbs. ; zine, 10 lb.; lead, 1 lb. Best Red Brass, for Fine Castings.— Copper, 24 Ih-*. ; zinc, 5 lbs. ; bismuth, 1 oz. Put in the bismuth last befon- pouring otl'. Bronze Metal. — Copper, 7 lbs, ; zinc, 3 lbs. ; tin, 2 Ihs. BiiONZE Metal. — Copper, 1 lb.; zinc, 12 lbs. ; tin, 8 Ibt^. Bell Metal, for lakgr Bells. — Copper, 100 lbs. ; tin, from J\ to 25 lbs. Bell Metal for small Bells.— Copper, 3 lbs. ; tin, 1 11). Cock Metal. — Copper, 20 lbs. ; lead, 8 lbs. ; litharge, 1 oz ; an- thnony, 3 qi'k. Hardening For, Britannia.— fTo be mixed separately from tlie other ingredients.) — Copper, 2 lbs. ; tin, I lb. Good Britannia Metal. — Tin, 150 lbs. ; copper, 3 lbs. ; aHti- mony, 10 lbs Britannia MetaL;, 2d quality. — Tin, 140 lbs. } coi)per, 3 lbs.; antimony, Q lbs. Britannia Metal, for Casting.— Tin, 210 lbs.; copper, 4 lbs., antimony, 12 lbs. MACHINISTS, ENGINEEUS, aC., RFX'EIl'TS. 189 Dritanma Mktal, fob Spinning.— Tin, 100 lbs. ; Brltnnnia har- dciiini,', -l ll)S- ; anliinony, 4 lbs. VViinK >S()i.i)KK, FOR UA18KI) HiiiTANNiA Ware. — Tin, 100 Ibs. ; coiipt'i", 3 oz., to make it fre(5 ; and luad, 3 oz. . JJiiiTANMA Mktal, fou Rkgisteus. — Tin, 100 Ibg. ; hardening, 8 Ibb.; iiiiliinuiiy, H lbs. Best JiiaiANNiA fou Spouts. — Tin, 140 lbs, ; copper, 3 lbs. ; anti- mony, (J ll'S. llEST liiiiTANNiA FOU Si'OONS. — Tin, 100 Ibs. ; hardening, 5 lbs. ; iiiiiiiiioiiy) 10 ii)d. Hest JliiiTANNiA FOU HANDLES. — Tin, 140 Ibs. *, coppcr, 2 lbs. ; an- timony, 5 IIjS. UEsi'KiiiTANNiA, FOR Lamps, Pillauh, and Spouts.— Tin, 300 lbs.' topper, 1 ll»s. ; uuliniuiiy, 15 OA.sri\(i.— Till, 100 lbs.; li a lbs. lardoning, 5 lbs. ; antimony, 5 lbs. LiM.Mi Mktal FOR Boxes of Uailkoad Cars.— Mix tin, 24 ibs. ^ copper, 4 lbs.; antimony, y lbs.; (for a hardening), then add liii, 72 11)3. Fine Silver Colored Metal. — Tin, 100 lbs.; antimony, 8 lbs.; coiipcr, 4 ll)s. ; bismuth, 1 lb. Gekman Silver, First Quality, for Casting. — Coppcr, 50 lbs. ; zinc, 25 lbs. ; nickel, 25 lbs. Gekma.n Silver, Second Quality, for Casting. — Coppcr, 50 lbs. ; zinc, 20 ll)rf. ; nitkel (best jmlverizcd), 10 lbs. Gekman Silver, for Rolling.— Copper, GO lbs. ; zinc, 20 lbs. ; nickel, 2;') lbs, Gekman Silver, fou Bells, and otheu Castings.— Copper, 00 bs, ; zinc, 20 lbs. ; nickel, 20 lbs. ; lead, 3 lbs. ; iron (that of tin 'ilate lu'iiig best), 2 lbs. iMiTATiuN OF SiLVEU. — Tin, 3 oz. ; copper, 4 lbs, PiNcmiECK.— Copper, 5 lbs. ; zinc, 1 lb. ToMHAc— Copjier, 10 lbs. ; tin, 1 lb. ; zinc, 1 lb. Ued Tomrac. — ('opper, 10 lbs. ; zinc. 1 lb. -Sheet brass, 32 oz. ; lead, 2 oz. ; tin, 2 oz. ; bis- Haku WiiiTE Mktal. zinc, 1 oz Metal for taking Impukssions. — Lead, 3 lbs. ; tin, 2 lbs mutii, 5 lbs. ISpanisii Tutania. — Iron or steel, 8 oz. ; antimony, IG oz. ; nitre, 3 oz. Molt and harden 8 oz. tin with 1 oz. of the above com- pound. Kivet Metal. — Copper, 32 oz ; tin, 2 oz. ; zinc, 1 oz. Kivet Metal, fob Hose.— Tin, G4 lbs. ; copper, 1 lb. FusinLE Alloy. — (Wiiich melts in boiling water.) — Bismuth, 8 oz. ; tin, 3 oz. ; lead, 5 oz. FisHSLE Alloy, for Silvering Glass.— Tin, G oz. ; lead, 10 oz. : bismuth, 21 oz. ; mercury, a small quantity Hest Soft Solder, fob Cast Ijuitannia Ware. — Tin, 8 lbs. ; lead, 5 11)3. Hhass Solder. — 1. Copper, 61.25 parts ; zinc, 38.75 parts ; 2. (Vellow and easily fusible) copper, 45 jiarts ; zinc, 55 parts ; 3. (Wiiitr) copper, 57.41 parts; tin, 14(10 jiarts ; zinc, 27.99 parts. Spelter Solder. Equal parts coppcr and zinc. Solder for Copper.— Copper, 10 lbs. ; zinc, 9 lbs. R^^ fe '^'^' I V 1 ' n ( 1 190 MACllINIS'JVS, ENGINEERS, AC, RECEIPTS. .T) lbs. 2mc. V'ellow Soldbu, fo" Buabs or CorpEn.— Copper, 20 lbs. ; tin, 1 lb. Black Soldku.— Copper, 2 lbs. ; zinc, 3 lbs.; tin, 2 oz. Black SoldRk.— Shet't brass, '20 lbs. ; tin, (J lbs. ; zinc, 1 \h I'KWTEiiKits' Sort SoLDBKS.— 1. Bismuth, 2 ; lead, 1 ; tin ,'} part 2. Hismutli, 1 ; lead, 1 ; tin, 2 j)art8. ' '" Plumbeus' Soldeh. — Lead. 3 parts; tin, 1 part. SoLDEii. — For leaJy the solder is one juirt tin, 1 to 2 of load for fw, 1 to 2 parts tin to ono of lead ; for zinc, I juirt tin to 1 to 2 of lead ; for }iewter, 1 part tin to 1 of lead, and 1 to 2 parts of bis. miitb. The surfaces to be joinfid arc made perfectly clean and smooth and then covered with sal-ammoniac, or resin, or botii ; the sold^ is then applied, being melted in, and smoothed over hy tliD soldtr- lug iron. To SoLDBR Iron to sTEicii, op. ErrnEu to Brass.— Tin, ,'^ parts copper, 39A parts ; zinc, 7A i)arts. "When applied in a molten stale it will firmly unite the nietuls first named to each other. Coppersmiths' Soldkr.— Tin, 2 parts ; lead, 1 part. W lion the copjier is thick, heat it by a naked fire ; if thin, use. a tiiiniHl cop- ier tool. Use muriate or chloride of zinc, or resin, us a lliix. The same solder will do for iron, caxt iron, or steel ; if thick, lnjut by a naked fire, or immerse in the solder. Cold Brazing, without a kire orLamp.— F'uoric acid, i oz. loxy- a lead bottle. Put u chalk niarl each This nuxture will keep about « muriatic acid, ^ oz. ; mix in side where you want to braze, months in one bottle. Plumbers' ISolukr. — Bismuth, 1 part; lead, 5 parts ; tin, 3 parts is a first class comi)osition. Cold Soldering without Ji re or lamp. — Bismuth, J oz. ; quick- silver, ioz.; block tin filiuf^s, loz. ; spirits salts, 1 oz., mixed together. New and Beautiful Alloys.— Copper, (M.H parts; niekej, 19.8 parts ; zinc 5.5 parts ; cadmium, 4.7 parts ; used for spoons, forks, &c. Another. Copper, 89.3 jjarts ; aluminum, 10.5 parts. (Jreiile resm- bling Gold. Coi)per, 79.7 parts ; zinc, 83.05 parts ; nickel, 0.09 parts, with a trace of iron and tin. Chinese White Copper.— Copper, 40.4; nickel, 31.G ; zinc, 25,4; and iron, 2.6 parts. Bath Metal. — Brass, 32 parts; zinc, 9 parts. Speculum Metal. — Copper, G ; tin, 2 ; and arsenic, 1 part. Or, copper, 7; zinc, 3 ; and tin, 4 parts. I3RITANN1A Metal. -Brass, 4 parts ; tin, 4 parts ; when fn.'^od, add bismuth, 4 ;• and antimony, 4 parts. This composition is added ai (iiscretion to melted tin. Superior Bell Metal. — Copper, 100 lbs. ; tin, 23 lbs. Electrum. — Copper, 8; nickel, 4; zinc, 3^ parts. This compound is unsurpassed for ease of workmanshii)and beauty of appearance. TiNMANs' Solder. — Lead, 1 ; tin, 1 part. Pewtbrers' Solder. — Tin, 2 ; lead, 1 part. Common Pewter. — Tin, 4 : lead, 1 part. IJest Pewter.— Tin, 100 ; antimony, 17 parts. Queen's Metal.— Tin, 9 ; antimony, 1 ; bismuth, 1 ; h ad, 1 pr-rt, Watou-Makeus' Brass.— Copper, 1 part; z'ne, 2 parts. MACHINISTS, ENaiNKBRS, AC., RECEIPTS. 101 A JfKTAL THAT KXPANDS IN CooLiNO.— Lcad, 9 ; antimony, 2 ; toiiilli, 1 pint- This metal is very uaefiil in liiling small defocts iu iron aastiiiRS, &e. Gkkman I5UA8S.— Copper, 1 part; zmc, 1 part. Aliuta Mktal.— Nickel, 3 to 4 parts ; copper, 20 parts ; zinc, 10 piirts. Hsod for plated goods. limnm Ti-atk — Nicitel, 5 to G parts ; copper, 20 parts ; zinc, 8 to 10 piirtH. Tsod for plated gooas. ! luu'ts of bi".' I C'iiaxtuy's Haiid Alloy.— Copper, 1 lb. ; zinc, 2 J oz. ; tin, 2} oz. ■^ * in- ■ ]|,i7„r3 an hiinl us tempered steel have been made from this alloy. Hard Whuk Mktal for Buttons.— iirass, 1 lb. ; zinc, 2 oz. ; tm, lOK. Bi(i.Mi.vniiAM Platin.— Copper, 8 parts ; zinc, 5 parts. (iKRMA.N SiLVKU. — 1. Copper, 40.02 parts ; zinc, 43.70 parts nici(el, l'i.02 parts. 2. Copper, 41.47 parts; zinc, 20.08 parts nickel, .32. 4r) parts. 3. Copper, 55.r)5 parts ; zinc, 5.55 parts nioiit'i, :5H.'J0 parts. 4. Copper, 53.40 parts; zinc, 29.10 parts nii;kei, 17.,')0 parts. 5. (Al/enide contains a trace of iron) — C )|i|ier, 50.00 parts ; zinc, .30.30 parts ; nickel, 10 10 parts. limi'ANNrA Mktal. — 1. Copper 0.30 narts; tin, 89.70 parts ; zinc, 0.30 parts; autimonv, 9.70 parts. 2. Copper, 1.85 parts; tin, Hl.04 piirlg ; antimony, 10.51 parts. 3. Copper, 0.91 parts; tin, 89,97 parts; aatiinony, 9.12 parts. 4. Tin, 90.00 parts; antimony, 10 parts. 5. Copper, 1.78 parts ; tin, 89.30 parts ; antimony, 7.14 jiarts; bismuth, 1.78 parts. Gu:^ Mktal.— Copper, 90 parts ; tin, 10 parts. Meltixcj I'oi.NT OF Mktals.— Iron fuses at 2787* Fahr. ; gold at l',>0HiO; fiilvtr. 1873®; copper, 1991; = ; zinc, 773=; antimony, bismuth, 470 to 507 = ; nickel, 030 = ; tin, 442 = ; lead, 334= ; H0!)O: [mercury volatilizes at 070 = . CiiNESE Uo.NO Mktal. — Copper, Allov kdh Gu.v Mounti.nos. — Cop|)er, 80 78. parts ; tin, 22.00, l)arts ; tin, 3 ; zinc, 17. ; tin, 97.31 -Copper, 2.0G parts; WuiTB Mktal von Table Bells [parts; bi.smuth, 0.03 parts Clock IJkll Mktal.— Copper, 75.19 parts, tin, 24.81 parts. Sdoket .Mkpal Foa Loco.motivb A.xlk-tukks. — 1. Copper, 80.03; [tin, 13.07; 2. (French) Copper, 82 parts; tin, 10 parts; zinc. Is parts; .3. (Ste/t/ienson\'i) Co(»per, 79 ))iirts ; tin, 8 parts; zinc, 5 ic 1 part Or Biff's I load, 8 parts; 4. (liclf/ian) Copper, 89.02 i)arts ; tin, 2.44 ' ^ ■ ' ^parts; zinc, 7.70 parts ; iron, ().7H parts; 5. (/'Jif/lixh) Copper, 73.90 parts; tin, 9. 19 parts ; zinc, 9.03 parts; lead, 7.09 parts; iron, 0.43 [parts. I5rass.— 1. Copper, 73 parts ; zinc, 27 i)i\rt3 ; 2. Copper, G5 parts; Iziiic,:!;") parts; 3. "Copiter, 70 parts; zinc, 30 i)arts. Alloy vni Mechanical Instrumknts. — Copper, 1 lb.; tin, 1 oz. Mam.raulk HiiAss- 1. Copper, 70.10 parts; zinc, 29.90 parts ; 2. V^iijierior) ('opper, 60 jjarts ; zinc ; 40 parts. I liuTTo.v .Makeiis' Metal.— 1. Copper, 43 parts ; zinc, 07 parts ; 2. [Copper, 02.22 parts ; tin, 2.78 parts ; zinc, 35 parts ; 3. Copper, |58.94 parts ; tin, 5.28 parts ; zinc, 35.78 parts. I Metal for SLmma Levers of Locomotive.s. — 1. Copper, 85.25 Iparts; tin, 12.T5 parts; zinc, 2.00 parts ; 2. {Fenton's) Copper, 5.50 iparts; tin. 14.50 narts : zinc. 80 parts. fk V' ' r f,' » > i ' i ■I . ( mmm 102 MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS, &0., RECEIPTS. Alloy for Cylindehs of Locomotives. — Copper, 88.63 parts tin, 2.:i8 parts ; zinc, fi.OO parts. ' Alloy for Stuffino IJoxes of LoCcmotive3.— Copper, DO.Oi] parts ; tin, 3.50 ))arts; zinc, 6.38 parts. Amalgam for Mirrors. — 1. Tin, 70 parts ; mercury, ?.0 jiarts; 2. {For curved mirrors) Tin, 80 parts; mercury, 20 parts; 3. Tin, 8.33 parts ; lead, 8.34 parts ; bismuth, 8.33 parts ; mercury, 75 purts' 4. {B'or spherical mirrors) Bismuth, 80 parts ; mercury, 2G parts. Reflector Metal. — 1. ('/^«^fr's)Zinc, 20 parts ; silvor. 80 parts' 2. Copper, 6G.22 parts; tin, 33.11 parts; arsenic, 0.t;7 parts ;3! ( Coo/ i^P-s) Copper, 57.86 parts; tin, 27.28 parts; zi no, :!.30 parts; arsenic, 1.65 parts; platinum, 9.91 parts; 4. Copper, Ct parts; tiii| 32.00 parts ; arsenic, 4.00 ])arts ; 5. Copper, 82.18 j)iirts; load, 9.22 parts ; antimony, 8.60 parts ; 6. (Little's) Copper, 6'J.Ol parts; tia, 30.82 parts ; zinc, 2.44 parts; arsenic, 1.83 ]mrts. Metal for Gilt Wakes. — 1. Copper, 78.47 parts ; r..i, 2.87 parts; zinc, 17.23 parts; lead, 1.43 parts; 2. Copper, 64.4;{ parts; tip, 25 parts; zinc, 32.44 parts; lead, 2.86 parts ; 3. Copper, 7243 ptir;q; tin, 1.87 parts; zinc, 22.75 ])arts ; lead, 2.06 parts; 4. Cuji. per, 70.00 parts ; tin, 2.00 j)arts ; zinc, 24.05 ])arts ; lojul, ;i.05, Spurious Silver Leaf. — Tin, 90.09 parts; zinc, 9.91 ])iirts. Shot Metal. — 1. Lead, 97.06 parts ; arsenic, 2.93 parts-. 2. Leai 99.60 parts; arsenic, 0.40 parts. I'isMUTH Solder. — Tin, 33.33 parts ; lead, 33.33 parts ; tjismntli 33.34 parts. Glazieus' Solder. — Tin, 3 parts ; lead, 1 part. Amalgam for Electkical Maciii.nes. — 1. Tin, 25 parts; zinc, 25 parts ; mercury, 50 parts. 2. Tin, 11.11 parts ; zinc, 22.22 parls; mercury, 66.67 parts. Type Metal. — 1. For smallest and most brittle tj/pes.—Lni,i parts; antimony, 1 part. 2. For small, hard, brittle ^//if.s'.— LeaiU parts ; antimony, 1 ])art. 3. For tiipes of medium size. — Lead, o parts; antimony, 1 part. 4. For large types. — Lead, 6 jiarts; anli- mony 1 i)art. 5. For larfiest and softest tj/pes. — Lead, 7 i)arts; antimony, 1 part. In addition to lead and antimony, ty]>e metal .ilso contains 4 to 8 per cent, of tin, and sometimes 1 to 2 jtiTCont of copper. Stereotype jdates arc made of lead, 20 parts ; anti- mony, 4 parts ; tin, 1 part. I'liAss FOR WiUE. — Copper, 34 parts ; calan.ine, 56 parts : mix. IJuiTANNiA Metal. — 1. Tin, 82 parts; lead 18 parts; I)rass,5 parts; antimony, 5 parts; mix. 2. Brass, ; oart; antitiiouv, t parts ; tin, 20 parts : mix. 3. Phae-brass, tin, bis'nutli, iind anti- mony, of each equal parts. Add this mixture to melted tin until it acquires the proper color and hardness. Bronze.— 1. Copper, 83 parts; zinc, 11 parts; tin, 4 parts ;leai1, 2 parts ; mix. 2. Copper, 14 parts ; melt, and add zinc, G parts; tin. 4 parts; m'x. Ancient Bronze. — Copper, 100 parts ; parts : mix. Alloy for Bronze Ornaments.— Copper, 82 parts ; zinc, IS parts ; tin, 3 parts; lead, 3 parts ; mix. iiKAUTiFtiL Red Buonze Powder. — Sulpliate of copper, I'lO parts; carbonate of soda, 60 parts: apply heat intil they unite iutoar.ias* lead and tin, eacli," [PTS. 88.63 parts; ■('opper, OO.Oi; T, 30 parts; 2 ts ; 3. Tin, 8,33 'iry, 75 parts; ury, 2G parts, silver, 80 parts; 0<">7 prtrts ; 3. ;iiic, \\M parts; !•, <'>4 parts ; tin, 'firts; h'a(l,9.2J j;».01 parts ;tia, ;^:.i, 2.87 parts; 4.4.'{ parts; tip, (Copper, ?J.4.1 )iarts ; 4. Qii\<. loiul, :i.05. .91 ])iiris. parts; 2. Leai pnrts ; bismnth 25 pnrts; zinc, inc, 22.22 parts: ^///>^s.— Lead, 3 (>//ies. — Lead, 4 I siza. — Lead, 5 1, G parts ; anli- -Load, 7 parts: ony, typo melal ! I to 'J percent 20 parts ; aiiti- 50 parts : mix, parts; brass, 5 rt ; aiitiiiioiiy, 4 'niitli, and anti- iR'lted titi until n, 4 parts ; lenii, zinc, G parts; ,nd tin, each,' parts ; zinc, 18 |)per, 100 parts; lite iutoar.ias* AtAClIINISTS, ENGINEERS, &0., RECEIPTii. 1^3 then cool, and add copper filings, 15 parts. Well mix, and keep tlieiii at a ^vliite heat for 20 minutes ; then cool, powder, wash, BitoNzixd Fr-i'iD FOR Guns. — Nitric acid, sp. gr. 1. 2 parts; nitric ether alcohol, muriate of iron, each 1 part: mix, then add sulphaU of copper, 2 parts, dissolved in water, 10 parts. Canxon MKTAii. — Take tin, 10 parts ; copper, 90 parts : melt. Statl'auy lUiONZE. — 1. Copper, 88 parts ; tin, 9 parts ; zinc, 2 parts; lead, 1 part. 2. Copper, 82^ parts; tin, 5 parts; zinc, lOiJ parts; lead, 2 parts. 3. Copper, 90 parts; tin, 9 parts ; lead, 1 part- IkoNZE, FOR Medals.— Copper, 89 parts ; tm, 8 parts ; zinc, 3 p,art3. Brass, for Heavy Work. — Copper, 100 parts ; tin, 15 parts. zinc, 1") i)arts. Another. — Copper, 112 parts ; Bra.ss, for Tuhes. — Copi)er, 2 parts ; zinc, At.Lov, forCvmrals. — Copper, 80; tin. 20. tin, 13 ; zinc, 1. 1 part. MiuKous OF IiKFi.KCTi.Nd Tele.scoi'es. — Coppcr, 100 ; tin, 50. White Arcextan. — Copper, 8 parts ; nickel. 3 parts ; zinc, 35 parts. This beautiful composition is in imitation of silver. (Jhinkse Silver.— tSilver, of iron, 0.12; nickel, 13. TuTENAfi.— Copper, 8 ; PlilNTIN'l CUARACTERS.-l 2.5; copper, 05.24; zinc, 19.52; cobalt nickel, 3 ; zinc, 5. Lead, 4 ; antimony, 2. type plates, lead, 25 parts; antimony, 4 parts ; tin, ' Fine White German yiLVKR. — 1. For C'asU 2. For stereo- 1 part. iiffs. Lead, 3 parts ; nickel, 20 parts ; »inc, 20 parts ; copper, GO parts : mix. 2. For MlkKj. Nickel, 5 }iart3 ; zinc, 4 parts ; copper, 12 parts : mix. i.\iiTATioN Pi,atim;m. — Melt together 8 parts brass and 5 parts of zinc. Tills alloy very Jiiosaily re^^erables ])latinum. L\iiTATR)N Goi-i). — Platina, 8 parts ; silver, 4 parts; copper, 12 parts: melt all together. I.MiTATU)N Silver. — Block-tin, 100 parts ; antimony, 8 parts ; bis- miitli, 1 jHirt; copjier, 4 parts : melt all together. To.\inA(", OR Red Brass.— Melt together 8 parts of copper and 1 part of zinc. Parisian P>ell-Metal. — Copper, 72 parts ; tin, 26^ parts ; iron, \\ jiarts. Used for the dcUs of small ornamental clocks, I!i:i,i,-.Mktal. — 1. Coppei-, 2.") parts ; tin, 5 jiarts : mix. 2. Cop- per, 7t» parts ; tinj 2G parts : mix. 3. Copper, 78 ]iarts ; tin, 22 parts : mix. Piu.m'e's aMETAL. — 1. Copper, 3 parts ; zinc, 1 part. 2. Brass, 8 parts; zinc, I ])art. 3. Zinc and copper, equal parts : mix. Qi;i»;n's Mi^tal. — I. Lead, 1 \n\vi\ bismuth, 1 part; antimony, 1 part, ; tin, 9 parts : mix. 2. Tin, 9 jiarts ; bismuth, 1 part; lead, 2 pftfts ; antimony, 1 part : mix bv melting. UiiASS.— Copper, 3 parts : melt, then add zinc, 1 part. IUjTton-.Makerb' Fink Brass. — Brass, 8 parts ; zinc, 5 parts. Pit ton-Makers' Common Brass. — Button brass, G parts; tin, 1 part; lead, 1 part : mix. OiioAN Pii'KS consist of lead alloyed with abouthalf its quantity of tin to harden it. The mottled or crystalline appearance so wiidi admired shows an abundance of tin, \ \' ( ^1^ 'i <■ I ,;^ fi • i >y ^ ! W mn 194 MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS, &C., RECEIPTS. 11 il ! I Baron Wetterstedts Patent Shkatiiino for ships consists of lead, with from 2 to 8 per cent ot antimony ; about 3 per cent is the usual quantity. Tlio alloy is rolled into sheets. Lead Shot are cast by letting the metal run through a narrow slit into a species of colander at the top of a lofty tower- tlie metal escapes in drops, which, for the most part, assume' tlie spherical form before they reach the tank of water into which thoy fall at th'^ foot of the tower, and this i)revents their being bruised They are afterwards riddled or sifted tor s-'ze, and afterwards churned in a barrel with black lead. iMetal fo- Anatomical Injections. -Tin, 16.41 parts lead 9.2] parts; bismuth, 27.81 ]>arts ; mercury. 4G.41 parts. Yellow Dipmno Mktal. — Copper. 3J lbs ; G to ? oz zinc to every lb. of copper. Lead Pipk-* are now manufactured by hydraulic pressure, instead of by the old process of drawing out on triblets. Mlntz Metal FOR Ships.— Best selected copper, GO parts; be'st zinc, 40 parts. Melt together in the u=^ual manner, and roll into sheets of suitable thickness. This composition resist: oxidation from exposure to sea-water, and prevents the adhesion of barna- cles. Acid Bronze.— Cobalt, 4 lbs. ; pulverize ; sift through a fine Fieve ; put in a stone pot; add ^ gal. nitric acid, a little at a time, stirring frequently for 24 hours"; then add about 5 gals, muriatic acid, or, until the work comes out a dark brown. Alkali Bronze. — Dissolve .^> lbs. nitrate of copper in ,3 gals, water, with 5 lbs. pearlash ; add 1 or 2 pints potash water; then add from 2 to 3 lbs. sal-ammoniac, or, until the work comes out the required color. Coatino Dip. — Sulphate of zinc, 8 lbs.; oil of vitriol, 5 gals. ; aqua fortis, % gal. To use, warm up scalding hot. To Clean and Polish Hhas>. — Wash with alum boiled in srrmjr ]ye, in the proportion of an ounce to a pint; afterwards rub wiili strong tripoli. Not to be used on gilt or lacquered work. Ormolu Colorino. — Alum, .31) inuts ; nitrate of potassa,. TO parts; .Ted ochre, .30 parts ; sulphate of/ino, 8 parts ; common salt, 1 jtart; i^lphate of iron, 1 part. It i.s ai)plied with a soft brusii. The articles •re placed over a clear charcoal fire until the salts, m'4te(l and dried, assume a brown aspect. They are then suddenly cooled in nitric acid water containing .3 per cent, of hydrochloric acid ; after- wards washed in abun from hard wood is ii)e best, broken in lumps of i t o i inch in size, and the dust sifted out. Two bushels of this will generally protect a boiler of 30 horse power for 3 weeks, when running, after which the old coal should be removed and fresh coal used. 2. Throw into the tank or reservoir from which your boiler is fed, a quantity of rough bark, in the piece, su(;h as tanners use, sufficient to turn the water of a brown color; if you have no tank, put into the boiler from a half to a bushel of ground bark wiien you blow off, repeat every month, using only half the quantity after the first time. 3. Add a very small quantity of muriat'.' of ammonia, about 1 lb. for every 1,500 or 2,000 gals, of water evapo- rated. It will have the effect of softening and disintegrating the carbonate of lime and other imi)n.rlties deposited by the water dur- ing evaporation. 4. Potatoes and some othe* vegetable substances introduced into the boiler are most effectual in preventing incrus- tation, and animal substances such as refuse skins, are still more so. 5. An English firm put oak sawdust into their boiler in order to stop a leak, and to their surprise it also resulted in preventing incrustation. I should say if oak sawdust could prevent scale ia MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS, AC, RECEIPTS. 191) F1 boilers, that there is no visible reason why hemloclc and various other kinds of sawdust will not flo the same thing. 6. Cows feet with the shankg attached are strongly recommended as a pri'ven- tative of scale. Two in a large boiler ia amply sullicient, and those who wish »,o do business economically, can get their oil for lubri- cating purposes cheaply by boiling the feet and shanks for a few hours inr, lar^e kettle, setting it aside to cool and then skimming off the oil from the surface of the water, using the feet for the boiler afterwards. If you wish to get rid of the hair on the shanks, you can get rid of that by using lime, &c., as done by tanners. Management of the Steam Engine. — Steam Packing. — To pack the cylinder or piston, plait some packing yarn sufliciently tight that it will need driving ; if cotton rope is convenient, put in a coil first, ilriviug it to fit tight ; then fill the remainder of the chamber of the piston with the plaited yarn, driving it tight and full, leaving room for the nuts to go on the bolts ; screw the nuts evenly and alike until they are fast. The packing should be well soaked in bees wax and tallow before using it. A new kind of packing has been brought out lately, consisting of a mixture of duck, paper and tallow mixed in proper proportions. Metallic vulcanized rubber packing is strongly recommended as the best packing. This is so prepared that SOU ° Fahrenheit will not affect it. No other subs- tance has so much elasticity which stands so high a degree of heat, nr which may be used about all parts of the machinery, as this jtackiug, where packing is necessary, namely : cylinder heads, man hole plates, piston rods, steam chests, steam joints, stuffing boxes, &c. The joJirnals of the crank and the T head require close watching; if thev are loose in the boxes, or too tight, they will run badly: thus, if tightened too much, they will heat and wear out the brass runners, if they are not sufilciently tight, there is danger of the keys flying out and breaking the engine. All the valves belonging to tbeeng no should be ground in with ?mery, to keep them from losing either steam or water. Care should be taken of them as they will wear. When you find them leak, they should be ground over again. If sufFej?ed to remain long when leaking steam, there may be new ones required. The boilers require to be often cleaned out, and care should be taken to remove the scales and mud from adhering to the inside, otherwise, if the scales arc Buffered to remain, the boiler will burn and want repairing. It is necessary to try the gauge-cock often, to see if there is sufficient water in the boilers. There is great danger in running after the water is below the lowermost gauge- cool:, and the flues should be kept cleanly swept. To Mend Broken Saws. — Pure silver, 19 parts ; pure copper, 1 part; pure brass, 2 parts; all to be filed into powder, and tho- roughly mixed ; place the saw level on the anvil, broken edges in contact, and hold them so ; now put a small line of the mixture along the seam, covering it with a larger bulk of powdered char- coal ; now with a spirit Tamp and a jewellers' blow-i)ipe, hold the coal (lust in place, and blow sufficient to melt the solder mixture ; then with a hammer set the joint smooth, and file away any su- perfluous solder, and you will be surprised at its strength the licat will not injure the temper of the ."aw. i 1 ■\ . ■A ] s ^■1 • ; I-: ;fS * f'r ■■ li ity ,»■ ^f ^ h ■'-J fi. 200 MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS, &0,, tlECEIl'TS. brick dust, 1 WiuTiNO iNScnirTioNS ON Metals — Take i lb. of nitric acid and 1 oz, of muriatic acid. Mix. shake well together, and it is ready for use. Cover the place you wish to mark with melted bees-wax- when cold, write your inscription plainly in the wax clear to the metal with a sharp instrument ; then apply the mixed acids with a feather, carefully filling each letter. Let it remain from 1 to 10 minutes, according to appearance desired ; then throw on water, which stops the i)roce3s, and remove the wax. Etching Fluids. — For copfirr. Aquafortis, 2 oz. ; water, 5 oz. For steel. Iodine, 1 oz. ; iron filings, 5 dr. ; water, 4 oz. Digest till the iron is dissolved. For fine tuiiches. Dissolve 4 parts each of verdigris, sea salt, and sal-ammoniac, in 8 i)arts vinegar, add 16 parts water ; boil for a minute, and let it cool. Enquaveus' noRDKR Wax. — Beeswax, I jiart; pitch, 2 parts; tal- low, 1 part. Mix. Enyravers' cement. Rosin, I part; part. Mix with lieat. Japanners' Gold Size. — Gum ammoniac, 1 lb. ; boiled oil, 8 oz.; spirits Uirpentine, 12 oz. Melt the gum, then add the oil, and lastly spirits turpentine. Black Vaunish for Iron Work. — Asphaltum, 1 lb. ; lamp- black, i lb. ; resin \ lb. ; spirits turpentine, 1 quart; linseed «il, just sufficient to rub up the lampblack with before mixing it with tiie others. Apply with a camel's hair brush. To Petrify Wood. — Gen salt, rock alum, white vinegar, chalk and pebbles powder, of each an equal quantity. Mix well together. If, after the ebullition is over, you throw "into this liquid any wood or porous substance, it will petrify it. The Finest Hronze. — Put in a clean crucible 7 lbs. copper, melt, then add 3 lbs. zinc, afterward 2 lbs tin. Gearing a Lathe fob Screw Cutting. — Every screw cutting lath^ contains along screw called the lead screw, which feeds the carriage of the lathe, while cutting screws ; upon the end of this screw is placed a gear, to whicli is transmitted motion from another gear placed on the end of llic spindle, these gears each contain a diflferent number of teeth, for the purpose of cutting different threads, and the threads are cut a certain number to the inch varying from 1 to 50. Therefore to find the proper gears to cut a certain number of threads to the inch, you will first:— multiply the number of threads you desire to cut to the inch, by any small number, four for insta:4cc, and this will give you the proper gear to put on the lead screw. Then with the same num- ber, four, multiply the number of threads to the inch in the lead screw, and this will give you the proper gear to put on the si)indle. For example, if you want to cut 12 to the inch, multiply 12 by 4, and it will give you 48. Put this gear on the lead sonnv, then with the same number, 4. multiply the number of threads to the inch in the lead screw. If it is five for instance, it will give you twenty, put this on the spindle and your lathe is geared. If the lead screw is 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8, the same rule holds good. Always multiply the number of threads to be cut, first. Some, indeed most small lathes, are now made with a stud geared into the spindle, which stud only runs half as fast as the spindle, and in finding the gears for these lathes, you will first multiply the number of Machinists, engin. iiRs, &c., receipts. liOl i- ' threads to be cut, as before, and then multiply the number of threads on tti;' lead screw, as double the number it is. Foi' instance if you want to cut 10 to the inchj multiply by 4, and you get 40, put this on the lead screw, then if vour lead screw is five to the inch, you call it 10 ; and multiply by 4 and it will give you 40. Again put this on your stud and your lathe is geared ready to commenre cutting. CuTTiNO A ScHEW IN AN Enoinb Lathk. — In cutting V thread- screw, it is oulv necessary for you to practice operating the shipper and slide-screw handle of your lathe, before cutting. After having done this, until you get the motions, you may set the point of the tool as high as the centre, and if you keep the tool sharp, you will find no difficulty in cutting screws. You must, however, cut very light chips, mere scrapings in finishing and must take it out of the lathe often, and look at it from both sides, very carefully, to see that the threads do not lean like fish scales. After cutting, polish with an emery stick, and some emery. Cdtting Square Thread Screws. — In cutting square thread- screws, it is always necessary to get the depth required, with a tool somewhat thinner than one-half the pitch of the thread. After doing this, make another tool exactly one-half the pitch of the thread, and use it to finish with, cutting a light chip on each side of the groove. After doing this, polish with a pine stick, and some emery. Square threads for strength should be cut one- half the depth of their pitch, while square threads, for wear, may, and should be cut three-fourths the depth of their pitch. Mongrel Threads. — Mongrel, or half V, half-square threads are usually made for gieat wear, and should be cut the depth of their pitch, and for extraordinary wear they may even be cut IJ the depth of their pitch. The point and the bottom of the grooves should be in wid«.h { the depth of their pitch. What is meant here by the point of the thread, is the outside surface. And the bottom of the groove is the groove between the tb'^eads. In cutting these threads it is necessary to use a tool about the shape of the thread, and in thickness about one-fifth less than the thread is when finished. As it is impossible to cut the whole stir- face at once, you will cut it in depth about one-sixteenth at a time, then a chip off the sides of the thread and continue in this way alternately till you have arrived at the depth required. Make a gauge of the size required between the threads and finish by scraping with water. It is usually best to leave such screws as these a little large until after they are cut, and then turn off a light chip, to size them, this leaves them true and nice. Planing Metals. — The first operation about planing, is to oil your planer and find out if the bed is smooth. If it is not, file off the rough places ; then change the dogs to see if they will work well, and find out the movements of the planer. After doing this, bolt your work on to the bed, and if it is a long, thin piece, plane off a chip, then turn it over and finish the other side, taking two chips, the last of which should be very light. Great care should be taken, in bolting it to the bed, not to spring it. After finishing this side turn it to the other side, and take off a light cut to finish it. fen , i ',|-''. i i' t I^O:i MACIIINlSTrf, KNUINEEkS^ &C., RECEIl'Tb. Planing PEUPENniciii-AULY.— In planing perpendicularly, It ig necessary to swivel the bottom of the small head aiound, so it will ' stand about tliree-f'ourtli.s of an inch inside of Sfitiare, towards the piece you are to plane. This prevents breaking the tool when tlie bed runs back. Geau CirTTiNO.— In cutting gears, they are reckoned a certain number of teeth to the inch, measuring across the diameter to a ciTtain line which is marked on the face or sides of the gear with a tool. This line is one-half the depth of the teeth from the outer diiimoter. That is, if the teeth of the gear are two-tentlw of au inch deep, this line would be one-tenth of an inch from the edge and is called the pitch line. Depth of Teeth.— Every gear cut with a diflTerent number of teeth to the inch, should bo cut of a depth to the pitch line, to correspond with the number of teeth to the inch. This is called proportion. Therefore, if you cut a gear eight to the inch, ths de[)th to the pitch line should be one-eighth of an inch, and the wIkjIc dept4i of the tooth would be two-eighths. Again, if you cut a gear twelve to the inch, the depth to jutch line should be ooe- t\/eUth of an inch, and the whole depth of tooth two twelfths. And again, if you cut a gear twenty to the in«h, the depth to pitch lino should be one-twentieth of an inch, while the whole depth should be two-twentieths, and so on ad infinitum. .Mkasurinq to find the Number of Teeth, — To find the size a certain gear should be, for a certain number of teeth, is an caay matter, if you study carefully these rules. If you want a gear with thirty-two teeth and eight to the inch, it should be ft)ur inches measuring across the diameter to the pitch line, and the two- eighths outside of the pitch line would make it four inches and two-eighths. Again, if you want a gear with forty teeth, and ten to the inch, it should measure across the diameter to pitch line ft)ur inches, and the two-tenths outside the pitch line would mate the whole diameter four inches and two-tentlis. And again, if you ;:vant a gear with eighty teeth, and twenty to the inch, it should measure to the pitch line, across the diameter, four inches, and the two-twentieths outside the pitch line would make it four inches and two-twentieths, and these examples will form a rule for the measurement of all except bevel gears. Hevel Gears. — These are turned a certain bevel to correspond with each other, according to the angle upon which the sliiifts driven by them are set. For instance, if two shafts are set upoa an angle of ninety degrees, the surfaces of the faces of these gears will stand at an angle of forty-five degrees. To get the surface of these gears, in turning them, puts a straight edge across the face. Then set your level on an angle of forty-five degrees, and try the face of the teeth by placing the level on the straight edge. After turning the face of the teeth, square tlie outer diameter by the face of the teeth ; and to get the size to which you wish to cut, measure from the centre of the face of the teeth. Thus, if a bevel gear is six inches in diameter, and the face of the teeth is one inch, you will measure from the centre of the face, and find it is five inches. On this line you calculate the number of teeth to the inch, and if you want a gear with twenty teeth, and ten to the inch, it should MAOlllMriTS, ENUIiNEEUS, AC, RECEIPTS. 203 niiMP'iro two inches nrro"? the faco to tlio ccntro of tlio surfixcc of the ietih; nnf, adjust '''•*1 ill tlie fiol*' to 1)0 •I'lno iliig^ |"'i'ifrtV«n |irlj.)r (roni I'iiiK itfo Iviiigdoiio jiKlri'iIlhof |l)o.s,sfl)le to Y eliding (I let! mill Ijo hattrr.— Jltilocliat- should Ijo tlio circle ffthnlseof I'lo; for if It tor. '">y the dry lie grcatost '3, ami the -n coal is considered is readily 3u (coke), ftcid gas, ■re, firstly, acid; and witli licit, rodiictioii t the S(jlid )dy— iheu must be n process itli largo !, there 13 and ore gaseous f readily ibscrvod. liicli the L>xidos uf (I'iid, bismuth, antimony, nickel, cobalt, copper, and iron rcfiniro iistruiif,' red heat in tliu furnace, whilst the oxides of manganese, clironsiim, tin, and zinc, do not lose their oxygen until he.ited to wliiteness. Oil a large scale, the reduction of oxides is generally efTected by mixing charcoal, t«)gether with the oxide to be reduced, in a refrac- tory clay crucible, llio charcoal furnishing the carbon necessary to the })n)i)or performance of this wf rk. Hle. It is all the better if you give the crucible a few sharp taji.s when you take it oil the lire. Coi'i'Kii 1'latk.s ok Roiks may be covered with a superficial coat- ing of l>rass by exposing to the /?/»»«» given off by melted zinc at fi light temperature. The coated plates or rods can then be rolled- into thin sheets, or drawn into wire. yoLUTioN OS- Coi'PER OR ZiNC. — Di88olve 8 oz. (troy) cyanide of potassium, and 3 oz. cyanide of copper or zinc, in 1 gal. of rain water. To be used at about 160" F., with a compound battery of 3 to 12 cells. Bkass Solution. — Dissolve 1 lb. (troy) cyanide of potassium, 2 oz. cyanide of co[)per, and 1 oz. cyanide of zinc, in 1 gal. of rain- water; then add 2 oz. of muriate of ammonia. To be used at IGO® F., for amooth work, with a compound battery of from 3 to 12 cells. BuASsiNO Iron. — Iron ornaments are covered with copper or brass, by properly preparing the surface so as to remove all organic matter which would prevent adhesion, and then plunging them into melted brass. A thin coating is thus spread over the iron, and it admits of being polished or burnished. To Enamel Cast Ieon ahd Hollow Ware. — 1. Calcined flints, 6 parts ; Cornish stone or composition, two parts ; litharge, 9 parts ; borax, 6 part« ; argillaceous earth, 1 part • nitre, 1 part ; calx of tin, G parts ; purified potash, 1 part. 2. Calcined flints, 8 parts ; red lead, 8 parts ; borax, 6 parts; calx of tin, 5 parts ; nitre, 1 part. 3. Potters' composition, 12 parts; borax, 8 parts; white lead, 10 parts; nitre, 2 parts; white marble, calcined, 1 part; purified potash, 2 parts ; calx of tin, 5 parts. 4. Calcined flints, 4 parts ; potters' composition, 1 part ; nitre, 2 parts ; borax, 8 parts ; white marble, calcined, 1 part; argillaceous earth, ^ part; calx of tin, 2 parts. Whichever of tJie above compositions is taken must be finely powdered, mixed, and fused. The vitreous mass is to be ground when cold, sifted, and levigated with water; it is then made into a pap with water, or gum water. The pap is smeared or brushed over the interior of the vessel, dried, and fused with a proper heat in a muflle. Clean the vessels perfectly before apply- inrr. Enamelled Cast Iuon. - Clean and brighten the iron before applying. Tlie enamel con ^i.sts of tAvo coats— the bou^ and t}>-» ! ■ I • t,!)l ' 206 MACHINISTS, ENOlNEFHSj &0., RECEIPTS. glaze. Tho body is mndc by fusing 100 lbs. ground flints, 75 Ijjg of borax, and grinding 40 lbs. of this frit M'ith 5 lbs. of potters' clay, in water, till it is brought to the consistence of a pap. A coat •f this being applied and dried, but not hard, the glaze-powder is sifted over it. This consists of 100 lb.s. Cornish stone in line pow- der, 117 lbs. of borax, 35 lbs. of soda ash, 35 lbs. of nitre, 35 lbs. of sifted slaked lime, 13 lbs. of white sand, and 50 pounds of pounded white glass. These are all fused together; the frit obtained is pulverized. Of this powder, 45 lbs. are mixed with 1 lb. of soda ash, in hot water, and, the mixture being dried in a stove, is the glaze powder. After sifting this over ti.e body-coat, the cast-iron article is put into a stove, kept at a tr^niperature of about 212o to dry it bard, itter which it is set in .< mullle-kiln, to fuse it into a glaze. The inside of pipes is enamelled (after being cleaned) by pouring the above body composition through them while the pine is being turned around to insure an equal coating ; after the body lias become set^ 'he glaze pap is poured in iu like manner. The 1 ipe is finally hfuu in the kiln. To Enamel Copper and Other Vessels. — Flint glass, G parts ; borax, 3 part£' ; red lead, 1 part; oxide of tin, 1 i)art. Mix all to-' gether, frit, grind into nowder, make into a thin paste with water, apply with a brush to tne surface of the vessels, after scaling by heat and cleaning them, repeat with a second or even a third coat, afterwards dry, and lastly fuse on by heat of an enamelled kiln. Emery Wheels for Polishing — Coarse emery powder is mixed withabout half its weight of pulverized Stourbridge loam, and a little water or other liquid to make a thick paste ; this is pressed into a metallic mould by means of a screw-press, and, after boing thoroughly dried, is baked or burned in a muffle at a tempcraturo above a red, and below a white heat. This forms an artificial emery stone, which cuts very greedily, with very little wear to itself. Unequalled for grinding and polishing glass, metals, enamels, stones, Ac. Holes IN Millstones are filled with melted nlnm, mixing burr sand with it. Jf the hole is large, put some pieces of burr mill stones in it first, and pour in melted alum. These pieces of block should be cut exactly to lit. There should be small joints, and fastened with plaster ot Paris. These holes should be cut at least 4 inches deep ; there is then no danger of their getting loose, Fitting a New Back on an Old Millsxonk. — Block your stone up with a block of wood, having its face down until it lies even, solid, and perfectly level ; then pick and scrape off all the old plaster down to the face blocks, so that none remains but what i.^ in the joints of tho face blocks; then wash these blocks, and keep them soaked with water. Keep a number of pieces of burr blocks, at the same time, soaked with water. Take a pail half filled with clean water, and mixed with 2 tablespoonfuls of glue water, boiled and dissolved ; mix in with your hand plaster of Paris until it be thick enough that it will not run ; and, breaking all the lumjjs, our this on iho stone, rubbing it in with your hand ; the slono eing at the same time damped ; and place small pieces of stono all over the joints of the face blocks ; you then, witli more plaster, mixed in the same way but more stiff, wKh this and pieces of burr I ilACUINISTS, ENGINEERS, &C., RECEIPTS. 207 Stones, build walls round the eye and verge 4 or 5 inches hieh leaving the surface uneven and the eye larger, as it will be brougnt to its i>roper size by the last operation. It is better to build up the wall of the running stone round the verge for 3 inches without any spalls, so that the holes may be cut in to balance it. If you wish to make your stone heavier, you will take small pieces of iron perfectly clean and free from grease, and lay them evenly all around ihc stone in the hollow i)lace between tiie two walls just built ; and, with plaster mixed a little thicker than milk, pour ia under and through all the crevices in the iron until the surface is nearly level with the two walls , If the stones do not require addi- tional weight added, instead of iron, use pieces of stone the samo way, leaving the surface rough and uneven. Again, as before, build walls round the verge of the stone, and round the eye of tho stone, until they are within 2 inches of the thickness you wantyour stones to be, the wall round the eye being 2 inches higher than that round the verge, nnd filling the space between the walls with Btoucs; and, pouring in plaster again, make it nearly level with the Willis, but leaving the surface rough and jagged, to make the next plaster adhere well to it. Let it stand until the back is dry, and perfectly set, when you raise the stone upon its edge, ana, with u trowel, plaster round the edge of the stone neatly, giving it A taper of half an inch from the face to the back of the gtono. Wlicu cased round in this way, lay the stone down on tho cock- head ; it being in the balance ryne, but the driver off, then raisa the spindle, and balance the stone as already directed beforo putting on llie remainder of the back. Then have a tin made tho BJse ot the eye, and to reach from the balance ryne to the thickness you want the stone to be at the eye. This tin shoulcJbo. exactly, titted to its jdace, and made fast ; then fit a hoop of wood or iroa round the verge, having the upi)er edge of the thickness from tho face you want the stone to be at the verge, and equal all round. Tills hoop should be greased ; and, all the cracks round it, and tho tin in the eye, being stopped, you pour thin plaster (with more gluo water than in previous oi)eration3, to prevent it from setting so quickly, and to give time to finish off the back correctly) until it be level with the hoop round the verge, and with a straight edofe, one end resting on the hoop, and the other end resting on the tin at tho eye ; then, by moving it round, and working tho plaster witii a trowel, make the surface of the back even and smooth bet'v<,;en these two points. The hoop is then taken off, and the back and edges planed smooth ; then lower the spindle until your runner lies solid, and put your band or hoop on, it being first made nearly red hot, and taking care that it is of sufficient size not to require too much driving ; if fitting too tightly, it may loosen tho back in driving it to its proper place ; it may bo cooled gently by po\iriiig water on it ; und, when cool, it should fit tight. Balancing a Millstoni;. — First, take off the driver, that the stone may have full play on the cock- head ; then raise the ppindlo ?n that there may be room between the stones to see tho balance. Kind the hcRviest parts, and near the verge hiy on sufficient weig^^t to balance it. Cut a hole in the back of the stone, as deep as yoa lau make it and as near the verjjce us possible tuattho bJoicling il 208 MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS, &C., RECEU'TS, iron lioop of the stone may keep the lead; in its place. Thia hole should be wider at the bottom than the top in order to retain the lead when the stone is in motion, and into this the melted lead should be poured until it brings the stone completely into balance, When the lead is cold, cover over with mixed plaster, oven with the l)ack of the stone. Composition to Keep Millstonrs Clean. — Hot-water, 1 gal.' borax, 2 oz. ; washing soda, i lb. and 3 balls of the size of a hazel nut each of sal prunel. Mix and apply it to the l)urr3 with a scrubbing brush. When grinding garlic wheat it is not necessary to take up the burrs at all. It is suflicient to droj) through tbp eye of the burr twice per day one of the above described halls of sal i-runel and that will keep the burrs siiarp and clean, enabling the miller at all seasons to use the No. 13 bolt, to make finer K^ur and in greater quantity than usual. To Vllcanize India IIubukr. — The vulcanizing process pf^tented by the late Charles Goodyear'consists in incorporating with the rubber from 3 to 10 per cent of sulphur, together with various me- tallic oxides, chiclly lead and zinc, the (juantity of the latter articles being regulated by the degree of elasticity &c., re(iuireil in the desired article. The goods of one large establishment are vul- canizcd in cylindrical wrought iron steam heaters, over 50 feet long and from 5 to Ofeet in diameter. These iieaters have doors openinj,' on hinges at one end, and through these doors the goods to he vulca- nized are introduced on a sort of railway carriage, then, after the door is shut, steam is let on, and a tenii)erature of from 2i't^^ to 300 ° of heat is kept up for several liours, the degree of heat l)fing ascertained by means of thermometers attached to the heaters. The value, solidity, and quality of the goods is much increased by keeping the articles under the pressure of metallic moulds or sheets while undergoing this j)rocess. The whole process rcnuires careful manipulation and great experience to conduct it properly. To Deodorize Rubbeir. — Cover the articles of rubber with char- coal dust, place then in an onclosei' vessel, and raise the teinjiera. turo to 04® Fahr., and let it remain thus for several hours. Remove and clean the article from the charcoal dust, and they will be found free from all odor. .Approved Friction Matches. — About the best known prepara- tion for friction matches consistj of }^m arable, K! narts by weight; phosphorus, 9 parts ; nitre, It parts ; peroxyd or manganese, in powder, 16 parts. The gum is first made into a mucilage with water, then the manganese, then the |»hosphorus, and the whole is heated to about 130 degr. Fah, When the phosphorus is melted the nitre is added, and the whole is thoroughly stirred until the mass is a uniform paste. The wooden matches j)repared first with sulphur, are then dipped in this and afterward dried in the air. Friction papers, for carrying in the pocket, may be mf.do in the same manner, and by adding some gum benzoin to the mucilage they will have an agreeable odor when ignited. MILL Dams. — When building a dam, you siiould select the most suitable place. If you can, place it across the slrcr.m i-ear a rocky bluff, so that the ends of tfio dam may run into thf. blull'. This will prevent the water running by ut the ends of tbo dam. lUiild /^ .^•iHce. This I'" \o retain melted lead I" to balance. ^» ^ven with M'TS Willi a Jot necessary Itlir.jugh tLp J''^^(I Iwllsof |in, enabling te finer fi^ur f.^ss jifilented |"'» witl] the Viirious me- •f tlio laiter , re(iiiire(l in it'nt are viil. ^0 feet long oorsojieiiiiijT I tuheviilcii- '", uHer the t'iieat being tlie heaters. increasea by •iioiilds or cess rc(jiiires it projierly. ' "'ith eliiir- ha ti'injieru. Jrs. lieiiiove lioy will be ^n propara- '>.V Weijrbt; 'if,'iines(', in nlaga with ho whole is » is melted 1 until the 1_ first with in the air. ."^Jfi in the ! mucilage t the most fir a rockv !ufi: This m. I'.ullil MACHINISTS. ENGINEERS, &C., RECEIPTS. 209 your (lam very strong: if tills is not done, thoj u.r jrcaking up often causing ruinous expense in money and loss oi lime. Rock Dams are incomparably the best in use, if there is plenty of niiiterial at hand for building, and a rock bottom to the stream ; if there is not a rock bottom, you should dig a trench in the bottom, deep enough, so that the water cannot undermine it. This should be the saiho as if you were building the foundation of a large building. The wall to be built should be of a small, circular form, so that the back of the circle should be next to the body ©f water, which may by its pressu'^e tighten it. To secure the \7atcr from teaking througl* at the ends of the dam, dig a ditch deeper than the bottom of the rivef ; then fill this with small pieces of rock, and pour in cement. This cement is made of hydraulic cement, ft'id is made of one part of cement to five parts of pure sand. It will eireetually stop all crevices. A rock dam, if well built, ^7ill be perfectly tight. Use as large rock as you conveniently can move ; building this wall 4 to 6 feet thick, according to the length ef the dam, with jam or buttresses every place whero they are needed to strengthen it. Make true joints to these rocks, cspttclally on the ends so that they may join close together. When you have the outside walls laid in cement, for every layer fill the middle up witi i)ieccs of small rock, pouring in your grout, so that there may not oe a crevice but what is filled. If there is any crevice or hole left open, the water will break through, wearing it larger and hu'^r. If the stream is wide and large, it is necessary to build the dam in two sections, which should be divided by a waste way, neres»;ary for the waste, or surplus water, to run over to keep the head in its proper place or he'f,ht. Let each section, next to where (he water is to be run over, be abutments, built to strengthen the dam. The last layer o£ rock, on the top where the waste water runs over, should project 5 or 6 inches over the back of the dam, .so that the water may not undermine it. This last layer should be of large rocks aniiilt in two tlie surplus MilHcient for p« dam form sills 4 feel e sills. imu ^s of posts, fraonts; the f" tlie sircani, f drift-wood »g pieces for •"ch plank tlie dam, to are used for onts of each »»ld be truly ig hiiilt, the trumped the e your gates Jcessary to a aised, except [)ond should Bsired head, freely over !-inch jdank ? t-nough to plane, and id filled up 11 trampled dy streams. a fiat boat hole length Jan. Take '3C. If you in use for f be pulled led driving k, about 3 tho water, tlicm >vim MACHINISTS, ENQINEERS, ftC„ RECEIPTS. 211 rock, until thev are at the bottom of the stream, filling in the front part of the dam with dirt and brush, nearly to the height you want it, This kind of dam will last a long time. Whenever there is a small break in the dam or race, cut up some willows and brush, put them in the break along witn some straw and dirt, and ram them down with clay. In regard to the flume, the greatest care must be taken to insure strength and durability/j'combined with tightness. Every step taken in its construction must be of such a nature as to unite these qualities in the highest possible degree, otherwise the whole is, in a manner, labor lost. Cuba fob DarNKaNNKSH.— Take 5 grs sulphate of iron, 10 grs. magnesia, 11 drs. peppermint water, I dr spirit of nutmeg ; mix all ■together, and take twice per day. To MAKE GcN Cotton.— Take dry saltpetre, i oz. ; strong oil ritriol, i oz Mix in a tumbler, add 20 grs. of dry cotton wool, gtii with a glass rod*!* minutes, remove the cotton and wash from all traces of the acid in 4 or 5 waters ; then carefully dry under <20'' This is gun cotton. Thb DnuMMOND Light is'produced by directing a jet of mixed wygen and hydrogen upon a pencil of pure lime, the gases being conveyed in separate tubes or pipes, to within a very short distance from the aperture at which they are to be delivered, and then flow- ing together and mixing in very minute quantity before combus- tion takes place This arrangement is adopted to ensure safety. The gases are used in the proportion of 2 of hydrogen to 1 of oxy- gen, which form a dreadfully explosive mixture. NiTRO Glvcerinb is made by submitting glycerine to the action of dtaiizture of 2 parts of sulphuric and 1 part of nitric acid. The use^pf the sulphuric acid being to concentrate the nitric acid, which IS alone concerned in the reaction. In the apparatus ordi- banly used, the glycerine and the acids are allowed to mix in the Btream, and are afterwards agitated for a short time in the recep- tacle into which they flow The nitro-glycerine is then allowed to settle at the bottom, the acids» are drawn off and after a single Washing with water the explosive is ready for use. The Great Secrets for Trappinq Foxbs and other Oamb. — Musk-rat musk and skunk musk mixed. Can be procured at the druggists, or from the animals themselves To be spread on the bait of any trap. This receipt has boon sold as high as $75. Another, costing $50, Jor mtnks, ^c. — Unslaked lime, i lb.; sal-ammoniac, 3o2., or muriate of ammonia, 3 oz. Mix. and pulverize. Keep in a covered vessel a few days until a ttiorough admixvuro takes place Sprinkle on th^ oait, or on the ground around the trap. Keep in a corked bottle. Food for Sinqino Birds.— Blanched sweet almonds, pulverized, i lb. ; pea meal, 1 lb. ; saffron, 3 grs. ; yolks of 2 hard boiled eg^s. Reduce all to a powder by rubbing through a sieve. Place the mix- ture in a frying pan over a lire, and add 2 oz. butter and 2 oz. hnnny. Slightly cook for a few minutes, stirring well, then set oflf to rnol, and preserve in a closely corked bottle. PiioTooRAPn Painting in Oil Colors. — Tints for the First Pautinq.— Flbsu.— White and Light iicrf.— White, Naples yellow, }::1 'I '' 1 i:. ■p 41; i^ 213 MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS, *0., BE0EIPT8. and rermilioa. White, rennilion, and light red. Gray, Pearlg and Half Ttntt.— White, vermilion, and black. White and terre rerte. White, blaclc, Indian red, and raw umber. Deeo /SAae^g.—Light red and raw umber. Indian red, lake and black. CaYnaHoni.- White and Indian red (powerful color). White and rose madder White and lake. Hair.— //lyA/ Hair. — White and yellow ochre! White and Roman ochre. White and Vandyke brown for tlw dark parts. White and raw umber for the dark parts. Dark Brown Hair. — Raw and burnt umber. White ana raw tunber. White and Vandyke brown. Tints fob thk Skoond and Thud Pauit»o.— i/ii^A i^jrArt.-— White and Naples yellow. Cor. nott'oru.— Rose madder and white. Indian red, rose madder, uA white. Chreen T'tn^t.— White and ultramarine, with any of the jel- lows. White and terre verte, with the addition of a U%Ue nt umber. The above green tints may be converted into green gravs. Oray ^in^.— Ultramarine, light red, and white. Indian red,lake, blacK and white. White, ultramarine, Indian red, and raw umber, Purple Tints. — Any of the lakes or red madders, with ultramarine and white. Powerful Shadow Tints. — Indian red, purple lake, anil black. Indian red, raw umber, and black. Strong Glazing Colt. —Light red and lake. Brown madder. Vandyke brown, Indiau red, and lake asphaltum. Draperies. — Baoki Ground Colors,- JPearly. — White, vermilion and blue. White, vermilion and black. White and black. Grag. — White, Venetian red and black. Yellow, — yellow ochre and white. Olive. — Yellow ochre, terre verte, and umber. Stone. — Raw umber and yellow. Black, white, and raw umber. Sky. — French blue ana white. French blue, vermilion, and white. iEW;yM(j^C/ouda.— Yellow ochrt and white. Clov4a — Indian red. lake, and white. Brown madder, French blue, and wiiite. Photograph Water CoIiOrs.— Flesh Tints. — No. 1. Fair Com- flexion. — Light red, a little carmine or vci'tnilion, and Indian yel- low. Be careful in using the latter, and, in the flesh tints of verj (kir children^ allow the vermilion to predominfite ; carnations, ros: madder, and, if the face be full of color, add a little vermilion to it. 2. Akddling Complexion. — Much the same as No. 1, saving that the light red must be in excess over the other colors— carnations rose madaer^ and lake. 3. Dark Complexion,— Light reAeindlaim yellow, or lieht red and Roman ochre, and, if the complexio& be generally ruddv, you may add a littl(^ Indian red, but it must h'. sparingly used, as it is a powerful color, and likely to^impart a purple tone to the flesh. Cfaruations chiefly kke, but if the con plezion be warm, lake and a little yellow. The carnations for children's portraits are rose madder and vermilion, inclining more to the latter tint. Aged persons have rose madder, and s little cobalt to give a cold appearance to the color jn their cheeks and lips. These tints, Nos. 1, 2, and 3, are indispensable as general washes, for the purpose of receiving the other colors, which are to be worked over them to bring up the complexion to the life, ITncolored photographic portraits vary so much in tone, that (he beginner wul, pernaps, And some difficulty in mixing up the tints for the washes. He must note that the warm-toned oam do cot require so much Indian yellow as the cold ones do. MAOHINISTB, ENGINEERS, M., BECEIPTS. 213 To IsocHRONisB A Penddldm Sprino.— A penuulum is isochronal ffhen its vibrations are performed '■^i equal times, whether the Tibrations be larpre or Braall. but it can only possess this property by being constrained to move id a cycloidal arc. This is managed by causing the spring to wrap and unwrap itself round two equal cycloidal cheeks, the diameter of whose generating circle is equal to half the length of the pendulum, Isochronism is closely- approximated in practice by causing the pendulum to describe n yery small circular arc. To Whiten Silver Watch Dials— Get a piece of cork, a jewel- ler's scrub brush, somA puttice powder, a small japanned sauce- pan, a spirit lamp, a piece of wire bent into a bow, and a little ritriol La^ the aiai )n the cork, wet the end of the brush, dip it in the puttice powder, and scrub the dial very clean ; then put tbout a cupful ot water in the paucepan, and enough vitriol to make it very tart ; make it hot, l^y the dial on the wire face np- wards, make it white hot over the spirit lamp, drop it flat into tbc vitriol and water, let it lay a few seconds, if it is at all stained put it in again for a short time ; if that does not take it out it must be scrubbed over again ; the most particular point is getting tbe dial to the right heat. To Construct an ^^JIolian Harp.— Make a box with the top, bot- tom, and sides of thin wood, and tbe ends 1^ inch beech, form it tbeoame lenp: h a? the width of the T'indow in which it is to be placed Tbe box should be 3 or 4 inches deep, and 6 or 7 inches wide. !n the lup of the box, which acts as a sounding board, snake ' circular holes about 2 inches in diameter, and an equal distance apart Glue across the sounding board, about 2^ inches fnm each end, 2 pieces of hard wood | inch thick, and^ inch hiffh, to serve as bridges. Tou must ntfw procure from any muti- cal instrument maker twelve steel pegs similar to those of a piano- forte, and 12 small brass pins Insert them in tbe following man- ner into the beech . first commence with a brass pin, then insert a steel peg, and so on, ,ilacing them alternatelv % in. apart, to the number of twelve Now for the other end, wnicn you must com- mence with a steel peg, exactly opposite the brass pin at the other end, then a brass pin, and so oni^alternately, to the number of 12 ; by this arrangement you have a steel peg and a brass pin always oppo- site each other, which is done so that the pressure of the strings on the instrument shall be uniform. Now string the instrument with 12 first violin strings, making a loop at one end of each string, which put over the brass pins, and wind the other ends round the oppo- site steel pegs. Tune them in unison, but do not draw them tignt. To increase the current of air, a thin board may be placed about 3 inches above tbe strings, supported at each end by 2 pieces of wood. Place tbe instrument in a partly opened window, and, to increase the draft, open the opposite door. To FoRGB A Twist Drill. — It is necessary to forge a flat blade •imilar to a fiat drill, and then twist this blade into the resem- blance required, then, with a light hammer and careful blows, ham- mer the twisted edges so that tney will be thicker than the central line of the tool. This will give greater strength and a better drill, And, to cut well, the central line or cutting point niust be made ''■!.; II V \ i- i,v ^ ' \ t !.■; Itl ■i \ [ 1- ^ i '•[ i J,. 214 MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS, AC, RECEIPTS. quiie thin. Be careful to ^ot thb same twist at the point of tlie drill as upon the body of the rlrill. Thf inexperienced otteu leave tho point straight, with no twist, like flat drill. Moulding Sand for Casting B«ass or Iron. — The various kind* of good moulding sand employed m foundries for casting iron or . brass, have been found to be of almost uniform chemical composi. tion, varying in grain, or the aggregate form only. It contains be> tween 93 and 96 parts silex, or grains of sand, and from 36 to (i parts clay, and a little oxide of iron, in each 100 parts. Mouldinjf sand, which contains lime, magnesia, and other oxides of metal is not applicable, pi,rticularly for the casting of iron or brass. Such sand IS either too close, will not stand or retain its form, or it will cause the metal to boil through its closeness. Refining Fluxes, for Metals. — Deflagrate, and afterwards pul. verize, 2 parts of nitre and 1 part of tartar. The following fluxej answer very well, provided the ores be litprived of all their sul- phur, or if they contain much earthy matter, because, in the latter case, they unite with them, and convert them into a thin glass, but, if any quantity of sulphur remains, .heir fluxes unite with i^ and form a liver of sulphur, which has the power of destroying portion of all the metals, consequently the assay must be', under such circumstances, very inaccurate. Tiimestone, feldspar, fluor- spar, quartz, sand-slate, and slags, are all used as fluxes. Iron ores, on account of the argillaceous earth they contain, require calcareous additions ; and the copper ores, father slags, or nitres- cent stones, than calcareous earth. Burning Iron Castings tooethkr. — The nsual mode is by imbed. ding the castings in the sand, having a little space left vacant round about the joint where it is to be burned. Two gates must then be provided, one l^^g on a level with the lower side of tbi» space, and the otner raised so that the metal, which must be very hot, is poured in at the higher one ; it passes round, Alls up tk space, and runs off at the lower gate. A constant supply of metal is thus kept up, till the parts of tlie casting are supposea to be on the eve of melting. The lower gate is then closed, and the supply stopped. When cool, and the superfluous metal chipped off, it forms as strong a joint as if it had been original. Pot Metal.— Copper, 40 lbs. ; lead, 16 lbs. ; tin, 1} lbs. To Bend Glass Tube8.— Hold the tube in the upper part of the flame of a spirit-lamp, revolving it slowly between the lingers; when red hot it may be easily bent into any desired shape. To soften large tubes a lamp with a double current of air should bo used, as it gives a much stronger heat than the simple lamp. To Lessen Noise in Workshops. — Place a piece of India-rubber under the feet of the machines or benches on which the machinei are placed. To Solder Tortoise Shell. — Bring the edges of the pieces ol shell to (it each other, observing to give the same inclination ol frain to each^ then secure them in a piece of paper, and place them etween hot irons or pincers ; apply pressure, ana let them cool. The heat must not be so great as to burn the shell, therefore ti'v it first on a white oicce of paper. MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS, AC, RECEIPTS. 21! To MAKR Linseed and Cotton bred oils. — In making linsood oil nuito a variety of machinery is used, more or loss expensive accord- ing to tbo entcrprizo aad capital of the manufacturer. The seed is first passed through iron rollers, to be crushed '^'" ground, one of the rollers is made to revolve more rapidly that the other, which gubjocts each seed to a pulling as well as to a crustting process. The meal is taken from tho mill to the • chasers,' when it is subjected to another crushing process, more sevoro than the first. The chasers Are 2 largo circular stones about five feet diameter, and 18 inches thick, rolling upon a third stone in the manner of an old-fashioned bark or cider mill. Those heavy stones start the oil from the seed, and to keep it from adhering to the chasers it is moistened with water. Tho meal is next put into an iron cylinder, which is kept revolving over a fire until tho water is evaporated. Muohofthe skill of making oil depends upon this heating process. It must not be scorched, and yet it must bo brought up to a high temperature, so that it will readily give out its oil. The presses are of various structure, some of thcin are patented, and others not open to publio inspection. In one, tho vats or hoops holding about 2 bushels each, wore placed o})posito each other against two immense beams or uprights, made fast in the foundations of the building. The followers were forced down upon the meal bj' 2 large levers worked by hydraulic powers. Tho meal is kept under pressure about an hour, and tho two presses work up about 92 bushels of seed every 24 hours, tho mill being kept running night and day. The product is not far from 2 gals, of oil from a bushel of seed, a little more or loss, according to tho quality of tho seed and the skill in pressing. The cakes, as taken from "tho press, are generally sold by the ton- without grinding, and aro generally exported in this form, but when there is a market in the vicinity of tho mill, the cakes are put under thn chasers, ground into meal, bagged and sent to the feed stores. Tho price of the cako is from $30 to $40 per ton ; ground into meal it retails at about $2 per 100 lbs. Tho process of making the cotton seed oil and cake is nearly the samo. The seed of the upland cotton is surrounded with a husk, to which the cotton adheres. It is sarronndod with a soft down after it loaves tho gin, and in this condition it is purchased from tho planter. Tho seed makes better oil and better meal when it is deprived of this hull and down. The yield of oil is about 90 gallons per 100 bushels of the Sea Island, or 2 gals, to 56 lbs. of the hulled cotton seed. Black Dip for Brass. — Ilydrochlorio acid (commonly called smoking salts), 12 lb., sulphate of iron T lb., and pure white arsenic 1 lb. This dip is used in all the large factories in Birmingham, but the dip used in the London trade is 2 oz. of corrosive sublimate, in 1 pt. of tho best vinegar, cork both air tight in a bottle, let it stand 24 hours, then it is fit for use. To PiK-cnvi-R IIammkrsin Pianos. — Got felt of graduated thickness, out it in strips the exact width, touch only the two ends with glue, not tho part atriking tho strings. Hold in place with springs of Darrnw hoop iron. Artificial Pkarls. — A.re made from beads of opaline glass filled i i -i ., i\\ I I »1 J. ■;•■ > 216 MACHINISTS, ENOINSERS, AC, RECEIPTS. n i' with gum, tbti polish of the glass being reduoed by the yaptr o( hydroflaorio acid. Stalba's Niokki. Platiko Process.— Consists in plating with nickel, by the action of zinc upon salts of nickel, in the presence of chlorido of zinc and the metal to be plated. By this process, Stalbk states that he has succeeded in plating objects of wrought and oait iron, steel, copper, brass, zinc and lead. It is only necessary that the size of the objects should permit them to be covered entirely bj the plating liquid, and that their surfaces should bo free from dirt. Tho following is the modua operandi : — A quantity of ooncentratsd chloride of zino solution is placad in Oicletined metallic Tdssel, and to this is added ..n equal volume of water. This is heated to boiling, and hydroohlorio acid is added drop by drop, until ths precipitate which had formed on adding the water has disappeared. A small quantity ofi'^inc powder is now added, which proouceg a zinc coating on the metal as far as the liquid extends. Enough of tho nickel salt (the chloride or sulphate answers equally well) is now introduced to color the liquid distinctly green ; tho objects to be ftlated are placod in it, together with some zino clippings, and the iqnid is brought to boiling. The nickel isprecipitatea in the connci of 15 minutes, and the objects will be found to bo completely coated. The coating varies in lustre with the character of the metallio surface ; when this is polished, the plating is likewise lustrous and vice versa. Salt of cobalt affords a cobalt plating, which is steel gray in color, not so lustrous as the nickel, but more liable to tarnisb. GuAQiNO Strbahs. — Multiply the square root of tho cube of the height in inches of the water on the sill of the weir or guage u; the constant 17.13, which will give the number of gallons per minute. If the water haatany initial velocity U must be determined by experiment, and 1% that case multiply the square of the height by the square of the velocity, and by 0.8 ; to the product add the oabe of the height, extract the square root of the sum, and multiply b; 17.13 as before. To PREVENT piTTixa WITH Small-poz. — As sooD as the disease ii distinguished, apply an ointment made of lard and charcoal to the face, neck, hands, ^c, and continue until all signs of suppurative fever have ceased. Cornish Rrddoino Fldx — Tartar lOoi., nitre 3oe., and 6drs. borax, 3oz. and 1 dr. Mix together. To Make Coal Oil — Break the Coal or shale into small piecei and put from 10 to 16 owt. in an iron retort, heated to a dull red color. Lute the rotort door and keep up the heat for 24 hours. By this process a vapor is thrown off which passes through ranges of cisterns until it condenses, when it is run into cisterns. This crude oil, when roiinod and purified, is sold as parrafin oil, and solid par* rafin for making candles is made from it. Damascus Stgrl. — It is said that this steel consists of a highly earburetted metal which by undergoing careful cooling and annealing eeparatcs into two compounds of iron and carbon, giving it the peculiar appearance known as " Damasooening." Tho wonderful strength of this ^teel is no doubt owing to careful manipulat>up< MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS, AC, REOZIPTS. 216a Kbw Ckhknt For Stbau Pipr Joints. The ne\r and excellent cement for steam pipe joints, the reoeipl. for which is now (June 1873) b 'inK «i^l a circlj the size you wish to reduce it to; if one-half, for examjile, liiivetlie centre Q one-half the distance from R to S and describe the rircle EF, and on its circumference T as a centre, describe a cir^'lo Gfl, allowing their cirrnmffrencos to touch the tangent hues LM and NO, which will make tlie circle EF*' one-half the size of the circlfl AB, and Gil one-half the size of CD ; therefore EF and GH are ii\ the sumo proportion to each other as AB and CD. MACFTINISTS!, ENGINEERS, 4C., RECEIPTS. ^16" If you wish to reduce one-third, have the centre Q one-third the distance from IltoS; if one-fourth have the centre Q one-fotirth the (listiiiicc from R toS, and so on. This calculation may be applied bi'yoiid tlio centre R for enlarging machine wheels, which m\l cnabit! you to make the alteration without changing their rea- pectiro motion. .0 DK80RIBK AN ELLIP3B, OR OYAL. riG. 8. At a pivcn distance, equal to the required eccentricity of the ellipse, i)laco two pins, A and B and pass a string, AOH, round tlieru; keep the string stretched by a pencil or tracer, C, and move the pencil along, kecjjing the stringall the while equally tense, then will tl»e ellipse DGLFH be described. A find B arc the foci of the ellipse, D the centre, DA or DB the eccentricity, EF the principal axis or longer diameter, GH the shorter diameter, and if from any ]»oint L in the curve a line be drawn perpendicular to the axia then will LK be an ordinate to the axis corresponding to the point L, and the jiartaof the axis EK, KF into which LK divides it are said to be the abscissae corresponding to that ordinate. NOTE. Oval, A curve line, the two diameters of which are of unequal length, and allied in form to the ellipse. An ellipRe ia that figure which \i produced by cutting a cone or cylinder in a direction oblique to its axis Bnd passing tlirougli its sides. An oval may bo formed by joining different segments of circles, so tltat tliolr mepting shall not be perceived, but forma c<)iitiniious curve line. All elUpscs are ovals, but all ovals are not tilip-ies ; for the term oval may be applied to all egg-fhaped flgurps, those wliicli are broader at one end than the other, a.' well as those whutie ends are (Hiually curved. DowLAis Ironworks, {England.) Fumaeea — Ei^ht, diameter 16 to 18 feet, 1300 Tons Forge Iron per week ; dischargmg 44,000 cubic feet of air per minute. Engine {noncondenstng), Cylinder, 55 ins. iadiam. by 13 feet stroke of piston. Pressure of Steam, 60 lbs per square inch, cut off at } the stroke of the piston. Valves, 120 ins. in area Boilers. Eight, (Cylindrical flue, internal furnace), 7 feet in diam. and 42 feet in length ; one flue 4 ft. in diam. (Jrate» 288 square feet, Fly wheel. Diam. 22 feet, weight, 25 tons. Jilowing Cijlmkr. 144 ms diam. by 12 ft. stroke of piston, Revoluttons, 20 per uiimite, lUaat, 3J lbs. per square inch, Oisckargepipe, diam. 5 ft. and 420 feet in length. Valves^ Exhaust, 56 square feet, delivery, 1(» square feet. »^ ';ii V' *■ ( V i ] ^4 210t? MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS, &C., RECEIPTS. TO DESCRlItE AN ELLIPSE. FIG, 4. To describe an ellipse of anjr length and width, and by it to des- cribe a pattern for the sides ot a vessel of any flare. First draw an indefinite lino 1)E perpendicular to the line AH, and from C, the point of intersocticui, as a centre, descrihe a circle FG, having the diameter ecpial to thi- lenrrth of theeIlii>K<' ; fr'im the same centre (J drscrihe a cirolt' 11.) equal to the widtl:; tlundt'J- criiie the end eircli'S liK' and LK.asnnich less than the widtli as the width is less than tiie leiigtli ; tlirn draw the lines MN auJMN, tangent to the eircl» s li'h, II J and KL ; from the middle of the IIPTS. idby ittodcs- ) the line AB, scrifio a circle ipsi; ; frtim tlic Xh ; tlu'ii di'J- till' widlli as sMNumlMN, aiddlc of the MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS, &€■., RECEIPTS. 216e line MX fit erect a perpendicular produced until if intersects the indeliiiite lint' I)R ; from the point of intersection 1* as a centre Joscrilio thi! arc K'llK, and with the same sweep of the dividers, marii tiie ]ioint R on the line 1)E ; from the point R draw tiie lino RU iiud RV througii the points K' and K where the arc K'lIK touches the end circle, K'L and KL ; then place one foot of the dividers on the point Rand sj)an them to the point H, and describe the arc Q'ilQ, whicb will be equal in length to the arc K'llK ; from the SiiBie centre R describe the arc V\\'\ the width of the pattern ; then s|ian the dividers the diameter of the end circle Kli : place one foot of the dividers on the line RV at point Q, and the other at Y as I centre, describe the arc QT the leng'h of the curve line KG, and with tlie same sweep of the dividers describe the arc TQ' from the centre Y' on the line Ul' ; then span the dividers from Y' to V, and from Y' as a centre describe the arc UX and from Y as a centre describe the arc VX, which completes the descrip- tion of tlie iinilern. The more linre you wibli tlie pattern to have, the nearer the centre point R must l)e to II ; and the less Hare, the further the centre point ii must be from II; in the same proportion n3you move the centre R towards, or fidin II, you must move the centre Y towards, or from Q, or whieii vvmihl l)e tlie >aiiie as sjianiiiiifr the dividers less, or greater, than the diameter of the cud cirCle KL. TO FIND THE riHClTMFKnEN'CE OK AN ELLIPSE. Rn-K.— Multiply half the sum of the two diameters by 3.1H»1» fln»l the I'roduct will bo the circutnforence. J-J/iini/ilr. — Sujipose the lo igor diameter •! inelies and the shorter diameter 4 inches, then •) added to 4 e(pial JO, divided by '1 ecpial 5, multiplied by 314IG e([ual iniOHO inches cirenmrereuce. TO FIMi THE A!(E\ OF AN KM.Il'SE. RfLE.— Multiply the longer diameter by the shorter diameter, and by 7854, and the jiroduct will be the area. Exam}>lc. — Reouired the areaof an ellipse whoso longer diameter is G inches and shorter di iinetor 4 inclnes ? G X 4 X -7804 --• IH-.'^UJ'J, the area. CcMi'OSiTiON TO KESTOUE BuitNT S rEEL. — Two parts horn filingsj 10 ]iarls lallow, 1 ]iart sal ammoi;iac, 1 part pulverized charcoal, 1 part s^oda, i)ulverize the hard ingredients separately, mix all tlioroiij^jhly with the tallow. Bring your burnt steel to a cherry red and dij) it in the mi.xture ; when it gets cold it maybe hardenea in the usual mfinner. iMi'itovKD Coi-oiucD FinE3. — Whi'e. Saltpetre, 2 parts, sulphur 2 purls, antimony,'2 parts, Rt'd. Nitra'e of slroutia, 20 i)arts, chlorate of i)0!ash .') parts, sulplivr % parte, charcoal 1 part. Jiluc. Chlorate of potash 9 parts, sulphur 3 parts, c.vrbonato of copper 3 parts. I'riicw. Nitrate of soda 21 iiarts, autinvjuy H parts, sulphur C> parts, oiiarcoal 1 part. Green. Nitrate of baryta, 2G parts, ehlo- rat''o(ii, 'ah IS parts, sul;.'hur l'> part-!. I lo/i-i. Nitrate of strontia 4 pftri.-, rilomte of pot iHh U parts, iMilpUir f) parts, carbonate of t .'per i part, calomel 1 piart. Vl h I. ',*■' 216/ MACniNISTH, ENGINEERS, AC, RECEIPTS. .. > •"O DBSCHIBE A RIOHT ANGLED ILBCW Fia. 5. Pirsi con?tiniet ft we^nnplc ADDrt eqnal In width to tlio diameter of tlic oUtuW, (iiul the Iciij'tli I'ljiiul to tlio circiiiiit'croucc; llu'u from tJio point .1, the ini(l J If, ai'il from the j.oiiit F.tiio iiiidilli.! of tho I'lic A 1), draw tiie line FG; from tlie point J draw two diagonal lines J D and J K ; then span thodividi-rsso as to div (U; one of these diagonal lined into six equal parts, viz. J, L 0, T, 0, V, K; from the j)oint L erect u pcrpendieular, produced to the line JII , from the point of contact M, as a centre, describe the aro NJO for tho top of the < Ibow. and from the iioints M M as centres, Vith tho Hame .swee[) of the dividcr.-i, deserihe the arcs NO and NO; then draw an indefinite Btrjiitrlit lino PQ tangent to thn arcni No and NJ, having the jioints of eonlact at 3 and 8; on this tangent line enct a ])erpendienliir i)a3-ing throwtjli the j)oint N prod:ieed nntil it interaects the line 1510 jiroduced; then place one fool of th^ ilivider-i on the point of interscctina It and snjin them over the doti. d line to the ])nint T, and with the divider:^ thii.s h^annrd det;cril' the nrcs TS, TS, TS, a'ld TS- thedc arc.^ ami tho arcs NO, NJU, uud ON will be the ri^jht uugicil elbow ruij aired MiVCHINISTS, EN GINEERS, AC, RECEIPTS. 216^ to dssoribr a straight ilbow. Pig. 6. ^=»c lal Mark out the lenffth and depth of elbow, ABOD ; draw a semi- circle at each end, as from AB and CD; divide each semicircle intu eip^lit parts ; draw horizontal lines as shown from 1 to 1, 2 to 2, 4c. ; diviile the circumference or length, ACBD, into sixteen parts, and draw perpendicular lines as in figure ; draw a from a to b and fror». 6, to c and on the opposite side from dioe c to/; for the top sweep set the dividers on /oMrM line from t )[» and sweep two of the spaces ; the same at the corner ; on space for tlu' remaining sweeps set the dividers so as to int rsect in the three cnrucrs of tho spaces marked x. The seams must be added to drawing. [Another Method for describing a Straight Elbow.] Fig. 8. Fig. 7. eqi line anil '/ 7^ 'm !!*, <|r^ * i ^^^j^ -^ ? / ; \ ?; *. ■ \ y « Fiu. 7.— Draw a profile of half of the elbow wanted, and mark A semicireie on the lino representing the diam rer, divide the semi- circle into si.t ccjual parts, draw perpendicular lines from each divi- eiim o!\ tlie circle to the angle line as on figure. Fio. 8. Draw the circumference and depth of elbow wanted* and divids into twelve equal parts, mark the height of perpendicular linos of Fi or seam oiitdide of yoar drawinc:, and lay out til ! elbow (lei«|) enough to ]uit. tog >thcr by swodgo or machine. It; careful in dividing and marking out, and the largo end will bo true wllhout trimaiiui^. The doamj must bu added to drawing. lif \ i ^ 2167t MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS, AC, RECEIPTS. TO DK3CUIBE BEVBL C0VKR3 FOB VESSELS, OR BREASTS FOR CARS- FlO. 9. From as a centre, describe a circle DE larger than the vessel ; and from C as a centre, describe a circle AB the size of the vessel, then with the dividers the same as you described the circle the siw of the vessel, apply them six times on the circumference of the cir- cle larger than the vessel ; for can-breasts describe the circle FG the size you wish for the 0{)ening of the breast. T& DESCRIBE PlTCnED COVERS FOR PAILS, &C. Fiu. 10. To cat for pitched covers, draw a circle one inch larger than the hoop is in diameter after burring, then draw a line from the centre to the circumference as in the figure, and ouo inch from the centre and connecting with this line draw two more lines the ends of which shall be one inch ou either side of the line firit drawn, umi then cut out the piece. Quick BiiKiiirDir for IIuass. — U,so strong nitric ucid in snfTicient quantity, dij) your brass in tlie li(|iiid lor an iustunt, wiihilraw, autl iiiiinediiitrly iiiimcrst! it lirst in ii.lil wutcr, tli"ii in boiling wuicr, for a sliort tinio only in each bath, then ulluw it to dry. Uepeut the process if necessary. rs. MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS, AC, RECEIPTS. 216i [the resspl ; [the vessel' 'cle the size f of tlin cjr. e circle Fg • than the ho centre 10 contre eriiJs of iH'ii, ami 'iifTicionf ■aw. aii,i k' waicr, lii'peut TO DBSCBIDE AN OVAL BOILER COVER. FlQ. 11. From C as a centre, describe a circle whose diameter will be oqiml to the width of tnc boiler outside of the wire, and draw ;ho line AH perjifindicular to the line EF, having it pass through the point 1), wiiicli is one-half of the length of tiio boiler; then mark the point J one quarter of an inch or more as you wish, for the pitch of tlie cover, and apply the corner of tlio 8r, your work i^ po heavy that you cannot reverse it you had ItetttT file first to the right and then to the I'ft, i'.i by this meiin.iyoucau plainly see the file marke, and thitj again assists you in tiling true. MACHINISTS, ENQINEBBS, AC, BEC7JIPTS. 216^ TODBBCniBB A FLARINO VRSSEL PATTBRN, A SET or PATTERNS FOB A PT- tUkUtD CAKEj OR AN ENYRLOPE FOR A CONE. FIO. 13. *' ' i 'I I:,, Span the Iscribe the )f the lip the lip Ire to each [the (liiune- r. 2. The tro to the line drawn iiniferonce. he circum- f>. A Sani- 7. A %. tor is anj 3 load and isiaiiiig of is.,width3 thoiit any 1. 2 tons, 2 rue, it is ween the I become a to your lind your essafy to ed to see ther you 'O hpavy igiit and .0 marks, From a point C as a centre, describe a circle A B equal to the large circuuifi'rence ; wiih the point F as a centre, the depth of the vessel, describe a circle DE equal to the small circumference ;then draw the lines Gil iiml KS tuup;entto the circles AB and DK; from fh(> ]>oiiit of inter-jpction < ) us a cintre, describe the arcs ACB anFK ; t'Mri ADKB Will Ix; tho size of tti ir > 2162 MACHINISTS, ENQINEEHS, AC, RECEIPTS. TO OCfiCRIBI ▲ CONK OB rRCSTDII. — FlO. 14. \ / ■P / '^ . ••- Q\ / ;*© / First draw a side elevation of the desired vessel, DE, then from A as a centre describe the arcs ODC and GEG ; after finding the diameter of the top or large end, turn to a table of Diameters and Circumferences, wnere yoa will find the true circumference, wiiich you will proceed to lay cut on the upper or larger arc CDC, mak- ing due allowance for 'ihe locks, wire and burr. This is for one piece ; if for two pieces vou will lay out only one-half the circum- ference on the plate ; if for three pieces one-third ; if for four pieces one-fourth ; and bo on for any number, remembering to make the allowance for locks, wire and burr on the piece you use for a pattern^ BCLB FOB BTEIKINa OUT ▲ OOMB OR rBUBTUM. — FlO. 22. in a conical surface, fbere may be economy, sometimes, in hav!D|^ the slant height G times the radius of base. For a circle may be wh(»lly cut iuto conical surfaces^ if the angle is 60' 30', 15', «fec. But there is a greater simplicity in cutting it, wlien the uu^le is 60^ . For instance, take AC equal to the slant heiqrht, describe an indefiaite arc AO; with the same opening of the dividers measure MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS, AC, RECEIPTS. 2H)m from A to B ; draw BO and we hare the required sector. This yroiM make the angle C equal 60°. This anRie may be diyided into two or four equal parts, and we should thus have sectors wbosd anple would 1 o 30^, or which would not make the vepsel very flaring. The accompanying ilgure gives about the shape of the fla> FiQ. 16. ring vessel when the anple of the sector is 30". TO KIM) TIIH CONTENTS OP A PYRAMID OR OONB. Rl'le.— Multiply the area of the base by the height, and one-third of the firoduct Avill bo the solid content. ExAMi'LK. — Required the solid content in inches of a Cone or Py- ramid, the diameter of the base being 8 inches, and perpendicular height 18 inches ? 8x8^G4x.7854xl8^904. 7808-^-3=301.5936 inchesX231=l gall. llqts HIPPED ROOFS, MILL HOPPEBS,SC. To find the various Angles and proper Dimensions qf Materials where- by to construct any figure whose form is the Frustum qf a proper oi inverted Fyramid, as Hipped Roofs, Mill Hoppers^ ^c, Fio. 17. D C ' W- VA a T% A i ' Let ABCD be the given dimensions of plan for a roof, the height RT also being gi ■ en ; draw the diagonal AR, meeting the top or ridge Rs on plan ; from R, at right angles with A R and equal to the required height, draw the line RT then TA. equal the length of the Btruta or corners of the roof; from A, with toe distance AT. describe an arc T^, continue the diagonal AR until it cuts the arc T/, through which, and parallel with the ridge R», draw the line wn, which de- tenuities the required breadth for each side of the roof : from A. meeting the line m n, draw the line Ao, or proper angle for the end of each board by which the roof might require to be covered; and the angle at T is what the boards require to be made in the direc- tion of their tbickaess, when the corners or angles require to be mitred. «:!.( \ : ■ipi ^■^*''* MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS, &C., RECEIPTS. TO DESCRIBE A HEART. FlO. 18. Drawan indefinite linfi AH; then span the dividers ono-fourlhlhe width you wish tlie lieart,iiii(ldes('rib!' two sctiiiriiounifcn'iuTs AC and CH; span the dividers frou! A tol?, tlic widih of tiio lit'iirt, nud describe the lines AD and BD, which completes the dcscriptioa Cycloid, a carve much used In mechu iics. It is thus formed :— If the circumference of a circle be rolled on a right line, beginning at any point A, and continued till the same point A arrive at the line again, making just one revolution, and thereby nieasuriiipout a straight li:ie AHA equal to the circumference of a circle, wliile the point A in the circumference traces out a curve line A(!AGA; then this curve is called a cycloid ; and some of its properties are contained in the following lemma. If the generating or revolving circle be placed in the middle of the cycloid, its diameter coinciding with the axis AH, and fVoni any point tliere be drawn the tangent CF, the ordinate t'DE peijun- clicular to the axis and the chord of the circle AD ; then tlio cliitf properties are tliese : Tlie right line CD equal to the circular arc AD ; MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS, AC, RECEIPTS. 2l6o 'I'Vrt'iKT.s.AC Ik-' Iifart, ftnj lescriptioa 3 formed :— B» iH'ginning rrivc at the ftsiirinpout irclf, while ' A(;AGAi jperties are e middle of BIAOniNISTS, ENGINEERS, &C., RECEIPTS. TO CONSTRUCT TRB FRCSTDlf OF A CONB. Form offiat Plat* by which to construct any Fmstum of a Com Fio. 21. Let A BCD represent the required frustum ; continue the lines AD and BC until they meet at E ; tlu n from E as a centre, with tlie ra. diu8 EU, describe the arc ClI ; aUo from E, with tlie rudius EH, di- scribe the arc BI ; malte BI equal in IcnRlli to twice AGB, draw tin line EI, and BCIH is the form of tlie plato as nquired. TO DKSOHIBE BKVBL COVKRS FOR VESSKLS, OR BREASTS FOR CANS. Fia. 22. Construct a ripht angle ADB , and from the point C, t^c altitude heipjhtyou wish the breast, erect a perpendicular line F; then on the line B, mark the point E one-half the diameter of the can and MACnmiSTS, ENGINEERS, AG., RECEIPTti. 216^ I Foil CANS. on the line F, nark the point O one-hnlf the diameter of the open- inff'in the top of breast ; draw a line N to pass through the pointi Eiiml O i)r() iiu'liesdia. meter at the top, 9 mchcs at the bottom, and 18 inches !iigli. luge diameter 9 brought up 102G email do 6 .0034 54 J of the square 3 5.7 height 18 4104 3078 3.4HH4 Wine Gallons, or nearly 3i gallons. Carried up l<>2n 102 n ..- the case when a piece v)f steel is dipped in to a certain deplL, uud allowed to cool without moving. r8. tNE. fliamoter is iFirkin, Tub, r, and I.) till. |l<'l'. IIllllti|i|v T Wine Giil. •; inches dia s high. ions, s. '/litis. I'ri for sori'W- I Willi a ta|)Ct '■■^<' wiiicliare ' Ink.-.'' ^li'iii;,'|ii (lie-, si/i', slioiild i» to line In;!! ^ to one inch I to one iiiid lii'on^'h ijifii midicit lit to ^oo (icfji iIhv straw ('i.ldr. iidiciiljuiy tn Itoiit liali'jiti ' liardni^ ;, !«"', wh.i'ii If i di'pih, iiad FlMN' AfArrrJNTSTS, ENOINEERH, AC, RECEn»TS. 217 Saw.s. — The grand secret of pulling any a:av \n the l)c,st ,,i,jsibli! ordtT, coiisi sts in filini; the teeth at a jrive Ijiven angle to cut r)i|' ;istr;iii,'ii |iai' ilv, iiMil of 11 uniform length rio that tiio point.-} wi.l all touch I t'lltreil rule without siiowing a variation of the hundredtli ...tofan iiK'li. Hi'sidcM this, there should be just set enougli in llic teill' to cut a keif a^ narrow as it can bo made, and at tho SJirue m „..„- tiia. When imtting ne<'eris.iry to put a saw in itrimc order, one shtrten the pointof a tooth .-■oinueh cross ml .sa v in oider, it will pay well to 'ires.s the point.s with an iiM till', and afterwald^ sharpen them with a fine whetstone, much 1,. •cliMiiii-al skill is Ciirok'.-.^ thn.sl with a file will llmlitwill le utterly useless, so far as cutting is concerned; tho tw'tli should )• .«ei with miieh care, and the filing done with tho );iiiit(st aeciiraey If the teeth are uneven at the points, a large. Hut lili! shniild li'- secured to a lilork of wood in siudi a manner thiit till' very pnints only may be jointed, so that the cutting edge, of liie same may be in a straight line, or circle, if it is a circidar -iiw ; every tooth should cut a little as the saw is worked. The iiitli lit a hand saw for all kinds of work should be; filed tieaming, III- ;it an HUgie on tht; front edge, while the back eilges may be liliil tIe.'UMiitg, or .square across iIkj blade. Hut Ixsst way to file a linular saw for culling wood across the grain, is to dress every tiflii tiiiitli si|uare iUMH>-s, niid apart one twentieth of an iiifh sliiirier than tiie others, which should \>c filed fleaming utaiianghi ul' about forty degrees. .Vs regards such saws as are useii for cutting up large logs into luiiihcr it is of the utmost importance to have them tiled at such an niiL'ie as will eiisur.; the largest amount of work with the least i'.\|iriiiiiliiie (if|iower. The following diagrams will lielp to illustrate our uu'iU'.iiig. Fig. I. show.s the, shape of teeth which nearly .ill ex- 3\A / Fiu. 1. \ fe ;1 MM 218 MACIlINlf^JVS, ENUINKKRS, A*'., RKl'Kir'TS. perionccd iniU-incn consiiler as thaUstiindanI form wliidi comliinij the Rrfatot^t amount of Blrenglh and fajmcity for rajtid work, with the uiinimum. of driving power while doing the work. Figure No. 2 reproscnts a passahlo form of tooth wliicliarpcapH. ble of doing a good doul of work, hut thoir groat woakiic.-islicsin tlioir sUmtier jtoints. Look tmt for '' breakers" when teeth of tlm descriptioa ore pasaiug tiirough dry spruce or hemlock ki/.i^. X-->-4^ I''i(». 2. Fig. No. 3 illustrates tlie a|)pearanco of one of tho.^o intoloraM* wood rasps which are altogether too common in saw-mills, (tiilv think what an a loilling waste of valuable power is rfcaf,a. 'Ilk ncss lies ill I" '•■•'Ihof tliii •»^''' intolcr.ihlft \v-iMiIls. (»nlv I'l'iliiiiiiii;/ tli( laws shonhlh t lilllf tiiitlici' tin . Cidiii tlif ■ tilt' Vl'fffC (if •('S|t(iiitl.s will) MACHINJSTB, ENUINKEHS, AC, UKCEII'T,' . 219 \^•itll the zonitli or moridiiin, where tlie sun appoar.s at noon-day. Kxfift I V half-way up is 45" ; look up a littU* hij^hor antle coals, fiu Ui'i of wdfid, or o\ lbs. of culm. Coals 1, wood ;$, and culm '2, jrive equal heats in the production of steam. Sixteen lbs. of Newcastle coal converts I'W^ lbs. of wal'-i into sleiini. A bushel of coal per hour raises sK'am to i.; llts. the Bquare inch, w host; velocity is li{r»n feet per second, and J Inislii'li raise it to 120 lbs., or velocity of .'iHUO feet per second. .\ limst'- power iH'(piires from .0 to 7 gallons of water per minute lor iiiinlcii- tjalion of steam. A steain engine whose cylinder is lU inche.s, with fiAClIINIStS, ENUlNEEllS, ><: iiirlics luid '.!,"i slrokts of'!-' IiiHsc-!, with 1.) toM?^ pn- (lay. TUry raise 2, niakiiiff ■>'> strokes of I feet is a 10 horse-power ; ijit'cdusiiniption of eoals beiuf^ proportional. (Is Stkam I'.oii.Kits. — U«'ganMuf^ the steam eiifrino as under I'ro- vidiiice, one of the most powerfnl civilizing agents in existence, aiiii tile |irocuring cause of the l)read of many thousands uf om* f.'ilow-hiings, it seems highly proper to jtlaee on record some well- kiiiiwn ficls regarding K>oiler eonstruction and the properties of iiti'inii, vVc, in order that such knowledge may he used to mitigatir the nmulier of those lamentable accidents which, m too many rtisc.-', owe their origin to ignorance and incapacity Ivegarding \\\(' form of hollers, it is now an ascertained fact that the niaxinnnn stiiMiglh i- ohtaineil liy adopting the cylindrical or i-ircnlar ft/rni, till' iiii\('ock, hemispherical, and waggon-shaped boilers, so general at one time, have now destfvedly gone almost out of use. (rood luiiler plate is capable of wit' standing a tensile strain of TtOjOdo i!k or (in, (10(1 lbs. on evoi-y sriiiure inch of section; but it wdl only li".;: :! tliini of this strain without permanei.t. derangement ofstriic- iiiri'. ami lOdd lbs., or ;{()(i() Uis. even, ii]>oii the square inch, is a lirfferalile pioporti(jn. ft has been found that the tenacity of Loilcr -plate increases with the temperature up to .^)7()'', at which jKiiiit the tenacity commences to diminish. At iVJ" the cohesive t'oi'ri' of a <(piare inch of section was r)t;,()00 lbs., at ^>H)^ it wi.s (]i;,f.nu lbs.; at 7 20*^, .'').■.,()( tO Jl»s. ; at lOaO", :r2,()(i() lbs ; at 12 1()^, •l'l,wn lbs. ; and at i:il7", \\00(i lbs. Strips of iron, when cut in tho tlircdion of the fibre, weit> found by experiment to bt; (I per cent. Ftidiiger than when cut across the grain. The strength f»f riveteil jiiiiits has also I n demonstrated by tearing them (lirecily asiin- (lir. Ill two different kinds of joints, double and single riveted, till! strength was found to be, in the ratio of the plate, as tho iiuiiiIhts 10(1, 7(1, and Tk;. .\>'siiiniiig the strength of tho plate to he 100 Til tr.iJL'lh of a double riveted joint would allowing for I he adhesion of the surfaces of the platt be, after .\iid the strength of a single riveted joint. 6t> These figures, representing the relative strengths of jilates and joints in vess(ds required to be steam and water tight, may be .«attl\ relied on as jierfectly correct. The accidental overheating of a boiler has been found to reduce the ultimate or maximum t'tri'iiglh of the plates from t!r>,()()(i to 4.'),0(K) lbs. |)er square inch of siition. The greatest caution slumld lie exercised against low ^vate^ and incrnsfationti iu the boiler, tor, in that case, the plates r the furnace are apt to get n^d hot, and, when in this slate, they ovci :/ 'liuvf lost tive-si.vlhs of their sirengtl), and there is then danger i.\f ■^l^' ^|. ^1 *< •u •■■ -i ' s ff '■ i K i ' '1 ^^'' ii i :i i •i; S I I If 0)0 MACIlINlStS, ENGINEERS, AC, RECEIPTS. bnrsliiit,' tlio boiler, even .'it Hii' oomnion working; prossiifo, as a force of less tluiu one-sixth of the usiml slrenj^tli of thi- plitos will be foiiiid siinicieiit to roi)er way, during sucli eiuer{^eticy, is not to draw the lircs for then th'.'re is no time for that, but to '>|ien the furnace doors mid dash in a few bueketsfiil of water upon the lire, and blow off ibe steam as rapidly as possible. Kvery description of lioiler used in niiinnfactories or on board of steamers should be coiistnioted tu a bursting jiressure of 400 to 500 lbs. outhe s(casion. If a boiler will not stand this pressures it is not safe, and ilher its strength should he increased or the working pressure should be diminished. Iiiteimil flueg, such as contain tlie furnace in tin- interior of the boiler, should be kept as near as possible to the cylindrical form ; and, lu wrought iron will yield to a force tending to crush it about one- half of what wouhf tear it asunder, tlie flues should in in* ciiisi' exceed one-half the diameter of the boil-'r, with the same tliicknot;? of plates they may be considered equally safe with the other parti The force of compression being so dilferent from thai of teiK-iiuD, greater safety would be ensured if the diameter of th(! iiilcmii! flues \vertrength of tlues, it UJay be stated that a circular Hue 18 inches in diameter will roiijt ilAOIIINISTS, ENGINEERS, kC, RECEIPTS. 223 ddulilc till" i.rcs?uro of mio ;5 f»«(>t in dlinioter. Mill ownora, with jilt'iily of room and u liiuitod t'xi>eriuii(e witli steam power, would Jo \V!.'l! to dinpensc with boilers containing many Hues, theexuonse is (ri''':it'''" "'"^ ^''" durability lesd than where there is two or three only. Till! foura cauded by a large number of tiues is apf to (Jeceivff an incxiicrieiiccd engineer, causing him to believe that thero is ])lenty uf water in the boiler when he tries the gauge cock.wbca tlii-n^ ii rciilly but very little, often causing an explosion. Some mill-owiicrs insert a fusible plug in the crown of the '■arn*C3 t»> iiidiciite danger from low water. As common lead melts ai 030", ft rivet (if this metal, 1 inch in diameter, inserted immediately over the lire pbu'c, will give due notice, so that relief may be obtained before flie internal pressure of the steam exceeds that of the resist- iiiL' power of the heatei lates, gc nii'tallii' disk, wliich jirotects the alloy of which the plate is com- ing ni jil jilates. In France, an extensive use is id»'; of fusible metal plates, generally covered by a perforated posod, and allows it to ooze through as soon as tlie steam has iitlaiueil tluf temperature necessary to insure the fusion of the plate, wliicli varies from 280'-' to 3J0''. The reader will find a number of siicli iilloys under the tabular view of alloys and their melting heats, imge 2i:{ Another method is the bursting plate, fixed in a fnuiie and attached to some convenient part of the upper side of 1I113 lioilrr, of sueli thickness and ductility as to cause rupture when the pressure exceeds that on the safety valve, lint, beyond all ques- tion, constant uso should be made on all boilers of a good andreli- nl)lesyst4'm of steam gaug.'s, glass tubes, guage cocks, safety valves, ic. Hy means of th«» glass lubes allixed to the fronts of the boilers, tlio liei|f|it of tho water within the boiler is indicated at once, for the wiiirr will stand at the same heigiit in the tube that it suinds in the lioiler, communication being cslahlished with tho water below ami the steam above, by means of stop cocks. The guage cocks arc CDi'ks pcsnetrating the boiler at different heightj, and which, wiien opened, tell whether it is water or steam that exists at tho level at which they are respectively inserted. The average level of the water in the boiler should l)o above the centre of the tube, ami thf lowest of the guage cocks shouhl always run water, ana the highest blow steam The stea?n gauge indicates the pressure of steam by a hand oi> a dial, Jt sometimes happens that the glass tube },'ets choked up, and, to cornMit this, tho cocks connecting the tul)e with tho boiler should bo so constructed that the lube nmy In; blown through with the steam, to remove any obstacle that may interfere with lU use, By blowing olfthe boiler fVequently, a liir^'o amount of calcareous, and, on ocean vessels, saline matter, will be got rid of. which utherwise would cau.se trouble and per- plexity by forming incrustations and deposits on tho boiler, and which interferes most seriously with the transmission of tho heat from the boiler pl.vtes to the water. In many cases the idateg got red hot, causing the scale to crumble ; tho water thus suddenly admit- ted to the highly heated surface is at once transformed into highly nirefieil steam, and the boiler is bursted. Too much caution cannot be exercised to .see that the safety valve is properly loaded and that uo impediment exists to impair its free- action, and that all lli« other ayertures, v.alves, Ac, bidoufing tolheboilw are in goo^ f , t ' if > . i r 224 MA'rniNlSTS, ENOINEEBRj AC, nTlCETI-TK, •working order, l)Ut be ppecinlly partioulai llinl flio euro mikI man agi'iiu'iil ot'llii- wliok' is ciitruslcd to a |i('rs»in well rccdiinmiKi,.,] for cautiuTi ami iuli'llifrcnco in his jirof'cssion. No lacl is li(tttru<. cortaiiu'd llian that the f,'r'.i, to Avliidi 1 will la re add tliat Irish moss is also a good preventivt^ of scale. Regardiiiff tlie y/oircr of boilers, it may be stated that a boiler 'M) feet long and i! ('<{t in dianieter,will afford :{() x ^ x ^.l\ x 2— 141.30sossible heat. This reijuircs '^mA non-conductors of heat, such as brick, with whii ii to surnn.iid the fire. If these bricks are of a white color, the eomhuslioii is more perfect than if of a dark color. The roof, as well as the sides-, of the furnace should be of wliite lire-brick. The liars of the fiiriiaci' should be IS or JO inches IkIow the boiler or crown of tiie furnace. The fire should be kej)t open and thin, und fi'e([uently and spar- ingly supi)lied, to allow the air to enter between tbe bars, tor tlic better consumption of the intlannnable ga.ses. T/ie liars sliouhi sbipc downward towiinl the back part, about 'lalf an inch to the foot. The ashes should be often cleain'd out, fiinl not sutrcrcd to accumulate, otherwise it will stop the draft, birn out the Imrs, and take more fuel. A crack in a boiler jilate rr.ay be cldsed l»y boring holes in the direction of the crack ami inserting riviLs Avith large heads, so as to cover uji the imperfction. If tiie tep of the furnace be bent down, from thelioiler having lieen accident- ally allowed to get short of water, it may lie set up again liy a screw- jack, a fire of woo or three times as fast as the crank shaft it is intend. (1 t^ bala.'.ce. V/hen a balance wheel is applied in thitJ way it niak 3 the machine run a great deal more steadily, for- when tin; halauce wlieid i'» feared into the crank shaft, and runs two or thn; limes faster than the crank shaft, it forms a power of ts.^lf, wlHii going over the centre which propels the crank shaft until !t readies the «|iiarter where it again takes its power from the luachiiie .\lthough it takes an additional shaft and gears to ap[tly lialauci- wheel in this way, the .saving of metal in the bala'ico h el tally compensates f r the e.vtra labour, for, when a balanc uhe( 1 is speeded throe times as fast ii the crank shaft, it needs. •ily one third of the metal in it that il, would were it notspeeded lip .V di, and if balance wheels were' applied in this way gener- ally ii w >uht ir.ake all engines run f .r more .steadily. 'i\: oT A (JiiTK.v SiiAKTivo. — This should be done by centretnpf, then :.v ii iut-' a 1. the, and scinare the ends uj» with wnat is called .'*.flci' doing this, take a j^iiecc oi chalk r^^^i try it ^ij M i. a I jy. :^2c MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS, &('.., RECEIPTS. several places, to fiml out where the worst crook- lue ; then if you have not a iimchiue for Kpriii^in^ shiiftiuir, Hiring il with a lever where tlie most crooic is, and coutiuuu tliia operation till t|,(j Hhutt is straight. Tlumnu rtiiAFTiNO. — To (lo this i)ropprly, two ehlpM glioiild always be ruu over the aiiaft, for the reason that it saves filiii^^und Jeavos the shaft truer and more roinid, and on shafts tliiis tiiriuMJ the time saved in liling more tlian com|»ensute3 for the tiiiic losljn turning. Before yon eoumienee you will put your feed hells or j.fear on a coarse feed ; turn oil' one a sixty-fourth of an inch larger than the size recpnred ; having turned olf lliis ciiip, com- mence the funshiug chip, and turn it small enough to have the pully wring on aljout an iiieli without liiiiig. This will leavi- it large enough to hie and iinish. If lliere are eoui)lings to go on a shaft, with holes smaller than the hoU'S in the pulleys, the ends of ihe shaft, where they lit on, siiould he turned down to a sixty-luurlh of an inch of the size required hefore any part (»f the slmft m iiuishcd ; that is, every part of a shaft should l)e turneil to wilhiu ;i sixty-fourtli of an inch of the size reijuired before any purl if il lias the linish-chip taken olf. The reason for that is timl it leaves every part of the shaft perfeetly true, which would not be the case wore it done otherwise. Having done this, you will Hie the shaft so that the pulleys will slide on, and the c()U|ilings.so that they will drive on ; j)olish the shaft with a jiair of polisniug- idiunps ann slioultl liliiiKiiml iirt tiirui'd, iiiif lodiin <1 l)L"lls or uii inch ciii|i, coiii- havu the i k'iivi' it to K" t>ii li the vihIs of ixtv-ldiirth a- Hhiift 13 I), copper or shoemakers Is, shoulil 1)0 i drawn to u ire, riud keep 1 or tapering I lu a ;;lrtt'iV AlACniNISTS, ENGINEEUS, AC, RECKIPTS. 227 joh)r, ad jh)r, Jijiios ami gauffC3. r.lso rnmmoii Intlic fool? noed tlrawiiiL', l»eiii or t) hours, then let your fire die grr.duiilly out, or, if you want to take some out and |)Ut moro in, tak) hem tu a corneraud hiiry them, pan and all, — Itt them lie there . J ])roperly cooled. Il(i,'ar(liiig tlie melting, procure not less thau *,wo good aorta of No. 2 pig iron, which you may mix with some j^ood ocrap if you choose ; the casting, melting, and moulding ar. coiiduclud iii the saaio luaniier as common cast-iron, only the metal being hard, when casting, you have to make properly constructed runners and ri.'^ers, or How gates, if the article is likely to sink, for you cannot ]itiiu[i it well. Jai'Annino Castixos. — Clean them well frora the sand, tlicn dip them ill or paint them over with good boiled linseed oil : when luoilerately dry. heat them in an oven to Huch a temperature as will turn the oil black, without !)iirning. The stove shouM not be too hot at lirst, and the heat should be gradually raised to ."void blistering ; the slower the change in the oil is elfected tho setter will he the result. The castings, if smooth at lirst, will recciv": a liu<' black and polished surface bv this method. ' ('oNCKii.Nixo OAWs. Haii.way Si'uiNds, &0. — When the saws r.ro wanteil to be rather liard, but little of the oil tempering composition |(iSee page 17(J) is Imrned oil"; when milder, a large jiortion ; and !'or a spring temiier the whole is allowed to burn away. Haws as jWi'll as springs appear to lose their ehusticity, after hardening and [tempering, from tlie reduction they undergo in grinding and po- lishing. Towards the conclusion of the manufacture, the elasticity of the .saw is restored principally by hammering, and partly over a I'lear coke fire to a straw color ; the tint is removed by very di- luted iimriatic acid, after which the saws are well washed in jtlaiu ,\vater and dried. Spring manufacture includes the heaviest sjujci- mens of hardened steel works uncombined with iron; for example, liow-spriiigs for all kinds of vehicles, some intended for railway use, measure 3^ feet long, and weigh TjO lbs. each piece ; two of itliese are used in comiiination; other single springs are G feet long, JiiikI weigh 70 lbs. The princi[)le of these bow-springs will be iin- imcdiately seen by conceiving the common archery bow fixed liori- zoatally with its cord upwards ; the body of the carriage being at- tuilied to the cord sways both perpeni'icularly and sideways with perfect freedom. In hardening them they are heated by being (liawn backwards and forwards through an ordinary fire built hollow, and they are iinmer.sod in a trough of plain water. In tem- liering them they are heated until the black red is just visible ut $k U ' i! IMAGE EVALUATiON TEST TARGET (MT-3) // 1.0 1.1 1^128 ■so ■it m 12.2 I; £f y£ 12.0 I NJUb 1.8 L2I IN u 116 J«*' ^1 ^1 vl ^'U of articles hitherto made in ivory or bone. Its electrical properties also are very great. Best Pure Spring, ok Washers. — Grind together Para gum, 30 lbs. ; oxide of zinc, 5 lbs. ; carb. magnesia, 2 lbs. ; common chalk, 3 lbs. ; Porcelain or Cornwall clay, 2 lbs. ; pure suli)hur, 30 oz. Companion Qijawty to above. — Para rubber, 30 lbs. ; oxide of lbs. ; Porcelain or Cornwall clay, 5 lbs. ; pure sulphur, Cloth for Waterproof Coats.— Grind together clean 32 oz. " llYPO " Java gum, 30 lbs. ; lamp black, 5 lbs.; dry chalk or whiting, 11 lbs. ; siilphuret of lead, 5 lbs. This composition is applied to waterproof garments. Tk-mperino Locomotive Tires. — This is quite ponderous work, as the tires of the eight foot wheels weigh about 10 cwt. and consist of about one-third steel. The materials for the tires are first swaged se- parately, and then welded together under the heavy hammer at the steel works, after which they are bent to the circle, welded, and turned to certain gauges. The tire is now heatod to redness in a cir- culiir furnace ; during the time it is getting hot, the iron wheel, ])reviously turned to the right diameter, is bolted down upon a face-plate, the tire expands with the heat, and when at a cherry red, it is dropi)ed over the whe' i, for which it was previously too small, and is also hastily bolted down to the surface plate. The whole load is quickly immersed by a swing crane into a tank of water aljout five feet deep, and hauled up ami down until nearly cold • the steel tires are not afterwards tempered. The spokes are forged out of flat-bars with T formed heads, these are arranged radially in llio founder's mould whilst the cast-iron centre is poured around tiieiu, the ends of the T heads are then welded together to consti- tute the periphery of the wheel or inner tire, and little wedge-form pieces are inserted where there is any deficiency of iron. The wheel IS then chucked on a lathe, bored and turned on the* edge, not cy- lindrically, but like the meeting of two cones, and about one quarter of an inch higher in the middle than the two edges. The compound tire is turned to the corresponding form, and conse- quently, larger within or under cut, so that the shrinking secures the tire without the possibility of obliquity or derangement, and no rivets are required. It sometimes happens that the tire breaks in shrinking wlien by mismauagemeut tUe diameter of the wheel is in excess. .Mam'facturing and Repairinq Anvils. — The common anvil is usually made of seven pieces : 1, the core, or body ; 2, 3, 4, 5j the four corner pieces, which serve to enlarge its base; G, the project- ing end, which has a square hole for tho reception of the tail or shank of a chisel on which iron bars may bo cut through, and 7, the boak, or horizontal concJ, round which rods or slips of metal may be turned in a circular form, as in making rings. These si.x pieces are welded separately to the first or core, and then ham- mered into a unifbrra body. In manufacturing large anvils two hearths are needed, in order to bring each of the two pieces to be Avelded to a jiroper heat by itself, and several men are employed in working them together briskly in the welding state, by heavy swiu|i' hummers. The steel facing is applied by welding in the ^ d 'f. !i! iV 230 MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS, &.C., RECEIPTS. 1:1: same rt mncf} powdered borax with sal ammoniac (1 part to 10 parts of boiax) being used as a flux. The anvil is then heated to a cherry red, and plunged into cold water, a running stream being better than a pool or cistern, the rapid formation ot steam at the sides of the metal preventing the free access of the water for the removal of the heat with the required expedition. In some cases a stream of water is contrived to descend from a cistern above ou the part to be chilled, which is sure to render it very hard. The facing should not be too thick a plate, for when such, it is apt to crack in the hardening. It is somewhat dangerous to stand near such works at the time, as when the anvil face is not perfectly welded, it sometimes, in part, flies off with great violence and a loud report. In the case of broken anvils the repairs will have to be made in accordance with the above description. In finishing off the face, it is smoothed upon a grind.5tone, and, for lino work, polished with emery and crocup. Hardening Axletrees and Boxes.— The method now used in the manufacture of Murphy's axletrees is to use wrought iron and weld two pieces of steel into the lower side, where they rest upon the wheels and sustain the load. The work is heated in an open forge fire, in the ordinary way, and when it is removed, a mixture, principally prussiate of potash is laid upon the steel ; the axletree js then immediately immersed in water, and additional water is allowed to fall upon it from a cistern. The steel is considered to be very materially hardened by the treatment, and the iron around ihe same is also partially hardened. One very good way to cliill axletree boxes is to mould from wooden patterns on sand, and cast them upon an iron core which has the effect of making tliem very hard. To form the annular recess for oil, a ring of sand, made in an appropriate core-box, is slipped upon the iron mandril, and is left behind when the latter is driven out of the casting. To Purify Zinc. — Pure zinc may be obtained by precipitating its suluhate by an alkali, mixing the oxide thus produced with char- coal powder, and exposing the mixture to a bright red heat in a covered crucible in whch the pure meial will be found as a button at the bottom when cold. To Galvanize Cast-Iuon THRouan and through. — To 50 lbs. melted iron add 1 lb. pulverized zinc, chemically pure. Directions, scatter the zinc powder well over the ladle, then catch the iron and pour at once. It is better, just before pouring, to stir the iron well, m order that a more complete union of the metals may take place. To Chill Cast Iron very hard. — Use a liquid made as follows ; soft water, 10 gallons; salt, 1 peck ; oil vitriol, A pt ; saltpetre, i lb. ; prussiate of potash, i lb. ; cyanide of potash, | lb. Heat the iron a cherry red and dip as usual, and if wanted harder repeat the pro- cess. Another to harden Cast Iron.— Salt, 2 lbs.; saltpetre, J Ib.j roche alum, Jib.; ammonia,4oz3. salts of tartar, 4 ozs.; pulverize all toge- ther and incorporate throughly, use by powdering all over the iron while it is hot, then plunging it in cold water. 1 To MAKE Borax. — Alum, 2 ozs. ; dilute with water ; and mix wltli 2 ozs. potash, boil in a pot half an hour over a gentle nre, take it rs. 1 part to 10 n heated to iream being team at the ater for the ornc cases a 1 above on liard. The , itiaapt to stand near t perfectly lence and a v'lU liave to n finishing fine work, lOw used in ht iron and }[ rest upon in an open I, a mixture, the axletree lal water is )nsidered to iron around vay to chill id, and cast ^ them very nd, made in adril, anu is ipitatinp its I with char- id heat ill a as a button -To 50 lbs. Directions, the iron and e iron well, Is may take as follows ; petre, ^ lb. ; t the iron a lat the pro- ^ lb.; roche ze all toge- ver the iron .dn nre mix with take it MACHINISTS ENGINEERS, &C,, RECEIl*TS. 2!3l oiu of the water> add 2 ozs. gem salt in powder, as much of alkal- ine sal.. . lbs., honey, and 1 of cow's milk, mix all together, set it in the sun for 3 days and the borax is ready for use. This will go twice as far in a ol; ;k3mith'3 shop as comm a borax. WEiiDi.Na Cast Steel. — Silver sand 2 lbs. plaster of Paris, 1 lb ; mix thoroughly. Heat your article and dust it with the above, place it in the fire again until you get a red heat and it will weld„ Uesj'iratob. — An excellent respirator may be made of a thick sheet of carded cotton wool placed between two pieces of muslia, Unequalled for arresting dust, steel particles &c. Annealing Stell. — For small pieces of steel, take a piece of gas pipo 2 or 3 inches in diameter, and put the pieces in it, first heat- ing one end of the pipe, and drawing it together, leaving the other cud open to look into. When the pieces are of a cherry redj cov,r tiie firu with saw dust, use a charcoal fire, and leave the steolm ov*:r night. To DRILL Hardened Steel. — Cover your steel with melted beeswax: when coated andcold make a hole in the wax with a line pointed aee^ die crother article the size of hole you require, put a drop I st»'ong nivri'j acid upon it, after an hour rinse off, and apply again, H will gradually eat through. To Prevent Iron Rusting. — Give it a coat of linseed oil and whiting, mixed together in the form of a paste. It is easily removed and will preserve iroa from rusting for years. To Cast Brass solid. — The metal should not be run an;' hotter than is necessary to insure sharp castings The most probable cause of the honey combings o!^ castings is that the air vannot get out of the yf'dy j and there ught to be proper vents mad fc it from tlic highes'. parts of thu mould , thv. metal shou.d b run in near or at the bottom of the mould. 1/ about i )b. o*"! ad b added to jv& ry IG lbs. of old brass, wh n ju t . C the melting polnt,solid (rood bras ses will be the result, in melting old brass, the -inc. c: lead^con- tained in it (when fluid) oxidizes ireely, consequently the propor- tions of the metal are altered, and re.^uir .n additi n imilar to the above. If the brass has not been re-cast little )..s3lead will do, but if re-cast several times it may cak*^ the full quantity. To Recover the Tin from Old Britannia.— Melt the metal, and while hot sprinkle sulphur over it ; and stir it up for a short time, this burns the other metals out of the tin, which may then be used for any purpose desired. Glue for Labelling on Metals. — Boiling water, I qt : pulver- ized borax, 2 ozs. ;. gum shellac, 4 ozs. Boil till dissolved Used for attaching labels to metals, or it will do to write inscriptions with, and dust or dab on a little bronze powder over it, varnishing over the bronze. Russia Sheet Iron. — Russia sheet iron is, in the first instance, a very pur^ article, rendered 3xceedingly tough and flexible by refining ana annealing. Its bright, glossy surface :s partially a silicate, and partially an rxide of iron, and is produced by passing the hot sheet, moistened with a solution of >,ood-ashes, througu polish:d teel rollerS: CoMPOHiTE Iron Railings. — Th:, process by which this light, elegant and cheap fabric is manufactured, is as follows : — Rods if-' ! !| It 'if, ■■H'i ' ;i • : *, 232 MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS; &C., RECEIPTS. ■ V \'\ ^ and bars of •wronght-irnn are cut to the lengths desired fbr the l)attern, and subjected to a process called crimping, by which they are bent to the desired shai)e. These rods are then laid in the form of the design, and cast-iron moulds are affixed at those points whore a connection is desired ; the moulds are then filled witli melted metal, and immediately you have a complete railing ol beautiful design. Casting in iron moulds has this great advantiige over the old sand moulding, it does not require any time for cool- ing, as tlic metal is no sooner run than the moulds may be removed and used again immediately on another section of the work ; and besides, it is so much more easily effected. By the combination of wrought and cast-iron in this process, the most curious and com- plex designs may be produced with great rapidity and cheap- ness. Vo\ Bibka's Alloy for Medals. — Bismuth, 27.27 parts; lead, 59.0'J parts ; tin, 13. (J4 parts. If tlie cast objects be bitten wltii dUute nitric acid, washed with water, and rubbed with a woollen rag, the elevated spots become bright while the sunken portions are dull, and the casting acquires a da.-k gray appearance, with an antique lustre. Without biting, the ^.olor is light-gray. New Sheathing Metal. — This alloy is made by melting 2^ parts of copper in one crucible, in another 9 parts of zinc, 87 of lead, 1 part of mercury, and ^ part of bismuth, then mixing the contents of both crucibles, covering the surface with charcoal dust, and stirring well till all are incorporated. It is stated that the mer- cury in this alloy protects both the zinc and copper from the action of sea-water. The contents of the crucible are run into ingots, and rolled into sheets. Ikon Tube Manufacture. — In the present method of manufac- turing the patent welded tube, the end of the skelp is bent to the circular form, its entire length is raised to the welding heat in an appropriate furnace, and, as it leaves the furnace almost at the point of the fusion, it is dragged by the chain of a draw-bench, after the manner of wire, through a pair of tongs with two bell- shaped jaws ; these are opened at the time of introducing the end of a skelp, which is welded without the agency of a mandril. By this ingenious arrangement wrought iron tubes may be made from the diameter of 6 inches internally and about 1-8 to 3-8 of an inch thick, to as small as 1-4 of an inch diameter and I- 10 bore, and so admirably is the joining effecte I in thoso of the best description that ther will withstand the greatest pressure of water, steam or gas to which they have been subjected, and they admit of being bent both in the heated and cold state, almost with impunity. Sometimes the tubes are made one upon the other when great thickness is required ; but those stout pipes, and those larger than 3 inches, are but seldom required. The wrought iron tubes of iiy- drostatic presses, which measure about ^ an inch internally, and | to 3-8 of an inch thick in the metal, are frequently subjected to a pressure of four tons on each square inch. Brass Tubes. — Brass or other tubes are formed of rolled metal which is cut to the desired width by means of revolving discs ; in tlie large sizes of tubes, the metal is partially curved in its length by meuas of a pair of rolls, when ia this condition it is pus;je(l n rs. »4red fbr the y which they I in the form those jioints n filled with te railing of It advantage ime for cool- Y be removed work ; and, uibination of )us and com- and cheap- parts ; lead, II witli dilute oUen rag, tbe ons are dull, :h an antique ting 2.} parts 87 of lead, 1 t)ie contents •al dust, and liat the mer- :)m tlie action ,0 ingots, and of manufac- is bent to the ng heat in an Imoat at the draw-bench, rith two bell- icing the end mandril. By )e made from !-8 of an inch I bore, and so t description ,ter. steam or Imit of being th impunity. when great e larger than tubes of hy- rnally, and \ ubiected to a rolled metal ing discs ; in in its length it is pu33od MACHINISTS,' ENOTNKERS, AC, RECEIPTS. 233 through a steel hole or a die, a plug being held in such a position as allows the metal to pass between it and the interior of the hole. Oil is uricd to lubricate the metal, the motion is communicated by power, the drawing apparatus being a pair of huge nippers, which holds the brass, and is attached to a chain and revolves round a ivindlass or cylinder. The tube in its unsoldered state is annealedj bound round at intervals of a few inches with iron wire, and solder and borax applied along the seam. The operation of soldering is completed by passing the tube through an air stove, heated with "cokes" or ''breezes" which melts the solder, and unites the two eyes of the metal, and forms a perfect tube ; it is then immersed in a solution of sulphuric acid, to remove scaly deposits on its sur- face, the wire and extra solder having been previously removed r it is then drawn through a "finishing hole plate" when the tube id completed. Mandril drawn tubes are drawn upon a very accurately turned steel mandril, by this means the internal diameter is rendered smooth. The tubes drawn by this process are well adapted for telescopes, syringes, small pump cylinders, «&c. The brass tubes • for the boilers of locomotive engines are now made by casting and drawing without being soldered, and some of them are drawn taper • in their thickness. Tubes from l-IO inch internal diameter and 3 or ten inches long, up to those of two or three inches diameter and 4 or 5 feet long, are arawn vertically by means of a stronsr chain wound on a barrel by wheels and pinions, as in crane. In Donkin's tube drawing machine, which is applicable to making tubes, or rather cylinders, for paper-making and other machinery, as large as '20^ inches diameter, and 6^ feet long, a vertical screw is used, the nut of which is turned round by toothed wheels driven by six men at a windlass. The fluted tubes of pencil cases are drawn through ornamental plates, with elevations and depressions corresponding to the impres- sions loft on the tube. Damascus Twist and Stub-Twibt Gun-Barrels. — The twisted barrels are made out of long ribbands of iron, wound 3p'''ally around a mandril, and welded on their edges by jumping them on the ground, or rather on an anvil embedded therein. The plain stub barrels are made in this manner, from iron manufactured from a bundle of stub-nails, welded together, and drawn out into rib- hands, to insure the possession of a material most thoroughly and intimately worked. The Damascus barrels are made from a mix- ture of stub-nails and clippings of stee! in given proportions, pud- dled together, made into a bloom, and subsequently passed through all the stages of the manufacture of iron, in order to obtain an iron tliat shall be of an unequal quality and hardness, and therefore display diilerent colors and markings when oxidized or browned. Other twisted barrels are made in the like manner, except that the bars to form the ribbands aro twisted whilst red hot, like ropes, some to the right, others to the left, and which are sometimes lami^ nated together for greater diversity. They are subsequently again drawn into the ribbands and wound upon the mandril, and fre- quently two or three ditfercntly prepared pieces are placed side by side to form the complex ..nd ornamental figures for the barrels oj| m: ' t I m m -1- t: 'I Ti' 234 MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS, AC, RECEIPTS. fowling-])icce3, described as atub'twist^ reire-ttoiM^ Damnxcm-twUi &c. Soiiietiiiies Diiniascus gun-barrels are formed by arranging twenty-five thin bars of iron and mild steel in alternate layers welding the whole together, drawing it down small, twisting it like a rope, and again welding three such ropes, for the formation of the ribband, which is then spirally twisted to form a barrel, that exhibits, when finished and acted upon by acids, a diversified laminated appearance, resembling, when properly managed, an ostrich feather. MANUFACTHRiNoCnAiNg. — For this purpose the iron is cut off with a plain chamfer, as from the annular form of the links their extremities cannot slide asunder when struck. Every succeeding link is bent, introduced, and finally welded. In some of these welded chains the links are no more than J an inch long, and the iron wire \ inch diameter. These are made with great dexterity by a man and a boy, at a small fire. The curbed chains are welded in the ordinary way and twisted afterwards, a few links being made red-hot at a time for the purpose. The massive cable chains are made much in the same manner, although partly by aid of machinery. The bar of iron, now one, one and a half, or even jlwo inches in diameter, is heated, and the scarf is made as a plain chamfer, by a cutting machine ; the link is then formed by insert- ing the edge of the heated bar within a loop in the edge of ni oval klisk, which may be compared to a chuck fixed oh the end of a {lathe mandril. The disk is put in gear »by the steam engine; it makes exactly one revolution and throws itself out of motion. This bends the heated extremity of the iron into an oval figure. After- [wards it is detached from the rod with a chamfered cut by the ent- iling machine, which, at one stroke, makes the second scarf of the detached link, and tne first of that next to be curled up. The link is now threaded to the extremity of the chain, closed together and jtransferred to the fire, the loose end being carried by a traverse crane. When the link is at the proper heat, it is returned to tiie anvil, welded, and dressed off between top and bottom tools, after iwh'ch the cast iron transverse stay is inserted, and the link having been closed upon the stay, the routine is recommenced. The work commonly requires three men, and the scarf is placed at the side of the oval linkj and flat way through the same. In similar chains made by hand it is, perhaps, more customary to weld the link at the croivn, or small end. Button Manufacture. — Metal buttons are formed of an inferior kind of brass, pewter, or other metallic compositions. For button metal, see a variety of alloys on pages 191 and 193. Buttons with shanks are usually made of these compositions, which is supplied to the manufacturers in sheets of the required thickness. By means of fly presses and punches, circular disks called blanks, are cut out of these sheets. This is mostly performed by females, who can furnish about 30 blanks per minute, or 12 gross per hour. Hand punching is the general mode of cutting out blanks, but more complicated machines, which dut out 8 or 10 blanks at a time, are in use. After being punched, the edges of the blanks are very sharp, and require to be smoothed and rotmded. Their surfaces iire then planished oa the face by placing them separately in a die 'S. 'MSCHS.twist, f arranging [late layers, twisting it e formation barrel, that diversified, lanaged, an is cut off links their succeeding Ime of these long, and lat dexterity are welded links being caljle chains y by aid of alf, or even le as a plain id by irisert- ^e of ,"11 ovtil fie eud of a n enfjine; it motion. This ure. After- It by the cut- scarf of the ip. The link together and »y a traverse limed to the Q tools, after slink having 1. The work 1 at the side milar chains : the link at f an inferior For button buttons with 1 is supplied 3. By means , are cut out Bs, who can lour. Hand s, but more t a time, are ks are very leir surfaces tel^ in a die Mi-OHINISTS EIIOINEERS, ,':C., RECEIPTS. m Mndor a small statL/i, and allowing thoni to receive a smr.rt blo\r from a polished steel hsimmor. In this "tate they "ro ready to receive the shanks or small rnutal loops by r/hicbilicy ire attached to the dress. They rre made by a machine in ylich a cci) of wire is gradually advanced towards a p&ir cf '(hears 'vJ-'.ich cuts off short pieces. A metal finger' then prossos L.gaia'it the middle of oach piece, first bending it end then pressing it .nto a vice, when it '.r compressed so as to form a loop; a hammer then strikes the twr ends, spre.'^ding them into a flat ourface, and the shank is pushed out of the machine read^ for use The shL nks are attached to tiie blanks by women, with iron '.virc, solder and rosin. They are then put into an oven, and, vhen firmly united, f^rn* plain buttons. If a crest or inscription ?a wanted, it is placed in a Vie and stamped. Buttons are gilded by yold i^malgam, l)y being put into an earthen jiftu wi*h the proper quantity of gold to (i.ovcr them, amalgamated with mercury in the follo^v.ng manner: tl'.e ^old is put into an iron ladle in thin strijjs, und a email quantity of mercury, say 1 part of mercury to 8 of gold, added to it, the ladle is held over the fire till the gold and mercury tore perfectly united. This amal- gam being put into the pan with the buttons, rs much aquafortis. diluted with water, as will wet them oil over, is thrown in, and they are stirred up with a brush till the acid, by its afiinity to the copper in the buttons, carries the amalgam to overy pnrt o^ their surface, giving it the appearance of silver ; this d»^;ne, the acid is washed away with clean water. This is called the quicking pro^ cess. In di-ying off, the i)an of buttons is heated by a charcnnl fire expelling the mercury in the form of a vapor, which, under tho improved system, is conducted into an oblong iro»A flue or gallery, gently sloped downwards, having at its end a r^mtll ''urtical tube' dijtped into a jvaler ci&tern, for condensing the mercury, end a large vertical pipe for promoting the draught cf the products of the combustion. The gold thus deposited in an exceedingly thin film upon the buttons, presents a dull yeUow col:r, and must uov/ be burnished; this is effected by a piece of hematit Sj.^r blocdctone, fixed on a handle and applied to the button, as it le .olv :s in tho lathe. CuTLEHY Manupactdre. — There arc three kinds cf ctecl employed iu manufacture of different articles of cutlery, common steel, shear steel, and cast steel. All edge tools which require to be tenacious without being very hard, are made of shear ateel. The best scinrjors, razors, penknives, &c., are made from cast steel, vhich is able to take a very fine polish, common steel is only uoed in making cheep ar^ifles of cut;ery. In making good table-knivet, nhear. steel und casi steal a'C gcneraliy preferred. In the ordinary ucthod o mr,k- ing kflives, 'be bxades ^.xl cut out of a sfieet of steel, and the backs, fahou derq 8:cd tang's o; wrou,^ht iron, are attached to the steel bln.c by wlainpj 1* th& forge. Thf knife is then ground to tho prore: ^ape, an^ the black nclished and hardened. The fork manr.faclur* is a Jistmc* branch of industry, and the manutactr.rerr: Oi laikt kniv'jS j^^neraTlY buy their forks from the fork makers reacy hd be tu* into their htindl' s. In making ti:ible knivos, t\.-c: iDen r, e ;jf»nerall.y employed ; one it c.lled tho foreman, or maker, . . ■ C the o'lhei the striker Penknives are usually forged by a single i ! Ki;". ixide adhering, r the " metallic nperiug liquid. rcoal, or other I manufactoriej e melted lead. teel that can bo ;h could not bo ito slips some 3 jcdiuto a pickle jales from the by which it is idergo the first irl, who, seated )ondiiig punch, The next step to remove any last! city of the nuffle, and the icxt transferred iss, either make f they are to be next prociusajs MACHINISTS, ENOINEEIIS, >IC., RECDIl'TS. 239 termed the hardening, and consists in placing a numhei oi'ncn.j in an iron box which is introduced into a niutlle. After ihey f)i;.,:»Me of a deep red heat they are |>lunged into a tank of oil, and, when they get cool, the adhering oil is removed by agitation in circiiiur tin barrels ; tnuiteriny is the next step, by heating to the necessary elasticity in a warm bath of oil: and, finally, the whole number of pens are placed in a revolving cylinder along with sand, ground cru- cible, and other cutting substances, which tends to brighten them up to the natural color of the steel ; next the nib is ground down finely, with great rapidity, by a girl, who picks it up with a pair of pliers, and, with a single touch on an emery revolving wheel. j)orfects it ut once. The slit is now made by means of a press. A chisil, or wedge, with a flat side, is affixed 'o the bed of the press, and the desci'nd- ing screw has a corresponding chisel-cutter, which passing down with the greatest accuracy on the pen, which had been placed on the «hiscl affixed to the bed, and the slit is made and the pen com- plete. They are next colored brown or blue, by placing them in a revolving metal cylinder, under which is a cnarcoal stove, and, by watching narrowly the different gradation of color, the requisite tint is speedily attained ; a brilliant polish is subsequently imparted by immersing the pens in lac dissolved in naptha; they are then dried, counted, selected and placed in boxes for sale. Gold Pens. — Gold pens are made much in the same manner as steel, with this important difference, that, as they cannot bo tem- pered in the same way that steel is, the necessary elasticity is imparted to them by hammering, and bv rubbing them with a small hard stone and water, instead of the tempering, &c., in oil. As gold is too soft of itself to make a durable pen. it is found necessary to attach a minute portion of an alloy or iridium and osmium, by soldering to the tips. This makes an extremely hard and durable point. On Nekdlh Manufacture, Tempering, &c. — Tbis small but im- portant implement has to go through the hands of about 1:^0 workmen during the process of manufacture. The steel wire, being drawn to the proper size, is submitted to various tests to ascertain its quality, and is then cut into proper lengths by shears, which, by striking 21 blows in a minute, cut in 10 hours fully 400,000 ends of steel wire, which produce about 800,000 needles. These are passed on for further manipulation to other workmen, who straighten and point the pieces of wire. After pointing they are Cut in two, so as to lorm two separate needles of equal length and quality. For each dif- ferent size a small copper plate is employed. It is nearly square, and has a turned-up edge on two of its sides, the one is intended to re- ceive all the points, while the other resists the pressure of the shears. On this plate a certain number of wire are put with their points in contact with the border, and they are cut together flush with the plate, by means of a small pair of shears moved by the knee of the workman. These even wires are now taken to the headflattcner. This workman, seated over a table with a block of steel before him about 3 inches cube, takes up from 20 to 25 needles between lus finger and thumb, spreading them out like a fan, with the points* under (he thumb, he lays the heads on tlie steel block, and, Avith.a small fiat-favwd hammer strikes a few successive blows upon them li i ,. A:' < II f1 til '"'Ik i fj. ' ;• i: iril
  • nly over a bath of cold water in jjucii . a way that all the needles may be immersed at tho same time, yet •separate from each other. This has the effect of making them very hard and brittle. Tho water being run off, the needles are removed for further operations. Some manufacturers heat tho needles by means of immersion in melted lead, others throw them into a pan along with a quantity of grease, "which, being placed on the fire, the oily matter soon ignites, and after it burns out, the needles are found to be in the proper temper j those which are twisted in the tempering being afterwards straightened by the hammer on the anvil. Polishing is the next and most expensive and prolonged operation. This is effected on bundles containing 500^000 needles intermixedwith quartzoze sand, and a little rape-seed oil. Thirty of those bundles are exposed to the vibratory pressure of wooden tables, whiclimake about 20 horizontal double movements per minute, causing the bundles to run over 2 feet each time, or 800 feet per hour. This agitation is kept up about 18 or 20 hours, causing such a move- ment and attrition as to polish the needles in the bags or bundles. They are then removed from the packete into wooden bowls and mixed with sawdust to remove the grease and other impurities, placed in a cask, which is turned by a winch ; moru sawdust is introduced as required, and the turning is continued until the needles become clean and bright. They are then winnowed by a fan to clean them from the sawdust and refuse matter, and are subsequently arranged in regular order on a small, somewhat con- cave, iron trayo The operation of making up the rolls or bags, polishing, winnowing and arranging them, have to bo repeated ten times on the best needles. It is found that emerv powder mixed with quartz and mica or pounded granite is preferable to anything else for polishing needles by friction in the bags at the first, emery mixed, with olive oil, from the second to the seventh operation, putty, or oxide of tin for the eight and ninth, putty with very little '■I'l MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS, &.G., RECEIPTS. n oil for the tenll), and lastly bran to give a finish. In this mode of opcr- a'liii'-;, the ufcdlcs iirc .scoured in a cupjjer cask aludded i:i ihc. i itc- rior with ra:i3i-'d point.'? to i icre'i.;c tlic tViction and a mia.ility of hoc go!ip ndi id in:rttducea occasionally to keep theiii clea i. Th s cask ini'rft bb .slowly lurjiod upon its axis fnc fear of inj'iring th;> niiis.s f neL'dl(;.s it contains. They aro finally dried in tlio Avuode;i cask by attrition with saw dust, (h.-n wiped with a linen rag or soft Lather— the damaged o^ies being throsvri aside. The -q/V/w/ is pL'rformed in dry appartraeuts, where all the points are first laid tiie sam way, aiid the nes^dles arranged in the order of tiieir polish with great rapidity Tlie workman places 2000 or ,3000 needles ill lui iron ring two inches in dlanicier, and sels all their heads in one plane, then, on looking carefully at their points, lie easily re- cugnizos the broken o.ies and removes them with a iin.T(trnraent adapted fur tne purpose. These defective needles pass into the haads ut' Van pointer in order to bo ground again, when th 'y form articles of inferior value. Tliose needles bent in th« polishing must r.ow be straightened, and the whole are lina'.ly arranged by the tact uf the huger and thumb, of the sorter, and weighed out intf> quantities for packing into blue papers. The bluer puts the final touch to tiieni by taking 25 needles at a time between his fore-fnger aud thuinb, and pressing their points against a small hone-stone of compact micaceous schist, quadrangular in form, mounted in a small hithe, turning them briskly round, giving the points a bluish cast, wiiiie he j)olislies and improves them. B.\LA.NCK bfiiiNGS OP C^KONO^fETERs. — Tho balancG springs of marine ciironomeiers, wliich are in the form of a screw, are wound into the stpiare thread of a screw of the api)ropriate diameter and coarseness ; t he two eadsof the spring are retained by side screws,and the whole i.s carefully enveloped in i)!atinum foil, and lightly bound with wire. The mass is next heated in a piece of gun barrel closed at one e:ul, a id plunged into oil, which hardens the spring almost without discolouring ii, owing to the exclusion of the air by tho close platinum covering, which is now removed, and the spring ia let down to the blue before removal from the screwed block. The balance or hair spring of conuiion watches are frequently left soft, those of the best watclies are hardened in the coil upon a i>lain cy linder and are then curled into the spiral form between the edge of a l)lunt knife and tlie thumb, tho samo as in curling up '. nar- row ribbon or paper, or the tilamoiits of an ostrich feather. Tho .soft springs are worth GO cents eacli, those hardened and tempered §1.2(3 each. This raises the value of the steel, originally less than 4 cents, to $2000 aod $8)00 respectively. It takes 3200 balanco spi'iigs to weigh an ounce. WATcn Si'UiNO Manukacture. — Watch springs are hammered out of round steel wire, of suitable diameter until they fill the gauge, for width, wiiich at tho same time insures equality of thicliness. Tho holes are punched in their extremities, and they are trimmed on the edge witli a smooth lile. Tlie spriugs are then tied up with binding vire. in a loose open coil and heated over a charcoal firo ii])uu a perforated revolviiig plate. They are hardened in oil Pud bla- zed oflTThe spring ij now distended in a long metal frame, similar to that used for a saw blade, and ground aud polished with emery and ^' MACHINISTS, ENGINEER^ &0., RECEIPS^S, !:i W oil between lead blocks. By this time its elasticity appears qmte lost and it may be bent in any direction ; its elasticity is, however' entirely restored by a subsequent hammer'ng on a A'cry bright an- ril which puts the " nature into the si>rinj: Tlie coloring^ 13 done over a flat plate of iron, or^hood, under which a small spirit lamp is kept burning; the sprfn? is continually drawn backward and forward, about two or three inches at a time, until it assumes tbe orange or deep blue tint throughout, according to the taste of the purchaser. By many the coloring is considered to be a matter of ornament and not essential. The last process is to coil the spring into the spiral form, that it may enter tlie barrel in which it is to be contained. This is done by a tool with a small axis and winch handles, and does not require heat. Compensation Balance of Curonometers. — The balance is a small piece of steel covered with a hoop of brass. The rim, consist- ing of the two metal.'S, is divided at the two extremities the one dia- metrical arm of the balance, so that the increase of temperature which treakensthe balance spring? contract, in a proportionate de- gree,the diameter of the balance, leaving the spring less resistance to overcome. This occurs from tlie l>ra3S expanding mucLmoreby heat than steel, and it therfore curls the semicircular arc* inwards, an action that will be immediately understood, if wo conceive the compound bar of steel to be straight, as the heat would render the brass side longer and convex,and in the 1 alance it renders it more cur- ved, In the compensation balance the two metals arc united as fol- lows : the disk of steeil when turned and pierced with a centnil hole is fixed by a little screw-bolt and nut at the bottom of a small cru- cible, with a central elevation smaller than Iho disk ; the brass is now melted and the whole allowed to cool. The crucible i;; broken, the excess nf brass is turned off in the lathe, the arm? are made with the file as usual, the rim is tapped to receive the com- pensation screws or weights, and, lastly, the hoop is divided in two places at the opposite ends of its diametrical arm. Tabular View of the Processes of Soldekino. — Hard solder- ing. The hard solders most commonly used are the spelter solders, and silver solders. The general flux is borax, marked A. on the table, and the modes of heating are the na. ed fire, the furnace or muffle, and the blow pipe, marked a, ft, ff, applicable to nearly all metals less fusible than the solders ; the modes oi' treatment are nearly similar throughout. JVote. — The exampl:!3 cnmmenr.e with the solders (the leas't fusible first) followed vy the iietiils for which they are commonly employed. Fine gold, laminiited and cut into shreds, is used as the solder tor joining chemical vessels made of platinum. Silver is by many considered as much tbe he-t solder for German silver, for silver solders, see pages 153 and 154. Copper cut in shreds, is sometimes similarly used for iron Oold solders laminated arc used for gold alloys, see 153 and 154. ^\k'.i- er solders, granulated whilst hot. are used for Iron, copper, braci gun Lietals, German silver, &c, see 189. Silver solders, lamiuiited are employed for all silver works and for common gold work, also for Gteiman silver, gilding metal, iron, .:teel, brass, gun meial, kc, when greater neatness is required than is obtained from epelt^r solder. ^ PIS, ears quite lost, Y is, however, cry bright an- loring- 13 done ill spirit lamp backward and it assumes the le taste of the )e a matter of coil the spring which it is to ,xi3 and winch balance is a e rim, consist- ies the one dia- tf temperature )portionatede- 3S resistance to niucL more by : arc* inwards, :o conceive the aild render the ers it more cur- c united asfol- i central hole is Df small cru- ;k ; the brass is ciblc i;; broken, tlip arm? are ceivt' tlie corn- divided in two — Hard solder- spelter solders. rKcd A., on the the furnace or e to nearly all treatment are jDTumence with the iietals for laminated and hemical vessels I much the he-t es 153 and 154. for iron Gold ami 154. Siidc- i, copper, braii dcrs, laminated ;old work, also gun meial, &c., d from spelter MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS, iC, RECEIPTS. 243 White or button solders, granulated, are employed for the white ftlloys called button metals ; they we^'e introduced as cheap substi- tutes for silver solder. JJant t^oldenvy. Applicable to nearly all the metals ; the modes of treatment are very different. The soft solder mostly used is 2 parts tin and one of lead ; sometimes, from motives of economy, much more lead is employed, and 1^ tin to 1 lead is the most fu'sible of the group, unless bismuth is u-csd. The fluxes H to G, and the modes of heating a to i', are all used with the soft solders. ^'ote. — The examjjles commence with th^ metals to be soldered. Thus in the list zino, 8, c,/, implies, that zinc is soldered with No. 8 alloy, by the aid of the muriate or chloride of zinc, and the coiiper bit. Lead, 4 to 8, F, '/, e, implies that lead is soldered with alloys varying from No. 4 to 8, and that it is fluxed with tallow, the heat being apj'Iied by por.ring on melted solder, and the subsequent use of tie heated iron, not tinned ; but in general one only of the modes of h'^^ating is selected, according to circumstances. Iron, cast-iron and steel, 8, 13, D, if thick, heated by a, 6, or r, and also by ^. See page 190. Tinned iron, 8, G, D,/ Gold and silver are soldered with pure tin, or else with 8, E, rt, g^ or A. Copper and many of its alloys, namely, brass, gilding metal gun metal. &c., 8, B, C, D ; when thick, heated by a, It, c, c, ory, when thin hyj, or y. Speculum nietal, 8, R, C, D, the heat should be cautiously applied, the sand bath is perhaps the best mv?de. Zinc, 8, C,/. Lead and lead pipes, or ordinary plumber's work 4 to 8 F, d, ore. Lead and tin pipes, 8, D, and G, mixed, ff, and also/. Britannia nietal, C, I), y. See page 189. i'cvt'ters, the solders m'lst vary in fusibility according to the fu- sibility of the metal, generally G, and i, are used, sometimes also 6, and ^^% li'i'ii' "i h 3 .'. ■ i. ■.^i^0^S^^%^m^' lMu^ 244 MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS, &C,, RECEIPTS. ALL0Y3 AND TIIEIll MkLTINO HeATo MoDES OF Al'PLTIXG Hea'i. 13 4 Lead 4 Tin 1 iMsmiiih :320 Fiibr ring gold of IG carat's. Gold 1 oz. IG dwt, silver, 6 dwt. copper, 12 dwt. tliis. when drawn or rolled very hard, makes spfinga litile inferior to steel; 4 e surface and skimmed off. n^d a I ?! Mil i, If "■!;. i' ' : M , =1 1 246 MACHINISTS, engineers, &C., ERCEIPT8. i ' 5^; great deal of oxide is produced which is absorbed by the metal. To reduce thi.s oxido, the surface of tlic molted metal is covered wiih anthracite or cliarcoal, and towards the last a young tree is thrust la. Tills process, which is called poling, disengages the whole of the oxygen from the oxide diffused through the muss. Tlie above 13, as ne jarly as possible, the method of copper-smelting, as era- ]iloyed in England, the pr cesses adopted iu Saxony a ul North America being nearly identical with it, the dilferenco merely being niodificaiions to suit the various impurities contained m the ore. Wiion the ore consists of oxide or carbonate of copper onlj^, it is red'acod to the metallic state by simple fusion with charcoal and subsequent poling • Smklting of Lkad. — The ore havmg been , rought to the surface, is first sorted by hand, the purest portions being set aside ready for smelting. The r ,st is broken by hammers into lumps as largo as a walnut, and again sorted. The remainder is then cruL^hcd iua mill, and sifted t arough. coarse sieves, the coarser portions being set aside for the stampers, and tiio finer being subjected to the pro- cess of ^iuging. This consists in plunging a sieve contaiaing tlio ore into water, and shaking it dexterouslyj so that tl.ie smallest particles pass thiough, leaving the larger pieces in the sieve, with the lightest aiid least metallic portions iippermost. If tlie sorted galena be tolerabiy free from gangue, about 1} ton of tlie ore is mixed with l-15lh to l-40th its weight of lime, and heated to dull redness in a reverberatory furnace, through whie'i a cnrrcjit of air is passing. }5y this means a large portion of the sulphur is burnt off as sulphurous acid, oxide of lead and sulpiiate of lead being formed, and much of the ore vema:nin j undec orajioscd. Wlieu the roasting has been carri' d sufficiently fai, the furnace doors are shut and the heat /s raised. The sulphat and oxide of lead re-act on tlin undecomposed sulphide, a large quantity of sulphurous acid ic ibrraed, which passes olF, leaving large quantities of metallic lead behind. Th:' hro is now damped, nd a quantity of lime thrown in, Avhich forms a very infusible slag, allowing the metaUic lead to be drawn off into moulds. The slag, which contains a large proportion- of lead, is smelted with an additional portion of ore. Lead is refined by being melted in a shallow pan in a reverberat- ory furnace. By fid's operation any tin or antimony it may contain is oxidized and removed as skimmings. When a ladleful of the lead under this operation cools with a j)ecuUar crystalline surface, tlie process is discoatinued, and the metal is run off into pigs. For some purposes, such for instance as the making of red lead for the manufacture of flint glass, it is necessary that the lead should be almost chemically pure, as a proportion of coi 'cr for instance, amounting only to a few grains per ton, would coior the glass and spoil the batch. Silv:r may be profitably extracted from lead, even when it contains only three or four ounces to ihe ton, by Pattin- son's process. This process depends upon the fact that, as lead solidifies, the first portions that crystallize are pure lead. The operation is, therefore, performed by melting the m.^tal in an iron pot and allowing it to cool gradually; as it cools, tlie crystals of pure lead are removed by a perforated ladle, and the process con- tinually ronoated with fresh portions pf, '-fad until fio ma.=53 con- MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS, &0., RECEIPTS. 247 tains about 3W ounces TO tne ton. it 13 then Buomlltect to cupef Idion. See Rkfixlng Gold and Silver, page 1G4. Masl-kactukk nv Iron — The preparation of the ore is eflfected in a very simple manner, either by pounding or levigating, to geparale the clay and silica, or other impuritiea, or by roasting, to draw (iff sulphur and carbonic acid, and to render the ore more easily crushed. The extraction of the metal from the ore was formerly effected by means of charcoal, in what v.ra3 termed a Catalan forge, but it is only used now in a few instances. On accouuL of tlie loss of metal during the process, it will be better to describe the usual method of smelting ores in England by tho blast-furnace. A blast-furnace consists ot a long cone inverted ui)OU a shorter cone, at the bottom of which is a vertical passage called the crucible, into which i..'e inserted three pipes called tuyeres, through whicli the blast is conveyed ; also a larger open- ing, through which the slag may be withdrawn, at intervals At the bottom is a hole called the tap-hole, usually closed with cla^ for drawing off the reduced metal when a sufficient quantity a collected, The furnace is tied with coal, limestone and ore from a hole near the top, the charge being renewed from time to time as the materials bur.i down. The action by which the ore la reduiiv-d to the metallic state may be traced as follows The oxy- gen of the air of the blast combines with the carbon of the coal to torm carbonic acid during the process of combustion The carbonic acid, during its passage tlirough the rest of the heated fuel, is decomposed, being couvor.ed into carbonic oxide. The carbonic oxide, sMll ascending, meets with the hydrogen and coal- gas, together with which it forms a reducing mixture, abstracting the oxygen of the ore and setting iree tho iron in a metallic state, which sinks lown to the bottom of the furnace, where it comes iu contact with the carbon of the coal. With this carbide of iron is formed, increasing llie fusibility of tho reduced iron to such aa extent that the lime, clay, and silica present, which have been coa- verted into a fusible slag, that on the top as an imperfect glass. The slag runs over through the side apertures provided for the pur- po3i', and the metal is withdrawn every 12 or 24 hours through the tap-hole. It is run into moulds consisting of a long channel, from each side of wh ch run shorter ones. The central channel is knowa a3 the sow, the side ones as the jiigs, hence the teim pig iron, as applied to rough cast-iron. Great improvements have lately beea made iu the process of smelting iron, by the introduction of a heated blast for urging the combustion, and by using tho com- bustible gases issuing from-the top of the furnace for heating tho blast, or the boilers of the steam-engines used for the blowing machines. These improvements are now in use^t most of the principal iron works throughout the kingdom, and an idea of their iinportiince may be gathered from the fact that 15 j-ears ago a yield of 200 tons \wv furnace was thought to be a large quantity, wheifus now, at tho Ulvi.rstoiie aiiti other works, 000 luid G50 tons per week is thouglu tin ordinary yield; not only this, but the amount uf fuel used has been reduced to one-quarter by the same means. The iron that comes from the furnace is generally much too impure to be used for any but the very roughest castings, '■'Hi < t ' 1 1'' ii ■liv- ' Jiv ■! , '■i .. f tii- ■'*^¥S?S<*^' 248 MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS, &C., RECEIPTS. it therefore has to bo remclte(l,i.o drive off, na much as possible, tbe niicoiubiued carbon, or f^raphilu, silicon, phosphoriL-:, sulphur, auj • iher irapiirita-s. A smglc roriisinn cuuvcrls il into w imt i..^ lurincj " No. 2 \ng,'' or a ^Toy iron, a fiisiblc uucl li(iual laeUil ; n, sccoiul and third still furthej jairifyinL^ it I'rom carbon, until iL is cuiiVLTtei] into refined or ■white uon, in AvLiioli he wholo of the farliMi is combiuvd with tho metal Ph.;* dt'scnptioa of ca tbcin for casting purposes. Ilelinod irou made iVuiii- iliij Gera\aTi spathosc ores contains a largo quantity of ouii)iuevU'ailxm and manganese, and crystallizes in largo plates. Il \i tevincii ■sptc(/fllt'ifii;n, or mirror ira/i, from the brilliancy of its ci ystalli.ie structure, a-id is much valued fur making slocl. Fouuileit* are accustomed to divide cast-iron into three or four qualities. Xo. 1, tug 01 black cast-iron, which contains a large proportion uf micmn. lined carbon , No 2, or grey cast-iron, wiiich contains more com- bined carbon ^ No. 3, or mottled, which contains only a few graiuj cf uncombricd carbon, here and there, giving it a mottled ujipeur- aince , No 4, or relincd iron, in whith the whole of tlie carboa is combined No. 4, is very hard and brittle, and is fit for puddling or conversiou into malleable or wrought-iron. This is eilectedby bringing aa ingot of refined iron to a state of fusion in a n'verbcr- atory furnace, taking care to avoid the contact c f fiiel. Tlie heat is continued until the ingot parts with its carbon, which is assisted by throwing on it scales of oxide, if produced in the forge. As the carbon burns off, the iugot b;?coincs more and more pasty, until at length it is converted into a granular ta'idy mass. The heat is now raised until it- becomes very intense, and tin- air is excluded by closing the damper and doors. The metal be;.>;i is to agglomerate into round masses, or blooms, which the lunldler col- lects on the end of an iron rod, and subjects, while stili hot, either to the action of a h.ammer or to a powerful jiress, called a sloughiig press, which squeezes out the slag and other impurities, and forced the particles of iron closer together. Tiie iron is then roHed into bars, and forms what is called homogeneous iron, a quality of metal much used when great hardness is required. It is distin- guished by its granular texture wiien notched and broloui. It is much used for the tops uf railway bar.^, and for tlie weaiiug sur- faces of railway wheels. Where the fibrous qualify of iron ia required, it is cut into lengths, after the first process of roll in?, then pi'cd longitudinally, heated in a roverberatory furnace, ana hammered out. This process is repeated several times. Fibrous iron has a fracture like a piece of cane, and is used where resistance to a pulling strain is required, such as anchor.^, chains, &c. Kiiil- way bars are mostly made with the interior of the rail of ilbrous iron, to bear the weight of passing trains, while tlie exteriors, are made of granular iron to boai the wearing actio i of the wheels. Tli6 malleable iron of commerce is nearly pure, and may be taken as a type of iro'.i for metallurgical purposes. Wrought-iron is of bluish white color; it la hard and lustrous when i)olislied, and,when rubbed forcibly, it emits a peculiar odour. It.s specific gravity is 7.7 to PTS. 9 possible, tbe iL IS coimTtej the f:irl,,i, ijj ^-il'"U is only ^"Kh it moiu of ilic inter- li'i"'iliin;tai, i;idy I'nMii. thii ii''iuL'.li'iiilx)n . It is levmc'tl ifi t-'iy-^tiilliae ities. Xo. 1, tioiiuruueoiii. ins inoie cum- y a lusv {^ruius lultk'tl fi])[ieui'. f the cat'iH)-,! is t fur piuldhng 3 is odijca'dby ill a n'VL'rbcr- itt-'l. The heat lich is assisted ill Ihe forge, rid mi ire pasty, ly fii'iss. The luid Die iiir is etui bev;i IS to le puddler col- 5tili hot, either ed ii sl()iij;drng ties, aiid tbrctl tea roHed into , a quality of It is distin- brokeri. It is e weaiviig siir- dy of iron \i :ss of rolliri)?. .'• furnace, ana :mos. Fibrous icre resistance ns, &c. liail- "ail of (ibi'ous exlorior.s are le wheels. Tlie be taketi as ii )ii isofbliiisli t,whcii niblied uvity ia 7.7 to MACHINISTS, ENQINEERf!, itC, RECEIPTS. 249 7.9 and it requires the moat intense lieat of a wind furnace to melt Smelting of Antimony. — The reduction of antimony to the reguline state consists of two operations. The crude ore is first melted in an inclined plane, in a reverbatory furnace. The melted sulphide fuses and flows awav from tl 8lag,or ^an^wc as it is called. TLe sulphide is again roasted, and mixed with carbonate of soda and charcoal. On heating this mixture in a crucible, a quantity of the metal is formed at the bottom. The unreduced oxysulphide. which remains on the top is afterwards used for preparing Kerme's mineral. It is never used alone in the arts, but always in con- junction with other metals, to which it imparts a hardening quality and likewise the valuable property of expanding when they. cool, Common type metal is composed of 4 parts lead and I of antimony. Music tyi>e contains in addition a small portion of tin. Smkltino op Tin. — To extract the metal, the ore is first stamped or washed, to get rid of the lighter particles of sand or earth ad- hering to it. It is then roasted to free it from arsenic and sulphur, and again washed to carry off the sulphate of copper and oxide ot iron. The Avashed ore is mixed with from one-fifth to one-eighth its weight of poAvdered anthracite, or charcoal, and a small portion of lime to form a fusible slag Avith any of the rcmainiag ganguc. The charge is placed in the hearth of a low crowned revcrberatory furnace, and the doors are closed up. Heat is applied very giadu- ally for five or si-^c hours, care being taken to raise the temperature high enough to cause, the carbon to reduce the tin without melting the silicious gangue, which would fjrm withthebinoxidean enamel too troublesome to remove. When nearly all the tin is reduced, the heat is raised considerably, the slags being thus rendered fluid and capable of floating on the surface of the melted metal The tin ia then run off into cast-iron pans from which it is ladled off into moulds to form ingots. The tin thus procured is far from beinfpure, it is therefore submitted to the process of lignation, which consists in heating the ingots to incipient fusion By this means th . ;:ur'r tin, Avhicli fuses at a comparatively low heat, separates, runninpr down and leaving the impure portions b':'hina. The less fusible portion, when re-melted, forms block tin, and the part which has run o'.it is again melted and run out with wet stakes. The steara thus formed bubbles up to the surface, carrying witl . it all the mechan- ical impurities contained in the tin. The mass is then skimmed and allowed to cool. "When just about to set, the upper half 1; ladled out, the other metals and impurities haying sunk into the bot> torn half, from the tendency that this metal has to sepa: ate from its alloys. The finest qufility of tin is frequently heated to a temper^ ature just short of its melting point At lihis heat, it becomes brittle and is bi-oken up into masses, showin. the crystals of th-j metal, and forming what is known as grain tin. The formation :Jf. crystals is to some extent a guarantee of its purity, since impure tin does not become brittle m this way. English tij generally contaim small quantities of arsenic, copper, iron and lead Tin fuses at 442" Fahr, but il is not sensibly volatilized at that or any higher tcrapcratitro. For ibe mannfactflre of "lin plate tho best BDft char- coal iron h obliged to be used. After it has been rolled and cut td 1i:i /^Vi' ! i 250 MACHINISTS, ENOINEERS, &C., REHEIPTS, the requisite size, its snriace 13 made chemically clean hyimmeraion for a iew niiiuite.i in dilute sulpliun acid Tlic nlieet:i re tlien heated to a red lieut in a r vetbirjitnry furnace, wiliidr.wi., n\. lovved to cool liiitnmer d ll.t, passed between j)i)lislied roll r., and ftrc now washed m dilute iicid Thid preparation is needed t /rce the surface 01 the iron from tlio slightest porticjn ofoxide, toAvliicli Iho tin would not adhere In ordei to tin them they are plunged one by one into a vessel of tallow from which they arc tiaiisforrcd to a bath of tm From tliio they ar, taken, after .. certain time allowed todrain, and di])pe.l again, The Buper(liu>uj tin at tliocdge ot the plate is '•eiuoved by dipping it in the melted tin once more and detaching li by givin • tii plate a tdiarp l) ' Zinc, — In the extraction fzin from it,-t ores, ha blondi; or cula- minu is first crushed between loUers and roasted In the ciuc of tho I/l "nde tins i^5 a tediouo process and requires great care. The result in either case IS oxid ot zinc which is mixed witli hulf it: weight of powdered coke or anthracite aiid introduced into crucible: of peculiar construction. A circular furn.ic^ is employed, Avithin whi ;h the crucibles are ranged In tlie oottom if eacli crucibloia nn opening to which a sliort iron pipe is attached, pas'dng tliroufrli tUo botiom of the furnace. To the cod 01 this is aflixed . r-.niov. able tubj communicating Avith a slieet iron- vessel Tho h "1 in the bottom of tlie crucible h;iving ben partially T)liiggjd with coke, a charge of ore and coal is introduced, and thu top of the crucible luted down. The tube connect d with th ir n vessol is lowered so as to leave tlie crucibl tube open, aud tho boat is raised, As soon as the llarac at the mo.th of th , . h rt ir u tube begins to turn from white to blue, ^onn ctio;. is n^ade wi'h th; tube leading to the iron l)an, and tho /u'm gradually li.til.; d.'wa- wards, partly in powder, anil partly in sti*li4:titii masses Th Ci'ud metal is remelt'-d, skimmed and cast int inpots Haud TiNNiNfi CoMi'oUNi). — An alloy of nick 1, iron and u . ha.. been introduced as au improvement in tinning met.Jp, by th lirra of Blaise & Co., Paris In an experiment to show the tenacit. of the nickel, a jjiece of cast-iron tiuii d with tho compound waonub- ^^icted for a few minutes to a whue heat und.r the blast, and, idtliough the tin was consumed, tho nick 1 remained as a perma- nent coating upon the iron. The proportions f nickel and iron mixed with the tin, in order to produce th ; best tinning, arc 10 ozs. (,f the best nickel and 7 ozs. of sheet iron, to 10 lbs. of tin. Tliesc metak are mixed in a crucible to prevent tho oxidation :'f tlie da by the high temperature necessary for the fusion f th- nickel; the metals are covered with 1 oz. of borax aud 3 ozs. p :unded flxzi. The fusion is complete in half an hour, when th. composition 13 run olF through a hole made in the flux la tinning icnetals with this composition tho workman proceeds in the OTilina\ry manner. STEKii A1anup.\.cti:i!e — Steel is manufactured from pure malleable iron by tho process called cementation. Tho Swedish iron from tho Danncmora Minos, marlcod with tne letter L m the co"ntre uta c rcic, and called '' ll()0p h" is generally preferred Irons^f a kxf other marks arc al;3o used for seconil-rate kinds of stocl. The burs arc arranged in a lurnae,-;; tliat co'.isiits of tvo troughs^ (ihDiit fourteen feet long and two feet square. A layer of charcoal-powder certain time. MACHINISTS, ENQINEERS, &0., RECEIPTS. 251 ig spread over the bottom, ther a layer of bars, and so on, alter- nately,— tlio ruli cliarge is aboi.t ten tons ; the top h covered over first with cliarcoiil, tlieu sand, and lastly with the slush or wast* fn m the grindstoue trough, applied wet, 'so as to cement the whole closely down for the entire oxcliisiou of the air. A coal fire is now lighted below and between the troughs ; and at the end of about seven days, the bars are found to have increased in weight, the one hundred and fiftieth part, by an absorption of carbon, and to pre- sent, when broken, a fracture more crystalline, although lesa shining, than before. Tho bars, when thus converted, are also covered with blisters, apparently from the expansion of the minute bubbles of air between them, this gives rise to the name, blistered tkd. The continuation of the process of cementation introducen more and more carbon, and renders tho bars more fusible, and would ultimately cause tliom to run into a mass if the heat were not cliecked. To avoid this mischief a bar is occasionally with- drawn and broken to watch tho progress, j*nd the work is com- plete when the cementation has extended to tho centre of the bars. The conversion occupies, with tlie time for charging and emptying tho furnace, about fourteen days. A very small quantity of steel is employed in the blistered state, for welding to iron for certain parts of mechanism, but not for edge-tools. The bulk of the blistered steel is j)assed through one of the two following processes, by whieh it is made either into shear-steel or castrsteel. Shear-steel is produced by jjiling together six or eight pieces of blistered-steel, about 30 inches long, and securing the ends within an iron ring, terminating in a bar about 5 feet long by way of a handle. They are then brought to a welding heat in a furnace and submitted to the helve or tilt hammer, which unites and extends them into a bar called Hhear-steel from its having been used in the manufac- ture of sliears for cloth mills, and also German steel, from having been in former years procured from that country. Sometimes the bars are again cut and welded and called dotiblc-shear steel from the repetition. This process of working, as in the manufacture of iron, restores tlio fibrous character, and retains the property of welding : the shear-steel is close, hard, and elastic ; it is much used for tools, composed jointly of steel and iron, its superior elasticity also adapts it to the formation of springs, and some kinds are pre- pared expressly for the same, under the name of spring-steel . In making cast-steel, about 26 or 28 lbs. of fragments of blistered steel, selected from different varieties, are placed in a crucible made of clay, shaped like a barrel, and fitted vith a cover^ which is ce- mented d jwa with a fusible lute that m dts after a time, the better to secure the joining. Either one or two pots are exposed to a vivid heat, in a furnace like the brass-founder's air furnace in which the blistered-steel is thoroughly melted in the course of 3 or 4 hours j it is then removed by the Avorkman in a glowing state, and poured into a mould of iron, either 2 inclies square i";)r bars, or about 6 x 18 inclies, for rolling into sheet-steel.. For lavge ingots the con- sents of two or more pots are run together in the same mould, but H requires extremely great care in managing tlie very intense tem- perature that it shall be alike in both or all the pots. The ingots are re-heated iu an opeu lire much like that of the common lorgo, PI,; m f\ ':' i Mii . '31' ' 'H' ,., , 252 MACHINISTS, ENGINLERS, &0., UECEU'TS. passed undor a heavy lianimer -weighing several tons huso of iron-works, the blows ar giv»'ii ;?>.!Uly at first ■,J nnd arc such a-J thiiso of iron-works, the blows ar giv»'ii ;?>.!Uly at first owing to (he crystallino nature of the mass, bur, as the tibrc is clcinmnted the strength of the blows is increased, till is reduced under the heavy luunincr to sizes as bniall as i ^i an inch square Smaller bars aro fiiii-shed under tilt hammers, which are much lighter tliaa the preceding, move considerably quicker, and are actuated by springs i:istead of gravity alone , these condense the Bteel to the utmost Rollers are also used, especially for steel of round, half-round, and triangular sections, but the tilt hammric greatly preferred. JSiEKL, nv.' TiiK Be-semeu I'uocESS. — Mr. Guransso , a Swedioh iron master, having fully examined the Ik'ssem r proc "> oi m king Bteel, and erected tlio m-cessary apparatus at his works i Kdsk n, after cousiilerable delay in experimenting, has, within a re ;ent period, succeeded in establishing the maaufacture of g od steel, n a practical scale, and in short devotes his whole establishmeit^ to this one i)rocess. This steel has been made into engineers' tools, boiler plates, and cutlery ; and the improvement must now be r - gavded as an accomplished commercial fact. M. Goransson stales, that he ha^: curried out Bessemer's invention t th fullest tent, without ever having had rec ursu to any ft he numerous plans \vhich have b^cn ])atented by others, under tlu i !ea ' f iini)rovii.g tlio original simple process. 'Ih: converting vessel is erected, near the taj) hole of the blast-furnace, so that about one t n of lluid pig- iron can b;! run into the apparatus at a tim^. The projsure of tbo blast is from 7 to 8 lbs. to the square inch ; and, when continued for t) or 7 minutes, the whole charge is conv rt u int steel. The iluid steel is discharged into a loam-linod ladle, wh n it is well stirred, and considerable carbonic oxide disengngi'd and inllamed. After a short interval of repose, which is i>robably necessary for the steel to condense from the aerated conditi n in whi .1' it leav:;8 the converting vessel, it is run off from the bottom oi' thi.. ladle, in a vertical stream from the in^ot moulds. The whole tim oc u- pied, from the luoraent the j/ig-iron leaves the furnace until itic cast in 1 he mould, does not exceed 12 minutes. Tli loss in weight, including the impurities thrown off, does not exceed l'> jier cent., whichisonlyaboutone-half of the waste incurred in t lie manufacture of bar-iron b}'' the old system i;i Hweden. By this imi)rovement, Mr. Goransson states, in a let er to the London Eng'nccr.i that Hiore than 1000 tons annually of cast-ste.l can bo mud with the Bame quantity of fuel as is now required for making 500 tpns of Vjar-iron. lie says : " So com[ letely have we occoinplishcd the ob- ject that we now make several tons of large ingots of cast-steel in succession, without a single niisl:ap or tiiiluro of any kiud. The steel can lie made either hard, medium, or soft at jtleasure. It draws under the hammer perfectly sound and free from cracks or f lults of' any kind, and has ihe property of welding in a most remarkable degree. . Phillip's FiUK Anmuilatob. -Consists of a case containing •water, within whicli is a smaller case containing eiilorate of pot- nsh and sugar. Dipjjed in the latter is a small tulio conlainiiig Bulphuric acid i when this lube is broken llu chlorate of notuiill ;•, i I MA0niNI8T8i EN0INEER8, AC. RECEinS. :i53 :d I Ivbk n, Inn a re ;ent and sugar become ignited, throwing off large (luantitiog of mix- d LixiM wliicli lire non-BiH)portors of combustion ; tlic action is maintained bp the water in tlie outer case becoming heated. Tho gases are conveyed to tlie lire by moans of a flexible tube fitted with a proper nozzle and stop-cock, I have seen still another kind constructed of copper in quite an elegant stvle, fitted with shoulder straps, &c., for easy transportation, in wuicli the goeea wore generated by means of chem'cnls on tuc ])rincii)lo of what may be seen every day in tho effervescence of carbonic acid gaa (rem the intermixture of seidlctz jiowders in water. The chemicals being introduced from wliite and blue paper packages into tho water contained in the copper case. To RiiMtDY Slip of Dkivino Hklth. — Dab on a little of the Bticky oil which oozes away from the Ix-arings of machinery. To Bend Coi'I'ku and Uhass 1'ipks. — Run melted lead into your pipe tin full, and you may tlien bend it gradually into any sliapo you choose, the pipe may then be heated and the lead melted and run out again. UoniNO Gun Baurels. — Take a piece of rod, cast steel, | inch smaller than the interior of the barrel, and a few inches longer, beat one end up something larger than the size of bore, then turn or file it in the sliape of an ecg, leaving the swell, or centreing part l-20th of an inch larger than the bore. With a saw file, cut longitudinal cuts, i^ih inch apart, laying tlum the same angle as a rose bit countersink, taking care not to injure tlic perii)hery of the tool ; harden and temper to straw color. DiuLLiNO Cfiina, Glas^, &o. — To drill china use a copper drill and emery, moistened with spirits turpentine. To drill glass, use a steel drill tempered as hard as possible and camphor and water us a lubricant. Mallet's Brass. — Copper 25-4 ; zinc, 74 G, Used to preserve iron from oxidizing. To PiiKVKNT C0RU.0S10N IN Lead Pipes. — Pass a strong solution of sulphide of potassiimi and sodium through the inside of the pipe at a temperature of 212, and allow it to remain about ten or tifteeu minutes. It converts the inside of the pipe into an Insoluble sulphide of lead and prevents corrosion. To Enamel Copper Vessels. — Pulverise finely 12 parts of fluor spar, 12 parts of unground gypsum, and 1 part borax, and fuse together in a crucible ; when cold, mix with water to a paste, and apply to the interior of the vessel with a paint brush ; when dry tno vessel should bo thoroughly baked in a muffle or furnace. Shoeino of Houses. — As many parts of the horse's hoof are more tender then others, in the c^ise of guch animals as have very tender feet, it is the province of the shoeing smith to give case to such pnrts and to throw the weight more upon those jtarts which are better calculated to support it, thug assisting nature in all her operations, in the animal economy. The horse in raising the fore foot for extension, the stress is put upon the flexor muscles, — in particular, the Flaor 2>'''ii^ perforuns, the tendon of Which is insert- ed into ]iostcrior tart of the OS pedis, or bone at the foot. Tfee loTio-er the toe oi^ the Shoe, ai*d strui'ghL the grcuter lorerajf© Js Mquircd against the unyicldinjj edge of the toe. By keeping tlio 1 'II ' i * A J^,, Vim ' i 254 MACHINISTS, ENGINEEBS, &0., RECEIPTS. f i .;: ^' toe a moderate length, and turning up the toe of the shoo a little, it allows the foot to be easily rotalod, consequently less stress is tlirown upon the flexor muscles and tendons, and more particu- larly upon tiie tendon at that [lart when it passes over the navi- cular bone ; it thus lessens the tendency to navicular disease, and, if so affected, this mode of shoeing will give great relief. PoKTAULE TuuKisii Batii.— Make a small circular boiler of copper or tin, and fit the same into an upright tin stand, iu which, directly under the boilor, you must leave an t^ptrtnre to contain a small spirit lamp. The boilci- lid must fit tightly and be provided with three small tubes pointing upwards. The boiler being filled with water and the lamp lighted, as soon as the steam gets up, it ruslies through these tubes,and the patient, seated on a cane chair, with his or her feet in a pan of warm water, with a suitable cloak tightly fastened around the neck, is speedily enveloped in a cloud of Bteam. Ten minutes i-. the time recommended for the duration of the first few baths. It may be afterwards increased, but not beyond half an hour. On getting out of the cloak, plunge into a cold bath for a few minutes, then rub the ski:i till it is quite dry and glowing with a coarse towel and a pair of good hair-gluves. Persons in health or disease will experience a wo derful recupcra- tivo power in the frequent use of this bath, and all will find it in- comparably superior to the use of drugs in any form whatever. In this connection a new and very ingenious invention called Spokoio PiLi.vE, is deserving of favourable mention It consists of wool and small ])Mrticles of sponge felted together, and attached to a skin of India-rubber, the whole about half an inch in thickness, and of inestimable value as a means of applying cold or tepid water &c., to such exterior parts of the human frame iis may be nearest to the seat of pain or di.^ease. The water is sponged over the felted sur- face, the surplus, if any, wiped off; it is tlien jdaced on the skin, and covered over with several folds of bandages, which assist in re« taining the heat and moisture, llius attracting healthy blood totlio part, from wliich nature selects such food as is most conducive to expel dise.'ise nnd build up healthy tissue. Nothing is so conducive to healtli of l)0(ly, nnd tlie eradication of disease therefrom, as jiure water when properly ai)[)lied; aiul in most bi'autiful correspondence with natural water we have in the "Water ok Life, or Truths from the I)ivine Word, tliat sovereign antidote which alone avLcu applied to the life, can cure the malignant diseases of our spiritual nature, and purify our affections and thoughts with those hallowed inlluenccs which come from a )ove l)LAcic Lead Pencils. — The best pencils arc made by grinding tlie black U'ad i ito a fine impali)al)le i)owder, then forniii-;:; it into blocks by com]Tession without luiy cementing substance, and finally sawing it up into the square prisms, which, uiien placed in grooves in wood form the black lead pencils of commerce. The color can be graduated to any desired tinge by the intermixiure of very finely ^n-oinid clay. Wy ti.e process of Pruf. Jirodie, the most untraciable graphite may be reduced to the finest jiowdcr with gi-eat case. The mineral is coarsely ]iow(lered and mixed with l-loth ( f elilorate of jjotash, to which nii.xtiu'e is added twice its weight of sulphuric acid. Chloricucid is disengaged, and, after losc hiillowed MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS, &C,, RECEIPTS. 255 the lua^j lifia cooled, it is "well wuslied, dried, and heated to red- ness- Kni'Iiig the lilt ior oiiratiiu, the l;hu'k lead swells and bo ('(yiii: ;3 niMicvtl to so line a [lowd r that ii will sw'in upon water, 11, liitlu llii le iii' yodiuni ii ii,;ed to dissolve the silicioiis im- imriiies Tlie fine.^t qiialily i.-, fo ind ue.-ir lUirruwdale in Cuniber- ■laud, England. It is nearly pure carbon, aid porfeclly fi'eo tVom grit. It is used ])rinci]ially in tljo niauiifacture of lead pen- »•»>, lii^i coarser quality bei;ig used, when ground, for polishing iron work, ^lazinjj; tfuiiijowder, as a lubricator for tnaehinery, com- puiaidi'd wiih f;)ur times its wei maybe cut and made into garments which will bear many a rough trial, a id many a deluging, before rain or watei can penetrate Man'i;factl*hk of Cokn Starcit. — Watl'.f Patent. The corn "^ Steeped in wat«r-, rangisg in temporaturc IVoiu TC to MC^ Fully Vi' fliboul a wcck^ chaiiging the wabn- al least once in 21 hours. A MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS, &0., RECEIPTS. 257 certain amount of acid fermentatioa is thus produced, causiiifj tho starc'i iui'l ivfusa of the c ra t be jasily separated aftorwarda. Tlie .-^wolLii coru L gr und ia a irreut ot clear soft water, and tliv I'lill' passed t!irougli jievoo, witi: 'he water, into vat3. In these the siarcli gradually settles to the bottom, the clear water is then run oil' hy i^ tap; and th starch gathered and dried in a proper apiirtiiiont for tlie purpose. Kkfining of SuCrAii. — Both cane and beet-root sugar are refined on tin- siirae principle, by mixture with liraewater, boiling 1th animal charcoal, a-id nitration through twilled cotton. In sorao establishments bullock's blood is used to aid in the clarifying, Tlie alljumen of the serum becomes coagulated on the application of heat, forming a network, which rises to tbc the top of the liquor, carryii;g with it a great part of the impurities. The reddish syrup obtained by the first filtration is next passed through filters into larnje vatt>, twelve or fourteen feet deep, upon which are laid coarse ticking, coarsely ground animal charcoal, and a second layer of ticking. The syrup is allowed to flow over the surface of the filter, and rims slowly through the charcoal, coming out perfectly colourless. The concentrated syrup is then boiled in vacuo, by means of wliicii two importan* results are arrived at. The viscid liquid would boil in air at 230" Fah., at which temperature a quantity of uncrystallizahle sugar would be formed. By performing the ope ration in a vacuum-pan the boiling point is brought down to 150" or 100*^, no formation of uncrystallizable sugar takes place, and a groat saving in fuel is effected AVhen the concentration reaches a certain point, the syrup is transferred to a vessel heated by steam to 170^, and forcibly agitated willi wooden beaters, until it forms thick and granular. From the heating-vats it is transferred into inverted conical moulds of the well-known shape, at tlie bottom of each of which is a movable plug. The syrup is well stirred to prevent tlie formation of air-bubbles, and then left at rest for se- veral lionrs, at the end of which time the idug is removed, and the inorystallized syrup runs out, Tlie loaves are further freed from all cjlored matter by a portion of perfectly colorless syrup being run through them They are then dried in a stove and finished for nifirket by bemg turned in a lathe. Crusheil or granulated sugar is made by causing tho granular syrup to revolve m a perforated drum, by which means the uncrystallizable portion is separated from tho crystals by centrifugal force TiiR Mariner's Compass — The needle or magnet is said to point, rJwr.ys to the north, ..nd as a matter of o .rse the th-r points, as east, west, &c.; ar' easily found by the .'^edi • pointing ncrth an . south In certain parts of the world, how "iv, *he needlo does not point to tlie north, but i.^ drawn considerably he ri*};ht l:ft .. true north. This is cahed the variation f th ccmpas:', and m:i, t b known accurately by tho navigator in ordor + -correct ndreei; til right course For instance in crossing th AtKutic Ocean, the variation of the comi)ass amounts in <^ailin'; '■essclf tr 2\ or 2^ point' W('sterl«v, ; ud the ccurso steered muct bo orrected accord- ingly Say tlii)*- you >vish io make a due east course, you must steei 2] or 2:J jioints south of iha^ or to the ri^jht Land iu order to 'Baka direct course m m i : H'^^ 11 258 MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS, &C., RECEIPTS i . 1 Off the Cape of Good Hope in ^he South Atlantic Ocean, strange enough, the variation ot the compass iu ships boiuKi to India or Austialia is 2 J points easteHy, p,ud in order to make a due east course it is necessary to steer 2} to the north or left of her course wliile again towards the equator o: ceutre of the glob there ig hardly any perceptible variation of the compass at all The way of linciing out how much the compass varies in diff'iren pans of the world, is by observations ot the sun taken with che ompasa and the difference between. the true aid magnetic or compass bearing is the variation, which must be appliedas a correction to the course steered. We have, liowevor, in iron ships or steamers what is called the deviation of the compass to atte id to besides the variation. This is the local attx ■ :tion caused by the iron, and must be carefully understood before steamers or iron ships attempt to go to si'a. As in steamers of the Allan or Cunard line, each vessel before proceeding pa. her lir t voyage must be carefully swung, and magnets fixed to the d ck, besides small chams placed on each side of the comjiasses in bjxes, m order to counteract the attraction of the iron. Thus the eompusses are so nicely b lanced with the magnets and iron, that it is rare jndeed at this dy that they get out of order on a trans-Atlantic passage Th. conse- quences to either steamer or sailing ship wlio-;e compasses are astray would be terrible to contemplate, even if it wer but onec half ])oint, on dark winter nights ajiproaching the and These difficulties are now happily obviated by the discoveries f modern science, and their application in correcting the compass at sea. There are, however, other disturbi'^g agencies constantly at work. Heat diminishes the magnetism of the needle ; for this reason the best magnetic observatories are kepr under grouud, and at a low and uniform temperature the year round. Earthquakes and the aurora borcalis are fruitful causes ot irregularity. Thunder-storms do no injury except when a vesse) is struck and its iron acquires so much magnetism as to affect the correct indicatio'.is of the compass on board. When the sun shows a great number of spots, or even one very large spot, the variations of the needle are greaiest. This is accounted for by two theories ; first, the revolving east and west electric current of the earth's crust, which are the Ciiuses of the earth's magnetisra, arc caused by the solar radiation of he a t,^ before which the earth revolves east and west, and this must be allbcted by any change in the solar surface by which this, radiation of heat is modified. The second theory contends, that inasmuch as we know from discoveries madv. by the spectroscope, that tl.e sun contains enormous masses of iron, which must, from the intense hca<, be i\ a state of incandescence re- sembling a molten oci'an, and a^ such is inacccissible to miignetic influences; nevertheless, the solar spots being most likely solid islands (composed largely of iron wiiich in this s'ate is suoeptible of magnetic influences), floating on tnt, sea of fire, and boitij^in ma ly c:ises several hundied tiiix^s larger than our planet, how is it jjossible for any otlier than disturbing influiMicfS in the ncedk' to proceed from such tn niendous agencies? SmcIi influence-! are instantaneous, and do not require time, us light and eouud fw instance, for their transmission. 4 ! IPTS Ocean, strange I'i to India or ake a due east t of her course, glob there h all The way i'-iren parts of ihe ompass, ic or compass I correction to 1)3 or steamers ■ to besides the the iron, and ships attempt lard line, each bi) carefully chaius placed counteract the licely b, lanced t this d y that ! Th, conso- compasses are wp.r but onec ! and These nes f modern as3 at sea. constantly at [cedle ; for this er {(round, and Earthquakes It irregularity. I 13 struck and ct the correct 1 shows a great iriatious of the theories ; first, i earth's crust, : caused by the olvos east and solar surface second theory es madv. by the i of iron, which uidesct'Dce re- >le to magnetic ist likely solid te IS suceptible !. and being in planet, how is n the ncciilo to influences are aud Bouud fv.i; ^ MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS, &C., RECEIPTS. 259 Makixo Anchors. — The anchor smith's forge consists of a hearth of brickwork, raised about 9 inches above the ground, aud gene- rally about 7 feet square. In the centre ot this is a cavity con- taiui'ig the lire. A vertical brick wall is built on one side* of the hearlli which supports the dome, and a low chimney to carry ofiF tje smoke. Behind this wall are placed the bellows, with wliich the fire is urged ; the bellows being so phiced that they blow to the centre of the lire. The anvil and the crane by wnicli tho heavy masses of metal are moved from and to the lire are adjusted near the hearth. The JJercidcs, a kind of stamping macliiiie, or thosti'am hammer, need not be described in this place. To make the anchor, bars of good iron are brougiit together to bo fiiToteit ; the number varying with the size of the anchor. The fagot is kept togi'ther by huups of iron, and the whole is placed upon the pro{)crly arranged hearth, and covered up by small coals, which are tlirowi upon o kind of oven made of cinders. Great care and good management are required to keep this temporary oven sound during the combustion; a smith strictly attends to this. When all is arranged, the bellows are set to work, and a blast urged on the fire ; this is cOiitinued for about an hour, when a good welding heat is obtained. Tho mass is now br(uightfrom the fire to the anvil, and the iron welded by the hammers. One portion having been welded, the iron is returned to the fire, and the oiieration is repeated until the whole is welded ia one mass. The (lill'erent parts of the anchor being made, the arms are united to the end of tho shank. Tliis must be done with great care, as the goodness of the anchor depends entirely upon this process being etft'ciively performed. The arms being welded on, the ring has to be formed and welded. The ring consists of several bars welded together, drawn out into a round rod, passed through a hole iu the shank, bent into a circle, and the ends welded together. When all the parts are adjusted, the whole anchor is brought to a red heat, and hammered with lighter hammers than those used for welding, the object being to give a finish and evenness to iho Burfiice. The toughest iron that can be procured should be used in anchors. Good " Welsh mine iron " is suitable ; also •' scrap iron." An anchor of the ordinarj' or Admiralty pattern, the Trotman, or Porter s iinpioved (pivot fluke), the Iloniball, Porter's, Aylin's, Rodger's, Mitcheson's and Lennox's, each weighing, inclusive or stock, 27000 lbs., wit ns food without injury a proof strain of 45000 lbs. In dry (/round, Rodger's dragged the Admiralty anchor at both long a id short stay ; at short stay, Rodger's and Aylii's gave equal resistance ; Mitcheson's dragged Aylin's at both lorg and short stay ; and Aylin's dragged the Admirality at short stay, they giving equal resistance at louf; stay. In ground under water, Trotiiiau's dragged Aylin's, Hon iball's, Mitcheson's, and Lennox's : Ayliiia dr.iggfd Rodger's; Mitchison's dragged Rogers, and Lfn'io.x'a dragged the Admiralty's. The oreaking weights between a Porter and Admiraliy anclior, as tested at the Wool- wich Dockyard, were as 43 to 15. Piu:<'riNa OS GiiASS.— A Frenchman, named Wilbaux, has taken ! :/ -i w », * I m!w 260 MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS, &C., RECEIPTS, out a patent U use an elastic type for printing on g^ if \^\i\ fluor3i)ur reiiderc.l adhesive by somo such niatorial as mv />'ge or jirintors ink ; sulphuric acid of suitable tcniporatup' is Hit allowed to act cTti that portion of the ghiss. The hydroil'ioric • old pen- orated in this way -would etch tlio glass on tiie iilaces i)jiiited on. Wlieu comuleted, the Avhole is washed uif with warm water aad lye. ExGUAViNO ON Wood. — In order to make this subject rightly iinderstood we will state that the log of box is cut into transverse slices, I i ich in depth, in order that the face of the cut may bo on a level with the surface of the printers' ty]ie, and receive the same amount of pressure ; the block is then alloweti to dry, the longer the better, as it prevents accidents by warjiing audsplittiag, wliicb sometimes hai)i!en3 after the cut is executed, if too green. Tiie tjlice is ultimately trimmed into a square blocic, and if tiie rut is lii:'ge, it is made in various pieces and stroiij^ly clampefl and secured to- gether. The u()i)er surface of the woi'd is carefully ijrcpared, so thai no inequalities ^nay appear upon it, and it i3 thou coisigned to the draughtsman to'receivc the drawing IIo covers tho sur- face wit'i a light coat of Hake white mixed with weak gum water, lud Ihe thinner the coat ilie better for the engraver. Tiio Frencli draughtsmen use an abundance of Hake while, but this is liable to make the drawing rub out under the eigravcr s bands, or deceive him as to tiie depth of line lie is cutting in the wood. The old drawings ot' the era of Durer seem to have been carefully drawa witli pen and ink on the wood ; but the modern drawing being very finely drawn with the pencil or silver point is obliterated easily, and there is no mode of '-setting" or securi igit. To obviate this danger the wood engraver covers t!io bhjck with pajjor, and tears out a small piece to work through, occasionally removing the paper to study the general effect. It is now his l)usiness to produce in relief the whole ot the drawing; with a great variety of tools he cuts avvay the spaces, however minute, bet ween each of the pencil lines, and should there be tints waslnd on the drawing to represent sky and water, he cuts such parts of th ? i)loek intoii seriesof close line.'J, which will, as near as he cai judge, print the same gradation of tint; should he find he has tiot don« ko completely, he can re- enter each line with a broader tool, cutti'ng away a small shaving, thus educing their width and consequently lluir color. Slioula he make some fatal error that cannot otherwise bi> rectified, ho can cut out the part in the wood, and wedge? u plug of fresh wood in the place, when that part of the block can bo le-eugraved. An error of this kind in a wond-cut is a very tro.il)lesoine thing; incoiipet engraving is scarcely any trouble, a blow wi'h a hammer on the back will obliterate tiie error on the face, and produce a iiewsur' face, but in wood the surface is c it entirely away except wiieretho lines occur, and it is necessary to »„iit it (lec[) e lougli not to touch the pa])er, as it is .squeezed thi'ough the jiress u^-on the li as in ])rinting. To aid the general effect of a cut, it is sometimes ii'iial to lower the surface ot the block before the eiigraviiig is oxecutcd, in such pe.rtsas should apjie.ar light and delicate ; they thus receive a mere touch of tho paper iu the press, the darker parts receiving ling'; lu coppei MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS, AC, RECEIETS. 261 the whole pressure nnd coming out with double brilliancy. When ciuvfiil \>v\ itiiijf is bfstowc'd ou cut- it is snnielimerf usual to insure liiis gi'oil efll'C't by biyiiif^ ibiu pieces of card or paper on tlit .ym- \KinM' ilio ^iiiii'i- needed, 10 secure pressure on dark parts only. I'Ai'Kii FMH UiiALT.insMux, Atc— Powdered tragacanih 1 part, water 10 pans ; dis-^olve aud strain through clean gauze ; then lay it, siiiouilily uiiun liie i)aper previously stretched upon a board. This paper will talce either oil'or water colors. To I'lM* BntAW Fou I'Avm AIaking.— The straw is placed in a boiler, with a large quantity of strong alkali, and with a pressure of steam o(iual to iVoin iLiO to 150 pounds per square inch, the ex- treiiio iu'ai i/eiug attained in superheating the steam after it leaves the boiler, by passing it througli a coiled pipe over a lire, and thus llie silica is ilestroyed, and the straw softened to pulp, which, after biiiig fre>(l (rom llio alkali by working it in cold water, is subse- quently bleaeiied and beaten in the ordinary rag machine. Nk.v r's Foot Dil. - After the liair and hoofs have been removed fiom tiic feetof oxen, they yield, when boiled with water, a peculiar fatly matter, which is known as At;(it\i Foot Oil-^ after standing, it dtpositdsoiue solid fat, which is 8e])arated by filtnition; v.he oil theud'cs n(*t congeal at 32©, and is not liable to become rancid. Itis ofte 1 iiii.ved u itb other oils. This oil is used for various pur- poses, Kiieh as harness dressing, oiling tov/er clocks, &c. Tallow OiL. — T le oil is obtained from tallow by pressure, The tallow IS melted, a. id when separated from the ordinary impuricies by subsidence, is poured into vessels nnd allowed to cool slowly toaboutHU® ,wlion the stcarine separates in granules, which may bf> separated from the liqiud part by straining through Hauuol, and is then jiressed, when it yields a fresh portion of liquid oil. It is used in soap manufiicture, &.c. L.vuD CbL i.s obtained from hog'3 lard by pressure, when the liquid I art sejiarate.s, whde the laid itself becomes much harder. According to Braconnet, lard yields 0.G2 of its weight of this oil, which is nearly colorless. It is employed for greasing wool, aad other purposes. Valliooh" FiEL. — With equal weights, that which contains most hydrogen ought, in its combustion, to produce the greatest volume offlaiuc when each kind is exposed under like advantageous cir- ciinisiances. Thus, pine is jireterable to hardwood, and bituminous touuihracite coal. To produce the greatest quantity of heat, wood should in every case, be us dry as possible; as usually emitloyed it hasai)Out 25 per ctnt of water mechanically combined with it, caus- ing uu entire loss of tlio heat required for its evaporation. The diiroreut volumes of oxvgen required for difl'erenl kinds of coal vtir- ies from 187 to 3 ll)s. iov each lb. of coal. (JO cubic feet of air is ne- cessary to furnish 1 lb. of oxygen. Making a due allowance for loss, iiearly 90 cubic feet of air are requhed in the furnace of a boiler for each lb ()foxygena|)plicd to the combustion. Anthracite coal. Expe- riments |)rove the evaporative ]ower of this coal in the furnace of a steam boiler to be from 72 to d^ lbs. of fresh water per lb. of coal; with Ciinnel or I'd rmt coal the result was G to 10 Um. of fresh water under a pressure of 30 lbs. per square inch, for 1 lb. of coal. JJitu- m •• •» :.' *l %■■ !'; 232 MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS, &0., RECEIPTS. minotia coal burns readily, and generates stoam rapidly, leaving a Tvhito ash ; Caking/ coal is unsiiited when great heat is required as the dmught of a fiirmice is impeded by its caking, but it is appli- cable tor the produc'tiou of gas and coke ; Splint or llardcual kin, dies less readily than caking coal, but wlicr. ignited produces a clear and iiot tire ; fJUer-i/ or !Soft coal dues not fuse when heated is very brittle, ignites readily, and produces a brightfire with a clear yellow flame, but cou:iurne3 rapidly. The limit of cvaporatioajTrom 212" for 1 lb. of the best coal, assummg all of the heat evolved froi 1 it to be absorbed, would be 14'9 lbs. The evaporative power of Coke in the furnace of a steam boiler, and under pressure, is from 7i to 8^ lbs. of fresh water, per lb of coke; that of charcoal 5i lbs. offresh water per lb. Wood will furnish, when properlycliarred, 23 per cent of charcoal. The slower the charring process goes on the greater the production. The evaporative power of 1 cubic foot of pine wood %•*■ equal to that of 1 cubic foot of fresh water; or, ia the furnace of a steam boiler, and under pressure, it is 4i[ lbs. fresh water for 1 lb. of wood, une cord of hardwood and 1 cord oUoJt wood, such as the general average in Canada, is equal in evapora- tive elfects to 2000 lbs. of anthracite coal. One cord of the kind of wood used by American river steamers in the West, is equal to 12 bushels. (9G0 lbs.) of Pittsburg coal ; y cords cotton, ash and cypress vood are equal to 7 cords yellow pine. The densest woods give the greatest heat, as charcoal generates more heat than flame. The evaporative power of peat in the furnace of a stea.n boiler,and Under pressure, is 3^ to 5 Ihs. offresh water for every lb. of fuel. Bituminous coal ia 13 per cent more effective than coke fore^^ial weights, and ill England the etfecrs are alike for equal costs. In an experiment under a pressure of 30 lbs. 1 lb. pi le wood evapora- ted 3.5 to 4-75 lbs. water, 1 lb. Leliigli c jal, 725 to 8 75 lbs. The least consumption of coal yet attained is U lbs. per indicated hors- power. It usually varies in different engines from 2 to 8 lbs. Rail- way experiments demonstrate 1 ton uf Cumberland coal, ('2240 lbs) to be equal in evaporating effect to 1-25 tons of anthracite coal, and 1 ton of anthracite to bo equal to I 75 cords pine wood; also that 2000 lbs Lackawanna coal are equal to 4500 lbs. best pine woods. Blowing Enoixes for Smeltinh. — The volume of oxygen inairis different, at ditfereiit tomporatures. Thua dry air at 85'^ coutains 10 per e.'nt less oxygen than when it is at tlie temperature of Si' ami when it ic saturated with vapor it contains 12 per cent less, [fanaveragesupplyof 1500 cubic fcetper minute isrequired iuwin- ter, I o5i) feet will be required in summer. I n the mahutacturc od'ig Iron, with Coke or Anthrtcite coal, 18 to 20 tons of air are requir- ed for each ton ; with Charcoal, 17 to 18 tons are req-iired foreiftb ton, (1 ton of air at 340"= 29 751,and atG0»=^31 SGQcuiicfeeQTk Pressure ordinarily required for smelting purposes is equ^l to a col-, nmn of mercury from 3 to 7 inches. The capacity of the Kc^ervoir if dry, should be 15 tiinos Ihat of the cylinder, if single acting, and 10 limes if double acti.ig. Tlie area .of the i'e» leading to the reservoir should be -2 that of the blast cylinder, and the velocity of the air should not exceed 35 feot per second. A ton of i)igiroa requires for its reduction from the ore 310,000 cubic feet of air, or !IPT8. pidly, leaving a t \ii required, ag but it ia appi;.- _ ILirdcnal kin- Ited produces a vvlien heated, ia fire with a clear aporation, from »e heat evolved aporativo power der pressure, is It of c7wrco(;/5jt roperlycharred, process goes on, r of 1 cubic foot ;sh water ; or, ia t is 4:^ lbs. fresh ud 1 cord of m/i! qual ia evapora* rd of tlie kind of it, is equal to 12 cotton, ash and le densest woods lieat than flame, jtea.n boiler, and every lb. of i-uel. n coke fore^..al equal costs. In le wood evapora- to 8 75 lbs. The ?r indicated liors- ;i 2 to 8 lbs. Rail" d coal, (2240 lbs) Lhracite coal, and wood ; also that )est pin-j woods. if oxygen in air is r at 85'^ coutaina raperatiirc ofSi" 12 per cent leas. 3 required in win- inulacturcof/'j]^ of air arerequir- required forerfCh 36cui>c/eet.) The is equfJ to a col-, 7 of the Reservoir ingle acting, and a leading to the id the velocity of . ton of i)ig iron Die feel of air, or MACrilNISTS, ENGINEBRS, &0., RECEIPTS. 263 6'3 cubic feet of air for each pound of carbon consumed. Pressure, 7 lbs. per square inch. An ordinary Eccentric Fan, 4 feet in diame- ter V itii 5 bhidos 10 inches wide, and 4 mches in length, set 1-9-16 inches eccentric, with en inlet opening of 17"5 inches in diameter, and an oiitlctoi 12 inches square, making 870 revolutions pci min- ute, will supi)ly air to 40 tuyeres, each of 1| inches in diamier, and at a pressure per square inch ot 5 inch of mercury. An ordmarjr eccentric fan blower, 50 inches in diameter, running at 1000 revo- lutions per minute, will give a pressure of i5 inches of water, and req'.ire for its operation a power of 12 horses. Area of tuyere dis- charge 500 square inches. A non-condensing engine, diameter of cylindt-r 8 inches, stroke of i)iston 1 foot, pressure of steam 18 lbs. (mercurial gauge), and making 100 revolutions per minute, will arive a fan, 4 feet by 2, opening 2 feet by 2, 500 revolutions per minute. The width and length of the blades should be at least equal to } or | the radius of the fan. The inlet should be equal to the radius of the fan ; and the outlet, or discharge, should be ia depth not less than ^ the diameter, its width being equal to the width of the fan. Wiien the pressure of a blast exceeds .7 inch of mercury per square inch, .2 will b3 a better proportion for the width and length of the fan than that abov« given. The pressure or density of a blast is usually measured in inches of mercury, a pressure of 1 lb. per square inch at 60° = 2-0376 inches. When water is used as the element of measure, a pressure of 1 lb. ■ 27G71 inches. The eccentricity of a fan should be 1. of its diameter. A Smith's forge requires 150 cubic feet of air per minute. Pressure of blast |^ to 2 lbs. per square inch, 1 tonof iroa melted per hour in a cupola, requires 3500 cubic feet of air per min- ute. A Jinery/ori/e requires 100,000 cubic feet of air for each toa of iron refined. A blast furnace requires 20 cubic feet per minute, for each cubic yard, capacity of furnace. Gold Mining inColouado— From the veins of Gilpin County alone nearly GOO tons of ore are raised daily, or 180,000 tons annually. Nearly 600 lodes have been assayed or mapped in a circle of three miles in diameter; fully a thousand lodes have been recorded, and more or less work performed on each. From fifteen to twenty miles of reputable lodes are known to exist, upon which there i3 not less than eight miles of shafting, the deepest being 800 feet. There is not less than 20 miles of drifting on these veins, follow- ing the ore deposit in the crevices, and the official assays show tiie ore to be worth from $40 to $130 per ton. The tailings, or refuse of ore put through the stamps, are found to be worth $20 per ton, notwithstanding fiom 10 to 20 per cent of the precious metal passes down the stream. The average shipments of bullion from this one countv verges on $2,600,000 annually. The ma- chinery required for this immense production consist of 83 stamp mills, 185 engines in place, 4,367 horse power, and 1,597 stamps, of which there are over 800 in use, req .iring 1,703 horse power. There are 39 engines used at the shafts of mines for raising ore frc-ra the veins and keeping them free from water. These milla contain from 5 to 50 stamps, mostly driven by steam. The ore, broken into fragmouts, is fed into a battery ia which the stamps J,, ■' i' #■' 2G-1 MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS, AC, RECEIPTS. arc raised and allowed 1o fall, crushing the ore fine onoiu'h to Huw tiucHJ^ii a, .screoii |ilaced in fVoiil Morcury is f"ii in iliijijm. tury, iiiid til'-' puvorizt'd ore mixed with suliiciciit water is then uuido to liow over u ide plates of copper amalffiiiiiuted with (|ui(lr. eilv; r. Tlie gold, or purl of it, adheres, forming- an ainiU;,'am with the nicrcuiy, which id ufterward^J b raj)ed oil", sipkc/.fd hani and the lump rotorti d in :., close retort of iron for the piirjioae of vajiori/.iag the niorcury and ge'tiug" the gold almost jiure ; tho retorts being subsecpieiitly shipped to the Kasl for minting. Kach stamp is calculated to do from i to J of a ton in 21 hours, requiring about cue hurso i)ower to each stamp liead. Moat of the oie i;j re- duced ill lastHl mills abandoned by ci'Uipanies. These mill iut.'n ?hargc their c.istomers between ijSH and ^-l per ton for doini,' thij work and returning the retort of gold. The tailings are partially caught in tli'^ best mills on blankets, and reworked at a i)iulit; the bulk, however, jiasscs outside, a jiortion stopping to be shovel- led into a pile, the balance going o.i to the s treani. The waste is nearly or quite equal to the gi oss yielit in bullion. The most pro- fitable branch of vein mining and reduction by the mneltii'jj proem was undertaken by Prof. Hill in 18G7, in conii<'Ction with some Boston and Providence capitali-^ts, ami is managed with much ability, energy and skill, co'npeusated* by enormous prohts,of wliieh the outside public know little or nothing, from the vi|.Mlanct! with which all such information is supressod. From the road side you seo from 20 to 30 piles ot ore sending ft>rlh suli)liurou3 enianaliuna into the air. These j'iles are lirsl started on a layer of wodd, and are run up in a pyramid form some 5 to feet, with a diauuiter at base of from 16 to 20 feet, and then fired, the sul[)hur all'jiding the only fuel, after the exhaustion of the wood, to keep the tire going from four to six weeks. This ore has been passed through the sampling works and been paid for, the amount lying thus in piles ai one lime umounting to, perhaps, .'i^so.ooO. Alter roastiug suCiciently to drive off the sulphur, and oxidize a portion of the iron, these piles are cooled and the or« carried to the smeltiuj^ fur- naces, where, under a heavy heat, more Buli)hur is driven otf, and the silica or gangue matter is made to unite with the oxide of iron to forma slag. At the end of the smelting some 8 or 10 toiia are thus reduced to one called " matte," containi'.ig from Slir'''^ to $2,000 in the precious metals, and from 40 to (JO per cent of cop- per. This product is then ship[)ed in bags to Swansea, Enuland, for separation into the several metals coitauied. The establish- ment contains three smelting furnaces and turee calcining fur- naces, capable of reducing from 20 to 25 ions of ore per day. The tailings which are concentrated along the streams, and are also sold to this establishment, average from $35 lo $40 per ton. These works are doubtless the most profiiable of the kind known in the world. In working tolerably high grade suliiliiirctteo ores, if the facilities do riot admit of sending them lo England, tin best way is to erect a common furnace, having iho fire surfaces o good soap stone ; then, to every 15a ll)s of orc^ put in one bushel of charcor.l and 10 percent of salt. The ore will readily melt, tof slag, aad will be pretty well desulphurized. The slug cau bf '>it l)'liu; tllO aiisea, Enuland, .M \iiilt in the mo3t substantial manner^ slightly sloped to fitcili'iitf tlie flow of water. The H(joring consists of well matched ])im' l)i)aiil:i, ami this vast receptacle sometimes contains as mucli as infm tons of argentiferous slime, 30 tons of salt, 3 Ions sulphate of coiti"'!', 'I'ld lH,()oo lbs. of mercury in various stages of the iMnali^'.iniatmg process. The reason why this takes plare in the well known manner is because there is an affinity or correspon- (\i'<]cu lu'tween the different ingredients employed in theo|)cration. O.s CoumospONDKNCES. — Tho correspondence referred to above cimsists of a nature inseminated or impl.'inted in each substance bv the Ai.MioiiTV Auouitkct of the Creation, by virtue of whicii siicli a mutual afhuity or sympathy exists bi^tween them that wluMK-'Vfr an iutermi.vturo takes place, they as it wero attract each otiier, and rush together iu a mutual embrace. Tho science of cinvspoudences is a most wonderful au(i instructivo study, entering, in its varied ramifications, so deeply into tho inherent rmtun- of every created thing, that there is notliing, and can be uotliiug m the universe but what comes within its consideration. Tlio transceudant importance of the subject is such tiiat it is desiMviii'jf (if vastly more elaborate consideration than tho transient notice of a single paragraph, but a-» it would bo n violalion of order to cut'-r into a:i extended explanation in thi.9 place, tho roiuler IS refi'rred to tlie appendix for fnrtiier illustration. Miiitci'nv OR QuiOKsiLVEU. — TliO ore is cinnabar of a bright ver- niilinn color, its specific gravity is 80'j.S. It is produced in imiiieii>o ([uaiitities at tho New Almaden mine in Santa Clara County,!^ miles from the. town of tSan Jose, which is f)4 miles from .San Francisco, Cal. The process by which ths fluid metal is extracted is one of great simplicity. Tiiero aroG furnaces, near wliicli tile ore is lieposited from the mine, and Eej>aratod according to its tpiality ; the larger masses are tirsl broken up anJ tlu-u all is piled lip under sheds near tiie furnaco doors. The ore ia next heaped oii tlic furnaces, and a .sleady though not a strong fire is applied; as tiie ore becomes heated the quicksilver is sublimed, and l)eing condensed it falls by its own weight, and I'J conducted by pipes, whicu lead along the bottom of the fui'uace to small pots or reservoirs imbedded in the earth each containing from 1 to 2 gallons of the meta . .' ) e fu naces are kept going night iiml (lay, while large drops or minute streams of the pure laetal aie conslanlly trickling down into the receivers; from there it is rarrie.d to (lie stju'e house and deposited in large cast iron tanks or Tills, the largest of which is capable of coiiUvining iJO tons of '. I n 1 m Ik 200 MACIIINIbTH, ENOINEEIIS, Af., arCEII'TS, ! 1 1'' M il lit II If qiiicksilvcr. Seven or ciplil ,'he l.orses and mules ftr^ cilso sa'ivated, and fro:.i lio io30'f them di'j every year from theclfects of the mercury. Cuocus I'owDEii J oil PoLi.siiiNtj.— Chlorido of sodium and Cjjo phato of iron are well mixed in a mortar. The mixture is then niii into a shallow crucible and exposed to a red heat v vap' r csca'pu and the mass fuses. When no more; vapor ',iit peSj rvuiov ih^ cruciblo and let it cocl. Tiic color of the oxide f ir Ji pnHluceil it the fire has been j)roperly regulated, is a line violet; if tlio heat Las been too high it becomes black. The mass when cold is tohij powdere..^. and washed, to Bei>arate the sulphate ot soda. Tho powder cf crocus is then to be submitted to a process of ciuefiil clutrip^tion, r.nd tho liner particles reserved lor tho more dclicalt work. An excellent powder for apjylying to razor stro|)s i,^ made by igniting together in a crucible, e(pu>d parts of well diid green Yitrol and common salt. The h at musl be slowly raiHod anil well regulated, otherwise the materials will boil over in a pasty stale, and be lost. When well made, out of contact with air, it'lias the brilliant aspect of black lead. It refj'ures to he ground audelutri. ated, after which it affords, on dryin<(, an impalpable powder, tliiit may be either applied on a strop of smooth bu(f leather, or mixed up with hoi/ '.f lard or tallow into a i;tilf cerate. Ckmentin(J Emkuv to Wood. — .Melt together ecpial parts of shellac, white resin and carbolic acid in crystals; add the last after the others are melted. To Coat Iiion with Emeuy. — (Jive the iron a good coat of oil and white lead, then when this gets hard and dry, apply a mixture of glue and emery. To Clean Cottov "Tv aste. — Pack the waste in a thi cylinder with a perforated false bottom and tube withsto])-cock at boitum. Pour on the waste bisulphide cf carbon suflicient to cover, and allow to soak a few minutes, then add more bisulphide, .ind ku on for a time or two, and then squeeze out. Ijy sinqde di-tillatiuii. tho whole of the bisulidiide, or nearly all, can easily be iccovcieu and so be used ovei again This will iroe tje cotton completely frova grcasfc. Blovv^ing out Steam Boilers. — This slioula never be done under steam pressure. The safety valve should first be raised until the pressure ic c.\\ removed by letting the steam escape as rapidly as possible, thcnthe hand bole jdate or other device should be opened, and the dirt r.,nd sediment will rim out with the water. IJut if the boiler is allowed to cool ofl, the dirt will settle to the bottom and be fastened on with the heat. The dirt is always on the toii of tlie water when there is any pressure of steam on it. BoiLKB Scale. — Sal soda, 40 lbs., gum catecha, b lbs., sal am- mouiac lbs., is stronglv recommended by an experienced persou ! ! KIF'TS. 1 HI till' furnace?, TIm; iiiiimrs iuiii injiirtMl tlKU'uby, lalo the Ciiincsor omiuoii, and Hi,. enist fruiti their t oi' liainls is |iii; fro;.i lio lo3()'f sodium nnH ;;j], xturo is then niii X \ \a\y V cscaiitj \wn, rviiiov ill, f ir 41 liroilunMJ, uk't; ifliic; Jicut iieii cold iri tobij ot rtodll. Tin; rocess of careful ic more (lelicatt ir strops i,-^ made well (lii'd green y riiined and well in IX pasty state, til air, it'has the roiiinl audeliitri. -bli' powder, tlial leatlior, or mixed equal jiarts of idd tlie lastfifler ^00(1 eoat of oil I apply a mixture a a tin cylinder -cock at boitoin, at to cover, and pliide, and su on iiple distillation, lily ho i-ecovereii •tton completely :;r ho done under raised until the pe as rapidly as !iould he opened, ater. JJutiftiie the bottom and un the top of the , I) lbs., sill am- tenenceu persou MAi'llFNlSTH, ENQINEEUS, .VC, RKCKIPTS, 207 fur iviiiiiviii^' boiler scale, one j)ound of the mixture beiti<,' addfil to i.hli h.inil (»f Wilier in the lank ; after Hcule is nmioved use sal [■.)d:i iil'iin'. \'>y llie urff of 10 Ibj. soila per week a boiler '!>', feet ion"' and l^ i;iclied diuuieter was cleaned from HcaUseipial to n new iHiiltT. \Iii,iii:w ON Haii.v can l)e prevented by soajnnff the mildewed part> auil then rul)t»ing in powdered (dialk. The jfrowlh of the nuldew fuMi,nis can l>e prevented by steepiiifj the canvas in an aqiii'oiis solution of corrosive sublimate. Anolhf:r u'di/. Slacked liine '1 hiisliels, draw olF the lime Avater, and mix it with lliO fals. water, mid with blue vitriol \ 11). To .Mk.M) (JiiACKKiJ (Ja8t-1iio\ Vessels. — Drill a hole at each ex- treme end of the crack, to [irevent its further extension, jilu^^ rivet tlie holes with copper, and, with fine iron lilinjfs .'Saturated with nriiie, 'Miilk the crack. Four parts of piilveri/eil clay and ont; |jarl i»f iron filiiif^fs made into a. paste witli Ijoiliiifjf linseed oil and a|)|dieil hot is a jrood cement for the same purpose. I'hkncii Plttv. — Seven pounds linseed oil and t lbs. brown umber are boiled for two hours, and ti'i grammes wax stirred in. After removal from the (ire .'iA lbs. fine chalk and 11 ll)S white lead lire added and thoroughly incorporated ; said to be \{ivy \mv'\ and |ieriiiaiieiit. Platino with Nicket, may be efTected by placing the object to bo {dated, either of iron, steel, copper, bronze, zinc or lead, in u boiling;' neutral solution of zinc chloriile containing a salt of nickel and granulated zinc. If the zinc solution is acid, the coating of nickel is dull. A platinjrr of cobalt may be made in the same manner. FiMo Di-tG Finish for Gun Ratiuels. — Apply nitric acid and let it eat into the iron a little ; then the latter will be covered with a thin hliu of oxide. Clean the barrel, oil and burnish. A vcr}' fine ap|)earaiice is given to gun barrels by treating them with dilute nitric acid and vinegar, to which has been added sulphate of I'oitper. The metallic coi)per is deposited irregularly over the iron surfiiee ; wash, oil and rui) with a hard l)rush. Li«iiiL) I>i,a(;k Lead Polish. — IJlack lead pulverized 1 lb., iur- pentiiie, 1 gill, water, I gill, sugar 1 oz. Coi'i'iniAs Dii' Koii Cast Ikon. — Dissolve " iba. o^ snl' IntwO ot cojiper and add 2 fluid ozs. sulphuric acid. To If.Mmu.v Mktai-s. — Iron, (50 parts, chrome, 40 partii. form ;> composition us hard as the diamond. A Ingh degree of hardness may also be imparted to iron or steel by adding \ part of silver. Copper may be externally hardened by the fumes of zinc and tin. The .specula of Lord Itoss's telescope is ) part tin and 1 part copj)er, this is as hard as 'Ucel, and take.? a very high polish: if ffioif, than this be added it will scarcely cohere. Good 1>ra89 for Machinery, — 1. Copper, 2 lbs-, tin, 2^ ozs., zinc, \ oz. l. Tough Brass. Copper, 10 ozs , tin, 1^ ozs., zinc, 1^ /ozg. 3 Wheels and Valves. Copper, !)0 lbs., tin, 10 lbs. 4. JJniss, vcrii ienaciniiK. Cop])er, 88.'.) parts, tin, H .'5 parts, zinc, 2.8 parts. 5. LiUhe liushe:!.. Copper, iSO parts, tin, 20 parts. Machinenj Barings. Topper, 88 parts, tin, 12 parts. ,>'< ■ i TPW? . ;<•■* Ju8 MAGUmiSTS, ENOINEEUS, AC, UECElPTS. i i ' i Paint fou Shbikt Iron Smoke Pipe. — Good varnish J gallou boiled linseed oil ^ gallon, add red lca,d sufficient to bring to the consistency of common paint. Apply with a brush. Applicable to any kind of iron work exposed to the weather. r Black Color on Buass Wokk. — Make a strong solution of nitrate of silver in one dish and nitrate of coj)per in another. Mix the two together^ and plunge in the brass. Now heat the brass evenly till the required degree of dead blackness is acquired. Unrivalled as a beautiful color on optical instruments. I ' Metallic Batu fou Tbmi'BUINxj. —Use a black lead or cast iron crucible, (of the requisite depth) and place the same, filled with lead, on a fire made of coal or charcoal, and surrounded on all sides by a metallic or brick wall, level, or nearly so, with the top of the crucible ; but at a sufficient distance (say 5 or (i inches) from it to receive the fuel necessary to maintam the fire, in order 'to keep the lead in a melted state. Let the crucible rest on iron bars, and leave apertures to admit air to the fire. Tiie article:;, slightly greased to prevent the adherence of oxide, are ininiersed .in the melted lead (which is kept at a red heat) by moans of tongSi two or three pairs being generally used, in order that one or two pieces may be heated while the other is undergoing manipulation by the hardening jirocess. Keep the lead covered with cliarcoal dust or cinders. This plan is used by many cutlersand file maun- facturors for giving the proper degree of heat in the tenitierinf^ of 'their wares. The process is highly valued by vuoso who uso it jBec file manufacture, page 238. EPPECTfl OF HEAT ON VAHIOtTS BODIKS. Fine Otild mi'lts 2uWU" " Silver " 1250 Copjier melts 2548 AVrouglit Iron molts H'M) QiiJil •< << 34Vy Biij;ht rod " iu the dark 752 lied hot " iu twilij^ht sSl felass melts 2377 VJoiamon firo 71)0 ;5rus8 melts , I'JOO Air furimcG SSOl) Antimony melts 951 Bismuth " 470 Cadmium WO isteol 2500 Lead 5(»4 Tin 421 lleut, oheny red. briglit loiiC 18(i!) red visible by day 1077 white 2900 Mercury boils 662 " volatilizes 680 Platinum molts 3080 Zinc melts 740 Highest natural temperature (%ypt) m (jireatest natural cold (below zero) 66 mtificiul '• " 166 Heat of human blood % Snow and Salt, equal parts. . . Ice melts 32 Water in rinu* boils OS Fiirtif' under ptenm boiler,. . Ifi'1 C SnniNKAQK OF OA8T1NVJ3. hi, Iron, small oyliud's—l-lOtli in. per ft j" Pipes - - i " "It. •' tifrdors, beams, cct - iJ iu. in 15 ni.s. " Lar>,'C cylind- ers, tlio con- traction of di- ameter at top..=: 1-lGtli per foot- Ditto nt bottom. ..— 1-1'nb per foot Ditto, in louf^th. l$ni.ss, thin I'.rass, thick /iuc Lead — 5.1(;tlis <"o|>per iT-S-ltitlis Uitimuth — 6-32ud8 in l^S \m. in y " in 10 " - o-IOIhs in afoot sirxs. Tiiish J gallou, to bring to the sh. Applicable lution of nitrate ■r. Mix the two brass evenly till Unriv'alled as a ead or cast iron aaie, filled with [•rounded on all so. with tlie top y 5 or (1 inches) tbo fire, in order ible rest on iron i. The article^, ic, arc inmicrst'd ' meant) of tongs, that one or two ng manipulation id with cliarcoal irs and file mami- Lhe tempering of uose wiio U30 it R3. 15IIC 18fJ0 by day 1077 2900 662 680 31180 - 740 toinneraturc .... 117 cold (below 66 '• " 166 ilood % •jual iiarts... ^ ' 01) ... Ui boils 9S ftvim boiler. . I'''"! .* in I'i ins. .= ' in 9 " .^- i in 10 " ^5-ir>tlis in afoot .=:r)-it;ti'is " " ..x^ 3- Hit lis " " ..— 6-U2niU " " MACrilNISTS, ENCJINEEUS, i-X;., RECEirTS. 1^09 Groon Sfind iron casliuga are G per eent. stronger than dry, ami r,0 per cent, stronger tliaii cliilled, l)ut when the caiting-^ are ciiil- led and annealed, a gain of llo j)er cent, is attained over those made in gnn-n sand. Chilling tlie under side of cist iron very materially increases its strcugtii. Iron .MANtjFACTCRE. — Charcoal 138 bushels, limestone 132 Ib.s., and ore 2G12 lbs., will produce 1 ton of pig iron. In England, temperature of hot blast is GOO", density of blast and of refining fiirndce '2h to 3 lbs. per square inch. Revolutions of puddling rolls GO per minute ; rail rolls, 100 ; rail saw, 800. HOUflK POWER (INl)ICA'iRD) RKQ0IRED FOR DIFFKUKNT PUOCKaSEfl. blast 1' uniacn GO Kcfiniiif? " 26 I'mldlinR llolls witli Bqueezer.'i and stioarH 80 Railway rolling train 2(")0 Small bar train (M) JL)oul)l(' rail saw 12 Straiplitening 7 One pound of Anthracite coal in a cupola furnace will nudtfrom .'■) to 10 lbs of cast iron: Hbu.shels of bituminous coal will melt 1 ton of east iron. Small coal produces about ^ of the effect of largo real of the same kind Vblocitieh op Wood Workint} MAoniNERT. — Cirnilar f^mv.^ at periphery, GOOO to 7000 ft. per minute ; liandSaws, 2500 eet ; (A/'i,^ Sau'.i,'M inch stroke, 120 strokes per minute; Scroll Siiws, 300 strokes per minute; l*laning Machine Cutlen at periphery, 4000 tO" (WOO feet. Work under planing machine j^ith of an incii for each cut. Moulding Machine Cu/fers, 3500 to 4000 feet ; S'/uarinfj-up Machine Cntters, 7000 to 8000 feet; iVooJ (Jarviny Drill.", 5000 re- volutions ; Machine Augers, \k in. diam.. 900 revolutions; ditto, i{ in, diiun., 1200 revolutions; Gang Saws require for 45 superficial feet of pine per hour, 1 horse power^ Circular Saia require 75 siii)erlicial feet per hour, 1 horse power in oak or hard wood Jths of the above quantity require 1 horse power; Sharpening Angles (if Machine Cutlers. Adzing soft wood across the grain, 30*^, ; J'lan- imj Machines J ordinary soft wood 35° ; Gau(/es and I'Loughing iltirliines, 40" ; Hardwood Tool Cutters, 50" to 55". Fi,oiu Mux Machinery, — For each pair of 4 feetgtonci?, with all the necessary dressing machiner}', etc., there is required 15 horse.V power. Stones 4 ft. diam., 120 to 140 revcdutions per minute. Ihfmng Machines, 21 ins. diam., 450 to 500 revolutions per minute. Elevator, 18 ins. diam., 40 revolutions per minute. CTei'}icrf,2\ ins. pitch, 75 revolutions per minute Screen, lb ins. diam., 3oo to 350 revolutions per minute. 788 cubic feet of water, discharged at a velocity of 1 foot per second, are necessary to ffrind and dress 1 bushel of wheat per hour— 1.49 horses' power per bushel. 2000 feet per minute for the velocity of a stone 4 feet ia diam. may be considered a ma.ximum speed. Watku. — Fresh Water. The component parts by weight and measure is. Oxygen, 88.9 by weight, and 1 by measure, Hydrogen, 11. 1 by weight, and 2 by measure. One cubic inch of distilled water at its ma.ximmn density of 39'\ 83, the barometer at 30 inches, weighs 252.G937 grs., and it is 828. 5 times heavier than at- m i[\\- hV J 1^ 1^ ^ ii70 MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS, xC, RECEIPTS' :.n. ( 1? Id. mosplicric air. A cubic foot ■weighs 008.008 oimoo-!, (tr 02.:Mr'2r) lbs. avoirdupois, but for facility of computation the wclirjit "j^j usually taken at IdOO ounces au(l i;i2.5 l!)s. I5y tiie llritisii lin'iiL'i'iiil Standanl, the weight of a cubic foot of water at (12'', tiie Ijuronil'. ter at 'M in3.=n908.224 ounces. At a temperature of 212" its wcitrht is .'"i9.<;2j lbs. Below 39*^. 83, its density decreases at iirst vcm'v progressing rapidly to the jjoint of cougelatuni tlie ice being but r)7.2ri.3r)' H\ cubic ice weigh viilume slow, but weight 01 a cubic f(>ut of feet of water weigh a ton. 3913 cubic feet of a ton. lliver or camil water contains 2Vth of its of gaseous matter; spring or well water v'^th. ^ra W,iter~\ cubic foot of it weighs 04.312!"i lbs., 34.83 cubic feet weigli 1 ton. >-' a water contains from 4 to Gg ozs. of salt in a gallon of water varying according to locality, and G2 volumes of carboiiic acidin 10(10 of water. l)r„ Arnott estimated the extreme heig.it of the waves of an ocean, cut on the oi)en sea .md fnic I^otnany inlliicnco of land, to be 20 feet Tlic Fiench exploring expeditioirconipuii.j waves of the I'aciiic iobe 22 feet. Tlie avernge force of the wiiveg of the Atlantic Ocean during tl\e summer montliH, as (U't(>niiin(d by Thomas Stevenson, was CA\ lbs. per scpiare foot ; for tli(! winter inontiis, 20HG lbs. During . heavy gale a force of ti;;8:'. lbs. was observed. Destructive ep'i'Ct of Sea vntcr i>i>on\)fetaLi anil Alloy'n firr SfjfiKire font. ,Steol 40 grs. ; iron 38 ; copper 9 ; zinc H ; galva- nized iron 1.5 ; tin 2. Waumincj Bi.'iLDiN(is Oi. Apartmknt.s — 7>// low prcxsurc ste.nm {\\ to 2 lbs.) or hot water. — One square i'oot of i)lalo or i)ip<> surface will heat from 49 to 100 cubic I'eet of inclosed sjiace to 75" in alatilude where the temperature ranges from — lO'', vir 10° below zt-ro. The' range from 40 to 100 is to meet tiie :onditions of expo.sisd or corner ed, roar. As a general rule, 1 s(piare foot will heat 75 cubic feet of air in outer or front rooms, and 100 in inner rooms. A'// Jli/jh PrcKnure Stem — When steam at a pres.sure exceeding 2 lbs. per square inch is used, the space iieated by it will be in proportion to its increase of temperature above that pressure less the increased radiation of heat in its course to the place >. f aitpiication. One cul)'c, footof ■water evaporated is required for every 2000 cubic feet of inclosed space. AsPiiALTio Martic— Ts compo.sod of nearly ptire carbonato nf lime and al)out J or 10 per cent, of bitumen. Wiien in a state of powder it is mixed with about 7 per cent, of bitumen or mineral ]>itch. The jxtwdered asj)halt is mi.xed with tiie bitiimeii in a melted state along vvitli clean gravel, and consistency is given to pour it into moulds. The asphalt is ductile, and has elasticity lo enable it, with the small stones sifted upon it, to/i-esist onlinary wear. Sun and rain do not affect it, wear and tear do not seeratu injure it. The pedestrian in many cities in the United Slates and Canada, can readily detect its presence on the sidewalk hy its peculiar yielding tt) the foot as he stej)s over it. It is also a most excellent roofing material when rightly a|)plied, it being on reeorJ iu France that a stout roof of this material withstood the acciileu- buildings, of buildings less exi)osed, as the intermediate ones of a block, and of rooms intermediate lietween the front am RIVTS' ci'.^, fir G2.:!Tr.25 the wciirlit j^ lii'itish Iiii]ifrial -■', tin- Ijiironic. -1-" itswoigiit it-'S lit first V(>ry •ongelation, the .'I'k'A')' ,St cubic of ice weij.'h of its v(»luiue Sea Wiilcr—X bet weigli 1 ton, galloii (if water, ciirbotiic acid in 10 ht'ig.it of the 0111 any iiiiliitMioo ilitioii ("oni]>uti'd rc(3 (if the wavi's ■^, a-^ (Icloriiiiiu'd ; for tii(! winter of ti:;8;i]hs. was Hals and Alloy'f ; zinc H ; galva- surc stfitim (1^ to l)ip(> surface will Tf)" ill alatitmle Miiow zero. Tilt' xposnd or corner lodiato ones oC a lit and rc:n-. .\s et of air in outer h /'rt:! .sand, lessen about I in volnmo when nnxcd to- gether. 21. Turkiak vwrtur : Powdered brick and tilis^ i piirt- line sifted lime, 2 parts ; mix to a proper consistency w ill i water' and lay on layers of I've or six incbes thick between the coursea of' brick or stoac, being useful on massive or very solid l)iiilding3. 22. Interior plastering — Course stujf: (.Common lime mortar, as mado tor briqk masonry, with a small quantity of hair ; or by volumes, lime i)a3te (30 lbs. lime) I part; sand, 2 to 2i paxts; hair 1-G part. When full time for hardening cannot be allowed, substitute from 15 to 20 per cent, of the lime by an equal portion of byd') ulic cement. For the second or brown coat the i)roportioa of hair may be slightly diminished. Fine stiiJJ (lime puttj) : Lump lime slaked to a paste with r. moderate volume of water, and after- wards diluted to the consistency of cream, and then to harden by evaporation to the required consistency for working. In this stale it is used for a slipped coat, and when mixed with sand or plaster of Paris it is used for the jinis/iin(/ coat. Gauge stuff or Jlanl Finish is composed of S to 4 volumes of fine stuff and i volume of plas- ter of Paris, in proportions regiilated by the degree of rapidity required in hardening for cornices, Ac, the proportions am equal volumes of each, fine stuff and plaster. Siucco is composed of from 3 to 4 volumes of white sand to 1^ volume of fine stuff, or lime putty. Scratch coai : The first of 3 coats when laid upon laths, and is from i to f of an inch in thickness. One coat work : Plastering in one coat without finish, either on masonry or laths, that is, rendered or laid. Two coat work : Plastering in two coats is done either in a laying coat and set or in a screed coat or set. The Screed Coat is also termed a Floated Coat. J^aying the first coat in two coat work is resorted to in common work instead of sreeding, when the finished surface is not required to be exact to a straight edge. It is laid in a coat of about i inch in thickness. The laying coat, except for very common work, should bo hand- fioatedf as the tenacity and firmness of tfie work is much increasad thereby. Screeds are fjtrips o" mortar, 26 to 28 inches m width, and of the required fliickness of the first coat, applied to the angles of a room, or edge of a wall and parallelly, at intervals of 3 to 5 feet over the surface to be covered. When these have become suf- ficiently hard to v^ithstand the pressure of a straight edge, the interspaces between the screeds should be filled out flush with them, so as to produce a continuous and straight, even surface. Slipped Coat is the smoothing off of a brown coat with a small quantity of lime putty, mixed with three per cent of white sandso as to make c^ comparatively even surface. This finish answers when the surface is to be finished in distemper or papei. Hard Finish: Fine stuff applied with a trowel to the dept.i of about ^ of an inch. Eauth Digging. — N-nmher qf cubic Jeet of earth in a ton. Loose earth 24; coarse sand 18G. Clay 186. Earth with gravel 17 8. Clay with gravjl, 14-4. Common soil 15'(). The volume of earth and sand in bank exceeds that in eml)auknient in the followinff proportions; sand f, clay ^. gravel -|'j-) "-'xi the volume of ruck in embankments quarried in large fragments exceeds that in bank <'ullv one half. [i'TS. 'li'-n mixed to- t ill's i piirt; ^y Willi Wilier, tlie courses of lolid buildings. lie mortar, aa of hair ; or by 2 to 2i pajts; ot be allowed, 1 equal portion tbo ])roi)ortioa puttj): Lump ater, ami after- n to harden by :. In this state jaiul or plaster or Hard Finish roluine of ])las- free of rapidity [•lions are equal is composed of ae stniF, or lime upon laths, and u-k : Plastering ' laths, tliat is, 'o coals is done )at or «'/. The ij the first coat vork instead of I to be exact to :h in thickness. hould be hand- much increassd nchcs 111 width, ed to the angles tervals of 3 to 5 ave become suf- aight edge, ihe 1 out flush with t, even surface. Lt with ft small white sandso as h answers when Hard Finish: )Ui ^ of an inch. n a ton. Loose ith gravel 17 8. volume of earth 1 the following lume of ruck in 3 that iu bunk MAOUiNISTS, ENOINEERS, &C., RECEIPTS. 27^ To Stain or Color Glass. — For amethyst^ oxide of manganese is used ; for blue, oxide of cobalt ; for broion, oxide of iron ; for greeny black oxide of copper ; for piirpie, oxido of gold ; for ruby red, sub- oxide of copper; for white, oxido of tin ; for yellow, oxide of silver, &c. These substances pure and well powdered, are either added to the melted contents of tho glass-pot, or are applied to the sur- face as in glass staining. See page 131. To Gild Lktters on MAnBLE, — Apply first a coating of size and then several successive coats of size thickened with finely pow- dored whiting until a good face is produced. Let each coat become dry and rub it smooth with fine glass paper before apply- ing tho next. Then go over it thinly and evenly with gold size ainl apply the gold leaf, burnishing with an agate, several coats of leaf Avill "be necessary to give a good effect. , AliUANGEMENT OP LAPIDAniES' COTTING PlATES. — 1. Soft iron' (very tkin) with diamond dust ra oil ; 2. Pewter with coarse emery and water ; 3. Pewter, with fine emery and water ; 4. Wood with sand and water ; 5. Pewter, with rotten stone and water ; (J» Lciithcr with putty powder slightly wet. MeASUUKMENT op stone or BRICK WORK. 1 Pei'ch, M(i3op^ or Quarrymeu^s Measure, ini feet long ic'inches wide 12 " high \c,\ feet long, 18 inches 12 " hi = b 2 cubic fcfct. To be jncasured in walL 'ng, ) I wide, > = igh J _ 75 cubic feet. To be rnbasured ' i {24. '^ pile. 1 cubic yard = 3 feet + 3 feet -f 3 feet = 27 cubic feet. The cubic yard has become tlie standard for all contract work otlato, years. Stone walls less than 10 inches thick count as if 10 inches tliick to masons ; over 10 inches thick, each, additioaal inch is connted, Nl'MRER OP BRICK REQUIRED IN WALL PEE SQUARE FOOT PaCB OP WALIu Thickness of wall Thickness of wall. 4 inclics 8 " 12 " IG '< 20 « u u 46 52| .75 Vt 24 inches 1? 28 '* 2'^ 32 % 30 3Q ?n . 42 Cubic .yard = 600 Bricks in wall. Perch (22 cubic feet) = COO Bricks in wall. To pave 1 sq. yard on flat requires 41 Bricks " « 1 « " edge « 68 " For mortar, plaster, &c., of all kinds, see page 271. To ]]leach Fixed Oils.— Shake strongly for some minutes, 300 partsof the oil with 40 parts water containing 1 part permangato of potassa; allow the mixture to stand in a warm place for some hours, and thou filter. This renders the oil colorless. To purify oil. Into 1000 i)arts by weight of oil, put a mixture of 6 parts solution of ammonia and parts water, agitate tho barrel well until the alkali 13 iierfectly mixed, which may bo done in 15 minutes. The barrel isthi'ii sealed hermetically, and after 3 dfi^g repose, the oil ia tlecant(Ml and filtered. Tho residue is used for tho manufacture of eoap. To Cluri/i^ Coal 0//.— Place in a close vessel 100 Iba, crud^ . 1 'I ■ " ' I ' ■ ', ■ ■ '' i ; ■ii w ^2l2h MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS, &C., IlEOEIFIh!. coal, 25qts. -wntcr, 1 lb. chloriclc of lime, 1 lb. F.oda,-ancI Hh. oxido of manganese. The mixture is violently agitated, and allowed to rest for 24 hours when the clear oil is decanted and distilled. Tlio IOC lbs. coal oil are to bo mixed with 25 lbs. resin oil; this is one of the principal ])oint3 in the manipulation ; it removes the Rummy parts from the oil, and renders them inodorous. The distiihitlon spoken of may terminate the process, or the oils may be distilled before they are defecated and precipitated. To OBTAIN CoMMERCiAii Antimony. — Fusc togcthcF 100 parts ?ul- phuret of antimony, 40 parts metallic iron, and 10 parts dry crude sulphate of soda. This produces from 60 to G5 parts of uaiiniony, besides the scoriaa or ash which is also valuable. Metallic Antimonn, Mix 16 parts suljjhuret of antimony and 6 parts cream of tartar, both in powder ; put the mixture, in small quantities at a time, into a vessel heated to redness ; wlicn reaction ceases, fuse the mass and after 15 minutes, pour it out and separate the metal from the slag. The product is nearly i)urc. To Dye Leather Yellow. — Picric acid gives a good yello\T without any mordant ; it must be used in very dilute solution, and not warmer than 70-' Fahr, so as not to penetrate the leather. Green Dye pou Leatheu. — Aniline blue modifies picric acid tea fine green. In dyeing the leather, the temperature of 85^ Fahr., must never be exceeded. To Clean OsTnicn Featitetts. — Cut some white curd soap in small pieces, pour boiling water on them and add a little pearlash. When the soap is quite dissolved, and the mixture cool enough for the hand to bear, plunge the feathers into it, draw the featliers through the hand till the dirt appears squeezed out of them, pass them through a clean lather with some blue in it, then rinse them in cold water with blue to give thera a good color. Beat them against the hand to shako oflf the water, and dry by shaking them near a fire. When perfectly dry curl each fibre separately with a blunt knife or ivory paper folder. To dye feathers, see page 101. To Clean Furs. — For dark fu.'s: warm a quantity of new bran in a pan, taking care that it doos not burn, to prevent which it must be briskly stirred. When well warmed, rub it thoroughly into the fur with the hand. Repeat this two or three times; thea shake the fur, and give it another sharp brushing until free from dust. For white furs, lay them on a table, and rub well with bran mad?i moist with warm water, rub until quite dry, and afterwards with dry bran. The wet bran should bo put on with flannel and the dry with book muslin. Light furs in addition to the above, should bo well rubbed with magnesia or a piece of book muslin after the bran process, against the way of the fur, AIccH Butter from Little Milk. — Take 4 ozs. pulverized alnm ^ oz. pulverized gum arable, and 50 grs. of pepsin ; place it in a bottle for use as required. A teaspoonful of this mixture added to a pint of milk, will, upon churning, make a pound of butter. Agents are now selling this secret i'l^': $5. Best Heel Ball. — Melt together bee swax , 2 lbs., suet,, 3 ozs., stir in ivory black, 4 ozs., lamp blacky 3 oz.. powdered gum arable, 2 oz., powdered rock candy, 2 oz., mix and when partly cold pour iuto tin and leaden moulds. IFXfc!. ind allowed to listillcd. Tho this is one of cs tlic pummy he (lislillulitm y be distilled 100 jiarts ?u% arts dry crude I of uDlimony, llic Antimony, 2am of tartar, at a time, into ) the mass and from the slag. good ycllo\T lute solution, tho leatlier. licric acid to a 5^ Fahr., must curd soap in ittlo pearlash. )ol enough for w the feathers i of them, pass lon rinse them Beat them shaking them irately with a seo page 101. y of new bran rent which it it thoroughly 36 times ; thcH intil free from Fell with bran nd afterwards th flannel and to tho above, book muslin Tcrizcd alnm ;p it in a bottle edto a pint of Agents are aet, 3 ozs., stir Q arable, 2 oz., ;old pour into Machinists, engineers. *fi, RECEirts. 2ri Estimate op matbiiials Awt> latmr tou 100 sqttarb yards ob" Latit AND PLASTBB. Jluturial!) Tlirec Coat.s Two Coatsii Materials and Labor. Hard finish I Slipped land Labor Lim« hump Liino rlaster ol' raris... Laths Hair Sand 4 CaiikH. § " \ " 2000 " 4 bushels G leads. 3jCat)kH. 2000 " 3 busbels InadM VV bite Sand Nails Masons Labourer. ., Cartage. . . . bree Coats Two coats lard iinisb Slipped. 2i biisbols 13 lbs 4 days 18 lbs. . 3i days 2 Tekba Uotta Manufacture. — In the terra cotta manufacture of the north of England and Scotland, the purest lumps of fire clay are selected by their color and texture, and used alone without any otiier clay, while the firms near London prepare more care- fully a mixture of clays, which produce a body of better texture. One of the chief difliculties met in manufacturing terra cotta figures and ornamental works is the contraction the clay suffers after it has left the mould; first, in drying ; afterwards, in firing. By mixing the clays,a further advantage is gained in the aiminished Bhriukage, as fire clay terra cotta (that is, unmixed) shrinks in lineal dimensions about 12 per cent from the time it leaves the mould until it leaves the kiln ; the mixed clay terra cotta shrinks 6 per cent or less, and red clays shrink 3 per cent. To enhance the durability of tho body of terra cotta, a partial vitrification of tho mass is aimed at by adding clays and substances which contain a small amount of alkalies which act as a flux to fuse the body harder ; also vitrifying ingredients, pure white river sand, old fire brick, ground fine, previously ground clay called "grog." aro added in various proportions, amounting .even to 25 per cent. They counteract excessive shrinkage, act as vitrifying elements, and keep the color lighter. In the manufacture the mixture of clays is ground under an edge runner to the consistency of flour. The mills have either revolving or stationary pans ; the former do the most work. In order to mix and incorporate the diflferent clays, n, subsequent careful pugging is required, for which hot water is sometimes used. The mixture, when brought to the pro- per homogeneous consistency, io placed in a plaster mould, dried near the kilns or otherwise, and baked in a kiln for fivo or seven days, during which time it is slowly brought to a white heal, and as gradually cooled down again. In order to avoid twisting and warping during tho firing, it ic necessary, beaides complete mixing of clays, that the mould be shaped so as to give a uniform thick- ness of material throughout, aud if the temperature ot the kiln be well graded, the homogeneous body will, not warp. To cheapen terra cotta building blocks, they are made hollow, and filled, dur- ing the construction, with concrete or cement. Although in the kilns the productions are separated from the wares, it ic found that the use of sulphurous fuel darkens and tarnishes the curface, and it is to be avoided. This material admits of being used with the greatest facility in the formation of the most elaborate fvrchitcc- ^ \ '$■ ^nrrr-'sr^^rragyutm Tm i! t 271 MACHINISTS, KNGINKEIlSj'itO., REOKIPIS. toml ornaments and other beautifu. designs, which can be multi- plied to any required extent at a very cheap rate. A piece of four inch column tested at the 1851 Exhibition required a pressure of 400 tons per square foot to crush it, or as much aa good granite and two to three times as much as most building stono. Ulastinq Rocks, &c — In small blasts 1 lb, of powder will loosen about 4^ tons. In largo blasts 1 lb. of powder will looson about 2^ tons ; 50 or GO lbs. of powder, inclosed in a resisting bag liung or propped up against a gate or barrier will demolisii any ordinary construction. One man can bore, with a bit 1 indi in diameter, from 50 to 00 inches per day of 10 hours in gninite or 300 to 400 ins. per day iu limestone. Two strikers and a iiolder can bore with a bit 2 ins. in diameter 10 feet per day in rock of medium hardness. Labour on Embankments. Single horse and cart. A horse with a loaded dirt cart employed in excavation and embankment, will make 100 lineal feet, or 200 feet in distance per minute, while moving. The time lost in loading, dumping, awaiting, otc,-=4 minutes per load. A medium laborer will load with a cart in 1^; hours, of the following earths, measured in the bank : Grav/hj earth 10, Loam 12, and Sandy earth 14 cubic yards ; carts are loaded as follows : Descending hauling^ i of a cubic yard in bank^ iicvd hauling f of a cubic yard in bank ; Ascending hauling, | ot .i cubic yard in bank. Loosening ^'c. In loam, a three-horse plov," -vil! loosen from 250 .o 800 cubic ya'-ds per day of 10 hours. Tliu cost of loosening earth to be loaded will be from 1 to 8 cents jicr cul)ic yard, when wages are 105 cents per day. The cost of trinuuing and bossing is about 2 cents per cubic yard. Scooping, A scoop load will measure -,\t of a cubic yard, measured in excavation. Tiie lime lost in loading, unloading and trimming, per loadj i^ \^ minutes. The time lost for every 70 feet of distance, from excava- tion to bank, and returning is 1 minute. In Double Scooping, tiio time lost in loading, turuing, &c., will be 1 minute; and in Single Scooping, it will be 1^ minutes. (EUwood Morris.) Hauling Stone — A cart drawn by horses over an ordinary ma' will travel I'l miles per hour of trip. A 4 horse team will hfud from 25 to 36 cubic feet of lime stone at each loa'd. The time expended in loading, unloading, &c.. including delays, avcnigis 35 minutes per trip. The coat of loading and unloading a cirt, using a horse cram at the quarry, and unloading by hand, when labour is $1.25> per day, and a horse 75 cents, is 25 cents per perch~'J4.75 cubic feet. The work done by an animal is greatest wlicn the velocity with which he moves is ^ of the greatest witli which he can move when not imjKided, and the force then cxortca ^5 of the utmost force the animal can exert at a dead pull. . Hay. — 270 cubic feet of new meadow hay, and 21(; and 2-j;! from large or old stacks, will weigh a ton, 297 to 324 cubic feet olJiy clover weigh a ton. ^ Whkkl Gkarinq. — The Pitch Line of a wheel, is the circle npoii ,wliich the pitch is measured, and it is the circumference by wiiich the diameter, or the velocity of the wheel is measured. The /'ilch, js^the arc of the circle of the pitch line, and is detennincd by tlio can be multi- piece of four a pressure of good granite 10. powder will er will loosea resisting bag deinulisli any bit I inch in ill granite or md ii holder tiy in rock of A horse with vnkiuent, will minute, while siting, Cite,— 4 li a cart in l\> nk : Gravj/ly rls are loaded n bank; i^cvul h i ot a cubic 'se phn,' Til! irs. Tliu coH 3ntg i»cr cubic i of triniininjT intj, A scoop ;avation. The r load, \h \^ from excavii- Scuojiiiif/. the and in iV/iy/e ordinary roa' iam will haul d. The time ays, avenigi'S idiiig a cart, y hand, wljen 25 cents per al is greatest greatest witli then exerted [ pull. and 'J43 from )ic feet of diy e circle upon lice by wliieh The nirh, :niiied by thu SiACillNlSTS, ENQINEERS, AC, REOEll'TS. 275 number of teeth in the wheel. The Triie Pitch, (chordial), or ib».i bv which ihe dimensions of the tooth of a wheel are alone d«termmed, j3 ft straigiit line drawn from the centres of two contiguous teeth upon the pilch line. The Line of Centres, is the line between the centres of two wheels. The Radius of a wheel is the senii-diamcter runnin"" to the periphery of a tooth. The J'itch Radius, is the scini- (liametcr running to the pitch line. The Lcui/th of a tooth, is the ilisinnce from its base to its extremity. The Breadth of a tooth, is the length of the face of wheel. A Cog Wheel, is the general name for a wheel having a number of cogs set upon or radiating from its circunifcrciice. A Mortice Wheel, is a wheel constructed for the reception of teeth or cogs, which are fitted into recesses or sockets uiiiin llie fate of the wheel. A (^og Wheel is the general term for a wliiel having a numb€r of cogs or teeth set upon or radiating ivom its cir uniference. A Mortice Wheel, is a wheel constructed for the reception of teeth or cogs, which are fitted into recesses or RDckots up.jn the taco of the wheel. IHate Wheels, are wheels without arms. A Rack is a series of teeth set in a plane. A Sector i-( :, wheel vhi h reciprocates Avithout forming a full revolution. I ^{lur Wheel, is a wheel having its teeth pex'pendicular to its axis. A Jievt. W'icet, i: a wheel having its teeth at an angle with its axis. A Crown Wheel, is a wheel having its teeth at a right angle with its axiu. A Mitre Wheel is a wheel having Its teeth at an au"^lc(i 15 ' with its axis. A Face Wheel, is a wheel having its le(°h s .1 uj)oa one of its sides. An Annular or Internal Wheel, is o, wheel having its teeth convergent to its centre, iSinir (iear, Wlifi'ld which act on each oti'.,r in tli« sumo plane, pcvcl Clear^ W! tels which act upon each other at an angle. When th« tobth ot a wheel is made of a dillerent material from that of the wheel, it jj tfiinetl a co(j% in a pinion it is termed a leaf and in a trundle it is lernu'd a stave. A wheel which impels onother "s terme the siiur. driver, or leader: the one impelled is the p/Mton. driver, or fol- lower. A series of wheels in connection with each other is termed a train. When two wheels act on each other, the greater is termed tlio v'/iccl and the lesser the pinion^ A Trundle, jMntern, or Wul- lowcr is when the teeth of a jiiniort are constructed of round brass Pdlid cylinders set in two discs. A Trundle with less than oight aiavcs cannot Ije operated uniformly by a wheel with any numbev (»;' teeth. The material of which cogs are made is aboutone fourth thi Ht length of cast iron. Buchanan rules that to increase or (liiniiiish tiie velocity in a given proportion and with the least 'ur.n- tily (if wheel-work, the number of teeth in each pinion should betvj the nmnber of teeth in its wheel as 1, 3, 59. Even tz sav^ bpace ami cxiiense, the number should never exceed i; G. The least ninn- \h'v of teeth that it is practicable to give to a wheel is regulated by the necessity of having at least one pair always in action, in order to i)rovide for the contingency of a tooth breaking. The teeth of a wheel should be as small and numerous as is consistent with strength Wiien it pinion is driven bii a tvheel, the number of teeth in the pinion should not be less than eight. When a ivh.eel t'v driven by a pinion, the number of teeth in the pinion should not be less than ten. The nuinU'r of teeth in »•'"'• he el should alw.iy,. be prime to M'- h> ^ ^•» 270 MACHINISTS, ENGINEERS, &0., UEOEIl'Tti. the number of tho pinion, tliat Ig, the number of teeih in the wheel slioiikl not be divisible by the number of teeth in the pinion without a remainder ; this la in order to prevent the same teeth coming together so often as to cause an irregular -wear of their faces. An odd tooth introduced into awheel is termed a hunting tooth ovcoy. To COMPUTE THE NUMBER OF TEETH REQUmED IN A TRAIN OP WHEBLS TO PRODUCE A GIVEN VELOCITY. Rule. — iMultiply tlie nunilier of leeth in the driver by its number of revolutions, and divide tlio product by the number of revolutions of each piuiouj for each driver and pinion. Kxaviple. — If a driver in a train of three wheels has 90 teeth, and makes 2 revolutions, and the velocities required are 2, 10, and 18, what are the number of teeth in each of the other two. 10: 90: : 2 . \H— teeth in 2 ml wheel. 18 : 90: ; 2 : \Q— teeth in 'An I wheel. To COMPUTE THE DIAMETER OF A WHEEL, Rii/e. — Multiply thc num- ber of teeth by the pitch, and divide the product by :<, MKI. Example. — The number of teeth in the wheel is 75, and the pitch 1, G75 ins: what is the diameter of it? 75 X 1.C755 — — =10 ins. 3.141G To COMPUTE THE TRUE OR ctioRDiAL PITCH, Rule. — Dividc 180 by the number of teeth, ascertain the sine of the quotient, and multi- l)ly it by the diameter of the wheel. Example. — The number of teeth is 75, and the diameter 40 inches; what is the true pitch ? 180 n=2p24' and sin. of 2p24'=. 04188, which x40=1.C7j2 ins, 75 Hoe'sComposition for Printers' Rollers. — This consists of glue and molasses, the i)roportions varying from 8 lbs. of glue in sum- mer, to 4 lbs. in winter for each gallon of molasses. The glue should be placed ^ an hour in a bucket, covered with water, then I )our the water off, and allow the glue to soften. Put it into a settle and heat it until thoroughly melted ; if too thick a little water may be added. Lastly, the molasses is added and well stirred in with the glue. When properly prepared an hour's boil- ing will be sutHcient, as too much boiling is apt to candy the mo- lasses. A late improvement consists in the addition of glycerine to the nsual mixture. Swab the mould with oil before pouring. Cement for 1*etroleum Lamps. — Boil 'A parts of ressin with 1 part of caustic soda and 5 of water. The composition is then mixed with half its weight of plaster of Paris, and sets firmly in ^ to 5 of an hour. It is of great adhesive power, not permeable to etroleum, a low conductor of heat, and but superficially attacked y hot water. To Dedorize Benzine. — Shake repeatedly with plumbate of soda (oxide of lead dissolved in caustic soda), and rectify. The follow- ing plan is said to be better. Shake repeatedly with fresh portions of metallic quick silver; let it stand for 2 days, and rectify. Specific Gravity. — Is the density of the matter of which any body is composed, compared with the density of another body I «•>>..,• 1 the wheel ion without eth comuig faceg. An toolh or co(f. M or WHEELS number of I divide the ■ each driver • )0 teetli,and , 10, and 18, ply the num- 1410. lud the pitch ivido 180 hj t, and mulu- tcr 40 inches; :1.C752 ins, nsists of glue glue in sura- The glue 1 water, thea ut it into a bhick a little ed and well a hour'9 boil- andy the mo- of glycerine e pouring, essin with 1 ition is then t3 firmly in ^ IH'rmeable to ally attacked nbate of soda The follow- 'resh portions •ectify. )f which any nother body tfAOHINlSTS, ENQINEERH, &0., kECEU'Ts/ '-^f assnmefl a3 the standard, or 1000. Thi.<» standard la pure (fistilTedl water for liquids and solids, and atmospheric air for gaseous bodies and vapors Thus as gold is 19 and silver 10 times heavier than water, those numbers 19 and 10 are said to represent the specilic gravity of gold and silver. The heaviest known substance is iridi- um, used for pointing gold pens; its specific gravity is 23, The ligbtcst of all liquids tias a specific gravity of 0-6., it is called cbiraogene, and is made from petroleum, it is exceedingly volatile and combustible, being in fact a liquefied gas. Carbonic acid gas or clioke damp is 500 times lighter than water, common air, 800, street gas about 2000, and pure hydrogen the lightest of all sub- stances, 12,000 times. The heaviest substance has thus 23x12,000, or more than a quarter of a million times more weight ihan an equal bulk of the lightest; and the substance of which comets con- sist, liii3 by astronomers been proved to be even several thousand tiirics lighter than hydrogen gas. To Galvanize Grby Irom t/ASTiNGS.—Cloanso the articles in aa ordinary chalHng mill, which consists of a barrel revolving on its a.xi3, containing sand ; when the sand is all removed^ take them out and heat one by one, plunging, while hot, in a liquid composed as follows 10 lbs. hydrochoric acid and sufficient sheet zinc to make a saturated solution. In making this solution, when the evolution of gas has ceased, add muriate, or preferably sulphate of ammonia, 1 lb., and let it stand till dissolved. The castings should be so hot that when dipped in this solution, and instantly removed, they will immediately dry, leaving the surface orystallized like frost work on a window pane. Next plunge them while hot, but perfectly dry, in t bath of melted zinc, previously skimming the oxide on the surfiace away, and throwing thereon a small amount of powder- ed sal ammoniac. If the articles are very small, inclose them in % wrought iron basket on a pole, and lower them into the metal. When this is done, shake off the superfluous metal, and cast them into a vessel of water to prevent them adhering when the zinc solidifies. To Purify PsTROLEnsi oR Kerosenb Oil.-- The distillate or crude burning oil is converted into ordinary burning oil by being placed in a tank when it is violently agitated by forcmg air through it, and while thus agitated, IJ to 2 per cent., sulphuric acid is added, alter which the agitation is continued 15 to 30 minutes. The oil is then allowed to settle, when the acid and impurities are removed, and any acid remaining in the oil is neutralized. It is then taken to shallow bleaching tanks, where it is exposed to light and aif, and allowed to settle. It is next heated by means of a coil of steam pipe running through it, to expel all gaseous vapours which will ignite at a temperature below 110® Pahr The )il is now called a. fire test oil, and is ready to be barreled and sent to market Kerosene oil is decolorized by stirring it up with 1 or 2 per. cent. of oil of vitriol, which will carbonize the coloring matter, then with some milk of lime or some other caustic alkali, settling, and re-distillinjg. To Frost Polished Silvbu. — Cyanide of potassium 1 oz., dis- solve in J pt. of water. Do not hold the silver in your hands, but use pliers made of lance wood or box wood, and apply the mixtur* with a brush to the polished surface. mi f> I t ■ 1/8 UAOlUNIbTS, ENGINEERR, .tC, aECEll'TS. \- '•,! ' J-lli i| , l,.ll ; w i'i To rtE?iT()RE Burnt Cast Stkel.— Borax II lbs., sal ainmoniac 4 lb., pnisdiate of potasli I lb., rosin, 1 oz. Puutul the iihovu line, add :i gill each of water and alcohol, and boil all to a still juislo in an iron kettle. Do not boil too lonjr, or it will become Imnl \vlu'n cool. Tiie burnt steel is dipped while quite hot in tlie com- position and slightly hammered. Yeli-ow Du'i'iNO Metal. — Melt together 2 parts of brass, I part cr. This .lUoy is almost of the color of gold coin. >Sii-VEiuNO IIuoKS AND Eyks, «fec. — The small iron articles nre siisiiendcd in dilute 3uli)liuric acid until the iron shows a brigh: clean surface. After rinsing m pure water they are pliiced in a biith of a mi.xed solution of sulphate of zinc, sulphate of copper and cyanide ot potassium, and there remain until they receive i» bright coating of trass. Lastly, they arc transferred to a bath of nitrate of silver, cyanide of potassium and sulphate of suda, in which thoy quickly rcceivo a coating of silver. To Ai'i'LV Decalcominb Pictuhes. — Varnish the pictures care- fully with the prepared varnish, (which can be obtained with the pictures), with an ornamenting pencil, being careful not to get tlic varnish on the white paper. In a few minutes the picture will he ready to lay on the panel, and the paper can be removed by wet- ting it, and when thoroughly dry, it should be varnished like an oil painting. Be particular to i)urchaso only those transfer jiict- nres which are covered with a gold leaf on tfie back, for they will show plainly on any colored surface, while the plain pictures are used only on white or light ground Composition Ornaments for Picture Frames, &c. — Mix as much whiting as you think will be required for present use, with thinish glue, to the consistence of putty; and Laving a mould ready, rub it well ali over with sweet oil, and press your composi- tion in it ; take it out and you have a good impression, which you may set by to dry j or, if wanted, j'ou may, before it gets hard, apply it toyour work with thick. glue, and bend t into the form requiri'd. Drill I>ubricator. — For wrought iron use 1 lb. soft soap mixed with 1 gal. boiling water. It insures good work and clean cut- ting. Cement for Emert on Wood. — Melt together equal parts of shellac, white rosin, and carbolic acid in crystals ; add th,e last after the others are melted. An unrivalled cement. Weight of Earth, Rocks, &c. — A cubic yard of sand or ground weighs about 30 cwt. ; mud, 25 cwt. ; marl, 2G cwt. ; clay, 31 cwt.; chalk, 3G cwt. ; sandstone, 39 cwt. ; shale, 40 cwts. ; quartz, 41 cwt. ; granite 42 cwt. j trap, 42 cwt. ; slate, 43 cwt. To Determine Weight of Live Cattle. — Measure in inches the girth round the beast, just behind the shoulder blade, and the length of the back I'rom the tail to the fore part of the shouUlei" blade. Multiply the girth hy the length, and divide by 144. If the girth is less than 3 feet, multiply the quotient by 11. If between 3 and .') feet, multiply by IG. If between 5 and 7 feet multiply by 23. II between 7 and 9 feet multiply by 31, If the animal is lean, deduct ^„ from the result, or take the girth and length m feet, multiply the square o( the girth by the length, and multiply the product hj MAf'HINiSTS, ENOINEERS, AC, UP.CEIPtS. 270 s. ; quartz, 41 X%. TIio rc.'^iilt will be tlin answer !n pouiKlg. The live Wfiight, miilii|iin'l li)' fi.ur>, {^ivc'rf 11 iKiir iiitproxiiiiiilioii to the net. weiglit. T(l liKTAIIt TIIK SlI.VKIUNO (»K M lUKuJW.— I'oiir IlllOll a HJlfet. of till toil :f "IrH. of (iiiickrtilvcr to ilie s siiiiutly witli.'i \nvcv of hiickHkiii until the foil hecoinert brilliant,. Lay tlie L'lii^s iipon a Hat table, fiux' downwardt,, place the foil upon llio (liiiimged portion of the ghiss- lay a sheet of paper over the foil, and iijaa' upon it a Itloek of wood o u piece ot niarhle With a pi-rfeclly Hilt aiirtaci'; put upon it suflicient weight to press it down ligiil; let it rcinaiu In this position a few hours. The foil will adhere to the glass. rK.s'Cii-'' FOR Writino ON Glass. — Stearic acid 4 pts., Mutton- ?w\, ;i Jits., wax 2 pts ; melt together ami add i! parts of red lead, and I |)i. purified carboAte of poiassa, previously triturated together ; R'l arfuli; lor an hour in a warm sii ilion, stirring Iretiuenlly ; then |iour into glass tubes or hollow n > ds. MnDKi.i-iNO Ci.AY. — Knead dry clay with glycerine instead of wiUer, and a mass is obtained which remains moist and plastic for II cotisiilcrable length of time, being a great convenience for tho moiU'llcr. Asi'iiALT FOR WalivS. — Takc 2 pts., very dry lime rubltisli, and ] pi. cdul aslies, also very dry, all sifted fine. In a dry place, on a ilrv day, nii,x them, and leave a hole in the middle ot tlit; heap, as lirickhi}LTS do when making mortar. Into this j)our boiling liot colli tar; mix, and when as stilfas nu)rtar, put it three inches iliick Avliore the walk is to be ; the ground sliould be dry and beaten siuuotli; sprinkle over it coarse sand. AVhen cold, pass a light roller over it; in a few days the walk will be solid and water- proof. I'uMi^iriNO Powder for Speci'la. — Precipitate a dilute solution of suliiliate of iron by ammonia in excess; wash the precipitate; press it in a screw jiress till nearly dry ; then expose it to heat until it appears of a dull red color in the dark. Facts for Gas Companies and Gas CoNsu.MEUs.—i '«;•(/<« as— Dry piiriiiers require 1 bushel of lime to 10,000 cubic feet of gas, and 1 SMperlicial foot for every 400 cubic feet of gas. Wet /mri/ieni icqiiiie i l)ushel of lime mixed with 48 bushels of water for every 10,000 cubic feet of gis. Retorts — A retort produces about OoO culiic feet of gas in T) hours with a charge of aijout j^, cwt. of coal, or Jsoo feet in 124 hours ; I ton of Wigan (Jannel has produced coke, 1.12(; Ihs. ; tar, 250 lbs. ; gas, :^;5H lbs. ; loss, ;{2(; lbs. Pictoii and Sidney coal has produced 800(> cubic feet per ton ; 1 11). peat \Yill supply gas for 1 hour's light. Exposed lights require about 5 cubic feet; internal lights require 4 cubic ft. per hour. Large l)iirncrs require from 6 to i.O cubic feet per hour. A cubic loot of giis, frum a jet ;,A,rd of an inch in diameter and height of flame 4 Indies, will burn for Go minutes. Rosin Gas — Jet 3^,, Hame 5 inches, \\ ciiliic feet jser hour. In winter the average diiralion of internal li},dits per day is 5.(>8 Hours; in summer it is 2.83 , in spring it is 3.41; and in the fill 4.1G. Street lamps in New York city coii- .siinie ;{ cubic feet of gas per hour. In some cities 4 and 5 cubic fet't are consumed. Fish-tail burners for ordinary coal gas con- sume 4 to 5 cubic feet of 'as per hour. The standard nj m' ■snre fi every foot of rise or rail in the length of the pipe \\y ex. perimi'ut, .30,000 cubic feet of gas, sp. gr. 42 wei* dischaiged inau hour tlu-ougli a main G inches in diameter and 2-.5 feet in leiigili, and b!52 cubic feet, sjiecitic gravity. :»'.i;s were discharged uialcr a head '-f 3 ins. of water, through a nniiii 4 ins. indiani. and (Iniilos in leni^ih. Loss of volume, if disciiarged by friction, in a piiK; (J in. diam and 1 mile in length is estimated at i)") per ci'Ut. ludistiil- ingr>t) lbs. of coal the volume of gas produced in cubic feet whi'n the distillation was effected in 3 hours was 41.3, in 7 hours ^iTT). in 2' I lioui.? 33.5, and iu 25 hours 31.7. The time of explosion isabdut the 27th part of a second^ and the resultant temperature 2174". (litH F.iiijines — In the Lenoir engines, the best proixirlions of gas and air are, for conimou gas, 8 volumes of air to 1 of gas, and fdi- caiine! gas 11 of air to 1 of gas. An engine having a cylinder uf li inches diameter, and !ilt. ^\1 24 11 r.i 1<( 7S 10 (If) y :;2 , 8 ;,D 7 m; V i;{ (; ID when cookoil ii I part.^, iin ?^. i of a ciiickid C'tlgfS Ol" tin! )e applifil is to lii^li velocity, niicr as to cut tlicy come in l)ell. arc in solution tttcr witii sul- 111 dirfsolve in th part of the er design you tick' in a ijold iiid in a sliori will bf covered le black lend \i nt di^^closcd. A |-OC(^SS. ad, f) i)art3, tin lor. For male arnisli, and a oimd with it to it of a dull nail and the tlow of )inpnHition pn'- It is made us i oz. ; geliUino 1*1, ) is ready fur ^er, and oiiat in WACIIINLSTS, EKCJlMEERf?; vV^C; RECEIl'T.S. 2S0o riLA.sTiN(i Powder.— Reduce se;>«;v//t/?/ to jiowder, 2 parts chlorato of potassa and 1 part red sulphiiret of arsenic ; mix very lifihtly tojxetlier, or; powder separately, 5 parts chlorate of potassa; 'J parts red pulphiirct of arsenic, and 1 part ferrocyanide of potassium (priipsiate of j)Otas3a) ; mix carefully, or; mix carefully as before, after having sejiarateiy reduced to i>owder equal parts chlorate of potassa and fcrroi-yanide of potassium. These pos.scss ei^ht times the ex))lo.sive force of gunpowder and must bo used with tho greatest, can ti'o.i. On "Woon Cuts and Xkw Wood Tyi'e.s — AVood cuts should never be washed with lye or water, benzine or campheneoidy should be used. Largo Avood letters when new should be soaked in a niixtiiro of turpentine and thin boiled linseed oil overnight, and taken out of the bath in the morning and then wiped clean. Let fiieni stand awhile to absorb what oil, etc., may not have been removed Iiy wiping, then ink them well. After they stand a few hours Nvash them with benzine. PiUNTKUs' Rollers. — No. 1. Black Composition, very durable and elastic. Genuine Irish or Bufllilo glue, 10^ lbs., black sugar cane, or best maple molasses, 1 gal., pnrilied lailia rubber shavings, 1 lb., Carolina tar, 2 ozs., glycerine, 12 ozs., strong vinegar, 4 ozs. Soak the glue over night and drain in llie morning by means of a r.wv'«'i/ cullender. Boil molasses and .skim for 20 minutes. Add the rubber shavings and stir until it combines with the molasses, add tlicjilue and boil for forty minutes, occasionally stir the mass, ad(^ the tar and glycerine boil G or 7 minutes, and pour, k' purified rubber cannot bo procured add U, lbs. more pi no and 4 oz. more glycerine. No. 2. for Summev use. No. 1 glue, 2 lbs. ; Baeder's glue, 2 "lbs. ; best sugar house molasses, 1 gal. , glycerine, ^ pt. For \\int< r use, reduce each glue i to ^ of a lb. Soak the glues wrapped up separately in woolen cloths about three hours. Boil iho molasses 45 or 50 minutes, skinmiing thoroughly. Then add the glues drained of superfluous water. Boil the whole for 15 or 20 miuute.-^, add the glvcerine, boil and stir 3 to 5 minutes then pour oil". i\o. :.<. i:>lroiig MiJdlv. Weallw.r IxoUers. Temp. GO'^ to 70" Fahr. Coopers best glue, 8i lbs ; extra syrup, 2 gals. ; glycerine, 1 ])t. ; Venice turpentine, 2 oz. Hteop the glue in rain water until pliant, and drain it W(dl. Then melt it over a moderate lire, but do not "cook it." This will lake from 15 to 25 minutes. Next put in the syrup.and boil jj of an hour, stirring it occasionally and skimmine; oil" iviipurities arising to the surface. Add the glycerine and tur- pentine a few minutes before removing from the fire, and pour slowly. Slightly reduce or increase the glue as the weather be- comes colder or warmer. i>ii.vKi!iN(} SoLirrioN FOR ELKCTKOTYrE Plates. — Nitrate of silver 2 drs. ; distilled water, :',7 drs. Dissolve, and add sal ammoniac, 1 ilr. ; liydrophosphite of soda, 4 drs.; precii)itatcd chalk, -1 drs. AjT't'i''' lh« preparation occasionally for 12 hours Avheu it will be ready for use. Apjdy with apiece of line sponge i' a l-H,'l ll> FOR BRlOUTKNlNd CoMMON QkALITJKS OP BlACK OH oz. ; balsam fir, ^ oz. ; oil ber- :n L\KS. — Deniar varnish, 1 gamut, 25 drops ; lialsam of cojuiiba, :>5 drops ; creosote, 10 drops ; LOpiU vuruish, 50 drops. Uijc in small ^uautiticd. The whilCij vf MyV- H\ ' • I 2.S0(/ MACHINISTS, ENtllNKEKh:, &C,, IlECElI'T.S. fre~li('f^,^.-;!in' Iso l)ri;^liU'n<'r,-! fif Cdlcn!'! iik:-, ])iit tlicy must, Jig Ufplicd a link' at, a time, as they dry very liaid, and an ipt U, tako away I lie suction ol' rollers if usfd for any (.•xloiidcd piTioil (Jooi) "Ukpucing Drykk. — Brown's (genuine) Japan. I'sc in Btnall (|!ianliti('s, IIaimikmnc (ii.oss kok Inks. — Gum A raljic dissolved in idcojioi or a weak dilution of oxalic acid. Use in i^iuuU (pumtiiies^ .-luj nii.v with tln! ink as 1 he latter is consumed. To (;ivio D.Muc Inks A niiONzn ou CuANOioATtLi-; IlrR.— Diisolve ],', llis. RUin shellac in 1 <<;iil. 'J'> per cent alcohol or colo£rnesi)irit.s for 21 Jionrs. Then add l-l o/s. analino red. Let it stand a few honrs lon^^er, when it will ho ready for use. Add this to p)0(l bhic. l>lack, or other dark iidc. as needed in quantities to suit, mIumi if carefully doue they will be found to Lave a rich bronze or cliiiii"(;. aide hue. <>ui('K Dryek foi! Inks t'skd on HooKBiNnrRa casks.— Drc's wax 1 oz.,guni arable (dissolved in sudieicnt acetic acid to make atliiu juucilage) ,] oz., IJrown'ri Japan, | oz. Incorporate with 1 lb. of good Cut iidt. To Hk.new a riARn Rolmou. — Wash the roller carefiilty with Ijo cover the surface with a thin layer of molasses and lay it aside til! the next niorninjj, then wash it with water, and let it haiii,' till dry enough for using. '"r<) Tra.\sf!;u Pictures from Paper to Wood for Re-fncuavint, — Hoak the jrint in a saturated solution of alcohol and wliitc cuis- tic potash to softeu the ink, then transfer to the block under rol- ler pressure. CiL-.M FOR BACKTxr, Larelr. — Mix purc dextrine witli lioilinn Water until it assumes thn consistency of ordinary mueilajfi', Ajiply with u full l^odied, evenly mtide camel's iiair 'brush. Tlio l)a])er should not be too thin or unsized. It will dry quickly and adhere when slightly wet. Pkof. lioTTOERS Portable Tne.— ^lako tlic strongest p()«>il)lc solution of analino l)laek in water or alcohol, and soak thick uu sized ])aper thoroughly to imbibe mixture, and then dry. CoLORixr, AND Si/.ixa OF Pai'er. — Paper is adulterated witlijilaj ter of Paris, sometimes to the extent of IIO percent., to increase tlie weight. Ih'own paper is mixed with ochre and clay, the niaiuifuc- turers say to give it a nice brown color, but doubtless, the tnip reason is, to make it heavier. White soap, glne, starch, and diS' Bolvctl rosin will', a few pounds of altun, form a good size for ])riiit' ing paper to mix with the imlp. Four or live pounds oxide ofcoliiilt (snuilt3).givc a beautiful blue tinge to line writing paper,wheii added to 100 lbs. of the rags. Writing paper is sized by being dipped .I or slicets at a time into a composition made from skins and other animal substances, a large ])ile of it being afterwards prcs.s(.'d to force out the su]ierlluity, although machines now exist niiikini,' fine writing 'taper, sized with gelatnie, dried, and cut into slieets, Jit the rale of t;o feel u minute in length, and 7(i inches wide. On. FOR Pink Mi:(IIAMs.m. — Oil for fine mechanism can bi' ]ire- pared by ]-utliiig zinc and lead shavings, in e"g<>od Kloreuce olive oil, and placing iii a cool place until the oil buoidiiw colorless. UVT6. T'SEFUL ITEMS FOR DAILY REMEMIUIANCK. 281 ■ llicy must ],e , illlll iU-V !ipt I,, I'lUlctl IHTilill. iipau. l',s(; in (Ivnl ill iilcoliol (iiiiiutilics, auij ■R.— Diisolvci,', lojrucsitirit.sror iiul a lew lioiirs to fri)()(l blue, to suit, wboiiif jnzc or clifiujj'i;- rs.— Hfc's wiix, I to iiiiikc iitliiu to with 1 lb. of rfiilty with lye, lay it aside till I lei ll Laii^' till ii Rk-fnciiavint, and whiti' aim- block iiiiik'r rol- ic with lioilinp nary im;eilnq:i', lair 'brush. TIh; dry quickly and ronj^jost ii()s>il)lc I soak thick uii II dry, cralcd wiUiiila- ., to increase tlic ly, tlio luaiiiifac- lihtlcss, the true starch, and diS' ;)d sizo lor |)rlut' 5 oxidi! orcohiiU apcr,\vbeuaiKk'(l jy bciu;.? diiipcd from skins and tcrwards ju'essed o\v exist laakin;,' cut into sheet;, dies Aviile. sin can !"■ V^'^'- I'arls, iuKr^iiud 1 (he oil bec(»mw O.v Mkltin'! and f{KFi\iN(i. — III incltjnff n>-nss dold, uv^v (ho lin; to ft geut lieat, and stir tlic metal with the long stem of a tuliaceu j)i[)0 to iircvcnt lioiipy combing. If.SVrrVor Jroii Ji/iiif/ get into gold while melting, throw in a piece of sandiver the size of a coniniou nut ; it will attract the ironl^r steel from the gold into the fhix, or, sublimate of mercury will destroy tlic iron or steel. To cause (.1 old to roll well, melt with a good heat, add a te.is'poonfid of sal ammoniac and charcoal, equal (luantilies, lioth itiilveriseti, stir up well, put on tho cover for 2 minutes and poiu-. Koii tSiLVKKSMiTiis, tSTKHLiNft Sir.vKR. — 1. Fine Silrer 11 oz, 2 dwts., line copper 18 dwts. 2. Equal tc Slcrlinr/ — Fine silver 1 07.., line copjier 1 dwt', 12 grs. 3. Another r for ChuinH — Fine silver G (hvts., line copjier 4 dwts. b. Solihr/or dilfo — Fine silver 10 dwts., tine cnjiper 12 grs., pin brass 3 dwts, 12 grs. G. Allot/ for JHatiiKj — FiMe .silver 1 oz., fino copper 10 dwts. 7. Silver Solder— F'lno. silver 1 oz., pin brass 10 dwts., pure spelter 2 dwts. 8. C'op/ier Sol'ler for rlatimj — Fine silver 10 cwts., fine copper 10 dwts. 0. Cnvimon Silver Solder — Fine silver 10 ozs., pin brass G ozs. 12 dwts, s])elter 12 dwts. 10. Silver Solder for Euumcllin^, $l/'f»' oz. —Fine silver 14 dwts, fine copi»er 8 dwts. 11. Ditto, for Jil'ini/ !^iiinet RiniiH — Fine silver 10 ozs., fine copper 1 oz. IGdwts., line ]iiii liras's G ozs 12 dwts., spelter 12 dwts. 12. Silver Solder for Uoil rialinfi — Fine silver 1 oz., fine cop]>er 5 dwts., pin bras.s T) dwts. 13. Quirk Silver Solder — Fine silver 1 oz., jtin brass 10 dwti-'., bar tin 2 dwts. 14. Imitution Silver— Fine silver 1 oz., nickel 1 oz. 11 grs., fine cojtpcr 2 ozs. 9 grs. 15. Another ditto — Fine silver 3 ozs., nickel 1 oz. 11 dwts., fine co))per 2 ozs. \) grs., speller 10 dwts. IG. FiJic Silver Solder for Fitiyree Work. — Fine -;ilver t dwts. G grs.. pin brass 1 dwt. i7. Jiism,uth Solder— liU- muth :'> ozs. lead 3 ozs. 18 dwts., tin 5 ozs. G dwts. rSEFUL ITEMS FOR DAILY KE.MK.MBllAXCE. JiixiAi- Brevities. — .\ note dated on Sunday i.s vr)id. A note obtained by fraud, or from one intoxicated, is void. If a note be lost or stolen, it does not relea.se the maker, h< must pjiy it. An endorser of a note ir, exempt from liability, if no* served with notice of its d^ uonor within 24 hours of its iion iiaymont. A note by a minor is void. Notes l)ear interest only when so stated. Prin- eipaksare responsible for their agents. Each individiuil "n ])artncr- siiiji is responsible for the whole amount of the debts of the linn. Ik no ran CO of the law oxcyses no one. It is a fraud to conceal a fraud. it is illegal to compound a felony. Tlie law compels no one to do impossibilities. An agreement without a consideration i.s void. Siguatiiros i.i lea«l pencil are good in law. A rec< ipt for ni'iiuy is not legally conclusive. The acts of one partner bind all^ tlieoihers. Contracts made on Sunday cannot lie enforced. A' ooutrael with a minor is void. A contract made with a lunatic is v'tiil Written contracts coucerniiiii land must be under seal. 282 USEFUL ITEMS FoR DAILY UEMEMIJilANOE. A TAHLE OF DAILY SAVINGS AT COMPOUND INl'EHKST. Cents per JJaj Per Yenr la Ten Yeiirs J'Vll J''«r 2i. 5i. 11 . 27^. 55 . 1.10 .. 1.37 .. 10. 20. 10. >0. 200. 400. 500.. fSc ■i? 2,; 1(10 r),8o() .$ 130 . 220 Ii;(;()() ■ •1,300 u;»,()0(j • 2,G00 ,5,s,0()0 .5,200 Il(i,()(i0 .G,500 li:.,0()() By the above table it appears tbat if a niechauic, or dork siivuj 2''l ;»er day from the time he i.s 21 t.ll he is 70, tlie total \vit!i interest will amount to $2,!.>00, und a daiiy .saving of 275 cents rciiclus \\w important sum of !?2y,000. Save all you can in a jirudenl niiiimei for a time of possible want, but act ju.stly by l>aying yonr dehts and liberally by assist) ug those in need, and helping in a goud cause. On Pkokane Sweaking — Let every man do his best to diseoiin- tenance this al)onjiuable habit, and shun it as an acciu'scd .sin in every i)o.^siblo way. No respectable person will allow hinij(flf lu be guilty of it. Business men who make a practice of it will liml themselves avoided by the best class of customers, for I know tlint Borne persons can sutler no mental punishment equal to that i i- flicted by being compelled to listen to profane language .Besides every man known as a profane swearer, will not be credited liy those whose good opmiou is worth having, even when he uuiy Uo speaking the truth. Act Well Your Paut, Don't lU': f^ELKiSii. — Remember fbat It is by imparting happiness to others, and making ourselves useful, that we receive happiness. Stand l>y this truth, live it out, aiul always keep doing something useful lor the common good, doing it well, and acting sincerely. Endeavour to keep your heart in the attitude of cherishing good will to all, thinking and siK-aking evil of no one, and always with a kind -vord for everybody. Scl- lishness is its own curse ; it is a starving vice. Tlie man who does no gi)od gets none, lie is like the heath in the desert, neitlier yielding fruit nor seeing when good cemieth, a stunted dwarlLsli, miserable shrub. Let all your influence be e.xerteMl for the puriiose of doing all yuu cm fur the common good, and individual welliue of every one. Maukiaoe Ma.xi.ms. — A good wife is the greatest earthly ble.ssi^<,^ A wife never makes a greater mistake than when she endeavours to coerce her husband with other weapons than those of love and affection. Those weapons are a sure pull if he has any iliiiig human left in him. Forbear mutual upbraidings. In writing letters, during temporary separation, let noihing coutniry to love and sincere aifeetion be expressed, such letters from a wife liave a most jtowerful emotional elfect, sometimes little understood by tlioso who writ them. It is the mother who moulds the clianietcr and destiny of the child as to the exteriors, therefore let caliniiess, peace, aifeetion, and lirmness rule her conduct townnis her cliilil- ren. Ciiildren are great imitators, whether they have scold injf or peaceful mothers, they are generally sure to learn from the evaiiijik's Bct before tUeui, aud thus the cuU5)C(|Ucut joy or sorrow is ir.ius- USEFUL ITEMS FOR DAILY REMEMBRANCE. 283 ferrod to other families, therefore let mothers take heed to their comliict. It id uoi purfsiblc tu exercise judgment and i)nid('iif!n too Hiiicli b-tbre entering on the married life. \k\ sure tliat the afll'C- tioiis ou both sides ^re so perfectly iiiterlwined around eacli other, tiiat, tlie two as it were, form one mind, this requires time ; and a tlioroiigli mutual knowledge on botli sides. Marrj- i i your own re- lisrion, aud into a dillereut blood and temperament from your own. BlmkI yoiu" wliole powers to avoid depreciatory remarks, jibing and anger in every form, and specially avoid everlastingly dishing up nny uiisuccessfid past action that was done from a good motive aud Willi tlie liest intentions at the time. Let nothing foreign to tho spirit of love and mutual affection intervene to cause dislancp bftwccii husband and wife; to this end let self-deniul rule ovec each, and reciprocal unselfishness. Avoid habitual fault-finding, s«ol(ling, &c., as you vould perdition itself; many men trembls as tliuy cross Ihiir tlireshold into the ju'esence of scolding wives. Let liusbatid and wife cultivate habits of sobriety, aud specially avoid dnuikcniiess ineveryform. What a dreadful spectacle it is to see a liiisbaud transformed into a demon, tottering home^vard to a brokeu- LfiU'ted wife, whose noble self-sacrificing devotion to him seems to partak. morv. of the nature of heaven than of earth. Never part evou (>r .. journey, without kind and endearing words, and as a kiss symbolizes union from interior affection, do not spare it on such jccasions, repeating it when you return. In one word, let love ride supremo. CdiLDfE.v ANO llojiti! CONVERSATION. — Children hunger perpetu- a,ly for new ideas. Tliey will learn with pleasure from the lips of paiiMits wiiat they deem drudgery to learn from books, and even if they irivo the misfortune to be deprived of many educational ad- vantages they will grow up intelligent if they enjoy in childhood the piivilege of listening to the conversation of intelligent people. LeHhein have many oi)portunitie3 of learning in this way. Bo kind to them, and don't think it beneath you to a'lswer their little qiKrJtioiis, f(.. they proceed from an implanted faculty which every tiMie mati jmd woman should take u great delight iu gratifying. iloMn AKTKii 13usiNEas HoLTHs. — Happy is the man who can find that s liace and that poetry at home. Warm greetings from loving ht'iirts, fond glances from bright eyes, fud welcome shouts of morn hearted children, the many thousand little arrangements for comfort a id enjoyment, that silently tell of thoughtful and expec- tant love, these arc the ministrations that reconcile us to the proso of life. Think of this ye 'wives and daughters of business men I Tliink of the toils, the an.xieties, the mortification and wear that fatliers undergo to secure for you comfortable homes, and conuiensatc them for their toils by milking them happy by their own fi-e side. \Vi;i,L WoitTHV OP Imitation. — A worthy Quaker thus wrote : — "I exjieet to ])ass through tiiis world but oiice. If iberefore, there 1)0 any kindness I can do to any fellow being, let me do it now. lot me not defer nor neglect it, for I will not pass this way again. Wer.' all to act I bus how many would be made hapi)y! A.N'oTUKii Sknsiulk (,tUAKKK. — A (Quaker lately projioundcd the moiiieutous (luestion to a fair Quakeress, as follows: ''Hum! yea i I 284 USEFUL ITEMS FOR DAILY REMEMBRANCE mi and verily ; Penelope, ^ne sp.—u urgctn ana movotn me wonaer- fully to beseech thee to cleave unto me, flesh of my llesh, and bone of my bone." " Hum ! ti-uly, Obadiah, thou hast wisely said. Inasmuch as it is not good for man to be alone, lOj I will sojourn with tliee." _ Table Conversation.— Instead of swallowing your food in sullen silence, or brooding over your business, or severely talking about others, let the conversation at the table be genial, kind, social and cheering. Don't bring any disagreeable subjects to the table in your conversation, any more than you would in your dishes. Avoid scandal'-'ing people, and never cherish a jubilant feeling over the infirmiiics or misfortunes of others. Tlie more good company you have at your table the better. Hence the intelligence, refinement and appropriate behaviour of a family given to hospitality. Nevor feel that intelligent visitors can be anything but a blessing to you and yours. Keep the House Clean and well Ventilated.— A neat, clean. fresh aired, sweet, cheerful, well arranged house, exerts a moral influence over its inmates, and makes the members of a family peaceable and considerate of each other's feelings ; on the contrary, a filthy, squalid, noxious dwelling, contributes to make its inhab- itants seliishj sensual, and regardless of the feelings of others. Never sleep in a small close bedroom, either during summer or winter without free ventilation from door or windows, unless other- wise supplied with abundance of fresh air. It will be seen that a person's house usually corresponds to his character. Safe Business Rulks. — Business men, in business hours, attend ONLY to business matters. Social calls are best adapted to the SOCIAL circle. Make your business known in few wohds, without loss of time. Let your dealijjgs with a stranger be most CAitEFtiLiY considered, and thied friendship duly appreciated. A mean act will soon recoil, and a man of honour will be esteemed. Leave " Thicks of Tuadk " to those whose education was never completed. Treat all with rospocf, confide in few, wrong no man. Be never afraid to sny No, and always prompt to acknowledge and rectify a wrong. Leave nothi ig for to-morrow that should be done to-day. Becauge a friend is polite, do not think his time is valueless. Have a PLACE for every thing, and every thing in its place. To preserve LONO friendship, keep a short cuedit, the way to get credit is to be punctual ; the way to preserve it is not to Uiusit much. Settlb OFTEN ; have SHORT accounts. Trust no man's appearances, they are often deceptive, and assumed for the purpose of obtaining cre- dit. Rogues generally dress well. The rich are generally plain MEN. Be WELL satisfied before you give a credit, that those to WHOM Tou aivs IT are safb mm to be trusted. .NCE me wonaer- ny Uesh, and it wisely said. will sojourn food in sullen talking about nd, social and to the table in dishes. Avoid 2ling over the company you ce, refinement itality. Nevor leasing to you A neat, clean, xerts a moral rs of a family n the contrary, lake its inhab- ng3 of others. ng summer or 3, unless other- 1 be seen that er. 3 hours, attend adapted to the woHDS, without MOST CAliEFULLY d. A MEAN ACT TEEMED. Leave ever completed. MAN. Be never ,ge and rectify a be done to-day. alueless. Have ce. To preserve lET CREDIT is tO it much. Settle PEAHANCES, they )f obtaining cre- generally I'lain .t, that those to INTEREST TABLE, AT SIX PER ^E^^T., Iff l>OLr.AUS AND CENTS FROM ONE DOLLAR TO TU-V THOUSAND. 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 9 10 20 30 40 50 100 200 300 400 500 1000 2000 3000 4(»00 5000 10000 I day. c. 00 CO 00 00 0<) 00 00 GO 00 00 001 00* oo| 01 01} 03 05 07 08 17 33 50 67 83 67 7 days. 15 days. 1 mo. 3 mo3. 6 mos 12 aio3. $ c. * c. « c. 9 c. $ c. 9 c. 1)0 001 oot OOi 01 J 03 0(5 ooi 01 03 00 12 ()(ll 00 Oli 04i 00 18 OOi 01 02 06 12 24 00', Oli m 07i 15 8» 00? ooj Oli 03 09 18 86 01. 03i 10* 21 4a 01 02 (H 12 24 43 01 01 i 021 03} 04i 05 13i 15 27 30 61 60 02 1 05 10 30 60 1 20 03V 07i 15 45 90 ■ 1 80 04] 10 20 60 1 20 2 40 06 12i 25 75 1 50 3 00 11 23i 26 50 1 50 3 00 6 00 50 r 00 3 00 6 00 12 00 35" 75 1 50 4 50 9 00 18 00 46J 581 1 00 2 00 6 00 12 00 24 UO 1 25 2 50 7 50 15 00 30 00 1 l 30 . 1 .2 . 3 . 6 . n 50 . i . 1 . 3 . 6 . 8 .13 70 . 1 . 2 . 4 . 7 .11 .18 80, . 1 . 2 . 4 . 8 .12 .';,o 90 . 1 . 2 . 6 . 9| .14 .23 100 . 1 . 3 . 5 .10 .16 .2;.^ 200 . 3 . 6 .10 .20 .30 .50 300 . 4 . 8 .15 .30 .45 .75| 400 . 5 .10 .20 .40 .60 1.00' 500 . 6 .13 .25 .50 .75 1.25' 600 . 8 .15- M) .60 .91 1.50 i 7'0 . 9 .18 .3n .70! 1.05 1.75i 800 .10 .2) .40 .80! 1 20 2.00 900 .11 .23 .45 .90 1.35 2.25 1000 .13 .25 .50 1.00 1.50 2.50 1100 .14 .28 .65 1 10 1.65 2.75 1200 .15 .30 .60 1.20 1.80 3.00 1300, .1(3 .33 .65 1.30 1.95 3.25 1400 .18 .35 .70 1.40 2.10 3.5' 1 1500 .19 .38 .75 1.50 2.25 3.75 IGOO .20 .40 .80 1.60 2.40 4.00 1700 .21 .43 .85 1.70 2.55 4.25 1800 .23 .45 .90 1.80 2.70 4 50 1900 .24 .48 .95 1.90 2.8". i.75 . 1 . 2 . 8 . 6 . 9 .15 .21 .24 .27 .30 .60 .90 1.20 1.60 1.80 •UQ 2.40 2 70 8."0 3 30 3.60 3.90 4.20 4.50 4.80 5.10 5.40 5.70 , 1 . 2 . 4 . I .11 .18 .25 .28 .32 .3.5 .70 1.05 1.40 1.75 2.10 246 2.80 3.16 3.50 3.S5 4.20 4.65 4.90 6.25 5.95 6 30 6,6.") Lbsl 3 7 10 20 30 60 70 80 90 100 200 800 400 600 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 14O0 150rt 1600| 17! 'O; isoo' 1900fi 12 8 cts !)f Cts 13. 'JO 14.00 .2 . 2 .6 .5 . 7 .7 .13 .14 .20 .21 .33 .35 .46 .49 .52 .56 .59 .63 .65 .70 1.30 1.40 1.95 2.10 260 2.80 3.25 3.50 3.90 4.20 4.55 4.90 6.20 5.60 6.86 6.30 6.50 7.00 7.15 7.70 7.80 8.40 8.45 9.10 9.10 9.80 9.75 10.60 10.40 11.20 11.05 11.90 11.70 12 60 ]2ii5 13.30 » ct.i 15.00 . 2 . 5 . 8 .15 .23 .38 .53 .60 .68 ,75 1.60 2.25 3.0o l.(K)! 1.10 l.vn 1 50 1.6.-) l.t'O 2.00 '2.20 2.40 2.50 2.751 3.00 3.00 3.00 ..{» 3.51. 3.85 4 2(J 4.0( ) 4.40 4.»i 4.61 ) 4.95 5.40 5.00! 550 6.00 5.50! 6 05 6.(10 6.00 fi.fiO 7.20 6.50; 7 K) 7.iin 7.00 7.70 8.4(1 7.50! 8.25 9.(XI 1 8.00 8.80 9,6 1 , 8.50 1)35 10,2.1 ) 9.00 o.yo I '.8.1 ,' 9.5 10.45 11.40 ctn l^'cTT' ^c' 5.00 40.00 50. 10 . 4 .6 .8 . 9 .14 .18 .13 .20 .2.') .25 .40 .50 .88 .60 .75 .63 1.00 1.2.5 .88 1.40 175 1.00. 1.60 2.00' 1.13 1.80 2 25 1.25 2.00 2.50 2.50 4.00 5fi0 3.75 6.00 7.50 5.00 8.00 10.00 «.25 10 UO 12.50 7.50 12.00 15.00 8.75 14.00 17 60 10.00 16.00 20.0(1 1125 18.00 22.50 12.50 20.00 25.00 13.75 ■.^2.00 ! 27.50 15.00 24.00 i 30.(K1 16.25 20.00 ' 32.50 17.50 28.00 S,'-..0O 18.75 30.00 1 37,50 20 00 31 00 i 40.01 23.75 las.oo 147.50 IIE.VDV RECKONER. 2, 1^40 LBS. TO THE TON. H tlio No. requirea 'o ^^^ ,,, ^^^ \_at>\c!^, odd the amounts of two nambere togothor 11- r < H y o ci a a A n U P u Pi ■h O U 5.00 6 On 1 7.0) 1 S (.H», 9.00 10. 00. 11. Ou ,12.00 20 .. . 2 .3 . 4 . 6 . 6 . 7 .81 .9 .10 .11 2iV .. " . i . 2 . 3 . 6 . 7 . 8 . 9 .10 .11 .12 .13 •H .. . 1 . 3 . 4 . 7 . 8 . 9 .11 .12 .13 .15 .16 50. .. . i . 2 . 4 . 6 .11 .13 .16 .18 .20 .22 .25 .27 70 .. . 2 . 3 • ^ . 9 .15 .Id .22 .25 .28 .31 .34 .37 80 . . . 2 . 4 . 7 .11 .18 .21 .26 .29 .32 .36 .39 .43 90, .. . 2 . 4 . 8 .12 .20 .24 .28 .32 .36 .40 .44 .48 10'' . 1 . 2 . 4 . 9 .13 .22 .27 .31 .36 .40 .45 .49 .54 m . 2 . 4 . 9 .18 .27 .46 .64 .63 .71 .^•O .89 .9,8 1.07 :w'i . 4 . 7 .18 .27 .40 .67 .80 .94 1.07 1.21' 1.34 1.47 1.61 4(.io! . 4 i . 9 .18 .36 .54 .89 1.07 1.26 1.43 1.61 1.79 1.96 2.14 500 6 .11 .22 .45 .67 1.12 1.34 1.56 1.79 2.01 2 231 2.46 2.68 i t;uo.j .7 .13 .27 .54 .80 1 34 1.61 1,88 2.14 2.41 2.681 2.95 3.21 7iO . 8 .16 .31 .63 .94 1.56 1.87 2 19 2.60! 2.81 3.12' 3 44; 3.76 SdU . y .18 .36 .71 1.07' 1.79 2.14 2.50 2.86, 3.21 3.57 3.93 4.29 Oiid ID .20 .40 .80 1.21,2.01 -'.41 2.81 3.21 : 8.62 4.02 4.42 4.82 looo' .11 .22 .45 .89 1.34 2.23 2.68 313 3.571 4.02 4.46 4.91 5.-36 ilOOj .12 .26 .49 .98 1.47 2.4u 2.95 3.44 3 931 4.42! 4.91 6.40 6.89 12(iO .13 .27 .54 1.07 1.611 2.tW! 3.21 3.75 4.29, 4.821 5.30 6.89 6.43 i;5oi) .14 .29 .58 1.16 1.74 2.90 3.48 4.06 4.(>i 5.22 5.80 6.3.S 6.96 14U0 .16 .31 .62 1.26 1.87! 3.12 3.75 4.38 5.(Ki 5.62 25 6.87 7.60 laOO .17 .33 .67 1.34 2.01' 3.K5! 4.02 4.69 5.36 6.03 6.70 7.37 8.04 IGOd .18 .36 .71 1.43 2.14 3.57! 4.28 5.0) 5.71 6.43 7.14 7.^6 8 67 17 .19 .38 .76 1.52 2.28: 3.79 4.56 5.31 6.07 6.831 7.59 8.a5 ft.U 1800 .20 .40 .80 1.61 2.41| 4.02 4.82 5.63 6.43 7.23i 8.04 8.84 9.64 1900 .21 42 .85 1.70 2.54! 4.24 5.09 6.94 6.78 7.63' 8.48 9.33| 10.18 21(00 •» .45 .89 1.78 2.68i 4.46 .'..36 6.25 7.14! 8.03^ 8.93| 9 82 10.71 2100 :2s! .47 .94 187 2.811 4.69 5.62 6.56 7.50i 8.44 9.37 10 ;n 11.25 .21 .27 .n .64 .75 .86 .96 1.07 2.14 3.21 4.2 5.as 6.43 7.50 8.67 9.64 10.71 11.79 12.86 13.93 16.00 16.07 17.14 18.21 19 29 20..36 21.43 22.50 I I i ' ' ! : i ; ' 11 I'i 'I '1. i k RE.VnY RECKONER, 2,240 LBS. TO THE TON. If the luticlo cost S12 60 per ton. odd the iiinount« under S12 Wand nOcta. toirt'tluT. hi! ' 20 (H 27 00 29 IKI ;io 00 31 00 33 (M 34 Oo 3j') (10 30 1)0 2»' .I'l .2;} .24 ] •.2(i .27 .28 .29 30 31 32 25 !2H .20 .30 ! .32 .33 .35 .37 .38 .39 .41 T ;ii> .33 .35 36 .39 .40 .41 .44 .4(i 47 .48 a f>0 .5') .58 .60 .05 .67 .69 .74 .7(5 ,78 80 o H 70 .78 .81 .84 .91 .94 .97 1.03 100 1 m 112 a> Hu .80 .93 .90 1.04 1.07 1.11 1 IS 121 1 25 129 5 •J.) 1.00 1.04 108 l.l'l 1.21 1 25 1..33 l..'i7 141 1.4r) o 10(1 1.12 l.lii 121 1.29 l.M 1.38 147 1.52 1 .5(i Kil *j 200 2 2.3 2 32 2 41 2.59 2 (18 2.77 2,94 3 04 3 12 3 21 ;j'»o 3 %■> 3 4S 3.(;2 3.S8 4.(i2 4 15 441 4.55 4,09 4 82 4uO 4.4rt 4 04 4.82 5.18 5.30 6..54 5.89 0.07 6 25 43 P o &I10 5.5H 5.80 C.03 47 6 70 6.92 7..37 7 59 7 SI 8(14 f^ roi) 0.70 0.90 7.23 1 . 11 8.04 8.30 8.S4 9 11 9;}K 9 (54 S ?I0 7 81 8.12 8.41 9. on 9..37 9.(19 10 31 10.02 I'.Ol 1126 C4 8()0 s.uy 9 29 9.04 10 .31 10.71 11.07 11,79 12.14 12.50 12 86 cM lODOi 11. k; 11 01 12.05 12.95 13..39 13.84 1473 15 18 15,03 10 07 o 11. lO 12.28 12 77 13.20 14.24 14.73 15.22 10.21 10 70 17 19 17 68 ■♦J 12>I0' 13.30 13 93 14.40 15..54 10.07 10.01 17 OS 18 21 IS. 75 19 29 ^ ^n i;j(jo; 14.51 15.09 15.07 10. S3 17.41 17.99 19.15 19 73 2 ".31 20.K9 1400 15.02 l(i.25 10.87 1^.12 18.75 19.37 20.ti2 21 25 21.88 22.50 ^ 1500' rr5 74 17.41 lS.(i8 19.42 20.09 20.76 22 10 22 77 23 44 2411 ^ lljOi'JlTHO 18.57 19 28 20.71 21.43 22.14 23.57 24 28 25.00 26 71 03 JTOO! IS V(7 19.73 20 49 22.00 22.77 23 53 25()l 26. W 2t) 50 27.3 J S 18iK)l2(l.(«t 20.89 21.70 23..30 24.11 24.91 26..52 27 32 2,S.13 28 93 X) g 19001 21 20 2000^ 22.32 2100l 23.44 22.05 22.90 24.t)0 25.44 20 29 27,99 28,84 29.09 30.53 23.21 24.10 2.5.89 %78 27.67 29 40 ■3(),.3G 31 25 .32 14 o 24 37 25.31 27.19 -.48.12 29.00 30 93 31,87 32 81 3375 <<-i ^^^■\3; 00 20 .33 ^ fY.t 'V"/.f' .4 ci» , ,* r^s * c•^s S?r^s S vts S I'ts *: ,Vs o o a;,t 00 40 00 41 00 43 00 44 00 45 00 60 00 45 55 00 CJ OO .35 36 ,37 .38 .39 .40 49 54 25 41 .44 ,45 .40 48 .J9 .60 56 61 67 s 31 )■ .50 .62 64 55 67 .5! 00 67 74 80 t»» 50 83 87 .89 .92 .90 .90 1 00 1 12 1 23 1.34 g 70 l.lt) 1.21 125 1.28 134 137 1.41 1 56 1 72 187 OS 80 1.32 149 1.39 1.43 1.40 151 1.57 161 179 1 9i) 2.14 t5 90, 167 1.01 1.05 1.73 177 1.81 2 01 2 21 241 03 KiO 105 174 1.79 1.83 192 19(i 201 2.23 2 40 2 68 200 3 30 3 48 357 3 00 3 84 3 93 4 02 4.40 4,91 538 1-4 04 30 ii 4.00 5.22 5 36 5.49 6.70 6.89 6 03 670 7 37 8 04 O 400 6 01 90 7 14 7 32 7.68 7 80 8 04 8 93 9 82 10.71 .4 500* 8 20 8.71 8.93 9 15 9.60 982 10.04 11 10 12 28 13.39 tS 6O0 •J 01 10.45 10.71 10.98 11.52 11.79 12.06 13 39 14 73 l(i07 1 700 11 56 12.19 12.50 12 81 13.44 1-176 14.00 15 62 17 19 IS 75 tH 8W) 13.21 13.93 14,29 1461 16.30 16 71 10.07 17,80 19.64 21.43 S 900 14 87 15.07 10 07 10 47 17 28 17 08 18 08 20 09 22 10 24.11 a 1000 10.52 17.41 17 86 18.30 19.20 19 04 20.09 22.32 24 65 20.79 1100 18.17 19 15 191)4 20 13 21.12 21 01 22.10 24 (55 27 01 2946 12*X1 10 82 20.89 2143 21.90 23 04 23 57 24 11 20 79 29.46 3214 o 1310^ 21.47 22 t,3 23.21 23 79 24.96 2.5 53 2t) 12 29 02 31 92 34 82 ^ 14' ;0' 23.12 24 37 25 (H> 25 62 20 87 27 50 28 12 31 25 34 37 37.50 S 1500' 24 78 20 12 20 79 27.45 28 79 29.46 30 13 %\ IS 30 83 40 1« l'3i10 2') 43 27 80 28.57 29.28 30 71 31.43 .32 14 35.71 39 2S 42.89 llm 28.(18 2:) ()0 30.30 31.12 32.63 33.39 34 15 3:95 4174 45.5:5 IHO*) 29.73 31 34 32 14 32.95 34.55 35 30 30 10 40 18 44 20 48 21 lUOO^Sl.-'iS 33.(18 •3:» 93 .34.78 .30.47 37.32 ;;8 17 42 41 4!) 05 50.89 M 2»{)oUvny.i 34.82 35.71 .30 01 38.,39 39.2S 4') 18 44. m 49 11 53 57 *i, 2100J 31.08 30.56 37.60 3S.44 40,31 41.26 4219 46,87 5156 50 25 S TON. 12 W and CO eta. ;i') 31 82 .')■; .3'.t .41 4'i 47 .4H 71; .7K 80 (m; 1 m 112 21 1 2r. 129 ;J7 141 I4f) r.2 1 r.ti Itil 14 3 12 321 r,» l.ti',) 4P2 ('7 rt 2r. fi43 f.y 7 SI 8(14 11 IKIM fMH .C'i I'.'Ji 1125 .14 12.00 12 86 .<;<) 14.(1(5 14.4G 18 ir>.fi3 10 07 7ti 17 11) 17 (W 21 IS. 7,') 19 29 73 2 '.31 2(1 K9 •-'5 21.88 '^im 1 1 23 44 24 11 •J.S 2'>.W 2f)71 .HO 2(i 5fi 27.3i 32 2S.13 28 93 ..84 2'.l.ti'J 3i.).':i .30 31 '>r> 3'-' 14 Ml 32 HI 33 7i) rfs X~ ■if (Is ) 00 55 00 05 00 45 49 64 oG 61 67 (57 74 80 12 123 1.34 I m 1 72 187 ,7!) 1 9(5 2.14 J 01 '2 21 241 J.23 2 4t) 2(58 i.4(5 4.91 5 36 3.70 7 37 8 04 3 93 9 82 1071 1(5 12 28 13.39 3 3y 1473 lti07 ■) (52 17 19 IS 75 •.8(5 19.C4 21.43 )(»9 22 1(1 24.11 2.32 24 55 2(5.79 iJ>r> 27 01 29 4G 5 79 29.40 3214 J 1)2 31 92 34 82 12a 34 37 37 50 J 48 80 h3 40 IH -.71 39 2-i 42.83 r 'J") 4174 45.^ ) IS 44 20 48 21 Ml 4!5 fi;') f,0,89 t.(i4 40 1 1 53 57 J. 87 ol 5(5 5C25 READY RECKONEE. READV RECKONER, to flrtd the Price of any Number of Poundi. Yardi, rioco.t, or BuHlielH, from 2 cents to 88.00. Tlio fir* roliimn contaius tiip NL'iir.EK, tlio top columns the PRICES. h.!. 2cl. _ 2 . 4 3 . « 4 . 8 f> .10 « .12 7 .14 H .10 9 .18 10 .'J) 11 12 « 15 16 J7 18 19 20 25 30 40 60 60 70 8.> W .22 24 .20 28 ,30 32 .34 .30 38 .40 60 .60 .80 ICO 1.20 1.40 160 1.80 2 CO.. yet. . 9 .12 .15 ,18 .21 .24 .27 .30 as .36 .39 .42 45 48 51 54 .57 .60 .76 .90 120 160 1 80 2.10 2.40 2 70 8(0 2 i> 4 ii ti 7 8 10 11 12 13 14 lb 10 1; 18 19 20 2r, •6) 40 60 60 70 80 90 .24 ,36 .48 .60 72 84 90 1.08 1.20 132 1.44 156 1.08 1.80 1.92 2.(4 2.16 2.28 2.40 3.00 3.60 4.8(j COO 7.20 8.40 9.00 10.60 100 112.00 T5T^ 4ct. . 8 .12 .16 .20 .24 .28 .82 .36 .40 44 .48 .52 .50 .60 .04 .68 .72 70 .80 1 00 1.20 1.60 2.00 240 2.80 8.20 8.60 4.fK) 6ct. .25 .87J .50 .62J .76i .87i l.(W 1 12i 1.26 l.37i 1.60 I 62i 1.75 1.87i 2.00 2.12} 2i;6 2.87i 2.50 b.l2« 8.75 5.00 0.26 7.50 8.76 10.00 11.25 12.60 TScT .26 .89 .62 .65 .78 .91 1.(4 1.17 130 143 156 1.69 1.82 1 96 2.08 2.21 234 247 2.60 3.25 3.90 6.20 6.50 7.80 9.10 10.40 11.70 13.00 .10 .15 .20 .26 80 .86 .40 .46 .60 .56 .60 .65 .70 .76 .80 .85 .90 .96 1.00 125 150 2.00 2 50 3.00 3 60 4.00 4.50 6j^ 6ct. .12 .18 .24 .30 .30 .42 .48 .54 .(50 .60 .72 .78 .84 .90 .96 1.02 1.08 1.14 1.20 1.60 1.80 2.40 3:00 3.60 4.20 4.80 5.40 6.00 Oict. l4ct.i 15ct. T? .12 .18 .26 .81* .87 .481 .60 .66^ .62* .683 .75 Mi .87} .931 1.00 l.OOi 1 12} 1.18| 1.25 1.564 1.87} 2.5(» 8.12i 8.76 4. 37 J 600 5.62i 6.25 7ct. .28 .42 .66 .70 ,84 .98 1.12 1.26 1.40 1.54 1.68 1.82 1.96 2.10 2.24 2.38 2.52 2.- 6 2 80 3.50 '4.20 5.60 7.00 8.40 9.80 11.20 12.60 14.00 .30 .46 .60 .76 .90 1.05 1.20 1.36 1.50 1.05 1.80 1.95 2.10 2.25 2.40 2.55 2.70 2.86 3.00 •i.76 4.5 6.00 7.60 9.00 10.50 12.00 13.50 15.00 TOct. .32 .48 .04 .80 .96 1.12 1.28 1.44 1.60 1.76 1.92 90S 2.24 2.40 2.56 2.72 2.H8 •3.04 3.20 4.00 4.80 6.40 8.00 9.00 11.20 12.80 14.40 16.00 .14 .21 .28 .86 ,42 .49 66 ,68 ,70 .77 .84 ,91 .98 1.06 112 1.19 1.26 1.33 1,40 1.76 2.10 2.80 3.50 4.20 4.90 6.60 630 7.00 Isct. 8ct. 9ct. 10 ot. .16 .18 .20 .24 .27 .80 .32 .86 .40 .40 .45 .60 .48 .64 .60 .66 ,63 .70 .64 .72 .80 .72 .81 .90 .80 .90 1.00 .88 .99 1.10 .96 1.(8 120 104 117 180 112 1.26 1.40 1.20 1.86 1,60 1.28 1.44 1.60 1.30 1,63 1.70 144 1.62 1.80 1.52 1.71 1.90 1.60 1.80 200 2.00 2.26 260 2.40 2.70 800 8 20 3.60 4.00 400 460 5.00 4.80 6.40 6.00 5.60 6.30 7.00 640 7.20 8.00 7.20 8.1c 9.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 Hot. .22 .83 .44 .66 .66 .77 .88 .99 1.10 121 182 1.43 164 166 1.76 1.87 1.98 2.0» 2.20 2.76 380 4.40 6.60 6.60 7.70 8.80 9.90 11.00 rl' '■»? READY RECKONER. The first column on tho loft contains the NUMBER of the Article, and the coluiim on the tops of the Tables, tho PRICE. KoJ 22^t: .44 ;23ct. i .46 24 ct. 25 ct. 26 ct. 27 ct. '28 ct. .56 29 ct; 30 ct. 31 ct. 31[Vi. 2 ;~^ .50 .52 .54 .58 .60 .<;2 m l.'2o 3 M ; .69 .75 .78 .81 .84 .87 M .93 4 .88 i .92 t .90 1.00 1.04 l.f)8 1 12 1.16 1.20 1.24 f> 1.10 j 1.15 ' 1.20 1.25 1 .30 I..35 1.40 145 1.50 1.55 150 1.32 i 1.38 1.44 1.50 1..56 1.62 1.68 1.74 1.80 1.S6 1.87 7 1.54 ' 1.61 ' 1.68 1.75 1.S2 1.89 1.96 2.fJ3 2.10 2.17 2.W R 17(5 : 1.84 192 2.00 2.08 2.16 2.24 2..32 2.40 2.4s 2 50 9 1.98 2.07 2.16 2.25 2 34 2.43 2..52 2.61 2 70 2.79 2 Hi 10 2.20 2 30 2.40, 2JjO 2.60 2 70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3. 10 3 12 11 2.42 2.53 2.64! 2 75 2.86 2.97 3,08 3 19 3.:30 3.41 3 43 12 2 64 2.76 2 881 3.00 3.12 :i 94 3 36 3.48 3.60 3.72 3.7.5 13 2. 86 2.99 3 12 3.25 So6 3.51 3 64 3.77 3.90 4.03 4.'iil 14 3.08 3.22 3;i8! 3..50 364 3.78 3,92 4.06 4.20 4..34 4.87 , l.-j 3.30 3^45 3.t-0' 3.75 3.90 4.05 4.20 4.35 4.50 4,.05 ' 4fjsf 16 3.52 3.68 384' 4.00 4.16 4. .32 448 4.64 4.80 4,96 5.(.o' 17 ».74 391 4 08: 4,25 4.42 4.59 4.76 4.i»3 5.10 5,27 5.t;2 6.25 IS 3.96 4 14 4 32 4 50 4.68 4.86 5.04 6.22 5.40 5,58 1!> 4 18 4.37 4,56! 4 75 4.94 6.13 5,32 5.51 6 70 5 89 20 4.40 4.60 4 80^ 5.00 5 20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.2f) 25 6..50 5.75 6.00 6.25 6.50 6.75 7.00 7 25 7.25 775 9.-37J 12.51) 3v^ 6.60 6 90 7,20i 7.50 7.80 8.10 8.40 8.70 9 00 9.;!0 40 8.80 9.20 9.601 10.00 10.40 10.80 11.2') 11.60 12.00 12.40 60 11. OO 11.50 12.00' 12.50 13.00 13..'-)0 14.00 14.50 15.00 15.50 15.1:2.1 ls.75 m 1820 13.80 14.40 15.00 15.(M) 16.20 16, W) 17.40 IH.OO is.oo 70 15.40 16.10 16 80' 17.50 18.20 18 90 19.60 20,,30 21.00 21,70 21.S7.1 80 17.60 18 40 19.'_'0' 20.00 20.80 21.60 22,40 23.20 24.00 24.S0 25.1 HI 90 19.80 20,70 21. 6M. 22.50 23 4'» 24.30 25 20 26.10 27.00 27.!K» 2^.121 1(K) 22.00 2?. 00 24.00 'i5.(>0 26.00 27.00 2'<,oo 29.00 30.00 31 00 31. -^^ Tsos .66 ^ct. ,66-^ .4ct .65 i| .70 ITTT 'Sfct!' .74 S?ict. .3.8 ct. Vet" 40ct. 2 .72 .75 .76 .78 .80 3 .96 .99 1 (H) l.OC ! 1.05 lOK 1.11 l,12i 1.14 1.17 120 4 128 Icl ],.T3i ' 1.3f ' 1 40 144 1.48 1 .50 1.52 1,56 leo 6 1.60 IK, 1.66^ 1.7f 1.75 l.HO 185 1.87.i 190 1,95 2.(l0 6 1.92 1.9-! 2 00 : 2.04 2.10 2,16 2 22 2.2.5 2.28 2 34 2.40 < 2 24 2.31 2,;«i i 2.3e 2.45 2 52 2,59 2.62,J 2.66 2 73 2 80 fi 2,56 2 64 2,6ti.1 I 2 72 1 2.80 2!m8 2.9() 300 3.04 3,12 320 9 2.88 2.97 3(K) 1 30t] 3.15 3 24 3,.33 3.37i 3.42 3 51 •.i.m 10 3 20 330 3.;«i 3.40 3.50 3.^,0 3.70 3 75 3.80 3 90 4.00 11 3.52 3.<>3 3.66j 3. -4 3.85 3 9) 4.ft7 4.12.i 4.18 4.29 4.40 12 3 84 3 96 4.00' i 4.08 4.20 4.32 4.44 4.50 4.-56 4 68 4 80 13 4.J6 4 29 4.;:,'^' 4.42 4. .55 4.68 4 SI 4.87.} 4.94 6,07 5 20 14 4 48 4.62 4 ix)*' 4.76 4.!)0 5.04 5,18 5.25 5.. 32 5.4I) ii.iK) 15 4 80 4 95 5.(H> i 6 10 5,25 5.40 5.55 6.62,i 5.70 6 85 6 K) 16 5 12 5.28 5;^iV 5.44 560 5 76 5.92 6,00 6.08 6.24 6.40 17 5 44 5.61: 5.6';;^ 578 6 96: 6.12 6 29 6,37,i 6.46 6.63 6 80 :3 5 76 5.94 6.00' 6.12 ! 6.30' 6.48 6,t)6 6,75 6 84 7'»2 7 20 19 6 08 6 27 (;;53Ji 6 46 ' 6.»»l 6.84 7 03 7.12i 7.22 T.Jl ((») 20 6.40| 6.60 0.6.;.-; 6.80 1 7 00i 1 .20 7,4) 7.50 7.60 7 SO 8 00 25 8.00 8 25 H33| 8.50 1 8.75; y CO 9.25 9.,37i 9.50 9 75 lolH) 3'i 9 60 9 90 10 0(1 , i().2f . 10 50' 10, SO 11.10 i 11.25 1140 11 70 121K) 40 12.80 I.'i.20 13 -iHS 13.60 14.00' 14.40 14.S0 15.00 15.20 15 m I'i 00 50 Hi. Of! 16 50 16.66,: l.VdO 17.50 18.00 IS. 50 l"i.75 19.00 19,50 20.00 60 19.20 I't 80 2M)o'!;>o.40 '2i.O0, 21 60 i 22.20 22.50 22.80 23.40 21(K) 7« ',^2 40 23.10 23 .'{:ji 23.80 >']<\''J 'J7.20 24.5ft 25.20 : 25.90 26.25 20.60 27.3i> 2'<.00 m 25.(;f> 2';.l'i 28.(yi 2S.80 29 60 3').f)0 3040 31.20 32.no 90 S2H.H0 29.,0 .JO.nii' 30.60 31. .50 32,40 33.30 3.3.75 31.20 3.5.10 3i.00 100 1 31 00 ,371 ct. ,2\)ct. .1. 70 14 .52 'JO .28 .60 .04 .42 .80 .18 .56 .'J4 .32 .70 i.OS 40 f 84 .22 .00 .50 . 40 ).2o • 00 J. HO ;oo > 40 1.20 1.00 .1.2 .9.3' 1.25 l.f)fil 1.87] 2.m 250' 2 8J 3.r2' 3 43 37r> 4. Ml 4.3 4G' 5.M) 531i 5.t;2v 5'.« 0.25 7HU '.t.37.i 12.51) l.Vt!2.J 1M.T5 21.S7.I 25.1 HI 2^.121 31.25 locT .78 1.17 1.50 1.9') 2 34 2.73 3 12 3 51 31") 4.29 4(i8 6.07 f).40 6 85 b.24 B.tW 7.02 7.4I 7 80 9 76 1 11 70 ' 16 00 : 19.60 ■ 23.40 I 27 30 ! 31.20 36.10 1 39.00 i .81) 120 1 m 2.00 2.40 2 80 3.20 3t;o 4.00 4.4f> 4 80 5 20 5.00 6'K) O.IO 6 8") 7 20 7 fiO 8 00 loiH) 12 IK> liiiK) 2' '.00 21.IH) 'J^OO ■A'lm 3 ..00 40.00 Tiie first column on the left contains the N U:\IBER of 47. TO] 53 00 1.08 1.62 2.16 2.70 3.24 3.78 4.32 4,86 5.40 6.94 0.4S 7.02 7 6<. 8.10 S.t>4 9.18 U72 10.26 10.80 13.50 16.20 21.60 27.00 32.40 37.80 4ii.20 48.t(0i Moo: ict. 1,12 1.68 2.24 2.80 3.36 3.92 4.48 6.04 6.00 6.16 672 7.28 7 84 8.40 8.96 9.62 10.08 10 r4 11 2J 14.00 16.80 22.40 28 .(X) ;w 00 39.20 44 80 60.40 .)t-i oO .92 13S 184 2.30 2.76 3 22 3.68 4.14 4.00 f^()6 5.62 5.98 644 6.'J0 7.30 7.82 8.28 8.74 9.2) 11.60 13 80 18.40 23.00 27.0) 32.20 30 80 41.40 46.00 STcT 7 ' "5 1.14 1.71 2.28 2.86 5.42 3.99 4.56 6.13 6.70 6.27 6 84 741 7.'J8 8.56 9.12 9.69 10.26 10.83 11 40 14.25 IV 10 22.80 28 50 i 34.2.) ; 30 90 45.00 Ui.m I o7.oO 1.16 1.74 2.32 2,90 3.43 4.(H5 4.64 5.22 6.80 6 38 6 96 7 54 8.12 8.70 9.28 9.86 10.44 11.02 11.60 14.60 174'» 23.20 29.00 34.80 40 60 40 40 b-i.JO . i8 'JO .96 1.44 192 2.40 2.88 3 36 3 81 4.32 4.80 5,28 6 76 6 24 6.72 7 20 7 68 8.16 8.64 9 12 9.60 12.00 14.40 19 20 24.00 28 80 33.00 38.40 43.20 48.00 1 18 177 2.36 2.95 3:4 4.13 4.72 6.31 6.90 6.49 7.' 8 767 8.26 8 85 9.44 10.03 10 62 11.21 11.80 14 76 17.70 23.00 29.60 36 40 41 3) 47.20 68.10 59 OU 100 1.50 2.00 2.60 300 3.50 4.00 4.50 6 00 6.50 600 6 50 7.00 7.50 H.OO 850 9 00 960 10 00 12.60 15 00 20.00 26.00 30.00 85 00 40.00 46.00 60.00 jfjctTei'cr" 120 1.80 2.40 300 3.60 4.20 4.80 6.40 600 660 7.20 7,80 840 9.00 9.60 10.20 10.*) 11.40 12.00 15.00 1800 24.00 30.00 30 00 42.00 48.0) MOO 00 00 1.22 1.83 2.44 3.05 3.66 4.27 4.88 6.49 6.10 6.71 7.32 7.93 864 9.16 9.76 10 37 10.98 11,69 12.20 15.26 18.30 24.42 30 50 36.60 42 70 48 80 MtN) 6100 READY RECKONER: If tho Number rcqutrpil l^ not fonnl in th > Tablfis, Ddrt two Nnmbprsiio. ^t'tlicr; lir iiistimcc, if 3r> biislicls iin> rciiiiinHl, add flic jiriccs iipiwsite 30 a. id ;') tn;;(.'ilur, and so lor 13135 baBliois— tieblo tho valun k'Hw, ami and tji) and 5 toKi'tlier. NoH»C2ict. <)i{ct (;4cl.!t !.f n READY RECKONER. two NumhcTsi to- lit' jiriccs opposite ! valuo cl' lou, aad If tho Niimbor rcqi'.irod is not found in Uu> Tablos, add two Numbors to- ^•-1. ... Mo-i,.,.i — •'red, add tbo prices opuosito -treble tlio value of 100, aud p.'tluf: f'lr in-itaiiCi?, if 3.') burtlu'.r! aro required, add tbo prices opi»osito §0 and ij t ipettier; and 80 for 365 bushelri- add GO aud 5 toKi'tber. 1^! iact.i 70 ct. I tloi. a 10 41.'" 1 65.'^; I Nos83ct.|84ct.j85ot.| 8«c . 87 ct. 87ict. 88 ct. i 89ct. 2 3 4 e 6 7 8 l> 10 11 U 13 14 15 Itj 17 in 19 lA) 26 81} 40 60 60 70 80 90 100 1 2 3. 4. 4. 6. C. 7. 8. «, U. 10, 11 12 13 14 14 li') 10 20 21 ;« 41 4'J 5S (it) 74 SOS . 1.G8 2.52 3.3(5 4.20 fi.04 5,88 «.72 756 8.40 9.24 10.08 lf»92i 11.761 12.G0i 13.14! 14.281 15.12 77 1 16.96 i 60,16.80; 21.00' 25.20 33.G(l 42.00 50 40 58.80 fi7.20 75.(» S4.00 ct 94 ct 06 49 32 16 98 81 64 i 47! 30 1 13, 91) 79 62 15 28 11 ,91 (•■) 90 20 60 .80 M 4U 70 .110 1.70 2.55 3.40 4.25 5.10 5.95 6.80 7.(36 8.50 9.35 10.20 11.05 11.90 12.75 13.G( 14.45 IS.oO 16.15 17.00 21.25 25.50 34. W 42.50 51 00 59.50 68.00 7(5.50 85.no 1.72 2 28 3.44 430 5.16 6 02 6.88 7.74 860 9.4(3 10 32 11.18 12.04 12. W 13.76 14.62 15.48 16.34 17.20 21.50 26.80 34.40 43.00 51.(50 60.20 68.80 77.40 86.00 1.74 2.61 3.48 435 5.22 6.09 6.96 7.83 8.70 9.57 10 44 11.31 12.18 13.05 13,92 14.79 15.(36 16.53 17.40 21.75 26.10 34.80 43.50 62.2 •'!7.'J0 4'\,-0 .•r).so (I.-,, 10 71 l') rnSM,7'i i<))r.t3,(Kt 1.88 2.82 3.76 4.70 6.64 6.58 7.52 8.46 9.40 1(1.3 V 11.2s 12.22 13.1(5 14.10 15.('4 15,98 16 92 17.86 18.80 23.50 29.20 37.60 47 00 5(5,40 (55.80 75.20 81.00 9».n() 95 ct. 96 ct. 1.90 •..'85 :',M) 4.75 5 70 ti.66 7 (iO 8,55 9.50 lit. 15 11.40 12.J1.-, 13 31 1425 15.20 16.15 17.10 18.05 1 '.(K) 23.75 28.50 38.00 47.50 57.00 (5'! 60 76.00 ,K.,,r.o 95.00 1.92 2.88 3.84 4.80 6.76 6.72 7.68 8.(54 9 60 1(1. 56 1 1 .5'J 12. IS 13.44 14. lit 15.3'5 1(5.32 17.28 18.24 10.2it 2S.8i> 38.40 48.(10 57.(i!t (1T.2O 7''i.sii M'l.l^) 97 ct. 1.94 291 3 88 4.8.'^ 5.82 6.79 7. 16 8.73 9 70 10,67 11, m4 12 (51 13,58 14.55 15.52 16.49 17.46 I8.4;i 19 40 24. "J") 29. n 38.t-'!) 4H.,5li 5S.20 (57.90 7V.«'0 ^T..'5l> 97 (Mt 1.76 2.(54 3.52 4.40 6.28 6.16 7.04 7.92 8 80 9 68 10.56 11.44 12 32 13.20 14.08 14.96 15.84 16.72 17. CO 22.00 26.40 3.5.20 44. (K> 52. 8w 61.6) 70.40 79.'J0 88.11' I bl'ct.' ' 1.96 '.94 .92 4.90 588 6.8(5 7.84 8.82 9.80 lii.78 11.7(5 12.74 13.72 14.70 15.68 16 (5t) 17(54 18 62 19 60 24 50 2!».40 30.2 I 4\).' 5^.'^0 68.60 7«.40 f>S.20 98, (X> 178 2,67 3.56 4,45 6 34 6.23 712 8,01 8.SJ0 9.79 10.68 11.57 12.46 13 35 1.24 15.13 16.02 16,91 17.80 22,26 2(5.70 Ii5.(50 44 50 I .'•.3.40 i 74.20 : so 10 ! '-9.00 99 c r 90 ct. I 91 9t. 1.98 2.97 3.(56 4.95 6.94 6.93 7.92 8,91 9,90 10.S9 11.88 12.87 13,86 14.85 15.84 16,83 17.82 18,81 19 80 24.75 29 70 39 00 49.50 59.40 69.30 7'.t.20 tVA 10 99. (It J 1.80 2.70 3.60 4.50 6.40 6.30 7.20 8.10 9.00 9.90 10.80 11.70 12.00 13.50 14.40 15.30 16.20 17.10 18.00 22.50 27.00 86.00 46.00 54.00 63.00 72.00 81.00 90.00 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18 19. 20. 25. 30. 40. 60. (50. 70 8(1. 9(» loo 92 Ct. 1.82 2.73 3.C)4 4.56 5.46 6.37 7.28 8.19 9 10 10.01 10.92 1183 12 74 13.65 14.56 15,47 16.38 17.29 18.20 22.75 27.30 36.40 46.60 54.60 63.70 72.80 81.90 91. (JO 4 0. 8. 10. 12. 14. 16. 18. 20. 22. 24. 26. 28. 31. 32 ai. ;i6. as. 40. 50. (iO. 80. 100. 120. 142. Kill 180. •400. 1.84 2.76 3.68 4.60 6 62 6.44 7 36 8.28 9.20 10.12 11.04 1196 12.88 13.80 14.72 15.1)4 16.66 17.48 18.40 .3.00 27.60 36.80 46.00 55.20 64.40 73.60 82.80 92 00 !i?3. 6. 9, 12. 15. 18. 21. 24. 27. ;50. 33. 3(5. 39. 42. 46. 48. 51. 54. 57. eo. ■75. 90. 120. 150. 180. 210. 210. 270. 3(K>. ., .( " ( SCANTLING REDUCED TO ONE INCH BOARD -MKASURE. SCAXTLING AND TIMBER MEA.-5URE nEl>rCKl) T ONK INCH It O A R I> MKASURK. EXPI.AN A riON.— T(» nsccrtiiin tlic muiilxT of Fi'ct ofSiaullinR orTim- lRT. s'ly IH i-i'{'t LdiiK and 2 liy .'3 liiclios l-ind '2 liy 3 in the top rxliniin's, nnd IS in thi' lolt huiid column, and under 2 by 3 and asaiagt JMsltfccl. 11 fill- Sc.intlinij is lonpor tlian contained in Iho Tabic, add two lengthi toj;i'tlii'r. If shorter, tako part of some length. TIIKMCNKSS AND AVIDTJI IN IXCHES. u:i2.2|2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 I 2.8 2.9 3.3 3.4, 3.5 3.6-3.7 3.8i3.9i44 7 i> '•>. lo.ti 12. 8!J lO.r. 12.3:14 10. 12. |14. ik;. 11.3 13G 15 918 12.ti 15. :17.(i:20 13.9 1»).6'19 3 22 il5. 18 21 24 1().3 19.6 22.9 2ti. 17 •'' 21. !24,(;;-3. 18.9 22.0 2(13 30 20. 24. '28. \;i>. 21.3 25.6 29.9';54. 22<)27. :31.6 36 23.9128.6 33.3 38. :». |3(). 35. 2t; 3 31.6 36.9 27 ti S3. 138 6 28 9 34 6 40.3 31) 36 142. 40 42 44 46 48 31 3 37 6 43 9 50 ,37 6 15 152.6 60. 13 8. 15 'J 9 4 18. 10 r 203'l2. £2 6:i34 24S)|14B V. |16. 29.3:17 4 :il6188 33.'j'2(). 36. 21.4 38.3 22.3 40.6 '.i4. ;42.9 254 i'17 3 28. 149 0:29 4 519^308 54 |32. 56.3 334 67640. 76 6 45.4 i90 53. 30. 136. KI.S:.3><. tW.4i40. K-T 42. tj 1.8144. J;i8.4;46. 24 40. 18, 25 41.8, .50, 30;&). j60. 6£|6.I0 27. 30 31.6 35 36. I 40- 40 46 45. I 60 49.6, 65 54. 80. 58.6 66. 63. (0 67.6 75. 72 I 80 71) G' 85 81. I W 85 C 96 90. 100 94 6 106 99 IIU 103.6115 KIM il'iO 12 6 \% >:.:, li« K,;} illu D ME.AXURE. IE A S U B. B . Scantling or Tim- J l>y 3 in tli»> top : by 3 and a>?aiu«t I add two kngthi j3.7|3.8i! J.9|44 'lO.tl 12. 1 3c; 8. 12.3 14 5 'J »! ii4. lU;. ] 18. lor U>\)\H \'. i0 312. ;17.(l:20 i' :2(],134 .119 3 22 1' ill) 14 8 !21 24 27, 16. ) 22.92(1. 29.3,17 4 l24.t);-3. !l(ilg8 33.'J 20. 3 2(13 30 128. '.il 3 120 119 ';liKi 110 1(J0 30 86 40- 46 50 56 ft). 66. 70, 75. 80 86 90 96 100 27, 31.6 3G. I 40 g: 4.5.! 49.6, 64. 68.6 63. 67.6 72 7(1 g' 81. 85 G 90 94 61106 99 110 I03.GII;, KM il'^n 112 CIS (:„', iliO :;.:> illy TniCKNKefl AND WIDTH IN INCIIKS. ^U.n 6.12,7.7 •il. I 7i ■!-*.')' 8 9 n\ 12 13 14 V) M 17 IS 4 4'JO' f,5. I (1)(5, 03. 1 ,>:■> I [li (i ',fj IJ'I iKl 21^110 2ril')ii 22'l21. 2-3 12il.ll 21-132 M 42. 48 hi. (30 'id. ."2. ;s. 84. 90. 90. Iit2. KS. 114. 120 1.:'3 l:i2 l:J-i 144. 24. (3 28. 7 32. 8 3'i 9 14(1 10 |4411 !49. J3. 67 '01 104 1(19 :73 '77. 7 81. 8 85 9 89 10 93.11 il-i 7.8 7.9 1 28 31 (ij 32 8 3.19 37,4 42. 42. 47.3 4(5.8 52.0 61 4 57.9 &'i 63. 6.1 8 68.3 (15.4 73 70 78 9 74 8 84. 79 4 89.3 84. 94 (1 , 88-8 99.9 93.4 10.'). 9S. ;llo.; l'i-i.8 11 ..' 107 4 120 ' 112 120 3V 4» 40 62. ,5S. (14. 7(_). 7.5. 81. 87. 93 9». I'i5. lid. IM, 122, 12s, 131 I HO 10 7.11 lio . 8 38. 44.11 61. 4 64. 70. ( I . 10' 83, 8 89. 6 90 4 102. 2 109. 116. 10 121 8 128. 6 134 4 141. 2 147. 1.54 7.12 42. 49. 60. 9 03. 2 70. 77. 84. 91. 98. 3 105 8 112. 119 120. 133. 140. 9 147 2 164 7 101. 'lOS 8.8 8.y 8.10 8.11 {4.12 3:^. 30. 40. 44 4S. 37.4 42 4«8 61.4 56 42 8 48 6;j.4 58.8 {A. 48. 64 60. 60 72. 63.4 60. 60.8 73.4 80 68.8 60 7i.4 80 8 88. 04. 72. 80. 88. 93 69.4 78. 80.8 96.4 104 74.8 84. 93.4 I02.8 112. 80. •I). K'O. 110. 120. 85.4 96. 100.8117.4 128. 90.8 102, 113.4 124.8 136. 90. :i(i8. 120. il32. 144, 1014 114. 120.8139 4 1.52. 100,8 120. 1.3;J.4 140.8 100 112. 120 110. 151. 168 117.4 132. 140.8 101 4 176 122.8 1,38 V^i 4 108.8 m. 128 144 100. 1:0 U>2 . r .^-... ,n.Ti.,..».a,.„. "■^■^ "■" .9.9 9.10 9.11 J. J..< I'l 45. 49.0 64. 5 lJ.i(Ll iO.ii i.0.i2 il.ll (3((. 11.12 66. 12.12 72. 12.13 12.14 t> 60. 66. 0). 78. 84 1 47 3 62 67 9 03. 68.4 (14. 2 70. 70. 7 ) (. 84. 91. 98. •8 ;a. ; (10. 00. 1 72 (11 9 07 74,3 81. 6 18 73. 4 8(. 80. 8 8i. 90. 104. 112. !) i:i. 80. 9(. 9 1. 9 99. 108. • 117. 120. l',i (ir.'l 75. 82.0 90. 83.4 91. 8 10;) KO.lM 110. liO, 13). 140 11 713 82.0 9J9 99. 91.8 lOO.l.j 110. 110.11 121. 1.3.3. iVi. 1.54. 12 ,sl 90 9D. 108 10). 110. 120. 121. 132. U4. 16'!. 168. li ,s7 9 9;.61(»7 3 117. 10H,4 119. 2 130. 131. 1 113. 150. Mi). 182. 14 ;(l.!l l')5. 115.0 120 113 8 128. 4 14). 141. 2 154. 1(38. i82. 193. 1.-) 1:>1 3 112 123,9 135. 125. 137. 16). 161. 3 1.15. 18). 195. 210. Iti lis 120. 132, 144. 133.4 113. 8 MO. 101. 4 170. 192. 2)3. 221. 17 114 9 127 6 14(3 153 141 8 ir.j.lt 170. 171. 6 1S7 2.4. 221. 23 i. lsM2l,0l;.5. lis 1(32. 150. 10.5 1.80. 181. 19S. 210. 234. 252. 1;( i:s 3 142 6 150.9 171. 158.4 171. 2 l.t). 191. 7 V09. 228. 247. ^ 203. 2) 1.15. 1.50. 105. 18 ). 101.8 lii. 4 2O1). 21)1. 8 220. 2 K). 20). 2S.). 21 111,9 1570173.318;). 1V5. l;i2. 2M. 211. 9 231. 252. 273. 294. 22 I ISO 1 6. 181.0 19S. 1S3.J 2'il. 8 220. 221.1) 2 2. 204. 28 3. 308. 2.J 1.55.3 17J.6 18.1 20,. r.ii 8 21'>.10 23 ) 231.11 253. 270. 299. 322. 24 lt,-2. 1^0. 19S. 210. 2(.i. 22'> 1 21 >, 212 ■J!U 2S-( .'!!' 3!! u.113.15 12.16 13.13 13.14 13.1d 13.13 14.14 14.15 14.16 id.lS I6.16 l"i 11 11 l:i 14' 15 1 1 1 1 2" V •y ^ •J). Iii5. 120. 135. IV), 105. 1,?0, 196 210. 22-5. 210, 255 lU). .iiO :1I5 U\ ,Ui ,100 96. 112. 128. 144. 100. 1.0. 192. 208. 224 240 250 272. 288. ;404 320, 330 352 308 .184 84. 01 98 7 1 112, 8 120 '.) 140,10 154.11 109 18.3 197 214 226 239 243 267 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 285. 9' 299.10! 813 11 338 ri. 91. loo. 2 121. 4 130 (. 151 8 100 l)\ 182. 107 212 227 212. •) Z 1, 6 H ■>7.l0i 2;3 I 2S3 2' 3)3 4 311 6 .■«3. 8 348 10, 304 ' 97.0 113 9 13). 140 3 10; 178 9 211 3 227.0 243 9 2A) 270 .J 292 .3)8 9 325. 311 3 3Vr.(! 373) f(0 lol 1214 13S8 150. 1 73.4 19 ).8 208. 2-25 4 i42 8 2 to •.'.') in. wlil , ami fn-ni k ki 36 ft, jo^. Tf u l)o;inl 1)1! lonirtT lliiin 'M'> ft., unito two nunihcis, 'I'Iih, If a IJd.inl is 4i) fi lonif i.nq IKln. >vi(io, add 30nn(l lUamlyiiii hiivu &3 ft. 4 in. For 2-in I'lunli double tii ;i)u,/«(( *. tigii in W a r-S 7 ill ft. in. S ill W ft. in. w in W 11. in lOiiiW lliiiW f_'iii\V l:(ii . \V 1 ill W liMllW ft. in ft. in ft in. 7 4 ft in ft. in. n. in ft. in. 8 4 4 8 6 4 GO 6 8 8 8 8 9 4 10 9 4 6 5 y G G 9 7 6 S 3 « 9 9 10 6 113 10 5 5 10 6 8 7 6 8 4 9 2 10 10 10 11 8 12 6 11 6 (5 6 6 7 4 8 3 9 2 10 1 11 11 11 12 10 12 9 12 G 7 a 9 10 Jl 12 13 14 15 13 6 <) 7 1 8 8 ) 9 10 1(> 11 11 13 14 1 15 2 16 3 14 7 8 2 9 4 H. G 11 8 12 10 14 15 2 16 4 17 6 If) 7 8 9 10 11 3 12 G 13 9 15 IG 3 17 6 18 9 It) 8 9 4 10 8 12 13 4 14 8 16 17 4 18 8 20 17 8 ti 9 11 11 4 12 9 14 2 15 7 17 18 5 I'J 10 21 3 IK y If) G 12 13 G 15 16 6 18 19 6 21 226 19 y G n 1 12 8 14 3 15 10 17 5 19 20 1 22 2 23 9 20 10 11 8 1.} 4 15 IG 8 ' 18 4 20 21 8 23 4 25 21 10 6 12 3 14 15 9 17 G 1 19 3 21 22 9 24 6 26 3 22 11 12 10 14 8 16 G 18 4 20 2 22 23 10 25 8 27 6 23 11 6 13 5 15 4 17 3 19 2 21 1 23 24 11 26 10 28 9 24 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 2r) 12 G 14 7 16 8 18 9 20 10 22 11 25 27 1 29 o 313 2G 13 15 2 17 4 19 6 21 8 23 10 26 28 2 30 4 32 6 27 13 6 15 <» 18 20 3 22 t) 24 9 27 29 3 31 f) 33 9 28 14 16 4 18 8 21 23 4 25 8 28 3:> 4 32 8 35 25) 14 6 16 11 19 4 21 9 24 2 26 7 29 31 5 33 10 36 3 30 15 17 6 20 22 6 25 27 6 30 32 G 35 37 6 31 15 6 18 1 20 8 23 3 25 10 28 5 31 33 i 36 2 38 9 82 16 18 8 •n 4 24 26 8 29 4 32 34 8 37 4 40 33 16 6 19 3 22 24 9 27 6 30 3 33 35 9 3S 6 413 34 17 19 10 22 8 25 G 2S 4 31 2 34 36 10 39 8 42 6 35 17 G 20 6 33 4 26 3 29 2 32 1 35 37 11 40 10 43 9 3(5 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 89 42 45 BOA IM) TA 15 1.E M IC A SU 1{ i:.M !;NT— Contiwukd. 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 is lo 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 HiinW ITinW ft in. ft. in. 11~4 10 8 12 12 9 13 4 14 8 14 2 15 7 16 17 3 17 4 18 5 1 1*< 8 19 10 i 20 21 3, 21 4 22 8 24f 24 1 25 G 25 4 26 11 26 8 2S 4 28 29 9 29 4 31 2 30 8 32 7 32 (t 34 33 4 35 5 ■M « 36 10 1 :v\ ;« 3 , .•7 4 39 8 ' 38 8 11 1 i <^) 42 6 in\V|l.SiMW|l;iiiiV\' -.'OiiiW ft. in. ft in. ft. in. 12 13 G 15 16 () 18 19 6 21 22 G 24 25 G 27 28 6 30 31 6 33 34 G 36 37 t) 39 40 (5 42 43 6 45 12 8 14 3 15 10 17 19 20 7 22 2 23 9 25 4 26 11 28 G i 30 1 I 31 8 i 33 3 ; 34 10 3'i 5 138 i3.t 7 41 2 42 9 I 41 4 ,45 11 147 G 13 4 15 16 8 18 4 2 t 21 8 23 4 25 26 8 28 4 30 31 8 33 35 36 38 40 41 8 43 4 45 46 8 48 4 50 •iliiiW •->2iii \V ft. in. ft. in. 14 14 8 15 9 16 6 17 G 18 4 19 20 2 21 22 22 9 23 10 24 6 25 8 26 3 27 G 28 29 4 29 9 31 2 31 G 33 33 3 34 10 35 3!) 8 36 9 38 G 38 6 40 4 40 3 42 2 42 (» 44 43 9 45 10 45 6 47 8 i; 3 49 6 r.> 51 4 50 9 53 2 51 G 55 2;i ill W ft. in. 'ilinWl25inW ft. in. ft. in. 15 4 16 16 8 17 3 18 18 9 19 2 20 20 10 21 1 22 ')0 11 23 24 25 24 11 2(; 27 1 26 1(1 28 29 2 28 9 3(1 31 3 3.» 8 32 ;>3 4 32 7 34 35 i 34 6 36 37 e 3ii 5 38 39 1 38 4 40 J 41 8 40 3 42 43 9 42 2 44 45 10 44 1 4(i U 47 11 46 48 - Id W ft. Ion\ I'l is l;) n l..i;ljlutli I'lOilmt 1 I in W lililiW n. ill ft. in, 9 4 10 10 (> 113 11 H 12 6 12 10 12 9 U 15 If) 2 16 3 i«; 4 17 6 17 6 18 9 18 8 20 I'J 10 21 3 21 226 22 2 23 9 23 4 :i5o 24 6 1 26 3 25 8 27 6 2(! 10 28 9 28 30 21t 2 31 3 ;U) 4 32 6 31 (5 33 9 •.12 8 35 l];3 10 36 3 3o 37 6 ;iii 2 38 9 87 4 40 8S 6 413 .'i'J 8 42 6 411 10 43 9 42 45 QKO. " V ■ilinVVi 25 inW . ft. ill. ft. in. 16 ' 16 8 18 18 9 20 ' 2«' 10 22 ' 22 11 24 25 2tl 27 1 2S -It 2 30 , .n 3 32 (1 o.i 4 34 35 i 30 37 e 38 (1 , ;ii» 1 41 > J : 41 8 42 1 4.1 9 44 J5 10 4<) 47 11 48 » 50 r>' 52 1 f)2 54 2 51 5'i 3 .")*; (1 ; 58 4 58 1 IJ) 5 1 (JO 1 i;2 LOUS JUil'UCKD TO UUNNI>U liOARD ME.'.SURE. Loiv< iM:niT'"i:r) to onm: i\rn hoahd Mr.ASi im";. I!' tl:>' 1 '.: i^ 1''" C'l' lii.iii i- <'^>ii! ill.' I i I till' liilvli', t,(!vi' :iiiy iwu |i'i;frt|)s. 'I'iii^ I.I "t I'iMiiiiit oil ilic Kit ui\i.-. II. !• Iftit'ilf o il.c \,t)r ihrh''- lie iidi ^rivfit Tin' (!i:iMir IT of ti!;il)i'r is m>ii;iII\- tiikcii 2" lict from tin' hull. All lo{.?3 lioit ill' 2'i u >•!, i;ili.' Iiic uiiiiiii'ii' ;il ilic tup. or (■ iliat Icii'itli ami tii;iim'tt'r. i'» 11 in 1 - I' '' 1 \;i i.t 11 f w . !5ij !8 : ."J L Ki- ll '1 ]■:. i\ - i I'J 21 22 3 23 It , 2i 27 l< 28 ; I). 12 54 5'J t;i 71 M S.) Ill !'J 1 '\ I •.) hi IfJ 1.^1 l.J 1 .1 l.v> i;i lij r.i '!>." 25 'J^3 .'111 ;;io .•i'ij 307 4:^0 4.5 1S3 512 541 51 i'J .5'J8 027 ( 155 t;s4 . 13 742 771 8'0 .'-!20 ,S.-)8 8.i7 1> 13 I'. 'i 7J 7'< M 11 1 '•1 1-1 I-. l.'J li5 1 '1 1 7 ;j ..» ' ■> . 14 ^3 ill) ur li,4 111 lis \j\ l;;3 liO 117 1,4 I'-l 1 8 1.6 N3 l.iil m; >i)4 -ill '.IS J25 ..:'/ 3.i'.> 371 41 1- 412 470 511 515 57'J G13 047 6S1 716 751) 7S4 HIS 853 'j.:l 055 \y.:, hVot i). 1). 15 16 !)3 1114 11)2 111 111 124 1_» i.;i V13 144' l;iS 1..4i li.i Iti-ii 1.55 173 Ml H;i! 173 l!)3' 1S2 2l.'3: IJI 213| 2i'0 2:'3| 20'J •.331 •iis 213 2J7 253 2.Ji U .3 '245 -73 251 2S] 2i;3 •_!».» '^7.; ;: 3 2.S1 313 1». 28 3V.» 3Jii 432 4.;;t 5' . 5 . 5,-> Oil 6,5ii 6SS 724 700 70il 833 81!) •J ■; \)V!. W.J l:ll5 lor.; loss 1125 1). D. 17 18 17~ •^3'; 271 247 :.si 250 ::i»7 'i7(' 311 is'2 ;).'4 ZO.i 37 3)5 35ii 3li. 3' .3 32S 37'1 330 3S0 3-)l 4o2 3.2 415 i). D. 1) '* 1 1, 21) 21 22 151 IT'J r.M 21') IC.H 11). i 213 •J31 1S4 •^11 232 252 litO 2;,l 251 '2; 3 211 2ii> 270 '2; '3 'I'd) %■■'•) •2,>J 3U '1\\ 2>4 35 40,'i 3' -4 • 51 ;is4 419 31 J 371 4(.3 440 ;.3i 3SJ 4::2 4i;i 340 4u7 441 6S1 3ii4 4i:4 461) 502 3,0 442 470 5: 3 .j.)l 45'J 4'JS 544 4(''.) 477 517 . 65 424 404 536 ! ,S6 430 512 555 6' i7 451 52'J 574 (528 4'iJ 517 503 640 1). I i> 23 '24 261 2-5 31 IS 3 , ;i.o 41)2 4-6 44J 4.3 40. 6.;' I 542 i.6s 501 61.. C.i.! 6i3 VI I 1). 29 3; 7 415 453 401 520 567 605 643 681 710 757 705 8.34 8. "2 Oil) OlM u-o; l'i21 VM\'l\ 11(10 1 1 3S! 11761 U. 30 407 •117 4>^0 53 I 571 612 653 604 735 776 817 8.V.» 001) Oil! OS-j; 1 IJ3: li:r,4 1105, l-iO: 1!m' 1-S, 12501 D. 31 410 484 528 572 f>18 «;62 7o6 751 705 830 881 028 972 1017 1061 llo5 1140 1103; 12371 12SI; 1325, 13691 \). 32 456 502 518 504 640 681 732 778 824 870 016 962 1 08 1054 llDO 1146 ll'.)2: 1-23S 13; 10 1376 I4'22i U. 33 486 5;i5 581 63;] 6S2! 731 780 829 878 927 976 1025 1074 11-3 11721 i22i: 1270 1310: 13 ;« 141; lino 15151 I). 34 406 516 5d6j 64t)| 6061 716| 7'J6 816 806 946 906 11146 loitii lll6j 110.) 1216! 1^:06; 13461 r:!i.i| lil'i iiii,; 15461 U. 35 51 { 5! IS 653 7o;s 7'i2 817 8,2 1 1318 I 1376 I 1431 I I40'i I 1550 ' 1 ;'i8 1 ;;>; , ir.i I 178^ EQUAL SHjF.S TIMBl.R MKASUIlE. — CAST IRON. SOi.ID CONTENTS OF KQl'AL SIDES TlMBEIl. If thp I.op; is short! rtlinn is contaiiipd in t!io Tnblo. I.ikp iialf orquartpr of soiiii' IciifftJi, illoii^tr iloiililf Mniic l('i;f.'tli. 'J'lic Iciijjtli ot the l.on is Rivi'ii on the toj- of tin- columns, tlic diainc icr in the lift tiiind coluiiiii. To obtain the; Cubical C«int«'ntH of MaHts, t«p:irs, liouiid Log.*, Jtc, subtract ouu-fouith fruui the Coutuut:^ 1 r o L L L L 1 I. L* L. L L. L L. 9 10^ 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 If 20 6* 2 3 2 6 2 9 3 3 3 3 G 39 4 4 3 4 6 4 t» ~Po 7 3 3 4 3 7 4 1 4 5 4 9 5 1 65 6 9 C 2 6 6 C 10 8 4 1 4 4 4 10 5 4 5 9 G 2 6 7 8 5 8 10 9 3 9 8 9 5 2 5 9 G 2 69 7 4 7 11 8 6 9 1 9 8 10 3 10 10 11 5 10 6 2 G 1(. 7 8 8 4 9 9 8 10 4 11 U H 12 4 13 13 8 11 7 « 8 4 <» 8 10 1 10 11 11 9 12 7 13 5 14 3 15 1 15 11 10 9 12 y 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 (1 20 13 10 411 7 12 10 14 1 15 3 16 5 17 9 IH 9 19 11 21 1 22 3 2;] 6 14 12 2 13 7 1! 11 16 4 47 8 18 11 20 3 21 7 -2 11 24 3 25 *• 1 20 U 15 14 2 15 917 2 18 9 20 4 21 11! 23 5 25 2(5 7 28 2 29 9 31 4 16 16 17 10 lit 6 21 4 23 1 24 10 26 7 28 4 30 1 31 10 33 7 a-i 4 17 18 2') '22 24 1 26 1 28 1 30 1 32 1 'M 1 36 1 38 1 40 1 18 20 3 22 () 24 9 27 29 3 31 C 33 9 36 38 3 40 6 42 9 45 19 22 « 25 '^7 6 30 1 32 1 ii5 1 37 7 41 1 43 7 46 1 48 7 52 20 26 27 1(1 30 10 33 4 36 1 38 10 41 7 44 4 47 2 50 52 9 55 9 21 '27 7 30 8 33 9 3) 9 39 10 42 11 46 49 1 52 2 55 3 58 4 61 5 22 30 2 ;<3 6 3(5 lO/JO 4 43 8 47 50 4 63 8 67 0: GO 4 G3 8 67 23 33 0'.S« 8 40 4 44 I 47 9 51 6 55 1 6S 9 G2 6 65 1 69 9 73 5 24 38 40 0'44 48 52 r>(i 60 (:4 G8 72 76 80 25 ;» (• 43 4 }8 1 .-,2 1 56 5 60 9 65 1 69 5 73 9 78 1 82 6 86 9 '.'6 27 42 2 4t! 11 01 7 6(j 4 «1 »i5 8 70 4 75 79 8' 84 4 89 93 8 4r» 7 r,o 8'f 5 9 (iO 9 65 10 70 11 76 81 1 86 2! 91 7 96 8 101 11 2S 49 54 6 '59 10 fi5 4 70 9 76 2 81 7 85 92 6' 97 10 103 3 1(18 8 29 f)2 (! 58 4]64 2 70 1 75 111 81 9'87 7 93 5 99 3]0,i 1112 11 117 9 30 65 9,«2 Ol(J8 3,75 81 3187 6193 9 100 106 3 112 G 118 9 125 CAST IRON. WEIOnT OF A FOOT I^ LENGTH OP FLAT CAST IRON, WlHUi of Iron. Inrlius. 2 J' li f Tliick, I TIMck, l-llli incli. 13-SlliM Inch. 'I'liick, ■Ihi.^K. I 'lliii'ii. Thii'k, !-•-' liii'li. i.VRilis iiioli.UMIhs liK'h. 7-M, h. iui li roiiw'.s. 1 5'.i 1 75 l..'J5 2.(4 t i'4 2 5;! 2 2 3 73 f« 12 3 32 61 71 iM) 4 10 t 4 -JB 4 in 4 68 IN minis. 2 34 2 63 2 92 3 22 3 51 3 W 10 :*t G8 97 27 56 8:-) C.15 (I M 6 7« 7 03 I'ouiuIh. 3 12 3 61 3 90 4 29 4 68 6 CI t, VJ 6 85 6 25 6 trl 7 03 7 42 7 81 8 20 S 5'J , ti m 9 37 I'oiiiicis 3 !«) 4 39 4 88 6 81 6 83 32 81 30 78 f» ( 8 8 9 9 1(1 25 1(1 74 11 23 11 71 7(> I'iiuikIs. 4 f;8 5 27 5 85 G 44 7 0.1 7 61 8 20 8 78 9 37 9 96 liKo-t 11 13 11 71 12 m 12 .8» I'oi.nd". G 15 G 83 7 51 8.20 8 8S 9.57 10 25 10. 93 11.62 12 3i) 12 98 13 iuv-h. 1 inch ._.^ (11,11(1-'. rcuiids. 5 4« (i 1^0 (! 15 7 0.S G S3 7 SI 7 51 8 59 8. 20 9 37 8 8S 10 15 9.57 1' 93 26 11 71 0.93 12 (7) 1.G2 13 28 12. 30 14 06 '2 98 14 84 3 G7 15 1;2 w ;k-. 16 411 5 (13 17 1- 5 72 17 I'l; 10 40 IS 76 TABLES FOR ENGINEERS ANTJ MACHINISTS. WEIGHT or ONE FOOT OF FLAT BAR IRON. yfn n!ir of Iron bn thlc!;pr tlinn ti.nlninort In tlio Tahio, add toppthor fli ■ ^1:! of tun Nimilii rs. or .roblo tliiMvcifrlit '.'t' oiip N'liinbcr. >Vimtid f)i. uciclitot 1 loot ot Hiir Iioi', : iiic-liPH broad and "2 1-4 iiichpti thick. Oiiiii.Htt' I and under 1 i> Ki-."(;4, which doubled is 2G-728 ; add tho weight of l-4tii (o341), ,j 7 308 8 360 iO.437 ■ 12 626 14.612 16 700 6.f 4.384 6.479 6 67-? 7 671 b768 10 968 18.162 16 343 17.536 6i 4 593 5 741 6 889 «037 »186 11480 13 778 16.073 18.372 bi 4.801 6 001 } 202 1 SHEET IRON, &0 Thicknoss ibe tJu'Ji.' .nism f :ing | Wiro Gauge 1 I 2 8 8.74 Iron. 12.50 12 (M)ill,00il().00 C.ip. 1 \ ,50 13 90:i2-.75 U.GO 10.10 I5ra.*H 13 75 13 20 12.1011 90l 9 CI 7 8.12 7.50 9.40 8,70 8 93 8 26 d I '0 11 12 13 U 6.86' 6.24 5.62 7 90 7.20 6 60 7.64 6.86 6.18 5.00 5.80 4.38 3.75 3.12 5()8 4.34i 3.60 6.50 4.81 4 1213.43 Thickness b^ the Wiro Gauge Iron Clip. B^^*ls 15 16 17 ; 18 19 I 20 21 22 23 ' 24 25 26 27 28: 29 30 2 8'2 3 27 3 10 •I BO 2 IS. 1.86 •2 90 '2. 53 2 15 2 75 2 4012 0» 1 70 1 54 1.40il 25 1.12 1 97 1 78 I 62! 1 451.30 1 00 1 16 1 87:. G9 1.54!l 3711 23|1 10 90 1.04 99 .80 .92 .64 .6'. .60 .74 .641 53 .70, .61 1.55 No. 1 W irn (iaufjp is 5-16ths of an in-'h ; No. 4 i.s l-4th ; No. 11 Is l-8th ; No 13isl.l2tli: No ISisl-Utb: ^o, IGls 1-ltJth: No 17l8M8th; iJo l& Is 123 No 2218 132. ^^ i\ WEIGHT OV BAU IRON AND OTHER METALS. RUSSIA SHEET IRON Moa.''ures 56 by 2S Inches, nnd Is rated by tJu- woight per nhpot. Tho num. borw run Iroin 8 tn IS Ku.-*sliin lb.<. jut slirct. H l{us,-iaii iioiind-* (■(nnlTo Enfjiltth pounds; 9=f5.1 Ujh.; 19=9 lbs.; 11=10 lbs.; 12=11.2 lbs., Ac 100 RuBsian lbs. equal 90 lbs. EiigU«b. WEIGHT OF ONE SQUARE FOOT OF PLATE IKON, &0. G0~^ QQ O • Eos h i i a, O cs Lead 25 2.9 2.7 3.7, 5.0 6.8 5.6 7.4 i 7.5 8.7 8.2 11.1 10.0 11.6 10.9 14.8 126 U.6 13.6 18.6 15.0 17.4 16.3 22.2 u. O • "* j; ^^ I; ■"» 1 Copper. 17.6 20 3 20.0 23.2 26.0 28.9 30.0 3t.7 36.0 40.4 40.0 46.2 n •0 cl r.t.o 21.8 2;.', 3J.5 37.9 ^3.3 29.8 37.0 44.4 57.8 b'J.2 WEIGHT ONE FOOT IN LENGTH OF St^UARE AND ROUND BAR IRON r. 7.* -> n rt ; a* s o o 1 -■ r. « a i .209 .104 H h .326 .256 IJ 3 J5 .170 .860 ' « tV .640 .503 2 i .835 .656 24 1^6 1.057 .831 2i 1.305 1.026 2| iii 1.579 1.241 2.i .1 4 1.879 1.476 2g n 2.205 1732 2.1 7 2.658 2.011 n H 2.936 2.306 3 1 3.340 2.624 3J 14 4.228 3.321 3i li 5.219 4.099 3J 11 6 315 4.961 4i li 7.616 5.913 64 m O u a a .^ 8.820 10.229 11.744 13.360 16.083 16.909 18.840 20.875 23.116 25.259 27.608 30,070' 32 018 36.279 38.04.J 4 ).91() 43.89^ 16 a o p ..-I o 6.928 8.043 9.224 10.496 11.846 13 283 14.797 16.396 18.146 19.842 21.684 23.663 26.620 27.709 29 8S1 32 170 84.472 .^.2 « a ■~ 1) a o S ~ a o h . 5a o 33 4U.9oy I 30.895 3|j 60 153 I 39.390 4 63.^40 41.934 4^ 56.833 44.G3I 4) 60.329 4V385 \l 63.U3) 5).211 4.i 67.037 53 132 4^ 71.446 6G.113 4| 75.369 59.187 ^ 79.378 62.344 5 83.510 65.585 6J 92.459 72.618 6.i 101. 080 79.370 5i 110.429 .86.731 _6 12».243 j_946W I'll'! wi'JHiil '1 !;iir lriinb«lii|;l; (.'act Iron - .M Sto.:!. \SA " " " Coppur, l.l« METALS. ruhppt. Thpniim. II iioimiN i'(iual7 2 •2= 11.2 lbs., Ac- B IRON, &0. o 91 •0 20 3 23.2 28.1) 31.7 40.4 46.2 ll'-O I 25.9 21. H j 29.6 '^•■- I 37.0 315 44.4 37.9 67.8 «3.3 69.2 IK AKD UOUND a o k . c a o c: a a." o 4l3.'Ji).243 _91:Gli wi!ight el !;iir lronbeln|!l; " " (.'iiht Iron -.* " " Stoo). 1.M " " Coppur, l.K \9«:iCllI'i' OF ttOUNj) AND fcQl.AKK CAST lUON. CAST IRON-— "Weight of a Foot in Lons-'h of Squaro and Round. SQUARE. Size. Weight. Inches Square 1' n n I 2.i 1' 9 8 3i 4 4i 4" 4'' 4 4 ioundg. .78 "• 22 1.76 '.^.39 L'.12 0.95 4. 88 6.!)0 7.(^3 8.25 9.67 lo.iiS 12.50 14.11 LVSl 17.02 19.53 21.53 2;i';3 25.83 28.12 3J.51 33. o5.59 41.06 43.U4 40.92 60. 53.14 50.44 59.81 63.28 60.84 70.60 Slzo Inchf's S»0 112 50 122.08 i;jj(J 1 12 .J8 I.-.'. 12 104. 'i5 K5.78 1-7.68 21111.12 212 56 225.^8 231) 25 253.12 2i;7.38 2.'^2. *J.>7.07 312.50 3-.^. 32 341.;. 3 301.13 378.12 395.50 413.78 431.44 450. ROUND Size. IllCll"9 Diam. 1 if il ¥ '4 '4 2f 3' 8 3 ?^ 84 '4 4 4* 4t t^ 4^ H 4 Weight. .Size. Weight rounds. Inches Diuin. 27 II I'ounds 58..32 01 ;i') ;.|.40 '7t;i vol '9 ^4.24 77.05 81 14 84.71 88.35 95.87 1' 3.09 111.82 120.26 129 138.05 U7.41 167.08 107.05 177.10 187.91 11) ..9 210. 221.50 2.33 31 245.43 267.86 270.59 2.s3.i;3 29'!. 1)7 31 '.•i3 224 .59 .338.85 353.43 Size In. STEEL.— Weight of a Foot in Lonpth of Flat. Thiclf.! Thick, 1-2 ill. ' 6-8tlis, 2 2i Thick, Thick. 1-4 in. 3-8tl)H. IMh. I'd.- .8551 1.27 .958 1.43 1.06 l.,59 1.17 1.76 1.27 1.91 1.49 2.23 1.70 2.55 1.91 2.C'/ I'ds. 1.70 1.91 2.13 2 31 2.55 2.98 3.4) 3.83 IMs. 213 2.39 2 W 2.92 3.19 3 72 4.20 4 79 Side. Thick. 1-4 in. In. IM.«. OL 2.13 "f 2.34 3 2.", 3i 2.77 31 2.9.> 3| 319 4 3.40 Thick, Thick, 1 3-8th8. 1-2 ill 1 I'ds. IMs 3.20 4.20 3.51 4 08 3.83 5.11 4.15 5.63 4.47 5 98 4 79 0.38 5.10 0.80 5-8tlis. Pds. 5,.32 5 85 6.39 92 7 4.-. 7 98 % i i ; 17 * iv , £'■ II ii'f '> ! r 1 WEiailT OF METALS. PATENT IMFPOVKD LKAD T\VV..-Sizcti and VTHght per Foot. Cullbru. Ifichiw i W.>k'l.t ' |(tT loot. c»m.i-Jj lbh.117.'*, llU'llCK, 6 8 • 1 10 H 12 il 1 Jl 1 8 it 8 ti 10 II 12 it 14 } 1 t t iMclllW. Dm. o/.N, I 4 1 8 2 3 13 1 U 1 8 2 2 12 12 14 w.ifriii (MT fool. l'i»Ulir I'lKbl I'l'f loot ImliiN. li)r. in. 11 6 4 2 6 1 4 (3 11 7 2il-^ 11 n 3 !■= 1.1 fl 3K = iri , ■» = IS 1 4J Z 20 1 6 22 SriEKT I KAT).- Weight of u Squnri' Foot, 2], 3, 3i, 4. 4i. 6, G, 7, 8»,9. 10 IbH., and U])wurd8 BRASS, COri'ER, STEKL, AND LKAV.-Weiffht o/a Foot. I{KAH8. OOPl'BR. BTEBL. LBAD. DlH'iintiT W.jtfht WolKht W.'iffht WrlKht WfiKbt WclKht W.'ljrht Weigh! Hint .Si(l(! cif of of of of of or of Squarv. Uoiind. Square. Round. Hquarc. Round. Lb". Square. Kouiid. Lbs. Siiutre. Inchon. I.lw. LbH. Lb*. 1-bK. Lb«. LU. .17 .22 .19 .24 .17 .21 .39 .60 .42 .54 .38 .48 .70 .90 .76 90 .07 .S5 1 1 10 1.40 1.17 1.50 1.04 1.33 ( 1.59 2.02 1.09 2 16 1.50 1.91 1 2. 10 2.75 2.31 2.94 2.05 2.01 1 2.83 3.00 3()2 3.H4 2 67 3.40 8 87 4.93 1 3.58 4.56 3.82 4.86 3.38 434 4.90 6.26 1 4.42 5.(W 471 6. 4.18 6.32 6.00 7.71 1 5.3. 081 5.71 7 27 5.(16 44 7. .a} 933 1 0.30 8,10 6.79 8.05 6.02 7.07 8.72 11.11 1 7.47 9.51 7.94 10.15 7.07 9 10.24 I3.(j4 1 8.00 1103 9.21 11.77 8.20 10.14 11.87 15.12 1 y.9.^> 12.00 10.01 13 52 9.41 11.98 13.ta 17.36 2 11.32 14 41 12.08 15.38 10.71 13 v,;i 15 51 19.75 ^ 12.78 10.27 13.04 17. .36 12.05 1.').80 17.51 22.29 2) 14 32 18.24 15.29 19.47 13.51 17.20 ' 19.03 1 25. 2| 15.90 2(.'..T2 17.03 21.09 15.05 19,17 21.80 27.80 2|. 17.08 22.53 18.87 24. (,'3 10.08 2121 24.24 3(1.86 2, 19 .'-.0 2^4 83 20.81 20.50 18.;(9 23 41 20.72 34.02 •)' 21 40 27 25 22.84 29.08 20.18 25.70 29 a3 37.31 2ii 23.39 29.78 24!t2 31.79 22.06 28.10 32.05 40.81 3 25.47 ;;2.43 1 27.18 34.01 24.23 30.ti0 34.90 44.44 C AS r 1 HON .- freight of a Superjtcial Foot from J to 2 inches thick. Hlte. Weight Pound-. 9.37 44.06 18.76 Jus. i WrI'-ht f Un. WclRht .size. Jus. n Wolrht Pounds. 51 ,50 50.25 , 60.93 ■ Slzo Ins. Wflfrbt Ins. 1 rolUHIK. 23 43 '/H 12 32.81 lll.S. 1 :11 Pounds. 37 .W 42.18 40 87 \8 ri.iindu or).G2 70.31 75. 'fight per Foot. Ill Hit Callhrv N* i.lirht I'lT li«iL — - liuh(">. lb.-. I* 1! f) 4 2 6 '< 41 7 2ilt 11 a 1 -i 13 3rr" \r, 4 = IS 4i Z ; '20 11 6 'n 4. 4i. 6. G, 7, 81,9, ffht of a Foot. ?1 IS S la !0 50 17 >1 II lo LBAD. Lbn. 3 87 4.!I0 6. (to 7.;^ 8.72 10.'24 11.87 la.ta ir> oi 17.51 l!)i.ti3 21 .80 24.24 20.72 29 33 32.05 34 .iM) lU. 4.93 6.'26 7.71 933 11.11 13.04 15.12 17.36 l'J."5 2*2.29 25. 27.R0 3().86 34.02 37.34 40.81 44.44 to 2 inches thick. pht 1 Slzo. Wclpht „ Ills. Ins. I'diindi .Mi 11 Givfia 25 , 70.31 U3 . 2 75. C.\ST IRON COLUMNH. MOLDER's TAI>LE, DIMP:NSI()NS of CYLINDlJirAL COLUMNS OF TAKT IKON TO vSlJ.STAlN A I'KKSSLiUK WITH SAFETY. II OS- 55 1" I.K.NOTH oil rilOIOUT IN 1 ITKKT. 4 1 1 8 1 10 1 12 1 14 16 18 1 20 22 1 24 WKIOHT oil LOAD IN CWT8. 72 fiO 4!> 40 32 20 22 IS 16 13 11 2i 119 105 91 77 05 5.5 47 40 34 29 a-) H 17S l.-a 145 12s 111 97 84 73 64 50 49 8i 247 232 214 191 172 150 la-) 119 106 94 83 4' 32(i 810 2H8 2m 242 220 198 178 100 144 130 4i 4H I'D 379 a>4 327 3i>l 276 261 229 20s 189 fi' 52*2 601 479 452 427 394 3ti5 337 310 285 202 6 (iil7 692 673 550 526 497 409 440 413 380 300 7 12o 24!K} 24.50 2410 235H 2305 2248 2189 2127 12 3050 3040 3020 2!)70 2930 2!)00 2S,'J0 2780 2730 2. ^- ' ..5 X . a. • cJ "^ao ^ ® 3 ♦JO" eS C ~ -0 = 3 p — ♦J .■~o 2«l li- r o - a. c j^ I K,«> £ :^ H ,41 *-> ... - tl .a«rl t" = f-l fee.:; a-' >. Oi TS ^ „ ■^ O D ^ £ o (d p.a >.'^ £ o|5"a^| t! -' C •/: (i a jC--3'^ fc.2^ . (f^ i-.a ,,_-"r rt 3 rt 3 o ^ ...^ a i'~ S-c T*© iTi 5 c i- -;; .H ?3 5 1 - -v" f c ♦- •V. 1-' ■M ■^ CO "? '.a' 1-i >.t 3 i^C-'jo xlr. j/if ^ "^ CI CI CO ^ .^Tii^^?^ j^ s: -<> i- i.c — 1 - CI r -f --. i-.- »-< w CI Xi CO :ri 1.0 ; is ^1 rT;-"-?^" - •^ :o 't< ■<»< i.ti u-5 -J ■-£■ I- I- X Ci 3V i : -H — . CI » '.O f -" . ' r-! - ,- •* •^.-<^-*^^'— I'-^.-it-. — ».i^;::,lj ^ c: ^. -*< - i.c — ci 1 - 17 X -h 3> i.o r:^ V •-! 1 - ?i ^> CO - .^ - .- • _; CO w^ 1-0 i.-i ■» » I- 1- X X i^ Jl l£ ^ ^ CI CI ?5 CO 4 i« r? -c v' i; --ll-CO-/: CO 3. -r3J 1.0 C <.•? — 1 ■C'-HI- M 1 - CO 'X '.0 - -*-,,»- •~ CO CO -i< ^ 1.0 1-; t^ ^: I - 30 X) c. 3> -- —■ CI M CO CO -• ^ i- •■^ ■ ~ CO ;o i< -r ut i.o •— -.J I- 1 - X iO ~,^ c ~ 1-1 .-< ci ci c: "r .^ 1^. ;■; =: 5^.0 c li? ~ 'O r 1.5 c- 1.0 ~' 1.0 lO 5 1.0 c- m i.o c 1.0 - -- •-coco-JT ■"fiCi.o 5'Oi-i-xci5S35 5 r -Hf-iciri55c*^-».~ a 31 :* T' -<' '>^ W.'-J CO X CO 1 - CI I'. CI 1- CI 'B i-H •- — -i — ,.- - ,- ;-; CI CO CO ■* .^ uO UJ » «: I- I- « X & 01 Ci 1-H -^ 01 f 1 ro rf .=■ - Cv I'^'r^t-^f^r^r^'r^,^^^,^ s:cr COI-C1I- — tc-Hi.o ; 1.0 T5 -»< t/coxcoi-ci I-.-1 -r — 1- - •^ CI CO CO f "^i 1.0 1-0 -w 31 I - 1 - I- X X 31 31 i — — CI 01 CO :•? i a 1- ci '- -H lb : ^ 31 CO xici 1-— 1 -2 c 1.0 31 ^x :oi-'*i — .- i- •-. CI CO CO •.* -^ L.0 1.0 1.0 :o cs 1 - 1 - X X .S 01 31 3 C' ~ — ci fi CO rJ .pcv,i§^^^3SS'i5rtss;'xS:g||22L-r;c^^ |l 1^"^ :^ 2? :?; .i ;S ;s 3 Is rt ,^3 .* 2. 2 S i 1 i ll [- r, 15 ^ -»• X 01 r r -f /: 01 c • ■.i- or ri -.^ c -« r> ri r ~ -f - 1 - 1 - I - I - J- •/ X - .-'. t: X --< -fl- - CO-.- 31 M lOX — -f 1-.— CO-C '^. ClLOX^H-til- - 1 •^^ - X — -» - C CO 1 X ri CO -.S 31 — -»• 1 - 3-. Cl 1.0 1 - " I •~ -H r-. CI CI CI CI CO CO CO f T ->• -tl UO 1.0 U3 uO W -.£1 "» X 1 - I - 1 - X J CO' a 1.0 X" ±.-sj"i.o X"— "■^ i.t ■*■ CO 1.0 X 0: co ft x -f 10 UO «.0 Ui « V5 ■; 1 - a CO 1- CI -f ^ X ~ CO lO 1 - s .— CO tr X i^ -1 -* "5 3) — CO ' * • i -^ r-i r-< c5 ij.1 C. CI CI CO CO CO CO W fi -f -t< ■* «S 1.0 lO iC « -c •- CO a 01 -f ■- x r ci -t< -.3 X — ~i -r -3 X — CI -.r -r X ~ ci -" 'X :r c .^ _ r-i -< r-i f 1 CI 01 : 1 CI CO CO ot CO CO -tl -t" -f -tl -f 1.0 1.0 lO lO •.: c e CI •3 -^ rH rl r-( rH CI CJ M CI CI CI CO CO CO CO CO »ti -r -»i -t ■*• lO 1.0 lit JK ~ CICO lO l-X C ?IC>t lOI-T — CieOiOI-XOOICOiOI-X - .5 r-1 r-( r^ f-i 1-H r-i CI fi d e^i w CI c% io c4 ci eo cot- -»< ->> f -« 1 1.0 a CO Vr- 0. CO 1 ; ^ .^ 2 ^ 5J CO jt; ^ ^ 55 gj ->. ^ - ^ 1,; ,^ : 1 .Soci'ixoc>ci-t<* "tl -11 tl .11 -fi 1 - J, ^ O — - P ■■-.53 Efimple, — Unw niiuiy Odrdn of v(7cmI ill a pill' n't IV'ct louf?, ioet lii^jh luul 4 loot wldt'l" 2» CO t 300 4 128) 1440 llj amh VALUE OP WOOH AND BARK. - ; 1 y, w"--. -r ■ \7. 1 ?-s M -r •«> ■* c -^ : r '^ £v 2 rv ir: - -" CI Ti c? -r "t I.*. I": S — > lO C «.T ~ 10 C -I •.•! ri o? :c f -f 1.-. ■H -r- — -r — 1^ = 1.- 1 rH ri ?i re ^ -I- •* -M f— < »— * r^ r-" I— I » -Ml-rt ■■£ rl'',Z Z: '-' •— 01 rm '.< ■*■ rt ~ - - — CK X Ji 'T- CV w_ : ■;; J. X X j; -• 3"- ^ ;i I - X X X _'. -•• r. _^ R i-i-i-xxx - r. •i i-i-i-x X /. *• ii.ricrji-it i-c ^l■ ; C! X' -x X 1 - 1 - 1 - '^ sav '- M >Q X - « '.t r-f - X — c; 15 /. t 5 »6 i.-ric « '- w - ' * T <— . M ■^ "O :^ 7; fi ;Z h iS iO >a lO >c !. - -^ P 'J? CD o ri -r <^ X 5 - T- o -M » .2 1 - jL t cc -1" •!< -r -t -" T ... T^ V'^'*f nr 5i "^ ^^ '*' '" m;??]c?«j*'^^ xo o «•*•*.« ■^'- W CC -^ 'f* -^l '»''>"•" " 60 r> 3(i0 4 i 1 If 4- ^ * S.ia c 5 fc P ►" S ^ ^ .s -- ♦^ -< rj (»<£?: I. £ ^ «* £ a. 2 § 5 « c — «-• • 3 « c S £ « ■^ C c ^ rt "^ 5^, < 1 * e -e .y i •r" fc. '- ps A H c ^ U ^ " '- u (« a c tt'-' u * - (u 5^ <- -3 Ui fe .i a U »-'*■« < .=, X ;^ c a, <« ft 4 s. a < — fc. H c -5 Q c §1i ^ ,-. a a, 2 ■ 'o 1 b a *C3 -4-^ a c2 2 ■ m* a ^ < > 0^2 -= X 2 ■a ** «■• 5 T) *j 1-1 ■»- M a ^ i-S 73 . 2 ^ ■/■. /2 <2 ^ *■ e 2 '" a, a li'^ X) k n '- i 9 so -.£> CO — < Ja I - IQ 19 O CTj lO w •♦" C CO 1.1 >■-< CV C I - -J CO C: C I i.": 5 1-1 J.} CO CO in* » I- 1- (M ..; CO lii r-1 1 - j> ■_) _ t- CI ;; is a, 1 - i r-i '- c-i ri If' 1- ^; rf o »rt c I- 1- 1 - './: o 5J I- -f M c I - o 71 CI I- ■* cv x ?; r «,o v: .-1 i.o i.': ci i< 1- CO t-i -. s rl W CO W ■«' »0 «* <0 I- 1— r(< w^ « -. O 1. » "1" 1 - !-> Js t- r-i •»> 33 10 i-l — < M M 01 CO ?5 't" -f I.- '.t C 1 - I - Xj 3V ' - -f ^ X ijj oi".:! V. CO ~- CO -< — i.T — X ; 1 1-1 r co -is cc ..o c-. r - c- ri 5^ (.N CO "J^ "^ IN Ci I- r-i T rl (.^ X '.'5 i.l ffj i.i C VJ W I- O C/l O __—''-it-i 7j ricoco -f -f -i lO <-i I- cc OS T I - -c> X t -. CO ri i.t r C5 1 -co *£ t o i-< I— 1 N c^ CO ^ f k. ' o J5 — I- X 03 a; 35 L.-! I - r-i ^ fi '-iP X i.i ir; •-I i-i »- M w 01 CO CO "i"** ^ uo i.^ -.ri - ^ .- Irf oj CO I - 1-1 '.o o -t 0} eo 35 !» C5 /: 01 " i.t X >.o — -f I - CO ~ I— c r-> >-. W CI CO CO CO ^ (» 00 C< O I- O r-i O I- C Ti X .— CO X ift »-t — — 01 01 1-1 M CO CO CO -J" -^ -" i.t %*< X 71 'i. >-< U5 35 CO 1- rt" «e 01 CO "H -t I - >o tr CO I - sr. J5 "t c cr. ic r-i 1-1 I>l «>4 n CO CO ■^ ;C 00 (M CS ti 55 O •»< » X i ) S S5 ri ... C4 I.- 3 I rH — •-(rHMc-iMe'. coc^eo -^if iC C> 'iti do e^ w i'co i- -> >o o» CO .» I- ic -r. X o -t< o CO CO — ■ .r r- a ■:: '^ <-if-lC-ir^MC0C0C0»l-f-iC^l.0XC5««Ol-r-ii.^l--. ;jw — — rH rH r- 01 M 01 CJ CO CO CO — >.0 to rH 1- CO CO -t o 'O '-» 1- -" CO :: — • 1 - ci co C" c; eo z ••>■ x -f i.o rHr-(C^C'leO"»<"»U3»a*rHl..jCjCll-Xl>;-3C5torH.«r'— eOI^ _ rH rH -H c>i o-j c^ CO CO CO »»• '.O' > V 1.0 'O 1- la rH «> CS I- CO CC "f 35 1.5 X .35 t 1.'; 35 CO CO X r CO rr J I Iff I . CO c r-rHtNIMCOCO'«»<»Ji•^rlt^n7r"::■^'^'ir.^'JiJ^~ U3 C; U3 O l3 O W rH tc rH — c-i Ol ."O c-: -r -f I -• 1.: ut T 1 - CC rj, 015 Q rHr-,5|cleiicO'J<'HU3XOl«U:>C'iai5'.-? CO UI C UO'C -f C^'-tl 35 -»""35 1; X tr- IT i.t «0 -r CO CO C 1 — :n 3; X I ^ lO -Ht-ld(^lc^roco»»<'*^l-35«1- i-H rH 1 ; 1 01 CO CO CO -r- 1- '^ i."? tc To 35 r». 35 CO or. CO'x M"i» i.0~^<"-< O X i.O -f rn — c/ i.T O) (T ^. «; o rH rH ei i-1 03 CO .<»< '^ I - 35 ■»< O J. ;< .0 X Ci i » 1 • CN O O (.-I C PH 1-1 rH M 01 e-l CO CO CO -f -^ -»< UO -J" < I - rH -J. X rH l.O X) IM '.O ^O O >/5 CO r- 135 t? — l--; -r^ rH ir X (M 5. O rH rH T-1 01 01 *J CO CO 1.0 i - O — •*• W I- rH CI .^1 X r^ CO 10 Cr. O rHrHrHrHrHC^OIIMOIOOCOCOCO-*' coi- I C'O I - -: CO I - C 59 "^ '~ "^ '*■ CO o '- 35 CO e^ vr 35 35 c-j c 1 i.o — ,., rH c* (M (N c^ ci5 1.: »o - c CO S X 35 —! CO w a> —1 cot - c-i rH rH rH rH rH — 01 01 01.01 '.O CO CO f ~eO«3"dj CC'O 35 !?1 ^ 00 rH O CO :3" i- i.O C V X O 3. ..: rn r. CO c c " rH — S N N (N CO S '.^ «> w> 1 1» is X O rH lO X i- '-I i.V C rH rH rH rH rH CI (M CM 01 CO CO CO »*• CO o V-l CO g,' CO 01 oi_ — rHrHr^r ..«*<»C1C1C1C0C0 ec lii 00 o eo lO X .c CO lO rH rH ?o r 4 01 CI I - 7 J cr ' ; t; 35 -f "J ,'^ I'c ' "^ SrH — r-^K.-'lCI'tKOl-X OC101lO'.4l-w ..(-i-iOXCI rH rH rH f-1 rrj-< c;^| r-l 01 CI 01 CO "cTib i- 35"oi'-i<'o'3r— "^00 1- o >o 2! CO X o o n; ». ci 1^ ;c co c ^^ ^ rH rH — CI CI M f I- I- OT rH rH ^ O •* X r-i C4 CO C- .;; r. rH rH rH rH rd OIJ?! W OICO C« Tjl WOD^ Sl"^ '£• X- ;' rHoTsseOX 1< X I- iC 1 - --V '■£■ X 'C 75 c. "^^^"^— ii3rHr;rHS5cOWuOtil-3535r.^cU-OiOl-X.35rHu: rHrHrH^-ir-JrHrH Oiri Clr.\oi^c»rHC3-!.;oj;;X.igo5gc-5Xg=oc5-xg;r.^^^ rHrHrHrHrHrHr-rHCJ c^cous«o«05-co;2.jcu5rHt,gjgl2ffSi.Sci5;S:::i' ^H f»< t^ o o -I CI CO 3! it It, C/ J, at'' 1 -It' t OISTKIINS — HOREWS — CUBIC OK HOLID MEASURE. (;.M'A( ITY ^iF f'iSTF.RNS AINI) KKSKKVOIRS IX (iALLONS. Depth, 10 Inches :— /iiaiiiitcr/roin 2 fo li') I'(.r<. tf.'l •n 4 ao.ii 44,ii'i 7s,;j.i {)9.U . .it ilirt'iuls 20 18 IG 14 12 11 D;.iiii ill inclioH 1> If IJ Ij! 2 2} No. (.f tiufiids 6* 5 6 4i 4i 4 i I 10 'a 1 1 8 ^' 2-1 3 8i ; 1! 3i 3i l)i 111, in inolicrt 3^ 4 No. oi ilirt-ails 3 3 4f 4? •>3 5 5f *'4 -8 13 G 6 Tho ili'jitli of the threads shoii!!' be half their pitcli. Tho diamolcrof a sccsv, to work in thcticlli of » vvhtol, Miould bo smh, that theanglo of the liireudM does not i xcecd K)'^ CUI.'IC OR SOLID MKASURK. To liiid til"' ('iit)icii! (oiitciit in a Slid: i>f 'riin'icr. lilnck of Shv.ir, /i,tr, Jiiv,8ic. If all llif Diiiii'iisiouM art' ill iM'cf, iiiiilii]ily the hi n!,'th ly llie iJn adth, and tliis product by thj Ocpih to obtain tho iiiniibur of ('ubic jMct, 11 tli<> Length i.-< ill Ftct mid (ho uidth and d<']it]i in iiu'lies, ;iiiilli|,iv tho Iciijcili by I 111' widlli :r.ni tliis I'luduct !)■, I lie di'iith 'ii iin'hrs, - lli(Mi(ii\ jiio till- la.»t I'l-i! 'net by 1 U fur the (Jnliii- I'l-fl. If all llic IHim-ii-ion'^ iirt' in l<"i'ci uiiil Iii(!!"N rt ilncc till' whole to Inches, I hdi ninlli]ily the l.riij;!li, Unadlli and Deptli togeliior.aiid divide the I'mduct by 1728 to «)bt;iiii llio Cubii- IVet. I»ii|iiirid the nninbcr of cnbic feot in a Ikw, sioiii, &c., 4^ Ibct Ijuj?, 2} f»H>t '^•'idc and 2 lin't deep? 4f. X 2.6 X 2 = 22i cuhic/ret. To find the capacity of a i>iii, i-isterii . f'linitr's vat, itc, (iiid its (iiilerier) cubic contents in iiiflivx. by the iirecciiin;,' rule.-, then if the ca|iatuly lio reiiiiireil in. r/f/V/oHs', lb', ide the whole number ufinches by 2;il; — if ia bushels, by 21.')in be 4 feel in li'iij,'tli, 41 iuchos in breadth, and 32 inches in de|»ih; then, ■i y 41 X 32 X ■(M(V,i4 :-.- 3t)i cubic fe<'t. .-- 2000 lbs., or 1 ton of Reaver Meadow or I.ehi;;li Coal. 1 ("iibio l"'oot (if re;ii'h Mountain Coal, broli>Ud toiUcnts.^ 22 lSUUE. lALLONS. foot ',K,. 4 * HUT \ • 1 v,ir,>4 sWS. 7 11 7 G 1[ =51 3i 3i a} 6 ditimotiT iif a at tlwaii^li' <>( of .S'Ai.'K', / i,s, -lln'iiiliviiii' 1Ul•n^i'>"" ;"■'' '" ,lv tin; 1/ii^'tli. T'iH toubt-iinllK' , 4J loct l'-»iij,', '^J 11(1 its (iiitcriorl 111' i-apiif.ily lio 1 ichi's ill breadth, ton of Ueavcr ■iicd t" to page 20.') it will bf soeu that sometbinjr was stated r^pard- iiij; coiit'spoiidcnci'S, togotlier with an jillusioii to th«^a|4MMidix for t'arthur inloiiiiiition. The aniplitudi' uftlu> subject boiiiK very n^'at, no muri' can lie pniiiiis((l Hlatemont by way of illustrutioii. >'iii iiciii;,' aware that tho wubject ha-» ever been alluded to in connection wiili ii work of this kind, perhaps -iouie will bo inclined to attach a certain aiiioiiiit of bhuiK! on account of introducing it, here, as thero ia appareiitli/ Init \ury sli^'ht relationsliij) between the Bubjects treated of throughout tlii" \Mirkand the topic under consideration. Hut inasmuch as it is believed tliiit its colisideration will fulfil a much needed use and eomiuand the ap- jirtplmlioii of all good men, the censure of others is but littlo regarded iii ciniipiirison. I'lirthormore, the di>crtpancy is only apparent, for manv things mentioned in this book, togetih-r with thousands ol other tilings, will iiu comprehended just i'l jiroportion as correspondences ar(* understood; (•i.ii-<«iui'iitly any <'llbrt tliat tends to dissipate tlie obscurity, and enlighten tilt' darkness, with which, tiHreuards this subject, many mmds are becloud- (li, must bo productive of good, while tho knowledge In question will eiiiilple us to account for many of the phenomena of tho visiole creation, Hiicli iisclieniiciil allinities, the constitution and ((uidlties of different kinds el' iiictal, and their at;tioii on e;icli other, besitles sug^^esting innumer- alilc iiistniclive tiiouglits on other interestingtiuestionsot a purely natural kiiiil : nevertheless tlie writer desires to statu that his motive forcoiisidering till' subjict in this pltice, is a desire to give a few examples of the working III' till- principle as an niinerring rule in unfolding th(; true meaning of tho Siicied writings, for strange as the assertion may appear to many, thu iiiiiiniii;; ot tlie Divine Word as to its true or intfiual sense, can Lu evolved ill no othi'r way. It stiould be known thattho \Voki> being Divine, is coin- im-ii'd ill a manner dillorent from all other writings whatsoever, Innng wriilcii by pure correspondences, lor which reason, through the use of (■iiililiiiis, symliuis, types, and rejnesentatives, it coutaum and embracett within its bosom things which n-gard the Lord, his heaven, the (Jliurch, iiiiui, II ml the tilings of love and faith, even when such subjttctsdo not in tht Ica^t sippi'iir in the letter while it is being read, for it is a Divine truth, tha' till I' an' iiidelinite things in each expression of the U'ortI, which appc^ars to iniiii Fo simple and rude; yea, there iscontained therein more than man can I'vei comprehend, because it is the embodiment ot Infinite wisdom, ami is as to Us inmosls, th(« Lord Himself, John i-1., Uov. xix. 13. Treat Willi the utmost revi'rence therefore, 1 pray 5'ou, whatever haa relation tt. the Word of tioi), for by so doing you do honour to that Sacukd Namb which should never be taken in vain. Of all the abounding ini(|uiti(>H of MH-iely, none are more destructive of tho germs of goodness implanted by (iiir Ibiivi'iily I<':ither in man's heart, and none ministers less gratification til the dejiruveil cravings of fallen man, than the profanation of the Namm iiml \Voiii> of tho everbli'SBed (ioi). Let every one discountenance thin u|>iiiilliiigeniirmity, an<'i bewari'of it is as he would shun eternal ruin, not mily on account of' its infamous character as a sin against iiui>, but alHo out 111 ('0111111011 regini for the feelings of our neighbours. >• I 111' siieiic)' of correspondences unfolds those spiritual law.s in ftccordancn with which the woril of (iod is written, fhe word correspoiideuce in ill ri\iil from the Latin terms con and nsjionilec, and means, radically, to ttiisui'i with or to agree. It will serve our purpose here to define it as tho apiM':ir;inii't)f the ititiTiial in the external, and its repre.sentation there; in ulhiM words, internal and spiritual things are mirrored forth and repre- 'i'liti'il in external and natural forms. The \Voki> throughout, is written v.iih a constant reference to an exact and immutable relation between *iiiriiii;il and natural tliingu. Various descriptions arc there given of tho APrENlJiX TO TilJt; AUTiZA:-'K (JUIDE. ( ti '\ h' Vh \ !i'. t 0UII, moon, and Rtarp; f)f tlio t'urtli with he. ;i.o\inwint>, talU-yf and riv«'ri ;, of incn.anim&lraiKi {ilaiits, K'^l'i s^'xl silver, bra^iH aud iron, and a tlioiiMunl otiicr tbiuprs whicli aj)t«'ar in tlio natural world. In all ttn^c dcscrii liui.u tlutru iH acoi>stant roun-nco to tlioinl«'rnaland wuiritual cuiist'M fruiii wlilth tlioao thiiif;i; cxiHt, and to whicli they corrcnpond. I'ho Wokd, in iti- liicial eonso, irt tlius wrought tom'thor with in Unite nkill, const itutinjj ajicrniaiu ut r«'(M>j)ta<;lo oldi.inc iini) Hjiiritual thinnH. Within arc tlm living iiriMipicH, tilt! spirit and/i/f of tho Word, of which it is caid, "The wordwl .-pi uk uniiy you, thuy arc Sfiiht ?x- pondcuccs if to the Word of (i(>i> what the inatlieinutioal .-ciuncu is to tlm jdieiioiiioua of tlie niatiriii' iiniverw. It reveals ivine jfurfectioii 'u the rddst of what seemed to Lo disnulcr, umcr- tainty, ine.vt''icablo confusion an;! '_■>.".:■: contraiiiotlon, !t is a iin.-l melancholy spoctacle at this day to see prulessed ex|iouiideru of the W- nt tell their h(!an!rsthat the ISihle is full of errors, that such and sui:li pashufjes contradict each other, and then proceed lortlnvith to coiiuiuinicate a va>l omouutof oruditesel'-derivcd intullij;eiice in th:> shape of {^losses, (;oinnients and »!Xphiiiutiuns, with the only el^'ect of cuusiiift real confusion where tlnK- iievor was any, v/hllst a knowledge of this tn.-avenly science, for such indiid it JH, would Uuvu i.'uubled tbeiu to harmonize ail appun-ut diacreimuciuK at ouco. A'ot 'io wore the men of the most Ancient Church doBcrlhed in tho^e Divinely composed allej^orios in the lu'^'inningof <;cntisis, pn-viiuis to Una uwtUl apostacy and declension from ffooiiness de.-«;rlhed yudor the lepre- HiMisatiou of a Hood wliich sweiit over the whole earth. I'hey were ^.-ildd with Hucaan intuitve kiiowl>'dj;efron. ' ive, that they couhi as It wen. read < earthly thiii;;s. I'nr example, when with the natural eye they l;eheld a m houi>, for by a mounluin in themwst y\ii('ii nt (hnnli wassi'.'iiilii d iiie IjOUI>, and all tliat is celestial from liiin, a.^ the /;opi i', on mountains from this orii;in. ileini it in writi^ n, " I will lilt up .uiin- eyes to the iiiounldius (or hills), from whence coineth niy helji, my Ip'Ip coineth from the Louu, which made heaven and earth," l'>. c.wi. \\r may see from this the trin- reason wh>' th • hlessti^ 1{ki»kic.mi;ii tau^dil Iho iHH)|ile from mountains, ascended up into hi;{h mountains, and ahodn in niouii tains to such an extent a.. ii recorded -of llini in th.- j^iSpels. I'lr the sake of farther illustration it may be; propter ii* this place to adduce a harmony of passafjes wher;; mountains ar.^; inentioind, tt»'elher with the iuternal tense .-i^nilied hy them. All tht fd/^h .v(o((»i/i*es wornhiji from lln^ truthH of faith extending to tin! };ood of charity as :tj end. Ai>raliaMi.s removal unto a mniiiifnin on tliui< a.° to the divine celes- tial principle, or divine f/ood. They thai reinaincvl (lyi'in t.« "hei/um/i/id/i.v after Abraham's victory in Siddim jdeii. xiv ID), denolt .s rtie l.iv; of self ntid the world against which the l.oiii) fought from his lovo for tiie whole liuman nu'v. Lot said to ascend from ioar and dwellinf in r cave in iIki miiiintain{(i:'U, xix, 3l.'1 denotes ♦hf rhscure g.'od of Ihnso who urc wiiii- out appearing t<^ Moses in tlu) ///«>»«/ of don (I",\ ill. 'J- ), deno'eNth^ diNiin' liuinan manifested in the good of love; ye shall .'crve dod upon this iiit>un- tain, Haid to Moses {l',\. iii. \2j, denotes the perce|)tion and acknowled.'c- juont of the Divine from love. Mosi's to stand on the top (d" the«ioii;i/ willi the rod of (i(>i> in his hand, during the battle with Ani^ ek, denote> llie AI'1'ENI>1X TO TUE ARTIaaNS' OUIJJJ;.. 3 Bi aim nvcri J, d H tlliill>IUIii ' ilt'M;ri|.liiji.y N frijiii wliicli 1, in ith liirriil ', H |it'rii>aiit'iit iiKpriiu'iiili-.s H I : |ii uk iiiil>; net' 11*' curjo- I'liL'i; i.> Iv tilt) iiio'iy, tii'uuly >unliT, uiitcr- : t is u iiiiisl 1 ..f ttic \V- lit tiiiicutc it vu>t w^, t:i)iiiliii'lit.>t III wlicrt' tlnii; rt*iicli iiidicl acri'iiuiieii.? ill \h(n\ ill tlKiM' •(•villus tit llml dor till' ri'jifi'- cy were friitiil iif. It wcn-.ri'iul liiifis tlii(iu>.'h y tliiiij.'s. liir , instantly tin- atiiiii towii'/ 1> [i.s hiirnitiiii iIh' • llIKi iliuiit> , '.H, WOl- •li|i|l' >' 1 lilt up .iiiiH' Ih"1|i, my lull' r.-.. cx.\i. Wr iKK.MlCU tillinllt jus, and alioili' • guHpi'ls. I'l r iCe to aiMncc a ■ttlicr Willi tliii iV'T'd Willi 111" ' 1' charily win, lat is till' ^alll< , (• iiiKiiul'iiiis uf atiiiii, wlii'li '•< I, ,(S lliiiii H1M'>1 irslii|> IViiiii llii' (i. Aiiraliain's H), 'it'iiiitt's tliO iiii'd ill inl'aiii'y. lu'iliviiii' (I'll ■*■ • 'hvUKlUlltlllli.l rtlC I.IV.'OI' self o fi>r the wlioli' III !■ cavo in Hi" ') whi' ur.' witli- KOKH/a.'U (il'll- ifclMfit.^ l."i;i> iiiU'.s til • .liviiii' 11)11111 this ;/(i'ii(i- d uokiiiiw!ril;«'- r \\i{>mt.'> tlK-' i.iim H'lod; Isriu'l pn".-allinf» vvlicn Mos(.i raisod Ids hand and Amnlck |)ri'\ ailing wlicii ho let dnwii his hand, dcnotos that tlin victitry is with thiiv who :vrt' in the fiiith and ;,'t truth uiid goodness. The IsraeliteH ('iiraniped at the mo/iu/ of (ioD' Kx. xviii. .'i), di'notesthe iiewarraiifiemeiit lit Inillis wlii'uahoiit to lie conjoined with i^ood in the as to tin' nood of love and Hie Kood of (-liarily. del thee iiji into the high iiiDiiultiiii, lilt up lliy voice with stren^'fh (Isu xl. 'J; xlii. 11), denotes tin- worship of tlio I, Hid from love. He that piiiteth his trust in me shall possess tlmland, and shall iiiln'rit my holy iiiniiiituhi, ( Isa. Ivii. V,i), denotes the Lord's Kiiig- tl'iiii whiTeall is love and charily. I'he glory of ilie Lord ii|iiin tliu »i>ia/(- /'«!/( east ofthe city (K/i'k. xi. 2.'1), di'iiotesthespiiei-eof celestial lo\o from till' 1, 1 11(1*. The 'iiiiisi' am! the top of tie' niinnitaiii made holy ( I'^.ek. xliii. I'.i), driiuli's till' Lord'H ci'leslial kiii;;d.iiii t'niiii the gnod of love, tluduli calli'd a //iii//".''//'/( in a lii'ld, (.ler. xvii. .''i. di'iiotes the principle of ct'le-.tial liive in the I ii:i»'s l\iii;.'diini reprt'SfiiliMi hy tln'iii. The iiinunlnin ^>i the (•iin;:ri';,'atioii in thi' siili-s of tin' north ( Ij^a. xiv. Vl), denotes the ohscure stall' wlie 'e the inlliix of good, which Hows in with ligiit friuii the J.oiiii, i~ li'i'iniiiati'd. Four chariots going out fioin iH'tween two ;f(r>t(((^i<(is of I(ra>^!/.ec. vi. 1 S), denoli's tliir preced.ire of doctrinalH trom the good of liivi' lo the |,ord mid love to the iii'ighlior in the natural degree 'J'lm //("(ui/((//(.s shall di- of hosts i;aiiie ilnwn to light for;«('((//r /ioiuiiid Ibrllii' hill tliereof(lHU. xxxi.4) leiioles till) oninipoti'in'e ot' iliviiie good and diving truth. 4'onteiid vv'lh the iwiiii/'iiiiK and let the hilN liear thy voice(.Mic vi. I), denotes truth speak lug w ith those who are elalr of heart in si'll'-love, and with those who ar : ill rliarity. And it shall conie to iiass in the last days that the iiiuuniniii. Ill tin; l.iiun's house shall lie estalilished in the top of the iiiiiKiitain.'i and xliiill be exalted almve the hills ami all the nations shall How uiilo it, and iii.'iny people si 1 all go and say, Coiiieye, and le( us go up litl\>i>UK>iinl of .lacoh, and lie will teach us His ways, and we will walk in His paths, ( isa. ii. ',i ;J) These words are s|iokeii of ilie New Church to be establisin .1 by the Liiuii; by the moiinlaiii (>f the I.oKK, which shall then be establislied in the top of ;•'"•« mountains, isnnder- .'^liiotl /ion ; and by /.ion, is signilied the celestial ciuirch, and love to the i.iiKit which iscohimnnicated to tho^itt who belong to tinit church, that this Istlie primary principli' of the church, and that it shall iinii'iiHO and gain ftniigth, is signilied by its being in the top ot the mount. lins, and i xalted aliiiM'llie hills; that they who are jirincipled in the good ol love shall iiikninvli'dge the l.oicn. and accede to the church, is signilied by all nations ttewing to that nioniitaiii, iialioiis signifying those who are in celestial K'i'id, which i> I lie good .if lu\e lo the hoicii, and people, those whoun^ in i-|iiiilii,il good, wliiili is the ^iiod of charity towards the neighbor. 'I'bey I'lllie soiilh shall pimsess ihe iiKutnl of I'-saii, (Obad lit), denotes the guod iifline Willi llio-e who are ill the light of liiitli His feel shall st;ind in tliat day upon the iiinnnt of (Hives, and the iiinnntniii shall divide, etc. (/ft!, xiv. •!), deiiotesthe ailvent of the l,tiiii> in the good of love and cliiirilv, and tlie church tormetl by such goods receding from llio .lews to the uutious. The Loul< st,'t uiiou ii liitjh mvauUiin iiml ujiou u jtluiiuclc of AI'l'ENDIX TO THE ARTIZANS UUIUK. |:i,. tin/ t(3rin)lc, oy tlic «k'vil, dcnotos iho oxtromc toirptation combatw tliat ho Hustuiiu'd a>];ttinst tlic loves of .sell and tliu world, thus against liell. Let tlicm wliicli III' ill .liidoii ticu into tlu' mountaina Matt. xxiv. 10), denotes wilvafion in lovo tn the Loiiu and charity to tho neighbor. They mIuiII say to tUiiinoiuitaiii.'i, Kail on us, and to tli<' hills, cover us (Kt'v. vi. Hi),deiioteH thu statu of the t'vil uiiahh' to buar tliH Loiiu's presonco. A great munntdin burning with hit! cast, into the midst of the soa (Kev, viii. 8), disimtes tlio lovet)fs(;lf in the Hcientitics of the natural man. From the examples it may bosi'on that there is an opposite Hide from lovo and goodness, when evil is treated of, for who docs not know that there are mountains of jiridti and self-love of a very dilferent kind from the lovo of the Lokk and Iho neighbor!' Other instances could be uotud, but uiiough haa b'-'cu brought forward gatisty the present purjxise. ^'Mention has bcfrn made of those ancestors of the human race who existed in the times of primitive integrity, happiness, purity and goodness. Not without the best (d" reasons did the ancients .sjteak of that period as the i»<)Li>KN age. Jii modern times, for a similar reason, we sneak of tlaa (/olden rule, ah(?ari i>t't/(>l(l, f/oltlcn fruit, //((/(/c/toninions, f/ol(h-ii ()\)i>ut\u- nity. etc., and no oimis ever at a loss to perceive the corresjiondeiice exist- ing between the symbol and the pieciousness of t lie thing or tpiality repre- sented by it. The nature and (pialities t»f gold are \s ill known. Its red, bri^'ht «'olor, corresponding to that of burning lire, issymtiolicof lovo or goodiitiss, as is also the inlienmt warmth of the metal. No uncoml)ined acid can CDr- rode or dissolve it, acids corresponds to truth falsilied, which in other words is evil or wickedness, so " charity sufli-rs long and is kind." The most intense heat has no I'urflier etfect on gold than to Htill fiirthor purify it, whilo its intrinsic value renders it a most proper emblem of that desirable <|uality which it is used to ri^iiii'sent or symbolize in the Wouu of (ioo, vi/., that of the good of love from the liOiiu. .Silver in the internal sense of the word sigiiilies truth, and in an opjiositt^ sense, the false. From this I'luri'spondeiit'e we can understand how the solution of silver iiseil in jihotography is so sensitive to tlie rays of light, for natural light corien- ponds to spiritual light, which is the veriest divine truth, or that True Light which lighteth tn'ery man that coiueth into the world, fhu ciilor of silver is also in correspondence with the resplend icy of linhl. liegarding gohl and silver it may lie well to state that in the Word tiny stand in a sort of niuluul lelation to each other, renreseiiting resjiectivjy love and wisdom, charity and faith, goodness ana truth, will and uiider- standing: the alleetions, orthe feniinint> principle, aiul the intellectual, or the masculine ]irinciple. From this correspondence arisus the mutual atliiiity these metals have for each other in the numerous intermixtures uiid appliances in tin; various arts unil manulactures of tin- world. Inferior metals, such as brass, iron, etc., are u.sed in the WoiiD to tlenote a lower degree of goodness and truth. We will now approa, and coiitaiiis all. Ihe mercy seat and I be tdiernliim of v'l/i/ denotes the hearing and reception ol worship, and approach to the l.'iuii from the good ol love. The table ot shew bread covered with i/o/d, and the border <;f gold r<'mid about it, denotes the recep- tion of all that conduces to tlii' spiritual lite in good, and fin; sphere of good alTording protection from evil. I'he eaiidlesticsk, Hs branches, etc., nil ol //o/f/ denotes all mental illumination, and intelligence, or the truth of faith proceeiling from good. The couplings lor thocurtains oi'gold, denotes the ■Whole couuecliou and conjunction of truths, thus the wbylw oriier aud til }\ ii APPENDIX TO THE ARTIZANS' aillDE. ;> ibatM that lio It liuU. Lt't Ifi), (U'llOtPH Ik'Y Hhiillsay . lt»), (llMlOtl'H nit mountain , (IlilllltCH till) ■)(lnt,'K!*. wlii'n ains of pridii ,(>Ri) and tlio uvou brought • whoexinted )odnes8. Not pi-riod as tlie Bucak of the / of (ioi>, iiitiTiial sLUso n>. From tliii> Hiiver UM'd in 1 li;;ht (;i)rn;.v I, or tliatTnu! worhl. fliu icy of li;;lii. lie Word tiny ff resi>oclivyiy nil and unihr- iiit«'ll«ctu:il, or mutual alliuity inixturi's uiid rid. Inferior ionoti! a lower roil \vi-itiiij{- to rivrr of Ivli'ii il and iiri'cious iiH to lovi' and xui. 2> doiioli'8 li. 'Hi(« Israi'l- raiiuoiit of tlm ids taken a\v:iy ,1 church. Til" inirph', *'ti' . t>'r d and diKposfU ic ark, and tlio idtht'coiiiuioa ; iiU. riKMin'rcy tion ol \vor«liil'. (• ot shfW bread .noti'Hthcrecel)- i« sphere of ;-'ood iches, etc.. I'll «>< he truth of inith ohl, denotes tlx' hole order ftud harmony of heavon, prpserved by the jjood of lovo. Tho boards of codnr covered with gold denotes the whole merit and good of works, thus all tho ffood that sustains heaven, from tho good of love, thus from tho Loud. Till) blu( , the purple, and scarlet and fine linen of the ophod, embroidered nil over with f/o/(fen thread, denotes the universal i)revalenco of love, and every manifestation of charity and faith imbued therewith. The .sockets of the onyx atones made of f/o/U, and tho chains of t/olil, denotes tho suh- hi-iteiiee and coherence of all thing.s In the memory grounded in good. All the stones of the breastplate set in ffold, its rings and chains of yo/d, denote all tho goods and truths ot the internal man procwding from tho divine good, surrounded by the sphere of good, and their iiidis.sohiblo conjunction thereby. The bells of yold upon tho border of tho robe of Aaron denote all that is heard and perceived of the church, thus all doc- trine and worship to be from goo'.(: f/olil and siliwr vessels belonging to the tempU' of .Jerusalem at r.elshazzar's! feast, while they jiraised the gods of gold, and of .-ilver, of liriiss, of iron, of wood, and of stone, (Dan. v. 2,3,4), denotes the jirofana- tiou of the knowledges of (jood and truth by those who are in falses, his kingdom being divided, signilies the dissipation of goods and truths, and he himself being slain that night, signify the privation of the life of trood and truth, consequently, damnation. And the street of the city was iiure f/o/d,an it were transparent glass. (Hev. xxi. 21.) Hy the city, or New .ierusalem, is meant the Loitii's New Church as to every thing per- tiiining to it interiorly considered, or within the wall ; by gold is signified the ifimd of love from the Loun, and like unto pure glass, signilies pellu- cid or transparent from divine wisdom, and since the latter appears in heii- veii iis light, and tlows from th;' I,oim> as a sun, just as natural light ilows from the natural sun; by like ii'ito iiiire glass i.s signified flowing in toge- tliir witli light from heaven from the l.oiti). Hegardint? the hoRn'S ciiniing it is written, liut who may abide tlie day of His coming!' and who Hliall stand when he apiM-aroth!" for He is like a refiner's lire; and he sliajL sit ns a refiner and purifier of silver, and lie shall puriliy the sons of Levi, and purge them as oold mulsUvir, that they may oiler unto the Loan an oHi'riiig in righte(m"sneB8. Then shall the otlering of .ludah and. Ierusalem be jileasant unto the Lord, as in the days of old. and as in former years (.Mai. III. ;j, 4). Uy Lovi in a supreme sim.so is signified love and mercy, in a spiritual sense, charity in act; conseiiuently the .sous of Levi signify tho.so who are in the affection of truth and live in the good of life. The name denotes to itdhere, by which in the Word, is signified conjunctiim through love, by the refiner's (ire is denoted temptation, whereby is etreoted puri- li( ation, which is here meant by purifying and purging them as gold and nilvr. lJv.Judah is signified the Lor.li's celestial ehurcli, or those who hings, and by Jorusaloui thoso v/ho are iu neigh. I 1 i . I tho Lord above i At'PENDIX TO THE ARTIZANs' GUinK. Iidurly line, lli(M)fft^r!nj» tlicy will J)niiKtint() llic Lokd Isfailli niid rlmrity, liy llic (lays ot' ojil iiiul (oriinw yearn ;in' incaiit f he aiicit'iil (•liurclics, :iii,| till' slates «t the \vui-slii|) ot the ijoicn iit tliut time. It is (il)vi(ii.s tliat ilit> SDiis ol Levi iiieiitioiiett III tliis jiussa^e oiiiiiiot mean those wlio were olljij. atiiij,' :.s priests (liiriiijj :lie ime o. our KkdKk.mkk'h iiieaniiilitin, Ibr liny were of tliat. williilly criicilieil llic l,ni;i» ol'iijory. Ill the iiitoniiil seiiHeof ihc Word the twelve trilies of'theclnlil- reti of Israel si^nity tlie chiircli lis t.. till its gooils and truths; the sarne is ^l^'Ili(ied hy the twelvo disciiilos of 111.- liord, and hy the twelve (,'ales and twelve loundiitions >,| llio New Jerusalem, ns it is stated rejjardinfj ihiHe last, that names were written *her«'oii, which wero respectively, the iiainis o( the twelve trilies oMsruel and those of the twelve U|)ostleH of the l.aiiili .ler'isaleni adorned \v\lh f/o/d nud st/rt'r, [Iv/.ck. xvi. \ii), the tenijile wiili its i/it/il and silver claimed as tlie Louk'm, ( llii;;. li. M) denotes the clnircli gifted with wisdom and iiitelllffimce. or celestial and spiritual knowliMlfri'. Uii/il i\\\i\ sihu r made into images o( men and whoredom coinmilteij wiHi theni, (Kzek. XVI. 17), denotes profaiiatitMi predicated of celestial ami splriiiial kiiowled;.jt's, Tlu! ships of Tarshish to hring .ti'/'cr and i/<>/,l, (Isa. i.x. I)), denotes kiiowled^^cs when the L<;iii»>( kintrdom Is ostahli^lud, iiy which truths and ;^oods are nciiiiireil. lie who is withoiil st/rcr iiuit.'ii to buy and eat, denotes siu h uh are in imioniiiceof trut';. but in the jrooil of charity. Silrcj' and ;/'>/il j,'otten hy Tyre ( K/ek. .\xviii. 1, .luel in. f,) ileiiote intolligeiice, or wh.it is the same, truths and wisdom. Si/nr jiiiri- tied seven times (I's. xii, li), denotes divine truth. It is hoped that llu'^c •'.samples will sidlice t(j ehii;idate ^he stnleiiHMits made re;.'ardiiij{ tin' sym- Lidic or representative sense of)^()ld, KiUor. etc., in the Wonl. » Ah rejfards the correspondence ot the sun, moon, aiidstars, it will he seen from what follows that these natural luminaries are also used l>y tin' J)ivino Ai riiou of the Word to represent si)iritual and lieavenlv lliiiiir-', and in an ojiposite sense, tliinjjs that are evil. TIk; Si;.n', in tiie iVenl when the I,(>i;i) is sjiokeii of, si>i;nilies hi.'' divino love, and at the same time i lis divine wisdom. Forasmuch as the Lduk with respect to II is divine ly wiirshi]) _ -fi praclice is still continued. The Moon, in the Woriunhii's knowledge coiicemin).; the l,<>ui>, hence .stars sif,'uily intelli},'eiice of a Hoii'itiial kind, or the k.iowled^rt^ of>roodaiid truth, which is true wisdom, lliese slateuKMits will now bo conllrmed from the Wonl. " And llesliall In- as the li(.5ht of the morning when the sun ristth, even a nioriiinir witlnmt clouds, as tliett'uder grass spriiiyiiif? out of the earth by cli'ar shining.' idler rain" (ii. Sam. xxxiii., 4,). Theli/jht of the morniiifr when the sun riseili, siiLfiiifies the divine triitli i)rocee('iiig from the Loud as a. sun, a ntoniiiif; without clouds denotes the juirily of that truth, rain siji;nilivs its iullux, :ind the tender grass sjiriiigiuR cut ot the earth signilies intelligence, ami reformation thence originating for these are signilied by griiss, Iicciiim' grass sjirings out of the earth by virtue of the sun of the world after rain, and intellij^eiice hs from the Lotu as a skn by the iu*Jii.\ of divine inilli. M .KMN(* IS used in the Word lo ilenote cv<'ry i)articular coming id liir I. OKI), or when there i,s faith ana love in the church, the* ?"■/(«'«// or iii;r!it denotes a Mnie or state in which t.'iese are wanting. " Blessed ot'the l,iii;ii lor his land, for the iirecioiis things of heaven, for the dew, and lor lli'j deep that coiiclndh beneath, and fo." the i>re(Mous fruits bnuiglit forth hy by llie.eut. x.x.\iii. J.'i, 11.]. This particular blessing was j)roiiounced on ,Io.«ei)h, for llie reason that by .JoHejih arc understood the si)iritiuil celestial, who are Ihc IHj^hest or siiiireme in the sjiiritual kingdom. Hy his land is signilieil that Kingdom, likewise the church thence derived. Hy the precious things of heaven, the dew, and the deep that couclieth beneath, are signilietl IliiiigH that are spiritual celestial in tn(> internal and e>;ternal man. Hy the precious thinijs brought forth by the sun and the precious things luit forth by tin' moon, ;ire signilied all things which j)roceed from the Lokd'm celestial kingdom, and all which imtceed from His spiritual kingdom, coiiso- 'pieiitly all the goods aiul Irnths which arc thence derived. " Traiso yii tliu Luuu, jiraise ye II im all Ills hostg. Traise ye him siiu and wisdom, is meant by the sun, ther"fore the ancieal'i in their hoh turned their faci's to tin rising sun, and also their ten'>pl('s, which p h nmloharity. cliuri'lii's, anil ivii)i.-i that till! Ill) wcri' ollici- iitioii, lor tlicy lii'il till' Lnuit t'S llt'tlli'cllllil- lis; till- same U ^I'ivi' gall's ainl I'^'arilin^; llii'^i* ily, tlic nanus H of till' Laiiili lie tciiipi)' With )t('>< till' ciitircli mil kiiowii'il^ti'. oniiiiitti'il with )f ci'li'stiiil ami ilrcr ami i/o/i/. I is f>!*talili in ri'tiii'ni'i' iM" siMi.-*!', siirnltii'^ iiiti'llifji'iici' of a h is trill' wisilimi. ' Anil lli'shalllii' nnirimiv' wilhimt Iciir shiniiif.' atliT ontho !'iin risi'tii, I SUN, IV nioniinp iHnill^s it.s intliix, intcllini'nc''. ami )y f^rans, hcraii^i' . world ufti'rrain, t of iliviiii' truth. ar coMiiiijr "' ""' 'cvi'iiiiif/ or uii-'ht I'ssi'd ofthi' l-oi'" (lew, anil li>r Ih') broufjlit forth by nn" (l)i'ut. xxxiii n ,Iost'i>h. I'lT till' (stial, who iiri' till' 111 issifrnilii'il that precious thins-'s of ri' sinnilii''! "''"!-"' .n. Uytln.'i»ri'ci"ii!i s jmt forth hy thi' r,otti>'s ci'li'stial I kinfiiloin, iiiiii^''* il.Tivi'il. ■■ I'rai''*; yo liini Sim ami Al'PENDIX TO THE AllTIZANS' QUIDB. f »)M.i», praiso Ilim, all yo xtnr.'^ of UrIiI" [I'sn. cxiviil. 2. n|. Iloro hr praisiiiK tin- [-oiti> istiij,Miilli'il to worship Ilini. Hy tlifiiiigclsuro signified thosi'wlio ail' ill (livino triMhs from tin. g.M.il of love, Tor all such uro angi'ls. Uy all His hosts aw signjlifil goods nnil truths in 'hi'lr whole cumpiiss. |{y till' sun anil moon ar(! signilit'd tlio good of lovo, and thu truth In.ni that good. IJy the stars of light arc sigiiilicd the knowlt-dgf ot truth from good. In.'Uimiicli as man worships tin- J.ouo from tlioinu tilings whirh ho ri'ci'ivos from tho J.oui., thus from tho goods and trutliH tlia- ari' in him, and as it is also hy virtuo of such tliing.s that man is man, it is thi'ri'fort' Haid to such things mimcly. to tho Hun, inocm, and ntars, by which arc trignilled goods, truths, and knowhulgfs of truths, that tlwy should worship tho J^oud. It is clear that the command is not addressed lolhose luminaries which enlighten thn natural world, for how can 8uch things oiler praise and worship'.' And God mad(> two great lightB, the gnater light to rule the day, and the lesser light to rule the night, lie made the .itdvs also |(ien. 1. l("i|. Tin; subject treated of in this chapter is till' new creation or legeiieratioii of m;in, that is of tlioso who constituted till' .Most Ancient church which is herede.scribed in the literal sense of the Word by the creation ofthe heavensand the earth, those who imagine that this description applies to the creation of the natural universe are niucli di'ci'ived, lor how <'ould ilay and night, or light havean ex isteiicj< previous to till' creation of the sun, which according to this account did not comu into bi'ing until the fourth day!' Or how could the oarth bring fortli grass or the lii'rb yield seed, or the fruit tree yield fruit after his Kind, lieforo till' sun of nature came into being!' These anil many other objections liavebii'ii brought forward by inliilolsand scollifrs,again.st the authenticity ofthe Word, and by many others who would consider themselves sorely •igjirii'ved by having these terms applied to them, many who are indeed I'arni'st sei'kors after truth. J.iet all such know that tho Word of God as ri'vi'tiled to lis, and the works of (Jod as made known to us throiigl* thosu laiiiltiis with which lie has endowed us, aie never in conflict anc never contradict oach other, but are always in heavenly correspondonco and I'l'li'stial harmony one with the other. Cou'h love in tho will, an:' Ills truth in the understanding, are I, ere ocllnd two great lights, and a'ter- warils lovi' is called a greater light, and faith r, leas, and it is .said of lovo that it shall rii/f In/ ihiij, and of faith that it shall rule hi/ niaht. The iMost Ancient church acknowledged no liiitli but love itself; and the universal heavi'ii is of love, no other life being existent in heaven hut the life of love. From love is derived all heavenly hr.ppinetis, which is so great that no degree of it admits of di'scription, or ctn over bocf-nceived by any human idi'a. Those who are under the influence of love, love the Loud from tlio heart, but yet know, declare, and perceive, that all love, and consequently .all life which is of love alone, and thereby all happiness, come only from tho LoKU and that they have not the Inast of love, of life, or of happiness, from tlii'inselves. The ])rof'undity ofthe Word is such that as to its inmost sense it iloi's not tri'at in the least of natural things, but only makes use of tliem lo represent and symboli/.e things that are s])irifual, as may be seen from the following in reference to a consummated church, as 'he end of the age, or " the end of the world" as it Is erroneously translated in the authorized virsion. It is written, " Immediately after the tribulation of those days shall till' sun be darkened, and the moon shall notgive her light, and the stnr$ shall fall from heivi'ti, and the jmwers of the heavons shall be shaken; and there shall apjiear the sign of the Son of Man in heaven; and tlion sliall all the tribes of the earth mourn, and they shall see the .Son of Man coining in the clouds of heaven with power and great glory. And he shall send his angels with a great sound of a trumi»ot, and they shall gather together hisi elect from the four winds, from one end of heaven to the other". (.Matt. xxiv. 'i'.t-31). Hy all these exjjres.sions are meant spiritual things re- lating to the Church, of whose final state or period thev are spoken, for in tho spiritual senso, by the sun which shall be darkened, is meant love to the boKD; by the moon which shall not g've her light, is meant faith towards Jlim.by the stars which shall tiill f'roii e heavens is meant the knowledge of (goodness and truth, l-'-very inteliiK "t pi-rson will know that it is no iiioi'i' |)ossilili' for the stars in the lirmament to fall to the earth, than it would be for a million of worlds to fall on a pebble by the seashore. B/ d APPENDIX TO THE ARTIZANS' GlJIl)]';. the Bl(?n of thp Son of Man in Imavon, U moant th.' npiM>aranro of Divine truth in tlii' Worti Iroui lliin: by tlic trib^H ot tli> t'urth which slmll niouru, i« inoant thu failure of all truth wliioh U ^t fiiith, and of all tioiiil which iH uf luvt'; by the coiniii} in tlii> Word, and rovnlation ; by tiie cloudr< uf lieavon is siKnilied tlie lilcral sense of tlio Word, by power and ^reat j?lory is meant its intornal Henso. which has reference Hoh'ly to tlie Lotiii and Ills Idngdoni, in each and every pasHage, and from tlii«, tliat House deriverf itw p wor and K'ory ; iiy tho unKels witli a great loundof a trum|H>t in meant li.aven. whence «livint> truth comoH.by gathering together tlieelect from the lour winds, from one end of lieaven totlieotlier, in meanta new lieaven nnd a new Churcli, to be formed of those wlio liave faith in the l>ord and live according to His iirecepts. "Heboid the day of tlie i^ouu cometh, for tliu stars of iieavon and the constellations thereof shall net give tueir light, tliesxn Hhall bo darkened in liis going forth, and the nwon r\in\\ not cause tier light to shine, (liia. xiii., U-10). 1 will oovcr the heaven and make the atars thereof dark, I will cover the sun with a cloud, anon shall not give hor light. (Ezek. xxxii. "-8.) ^hc day cf the Ixiiu i.- near, the atiii and moon Bliall bo darkened, and th • -tars ahall withdraw their shin- ing, (.JocI, iii, 14-15.) Tho same idea is .isibln in all these passages. Hy thoday ofthaLouD, ia meant His.dven , 'A-hic!. was r.' rtinie when there ■was no longer any good of lovoor truth of faith remaininn^in the C'linrcli, or any knowJed'joof the Loki>, therefore it Iscalled . dav of iiingof that HpiriJind or internal sense of the Word which has hitherto lain so deeply conceiiled within the clouda cf the letter, ami which a« to its inmost is the I.oiti) Himself, and though the anno .^ncemont may seem premature, this coming has actually taken place during these latter days by and through the dis- closure ot that eense to mankind. But more regarding this in what follows. When rightly understood, the Word teaches that tho only resurrection that wii 1 ever be accorded to man's body consists in tbe raising np of the soul or spiritual body, which takes place immediately after natural death, and after death, the judgment. This does not take pUuv in this world, but in the spiritual world into which every one enters after the death of the body.the books which will then be ojiened.and from which hi' •will be judged, signify the interiors of the mind of man, because in them are written all things appertainig to his lil'e. Another resurrection Ik indeed spoken of in John v.25., as follows;— •• Iho hour is coming, and no%o is, when the dead shall hear tho voice of APPEN'Dix t6 tttt: artYzans' nriBE. ocf DIviiu' vliicli Hliall ut' nil ^iKiii Iwol'hi'iut'n ,(>iti> ill l)i)< liltrulsfiiMf eiiHO, wtiicli li luiii I'vcry Dry ; »)y tlio loiicc (liviiH^ Kls.friiiiioiit' luiicli. to be (liiiK to lliH liu Hlftr.i t)f Ight, tlifNioi ot ciuisf licr ml iiuikt'tlH' 10 innnii shall ) i: lu'iir, thi' i\v tiK'lr ! whpii tht-ro I tliP Clinn'ti, (lurl.iio^H 1111(1 i; irituiil n'li;**' ,'nmny (JliriH- in tlif clouili* icavpiily lio-it, mhlorinn •l"''! csouiul ot tlic ^,«'ir(Uist may It l8 thoiinlit 11(1 tllffOlll (it ii(>(l. cncli oiu! , if the Oiiiiiis- tli(» earth iiiid t>n iiml'li«'*->"» 1 IM'uplC flltfl- 10 h'ttcr of thd iv rlfluilx'wi tilt' flliHstrcudtli ,/s," thiit " lit' chcthuiito tilt' ck clouils nic u (i ii!« ft " nit "III- isioiiHcaii iit'VtT ucof till' WonI otai'Coniinf.Mn , hi' undcrslix'tl it ttratPiiiriiiin ^'ply (vnu'ciilfil St, is the l-tii:ii ircthii^C'Miiiiig hrouph thf ilis- tliis iu wlia^ that the nnly HtHintbi^raisiiif? mt^ciifttcly iiltcr ot takii iiWicf m • onti^rs after tliP d from which lu- because in them J5., aa follows •,- ear tho voic(3 of ihoSrtn AfOon.and th<»y fliat honr shall 11 vo :'plain1y tn(Iiratlnf» ivronnrroc tiiiii from the xiavcM of cttriiality and thflnvi' tu si-lf and I ho world, which iss|ilritual di'ath, to the life of Miiiritiiul lnindl>dI^>^^!<, and the lovooftht^ i.iiuK and tho ni'iphlior, wtiidi alone in tnn' life. ThiM rcsurroction inuHt take jilaci' during inan'^ lifo in tin* hody, itrauuot take nlano altur iloath, liir such an tho ruling lovo W in this lift' it will irrvvocaiily romalii to all oiiTnity, It in also a great fallacy to infer from any (loscri|ition ixi tho Wonl, that this earth will evtir Imilestroyed, no such doctrine licing nver taiijiht or inculcated therein. In the inotlvru tlisctiverles of geolopy.tho testimony of (ittp through HiR works, |>iiintA unerringly to tho Hiihliinn • ruth that Inlinito power has been constantly engaged during countloM millions of agei4 in jireparing the earth for the (ihodo of man. It lian been Ttated that tho human race might exist, and thenco lieaven, for the hu> man race is thiiseminarv of heaven, ami when inniiite l.ove is HutiHtioil to it-^ fullest capacity with intelligent ami rational beiii^' 6 most aniple testimony jH not wantiii,,; to provi) that it was He who laid tlie fiiundatioiH of the KAiirir, that it Hhoiild not lit*^ removed for kvkii," I's. , 6. These eiiucialions nr(> certainly all that will bo retiiiired to inanifest tho diviius intention that the universo Hhall not reuse to exist. A perishing earth is iiseil in the language of correspon- dences to describe a perishing church In the following and many other piissages "The earth is utterly broken down, the earth is clean dissolced, tlie earth inviiUHdeXifiitliiiffti/." Isa. xxiv. ly, "The cursp f/«uoMrc come," It. JW., 31. The apostle I'eter on theday of Pentocost, Acts XI, If), '21, cites theeiituo pa-ss.age from Joel, and refers to it aa bcinf( I'lillilled on that day, but wo know as well as we can know any thing, that these great commotions did !iot actually take place in tho kingdom of Jiatiiro. at that time. Our ever blessed LoKi> and glorified Uedkkmkk was Keen by the beloved disciple in Apocalyptic vision, as '• One like unto ftie .Son of Man, clothed with a garment down to the foot and girt about the liai>s with a golden girdle. His head ami his hairs were white like wool, as white as snow, and his eyes were as aflame of lire, and his feet wore like unto fine bra.ss aa if they burneil in a furnace, and his voice as the Hoiinil of many waters. Anil he had in his right hand seven xtnrs, and out of his mouth wont a sharp two-edged swor>l, ao4 his countenauce wa4 •A* ^ .0. V^ C IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) L ^ // ^/ ^ <" « 1.0 I.I |iO "^^ 126 1^ ui 124 Wuu 2.5 2.2 2.0 11.25 i 1.4 I 1.6 ^ ^;; ^'^JiT ^ '^' /^ >^ Photographic Sciences Corporation M i\^ ^^ ^ iV \\ ^ ^^ 6^ .«v*/' 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MSfiO (716) •72-4503 ^ ^y^^ t^ 10 APPENDIX TO THE AtttlJJANS GUIDK. hi aB the sun shining in his strength." Ecv. i,*13, 16. One like unto the Son of Man, signifies the Lord as to the Word, clothed with a garment down to the foot signifies tlie proceeding divine, which is divine truth, for gar- ments in the Word denote truths, and girt about the paps with a gohlHu girdle signifies the proceeding and at the same time the conjoining divino which is divine good; by the paps or breast, divine love is signified, as is evident from those passages in the Word where they are mentioned, as also from their correspondence with love; and his eyes were as a flame of lire, signifies the divine wisdom of the divhio love, and his feet like Uiito line brass as if they burned in a furnace, signifies divine; good natural ; fiio, or what burns, signifies good ; and fine brass signifies the good of truth natural, therefore by the feet of the Son of the Man like unto fine Irass, as if tlicy burned in a furnace, is signified divine good natural, and His voice as tlio sound of many waters, signify divine truth natural ; for waters in tlie Word denote truth: and in his right hand seven stars, signifies all knowledges of good and truth in the church from Him, wliich are tlience with the augols of heaven and men of the church ; and out of his mouth went a sharp two- edged sword, signifies the dispersion of falses by the Word and by doc- trine thence from the Lord ; and his countenance was as the sun slliiiing in his strength, i- gnifies His divine love from which are all things of heaven, for this is the signification of faces when predicated of the Lord as denoting His divine love, from which is all good, thus also all things of heaven. Regarding the blessings promised to him that overcometh, it is written, "And I will give him the morning .9^a/-," licv. 11.28. signifying that intelligence and wisdom from the divine human principle of the Loiio will be imparted to all those who love and obey Him. Literally under- stood such a gift would be incomprehensible, for liow could the morning star of nature be given to any one ? " And there appeared a groat wonder in heaven ; a woman clothed with the sun, and the mnni under her feet, and upon her head a crown of twelve stor.s; and she, being with child, cried, travailing in birth, and pained to be delivered. And there appeared another wonder in heaven ; and behold a great red dragon, having seven heads and ten horns, aud seven crowns upon his heads, and his tail drew the third part of the stars ofheaven and did cast them to thn earth ; and the dragon stood before the woman which was ready to be delivered, for to devour her child as soon as it was born." Kev. xii, 1. 4. And of In ver. 5. Is signified the doctrine of the New Church, for nothing else is signified by being with child or in travail and bri iging, forth, in the spiritual souse of the Word, but to conceive and bring forth those things which relate to spiritual life. And there appeared another wonder in lieaven; signifies revolftflon from the Lobd concerning those who are against tho New Church and its doctrine. And behold a great red dragon, signifies those in the Keformcd Church who make (jOD three, and the Lord two, and separate Charity from Faith, and insist on tho latter being competent to salvation without the former. Such are here meant and in what follows, by the dragon : for they are against tho two essentials of the New Church, which are, that God is one in essence and in person, in whom there is a Trinity, and that the Loud is that God; also that charity and faith area one as an essence and its form; and that none have charity and faith but those who live according to the commandments, whieh say that evils are not to be done, and in proportion as any one does not commit evils, by shunning them as sins against God, in the same proportion lie does tin; goods which relate to chanty, and believes the truths which relate to fiiith ; having seven heads, denotes insanity from the profanation and fal.sitication of the truths of the Word; and ten liorna, which denotes much power, and seven crowns upon his heads, signifies all the truths of the Word falsified and profaned ; and his tail drew the third nart of the stars of heaven, and did cast them to the earth, signifies that, ov falsifications of the trutlis of the Word they have alienated all spiritual knowledges of good and truth from the church, and by application to false doctrines have entirely des- troyed them : and the dragon stood before the wo* .an who was ready to be delivered, to devour her child as soon as it \.as born, signifies that they who are meant by the dragon will endeavour to extinguish the doc- trine of the New Church at its birth. In the narrative continued in verso f), by "she brought Torth a male child," is denoted tho doctrine of the Now Church; "who was to rule all nations with a rod of iron, signifies which, by truths from the literal sense of the Word, and at tho same time, by rational arguments drawn from the light of nature, will convince all who are in dead worship throug!i being principh'd in faith separated from charity that are willing to be convinced. " And her child was caught up to God and to his throne," signifies the protection of the doctrine by tho I-ORD because it is for tho use of the new church, and its being guarded by the angels of lieaven. " And the woman fled iiito the wilderness." signifies the new church whicli is the new Jerusalem, at first confined to a few, whore there are no longer any truths, for by a wilderness in the Word, is signified, 1. The church devastated, or in which all the truths of the Word are falsified, such as it was among the Jews at the time of the LoKD's advent. II. The church in which there were no truths, from not possessing the Word, such as it was among tho well-disposed Goutiles in the Lord's time. III. A state of temptation, in which man is, as it wore, without truths, because surrounded by evil spirits who induce tempta- tions, and and then, as it were, deprive him of truths. It will bo seen from this that a spiritual wilderness is in exact correspondence with a natural wilderness, which signifies a place where there is little or no water, for water denotes truth. Passages from the Word in corroboration of these statements are too numerous to be cited here, but will occur to every attentive reader of its contents. And tho city hac no need of the 8UN, neither of the Moon, to shine in it, for the ^lory of God did lighten it, and the Lamb is the light thereof, Rev. xxl., 23. Hy the sua is here signified natural love separate from spiritual love, which is self love; and by the moon is signified intelligence and also faith natural, separated from intelligence and faith spiritual, which is self-derived intelligence and faith item self; this love, and this intelligence and faith, are hero signified by the sun and moon, which will not bo required to shine upon those who will be in the Lord's New Church; by tho glory of God which lightens it, is signified the divine truth of tho W'^ord, and because that light is from the Lord, it is said that the light thereof is the Lamb. " That ye may be the children of your Father who is in heaven; for he maketh his Sun to T\tB on tho evil and the good,and endeth rain on the just and on the unjust," Matt, v., 46, signifies in the auiritual sense that from tho Lord, as a eun . ■ i' ' ! f!'. 12 APPENDIX TO THE ARTIZANS' OTJIDE. ! ^ prncocds liglit and hoat; tho light which prococds, inasmuch as it ig spirf. tiial light, is the divine truth, and the heat inauniuch as it in ypiritual huat, is tho divine loves these flow from the Loud continually into every man, but tire variously received according to the state of tho recipient; hytho evil they are turned into evil and what is lalse, by tlie good they aro rccoiveu as good and truth, and aro thus comforted and built up by them. The correspondence is closely seen in the case of the sun of nature, which although it emits nothing but light and heat into external objects, Btiil tho effects are very different on a putrid carcass, and the grow- ing fruits of the earth, or a beautiful flower garden. Again, in David, " His seed shall endure for ever, and his throne as the Sitn before me. Jt shall be established for ever aa the Moon," Ps. L^xxix., 36, 37. By David, who is here treated of in the literal sense, is understood the Loui>. liy liis seed which shall endure for ever, is.8igniflcd tho divine truth, and all those who shall receive it« By His throne which shall endure as the sun, is signifled heaven and Uis church, which are principled in celestial good, which is tho good of love. By His throne which shall be established as tho moon for over, is signified heaven and the church which are principled in spiritual good, which is the divine truth. Concerning those who love the Lord it is written, "Let them who love Him bo as the Sun when he goeth forth in his might," by which is signified the operation of tho Lord's divine lovo in tbom. Again, in Is. Lx., 20, "Thy Sun shall no more go down; neither shall thy Moon withdraw itself; for the Lokd shall be thine everlasting light." These words treat of tho Lord, and of the now lioaven and new earth, that is concerning the church to be established by Jlim. That the good of love to the Lord should not perish, nor the good of charity towarda their neighbour in those who belong to that church, is understood by, "Thy sun shall no more go down, neither shall thy moon withdraw itself;" That they shall continue to eternity in truths from tho good of lovo, is understood by, "Tho Lord shall bo thine everlasting light, and the days of thy mourning shall bo ended," everlasting light boiug predicated of those who are in the good of love to the Lord, and ending of tho days of mourning, of those who aro in the good of charity towards their neighbour. In an opposite sense, we have, "The Sun shall not smite t!;eo by day nor the Moon by night, The Lord shall preserve thee from all evil; ho .shall preserve thy soul," Ps. cxxi., 6, 7. By tho sun is hero understood tho love of golf, and by the moon the false principle thence derived ; ina.smuch «.8 all evil is from that love, and ft-om evil what is false, therefore it is said, " The Lord shall preserve thee from all evil; ho shall preserve thy soul," the soul here signifying the life (^ truth. This id tlie sun meant by our blessed Lord in the parable when he says, " But when tho Sun was up it was scorched, and because it had no root it withered away," Mark IT., 6. This is the sun that has ripened and brought forth more direful fruits of evil than all other causes combined, having in short, populated hell with inhabitants, and filled tho earth with every phase of woo and misery which it contains; it is the very opposite of that Sun of which it ia written; " But unto you that fear my name shall the Sun of Righteousness arise with healing in liis wings," Mai. iv., 2. Tho sun of righteousness liere denotes the divine celestial principle, or tho Lord as to the good of love; and the wings of the Lord in which there is healing signifioa truth from that good, which is the divine spiritual principle ; healing denotes reformation thereby From this uncreated and infinitely glorious Sun, as from a boundless ocean, is derived all the bless- ings of lovo, wisdom, mercy and happiness enjoyed by ail in heaven or on earth ; through and by the reception of its influent life every thing exists, without it nothing can exist, either in tha visible or the invisible creat'on, and just so far as our wills and understandings are expanded to receive and appropriate the inefl"able delights which it communicates, just so pure, unsullied aud seraphic will bo our joys and beatitudes both in this world and that which is to come, for in that Sacrkd presknce there is fulness of joy, and pleasures for evermore. Note the correspondence of oil and mne \n thn parable, where our Lord said of the Samaritan, that coming to the man who was wounded by thioves, ho bound up his wounds, and poured in nil and ■wivr, Luke x. 34 where by oil aud wine ii3 not meant these things, but the good of love and ibPENWx TO THE ARTKSNS* QtflDl:. 13 1 as it ig spirf- piritual liuat, [> every mnn, |)iont: bytho 00(1 they aio t)iiilt up by sun of nature, «rnal objects, id the grow- lin, in David, )of<>re me. Jt 37. By David; le LoKi). By truth, aud all ire as the bud, celestial good, ostablialiod as arepriiicinlcd lose who love I Sun when lie n of the Lord's II no more go jOKD shall be iid of the new established by , nor the good that church, is ihall thy moon ruths from the ine everlasting erlaating light the LoRn, and ood of ciiarity ' The Sum shall shall preserve 7. By the sun false principle ft-om evil what (0 from all evil ; s life ( '■ truth. ? when he says, ) it had no root I as ripened and luses combined, , the earth with le very opposite t fear my name ings," Mai. iv., iai principle, or Lord in wliich ! divine spiritual s uncreated and ved all the bless- in heaven or on ery thing exist.", visible creatron, mdqd to receive ites, just so pure, jtii in this world s there is fulness tble, where our lio was wounded ■wivr, Luke x. 34 good of love and charitjr,by ofl the good oflorJTand by wine t!ip good of charity, and of ttiiih, for the subject treated of is concerning the neighbour, thus charity towards him, " Thou preparest a table before me in the presence of mine enemies: Thou anoiutest my head with oil, my cUp runneth over." I's. XXIII. 6. To prepare a table and anoint the head with oil denotes to b(! gifted with the good of charity and love; my cup runneth over, denotes that the natural principle will bo thence filled with good and truth. Again, " I have found David my servant, with my holy oil have I anointed him " 1*8. Lxxxix. 20 where by David is meant the Lord, the oil of holiness with which ho was anointed, signifies the Divine good of the Divine love. By the oil or ointment on the head and beard of Aaron, I's. cxxxiir. is denoted celestial and spiritual good or the good of love to the JjOUD and the good of charity to tne neighbour, for it is compared to the dew of llermon that descended upon the mountains of Zion ; lor there tli<> Lord commanded the blessing, even life for evermore. By the dew of llermon that descended upon the mountains of Zion is signified that lioly principle of divine truth proceeding from celestial good which causes unutterable felicity in the mind of the man in wliom it reigns, and which is described as that " peace which passeth all understanding." From oil denoting celestial good and spiritual good we may see the reason why it was used in tlio anointing of the Kings of Israel, also the significance of the anointing oil f )r the prie8t*^, and its use on the vessels and lamps of tho tabernacle, as well as m the flour and cakes for the offerings &c. From this also may be und ^rstand the meaning of oil in the parable of the ten virgins. Matt. xxv. ; . aud the command not to hurt the wine and the nil, Rev. vi. 6, and a hundred other places when it is mentioned in the Word. To descend to lower things, see with what quietness and beauty a lino of shafting will run at a high velo'city on brass bearings when well lubricated with oil; brass corresponds to natural good and oil to celestial good ; try the same experiment on iron bearings, without oil, iron corres- I)ond8 to natural or sensual truth, which is hard and grating, and witness the consequences! I^et us ascend a step higher and witness the delight we experience in holding intercourse with a person of a sincere, kind, considerate and obliging dispostion, for in his every word and look we can behc'.d in hn countenance traces of that " oil wnich makoth tbe face ,o shine." We will find tho correspondence of bread and water, and flesh and bloody equally instructive. Bread and water are spoken of, when all tho goods of love aud truths of laith aro meant. Truth, in regard to good, is as water in regard to bread.or as drink in regard to meat, in nourishment. Bread signi- fies the primary principle which nourishes the soul, as it denotes the flesh of the Lord, by which is signified the divine good or love, hence He says " The bread of Ood is he that cometh down from heaven, and ^Iveth life unto the world " John vi. 33, and again," I am that bread of life " vers. 48, and from this it comes that the bread in the holy sapper denotes the Lord, aud all the celestial principles of love as proceeding from llim, wliich is meant when He says, " Whoso eateth my fleah, anddrinketli my hinod, hath eternal life ; and 1 will raise him up at the last day," (ver. 64) and again," He that eateth my tiesh, and diinketh my blood, dwolleth in nie and I in him, verse 56. To eat the Lord's flesh and drink His blood ia to receive His divine love in tho heart or will, and His divine truth in tho understanding, and to live a life according to them, for by this, conjunc- tion is effected, and this is the reason why bread and wine were appointed to be used in the Holy Supper, f )r by bread is signified tho Lord's divine love, and by wine is denoted His divine truth, eating signifying appro- priation and conjunction, hence t-.o Lord's supper is in very deed tho holiest act of worship. The bread of tho sacrifices represented the good of lov3 to the Lord, hence it is written " Thou dosirest not sacrifice, thou delightest not in burnt offering ; the sacrifices of God are a broken spirit," I's. la. 16. 17, by which is signilicd an humble heart, which confesses that man's own intelligence is nothing, and that from the Lord alone proo«ed every thing of goodnois and truth that •inan can receive. By bread in tttti IBRD's prayer as well as in the holy supper, is signified in the supremw Bcn.se, the Lord and the things of celestial love. In an opposite sense, to eat bread in tho sweat of tho face. Gen. iii, 19, represents celestial truths I i , , ) , 14 Ain»ENI)lX TO THE ARTIZANS OtJlbfii rccoivpi/ nn a stato of aversion. The Chilrtrcn of Isi'aol lusting for ^cs/t and the flesh, ])ot.i of Kgypt ronresonts the dosiro of the natural man to live in a corporeal manner, tnat is, in the loves of self ftnd the world, The flesh of the foreskin to be circumcised denotes the removal of the defiled loves of the natural man. The way of all flesh corrunted, slKnirica the understanding of truth totally destroyed in theoorporeai state of man. By the call addressed to every feathered fowl, and tvery beast of the earth to eat of the flesh of the mighty and drink thoWoo*^ of the princes of the earth, of rams, of lambs, of gouts, of bullocks, etc., on the mountains of Israel, and to be tilled with horses and chariots, mighty men, and all men of war, Ezek. xxxix, 16, 17, the Holy supper is signified, for in Rev. XIX, 17. it is called the supjx'r of the (Jftjat Gou, by every feathered fowl, and by every beast of the Held, is signifiefi man as to his thoughts and afTec- tions, or understanding and will ; the mountains of Israel denotes the good of love and charity ; these things which form the feast denote all spiritual and celestial tilings proceeding from the Loiin Himself, as to the good of His divine love, and the divine truth of His wisdom. This is the spiritual nensoof the passage, for ii is clearly impossible that such things could bo literalljr eaten. The feast of unleavened bread, or Paschal, was to signify the subjugation of hell, and the glorification of the J.,oiiu's humanity, for it denotes His presence with deliverance, henc(> it was forbidden to eat of any thing leavcmcd, because a fcrmentingagent denotes th false from<>vil. Spiritual good is signilied by those words in Ezekicl : " A now heart also will I give you, and a new spirit will I put within you; and I will take away the stony heart out of your fle.''h, and I will give you a heart of flesh, XXXVI- 26. In the Word, heart signifies love; hence tlie love of good Is signified by a heart of flesh. Wafer,in the Word denotes truth, and for this reason waters and rivers are Uescribed, where gardens and rivers are mentioned, as significatives of the man of the Church. To draw water denotes to bo instructed in the truths of faith and to bo illustrated. Drawers of water, such as the Gibeonitcs wore, denote those who desire to know truths for no other end than to know them, A flood of water denotes temptation and desolation, because wicked persuasions and thoughts aciu- allyflowin fVomovil spirits. Wellsof unclean water denote what is not true. Broken cisterns denote doctrines in which are no truths. In beautiful corre-'- pondonce with tiiis divine symbol cf truth we will flnd that in physics, or the science of natural things, that man applies the same standard to ascer- tain the weight of solids and liquids, each being said to be heavy or liirht Bi)eci(ically as they relate to water; tlius the exact weightof a cubic inch of gold, compared with that of a cubic inch of water, is called its specific gravity. Weight, spiritually considered, is nothing else than real worth, hence we have the expressions, solid men, or men of worth or truth, and weighty words, or words of wisdom. Furthermore, as Omnipotent power is continually predicated of the LoKU as having relation to the principle of His divine truth, and this truth being symbolized by water, so none in civilized life can possibly be igiorant of the corresponding prodigious power derived from water in the various uses it performs in the world, and the cleansing properties of divine truth on the heart, when it is ap))licd to the life, and water, when it is applied to the body, should be equally well known. Some may bo solicitous to know the reason why co much is said regarding love and wisdom, or goo't and truth in the above passages, and the enquiry is reasonable and just. In answer to this 1 would state that all the attributes and p<.'rfections of the ever blessed God resolve themselves as in a focus into chese two, viz : Love and Wisdom, or what is the same. Good and Truth, corresponding to lieatand light, or what is the same, warmth and illumination, as proceeding from the sun of nature, and those in the Crkator form a one, constituting what has been called a marriage of good and truth. Man, being created in tlie image of Goi), ought to pre- sent a finite transcript of those attributes which exist to an infinite extent in his Maker, and on examination this will be found to be the ca.se, for tlit>rc is no quality inherent in man but what belongs either to his will or under- standing. What does not belong to one of these, forms no part ot the man, and the.-ie together form one mhid, and the mind is what constitutes the man himself, the body being merely a clothinn; elimiuatcd from the ultimate Ai'i'ENDIX 'I'O THE AllTiZANS* GUTDfcl. 15 ting for flesh natural man 111 the world, moval of tile r>ted, Hlgriifica utatoof man, y boast of tho the princps of ho mountains T men, and all >d, for in Rev. athcrod fowl, ;hts and alTec- iot08 the good to all spiritual to the good of a the spiritual lings could ho was to signify humanity, for idden to oat of [also from evil, low heart also ,nd I will take roil a heart of lelove of good I truth, and for and rivers are ro draw water bo illustrated, e who desire to f water denotes thoughts aciu- ^hatisnot true, joautlfulcorro'^- itin physics, or indard to ascer- heavy or liiilit fa cubic incliof tiled its Rjyectfic ban real worth, h or truth, and ipotent power is the principle of water, so none ding prodigious performs in the on the heart, I applied to the 10 solicitous to 3 and wisdom, ry is reasonable , the attributes res as in a focus same. Good and me, warmth and nd these in the d a marriage of >i), ought to pre- in infinite extent he case, for there lis will orunder- part ot the man, t constitutes the Tom the ultimate fhiniTSof nature, such ns carbon, pbosphonis, silicon chlorine, phosphate of lime, sulphur, iron, inagiiesium, water, potassium, &c. &c., of all of which man is divested b;- natural death, never more to resume them, but nevcrtheleM he finds hinisolf in the other life, possessed of the bntimu form, and every member, faculty and sense which he enjoyed in thiti life, but much more keen, delicate and refilled, by puritication from the things of nature. Those things just mentioned are what constitute flesh and blood, of which it is written, that they sliall not inherit the Kingdom of God, and one has well observed that you may as wdl attempt to raise a ship from the bottom of the ocean and leave down there all tli(> wood and iron, as to raise a natural body without flesh ami blood. We are much at a loss to conceive what possible imjirovemcnt could be efl'ectod by tho union of natural bodies to the spirituMl bodies of those countless m\ riads wiiich formed the mighty pojiulatioii beheld in lu'uvcu by tho beloved dis- cipU! in \\u\ Isle of I'atmos. J^et us go a step lurtiu'r and investigate tiio works of Kjom m seen ill the visible creation, and here; everything will bo se^Mi to reflect the attributes of the Almighty, but always in correspondence with ilis love and wisdom, or goodness and truth. From this correspon- dence every thing seems to go in pairs, for ht!re wc find male and female, boly and siml, sun and moon, heat and light, land and water, flesh and blood, heart and lungs, gold and silver, brass and iron, and so on through- out ali tho ramifications of nature even down to the ultiniates. What is true of vjOd's works must in a still more exalted sense lie true of that Word which is the transcript of His own perfections, and the embodiment of His divine love and wisdom; hence it comes that in the Word (here is nothing but what has constant reference toeither one or theother of these attributes, or of something in connection with tliem, or in opposition to them, such as evil and the false, and from this arises further, an apparent repetition of the same idea, sentiment or thought, very often in tho course of a single verse, but it ought to be known that one of these expressions has relation to iho divine Love, and the other to the divine Wisdom, or something in connection with them, or in opposition to them, as no vain reiteration can over bo predicated of the divine Word. In orderto analyze the subject still further, take for insicanco that inimitable blessing wherewith Aaron and his sons were commanded to bless thechildren of Israel : " Tho JjOiiD bless thee and keep thee, tiie Loud make His face to shine upon t!ioe, and hegraciousinto thee: the Lord lift up his countenance upon thee, and give theo peace." Numb, vi, 24, 2<]. In tho Internal sense these words signify that the Loud from divine love flows in with divine truth and with divine good into aU those who receive Him, The divine love from which the LoRi> flows in is understood by tho face of the Lord, and the divine truth with which he flows in, is understood by the Lord making His face to shine upon them; and tho divine good with which He flows in, is under- stood by the Lord lifting up His countenance upon them; defence from evils and falsitiee, which otherwise would take away the influx is under- stood by " the Lord keep thee and be gracious unto thee," heaven and eternal "felicity, which are the gill of the Lord by His divine goodness and divine truth, are understood by " and give thee peace," for when evi4d arc removed from man, the interior of h;s mind is filled with celestial b(!atitude8 and joy unspeakable. In their inmost sense these divine expres- sions contain such a deep meaning, and embrace such transcendent blessings that even a very faint idea of them is in a manner incommunicable to man in his present state of existence. Again in David, " Thy mercy, O Lord is in the heavens- and thy faithfulness reacheth unto the clouds. Thy righteousness is like the great mountains, thy judgments are a great deep," Ps. XXXVI. 6 7. Where mercy and righteousness have relation to the love of God, and faithfulness and judgment have relation to His truth. Again in Isaiah, " And on this mountain shall the Lord of hosts make unto all people a feast of fat things, a feastof wines on tho lees, of fat things full of marrow, of wines on the lees well refined," xxv. 6. Tho subject treated of is concornirig the advent of the Lord, and by a feast of fat things is denoted the comm-.inication of goods, and by a feast of lees or of the best wine, the anpropnation of truths. Again in Genesis, " Judah ii! alien's wholp; from* the prey, my son, thou art gone up; he stooped down, he couched as a lion and as an old lion; who shall rouse bim up?" 16 Appendix to the artizans ouiDtf; JTLTx. 0. l\y Judali is horn siitnifiod flip LoRi)'e'co1««t5al kinrdom, where, all are in i^owcr from t)ie Lord by diTin« Irutli ; thin power re understood Tjy alion h wlielp, anti by an old lion, by the prey from which he went up, is «if?nifk'c' the dissipation of falsities and eviln; by stooping down In tiiffnitit^d to put himself into power; by couching; is sipfniHcd to be in «ecu- riiy from every falsity and evil, wherefore, it is said, " who shall rouao him up." Again, O Louu my God thou art very great, thou art clothed with honour and majesty," l'». civ. 1 There by being clothed With honour and majesty, w'len i)redicated of ti.e Loud, is signified his girding HlmsL'H with divine truth and divine good, for they proceed from Him, and thence gird llim, and thus constituti* heaven. Again in John, " In tho beginning; was tho WuKu and the Word was with God, and the Word was Gcd. Tlie same was in tho beginning with God. All things were made by him, and without him waa not any thing made that was made, in him waf lite: and the life was the liglit of men," John 1. 1. 4. From thosf passages it is evident that tho Lord is God from eternity, and that this God is Himself the Loud who was born into the world, foi it is said that tho WoiiD was with God and God was tho Word; as, also, that without ilim was not anything made that waa made, Why the Loud is called tho Word, is but little understood ni the (Munch; lie is however called the Word because the Word signifies iJivine Truth, or Divine Wisdom; and the Lord is Divine Truth itself, or Divine Wisdom itself, for which reason He is likewise called the Light which lightoth every man that comcth into the World. From the LiKic and Liour which pervades the Word comes the vivification of thd aSbctions of that man's will who reads it devoutly; and the illumination •f the thoughts of his understanding, there being something intimaiely aU'ecting the heart and spirit which flows with light into the mind, and bears witness. Divine Love and Divine Wisdom constitute a one, and WDr^ fr jin eternity a one in the Lord, wherefore it is said, "In him was lifo uiid the life was the light of men." This oneness is meant by these words, '' In the beginning was tho Word and the Word was God." By tljo Fitheris denoted the Divine Love, or tho Lord as to Divine Good. By the \V^oRD made flesh is signifled tho Lord as to tho Divine Human principle which Ho assumed by being born into the world, from whence He is called " tho Only Begotten of the Father " the " sent of God " the " Arm of tho Lord," for the Divine Good, or the Father, tilled this Human prin- ciple as the soul tills tho body, not indeed, in perfect fulness at first, but beginning as it were from a germ, the Divine principle gradually expanded dui iug His lifo on tho earth, sustaining Him, and enabling Him to over- come, in the conflicts, combats and temptations admitted into His hiuna- iiity from the powers of darkness, which were of such a direful nature that thev are utterly inconceivable by the mind of man. The Divine prinoJBlc wit'hin denoted by the Father, was that Omnipotent power which enabled him to work miracles, so that He could sa^, " The Father who dwelleth in mc, he doeth the works," and from this also emanated those gracious words which proceeded out of his mouth, of which it is said, "I have given them th(> words which thougavest me." Before his Incarnation tho Lord existed in first principles only, by assuming the Humanity Ho as jt were descended to the ultimate, or lowest principles, and from this He calls Himself " the First and the Last," Rev. i, 17. The merely human quali- ties derived from tho mother were gradually eliminated from the assi^med nature by temptations, sufierings, combats, conflicts and continual victories over the powers of darkness, who at this time held almost entire posses- sion of tho human race; by these victories Ho removed hell from tran,and restored "that which He took not away," even man's liberty to choose jlife or death for himself, and f\irthermore glorified His Humanity, and made it Divine, or One with that Divine Good in which he existed from eternity, so that He could say before His ascension: "all power is given unto me in heaven and in eartli," Matt, xxviil. 18, and afHor full and com- plete glorification, Ur could say to the belovpfl disciple in Patmos, "I am Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the ending, saith tho Lord, which is, and which was, and which is to come, the Almighty," Kov. i, 8. The [Lord in tho Word, is called Lord, (or Jehovah, in Hebrew, when the word Ia)RD ii printed in capitals), from the good ot His divine Love, and tf. nedom, w1ior6 • n understood chhe went up, apiue down h il to be in scicu- hall roueo him ■t clothed with [ with honour irding Uim»c>lt im,and thcnee tho beginning oiiD was GcD. inadH by him, In him wae From thesf nity, and ttiat ho world, foi a3 tho Word; at was mad(!, understood in ISO the Word is Divine Truth } wise called the orld. From the fifiuation of th(3 ho illumination liiug intima'oly the mind, and a one, and wer^ [n him was lit'o by these words, •jloD." By U40 e Good. By the luman principle whence He is OD " the " Arm lis Uuman priu- ness at first, but lually expanded ng Ilim to over- into llis huina- eful nature that Divine prinoJalo r which enabled w)io dwelleth in 1 thot>e gracious Is said, "I have Incarnation tliu iumanity He as nd from this He elyhumanquali- om the assumed ntinual victories 8t entire posses- i from t!~an,and berty to choose Humanity, and he existed from J power is given tor full and com- I'atmos, "I am ho Loud, which ' Kov. I, 8. The jrew, when thn livlno Love, and 'A1>PENDIX TO THE ARTIZANS' QUIDE/ 17 God, from the divine truth of His divine Wisdom; He Is called rnmsT, liio Auoint«d, in relation to His kingly office, and Jksuh, signifying salva- tion, ill relation to HisofUce as Saviour. Ho calls Himself the Sou of God, when llis divinity, llis unity with the Father, His divine poWcr, and thfl lifo that is from Him, are treated of, and the Son of Man, when He as tho Word, suffers, judges, comes into the world, redeem<<, saves, and regonorafas. .Jehovah, who was in ilim, appeared to be absent in temp- tations, and this appearance was proportionable to the degree of His immersion in the humanity. Hence Ills prayers to tho Father, in tho (ioipels and elsewhere; many of them can bo seen in the Psalms, which OS to their internal sense treat of the Loud alone, under the figure of David as a king. The Lord coming forth from tho Father, and returning to tho Fatlior, means the humanity proceeding from tho Divinity, and tho union and glorification of tho humanity. By the Lord's birth from eternity, is meant His birth foreseen from eternity, and provided for in time. By Lord God Almighty and the Lamb, mentioned Rev. XXI. 22, and elsewhere, is not meant two divine persons, but by Lord God Almighty or Lord God Omnipotent, is signitied the Lord from eternity, who is Jehovah Himself, and the Lamb signifies the divine JIumauity which Jkiiovah assumed by birth into tho world, by virtue ot which Ho became Emmanuel, or God with us. From these observations it may be seen that tho Lord is the God of heaven and earth ; that in Him is the Divine Trinity of Father, Son and Holy Spirit, or the Wholk FuLNKsa of the Godhead, corresponding to the heat, light, and emanat- ing influence of the San, or of the soul, body, and proceeding operation in man, consequently that He alone is tho only true Object of love and wor- ship, in whom is the Father, for " whoso seeth Him seeththe J'ather. in o der ro still further confirm tho heavenly doctrine of the Supremo Divinity of our blessed Lord, and to show tho falsity of the present pre- vailing doctrine which divides the Godhead into three persons, " the same in substance, equal in power and glory," or, as it is expressed by tho Athanasian Creed, three persons, "each of whom by himself is God and Lord" {a doctrine which, and tho assertion is made with all charity and respect for tho numerous class who think otherwise, has no existence whatever in the Word, and was entirely unknown in the Church until about tho time of the Nicene Clouncil), it is thought proper to adduce the following passages from tho Word. l<^rst of all , to prove the Unity of the Divine Being, see {Dout. vi. 4.) " Hoar O Israel, the Lord our God is Onk Lord." This divine truth is repeated by the blessed Jksus in Mark xii. 29. " I am Jehovah and there is none else." Isa. xlv. 18, xlv. 5. " I, even I, am Ile.and there is No God with Mo." Dent, xxxii, 39. There is none other God but One" 1 Cor. viii. 4. "Thou art the God, oven thou Ai.onk, of all the kingdoms of the earth," 2 Kings xix. 15. " Onk is your Father which ia in Heaven" Matt, xxiii. 9. Lot us learn, with grateful reverence, who this our Heavenly Father, Lord, and God is. Every passago of the fol- lowing evidence is refulgent with the light of divine truth, for they proceed from Him who is the Truth itself, " Unto usaCniLD is born, untousaSoN is given, and the government shall be upon His shoulders, and His name sliiiil Ixicallcd. Wonderful, Counsellor, the Mioiity God, the Evkrlabt- i\(>FATHKU,tho Prince ofl'EAOE," Isa. ix.G. "Thou O Jehovah art our Fatiikr, our Uedekmer, thy Name is from everlasting," Isa. Ixiii. 16. " Surely God is in Thee, and there is None else, there is no god, verily thou art a God that hidest thyself, O God of Israel, the Saviour" Isa. xlv. 14. 15. This is said in reference to His veiling over Ills divine glory with the Human nature. "Thou shalt know that I, Jehovah am thy Saviour and Redekmer, thoMiOHTY Onk of Jacob" Isa. lx,I6. " T/iere is no God else beside me, a just God and a Saviour, there is none beside mc look unto me; and be ye eaved, all the ends of the earth, for I am God and there is none else" Isa. xlv. 21. 22. " Thy Makeu is thy Husband ; Jehovah of hosts, is His name, and thv Rkdkkmer the Holy One of Israel; the God op thk whole earth shall He be called," Isa. liv. 5. There can bo no uncertainty as to wko is meant by these announcements. "Thus saith Jehovah the King of Israel and His Redeemer, Jichovah of Hosts; I am thn First, and I am tho Last, and boside me there is t.*. God," laa. xliv. 6, " I am Jehovah thy God, the Holy One oflsrael tt. 'HI I » ■ 1 • r w Appendix TO THE artizan's atiTDEf., (I i i| rtAVioi'R" Isa. xliii. 3, " TIiou has? ro(!oom of truth," l*s. xxxi.5, " 1 will liolp tlicc, siiitli .Ikhovah aiidtliy Kkukkmk.u, tlip Holy Olio of Jsrncl," I.sn. xli. 14, " Ah for our Ukdkk.muk, .Iichovah i)F HosTH IS HirNamk, t.lio lloly Oiic of Israol," Isa. xlvil. 4., " lliun Sflith Jkiiovaii thy UKnioKArKK. aiulllo tliat formod thoofroiu tho womb; J am .Ikiiovaii that makoth nil t,/iinf/.i, that Htrt'tchcth forth Iho heavens iilone, that sprcadeth ahroad tho earth fiy mi/sclf," Isa. xliv. 24, '■ I, even I, am .iKrcoN^Aii and bn,sidKEMKR, Isa. iv. 8, " Their IlKDKKMER is strong, Jehovah or Hosts is His Mamo," Jer. 1. o4. " I am thy (jJod from the landof I'^gypt, and thou shalt know no Gov but Me, for there is No Savioitr Heside Mb" Hos. xiii. 4, " Thus saith Jehovah, that formed thee O Israel, foar not, for I have rk,i>eh:mkt> thee," Isa. xliii. 1, "Ho strong, fear not; behold your (ion will oome with vengeance, even Ood with a recompense, he will come and Have you," Isa. xxxv, 4, "The Lord Jehovah is my strength and my song, hu also is bocomo my salvation," Isa. xii. 2, " Beliold Jkhovah (jIdd shall come witU strong hand, and His arm shall rule for Him,Heshall feed his Hock like a sbepheFd," Isa. xl. lO.-ll. The Saviour lays claim to this title, John x. 11. " L«t tho words of my mouth, and the meditation of my lioart, ho accejitable in thy sight O Jkhovah, my strength, and my Ukdkk.m- KR," Ps.xix. 14, ," But God shall Redeem my soul from the power of tho i*rave, ho wUl recoivo me," Ps. xllx. 16, " I will also praise theewitJi tho psaltery, even thy truth, O my God; unto thee will I sing witli tho harp, thou Holy One of Israel. My lips shall greatly rejoice when I sing un*o thee; and my soul, which thou hast RKDEKMKD,"Psa. lxxi22-23, "J<'orGodis my King.of old,workingsa/t)aMo>iin the midst of the earth," Psa. Ixxiv. 12. " Tliey remembered that God was their rock, and tho high Gou thoir Redeemer," Psa. Ixxviii. 35. " I will praise theoO Jehovah my God,-^ thouhast delivered my noulfrom the lowent hell," Psa. Ixxxvi. 12-13, "IMess Jkhovah, O my soul, and forget notall hislienellts, who redeemeth thy life from destruction ; who crownoth thee with loving kindness and tender mer- cies," Psa. ciii. 2-4, "Let Israol hope in Jehovah, , for with Je- hovah there is mercy, and with him is plenteous redemption, and ho shall redeem Israel from all his iniquities" Psa. cxxx, 7-S, " O God Jkhovah, the strength of my salvation, thou hast covered my head in the day of battle," Psa. cxl. 7. By winch "s signified, hirnble acknowledgement that redemption, protection, and con- sequently deliverance from hell, are from tlieLoRo alono, " O givothankt: unto Jehovah, for he is good, for his mercy endureth forever. Let ihn redeemed of Jkhovah say .so, whom/te hath redeemed from tho handof tho enemy." Ps, cvii. 1-2, " .Jehovah liveth; and blessed be my rock; and let the, Gon of my salvation bo exalted," Ps, xviii. 46, " And they remembered that (JoD was their Rock, and the high God thoir Redeemer," Ps. Ixxviii, y'j, " They forgot God their Saviour, which had done groat things in Egypt," Ps. cvi, 21, "The salvation of the righteous is of Jehovah; heis their strength in the time of trouble," " Truly in JKiiovAUourGoDis Wie salvation of I.^raol, Jer. iii. 23. In tho Now Testament, James calls our IMessed Redeemer, the " Lord of glory." The Lord of glory can bo noiio other than the King of glory. " Who is this Kino of glory? Jehovah of Ho.sts,heis the King of glory," Ps, xxiv., 10. In Rev. xix, 16. the Lord as to tho Word, is described as having on his vesturo and on his thigh, ananio written, Kino o^ Kings, and Lord of Lords. This sacred truth is re- echoed by Paul when he declares Christ to be " Tho blessed and only Potentate, tho King of Kings, and Lord of Lords, wlio only hath immortal- ity," I. Tim. vi. iB. Elsewhere he says, " For of him, and by him, and through him aio all things ; to whom be glory forever. /Vmen, "Jehovah thy God in the midst of tliee is mighty, he will save, ho will rejoice over ,f," Zeph. iii. 17, " I will rejoice in Jkhovah, I will joy in tho thee with joy, God of my salvation," Ilab, iii. 18, 1 will look unlo Jt-uovAU, I w'U mn Ef.. ^VATi Gon of y Kki>ki:mk.k, KK, .Ikhdvah ii. 4. , " riinn mi tlio womb; h thn hcavcuH . 24, "J, even Isa. xliii. 11. sraol," vcr. 14, Jkhovaii thy MKR, tho Jluly thoo to i)rt)lit, lii. 17" With OVAH thy Ito- )F Hosts is His amlthoa shalt " llos. xiii.4, lot, for I l»avo hold your Uon will como and :li and my sonfj, IkHOVAH G«)I> m,li«shallfci'd ys claim to this (Mlitation of my id iny Kkdkkm- ho power of tlio to tliee witli tho with tho harp, 'hen I Ming unW» 23, "For God is ' I'sa. Ixxiv. 12. high God thoir VAii my Gou,-^ cvi. 12-13, "lUcss ideemeth thy lifo and tender mer- , ,for with Je- redemption, and ' Psa. ex XX, mlvafion, tlioii 7. Uy whicli "i toction, and con- " O give thanks orevor, I^et ilio 1 tho hand of tho ny rocli; and let hey remembered Ell," I's. Ixxviii. great things in Jkiiovah; lie is Hour God is Uie James calls our lory can bo iKnio •y? Jeiiovau of :, 16. the Lord as Ills thigh, a name icred truth is re- ilessed and onlv r hath immortal- and by him, and nen, " Jehovah will rejoice over 1 will joy in tlio JtUOVAlI, I will APPENDIX TO THE ARIIZAN'h GLIDE. 19 wait Tor tho Hon of pijf f^ftlrnfhvx my (;on shall hoar tiie" Micah. vil. 7, '• Tho voice othlm thatcrieth in tho wilderness, I'rejjare ye the way of the .iKiiftVAU, makeHtralght in the desert a highway lor our (ion. Kvery valley sliiill Ite exulted, and every mountain and hill shall bo made low," Isa. xl. ;i-4. 'ty which is signified, the mission of .lohii th(> Itaptist preparing tho Wfiv for Christ's Advent by the )>reaching of repentance, biiptism, and the rcniixsion of sins, at a time when there were no truths left in the Church, liiit what were falsitied and made of none ellect. Uy "every valley sliall bo exalted, andevi/ry mountain and hill shall be laid low," is not meant these natural objects but theexaltation into heavon ot thos«! who aro meek and lowly in heart, or poor in spirit.and the removal and remission to their final abode of the wicked who have lived in the prido of self-love and tholovoof the world, for all such avert from themselves the divino protection, and aro in conjunction with hell Tho influx of divino truth flowing into their torlora, when tho Lora comes to judgment, causes such oxcoodiiig imin nnd torment 'o the w'cked, *hat they actually cast themsolvea liead- loiig into hell Thr,t the Lord executed such a judgment when on earth, is inostevidonfc both iroin the literal and spiritual sense of many passages in the Word ; reterencci will o made to some of them in what follows, and that tho last judgment ibn^told in the Kevelation, and many otherplaces, has also taken place, may be seen proved in the writings to be mentioned jjffsently. It is to bo noted, however, that these general judgmcutg do not take place in the natural world, but in the spiritual world, into which all enter after death, •• after death the judgment." To continue, in tho siiblimo vision de.scribed by Isaiah, chap, vi., tho prophet rolrtos that tho seraphim cried, " Holy, holy, holy is Jehovah ok llcvrs, tho whole earth is full of his glory." xlio message given to Isaiah ,it that time is quoted in John J.:ii. 3S, A, whore it is written, "These things spako Esaias.when he saw His glory, and spako of Him," and the apostle a|)plies the whole as having reference to tho Incarnate Gcjd in tho person of tho Hiessed Saviour then on earth. The Hebrew term, Jkuovah, retained in tho above passages, is always expressive of self exist<'nce, uiu derived Being, and the Divine princijile as to Love, while tho term, God, is [iredicated of, and corresponds to, the Divine principle, as to Wisdom, or, what is the same. Truth, which always emanates or proceeds from the former, as light proceeds from fire or heat. It was us the Divino Truth, or the Word, that tho J^ord was made flesh and dwelt among us, but still he did not separate from Himself tlit> Divine Good or Love, (lenot(!d by the Father As previously statinl, this (existed in Him in but a comparatively small degree at the first, and glorilication was a gradual work, extending over the whole of His earthly life, j)rogres8ing only as what was merely human was cast out, or made "perfect through suffer- ings," ■ 'itil at last He comprehended in His glorious Person "all tho fulness of tho Godhead bodily," and became God oven as to His Human- ity having all power in heaven and in earth." To have all powtr is to ])ossess nothing less than oxelusivo and sui)remo Divinity, and iiotwith- stiinding the deplorable fact Hiat this heavenly doctrine is not recognized ill the prevailing (;hiirch, still it is the veriest truth in tlio universe, thai Ho was the great .lehovah, or "God manifest in the flesh," [ITini. iii. 10], and also " over all, (iod blessed for over," llom. ix. f), for " by Him were all fhhiffs created that are in iseaven and that are in earth, visible and invisible, whether they be throries, or dominions, or princiiialities or powers; all things were created by Him and for Him, and He is be/ore alt things, and by Him alt fltiiif/s consist." Col. B. 16, J7. With all this evidei' ' before us wo may well unite with Judo in saying, " To the only wise God our Saviour, be glory and majesty, dominion and power, both now and ever. Amen." We may boo from the above passages as in the very light of heaven, tho great and glorious truth that the lilesseu Jbsus is Jehovah, the God ov Heaven and Earth, thb Lord op Glory, the first and the last, THE Mighty God, the Fverlastinu Father, the Creator op Ali THiNos, the Redeemer op the World, God manifest in the Flkhh, THE Kino op Kings and Lord of Lords, over all, God blksskd for KVER, a Just ood and a SAAaouit, resides whom there ih none else, AMD A8 BITCH IS ENTITLED TO OUR EXCLUSIVE LoVE AND ADORATION.- 20 APPENDIX TO THE ARTIZANs' OUIt)E. And liore wo cannot omit notlclnjj tho ominouR silence which porvartr« not only thn abuvu panhagcH of Scriutuio, but also tlio entiro Word, rcH- pcctinjr tlio doctrino wlilch woiicar tliundiTotl forth frunisonia.iy pulpitH, regarding a Son of God born Ironi ctt'riiity, called the Second Person of the i'rlnity, who came into the world in order to Hatisty what Is cailed tiio vindictive justice of the first Pcraon, and appease l>. , wrath and vengeunco against the human raceonnccount uttheviolat/or. ofhltt lawofwluchthoy wercKuilty, by takini^on himself lliut ])unishmont,wbluh woj H and perfections ofGod the Father, rendered itlmpoasioleforhim to forj^Jvo the sinner until the majesty of liis outraged law was vindicated and satl*. tied to the uttermutit, by the iulnction of adequate punishment eitlier en tlie hinocent, or on tlie guilty. The great majority of professing Christians retain tills belief, tog aiior with tlie doctrine of three distinct I'erHons in the Gcdbead, most of us having been educated in it from our infancy and BO are not to blame in conseqnenco, more especially as these doctrines are nsualiy lield up as an inoxplicablo raysttsry which it in almost a profaua. tion either to investigate or dispute. A man under such circumstances is not to blame for holding this belief in ignorance, simplicit}r and innocence, even although it is unscriptural, for lie will bo instructed in the real truth in tlie next world, if not in this, and if liis heart is good he will receive it most gratefully, for goodness always desires truth and union with it. but, if, ou the other liand, a man should say that since Christ obeyed tlie law lor him and sufTerod in liis room and stead, therefore he is at liberty to do as he pleases, and forthwitli carries that thought into action by plunging into u career of Ar/iou'ft tfoi/ and wickedness, under the belief that every- thing will beset riglit at last by a simple cry for mercy, and a " Lord save me,'" uttered on his death boJ, sucii a line of thought and consequent action would be perffctty irtfamous, and after deatli the ruling lovo of Buch a man will infallibly entail a rigliteoua retribution bv carrying him to his lilca in liell, and what is wonderful, he goes there of his own accord. Tlie power and love of evil draws him there. This is what we are tore- warned to fear, Luko xii. Ti, It is not God 'vho sond« him there, for it is impossible for llim wlio is Mercy itself, to damn any one. The " Loui> in good to all, and his tender mercies are over all His works," thus oven to the lowest hell. The true reason is " Ye will not come unto me that yo may have life." " Your iniquities, liave separated between you and your Gou, and your sins have hid his face from you." To return to th question of the Trinity, as commonly received, it is impossible to siipprcs the enquiry, why is ittliat the second and third Persons of the Trinity, as described by this scheme (the attributes and perfections of each person being essentially the same), have not, or do not, put forth an equalclaiin with the tirst person, to full, perfect, and complete satisfaction on account of Iheir violated law? Yet hero we have them described as not only put- ting forth no sucli claims, but the second person is represented as coming forward and drinking the very dregs of the bitter cup of His Father's wrath, even to sulToring the accursed death of the cross, and by this means satisfying or appeasing the so called Divine displeasure of the first person. One Doctrine of that new Dispensation whicli cometh down from God out of lieaven, drawn from the Word, is, that God is Mercy Itself and Love Itself, and that wrath, fury, anger and vengeance areas far removed Irom the Divine nature as heaven is from hell, yea, and infinitely farther. These are qualities whicli could not coosistontly be ascribed to u good man, because ho would not be good if ho possessed them, wherefore it is blasphemy to ascribe them to God. O when will mankind learn that it was love, love, unutterable, Injinite Love, that brought our Heavenly Father into the world to save and redeem His erring children at the very period when they were about to bo engulfed in eternal ruin through the undue preponderance of the powers ot hell over mankind. Most true it is that " God so loved the world that ho gave his only, begotten Son that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have everlasting life," John iii. 16, most true that " In His love and in His pity he redeemed us," Isa. xiii. 9, for " God was in Christ reconciled and reconciling guilty sinners to Himself," being moved to that infinite condescension by a "love which passoth knowledge," Eph. iii. ID. Zacharias spoko 7 h ti. hlcli pprrartfn iro Word, res- inia.iy pulpitH, ond I'orsoii of fnt i« cailod tlio and VL'ngeiiuiio wofwIiKilithoy oi!(l otherwise t tliu attributes ■liim to forj^lvo :utcd and satU- nuut either en iHing Cliritttiang net I'orHuuH lu ur infancy and ^e doctrines are uoHt a protaua< irounititancpa is and innoconco, n the real truth e will receive) It )n with it. But, obeyed the law at liberty to do )n by plunging lief that every- da " Lord save and consequont ruling lovo of carrying him lis own accord, at we are lore- m there, for it it) The "Loiu) in s," thus oven to unto wie that yo in you and your 3 rt'turn to th sibhi to supprcs )f the Trinity, aa of each person h an equal claim ction on account as not only pat- ented as coming of His Father's nd by this moans ftho first person. down from (.iod Mercy Itself and roas far removed nlinitely farthor. Bribed to ugood 1, wherefore it is (ind learn that it \\t our Heavenly Idren at the very ruin through the ad. Most true it Bgotten Son that everlasting life," he redeemed us," econciling guilty idcscension by a Zacharias spoko APPENDIX TO THE ARTIZANS' GUIDE. 21 th" truth when ho said, " Blpssod be tho I.oRn Ood of Israel, for Ifn hath vmted and reileemtd His people," Luke 1.08; also aged Simeon, when he said, " Lord, now lettest thou thy servant depart in peace, according to thy word, for mine ei/es have seen tin/ snlvntion," Luke il , 29 30. This was aid of tho only Begotten Son of tiod (born of tho virgin) in whom was m Father, of whom it was written, ' UehoiU a virgin shall conceive and .oar a Mn, and shall call his name Immanuel," Ina. vli. 14. Yes, joyful thought, lio was indeed and now Is, (Jon witu IS. so that all can say " Lo, this is our (ioo, wo have waited lor Him, we will bo glad and rejoice in His salvation." Tho sufferings of Christ were great, beyond all human comprelicnsion, and tlioy wD, only involves an apparent truth, for the iuteriuil sense of the Word teaches, and the regenerated heart of every child of God will teh him, that the " Lord is good, that His mercy is everlasting, anu that his tiulli cudureth to all g(uierations." It is most tru? in overy caso that it is " cvh which slays the wicked," for the Divine Lovk most intensely desires to elevate all to heaven, and would do so in every case, if man 'wou'd oiilV make use of that free wil' with which it has cntKjvvod him, to choose iiJ't! and goodness, (for man's willing co-operation in fhis case iu indispensable i, and thus suffer himself to bo led by the Loud into heaven. Tlie powers o< evil are continually pressing for admiss'on *nto man^ desiring Tintiiin? more than to de.«';-oy him soiil and body, and arc? cotitinuallv rostni!iK>u from accomplisujng their Infernal worlf ^by nothing less tfuin iiifnito power, but when infinite wisdom, or t'lo U Vino nrotfidence, perceives that the removal of tho wicked is nccessaf >* lor tlio prebe>*vallon ot tlio good, the law of permission can no longer be withhe'u, u'.;c evd a^'oiits perform tho evil work, and th?s actunny appmrc to be a» if dtre by tiie Loll'), and is so expressed in tlic VVord. *• Ho slew faminis kings, fur llis mercy endnrcth for ever," ■■ Ho sent evil angeis among them,'- and so on. Many other things are aescribod m Jie Word according to apj.eur- ances, such for instance as tho I^oud repenting, being grieved at tlio heart, &c., tho int«'rnal sense of these oxpressiona l»oiug very difl'ereut from what apyears iu tUo letter. )E. ak« no tMouf,'ht r for our body, us? It tells iiH von. It tollH u« 1 tho earth, but aco. It tells us o and cliildrcii, mot be Cii list's ot to bo uiulor- aud vcngeiuico rno tliat to tlie riie children of o did always err xcv. 10. Their 3 of Gomorrah; their wine is ut. xxxii. ii'l 33. 'greu of wickcd- d in con.seiiui lice at "the tritiry of Idren of Israel," iroii, Nadal) and lias seven, in the what is good or d of Israel ; and )phiro stone, and Now mark the various aspects ors. It was only ) " evil ey(i" by ng where lie hud Matt. XXV. 21. mountains and lat Hittotli on the The solo cause of in CiOD, thus con- wilt sluiw tliyselt upright; with tlio d thou wilt shew ord declares that iiger and of gnuit esses a realu-nih, H ascribed to <>(>u, enso of the Word jiod will tell him, luu that his tculU aso that it is " evil utenseiy desires to f man wou'd only Idia, to choose lij'a e is iiidlspensaWo), 11. rho powers Ji desiring no'iiiiis tinuallv restrained less liiun intiidto ddonce, perceives r(;b«''vation ot liio 0, ai:c ovd a'^enls i aa if dcre hy tiie vnrs kings, for 11 is ug them,'- and so cording to ai);,ear- ng grieved at tho liug very difl'ereut APPENDIX TtJ \ THE if ARTIZANS' GUIDE. 23 We will now jirocoed to conclude the gratofUl task of shewing that rrio Blkssed Jesus is the only Only Tuue Object of worship, and as such, ought to bo recognized in the Church, and by every linman being. In doing this wo do not anticipate any objections from professed Christians, when woaay that it would no quite safe to emulate the example of tho Ajxistles ou ea«'th and that of the angels in heaven. After our Blessed I{i!Qecmer had »sceuded up on high, it is written, that he sat down " on the right hand of God." By this is signified, that Ho even as to His Humanity took possession of Divine Omnipotence, having "all power given unto Him in heaven and in earth," for in llim dwelt all the fulness of tho Godhead bodily, Col. ii. 9. After the ascension, it is written concerning the disciples, " And they worshipped him, and returned to Jerusalem with great joy." We read further that" the^ lifted up their voice with one accord and said. Loud thou art God, which hast made heaven and earth, and tho sea, and all that in them is," Acts iv.24. And Stephen died, " calling upon God, and saying, Lord Jesus receive my spirit," Acts vii. 59. Concerning worship in heaven, we read that " the four and tw(>nty elders [by wbomaro sig utiedtho superior angelic powers], fell down before Him that sat on the throne and worshipped Him that liveth for ever and over, and cast their crjwns before tho throne saying. Thou art worthy () Louu to receive glory and honour and power; for iiiou hast created all things and for thy pleasure they are and were creal:;j' *• Itov. Iv. 10, 11. Chaj)tor v. ver. 10 records that " the four beasts and iou. a^ twenty elders, [signify- ing the nosts in tho superior heavens], /cW down before the Lamb, and gave utterance to the sublime glorilication recorded in ver. 9. 10. " And they sung a new song, saying, Thou art worthy to take tho Book and to open tho seals thereof; for Thou wast slain, uiid hast redeemed us to Goi> by Thy blood out of every kindred, and tongue, aud people, and nation ; and hast made us unto our Goi> kings and priests, and we shall reign ou the earth." " And they sung a new song," signifies an acknowledgment and glorilication of the Lord, that Ho alone is the Judge, Kedeemer and Saviour, thus the God of heaven and earth. These things are contained in the song which they sung, and tho things they contain are also sigiii- lied: as an acknowledgment that tho Lord is the Judge in this: "Thou art worthy to take the Book and to open the seals thereof." That He is the Redeemer in this, " For Thou wast slain, and hast redeemed us to (Jod by Thy blood," that Ho is the Saviour Va this, " Thou hast made us unto our God kings and priests, and wo shall reifjx: on the earth," by which is signified, that from the Lord they are in wisdom from divine truths, and in love from divine good, for all such are spiritual kings and priests, and will be in His kingdom. Ho in them, and they in Iliin: that He is tho God of heaven and earth, in this: " They fell down aud worshipped Him that liveth for ever and ( ver," see ver. 14. Since the acknowledgement of tho Lord alone as tho God of heaven and -^nrth, and of tho Divinity of His Humanity, and that in no other wpv cou..l He bc^ called a Kedeemer and Saviour, was not before in the Churcii, 'f is called anew song. After this it is recorded that ten thousand times ten thousand and tliousands of thousands, wo»o heard saying, with a loud voice, " Vtoi-thy U the Lamb (hat was slain, to receive power: anu riches, and wisdom, and strength, and honour and glory, and blessiu^'," denoting confession and gloriflcation from the heart, by the angels of the inferior heavens, that to the Lord's Divine Humanity belong Omnipotence, Omniscience, divine good, divine truth, and all felicity, " And every creature wluch is in heaven, aud on the earth , and under tho earth, and such as are in tho sea, and all that are in them heard I saying, lilessing, and honour, and glory, and power, bo unto Him who siLioth upon the throne, and unto the Lam » for ever and ever," ver. 13. By wliich is sigiiilied, coail'ssion and glorilication by tho angels of tho lowest heavens, that in f ae Loud from eternity and thence in His Divine Humanity, is tho all ot heaven and the church, divine g»od, and divine truth, and divine power, and Irom Him in those who are in heaven and the church, " Afttir tins I beheld, and lo a great muhitude which no man could number, ot all nations, and tribes, and tongues, ttood before tho throne and betoro tim Lamb, clothed with white robes aud palms in their hauds; audcnod 1 1 1* ■ d M Ji 24 APPENDIX TO THE AltTIZANS' GUIDE. It with a loud voice, eaylng, " Salvation to our God tliat sitteth upon the throne, and to the Lamb." chap. vii. 9, 10. To cry with a loud voice si love by Divine lints," signifies, , because He is i; " Who shall that Ho alone is f," signifies that all nations shall e in the good of ily God. " For truths of tho throne, saying, n," Kev. xix. 5-, luent unanimity lid goods of lovo ' Both small and reo worship the nd I heard as it )f many wators, ir the Loud God 10 jingoU of tho lowest heaven, orrne angels of the middle henvrn, nurt f.f tho anw's of tiio liijirlH'^-t hciivt'ii; because ihc Loiu) alone reigns in tlic ( hurrh ivhitb i.^ LOW about fo com:', ,si;.'-.rilii'(l by tlu; J'.ridc tlic I>\Mii'f* wife*, or tha new Jerusalem iDciilioni'^l in ver. 7, 8, ;in,i cliap. xxi. 2. In ortlir to biiui.-li all doult as to who is meant by the term "(Jdc! " things in tho heaven and earth were made by Him, aiui aie governed by His Divine Providence and done according to it. " I will give unto hiii that is athirst of the fountain of the water of lifcfre<'ly," signifies, tha^ -o those who desire truths from any spiritual use, th(! LdtiP will give from Himself through the Word, " Ho thatovercometii fhall inherit all things; and 1 WILL BK HIS God, and he shall bo my son," signilios, that they Who overcome "vil in themselves, that is, the devil, or the love of self and the world, and do not yield or sink in temptations, v(i;i go (o heaven, and there live in the Lord am', the Lord in them. This is the testimony of Jksds. Let it be supplemented by the testimoi\y of Hit- angel: "Fear not; for behold 1 bring you good tidings of great Joy, which t^hall be to all people. For unto you U born this day in the city of David, a Saviour, whic'i isCiiKisT TUK Lord," Luke ii. 10,11. That our Blessed .Lord received divine honours andwort'hip when on earth may be seen. Matt, ix, 18, xiv. 33, XV. '28, xxviii. 9, Mark i, 40, v. 22, vii. 2ij, x. 17. Luko xvii, 15. 16. It is known from tho science of correspondences that such meaninga are actually involved in the above mentioned passa,i,'es of Scripture, yea, and much more, for each expression being from a Divi'.ie origin embodies williin itself infinitely more than man or angel can ever comprehend. But we have seen enough to convince us that the Loud is in very deed the supreme (JoD of heaven and earth, in M'hom is the Divine Trinity of FutluT, Son and Holy Spirit " Now the LoivD is that .Spirit, rnd where the Spirit of the Lord is, there is liberty," 2 Cor. iii. 17. Go then, my friend, to this Saviour God, who once for your sake hecanio "a Man of sorrows and acciualnted with grief," serve Him by olu'yinj^IUs command- ments, draw near to Him at all times with humility, love, and faith unfeigned, for Ho will have mercy, and you will " iiear a word behind you, saying. This is tho way, walk ye in it," Isa. xxx. 21. '^\mfide ia Him during every trial and under every difficulty, und you will indeed find that the eternal (ioo is thy refuge, and that uv.derneath thee is tha •'veriasting arms. In every" weak and doubtful state Ho will impart strength by laying " His right ha::'^ upon ^ ou, saying, Fear not, I am the First and the Last," Kov. i. 17. Let ...'i act thus and (he time will be present concerning which it is written: "And the Lord shall be King over all the earth ; in that day there shall oo one Lord and Uif. name One," Zee. xiv. 9. Such is the Doctrine of the Lord as taught in the Word, and such waa tho doctrine held by the apostles and the primitive Christian Church (aa may be seen by consulting the writings oi' the early Fathers), until the time of the council, convened at Nice, in Bithynia, by command of thu Emperor Constantino, A.D. 825. This was called for the purpose of repressing the Arian heresy, and a creed, the first that over recognized tlu> existence of triree distinct Persons in tho Trinity, was drawn up by llosius of Cordubif, at the instance of this council, and hence was called tho Nicene Creed. What is called the Athanasian Cn.'eil came out about a century later, ?>ut it is now known that Athanasius never composed it. The assertions tind claims of this last mentioned document are really astounding, aad none can be ignorant of the powerful t^flbrts put forth In Enciland by all clas,ses of the people, among them the very highest di!j;nitaries of the Kngli.sh Church, to exclude it from th ' liturgy. I'rom the doctrine of Three Persons in the Godhead as taught by these cr.'i'd^, flow many otliir doctrines equally inimical to truth, as for instance, that God the Father imputes the merit and righteousness of His Sou to tho.se who believe that he died for them, and lliat Christ having obeyed tho law in our ro> ,'htoou3- grouni'l 111! is It is also true ilvosco\itiiiual liieaa can only iiiiig fioMi tho lich is divine, pute, or udjoiii, ,11 itis to ciotlio im to croito a ated 8un- 'compenso them heir own hand," f tl»o childreu of iccording to tho , Oman, what is lo justly, to love , " According to rith us," Zech. 1, oeth thorn, 1 will rock— and every em not, shall bo sand," Matt. vii. le things which I lome forth to the ngs, happy are ye glorified, that yo mdaionts yo shall do whatsoever I ent", and kCi^Dcth 9 nothing and un- idraents of God, ep His command- jhn V. 3, " Vo see I only," James n. it».out the deeds or igp as having sole rnal washings an I re abolished by tho wa» written to tlio hurch of Christ ac in o^ch and every to tho.^e wlK) over- 10 comnui'Hlmcnts. y cortesp'i.iJe. >V'^< ravety o.' lio*\enly tJrory man ib bom Into tho world with ovil propenaltio.i and depraved inclinations, derived from a lonp line of auoentors. These proponsitie.s ane( inclinatio.ts, are not imputed to man as .lins, becau-io thty have ber»n Inherited through horodit ,ry transmission, and tlm^ ho cannot prt^vfut them. Butthose depraved uflfei^tiouj lire the avenues throu-iii iviii''!i infer- nal agencies 11 )\v in as a tlood and tempt m la bv the inieniination of evil desires and wicked thoughts, and it i^jurl hero vvh'-re m»n's responsibility begins. If he, by virtue of tho froo will given inm h/ God, compels him- self [and in thJB compulsion th'>re exists Ihe hij;ho.-"t freed:>ml, to resist and abhor these ovil desires and thoiiglits, and turns trom thorn as accursed and abominable, und does that which is just and ri^ht, heoboya tho commandments, and saves his soul. If, on tho other hand, he doc3 not restrain himself, but yields to temptation, if in his heart ho thinks that evil is permissible, even though ho does not actually carry it out to tho extreme of actual perpetration, for want of oppnrtunitv, or through fear, or otlier cau.sos, in this case ho makes it his own by loving it, and doing it whenever ho can, and thus disobeyi the commandments whicli Bay tliat evils ara not to b > done. *• Fie wh" - is willing to be saved, must confess his si is and do the work <>/ repentnnne. To confiss nhis is to know evils, to see them in himself, to acknowlodgn tlicni, to raalto himself guilty, to coTideran himself on account of them; when this is done before GoiJ, it constitutes tho confession of sins. To do (he worhqfreitentance m todesistfrom sins, when he has thus confessed them, and from an humblo heart to make supplication concernin;r reini^.sion, and it is further to lead anew life according to the precepts (j'Maitii." As to what has been alleged in l'w above statements concerning tho nature of every man born into the world, even our ador- able Redeemer was no exception. Ho, ''the T.amb of God which taketli away tho sin of tiio world," did no Fin, neither was guile found in His mouth." But for tho sake of man's salvation, ho assumed the Humanity, at the very lowest and darkest hour of it^ I'xistcnce, with all its iufiritii- ties, inclinations to evil, ami liability to lomptation and suffering, d-rived from a long line of ancestry, through Mary. In no other way ould tho Saviour bo said to bear tho sins of mankind, as it is written, " Sun'ly Ho Jiath borne our griefs, and carried our sorrows ; yet we did esteem him stricken, smUton of Gou, and afllicted. Rut he wan wounded for our transgressions, he was bruised fur our ini'iultios; the chastisement of Our peace was upon him; and with his striiies wo are liealed, — and tho Loud hath laid on him theiniiiuity of us all," Isa. liii.5, 7. Those here- ditary evils in tlie form ot the love ofsclf and tho world, were thechannela througli which the powers of darkness assaulted Him in temptations a thousand times more grievous than any man could pos^i >ly sustain, and these evils, together with the whole infernal crew, I'e overcame ami vanquished by means of His own proper power, through the indwelling Divinity. From this ground He said to His disciples :' The prince of this world cometh, and hath nothing in me," Bo of good cheer, 1 have overcome the world," " I beheld Satan, as lightning, fall from heaven," "To him that ovcrcometh will I grant to sit with mo on my throne, even as I also overcame," Rev. iii. 21. In no other way could he become a Saviour than by assuming tho Humanity, and thus coming nearer the same plane as that of tho spiri- tual enemies of mankind, tor In hh absolute Divinity, Gon is a consum- ing fire, unappro-ichabie by any iugol, much "ess by an infernal spirit. By temptations, suTerngs and coitinual victories over evii. Ho overcame nrincipa'.'t'cs and powers, triumphing over them on His cross, glorilied ilis Humanity and made it Divine, and is now exalted a I'rince and a S.aviour to give ropontanco and remission of sins. -In His Divino oxampl*, every child of (Jon may ."Co that his duty is plain to take up his cross and f.illow his Blessed I.oud in the regenerr.fion. It may now be visible to all who are willing to sen. that tho scripture Centains a spiritual as w<>U a-* a natural s«»me. and thnt it is p"rv;ided by ft union of good aiui Inifh, or Invo and \vi"-din!, the in-t:i-',i'.eH in wlucJi tlii.i is '.he case being :io laimerans f 'uit !ti onl"r to r.dduee iMom nil, \i \v«uld be necessary to transcriin' the entire >V()rd. It nriy bo ficiher soon in what manner the science of corrcspondcncBS sorve.s to nufold the .■•i>iritual 28 APPENDIX TO THE ART1ZAN8 GUIDE. 1 i 1 flense of the Word, but groat dUTjculty has boon felt from want of apaoeto illustrate oacli tojjic by j)inall<'l i)assasos from tlie SiicrT-d writin>rs. a^^il I am mt)st rt'luctiiutly comi»i'lloil to uiiut tlic uotico of thoii^umi- > < (.'mt matliT.^ wliicli wuulil be most highly instructive, for th.-ro >.a iio.liinjr mentioned in t e Scri])tuies, not oven tlie ismallest jot or tittle, b it . ,.m is pregniiat witli divine wisdom, and this by reason of the hoU lun u.iii, that iu the inmost of the Wohd, tlie IjOKD alone is. Even in tho hisiuijl cals of the Word, sucli as the journeys of the Israeli "es. we have a jjurfcct counterpart if the journey of every Christian from the Egypt of a natural etate, to his triumphant entry into t)io heavenly Canaan, together with the whole arcana ot liis regeneration, all written by the linger of GrOD.and riescribed by mere corresjjondences. The flrst chai)ters of Genesis, appar- ently descriptive of the creation of the natural universe.- Adam and Eve, tho garden of Eden, the tree of life, and of the knowledge of good and evil, the serpent, ( ain and AJ>e], tho flood, Noali, and the other patriarclis, tho ark, tho tower of Dabol, etc., down to tlio end of the eleventh chapter of Genesi-', will bo found, when interpreted by tlie science in question, to con- tain tho nu)St wonderful einbodinient of divine truth ever unfolded to tho world. Tula science will enable us to harmonize every apparent discre- pancy in the letter o*" tho Word, and understand ail passages whicli are otherwise inexplicable, and is not such a study deserving of the attention of every one, since in thc.^e latter days, the Loud ijoi> tlic Saviour has been most graciously pleased to disclose the knowledge of it, so that what has hitherto lain most dt eply concealed is now made manifest in tho clearest light, and the transcendant importance of the disclosure is such that this is iu very truth what is denoted by " the Son of Man coming i,i tho clouds of heaven," whicli wis to take place at the consummatiun of tho age, or church, erroneously translated, "end of tho world." These revelations and disclosures have been made through a man whom the Lord raised up, prepared, instructed, and tilled with ills spirit, so that he might reduce them to writing, and tliat thus they might be printed and preserved for the use of His cliurcn through succeeding generations. That man was Emanuel Swodunborg, and tliese unfoldings of the spiritual sense of the Word are to be tound in his theological writings, to which 1 would refer all who take deligiit in the study of llie scriptures, for no lover of truth can fiul to be both delighted and astonished, at the i)rofundity and variety of the immense .nass of knowledge nreseuted in relation to the epiritual sense of the Word, heaven and hell, and the life of man after death. The subjects ,so iin,.erfeclly treated in this brief sketch, and many thousands besides, will bo found in those writings to be treated with the full measure of that elaborate justice which they deserve. Every sentence seems to conlirm and veiity their author's claim that ho was called and prepared for this holy oflice by the Loud Himself, for most assuredly no- thing short of supernatural illumination could enaide any one to make Buch statements, and impart such knowledges as are contained in thene books. The exalted pleasure derived from tho study of these writings is the sole reason for recommending them to the consideration of others, and I take mucli pleasure in appending the namey of the dilferent books, with a few collateral works, together with the addresses of responsible parties from whom they may bo procured. See list on last page. The theological writings would lill about thirty octavo volumes of oOO pages each, and his philosophical works, writ-n anterior to his illumination, wouldiill as much more, making ab^ut sixty volumes in all. It is deemed proper to state that the writer has no pecuniary interest in the sale of these books, tho r>artie.s whose addre^se.s are given on the last page having at this time, March 1873, no intimation whatever, that any such notice as this is intend- ed; furtliermore, what lias been adduced in this appendix has been done from a love of the truth, and from no desire for emolument of any kind. The illu.-trious Svvedeiiborg, who died March, 29, 1772, was a Swedish nobleman, held in high respect by tho royal lainily of Sweden, and was C'Ttainly one of the most extraordinary aiid learned men who (>ver lived. Tho celebrated c.iemist Ui-rzilius, says" of Swedenborg's " Animal king- dom:" " 1 liavo been surprised to liiid how the mind of Swedenborg has preceded tho prest'iit state of knowledg >, writing Mis work at the tiiuc ho did." The Ki'v. John Clowoj of il an Chester, Eualaud, write* a» follows, B. .APPENDIX TO THIJ ARTIZaN'S GDIDE. 29 int of apjweto 'ritiiiv'-". .T^.i I innl- 1 V r.t'.'T ■re xa no'lr.nf; ttle, bn .:it Holciiui II I h, in tho lii.-i'iii- have a ])Lrfi'ct pt of a natural togother witli er of GrOD, and jenesis, appar- Ulam and Eve, good and ovU, patriarchs, the nith chapter of iiestion, to con- anfolded to tho iparent discre- agos which are •f the attentiou he Saviour has It, 80 that what iianifost in tho iclosure is such Man coming in »nsummatiiin of world." These man whom the ipirit.so that ho be printed and nerations. That of tho spiritual lugs, to which 1 ires, for no lover ) ]>rofundity and relation to the ife of man after cetch, and many treated with the Every sentence ! was called and ost assuredly no- my one to make ntained in therie these writings is an of others, and ent books, with a isible parties from The theological ges each, and his kvouldlillasmuch d proper to state • thf-se books, tho ing at this time, i as this is intend- lix has been done lent of any kind. ■'2, was a Swedisli Sweden, and was ■n whoever lived, •s " Animal king- f Swedenborghas orkattheti.neliQ , writes m follows, " Tlio author of this meraolr cannot conclude nls narrative without offer* in-r up to tho Fatlior ot in Tcies his mostdcyout iindgraieful acknowledge, lii, .Its, .'or'.lu' ('Xtraonliu.iry privil(?;(> and inestimable blo^Mn?,' vouchsuied liiiuin li:iviiigb"('n adinittod to tho kuowledgo and acknowlodgpiniul o< the inith anii .mp.irtanco ot the doctrines unfolded bv SwedLuborg f oiq llie Word of (iou as the genuine doctrines of Christianity." This gentio- luaii translated Swedenborg's largest work, the " Arcana C'oelestia," in ten octavo volumes, from the Latin Into English. I'rofessor Gorres ol Germany, written as follows, " Throughout the entire career of his learned researches and activity, wo everywhen; discover tho pious and roli.^'ious man, who in all his sayings and doings, was intent upon good," Dr (iabriel A. Beyer, professor of Greek literature in (iottenburg, in a long declaration respecting the doctrines tau^-ht by Swerlenborg, deliver''d in obedience to the royal command, Jun 2nd., 1772. concludes thus, " / luioe found in them nolhnirj hut wh'it clnseli/ colnriiles with ih^i words of the L'>ui) Himself, and that they shine with a liyht trtily divine. " Gen. Chrls- ll.m Tuxen, a persnnal aciiuaintiinco of Swedenbofg's, and Commissioner of War under the King of Denmark, stati'-; in a lettnr, " For my part I thank our Loim the Gou of heaven, that I have be.in acquainted with tills gi'eat man and his writing-! ; 1 esteem this as tho greatest blessing 1 everexperiiMKjed in this life." I'lio itev. Dr. Hartley, late Hector of Win- wick, Northamptonsjilre, England, the translato of Swcdenbor;;'s " Ilea- ven and Hell," writes thus, " I have found hi;n to b- tho good divine, the goi)d man, the deej) philosopher, tho universal scholar, t!io p ve of great interest. The " Tiuo Christian lteU'j;ion"Is agood work for beginners, being tlie last writton bv Bweuenb ng. In it he says, "Tho particulars ot faith on man's part are, 1. Tnat (joi) is one. in whom there is a Divine Trinity, and tiiat lie is the Loud (iou and Saviour JES08 Ciiiiisr. 2. Tiat saving faith is to believe on llini. ?.. That evil actions ou','ht not to be done because they are of the devil, and from the devil. 4. That good actions ought to be done, bfcauso they a.-e of (ion, and fiom God. 5. And that a man siiall do them as of lliihseir, n'verlheless under this belief, that they are from the Lord, ope- ratin,'wilti him and l)y him. Tiie first two particulars have relation to fp'th ; llie next two to Charity ; and the last respects the conjunction of ciiariry .and r.iith, and thereby of tho Lokd ard man. In his " Doctrine of Life" in' states, " All religion has relatitm to life, and tho life of religiou is to do L'ood." Elsewhere lie states, ' I'here arc live classes of those who road my writings. The first reject them entirely, because they are in ano lier persuasion, or because they are in no faith. The second receivo tiicm as s ientitics, orasobjects of niero curiosity. The third receive them intellectually, and are In some measure pleased with them, but whenever they require an application to regulate their lives, they remain where they wer' before, fhe fourth receive them in a persuasive manner, and are then ty led, in a crtain degree to amend their lives and perform uses. The fifth receive them with delight, and confirm them in their lives." Dear reader, to which class will you belong ? The following " liules of Life," were found among the writings of tiii-. great and good man. 1. Often to read and raedita>o o!i tho VVoiid nf God. 2. I'o submiteverythiiit^ to the will of the Divine Providence. 3. fo (4)'ervo in everything a ^^o pricty of behaviour, and to keep the conscience clear. 4. fo obey th.-t which Is ordained, to be faithful in the discharge of the duties of our employment, and to do everything in our power to render ourselves as universally useful as possible. His motto, "Tiiv. Lord will pkoviuk." Regarding tho happiness ot lieaven, we quote the foUowmg from the writing: of thisi.luniined author. " It is said fn heaven, that innocence dwells in wisdom, and that the ingols have wisdom in proportion as they have innocence. That this Is ihe case they oouUrm from these considerations : That they who are in % 30 APPJENDIX TO THK AttTlZANS QUIDB. ! rat* of Innocence attribute nothing of ^ood to themselvosTtut consider tt'emse've^ odIt as recolvers and ascril)e all to tljc Loud ; that tlic} aro (.•o^ir^.u,■^ to be Ifld l>v liini, und not by tlioin:^p!vo« ; thiit thct tbe angel s) from an inmost ground. " " The divine sphere of pence in heafen flows Irom the Loud, and exists in conseqaeuc** ofilis conjuuc- liou vitu tlic BUgels of heaven, and in parficular in consequence of iho coajunci-oa of good and truth in every '.in^el. These aro the origins of beacp, whence it mskj be evident that peace in heaven is the Divine spliora aumoatly a^oating with b'easedness every principle of good there, thus ftci-.ng ft«» the source of of ah the joy of heaveii ; and that in its essence it is thejjy of the Lokd's divine lore, resulting from ili-t conjunction with heaven and with every one there. Thi.-t joy percoived by the Loud in tlio a'lgei-, and by the angela from the Loud is iwace. Hence, by derivation, M»o ".ug^'ls have every blessedness, delight and happiness, or that whu;h is te.'m^'d bearealy joy. ' " Every one may know, th:*t when man leaves llio exW^rnal or natural man he comes into the internal or spiritual ; whonco ii :ii.a7 be known that heavenly delight is int^^rnal or spiritual, but not external or uaturAl ; and aiuco it ia internal and spiritual, that it is purer and a»«>rG.ex'iuii>ite, and that it affects the interiors of man, which are the f^'C'.iiJcs oi ois .«!Oul or spirit," " The deii^hts uf uea-en are infUuble. and lit'ewiM innumerable. But of those innumerable delights not one of thorn • ill bo known or credited by him who is in tlio mere delight of the body or of*liOtlesh ; since his interiors look away from heaven and towards ct re of peace in if His coujaiic- iequence ol'the the origins of 3 Divine sphere »od there, thiia its essence it is njuuctiou with le LoHD in tho , by derivation, )r that wrhich is man Igaves t he ritual ; whciico iritual, but not , that it is i)urer I, which are tlie re inellable. aud not one ol theaa itof the body or ind towards Uio (scriptiou would .sexistinv; wiieu more if he W(!ro } are inuutntia- tlesh, which are ri^-d with tnem. leavemy joy is." kH from cliarity. itruct and teach jiring them with it on liiom from al life, and after- )03Sible, to intro- ces tliey percoivo no images of the slves, and where , then, is in use, perceived diiriu!? " Heavenly joy bi.;cauae it lias its d th.nico in every ^e ap;aiu in every teriora were fully which ie diffused Info ail tho libres, and thus through the whole angol ; whoncfl ItR poroep. tion nnd sensation aru such as to admit of no dcficripti(m ; for what coni- <,,^!. OS from the inmost parts. tUtwA into all derived from them, and ])roi)agateH itself with contiimed augmentation towards the exteriors. «.-< with tho utmost soft- nes through all the inmost fibres with such a aoim' of enjoyment, that the fibre is as it'%vere nothing but jov and delight ; and in like manner every jxTCoption and sensation thence derived, receivin>c its life from happiness. The joy of bodily pleasures, compared with these joys, is as a gross and pungent clot compared with a pure aud most gentle aura. It was observed that when I wrs desirous to transfer all my delight to another, a mor« interior and ftiUor delight flowed in its place, and it was perceived that this was from the Loud." Kegardiiig the puuishraents of the wicked we extract the following from " I leaven and Hell." . " Evil spirits are severely punished in tho world of spirits, that by pun- ishmentstliey maybe deterred from doing evil. This appears as if it were from tho Lord, when yet notliing of punishment comes from the Lord but from evil itself. For evil is so conjoined with its own punishment that thtti cannot be separated. The internal crew desire and love nothine more than to do evil, especially to iiifiict punishment and tv^rraent; ana they likewise do evil, and intlict punishment on every one who is not pro- tected by the Loud ; wherefore, when evil is done by any from an (!vil heart, since this rejects irom itself all protection from the Lord, infernal spirits rush in upon liim who does it and punish him"— What inlisrnal fire ip— which is mentioned in the Word as the j)ortion of those who are ia he'll, hath as yet been known scarcely to any one, by reason that mankind have thought materiallj^ respecting the things mentioned in the Word, nit being acqntiated with its spiritual .'^onse, wherefore by this fire sorao have unaerstood material fire, some torment in general, some the pangs of conscience, and some liave supposed that it is mentioned merely to im- press the wielded with tenor." " Tho spiritual heat appertaining to man. IS the heat of bis life, because in its essence it is love. This heat is what is meant in the Word by fire, love to the Loud aud neighbourly love being meant by heavenly tire, and self love and the love of tlie world being meant by infernal fire ; and since sucli lust possesses all who aro in the hells, thereto -0, iii^ewise when the hells are opened, there is seen a sort of fiery appearance, with smoke issuing from it, such as is usually seen fiom buildings on fire. Hut when these arc closed, this fiery appearance is not seen, but in its place an appearance like a dark mass of condensed smoke. It is Iiowever to be noted, that they who arc in the hells are not immersed In firo, but that the fire is an appe.irance, for love corresponds to tiro and all things which appear in the spiritual world appear accord- ing to corrfespondences." " As by infernal fire is meant every lust to do evil flowing from tho love of se!f, by it is also meant torment such as has place in the hells. For the lust derived from that love is the lu#t of hurt- ing others who do not honor, venerate aud pay court to the subject of it; aud when such lust prevails in every one, in a society which is restrained by no external bonds such as the fear of the law, and of the loss of repu- tf.tlon, of hi>n r, of gain, or of life, every one under the impulse of bis o.vn evil, iu:l.Gs upou another, and te general n»(i"ries, in tho Hrnt volume of the Arcana Cn/tstln arc described , number of fpecilic inHictlons which follow th«p':rpetrator8 of various crimes Conceininp th me "lum of snlvation; we qtiofe from the Apocnlypst Explained, No. *^0.3, "It is known thiit faitli gronndeil in love is the essential raedifm )f salvation, and that hence it iH the chief thmg of the doctrine of t?-o Jhurch. but inasmuch an it i it importance to know liow man may be in illustration, bo as to learn thetnitha which muHtconstituto his faith, anc' in nflectlon bo as to do tho poods which must constitute his love, anri :h may know whether hi.s faith bo the faith ol'trnlh, and Ilia love tlu \o\ jf good, this -.vil? b'> sliewn in it.s order ; which i» this, 1. Let a man read the Word every day, one or two chapters, and learn from a competent teacher and from preachings, the doctrines of bin religion ; and especially, let him learn that Gau L: on., that the Lori> is the Cii>i> of heaven and eartii (.John, ii', 85 ; C'mp. xvii. 2, Matt, xi, 27 ; Chap xxviii. 18 ;) thattlie Word is n ly, tlr.t -hereica heave i and a hell, and that ther" is a life alter di> ath. 2. Let him lean' fi ^m the Word, from a com- petent teaclier and fr'^ia pivarhinps, what worka ar' Bin:;, acd that they are especially adulteries, thefts, .nurders, false testimonieL;, and several :>thersmeiitioned in thedecaloguo ; likewise that la.sciviouB and obf-cene ^hcughtsalsoareadulterv ; th."b frauds and illicit gains alsoare thefts ;that batrcds and revenges also arc murders ; and that lies aud hlasphemiea also "ire false testimonies ; and fc on. I.,et him learn all these things as he advances from infancy to adolescence. 3. VV hen man begins to think from himself, which take.s place after tin ago of adolescence ; it must then be Ihotirst and primcry thing with h\m,todesititfron% doing evUn, hfcau$« ihey are sins against t/ie Hord, thus against God; and that if he does them, he cannot hav :t rral Hfc, hut hell ; and altorwardrt as he advances In years, to shun th'in as accursed, aud turn away from them even in ihcaightand intention. .'Jut in order to delist from them, and shun and become averse to t'.ert he must supplicate the J.okd for aid. The sins from which lie mus'. desis* and Avhich he mest nhuu and become averse to aro principally 'dulteries, frauds, illicit gains, hatreds, revenges, lies, blaspkemios, and pride, a.id solf-couceit. 4. In proportion as man dettsts those things by reason of iheir being ag.ijnst tlio Word, and thence agaiui God, in the same pt^iportiou communication is given him with the Loud, and conjunction i.sefilpcled for liim with heaven ; for the Lord enters, aud with the i^oRD heaven, as sins are removed ; for t.'ioso aud th'^ix falses aru ihesole hindrances The reason is, because man is set in tlic midst le- tween heaven a«d hell, wherefore hell acts from the one part, and heu\ e.i from the other in proportion therefoio as evils are removed which are from hell in the same proportirn goods from lieaven enter, for the Loiu) says, ' IJehoId I stand at tlio door and knock ; if an;- man shall hear my voice, and open (he door, I will come in to him." Kev. id. 20. But ilmun desists from doing the.-o evils from any other cause than because they aro sins, and against the Word.and thence against God, conjunction with hea- Ten is not effected for bini, because he de.'^ists from hin.self, and i:ot fiora the Lord. The I.ord U in the Word, insomuch that He is called the Woi il, John i., 1, 2, 3, 4. because tho Word i;i frt m liiin ; that hence there is coii- function of heaven with tlie man of the Church bv the Word, may he si en in the work concernin;; Ifrar^cn ami Hell, Js'o. 803 to 310. Ko far tliesi .^k man detests tho.-;e sins, s'l fargood affections enter, as, fir examp'e, :■'> l;r as he detests 'adulteries, ^o t'lr cliasfit}- eiiter^ ; S(j fnr as he dete.-.ts fra.ui; and unlawful gains, so f;ir siincerity and jastieo enter, so far us lu! (Ictt -i-i hatred and revenge--, so far charity eniera ; .>-o liir as he de.ests lies iiuJ blasphemies, so far truth enters, and so far us he detests pride aiidselie; '-h c» it, so far enters humility before God, and the lovoof ids neighbor as lii..:< self, ami so on ; from hence it follows that to shun evils, is to do g.n 'l' 6. So far as man is in tliese good affections, so far ho is led of the L<>iii>i and not of himself, and so far aa he acts from them, so far he doee ^ood APPENDIX TO THE ARTIZANS' GUIDE. 0'» horefon they devil til sul)ju. cit obt'dii'iu'P, 11 contimially, infernal lire' rniia Cnft'stia w. jj'^^rpotrators >0 Apocahjpxt love is tlie ef thing of the i to know how nustcon(>titut« lUHt constituto h of truth, and hich i« thit*, 1. and learn from )f liifl religion ; I) in the tiin) of Chap xxviii. hell, and that d, Irom a com- acd that they t'o, and several LiH and obhcene are thcftH ; that lanphemies also *o things aa he B to think from it must then be f evils, hevautt ' that {f he does I art he advances a them even in , and flhuD and ■ aid. The »\m iccorae averse to reveuge», lies, I a» man dettsta d thence agaim' with the Lord, ,oRD enters, aud i thoir falses aru n the midst li'- jart, and heiu ea lOved which are er, for the Loud an shall hear my .20. Butitmnn because they are notion with hea- !lf, and i;ot fiorn called the Wortl, ^nco there is cos;- ord, may be neen . !Si) fur lli«!i lis r exiunj)'e, :•>> l"'" IP detc.-ts fra'.uli f:ir lis he di'tc-ti ' de.osts lies uiiJ rido aiidseli'-ocii" nciglibnras liii.> s, is to do g.ii il' led of the LoiiD, far he doet ^o'^'i works ; because h. uoos there from the Lord and not from bimselt ; he then acts Irom charity, from sincerity and juitice, from charity, from Iriilh, iu humility befor God, ard from these no one can act of iiimself. 7. ihe spiritual affections which ar beato'.ed by the Lord on th- man wh(. is in tuose principlus, and acti: from them, are the affection of know- ing and understandini^ the truths, and goods of heaven and the churc !i, to- gether with t)>(' atfeciio I f willln/r and doing them ; likewise theafTeo* ti>iii attended with zeal of fightinn against falses and evils, and dissipating them with himsel'anr! with 'there ; hencr man has faith and lOve, ana heiici' he hu.s intelligeuco und wi8d;:'m. 8. ThuB, and not otherwise, is man reform d , ani. m far ns >io knows trutho, and wills and does thorn, so far be regeiiervted, an ^ from batural becomes spiritual, in like manner bU faith and his lov:. If viL are not romrve ecause they are sins, all things which man thinks, speaks, wilL and does, aro Dot good nor true before Uod, however tliey appear us p;ood an -J truo beforo tlie world ; tlie reason is, because they a'e not from the Lord, but from man, for it 'a the love of man and of the world, from which they arc and wliich is in them. Most people of this da;' believe, thuttboy V all comoint' heaven if they have faith, lirepious- ly.'ani' «lo /rood works ; an'' yet they do not hold evils in aversion because lliey aro sins, vvh nee '^hcy either commit them t believe them to be al- lowable, und they that believe them to be allowable, commit them when opportunity is given ; but let them know that their faith n not faith, that their piety i-i not p'ety, and that their good works are nut good, for they flow from th" impurities which 11" inwardly concealed in man, theexter- nal:' deriving all their quality from the internals ; lor the Lord says, "Thou blind Pharisee, cleanse tlrst the inside uf the cup and platter, that the out- 8idu may bH clean also. Mutt xxiii. 26 ; from these considerations it maj now bo evident, thatif man should fulfil all things of thelaw, if heflhoulc give much totht^ po:)r. if lie should do good to the fatherless and the widow, nay if he should also give bread to thu hungry and drink to thothirstr, gather the sojourners, clothe the naked, visit the sick, go to the bound .r\ prison ; if he shouM preach the gospel strenuously, convert the tiontiles, frequent temples, hear preachings with devotion, attend the sacrament of the supper frequently devote time to prayer, with more such things, and his internal is not purified from Imtred and revenge, from craftiness r.ni! malice, from insincerity and injustice, from the filthy delight of adultery, from the love of eelf and the love of ruling thence aerived, and the priac of sell-intelligence, from contempt of others in comparison with himself, and from all other evils and the lalses thence derived ; -till nil these works are hypocritical, and are from the man himself aud not from the Lord. But on the other hand, those same works, when the internal !.<« purifled, are all good, because they are from the Lord with man ; who cannot otherwise than do them, because he is in the faith and love of doing them." —"These are the works, which are understood in the Word by works, which can by no means bo separated from faith, for faith sepurat'^d froo:. thorn is dead, and dead faith is a faith of what is false from an -^vil love, or is the thought that a thing is so, whilst tho lifeisbtill vil." — "That to ai'stuin from evils from anv other cause whatever, than from the Word, d IS not purify the internal man, is evident from the origin of vil works and from the origin of good wor s ; as hj who abstains from adulteries from fear of the civil law and its punishments, from fear ot the loss of &me and thenceof honor, from fear of hurt arising from poverty, covetou<:aes8 0r avarice ; from fear cf sickness from them, andconsequoncintranquiilty of life, from infii mity arising from abuse, or from age, or even from natural good and the moral principle thence derived, no not; being becoming apd firopcr, &c., and from these causes alone lives chastely, still he is interior- y unchaste and an adulterer, if he does n it abstain from them out of spir- Ituiil faith, which faith is, that adulterieo are infernal, because they are contrary to the Divine Law, and thcnco contrary to thefear of Uod, and the love of tho neighbour. And so io ali other cases." As many may uesiio further information respecting doctrines which aro silently but'surely finding their way with transforming power among nil Classen of Ch'istiaiie, I will now insert in their order, 1. VVho are thfsw now Church people? by llev. Dr. Uayloy of Lo don. 3. The Kibb».nd Of m 3t An-ENMX TO THE AKTTZANS .Vii>it. V,Ui<\ from " f lio DIviiv 'A'oid Opr-nofl," hy tlm •^amo au+hor, Int^-nHod to il It'll r«Ui (lie cmrt'ni iin.l.MK.c of ;' itTKUilM,' color*, ftn. In thr^ ^^'■^rll. ;). ih" Ku»wf:vL.i"(> (>f;;niiiti rviinv I.<'M at 2su. 2'), (.oDpi-r Union, NowYork, iir » .;t/i Rt'iiortpr. 4. Li-t r i" Swi'ik'iibnr>,''« t!ii(>li^;:ioiil vrriiiri.", '(.fr.'iiifr witli ttio iiaiiios of a (\'vv >aluublo cuUaturul M'orkrt which will bu I'ouuii well worthy olporuHal, WHO AR"". THESE NEW CnURCIl PEOPLE f Th<> froiincncy with wkich thp Bentimenta unloldort in tlip wn'tinj-rs of aiT(!.redi'n^or;». wlio \v;h an iliii.->triom ^('^vallt of tlifl Lord .!e=ii3. iiy ThiitvmlHin l-isivritin^n rhey have l>een greatly pmriicd ; they iind themselves ji-xivted to draw nearer to tlio havioiir, tu iini'ur- i-laiid the Sciipturei more thoroughly, and iioroeivf' their won-irouu Divinity. Theso writing-* alwo contain much oonceiniiifj the 'uwh and circumstance-! of the cte'-nal world. Q. l;ut whu i5 i!ii-f about the New JeruRHlem : Do they thiult u^-,-eat golde"' city is to coisie down to tiie earth through the cloudb f A. K'it in Die len^t. Th-m* out ward .vontlerHuud HpeciafiieH lU the sKlns Ihoy leave to oth"r.;. They uud'oi^tand tiiiil; Hentimi-nts golden and eieitr tre to enter nu!!!'-! miu'H. TMev only (;xpect tho world tu become e.'Hrcr lik(? heaven, as ne^v oriocfplc^of Hf^^d- love, andjuHtice. become rnorefjliy received, ae.d oxtr;i'i\ely Kpsesul amnnp men. They believe thoro.i);i:iiif the word'* of the Fjori .Jesns, " riio kinn;dom of (ioii cometh not liy u.iV Wfird obHiTv.n'ion ; in ithor nh-Il men fiy. !o litre ! imm-, loSliere p.iit tlio kinxdoiii of Cod i« '.-i»hin y^n" (Luke xm. 'ill. Woc.u! inaUeoii/ Irtio vrorM happier to-dny if we wi!1. A ;id the whole world inust learn fo l« cnnie wis^r. ana will luul ^trivt> to bo'-.ome bettor, and so the Lord will become king ovenil! tl'-e earth (Zech. x\v. 9.) Q. iiut why f! ■> they talk of nv.vthinpf new on such flnhject-< .' Flow can there ba any'lhinj' new in retip-ion ? Christianity in o:d enouiii, ;i(.d if thev are Ch'riatluu* how can tl)#«v be neto, New Church, or auyUiing of thiitV.ind 1 A. Religion, thongh tdwaynpnre at first, when revealwl from the »iOid. hi\'i A great teivlency ti> beconi'^ corrnpt. in time, by tee oe;(-(e.'Kiii)< dlaijositlonF of wo*-!'!!'/ r'.iii-^tiae!*, ■who hope to acqttiropeii and po.»i-f b/ uiaKlnjj rol'>^:ion popular, atio ileba«in,t: it by popular errors ana numao trad f.ion». rather than by e!''v;itin(? th> people to jusuce, jndf^nient. and the loTO oi'Cod. Sio the .T'j:^.* iii.ine the cominandments of (iod of untie ctf"Ct by tbeir trsdltiorH. fio (Jlirininnity, by corrnptiong cuinnu nchig In too time of Con'-^iaMtioe, becinip a massof mysteries mid superJiirioiis. Tho flrfit ffoat '.rror wa.s n (jo n>:\-' now lo ui. Ii ic «a r.tt u Id rciatiou to ATPENnlX TO THK aRTI/ANh' (H'IDE. 35 r fTitf'if'i'fl to \hc W, r.l. :), INowYoil.. or will bo louud IT IIP writiiifxs of ,vill« Troin time bi)v»' n'C ii'.i'il, llbnlod iu Ui8 ill all to Hi^ f tho ifail ns ? TS R\V CHITRCH- M rtTVillll of fd, tne o(^il-^«"»''>K n^n ftii'i |)(>>uir by rrurs and ivunao ce ju(iK'"P>''' ^"'^ g <')f (jioti of none rit)nr» cuinnit n imt»<)1i8, Npxtcamo )i.av- bonitH iiiif' '"'''^'^ rjr-turos wire ■ii\'' ion, and tUonEli lu now. niHi.y <'t !»" . t»i-iV'' f.:'" ■' " ^ Lfrnai iruuisiinv*n tt u lii rclaimu to thoto tlnio.^ Flo who «ftt upon the throne s id, Bkiioi.u, I maku all TlllVOa NKW ( lt»'V Xix I)'. (2. Wliatttit' tiic... Uiiw rnnolples yo'i nyruK ni f Toll in oho lirsi. A. It is now ; vHilt is tniiy o d. U in rlml Joliov.ih, tiic otorual Irod, our ('roator. iH abHolufely dhh, and lit) l)('("aini! our iiaviou. .Khus Jhrl'*t. !S(> tliHt 111 Jfnus Clirist is .lio first auil Iho latt, tlio human ..nd tiio J)iviiie, the Father, tlio Mon.ui.d tiio Itoiy Spirit, thu clurniil I'rinlty. Ue is all in all to m», the Katlu^r Ih !i: II im aa lUu uoul i. in tuo hoay y YolChrlHtpriiyed to tfiO Fuihor I" A That was while liewapiD tlio world in tiintj^ of temptation, while Ho had our uatiiro, with \U liilinnitic-i Hud iiapurfectioiid, and llo had tc hach us how to suft'er aud to pray The iiuinan prayed to tiio Divine, as our lower nature appeals for Buccour to our btUter nature in times of (listre.sB It 6et>m9 to uh, in deep triala, as if tliere were two persons in \in ; buttlieyare not two persons, and wlu'in the trial is over and jwrfectitni ii'iuined, then there in entire unity, Mo wlnn Christ's trialn WHrooverand Jiis IminHnity wa« glontied, iliofe was no praying to th > Father, but Ho wao mauifestly the Father in tlio Son (.John xiv, IH). He who sees Him Hi'fS tho Father (John xiv. 7,8,9). lie in tlie ev.'tlastiiiff Father and tho J'riiine of I'euco (Isa. Ix 6. He is the root and the oIlHpring of IJavid, the hriglit and the morning .StariUev. xxii, 1(3). Ho is the 8un of righ- teousness (Mai. iv. i5). Tlio Isn-ad of I Ifu .John vi. 43). The Liglit of tho world (tlohnix. 6), The King of liiiigs und Lord of lords (Kev. xix. 16). tome to Him, pray to Him, follow Him, borvo Him Q. Hut how about the Atonement ? A. CTirixtiaiis ottlio 2^i'w iJereaalem hoilove In the Atonement as tho Apostio Paul expre^so."? it, (jod was in Christ reoouoiliug tlio world unto Hiiiwlf (2 Cor. v. 1). He reconciled It to Himself tu.si in His own Humanity (John xvii. 19 ; Eph. ii. 15). He ba« bwn reconciling it ever since hy ilia ijosoel, and He will reconcile it to HiiuscU' iu us If we wlU repent, turn to Him, and become new men. Q. Is there not something peculiar nboiil th(» wiiy of viewing ttio Miblo y A. Wo have precisely the Mine llible thatyou have, butthe New Church dooliires the BiDlo to liavo a spiritual meaning, over and above the literal meaning; not denying the literal meaning, b .t using it for liistory, for doctrine, and i'orodiiloatioTi, as other Chrmtlaiis do. The spiritual mean- ing constitutes a Bible within tho Bible, always treating of tho Church, thi) regeneration of tho soul, of tlie battlet< wo wage hgainst our fains, and of the thing.s of heaven. But this is only wiiat tlie Saviour said, My wordu, they are spirit and tljey arelife John vi. 0.3) ; the apostles doclares the same thing. The letter knleth, but the spirit givoth lift; (2 Cor. iii. 6). V. But iiow about tlie early cliuptt^rs of (jenesis '( A. Up to tho history of Abrahiim, tliey are Divine allogorie!<, lull of spiritual wisdom, clothed iu tlie Ifiiiguage of i)arablo, in tlic manner of tliat most ancient literature* that wa.^ the oriain of tlio tgyjitiaii Hiero- glyphics, and t ho beautiful fables oi tho Grfess. Hence tiiero i« no cou- trkdiction between tlii.s jiart of tne Bible and geology JN'atural crofttion is the emblematical account of iiinral an 1 spiritual ereariou. il, Is A man, according to these views, nave d by t axth alonk In th« merit!? oi his isaviour ? A. Ho must iiavo i«iui in the nieiit of iiis Saviour, and he ha.^ no mt'ritsof liis own. But lie mii«t also iiKi.iiiVic, i,ovK,anil i>«) hisi^aviour's will, or lie cannot be prepared for lieuven. In i(iii.,'ion, love is the great princinlo, tlie root >f all the rest (Kom. xiii. 8 10 ; i\latf. xxii, :J7 40). The Apostle I'aul Kiiid, Kow abideih tliese tiiiee. faith, hope luui charity 'or love), and tlii' greate.«t of these is charity (or lovi-l ((Jor xiii. 1,5). ill' will) luvos tlie Lord Jesus, wiii Hi.Lii;vii ILm woni-. liiid do Ills commandincats. F'ulth aione is dead, t'lo aporUle said iJ'uncr. ii. 26) ; whether it is in the merits of our .Saviour, which are truly infinite, or anything :1bo. The faith which lovej and works is the only faith which Bavo.'. < ;. How 1 : 11 heavenly character ioruir. Next, liy persovernnco m wi'll-doiiig, by conHrlenttaltli In'tJio ,iird Jesus, iaithlliUioas in the times of thai uiid tomiitatiou ; by daily fi 3G AlFEt'DIX TO TUE ARNIZANS GUIDE. If loading of tlie Word of Gt ', and prayer, and hj Iho diligent use of th« lucaii;) t/f giiice. Itius tho ta^^tes n.id aims of iii'u bocotne ontiroly alterod, and tho soui dt'lights in lioavunJy things as its chiof joy. (j. What tlion is tho Aew Churchman's uaLK of lifk f A. Precisely tliat tauL'ht m tho Oiuiiadia thoTse.v Testament by tho Lord Jiwus aad His apostiea : namely, in humility, faiUi, and love to koep tho feu Commandments. What doth tho Lord thy God require of thee, but to do justly, love mercy, and walk humb.y with tliy God ? (Micah vi. 8). Jesus eaid. If yo lovo me, keep my commandments (John xiv. 16). Tho Apo.^tle i'aui wrote, Circumcision is nothing, and uncircumcisiou is nothing, but KKKPiNO TUB c)MMAND.\iKNT8 OK GOD (1 Cor. vii. 11^> ; and Jo n declared This Is the lovo of God, thut we keep His commandmeuts : and His commandments are notgriovous(l John v. 3). We must keep tho Divine precepts in all theemployments, enpagemonrs, habits, and ucts, of oaily lifu ; without that, our belief is vam, aud our religion self-decei)tion. Q. Can this bi) done by a man's own strength and merit ? A. No man has any Btron;u'th or any merit, but what coiies from God, every moment of liis life. But God our Saviour does giv^ strength to every one who truly seeks Ilim. lie also gives His angels charge to aid us from our birth to ur grave. Aud they lovingly receive us and wel- come us wht n we die. Q. Aro all children who die taken to heaven ? A, :)!i, oorliiidly. Angels of love, who have been their guardian angeig take them inio their blessed care in hs wliicli had every hour bcm ch'iitn taking new foruH in the vegetable world, been eaten by" animals, and then become parts of other liuinan bodies, for uo one kiiows how many thousand* of yeais, is brought togetlur again '; Q, But cannot God's omnipotence da this ? A. God never uses His omuipoteiico to do what if! foolisih and wrong. Wo have no warrant to call in God's jtovver to justify our blunders. Whatever God does is the best thing, done in \)w wihkst way. Wl en and where does juilgment take place y Tho (rue Chiistian judges hirtiseirr-oni day toriay. iVit, .after dci^h, he a;)pfa -s before lhejurhl, whid'. I-* an int(>nj'e(iK--to state between heaven and hell, After deaili the judg- ment (ileb. IX. >,",i 1 APPEiNDIX TO THE AUTIZANS GUIDE. 37 use of thfl oly altered, Tiont by tho ovc to koep lire of thee, ? (Micah vi. hu xiv. 16). cumcisiou is vii. If ^ ; and aandmeutd : ngagemcufs, uin, aud our es from God, btrougth to ;hargo to aid 3 U8 and wel- ardian angels love and wis- .'lily home. ,vu each otliei vtcs agree and ( of tliis NfW .9 to marriage, or has fornied oly with tiiosQ [yen as well as t of sins. ,1 body (1 Cor. !j;oiierAtioii, or cannot iiiUerit vest is not tlie lias a heaveulv d to every b(H'd 8 present witli as ugly as they vhich they go : T?irtii of the resurrootion of to tho life of |v.2, ft). 1 "'^t it all who hayc ioH which hiid g new fornn in (MX. me vai'ts ol iidi of yeais, is iir.h and wrong, our blunder.*. WAY. ;-'T, after death, world, vvUicii H lieatU the juds- 1 Q Is there much said in Scripture about this intermediate state, or world of judgment and inotructioi: ? A. Verv much. It is tho VA)rld the prophets eaw in vision, or when t;ie r spirituil eyes we-e opened (Numb. xxiv. 16; 2 Kings vi. 17) John in tiio Kevolatious desuTibes what ho saw in that world through all ltd cl;ap+' rs ; h aven was above him— tlie bottomless pit below liim. (2- I'l'.t what, tnen, is meant by the judgment at the end of tl"e world T A. The end of tlie world, in the original Greek of the iScriittirOH, is tho end of tho auk or dispknsation ; and when a Church has been for ages cci rupt, tho bulk of the people have been cherish'.uc mistaken principes, and iu many thiugs doing wrong the greater part of their lives, as in dis- liking and hatiug others that were not of their owr. Church, and suppos- i.ig that it was right all the while. These cannot be so soon introduced as ill parer times, eitlier to h^'aven or to Jiell, and great numbers ga'her and reinaiu in the spirit world, the world of judgment, lint, at the end of tiie age, all are judged, and a i.ew age or new dispensation is begun in the world. Tiieetid of the world moans tho end of a dispensation, not tho end of tho universe (Ps. Ixxv. 8 : Isa. xxiv. 16,19) Q Then is not tho natural world to come to an end at all ? A. Certainly not. According to .Scripture, tho world and the universe will endure for ever (See Eccles. i. 4 ; I's. Ixxii. 5,17 ; lxxviii.69 ; civ. 5 ; cxlviii. 6; xciii. 1 ; xcvi. 10). Q, What, then, do you understand by the second coming of our Lord in the clouds of heaven ? A. lie has be"n banished fVom His Church by grievous errors and evil Practices. He comes nearer wl en men receive His truth in love and obey liui. He conies nearer in the fuller opening ol His Word. lie Comes in truer piinciples into the hearts and minds of men, He comes by the ex- tension of Ills truth into all the ways and works of men. Light is like the inward glory of tho Bible ; the clouds mean the outward language of tho Hiblc, through which an inner glory shine-'. lie comes in cli ids when Ho makes Hinitielf known to men in the language of His Word, which is plainly there revealing tho true character of Himself, His will, and His kiiigtlom, though they had Ibrgotten or ignored it. All the writers of the Bible are called a cloud of witnesses (Heb. xii. 1). Those wiio take the letter without tho spirit are said to be cl )uds without water (Jude 12), Tho Lord comes in tho clouds of heaven when He applies His Word to the hearts and minds of ineu ; — in power and great glory, when He revc^als the \ jwcr of His Word nd the great glory of His king- dom. IJehold, I stand at tho door and knock ; if any man will open tho door, I will c mo in to him, and sup with him, and he with Me, Tho king- doms of this world shall become the kingdoms of our Lord and of His Christ, aud He. as Uue Divine Person, shall roigu forever and ever. (Rev. xi, 15.) (i. What ifi taught as to heaven and hell ? A. Very much, so that the laws of both may now bo fully understood. Ile.iven is formed of tho heavenly-miniled, who have been made such by regeneration, more or le.>is perfectly done on earth. The heavenly ones aio arranged in most perfect order.by tho laws of divine love and wisdom; or in our Father's hou.se there are many mansipns (John xiv. 2.) Hell is composed oft ho.^o who have made hell upon earth ; they take tliem- eelvos, their passions, and their lusts with them into pain and sorrow. The rage, the hate, 'he torment, the misery they excite and inflict upon one another is the hcll-Ure in which they live. The never-dying worm is tho bynibol of their low, grovelling selfishness : it is their worm (Mark ix. 14), not God's. The wicked create their Are, they keep it alive themselves Isa.^ix. 18 ; 1.11) ; the false and insane thoughts of every kind which they conceive, and in w'lich they live, make the utter darkness of their abode, of which the Saviour speaks. (Matt. xxii. 13.) Q. Do you use the two sacraments instituted by our Lord, of Baptism and the Holy Supper ? A. Oh certainly, aud w? pee a sacred and most edifying meaning in each ofiiieni. ISaptisin we udniinister lu the lu.ui'; ol iiie Father, t*ou, and Ilolv Spirit, us a derticatioii of the peisou li .priyefl to the service of tlie Lord Jesus, and tho water Is a symbol of that i.xviNo TiurTii which is th< I ^1 i i i < I il ' ' 'Mm li 3a APrSNDIX TO 'J"HK AttTIZANe' GUIDE. tif! lii i t hi 1 1' '.J 1 ■\VatT otI,if<>, and by wlilcfi tho soul ij to bo puriikrl. 'Ilic Broad thf Vv HI.' ii. t'.-.f il'ii]^ >SUii, IT, .ire th" . yiiib-ils ol'llio P' odtic;?^ wlli.li IjiiiU i.;-ii liio iir IAD ')K ill-;.;, and tfie \Vi.-fi.!tii v.liich Up cuIIh " Is'iiW WiSi; or TUK lliwtJUo.M." \V!i<'ii we oincevcly receive Uuse 17 id the W8 n'ceive iliiii. Wo eat liis FLtsu and drink Ilia blood, and have ixicn- NAI, LIKK. 12. Ujt do yuu think that other C riRtiansliavo not truth as woll af true, ■.vhelhcr he be ofilie Church of England, whofo pious andkamed clergyl 'iotwith tanding many exceptions, we revere and admire, whone Pravere I'o k, with serious doctrinal delects, has many excellencies, and wIioho reverence lor the W\>rd of God U her cliief glory ; or worthy zealous Protc^taut Dissenters, or good Itoraan Catholics, good Jews, or (jentiles rho.-tedof Hini.-' (Acts x. 34, 35). Q. Is it, then, of no imi)ortanco whether we belong to a true religion or a false one ; whether we believe truth or error ? A. It is only truth, iii any system, that does a person good, but there is much truth attached to every religion. Ermr is always a hiiuiranee and a detriment. Truth is cl.'>ar and tiitl of CMUifort Error is obscure, per- plexing, and leads to di3tre8.><. Trulh is diivlight. Error isafop. Jt is Di'cause we believe tho Lord has given at this lime abnndiin e ot tnuhg which arc far from being generally acknowledtrcd, which are edifying, delightful, andsticngtheninglous, that we wj-hail around us, bofli men and Churches, to accept them, and be strong hcni'd and bless- «l also, so that tiio will of God may more x>erlectly bo done upon earth, asit ii done in lieaveu. Dear reader, would you posse-rs a .scriptural, jpiritnnl, rational. >-nving w;.lk toward! Iii'a^cn, e"in." iind hear fliese i.aalem, let tlicm beoliid .Swi'denboigians, or what you like. Doyou wi»!i to seemankiud i^.-iuii g out ol suj)erslition, soclarianisni, rationalism, narrowness, and dir'cness, into tiic srlo •iinis no lly religion lu aid you in your Christians of the xNew .iora.^; liberty of the children of light, then come and hear. Do von wisii to ' goodness aiid trutli extending their sncn-d influence, ainl .-in and f.l., shown lo be the disorderly, biuta!, coarse, and wortnless things they are then conn.' and hear, We address you In the language of Moses to .Jetliro We are journeviTig nnto the place of which tho Lord said, 1 wi:l giv(> it von: mme vitii u;f and wo will do you good ; lor tho Lord hath spok.Mi gor.d concerning Israel. Andilshall be, if you go with us, yea, if sh';ill bo, that what good- ness the Lord shall do unto us, the anme will we do unto theo. (Numlj. x. 29,32,. THE HIHBAND OF BLUE. " Speak unto tho childrnn of Israel, end bid them that they make ilum fringes in the biiiders of their garments throu;ih>Kt their gineration-, and tliat they put upon ihe friiig,' of )ho boid.i.^ a ribl)and of blue: Aid it shall be unto yuu fur a fringe, lh.it ,*e may li-ok upon it, und n:meiiilH'r all the coiiiuiandment- of tlio Lonl. at'd di> tliO'ri,"— Ncmb. xv. ;iS, 'd'.K It U ■ .rfieme'v ro \tv. n'j,M-;'tir.l vh:vt m» lUiirty -trho be:'.r ,l'.e »,aui,' (if Chri 'tJin, have tiie >uo-tt iTmdeqnafe view of t< iigio::. l\i many it i l:;u n name, Ti>er caa nienisi'ivi s ov l .< iuti.r' nv' ;ii's i.r t;.;it ;:.; :ir I .>,; , , ir..! ask them what thoy think of tlio principios which the uaiuo implicb, »nd IDE. APT2XDIX TO TMB 4.r I'lZl-Ns' GUIDE. 39 ^9 10 Broad .iiid 11':^^ wliith iuir lie culls thd five Iht.H'. svt) have iTKn- as woll an you ; luiiion ? loniination of the Word of fit every ono, shunning evil »3 In ho Irue, ''arned clerpy- vvho<«e Pravoro '3, and wliose orthy zealous 's, or Gentiles 10 best of their form part of ' Other shoop t there niuy be le Peter ppoko perceive that t fpiireth God, 54,35). me religion or d. but there if liiidrance and obscure, por- is a fop. Jt in HH e ot triMhs i are edityinfr, us. both inrn lesKi d also, so li, hsit ii done ational. "saving io1 snj)orflitif-d conc^rniiitf 'hat what cooi!- eo. (Numb, x, hey make them .'i;- LMieiatioii-, 1 orbluo: Al(1 , Hud I t:raenil)er R. XV. 88, 3'.t. ■.r J-.e i,.uii.' '■;' 1 ni;iiiy it i b.ii ,'',i-i:ir'!,.>.iy, l^.i luo im^li«o, iiiui you Rr'A the K»rrn>. ard Utile boMdes. G htr'. agaiu, nrrm to (hiuk that i' .iy^M'ii Li tkii L'.'>c«'U-".it iJi b^(illf(-i;ro^■^^d, a uwi.rtu- buai. -C.'.d. itioy w.ii Liu=«a"tiuy wraajsle avid dijruie ab^ut its oveilufliiii^ pi inciplt :, but UK«:it.Mi'! iiuVi: ui oil ;,ru:n, a;.d praciiae them leM. liieso are liict' lin, loft- ";:.i.;lcd iJaeu of Hi iijp.min amon4< th6 Uraclitc.'i of old, hIio "could .siiuj^ fitoiiesal an haiibreadthaud not uus.^." Thoy nre not of much u o ".^cept in war. Far more ekn^uoiitly and convinciu^'ly d.>en he speak for his rcliKiwn. whos^e life pleadn for ir; Tfho dhows that ho derives from it virt'if and defenco, consolattou and strength, light end blessing; ai;d therefore rcrommon'iinjf it in deed, can cL'o recommend it in word. " Yo arc )ur cpistlcH," raid the apostle, " known and read of all men." i'lrbnpR we cannot give a more comprohen?lve detiiiitioii of .'oUjrion, than to say It is the supply to the soul of ail its spiritual wautn. It i» the goal's home, its food and Its clothin/^; and to this latter foitiire, its beieg clothiug for the i (in!, we now entrent y-.ur attention. ' Blesi-ed." it is \>riit«'u, "in ho that wutchetb niul keepeth hia garmenis, leat he v.alk naked, and thov see lii? shaiae." — Kev. xvi. 15. That garineats, even in the .Towisli law, are the corresponding symbols of thore principles which cluthffi the soul, may be inferred fr.im the laws which we fioijuently iiiid in reliitiori to them. Unles,-; ther." wa.s a spiri- tual seu.se is; them, surely it would U'lt havebeoa worthy of the High and L'.Ciy One who iiihabiteth eternity to give directions in relation to what ki'id of clofhfii min should wear, fhere i« the direction not to wear a gar- meat of woollen nud linen togi'ther ; a,g;ain, for a woman n^.t to wear a garment of a man : iigaiii, for a ir.;in'tf garuieut not to be kept in pledge after the sua ha i gone down : and now the law bel'oro us, that ii liinge i-hould be made to the garment, and on the fringe a rib^.'and of hbie. Suivlyil caiiiiot concern ihe Inlinite Ruler of all v/orUi.>j what kind c»l trimming His people have to tlieir dress, or color of ribbai.d they Ivave thereon. The soil' and its concerns are surely the only appropriate objec!.>^ of a Kevelatiou f, y.'. To leiioh us L'iw to give tiu? spirit a dress, ho that it may bi; beau'.ilul in Iho .«ig'.it of angels, h wortliy of liim who clothes llims(ufwith licht a.s'vitiiu garment [)'s. (;iv '.J]. " 1 counsel fhe.'to buy of mt; gold tiied in Ih.-^ ii.-e. that thou mayeat be rich ; and white raJment, tiut thuu mayosttpo clothed, and that the^hame of thy naktniness may nt appear."— iJov. iii. 18. The chief u.se of elotliiu!!; is d'^feiicc against tlio chili- and variations of t':o weather ; two fubeidinateuce^ arc f-r the promotion of beauty, and f-r diKfinotion of oll^ee, We can boat no los.-, t'i perceive that tiiere are mental uses correspond- ing to the ubovewhico recjuiiv lor the soul spiritu-i! elwUiia:^. I'l.e s ul biis jta futnincr aiitl ita w!nt-p, the hopeless- ness, ami the sndnoRS, which nre the attendant.^ of the winter of the s ul. Thiri depres«o;iconoi*ion of the 8))iiitsi8 portrayed with graphic tnith- iulucBB by one wiio said— " My years are in the yellow leaf, Aiid all the life of life is gone ; The worm, the canker, and thegricf, Are mme alone." And in a sweeter niilrit o:" piety, by .another poet— " O jiT a Closer walk with God. A 3v»'.:ei, MS il ne.\v(*'.-.ivlraino ; A lig!:t io nhiue iinon the rotui, hich leads motothe Lamb. i't I ^^ 40 APPENDIX OF THE ARTJZANS' GUIDE. ii Where is the blessedness I kne\ When first I saw the Lord ? Where is tho soul-retresliing view Of Jesus, and Ms Word ? " What peaceful hours I once enjoyed How sweet their memory still ; But they have left an aching void The world can never lill." In this wintry state, storms of distressing fears and diirkening doubts will rush upon the soul. Strong delusions, that we may believe a lie, will like lierce tempests, howl about us. Cold, harussin^, cheerless frames of mind, dis])iritiug anxieties, filling us with discomtbrt and dread ; bitter Sfelf-accusations urged upon as, perhaps by '-spiritual wickedness in liigh places," like pitiless hail-storms which come ui)ou us again and again, all teach us how real it is that the soul has its winter as well as its sum iu(i>r. In relation to these spiritual seusons it is written, " And it sh:ill bo in that day, that living waters shall go out from Jerusalem: half of them toward tlie former sea, and halt of them toward the hinder sea ; in summer and in whiter shall it be." — Zech. xiv. 8. Thrice happy are they who remom'oer, the living waters of the Divine Word will be a comfort and a blessing in joy and in sorrow, in sickness and in health, in summer and in winter; but they should alco bear in mind, that, to bo a protection in all seasons, the Divine Mercy has pro- vided us with spiritual clothing. The DOCTUINE8 of religion, when intelligently adopted and adapted to our particulai- states, serve this impyrtant purpose. And when those doc- trines are as tliey ought to be, full, comprehensive, and complete, ai)i)ly- ing themselves to all the departments of human alfcction, thouf^ht, and life, they make a complete dre.'>s. Hence it is said in Isaiah, " I will great- ly rejoice in tho Lord, my soul shall bo joyful in my (jod ; for he hath clothed me with the garments of salvation, he hath covon'd me with tho r. be of righteouHness,as ab'ldegroora decketh himself with ornaments,and a-i a bride adornoth herself with her jewels." — Ixi. 10. The doctrines wliich teach the true character of (he Lord. His infinite and unchauginjr Love, His unerring and all-comprehcnsivo Wisdom, His omnipotent and ever-orderlv Power, these form the clothing for tho head. The doctrines which teach and impel us to our duty to our neigh- bor, form the clothing to tho breast : while those which teach that our religion should bo operative, ind descend to inspire and sanctify every word and every deed of life : these are the remainder of the spirit's dress, even to the " shoes upon the feet." Witli th'^ view of the apiritual dress of the Christian, we shall see tho fti!lost significance in many interesting portions of the saSred Scriptures. When the prodigal son returned, we are informed; "Tiie father said unto his servants, Rring forth the best robe, and put it on him; and put a ring on his hand, .ind shoes on hi^ foot," — Luke xv. 22, where it is manifest that the clothing of a newly-penitent spivit with thos^e sacred trutlH wliich will form its best robe, that assurance of everlasting love which conjoins it to its Lord as a golden marriage-ring, and those true principles of virtu- ous practice which are the only bases of real religion, are the shoes upon the feet. A most important .esson iS uitorded to us by the Divine vVord in Mat- fliew. [t is said of those who came in to partake of tho wedding feast of tbe King of heaven, " And when the king caino in to seethe guests, he 8ft TV there a man which had not on a wedding garment ; and he said unto iiim. ITri- d, how earnest thou in hither, not h iving a wedding garment? And he was speechless. Then said tho king to the servants, IJind hira hand and foot, .and take liim away, ind jast Iiim into outer darkness; tlien- shall be weeping and 'uashing of teeth"— xxii. 11 — 13. No one can imai»ine that tiier J was any sin in a particular earthly dress not being ha'i by tuoi^c who enter tho Lord's kingdom, iiut in a spirit ial point of vlow, nothing "n exceed tho value of the intimation it contains. The kingdom of heaven, iu fact ovorything hoaveuly, is tho result of a mar* ming doubts ;ve a lie, will 3SS frames of read ; bitter Ines.s ill liigh II and again, 1 a» its sum \nd it 8h:ill 1cm : half of inder sea ; in f the DivluG in sickness also bear in jrcy has pro- id adapted to len those doc- iplete, api)ly- thDUfrht, and " I will grcat- ; for ho hath me with the rnaments,and , His infinite Wisdom, His thing for the to our neigli- 3ach that our sanctify every spirit's dress, a shall see the ed Scriptures, ther said unto and put a ring it is manifest 1 trutlu wliicli vliich conjoins ciplos of virtu- lie shoes upon «Vord in Mat- eddlng toast of the guests, he id he said unto ding garment? ,nts, Bind him ter darkness ; L— 13. No ono Ircssnot being it ial point of contains. The !8Ult of a mar- APPENDIX TO THE ARTIZAJFS' GUIDE. 41 nago. vVisdom sweetly blonds with lovo to form the hoavonly state. It is not a kingdom of faith alone, but of faitli united to charity. No cold knowledge is tolerated tiioro, but muat bo conjoined witli alFoction for wluit i.- known, All is union in an angelic niitid. All heaven is united t.i its Uivine Head, the Lonl Jesus Cnriit. The marriage order loi^'.ii cmiiiiieto, and joy is tli'j result. -'Thou shalt no more bo termed Foira- L'itlier .ihiill thy land any more he termed Desolate ; biil thou ken ; nei iiilt lie called tieplizibah, and thy Laid lieulah ; lor the Lord deiightetti in tlief, and thy land shall be married." — L-^a. Ixii. 4. Nut to have on a wedding garment, then, is not to have a doctrine which uatolds this glorious union of truth and love in religion, and in he.iven. It is to be practically amon^ those who say, and do not. It is to m i!;o a pirado of our piety and profession, it may bo, b;it to neglect that, wicliout u'liich piety is nothing, faith is nothing, doctrine is nothing, name isj uotliing ; that puro and holy love, wliicli worketh, which hopetli, wliinh bi'lieveth all things ; which, insight of all the Christian virtues, is deserv- ing of the apostolic declaration. " And nowabuletli taitli, h )po, charity, iliese three, but the greatest of these in charity." 1 Co: iiitliiaus, xni, l.'i. When we have taken for our reli;;lon only that which relates to b'lief, and not that wnicli concer.is love anl conduct, the iieart un- chi'ckod and unchanged will be the ho i.e of se'.fishnc-J and impurity ; iiiul the titue will come, either in this world or in the next, when thero will issue from the uurogene -ate heart tlio'.e virulent tviU, which will luiralyso every p)Wor of good, will bind tho hand and foot, and punge till- spirit into the darkest abysses of folly. With these views of d.)Ctrines forming the clothing of tho soul, wo see at eiico the importance of thoso al usious to gur iieats which aro so fre- quently mot with in tho old as well as the N"w Tjstament When tho prophet predicts the advent of tho Lord into the wo; Id, and thus opjniug to mankind the glorious doctrines of Chrstianity, instead of tliomiseiablo shredsof Jewish tradii ion, h;> says, " Awake; awake,- put on thy stron^'th U Zion ; put ou thy bi'autiful garments, U Jerusalem, the holy clt, ; for lionceforth thereshall no more come in;o thee the uncircumci.'-od and tho iiuclean." — Is, lii 1. Again, in that well-'.cnown projjhecy which begins, " Ihe Spirit oi tho Lord is upon me ; because tho Lord hatii anoiut d ma to i)reacU good tidings um o the mei^k ; ho hath sent mo to bind up the broki nheartCHl ;" the prupaet Ci^ntiuies to unfold tho gi-anious purpose of Joliovah in the rtesli ; " lo appoint unto them that mourn in Zion, to give unto them beauty fir ashes, tho oil ofj )y for mourning, tho garment of praise for tho spirit of heavi'icss ; that they might bo cilled trees of righteousness, tho planting of the i^ord, thit Ho might beglorilied.,' — Is. 1x1.3. Here the doctrine of t'.iolovo of God manifest in thort«-h, is ma- nifestly and righto )u-ly cilled " a garment of praise " What could more powerfully induce thoso d to c'otho itso f with pr.iiso than tho perception that our Saviour is our Heavenly Father, that tho High and Lofty One who inhabiteth eternity had for our sakes condescended to apooar in the extreme of ills vast domiiits, the skin of tho universe as it wore, and by assumiiig and maii.taining a connection with the outer universe, ho be- camo First and Last iu Himself, and from Himself tills, sustains, aud succouisull. When the Lord Jesus said, "Thou hast a few names even in Sardis, which have notdeliled their garments : and they shal walk with me in white, firiiiey are worthy ; He that orercoinetii the same shall becloch- eJ in wliito raiment," ho is evidently d'scribin;^ theciondition of thoso wlia have not stiiiied their proTc-isi on of the Ciiristian doctrine with imiiurity of life ; tfuy have not (leiiled their garments now, and in eteriiily th 'ir \ ;e\vs would be stil! purer, th'>y should walk with Him in whit<>. Doc- trines in harmony with purest 'ruth, are white raiment wherewith wo ni.iy lie clotlnd, ['••.'i .New Dispensation of n-li jfion which in the filnoas oftimo would be ill '.rodococ! from heavea a'.no i',; in"ii, 1,» reiiresenied .i.s coming do tvn " asa b;'; te adorned for her hu-b.md. ' And, b.- this lallgna^a^ we are a-'suied, 1. Mi,,'ibt, not only that this church would regard the Lord Jesus Christ, tin; Divine Lamli, as the only ohjetofher supreme love, her husband, but tba*. her doctriuos woulii bo beyond all tirecodent, beautiful. She f I 43 APPEIfDIX TO THE AETIZANS' GUIDE. J! would be adorned for hor hueband. Such a glorious Rystem would nho lirivr> of colfi-itial truth. — such dieclosures of hoavf-nlj order,— sucli rti-co- veriorf of t;ie divine luwi* as existtntiu the soul; in tlio rcgtmorat" liCo ; in the heavenly w >rld ;intho spiritual sense ot'tlie Holy Word ; in fact, on all subjects of Divine Wisdom, tliat to tlio truly devout and thought- ful spirit, she would truly be " adorned as a bride iXtr her husband." Thero is an interesting intimation of the cliaracter of true lieavenly clothing in PsaUn xlv. "The king's daughter is all glorious within : her clothing is of wrought gold. She shall be brought unto the king in rai- ment of needlework [verses 13, 14] where the character of true celestial doctrine is declared to be the gold of love, wrought into system,— lovo wrought out. Thii king's daughter, all such as, animated by pure aflTec- tions for truth derived IVora the King of kings, are desirous of graces of the heart and mind, wliicli are worth more tiian the wealth of kingdoms. Tliey become gloriotis within, and all their views of d!)ctrine are lovo as It were speaking, and declaring its true. nature. With tliom, G id ici li>ve, lieaven islove, loveis thufulflUing of the law. lovo keeps the com- mandments, tlie Word truly understood, is the revelation of love. Tlh'ir whole doctrine, like the street of the holy city, is of pure gold, formed by the spiritual embroiiery of an intellect which spiritually discerns the har- monious relations of eve-lasting things. The Word supplies the raw mate- rial, line upon line, and precept upon precept. Tue rational powers weavetheminto a beautiful system, and prepare them to be worn. And ■wlienthe judgment, under the impulse or a humble determination to live lor heaven, adapts these doctrines to its own especial states and roijuiro- monts, the Christian is ciiuipped ir. the garments of salvation. " Uo is glorious within, and his clothing is of wrought gold." And here, wo would strongly gnard against one of the most dangerous delusions which has crept into nominal Christianity; theidf;a that we are saved by the infinite purity of CJhri.st'8 righieousness bei'ig imparted to us, and not by actual, practical righteousness. It is tiiie, our righteous- ness is derived from the Lord, " their nghteousneys is of rao, saith the Lord." — Isa. liv. 17. But no righteousness will bo imputed to us, wliich has not been imparted to us. His spirit will bo imputed to us, so far as we receive it, but no farther. God i^ a God of truth, and never imputes to any one what he does not nosseps. " He that doeth righteousness, is righteous."— 1 ,Tohn iii. 7. Tlie m^!rit of divine righteousness in salvation, is as incommunicable as the merit of creation. The robe of tlie Saviour's perfections, has a name on it, which no man knows but He Himself. (Kev. xix. 16). And, yet, numbers neglect to acquire the white robe, or the wrought gold, of imparted truth and lovo, under the vain Idea that the personal pui lections of our Lord will bo imputed to them. Our food is iVom Him', but if instead of eating tha* Thich Ho now provides, we wore to attempt to live by imputing that which he ate m the days of His fl'.'sh, w^ should die of starvation. S ~, if instead of receivin.", and applyinn; to ourselves the living streams of 111" righteousness by eaniest prayer und earnest practice, we expect I lis merits to be imputed to us. as righteous- D'■»^, 80 that although wc r,re really wicked, we .^hall bo accounted goo.l! al hough really polluted, wo Fhall be accounted clean ; we shall bo naked and helpless, in tho day vhon he makes up hij 'ewels. No doubt, the Lord lived on earth for ur sakos, suffered for our sakes, died foi our sakea, rose again foi ouraakc , mac'. Uis Uuinanity righteousness rabodied, for our sakeB. " For their sakes, I sanctity myself," he sai , ' that they raav be eanctillGd by the truth."— John xvii. 19. All wa'i done for us t , enable us lo bj sancliti'd, but not to be pr*: down to our account When our account in made Uj; wo siiall find the rue to be, " Thoy that4iPT0 done good Khali come forth lo the resurrection o'"lile, atid they that have dc n cvi! to tijp res'irrectirin ql'ccinJ nnn.itioi, " iJolai v 29. lie convs quickly to jrivH (o ev(.Ty man as his ready to Jbiiow our Divine Letid t in the ri^ihns olpeaoe, a'ior- inir, ill hunibie love, tbo*e infliuto perlooiitv.js which niuke tu.< fiiCi- to eniuf like i.osun, and Hit- r.jlment whito a-i llu- light [iLttt. xvii. '2J. Wo are, then, to speak to the Isra<^>]ite8, who are typified by tiioso ol our text the spiriiQal laraelitoa, who are as our Lord aald, Iitraolitos indeed , aud m would sho — sucli rti'co- [inieratt' lilc ; Old ; in fact, and thou^lit" sband." truR lioavonly 18 within : hur 3 king in lai- truo celestial system,— lovo by pure aflt'C- i of graces of I of kingdoms. are lovo as cliem, G )d is ?cp8 the coni- )flove. Th.'ir i-ld, I'ormcd by ^corns the har- i the raw mate- .tional powers le worn. And lination to livo s aud rotiuiro- tior.. " llo is nost dangerous i(;a that we are Kig imparted to ovir righteouH- f rae, eaitii the ;ed to us, which > us, so far as wo jver imputes to ighteousnc?:^, i3 ess in salvation, of the Saviour's Himself. (Ucv. itfi robe, or tho n idea that tho m. Our food is ■ovides, we wore aye of His tl'-'sh, andapplyiii^T to nest prayer and us. as righteous- accounted g<»o .1 ! e Bhali bo naked No doubt, the ledfoi oursakes, suess rabndied, Hal ', • that they II done for us t . iccount When y that 41? ve done V tliat haveilf '1 le conv'Siimckiy li). Rl''ssetl shall hy liiri truili. n'ld n-i ol'peact, -.vi'T- make hii< fuce to ...itt.xvii.'i]. Wo thoso ol our text olitos iudoed, aud APPENDIX TO THE AlTIZANS' GUIDE. 43 {' eay first that they clothe themselves with genuine doctrines of divine truth, with the garments of salvation, and that thoy especially make tliein Iringfis in the borders of their gainients. After wo have nieditatod ui)on the doctrines of religion, aud seen their fitness to our own sUtes of mind and heart, tlius clotiied ourselves ia thorn ; the next part of our duty is to bring them into life. This is a most important point. Many there are, who put on religion as a dress for the head, and even also for the breast, but do not bring it down to the foet. iJut we are to make a border for our garments, and the border must be a fringe. Tho distinctive feature of a fringe is, that tho material of which it is composed is divided into iiinall portions, llrmly united at tho upper part, but hauging with separate forms of beauiy at tho lower. The idea suggested by this is, thatreligion must be employed in all tho small affairs of daily lite, as well as on great occasions, tho lowe.st part ie. The only way iu which we make tho truths of reli- gion really ours, is to infuse their spirit and tone into all our little acta in our daily conduct. Life is made up of little things. One circumstance follows another, one act comes after another, each one small of itself, but the whole forming tho tissue of our entire outward c.xisteiico. Our whole journey 'S made step by step. There are uo great swoops made. By little and little, we drive out our evils; and by little aud little, wo introduce the jirinciples of wisdom and gviodness into tho whole texture otour conduct. I>y this, we must, not be misunderstood to meau, that we are not to subject the whole man to tho governuieut of heavenly laws, but only that we are to do it iu ich circumstance as it comes to hand, and to do it now, not * to wait f r great occasions. Let the border o.'your garment be a fringe. Many, very many, have no objection to tho head or the breast being in the church, but the feet liiey imagin may ' e quite otherwise engaged. IJut tho true disciple of our Saviour adopt;-, the language of tho I'salmist, " Our feet nhal' rrtand within thy gates, O Jerusalem."— rs. cxxii, 2. He is jiarticularly w tchful over hi: fret, or his daily practice. If iu his moments of weaknes ho wavers, h looks up tc the Saviour, tho Source of strength, and prays, '• Hold up aiy goings in thy paths, that my toot^teps slip not.' —Pa. xvii.6 Ofi^en will ho have to confess, "IJut as tor me, my '"ect were nlmost gone; my steps had well nigh BHpped."-=-Ps. Ixxiii. 2. ket willhelind invisible hands have borne him up. for his ever- watch- ful »*\ather lias given his angels charpre concerning him, lest he dash his feet against a stone.— Ps. xci. 11, 12. And again, and again will he find occasion gratefully to exclaim, • O bless ourGod, ye people, atdmake tho voice of nis praiso to be heard : who holdeth our soul in life, aud ButToret! not ur feet to bo moved."— Ps. Ixvi. 8, 9. If, like Peter, at first, ho "aiiik; it quite beneath his Master's dignity to purify tho lower conc'?rn8 of life, and declares, Thoushalt never wa«h my feet, when he ia better Informed, and hears the Saviour's words, "If 1 wash thee not, thou hast no prrt in me," he, with an entire spirit of self-dovotlon, exclaims, " Lord, not my fee* only, btit also my hands and my head."— John xiii. 9. This religioTi of d.aily life is tho grand necocnity of tho world. Without that, ur ^.abbillh wors'ur ia but an organized hypocrisy. We should pruy, that we may be abln to practise not to substitute prayer for prac- tice. Heautifui as i^ the devout worship o*"the sauctuary, sweet as is the devotio .al piety, and .soul-exalti'g as ar: iiymns ol gratitude; they are only the un.iubstaiitinl beauty of a drea; ., unless they are brought down t'lRive direction, purity, and str iigth o Vtily life, l^et there then be a filng(> for the border* of your ganuouL , tlirougliout all your jjeneratious. If, i~ for want of this descent of rcli.arion into daily life, th.it its blesMiigs a:e often very taintly felt. The sweetness of the kiiowledgo of the Lord is only e.xperienoed when religion has become a living hourly series of virtues with us, It \e twid of the di^iuiplue who were goiug to Emmaua VI 44 APPENDIX TD THE ARTIZANS' GUIDE. though tho Lora waiKim wltn rtrcm, and tlipy felt the holy glow of his proseiicp whpii ho talked wi'h Ihciii on thcwas. In- (ii;l\ bociunc kiinv. to thtiiiiiu" the bii akiiij? ct tlio hn-au." It i- -" n it!i lii< iiisci))ifs in allngcs. Asloiig as the " bread of lili» " i« rt'ceivcd in a Illu^.-, and n'Uiaius thus, iiie blc-siiig of ooiijuiiction witli tin- iJiv.ne i>(iiig in uiilviiowii. Hv, i^ wiMi them, but as a ^tl•augol■. But k>l ilu'in break the bread ; li't thtm at liumo aud abroad, in tlu! counting-house aad oil chancre, li the woikhhop and at market, in their pleasup's and in all their family duties, break tho bread of heaven, and apply it to oveiy work and word, autl tlu'v will tti u know tho Lord. " Then hha,ll we know, if we follow on to know the Lord: Hid going forth i.^ prepared as the morning, and He 8liall uume uuiu ub m tlie rain; as tjio latter and former rain upon tho earth." O, then let our religion not bo liko a Sunday dress, put on only for parade on state occasions, and put off whi-n the occK«ion has passeil by, tjut like a eimido daily robe, whose usefulness is seen of all, and wlu/se fringe goes all aronnd the hem of our garment, so that it extends ovr tho whoh- circle of our outward life. \Ve aie, however, not only ounuianded to have a fringe to our garments, but to have upon the fringe a ribband of bine. And tliLs loaus us to cim.-i- di'r the oorrespondcuco ot colors. Natural colors wo know originate in natural light. Thov are the separation of the lu-auties wliieh are bnund up in the sunbeam, ami their relli'ction to tho human eye. There is a trinity of fundaitiental colore, led, blue, and yellow. Fr(nn the bleniiing ot thee in varied proportions all others are made. Blue aud yellow form green. Bearing in mind that the Lord is the Sun of the eternal world, and that essential truth ehine^ as a spiritual light from Him, the three e.^^sentiul colors into which light divides itself, will represent the three essential features of divine truth, in its a])i)lication to man. There are truths of love, which apply to our affections, truths of faith which apply to thoughts, and truths of life lied, tho colour of lire, is tho symbol of the truths of love, the tiro of the soul. Blue, tho colour of the azure depths of tho sky, is symbolic of the deep things of the spirit of Uod, on which faith delights to gaze. Yellow, is tho liue of truth which applies to out- ward life, and in combination with blue it makes green, which corresponds to truth in the letter of tho Word, made simple to the common eye of minkiud. Blue gives a sense of clearness and depth, in which it surpasses all i>ther hues. When we gaze into the blue deptlis of the sky, far above tlio changes of tho clouds, their tranquil grandeur, urohing in i)eaceful majesty far over the turmoils of tho world, strikingly images those deptlis of heaveoljr wisdom from which the good mau draws strength and peace. "Though round his breast the rolling clouds are spread, Eternal sunshines settles on lus head." Blue, then, is the colour which represents the spirit of the Holy Word, the depths of heavenly wisdom. ibero is, however, cold blue, as it has more of white in it, and warm blue, as it derives a certain hue from red. Tiiere lias also been some diffi- culty in determining tho exact shade meant by Techeieth, the Hebrew name for this colour, liut IV nn a full consideration of tho subject wo are Batisfied it was tho name for blues tinged with red, from violet to purple. And this very strikingly brings out the divine lesson by correspondence. While the Dluo indicates that in our demeanour or in lilb we should be correct, in harmony witli tho .spirit of truth, the red line indicates that all our truth ou^jht to bo softened, und warmed by love. " Spiak the truth in love," said the apostle, and to remind them of this duty, God cmn- manded the ribband Of warm blue to bo worn upon the fringe of their garments, by the sons of Israel. Truth without love Is cold, hard, and unpitying, and therefore repulsive. Truth with anger is scalding hot, and like medicine, impossible to bo taken, useless or injurious: but truth coming from a loving heart, lirm, but gentle, and swoet like the warm sunbeam, is welcome to all. The loving blue of th« eye, which ruvoals ttie sweet impulses of a soft APPENDIX TO THE ARTIZANS* GUIDE. 45 ' glow of hl8 nc ktinv. lo 's in iiiliigcH. .ins llius, ilie lit; i.^ \vi;li litTiiathoiiiu iiikshop iiiui i, break ilio icy will tl'C'ii )vv the Lord; iiti unlu ub ud on only for as passt'il liy, 1, and whose extouds ov'T niirpnrmonts, is us to c(>n>l. / oiisiiiate in are bo u ml up ■n? U a trinity ■. blcniiint/f (it I yellow form orld, and that hree t'ssi'iitial hit'o essential ? are truths of lich apiily to symbol c"f tlio e azure depths iod, on which uiplies to ouf- ;h correspoiuls jinmou eye of surpasFos all f far abovo tlio •aceful iniijtsty loso depths of and peace. cad, le Holy Word, a it, and warm jecn sonio ditfi- h, the Hebrew subject we are iok't to pur|)le. tirespondence. •\vc should be idicates that all >p. ak t!ie truth luty, God coin- > friugo of their ■efore repulsive. ipossible to bo heart, lirm, but 11. }ul8ea of a soft ftndgontle heart, ia like the color of the Hbband, before us; it «peakH of till' purity and ilio warmth of the spirit within. Let thi re, tljen, be upon ;i!! V'jiir dem"aii(i.ir this color ot heavenly love. .i( I'll in this view wo have now arrived' at, thi< coinniandmont increases in practical inijHirtancc! ihe more we onteniulate it. IVrhaps the u'-glect ;'it is the cause of more tailures in thi! delivery of well-meant advic •, (liiin any other circunistrvnce. We proceed t.) correct with tho roU{,'h, stern hand of truth alone, ami wo enciunter resistance. We are sure wo are right, and wo jjroceed to reproach a id invective. Quarrels ensue, instead of amendment. We brood over our failure, and woufter at the piTVorsity of mankind, not reflecting that wo have not put ou the fringe upou our garmcut, the ribband of heavenly blue. " O bi} kind to each other. The night's c muiig on. When friend and when l)rother, I'erhai.ce may be gone." Nothing can be farther from the spi it of heaven, than a stern, har.<4h, VI ulictive utterance of truth. We siiould ever remember that we can u selves only be asisted by one who manifests to us a spirit ot kindness ill his counsel, i'o an a.-siilant we close u^). We caimoc bear our faults I I be exposed by one who does it in a s])irit of exultation and insolence. lUitwe love the friendly hand which has a hrother'stouch. We delight to see the dress not starched with prudery, but having upou all its fringe the ribband of heaven's own blue With this bless 'd tone, how often would homes be happy which a-e frequently torn with dissension. A brother will be gentle from courtesy tO others, but is su.Uy or sharj) to his owu. A sister, from politen(>ss, . iilLe briliiaiit ;ind fascinating to visitors, but often f;dls to wear the blue libbanil to th >so of her own liic-ide. Oh, if the Christian ministry has one object which xunro than another sliouli be it.s constant aim, it sliould be to conliihute to ilie li.aiiiiiiiess of home, th;it sacred centre of all that is elevating, strengthening, purifying, and ennobling among men. And nothing will be a truer source of all these blessings than to speak to brothers and sisters, ami .say, in all your intercourse witii each other, let the spirit of religion be visible. In each sinall act of daily iutercouriie with each other, let there be a fringe from your religion within, and on iho fringe let the truth of intelliifence be blended with the kindness of reid love. You were created to learn to be fellow angels in the h use. You were placi d to walk together on your path to heaven, to give an assisting hand when a weak one stumbies, to exhort the slothlul, to cheer tin- weary, to warn against danger's path and S.mgerous foi's, to encouiago th<> struggling, to rejoice together when you gain a glorious prospect, to animate each other to your daily progress, and often to taste by anticipa- tion the triumph you will have when all the dangers of life are gono by, and heaven is forever your home. Uemember the charge of Joseph to his brethren, " See that ye fall not out by the way." In your acts and yo r words, let there be seen upon all your fringe, the ribband .f heaveuiy blue. We come, now, to a still dearer conne'tion, which would oflon bo mor<» bl(«st if the spirit of this divine comm ^nd were more faithfully carried out. In that most saored of all humau ties, the marriage union, it is of ti.e highest irapctance that the blue ribband should appear iu all tlie demeanor of h;vsband and wife. Yet, sometimes the domestic hearth is less tender and p.appy than it might bo, for want of the gentle ameni'ies of truth spoken in lOve. When that mysterious sympathy which attracts congenial souls to each other, flrst induces ardent thought in the young lovers, the earnestness of aflection presents to both oiilv what is amiable and agreeable. Each finds » magnifier of the cxcelleno. s of tho other, and ill) imi)erfection can be seen. And, when the hopes of both are crowned hv possesion, a long vist i of happiness is beheld, throng.d With an endless sru;c(>ssion of joys and ' lessin.is Yet both parties have failings. The per- leciioii fane.- lia^ painted, will, in many respects, be found to bo over- drawn. Tlio bloom of outward beauty will wear off. rossession will M •a'Wr^-!^'iW^ ■^y.'i 46 APPENDIX TO THK ARTIZAN8 OUIDK. h! dt'prlve many attraoHona of the exaggerated raluo for which thoy woru cliu'rty indflhtPfl to posHion. lioth are probably young, botli impurtect, biUh at*' liurnan. iluuce, tliefi como discovorlt'u of lauTts and i-liortcoia- iii,^w which belong to us ail, but which have been beloio un!:cen. And now id tho o.'jjortuaitv for the munifosiation oi real lovo, in having pationco with fho loTi«d one. If they have lored wisely, the virtueHof each other, and that tuutual adaptation uf feeling, tatste, and character which iiart drawn their houIm to desire a nuion impo.^sible with auy one eli^e, liave bttMi tho chief attractionu ; or,d for thi'lr Kakes, t| py ciinwvll atl'ord to bear with sumo defect ii. Inntead of being aatuiii^iht'd to iiud that the mere mortals we have married have some ol the failings of our fallou race, we should take kindly the opportunities of showing, that ours has not been the selfish pas>ion which desires only its own gratilication, but -ntlier tho holy alT'Ction that, forgetful of self, seeks chieny the happiness of those we love. To aa.sist, and be assisted,to form angelic characters in each other, these are the chief objects for which marriage has been instituted. And to accompli.?h these ends, wo must have a faithful, but a friendly eye for tho imperfections of each other. We should scarcely notice the unplwasunt effect of faults in ndation to our pereoual gratilica- tion, but be (jniektighted to perceive the injury they inflict upon thedoer. " Wlio is so blind iis ho tJiat is perfect," says the prophet, in reference to that Divine Mercy which sees not our sins so far as they are directed against llim, and condemns tliem, only as they are foautaius of misery to ourselves. Our Lord washed His disciple^' feet, and said, " As I have washed your feet, so um.st ye vtash one another's feet." And if to assist each other, to remove imperfections from our conduct, which is spiritually washing one another's leet, is a duty we owe to our oidinary Christian friends, how much more is it a duty to assist in removing the spots which soil tUu characters ot those we have undertnki>n to love and to cherish. Yet what tender care this duty needs. The true wife, or husband, cannot bear to think that tho deeply-prized love of the other is being lost. Noticiu;^a fault rudely, betrays tho appearance of dislike, and wounds deejily. Sometimes, self-love will creep in between married partners, and tiiu strugel-i for power will take the appearance of opposition to faults. Tlieu lacerated feelings are poured forth in bitter expressions. Then, quarrels arise, long animosities are inuugurat«>d, which take trom home its sweul- ness, banish all those tender endearmenvs, those happy conddeuces, those he:irt-ielt reliances on each otlier, those fireside pleasures which consti- tute earth's neare. t likeness to heaven. Then oppositions are engeudcrcd, recriminations are heard, hateful every wliere, out iuiolerable from thoso wo love. Distrusts, fears, and anxieties intrude, where only conlldt'nco should reign, :>nd home bcObmes the saddest abode of misety. All tliis has happened, will happen, it we are not careful, in our married life especi illv, to .-ipeaic the truth in love. Tiierc, above all, the blue ribband should be s«en upon our garments. Sweetness in our goodiiosa and tenderness in our truth, should be the incessant law of man led partners to each other. A fearfuluess of injuring tho feelings of the other : A friend- ly, kindly touch, when any mental sore requires attention : A determina- tion to do nothing, which does not manifest a constant affection : A deterence to each other's wishes : A manifest active eifort to promote tho othi-r's happiness ; Thesso are the dispo-*itions which can alono preserve and complete that choicest of all Divine Blessings — genuine conjugal lovo. When misunderstanding has been sustained, and bruised affections manifest how deeply they are hurt,;theirpaiu should not bo treated li.;ii(Iy. Ho would be thought Cruel who trimpled on tho intlamed foot of auutlior, yet tho anguishea heart is sometimes tortured with stinging words of bitt rest taunt And reproach, under the delusion that it is necessary to blame where fa-ult has been committed. The first necessity is to bring ourselves into a state ofreal kindness and affection ; then ascertain if tha supposed fault boas real as it appeared. If so, to ask for Him who views us all from kindness, lor wi.-doin, iir-it pure, tiion peaceabio, to speak tho trulii ill lovo. While our ribband i.s blue, to take caro th.at it is soft and warm. How desirable tliis is in our ii'tircoursu with others ! In our intercourse with those who are to form with us the happiness of heart uud homo, it is indispeuaable. APPENDIX TO THE ARTIZANS' OUIDE. 47 Ich thoy wiTo otli iiapurloct, and thoi'tcuiu- uniceu. Ami )vo, in having the virtutH ot and character with auy one , tl'py Clin wvU t'd to Hud that la ol'our falk'U , that uurti ha^ atitication, but f thp happinens ic characters in iage has boeu a faithful, but hould scarcely ■8uual gratillca- upun the doer. )t, in referenco ey are directed ius of mi&ery to ire washed your t each other, to lly washing one an friends, bow which soil the rish. Yet what , cannot bear to est. Noticin;^a wounds deeply. rtners, and tlio to faults. Then Then, quarrels home its sweet- intidtmcea, tliose B8 which consti- are engendered, rable from those only conlldenco nisei y. All tliii our married life the blue ribband r gooducs.s and in led partners to other : A friend- n : A determina- lUit affection : A rt to promote tho a alono preserve ne conjugal love, iruised affections 30 treated li.;hlly. i foot of auotiier, itinging words of it is necessary to cssity is to bring n a.^certaiu if tba r Hioi who views able, to speak tho hat it is soft and I others ! in our iness of heart and And yot It Is not at til uncommon f)r anwlne married partners so flif to noKlect this divina commandment as to be all Hmilo» to others, and to reserve their coldness for those whom tliey sh )uld most fondly cherish, Tbo husband open, siiiilinp, and sedulously polite t:) any other lady, will be res«'rv«d, negligent, uiicjurteous, and unkind to the heart which should bo to liiin above all itnco. The wife, all-radiant with smiles to others, fttteutivo to their minutest wishes or comforts, will not tDublo herself to retain or regain the affections of that one, on whom nil her real happinosb d pends. The gentle, conciliating word, for which her husband's heart, bouoaih a Arm exterior, is longing, she will not speak. The one she won by gentleness, and grace, and all the feminine virtues.she will not preserve bv grovfing in those virtues, but rudely repels. And the heart whose fui itest throb uhe once valued beyond all eartnly riches, she rudely throwd away. O married partners, tenants of the same home, who should be all in all to each ether, for time and for eternity, never neglect in your .sentiments, your spirit, your acts, and your words to each other, to let there bo visiblo on all the manifestations of character with which your life's dre.ss it) fringed, tho trutn and the Iovm of celestial blue. O wife, matron, mother, remember your strength is in tenderness. Never shock the feelings of your husband by harsh, bitter, unwomanly exasperations. Your iHiculiar province is at home ; let it be ever preserved sacred to domestic peace, by a meek and quiet spirit. So you will be your husband's dearest trust, ana chief consoler ; your children's constant refuge ; and when you have I>ussed b'^yond th.} shades of time, the star of fond remorabranoo that shines high ab.>ve the cares of earth, and lures them still to heaven. O husband, O father, on whom tho wife's fond heart desires to lean, let no harsh e.\pres-^ion drive her thence. A yearning of unspeakable tender- ncs.i keetis you within her presence, mentally, wherever you may be from morn to dewy eve. And, when you return, she expects tho friendly greeting ; let her not bedisajjpointed. Be assured her love would encircle you, if y. H were driven from tho common ranks of men ; her heart would Do the truest pillow for your aching head. Her grace, her happiness, is tho '.vorthiest ornament for you now. Your strength is cold, repulsive, and forbidding, until it is combined and chastened uy the gentleness and sweetness of your faithful, lovin;,' wife. Let her be cheered, then, to si<} upon ihe fringe of your garments, the clearness and the warmth of true celestial blue. Jt is equally important that the firmness and clearness of truth, blended with th , warmth and gentleness of love, should be visible in uU our inter- course with our children. Firmness, without gentleness andclicerfulness is painful and repulsive to children, and they shun the circle of its influ- ence as much as uossibie. Softness, without firmness, str- ngtheni their hankerings lor.^elnsh indulgences, and increases those disorderly demands which at length must be restrained with rigor, a hundred-fold more pain- ful, or they must sink in ruin. Children ook for just direction, and their sense of Justice leads them readily to acquiesce in what is right when it comes from lips they love. Only ' 't the true blue ribband be seen by your children alwavs, and they will follow where you lead, and your counsel W;ll be laws they will revere in your absence as well as in your presence ; and when the music ot jrour loved voice will be heard by them no more, its recollections within will be prized as the tones and tho wisdom of those dearest and best-beloved ones who piloted them ^afely in tne early walks of life, and still have only gone before them, and are waiting to welcome them on tho purer plains ofneaveu. This attention to the very externals of tho Christian life is fVaught with blessing every way. I. is only thus, in fact, we can obtain strength to bo healed of our spiritual diseases, .tnd only thus we can exhibit the worth of our principles lo others. When the poor woman who had 8j)ent her all upon helpless physicians f r twelve years came to Jesus, she said within herself: If I touch but the horn f Kir garment, I shall be made whole, and as soon as sh-'uid so, virtu ^ weiit ut, and shi» was healed. In the hem of the vesture of Divine Truth, or in other words, in tho literal sense of the Word of God, the divine virtue is over present for tho m.ek and lowly, and when it is touched by trusting love, that virtue will go out. 48 Al'l'KNDIX TO THS ARTIZANS GUIDE. Tlu' iTi>;ihot ZccJiaiJuh, oponkinff of tlio nlormns church of tholattpr il-i\>, I 111" iMwrnli wliii'h i< now iinrnlilinm' itself u'r.<)ii;;st \ih, tlii> New Ji'i'iisiilfiii, (li'Cliin'>, " Ihii-* miiili tin,- Lord ot huftls : hi thc-u (luys it sliiill kjoiiH- t'> pii^ri, tluit tea iiicii Hliall take hold out ot all laii^uu^cH of all iia'i'iii . cvt'ii xtwill ttiku hold ol tlio nkirt ol liim that U a Jt-w, saying " \Vt> will ;;o with you ; for we havi; heard that (iod is with you."— viii. 25. Ir is rtlixio" in lifftliat is observed by, and U attractive to, good ini'u. When it not only cnlixhton.s tlio head and ruloa tho licart, but coino* dowu ti) tlic skirts ofthe garment, inFusinx juslici', kindiie-s, and courtesy into every act and every word, tlien it Inis an eloquence whicli will inspire many a well-disposed lioart to aay : " We will m^ with you, for we havo heard that God ia with you. Let your good works, and your good words HO shine before meu, that they may glorify your Father which ia in heaven." While you pay duo and supreme attention to tho interior principles of love and faltii, never forget the fringe, f^et your religion come out. Ho loving and truthful in nttle things. Let your daily duties, and daily expressions unbosom in them the spirit of hoaviMi in their entiro rouuJ, atd thus upon tho fringe lot there bo seen tub kibb/VND of rlub. EXl'EUIENCE OF A SUN UEPUIITEU IN NEW YORK. Slightly altcredfrom N, Y. Sun. A Sun reporter being desirous of flnding out something dcQnite regard- ing the NewCliurch doctrines, proceeded to No. 20, ('oiiper Institute, New York, and iuiiuiring who was the iiead man of tho denomination, a geutlo- man [Mr. Thomas Hitchcock] answered: — Thore is no luad man in our denomination; that is to say, there is no one whoso le:id we follow without ([uestiMi. We all think for (mrs(!lves, although, of course some aro more familiar with tho writings of siwodea- borg than others. Jli'pnrfer. Do you understand the doctrines ? Mr. II, I d), 1 liave studied tliem about twenty-one years. Jli porter. Well, what arcyouSwedonborgians driving at? Mr. 11. Wo think we have got the true science of religious truth, and want to teach it to tho world. Reporter. Science of religious truth I Do you mean to say there is any ecience in religious truth? Mr. II. We mean to say, and we do say, that religious truth is as capable of scientific arrangement and explanation as any other truth, and that wo are able to give this scientilic explanation. The New Cuuiicn tlieology boars thosame relation to all other tlieologics that tlieCopornican system of astnmomy bears to tho i'tolemaic, the Arabic, the Hindoo, and tlie Chinese systems of astronomy. Those systems of astronomy woro based on the mistaken appearance of things, whereas Copernicus and his followers got at the realities. Just so other systems of theology aro based on appearances^ while tho Nkw Cuauoii system is based oathe real truth. Iti'porter. What do you mean by " appearances"? Mr. H. I mean the way that things appear to tho senses. For example, the sun appears to rise and set, ana to go daily round tho earth. The sky appfars to como down to tho e.irth ail around, forming what wo call tho horizon. Tho earth appears to be stationary in tho centre of our univer o. The sun appean to bo a small orb, not a millionth part as largo as the e irth ; the planets seem no bigger than marbles, and tho fixed stars appear to be mere twinkling points. All these appearanctis aro controverted by science, and the senses have to yield to reason. It is tho same in 8pintu:il and religious matters, which abound with fuUaciousand ini-ilead ing ap|»oarancos, and those appearances have to bo corrected, and in the Nicw CiiuKCK system of theology are corr cted byspiritual scienco. 11 porter. That all sounds very well, in a general way; but let us get at something specidc. 'Vliat do you say for example to liie doctrine of hhiill iu"i;t'H of ull Jow, -(ayin)? you."— viii. , f^ooil mi'ii. , but CDinci Hid courtesy I will inspire for we havo goofl words tvhich is in principles of mo out. Ho s, and dailv 3iitiro round, ILUK. OUK. 'finite regard- uHtitutc, New lion, a j»('uU(V ly, there is no for oursolvcs, ga of SwedtMi- UU8 truth, and ,y there ii any h is as capable I, and that wo jticn theology iiican system of idoo, and tlio |ronomy were Fernicus and theology are ;ed ou the real For example, larth. The sky Ihat wo call tho If our universe. las largo as the Ted i?tar.s appear \o coutrovorttHl 18 tho same in iusand nuilcad |t«d. and in the ll scicuco. lut lot us get at loctrino of t"t-'l k boy, who was [gumcut ou tho Bubjoct by Haying, " Well, when you take away my total depravity, you taki' away all my roligion," Wliat do you say to tliat* Mr. II. Our doctrine as to that matter is, that all liuiiian beings are born with »iinful inclinations, (and of themselves are nothing but evil), but need not commit sin unless they choose to do so, and are uot accounted guilty of m\ unless thev actually commit it. Itv porter. Then yon hold that all children that die before they reach the ago of moral accountability go to buavea, uo k ;tter liow wicked or Lt-athonish their parents may he. /)//•. //. Wo du luust (niiphutioally ; it is a mouatrous error to suppose otherwise. lU'jxirter. But if no infants whatever go to hell, what becomes of tho doctrine of infant damnation? Mr. II. J'm sure I can't say, unless it goes where it would send the infantas, as it c«'rtainly shoidd. lii-pnrter. lint if the doctrine of total depravity is not true, what need Lave we of a Saviour? Mr. II. To save us from our sinful inclinations, and from actual siu committed by every one personally. Uipiirttr. liow did He, or how does He do that? \ Mr. II. It is not easy to tell oH-hand how He does it. In order to vxplain it, it is necessary in the first instance to explain our views of tliu iiitimat>? connection between this world and the spiritual world, includ- ing both Heaven and Hell. lii'porter. That is just what I want to get at, please go on ? I Mr. II. The spiritual world is uot remote from this world, on some unknown planet, as is commonly supposed. It is right here, close to this world, and within it. When a good man lives a good life, he draws angel4 and good spirits, who inliabit tlie spiritual world, near him; if ho lives au evil hie, he draws evil spirits and nevils around liim. h'i'/iortcr. What is the difl'erunce between a good si)irit and an angol and uncvil spirit and a devil? Mr. II. A good spirit is a good human being wlio has passed from thia worhl, but who has not yet becc me an angel. An angel is a good human being who has been perfected i'l tlie spiritual world up to the status of angelhood, and btHMi tlu^eby elevated into heaven. An evil spirit is a wicki'd human being who has passed from this world, but has uot yet become a devil. A devil Is a wicked h'iraan being, who having passed : into the world of spirits, has blossomed iuto full blown devilhood, and' gone tohis home in hell. I Ji'ejxirter. You talk about the W(>rli> of Spiuits, as though it were a a ])laceto which goolX TO Tllli AilTlZA.Nto GUIDE, Mr. II. Tlio vicarious ivtouement, as oxpouudt'd by old lUsliioncd tlii-o- loKiaus, is a misconception of tlio truth, just as tin; rtok'niaic systeiii of astronomy was a misconception of astronomical facts. It rests upun tlio assumption that Gou was an/{ry with His creatures and needed to he pacified, and would not ho reconciled to tho ollenders until some one liad been adequately ^unishod for their olFeuces. (Jou's allej^od anger is only an appearance iuducec'. by our guilty conscience. The truth is tluit God loves tho Hinner just as much a^ He lovers the saint, and always seeks the Hiuner's good, for " His tender mercies are over ull His works," ext(uiilinf; even to the lowest hell. The infinite love of our Heavenly Father i.i such that Ho "makes His sun to rise on the evil and on the good, and semk^th xain on the just and on tho unjust" and " is kind lo the untliankful and ti.* the evil." To remove the appearance of anger, it is only necessary lor uh to repent of our sins and turn to the Loiiu; just as, to come from ui lit to day, It is necessary for the earth to turn, and not for the sun to 'hango its position. The sun shines on just the same all the time, whether it bo hidden by clouds or shut out from us by the earth's turning away iPoiu it; and so, too, does the Lord's love shine on just the same all tiie time, nu matter how it may be obscured by the clouas of evil, or shut out from our hearts by our turning uway from the JLoiiu. 80 you seo that rodeMii)tiou was a deliveranc" froni tho powers of hell, to enable us to turn again te God, and was not u deliverance from the wrath of Gou, as the jjhiase is usually understootl. Tho work which the Lohd did in redemption was iudeetl vicarious. Ho did in our jdace what we could not do for ourselves, Atonement again, means reconciliation — or, as it is sometimes spelled at-one-ment, and it is we wIk aro reconciled to Gou, and not Gou to us. 3Ie docs not need any reconciling, but we «lo, because it is we who have gone astray. It is we who must be brought bai'k. To repeat our astrono- mical illustration, there is no chang Oot!8 not ^end a man to hell, who sends liiiu thope? Mr H. TT« go«B fhert^ of him»\vn ftccurd, aud because he likes it hetk-r tlxjui he likes iiuy wtUor place. , ; * 1 1 . . ■ • > '. - m . m > < » , '• • • i V . ■ \.i . » • - _ . APPENDIX TO TUE AKT1ZAN«' ULJliE. 51 ihionctl thf'O- aic systoiii of LJStS upuii tlio needed to \h\ iouw one liad an}?t'r is only ;h i« tluU (jiid vnys st'i'ks tlie s,'' oxteudiii}? Leather i.i >'ucli I, undsuiuli^tli laukful and ti- Bcessary lor iih from iii ht to sun to "hango whether it hu ; away »roni it ; il tli« tiiiw', no it outl'rumoiir lat rodeiiiiitiou J tiiru again to IS tlio phrase is Lfdcnipliou was lo for ourselves, iiotiuu'S sjielled not (jou to us. s wo who have [jatour astrono- u there is in the 1 sun's ileal and ud li^ht, or the jousness, " lour tl juursiushavo ve must turn to t diilorent from ill only toll you nt of one's sins, mandnmnts. un a Methedist, ■em to be much of th« relit;ious so. Tho use of id aiiRo'.s in liea- religioii cuu oiii>, and aio •s foliowiiiK ''''>"» em from doiii},' an , who seiid^ liini he likes it »x't'<^r Reporter. If you will enable mo to comprehtMid that, and see that it in true, you will contribute much to my peace ol mind. Mr. If. How so? would it contribute to your peace of mind to sen that if you should ever become an Inmate of one of those loathsome hells tjfttie fourth or sixth ward of iNew V<»rk,— say a nef,'ro dance-house,— it would be iKcai'^e you had become so dej^raded that you would ^o there, and hva tiiero, and luako your liviu;; by living there, from puro love for such a liie •' Jieporter. The very idea makes my soul turn sick. Ah. II. Very well, then how can it contribute to your ))eace of mind to s"e and believe that if you fi,o to liell from the world of sprits it will be becuuseyou will iiave become so vile and loathsome in all the attributes of your Hpiritual nature that you will prefer the society of devils to that of aiij^els, and the wickedness aud corruption of hell to iLe purity and holi- lioss of heaven 1 Jl>\)nrter. Uii niflection 1 do not think my peace of mind would bo much re-enforced by sucii a belief. liut 1 want you to explain how peoi)le go from the spiritual world to heaven or to hell. Mr, JI. IJefore I do that, tell mo what your idea of heaven is. Jti'porter. J leaven is the eternal home of the redeemed, it is the home of never ending rest, it is a place of eternal happiness. Mr. If. VV riat makes heaven a place of hapi)iness? Jk'porter. Why, (Joi) makes it so, of course. Mr. II. But how does he make it so? lu what does the happiness of heaven consist? Reporter. Why, in being Jiappy,! suppose. And the redtjemed an* made happy by contemplating the glories of their lledeemer; by singing einlless praises to Him, by wt-aring golden crowns and robes of sjxitles^ white, and roaming those sweet fields which as the old hymn says, beyond theswelliuy flood stand stressed in living green. Mr. II. Awxt is to say, the happiness of heaven, according to your views, consists in what might be termed a novc.'r ending religious holiday with nothing to do except to sing praises to Ciod, aud feast on what you call heavenly delights? liepurter. Yes, that is about it. Mr. II. How would you like that hero on earth? How would you like to stand in a temple or a garden for years, wearing a white robe, and with a gold crown on your liead, aud a gold harp in your hand, and with nothing to do but to .sing p-^alms? Or to put it briefly, how would you Jike to live in everlasting idlenes!* here if you could. , lie porter. It would bo intolei'able, of course. It would kill me or drive too crazy. Mr. II. Exactly, just as it has killed or driven mad many a man who, having amassed v/ealth, and foolishly imagined that il would be heaven ou earth to live in splendor and idlene.ss, has supplied himself with a luxurious home, and c^uit business to enjoy it. Does not overy such man find out his mistake ? Iie]>orter. Yes, I went up to Connecticut last y iar and interviewed ono of these very men. He had an earthly paradise, but the devil was in it in the shape of idleness, and the poor ricli old man told mo he was going io start an orphan asylum, and run it himself, just to have enough to do to ke-'p him from going crazy or committing suicide. "'r.II. You havo hit it exactly. Activity is a law of life. Idleness leads to stagnation, and Btagnation is death. Lvery man must be active. A good v.nn wants to be all the time doing something useful, an evil man wants to bealltiio timo doing something harmful. The old gentleman that you interviewed in Connecticut, being a good-liearted man, his Irrepressible craving for activity burst out in a charitable direction and ho founded an orphan asylum. If ho had been a bad hearted man his activity would have taken an evil direction. In the spiritual world every one hi a tlit'samepassh)ns and desires as here. Tiie good spirits seek to be useful aiiu the bad spirits seek to grali''y their evil dispositions. The sanii' laws govern the coalescence of the inhabitants of the world of spirits into Bocieties or comnmnities which govern the same thing liere. In this world tbu vicious suokout aud consort with the vicioua ftud tuogood consort WitU 52 APl'ENJDIX TO THE AllTIZANb' GUIDE. Pi It ^ the good. Tako the poplfi who arrive In this city, for example, on any givfn Saturday night and Sabbath uiurning from all ])art8 of tlie country, liny are liero relieved from tlie conventional restraint whicli keeps theiii in «Mder at home, and every one is free to gratiiy Ids appetites at his will. You understand such things, and very well know that nuiuy of those jh'i- Bons who, if at homo on that 8abbath would go to church, and exhibit a deal of hypocritical piety, Avill go to tho haunts of vice in this city, and Hcoir at all religion, and wallow in wickedness. Every one of tlieni who loves the company of the vicious, will seek out vicious companions, and go where he will enjoy hims(!lf •nost. On thv> ther hand, those who really love the Lord, and in their very hearts want t-^ do the righ* thing wherever they are, will seek out " m church n tliat Sabbatli, : r will in some way hiiowout and act out tin love for tJio Joud and his people which donii- iialcH tiieir lives. S^, when poopL arriv • m the spiritual wo.ld where all coiivcntiona* restrai!:ts a.'o removed very one acts out his real natun;. The wicked graduall/ sort thomselve. out troi:. the goind, and gravitutt^ by choice to tho hells A h 11 is simply a s ciety in wliich wickedness holds entirw sway; and the worse the wickednes" the worse the hell. llt'povtvr. liiit liow a! out Mie |)unishnient foi fin 1 Is not hell a plpct ot torment ? and u ii is, why do even the wicked like to go there 1 Mr. 11. Wliy do the wicked go from choice into the hells of this world, un(l voluntarily accept tho loss, disgrace, ruin, disease, suftering, and ileath, which come of going there ? I'eople are the same in the world of Hpirit,s that they are here : tliat is to say, they are human beings. Suppose you and 1 were to be struck dead this moment, and pass into the t, itual world. You would be you, wouldn't you, and I would be 1 ? We'sliould have tlio same spiritual natures which we have now, you would like lliere wliat you like here ; and it would l»c the same with mo. If wo really lovo Cioi> and our neiglibour here and now, we thould love God and our iH'ighbuur (hero and then. If wo love what is pure and holy here we Khould love what is ])ure and holy there. IJutif we really in our hearts love sell', and tho world, and evil and wickedness here, wo should love the same there, no matter what we may |)iet(!nd to love her. And loving wickedness we should go annnij? the wicked, because we should prefer to dt HO. And being among the wicked, we should, of course, liavo u wicked and unhui)py time of it, and grow worse and worse, and become very devils, and be tormented by our own burning passions and by our fellow devils, and sull'er unspeakable anguish ; and vet wo would prefer that devilish state to heaven, just as tho human devils in this world prefer tLeir horrible life surr-undings to the society of good christians. Ueporfer. I understand how it must naturally bo as you say; but still I do not see where tho punishment which Uod iullicts on sinners for tho sius they committed in this world comes in. Mr. //. Tho L'^rd does not i)unish people hereafter for deeds done in the body. " Sufficient unto the day is the evil thereof." In the Loun'a dealings with Hi-* creatures there is no such thing as i)unishment, in the sense in which that word is generally used, but only philosophical conse- quences. If you tako hold ot hot iron, it burns you. Tho burning is not * a punishment, arbitrarily inflicted, but only a natural con8008sible gooil to one auoluer, must makoj ht'rtvcu wUoiOvei tUey may bo. AW»END1X TO THE ARTIKANS' OTTIDE. 53 on any civpn mitry. liny •upa thfiu ill J at his will. of tlioso pcr- ud exhibit a tliia city, and of tht'iu wilt) uiona, and gn so who ri'iilly iiiiig whun'vtT in aoiiii! wajr 3 which doiiii- a.hl where all is real nature, id gravitate by jkeducsb holds 11. hell a. plrcu ot ere ? i ul'thiH world, suftbrui},', and II t\io world of iugs. bvippso to the t. -itual 1 1 We ttliDuld wo really lovo 15 Cioi) and our I holy hero we y in our hearts should love the ,r , And loving should prefer li> . havo a wicked id become very id by our fellow )uld prefer that orld proier their „ say ; but still I lueruforthosiuH deeds done in In the Loan's nishment, iu the osophical couKe- lo burning is not nsetiuence. It ft Inevitablo conse- fo sacriticed. So, lal consoqvft'ncc; 3Ul getB such an piritR, and grows Tiseiiueuco ot his .notnsftpunixh- L8 ft ybyijiuloiiitittl to the LoRiJ and ulves the habii oi iherlilo seeks 1 ho en that ftCou""^'- vlngoTW another Ticpnrffir What chance is thoro for doing pood to your neighhonrf in heaven* Doesn't the Lord give yourneigbbours all they want there with- out your help? M'r. II. 11 does not do it thero any more than lie does it here, yon must remember that our happiness comes througli tlie right us(> of the faciiltii's which the Lord lias bestowed on us. Tlie Loud works bv instrumentali- ties iu heaven the same as lie does here. For example, he gives us tiio relation between husband and wife, of parent and cliild, of teacher and i-cliolar, to brinjr into activity and to gratify our deepest and teiideiest iilU'ctions, and it is only in this way— that is, by the exercise of our airectio; 8— that we can get any develojiment. ii'ejxmer. Do you mean to say tliat tliero are the relations of husbands and wives, parents and children, and teacliers and scholars in lieaveii? Mr. If. 1 do. Natural death lias no power to effect a permanent si'para- tion between a husband and wife who have tend«>rly loved eaoh otluM-iu the world and a the same time were grounded in sincere love to God. There are liusbands and wives iu heaven a.s thore are on this earth; and though no children are born there yet the children who die in this world, and who all go to heaven havo to be brought un and educated to adult ftjje; so, too the ignorant good peoph^ among Christians and the good among the heathen, wlio all go to heaven, have to be instructed there. And in lact wliat do the wisest of iis know in comparison with the !uig«!ls who have been in heaven for thousands of years? As arrivals tbt'ie are incessant, there is never any cessation of the work of instruction. . * -.iCo there is the exercise of the parental ollice, and the relation of iLnchcr nnd scholar. Did it ever occur to you to imagine what has be- come of the myriads of infauts that have died and gone into the world of spirits. Do you suppose thatinfants that died live tliou.sand years ago are ki'pt bottled up somewhere as infants still? Are all the infants thatliavo (lied, and that are dying, and that will hereafter die, to bo kept for ages upon a^'cs in an infantine state, and then be finally judg«d as infants, and sent to I heir doom as infants, and kopt as infants,— myriads of them not ono hour old— throughout eternity? Do you suppose there is to be any such wa^te of immortal material as that? Is it not more reasonable to suppose tliiit tln> LoKD in the exercise of His infinite love and wisdom, has made jiMvision for their care, and comfort, and instruction? It would lio liisMy considered an act of atrocious cruelty to send countless infants olf t.) some distant land, without makiug any provision for their welfare when Ihev should arrive at their de.stination. And is there any roasonabh^ nligious heii:" on earth who would dare to imagine that the Lokd has not m;i(le ample provision for the well'aro of all ills little ones that go iu their lii'lplossiiess to the unseen land? licpnrttr. All the mothers will be apt to accept yonr doctrine as to tlin fate of infants in the other life. It looks reasonable. Hut if Swedenborg's views are correct, it strik(>« me that a great many good Christians arc fore- doomed to disappointment, and will not find the heavt'u they longeil liir. A!r. If. Thorn you are mistaken. Swcdenborg expressly says, that every Riiod person, on his lirst arrival in the world of sjarits, llnds exactly tho ieaven he believes in. . Kepnrti'v. Why is that? Mr. U. To tako the nonsense out of him. When people imagine that heavenly happiness consists in endless worship, or singing, or sitting on Icds of flowers, or roaming in paradisaical gardens, or Hasting with tho patriarchs, or merely getting into a place called heaven, they are allowed tu try the experiment, till they become so disgusted that t he v wish to broiik away from such enjoyments, and escape to some place where they can find something useful to do. They are then instructed that heaven consists in i)erf'orming uses— doing useful things— in the name of the Loud, 1 and riuTTt glad are they to learn that lesson. The ess^nco of heavenly de- light IS tho doing of good to ofhens, and not the seWish gratification ol I onn's own desires. Swedenborg says that the angels not only love the. [npifrhbour a-< themselves, but better than themselves, and lind inctfable Wljiht In ministering to their neighliours. That is in accordance with tho Iti'iicliinpof (he I/ikd while on earth : " IJiit he that isureatest among you hliall bo your seivant." (Matt, xxiii. 11. ' i U ift 54 ArPF.XDTX TO TITE AUTIZAN S OltlBTl. i frrpnrfer. But what do nnjfols find to do inhoavon r .)//•. If. Every thing that good men and women do in a jwrfoct stufc of society oijeartli, witii of course sucli exceptions as grow out of the dilFcr- ence between the material and tlie spiritual worlds. Some are teacliers nf religious truth to new comers from this world. Some, particularly woiiier,, ta"ko care of infanta and children. • Immense numbers are engaged in wutclung OTcr us who still live hero in this world. " Are they not all niiii- i.stering spirits sent forth to minister for them who shall bo heirs ot sHlvn- tion," (Heb. i. 14), and as many, if not more, in ameliorating themiMerics of the inmates of hell. It is there as it would be here in a community of good and benevolent pecmle, each one does what he is best qualified for to promote the general welfare and happiijss. Jieiiorfer. Will people know each othe • there ? , . - _ Mr If. Yes, but if that knowledge is oi.ly of the'oiitward seeming as it often is in this world, and not of real interior character, it will .sooii pass away, because there everybody at length has to show his real character, no hypocrisy is possible there. Hence, unless people have an interior athnity for one another, they do not remain together in the spiritual world. y. . Reporter. Do you administer the usual ordinances ? Mr. J'< Ve administer the rite of liaptism, and the sacrament of the Holy .^aj>per, and carry on our worship very mucii like other Cliristians. We are liberal in our notions as to otiier sects, and wish them all (iorl rpeed. The fact is the New Jerusalem is coming down out of heaven in all parts of the world and in all denominations. It has transformed tlio theology and the preaching of Christendom within a century. Henry Ward Iteecher preaches more of the essence of the new church doctrines than some of our own ministers. Bishop Clark ofUhode Island xamihing himself and his own thoughts by the T(!n Coininanil- meiits; as, for instance, whether he loves and fears God; whether lie is happy in seeing the welfare of others, and does not envy them ; whether on having received a great injury from others, which may have excited liim to anger and to meditate revenge, ho afterwards changes l;(s senti- inonts, because God has said that vengence belongs to him, and so on; then he may rest assured, that he is on the way to heaven, but when he discovers himself to be actuated by contrary sentiments, on the road to : hell." Concerning Agk in IlEAVRN.^Thoso who are in heaven nre continu- ally advancing to the spring of life, and the more thousumls of yoars they j live to a spring so much the more delightful and hai)py, and this to eter- nity, with increments according to the progresses and degrees of love, charity, and of faith. Of the female sex, those who have died old audi worn out witli age, and have lived in charity towards their n(>ighboi-, audi in happy conjugal love with a husband, after asucceshionof years cornel niont and moieuilo tlie (lower of youth and adolescence, and intoatieautv| Tvhich exceeds every idva of beauty ever perceivable by the sight. Ciood-| 'APPENDIX TO THE ARTIZAN's QUTDE. 55 lorfoct state of itofthodiircr- arc toacliors ot mlarly woukt., iro (Mifja^od in «>y not all iniii- ii ]mr» of salvn- ng tliP miseries , community of (lualifiod for to I sopminf^ as it it will soon pass I roal cliaractcr, ftve an interior in the spiritual i\ci amPTit nf tho itlior Cliristiiiiis. sh them all (iod tot heaven in all transformed tho century, lleiiry slmrch doctrines Island does tlie to God a""t if '"' good conceriuuf; oiigst the aUL'elic, a man soarcli out and in respect to -ards self and tUe tcrnalone; hut it .rood, the I-oUPR ^u to him tiiat liis iranls (Iod and jus road tosalviiiiou (i(. Ten Comniiiiiil- od; whether he IS kry them; whetlier may have excited changes Lis sonti- ,1 him, and so on; wen, hut wlK'ul"' ■ts, on the road to «avpn i^rp contimi- undH of y<-ars tluy y, and this to etiT- d dcRrees ot love, uvvo *liod ol.l an. heir '>'>iS'''""'' ""'! won of y'«T- Zv \andintoalH;n"'J jiess and charity Is wTiat forms and malcps a n>spm7»Tanco of itself, and t-auscs tho delightful and beautiful of ciiarity to shino fortli fVom the ininutest parts *vi" tlio face, so that they tli<>mselvos aro forms of charity, '(hey have boon seen by some, and have excited a.xtonishmcnt. The fbrm of charity, whicli is seen to the life in heaven, is such, that charity itself is what pfligies and is efligiod, and this in such amannei, tiiat tho whole angel, especially the face, is as it wore charity, which manifestly both ajipears, and is perceived, which form, when it is behold, is inofliible beauty, affecting with charity the very inmost of theinind. In a Word, to grow old in heaven is to grow young; those who have lived in love to tho J.f'iii) and in charity towards their neiglibor, become such forms, or such h( auties, in tho other life. Heaven and Hell. 414. Statu of thk Would and Church, aftkk, and in CoiJhequbncb ()i-\THKLAST JuDOMKNT.— "Thesctpd in the spiritual world, does not induce any change in the natural world as regtlrds the outward form ; so that the aflhirs of states, peace, treaties and wars, with all other things which belong to tho rocieties of men, in general and in particular, will exist in the future, just as they ex- isted in the past. The Lord's saying that in the last times there will be wars, and that nation will rise up against nation, and Itingdom a;^ain8t kingdom, and that there will be famines, pestilences and earthquakes iu (livers places," Matt. xxiv. 6, 7, does not signify that such things will exist in tho natural world, but that things correspondent with them will exist in the spiritual world, for the Word in its prophecies does not treat of the kingdoms, or ot the nations upon earth, or consecjuently of their wars, or of famines, pestilences, and eartluiuakes in nature, but of such things as correspond to them in the spiritual world, what these things are, is explained in the Aucana Cojlkbtia. But as for the statk of thk < iiURCH, this it is which will be dissimilar hereafter; it will be similar in-. deed in ihooiitward thrm, tmt dissimilar in theinward. Tooutward appear- ance divided churches will exist as hcretofons their doctrines will be taught as heretofore; and the same religions as now will exist among the Gentiles, lint henct'foruHird the. man of the church will be in a more free state of thinking on matters of faitli, that is, on spiritual things which relate to heaven, because sjnritua^ liberty has been restored to him. Tor all things in the heavens and in the hr'lls arc now reduced into order, and all things which putertains or opposes divine things inflows from thence — , from the heavens, all which is in harmony with divine tilings, and from the hells, all which is opposed to them, hut man does not observe this change o( state in himself, because he does not reflect upon it, and because he knows nothing of spiritual liberty, or of influx; novertlieloss it is perceived in heaven, and al^o by man himself when he dies. .Since spiritual liberty has been reston^d to man, the spipitual sense of the Word is now unveiled, and interior Divine Truths are revealed by means of it; for man in his former .state would not have received them, and he who would have understood them would have profaned them." " Hence it is that atTterthe last judgment, and not sooner, revelations were niatle for the New Church. For since communication has been restored by the last .Judgment, man is able to be enlightened and reformed, that is, to understand tlie Divine Truth of the Word, to receive it when under- stood, and to retain it when received, for the interposing obstacles are removed; and therefore John, after tho former heaven and the former earth passed away, said that ho saw a new heaven and a new earth, and then, the l:oly city new Jerusalem coming down from God out of heaveu jircpared as a bride adorned for her husband ; and heard One sitting upon the throne say, liehold I make all things new." Kev. xxi. 1, 2(5. Tho above was written by Swcdenbor;? in 1768, or 115 years ago. The last judgment foretold in Matt, xxiv, Luke xxi. 9, '27, Uov. vi. 12, 17. XVI. 18, and other places, was fully accomplished in the spiritual world, (as described by him), by tho end of the year 1757, or the year previous to thuone flr.st mentioned, and I appeal to every enlightened mind if tho above statements regarding the condition of Hie world, and the slat»? 1?f the man of church have not been verified by actual histori- cal tacts, which even at this day, 1873, have assumed an amplitmle whicU i'l t^(J APiPENDiX TO THE ARTIZANS GUIDE. It wonld require a vo'nmp to flcscribp. The last jiirlgmont was oxoctjtnfl OH such of tlie wicked us had pussud into tlio spiritual world fnim tlu> J^oiiD's time until the year 1757, but not upon those who lived previous, lor a last Judgment )>ad twice before existed on the earth, the Hist was executed upon the posterity of the Most Ancient church, and is desciiiicd iu the Word by the flood; the other was ellected by the JiOUi) Himself when he was in the world, as it is written, " Now is the judgment of liijs •world, now is the prince of this world cast out," John xii.31. It is of Divine order that a judgment takes place at the end of u church, when ignorance of God, the falsitication of liis Word, and conseqi o t dreadlul wickedness has arisen to such a height that, for the sake oi the good, • judgment can no longer bo restrained, WitL these facts belore us, we can now perceive the infernal origin of that malignant spirit which hchl supreme sway during the dark ages down to tTie date in question, aiKl vented itself in murdering, burning, racking, and persecuting millions of innocent human beings in the name of religion. To this period may Le assigned the sublime descriptive imagery of the prophet, when he ,sayfi, " Behold, darkness shall cover the earth, and gross darkness the people," of which wo will only say that we have had the darkness with a most terrible verity, for even now the man of the church is but slowly emerg- ing out of it. True order requires that man must divest himself of error and falsities before he can receive truths, and all exijerienco shows that this can only be effected gradually, and little by little, as the understand- ing becomes enlightened, for the will principle must be convinced from. or by, the understanding, and this in perfect freedom. It can never be lorced. By the holy city Xew Jerusalem, which was seen coming down from God out of heaven, mentioned in Kev. xxi., and described in the infernal sense of the Word, in Isa. Hi. 1, 2, (J, 9, Ix, 1, 22, Ixii., 1, 12, Ixv , 17, 2z. Ixvi., 22. Dan vii., 13, 14, is not meant a city, for it is described as being of pure gold, as being square, twelve thousand furlongs, or .about luoo English miles, each way, and the height the same, such a city could not exist on the earth, and is not to be so understood. By a city in the Word, is signified the Church as to doctrine, as when wo i)ray for the jieace of Jerusalem, we mean the Church, signified by ,Terusal(!ra. and not tlie city of that name in I'alcstine, so by the new Jerusalem, and its descriptinn by correspondences and symbols, in Kev. xxi., we are not to understand any «ity, but the nature and quality of a church, or New Dispensation of liivino ,Truth, drawn from the Word, which would bo unfolded to the \v sardius, topax, and th(> diamoii|[, the peryl, the onyx, and the jasjH^r, the sapphire, the emerald, and the cur- '^•^ / AlTENDIX TO THE ARTIZANS GUIDE. 57 1 OXOCIlt^ll , Iridii thi' |)rcviini>, .. fiist was* < d*'scril)('(l ,1) llimsflf lont of thi(* 11. It is ot uch, whon ,t drcatUul 1 the good, ) us, wo «^aii which hi'lil iit'stion, atxl - millit>i>8 of iiod may ^'^ en ho, says, the pooiili', with a most owly emerg- (iscU'oft'vrur shows tliat uutlorstuiul- vinced from, can novor be g down from 1 the iiitovuul !, Ixv . IT, .'■i'^. ibod as b.'Oip or .about loDO city could not ' in the Word, • the peace ot ,d not tlio nly iescripti:^!! by lulerstaud any itionoflMvino to the world ifthis descrip- from entcr\ng to twelve gates 21, by winch mowledgnent Icdgort of truth p very {,'ato by fwhon 11'^ siiy**> ved, ".»«>I"'X- '•atcs, that the I'isa. XXVI., i. ito a merciiani »NK FKAUL «;i<' t," Matt, xiu., te and acknow- gnities for man 'trutli. A rock, corri'SponauifC Uivine'lrntn. „ .aier places [one, a precious Ingof'lX'Tt lees. lu!nco n is '.f Liou ; every i,. diamomL. ""' a, and the car- buncle, and gold" xxviii., 13. It is plain that these expressions are not to be literally understood, but are thus expressed for the sake of the spir- itual sense, in which precious stones signify truths. The like is meant by " Eden, the garden of God' ' in which the king of lyre is said to have been, wliich is used in the Word to denote intelligence, and wisdom thence derived. The garden of Eden was as much unknown in the time of the king of Tyre as it is at this day, such a locality as that described in Gen. ii., 8, 14, having no geographical existence on the globe ; hence the vain researches, travels, expeditions, writings, &c., of tlio curious and the learned, during the past and present ages, regarding this subject, they being ignorant that the whole account is to bo understood as a pure alle- gory, descriptive of the state of the men of the Most Ancient Church, i'hia was the universal style of writing among these people, it was derived from a heavenly origin, and they delighted in framing descriptions of thin kind, expressing spiritual truths by means of allegories or correspond- ences, making use of natural objects to symbolize spiritual truths. It must be visible to every one, that when the trees of the garden are described natural trees are not to be understood, for life, and the knowledge of good and evil, do not grow on such trees, and so on with other things. This style of writing is continued to about the end of the eleventh chapter of Genesis, where literal or true history begins, but still of such a nature that it involves a spiritual sense throughout. As mankind receded from a heaven- ly state, and oecame corporeal and sensual, believing in nothing which they could not investigate with their bodily senses, the knowledge of cor- respondences became gradually lost, and remained so, until under the Divine Providence of the Lord it has been again restored to the Church, and made available to unfold the true meaning of the Word. So now those who have hitherto " walked in darkness" may •' see a great light," and the Church may bo addressed in the sublime language of the prophet, " Abisb, HIIINK ; FOR THY LIOUT IS COMB, AND TUE OLOBY OV TUB LOBD IB niSKN UPON THBE." SUMMARY STATEMENT OF THE DOCTRINES OF TUE NEW CHURCH. r. God Is One In Essence and in Person, in whom there is a distinct and essential Trinity, called in the Word the Father, Son, and Holy Spi- rit, and the Lord Josus Christ is this God, and the only true object of worship. II.— In order to be saved, man must believe on the Lord, and. strive to obey his commandments, looking to Him alone for strength and assistance, and acknowledging that all lifie and salvation are from Him. III. — The Sacred Scriptures, or the Divine Word, is not only the Reve- lation of the Lord's will and the history of his dealings with men, but also contains the infinite treasures of his wisdom expressed in symbolical or correspondontial language, and tuerefore in addition to the sense ot the letter, there is in the Word an inner or spiritual sense, which can be interpreted only by the law of correspondence between things natural and things spiritual. IV.— Now is the time of the Second Coming of the Lord, foretold in Matt, xxiv., and the establishment of the New Church signilied by tho New Jerusalem in Revelation xxi., and this Second Coming is not a vis- ible appearance on earth, but a new disclosure of Divine 'Truth and the l)romulgation of true Christian Doctrine, effected by means of the Lord's servant, Emanuel Swedenborg, who was specially instructed in this Doc- trine, and commissioned to publish it to the world. v.— Man's lile in the material body is but the preparation for eternal life, and when the body dies man immediately rises into the spiri^^ual world, and, alter preparation in an intermediate state, dwells for ever iu Heaven or Uoll, according to the character acquired during his earthly life. VI..— The Spiritual World, tho eternal homo of men after death, is not remote from this world, but is in direct conjunction with it, and we are, though unconsciously, always in immediate communion with angels aivX spirits, I 68 APPENDIX TO THE ARTIZANS' CiUIBE. THE First Ebskntiat, KS'oWLfincjK.— " Tho flrsl tliiiij? will bo tolcnowM-lio i.s tlu! Gol) of Iloiivoii, Kiiu'c all otlier tliiiij/silciieiul (in tlisit. In tlic univc■r^;al lu'ivvon no other is iu'kno\vk'(lt,'('(l for tin; CJOI) of liciivi^n than tlm LoUD alone. Thi'y say thoru asHu hiniaolf taught, " tliat ]lo is one with th(^ I''athor, that the Father is in lllni and Ho in in the Fiitlier ; nnd ho tliat W'etli Jiini seeth tlie Father ; and that every thiiiK holy proeeedeth from Him,'' Jolin x, ;i(l,;is ; xiv. 30, II. xvi. l.'!-l(> — Tlio very essential princijilti of tlie chuirh is th(! iickiiow- ]e(l^,'enient of the union of the Divine itself in the llunuin of the LoHU and this must be in all and sinRular the things of wor.-^hi]). The reason why (his is an essential of the chureh, and henco an essential of worship, is, because the Balvation of the human rare deiiends Bolely tni that union." If the do<-trines ombriioetl in these weighty sentiences wcrelield and accepted by the jiresent church it would assuredly ko1v(3 the most jierplexing theologi- cal iiroblem of the age. Thousands of good men are utterly in tlu? dark as regards tliisgrand fundamental truth. Among tliem we would rank the llcy. ^V. li. H. Jlurray, the celebrated preacher of Park St. Chun h. Itoston, who, in till' hearing of the writer, during his Sabbath afternoon lecture, Ajiril T), 1874, ]nad(! statements to the effect that "the doctrine of th(; Trinity as held l)y us 'J'rinitarians is an inc'xplicable mystery ; for my own jiart I never could exjilain how thri'(! distinct jiersons could be one (ion, I do not under- stand it, do not wish to understand it, ncNcr could and never will under- Btand it, not even in eternity." A very dill'erent estimate may be seen in .ler, ix. '2;i, 24. " Thus saitli the Lord, Let not the wise man glory in his wisdom, neither let the mighty man glory in his might, let not the rich man glory in Ills riches . but let him that glorieth, glory in this, that he understandeth and knoweth me, thati am the Lord which exercise lovingkindness, judgment, nnd rightccmsnessin the earth," The time is coming when the earth shall be full, not of the mysteries, contradictions and perplexities of a trinity of throe separate i)crsonS in one Clod, for it is full of that already, but when it shall be full of the kiioirltdf/c of the LORD as the wat' rs cover the sea. It is liecause e))iritual truths, ad^'quate to satisfy tlie most exalted cravings of the }iumau mind, have been revealed in great abundance at this day by the LoUD through tSwedenborg, that this himdile effort is made to direct attention to liis writings. AVhen wo know these truths, happy shall we be if we live up to tliem. "Then shall wo kiiotc, if we follow on to hnm the Loul) ; His {foing forth is ])rei)ared as the morning, and he shall come to usas the rain, as the former and latter rain upon the eui'th," Man bUOL'i-U ACT AHOK lii.MSKLK,— " Such is the Law of order t^mtman ought to do good asof himself, and therefore not to hang down his handi*, under the idea that, bei'ausehe cannot of himself do any thing that is good, he ought to wait for immediate influx from above, and so remain in a passive state ; for this is cfmtrary to order ; but he ought to do good as of himself ; and when he retlccts upon the good which he does, or has done, he should think, acknow- ledge and believe, that it was the LoiU) with him who wrought it. When a jjorson hangs down his hands iimler the above mentioned idea, he is not a sub- ject on which the LORD can operate, since the LORD cannot operate by influx fin any one who dei)rives himself of every thing into which the requisite liower can be infused." ON INI'-ANTS IX JlEAVEX— " It is thc belief of some, that only the infants •who are bom within *lu3 church come into heaven, but not those who are burn out of the church ; because, they say, the infants within thc church are baptised, and by b.aptism initiated into the faith of the chun^h ; but they do not know, that no one has heaven or faith liy baptism ; for baptism is only for a sign and memorial that man is to be regenerated, and that he can- bo regenerated who is born within the cliurch, since there is the AVorU where are the Divine truths by which regeneration is effected, and there the LoJiD is known from whom regeneration is. Let them know therefore, that every infant, wheresoever ho is born, whether within the churgJior out of it, wliether of ))ious parents or of impious, when he dies is received by the LoHi), and is educated in Heaven, and according to Divine order is taught and indiiicd with the knowlwige of truth ; and afterwards its he is jjerfectcd inintelligem-e and wisdom, he is introduced into heaven and becomes an angel. Every one who thinks from reason kiu)ws that no one is born for hell, but all for heaven, and that man himself is in fault that he comes into hell, but tltai, infants can as yet be in no fault." Al'PENDTX TO THE ARTIZANS TJIIDE f.a ' iiiiivorsiil Dlin aUnio. :>r,tliat Ihi" U SU('t\l tlic •,W,W ; xiv. U! llfklloW- hoKli antl ;.n why this bccaiiw the md accepted iifj theoliiiii- tiK! dark as Ilk thellcv. iton. who. in M.ril T), 1874, Trinity as liavtl never I., not nnder- • will luuler- pcen in .ler. II his wiPihiui, man frh'^y i" rstanileth ami ss, iudt'Tiient, earth shall bo ' a trinity of , but when it the sea. It is •avinps of the y by the Lord ct attention to it we live up ic loud; ili!* as the rain, as mlcr that man ishand^. nndcr gootl, be ontrht isivc state ; for , and wben he link, aeknow- lit it. When a he is not a sub- )erate by i"*!"'' the requisito mly the infants sc who are burn the church arc iir,:h ; but they for baptism IS d, and that he ^re is the ^\"r" 1, and there tlic therefore, that rgaior out of it. edbytheLoiU). ii^rbtandinilmea •ainintellit-'eneo ijiol. Every. mc luilL but all for o hell, but thai. Sncli is S'vednnborR's testlmnny from thinffs heard and seen. Tt will do any or.e Koml to read thi. "ntiro ehajiter " On Infants and little (,'hildren in ][((aven" in his work on " .leaven and Tlell" from wliii-h the alxjve extract is taken. Now examine tho SAVloril's testimony ; "SnlYer little (children to come unto me, and forbifl them not, for of such is t)u! kiiif^dom of heaven," ]\Iatt. xix. 14. A^ain, " For I nay unto you that in heaven their antfols do always behold tho face of my Father which is in heaven," Matt, xviii. 10. ]5y way of contrast wo shall now present somo cxtracl^ from eminent cx- ponndcrs of tho old theolofxy and let tho reader jndf,'0 which la truo and whicli is false, which is from above, and which from beneath, AuKustinc'a opinion is as follows. "It may then^foro bo truly said, that Infants dyin>? without baptism, will bo in a state of damnaticm of all tho uiost mild. But, f/reatlij does he deceive, and is he deceived, who aflflnns that tfiei/ irill not be ilammed." De J'eccat merit et Remiss Lib. 1 . c. 1 fi. FniKcntins writes as follows : " We most lirmly hold, and by no means doubt, that IXKAVI'S, whether they beu;in to live in their mother's wonil), mul then die, or, after beint^ born ])ass from tliis life witlioiit tlio sacrament of holy bajitism AVlMi V.V, IMXISIII'",!) AViril 'I'lIM KVi:il[.ASI'IN(J l'UN'ISll.MKN"r OV KTKHXAL FlUK." FulijentillS de fide (id Pet, Diac. (Jap. xxvii, Calvin, in his reply to (!a-;talio Bays, " Porsons innnmorablo are taken out of life whil(! yet infants,— and (ion rilKcii'lTATKS into KTKiiXAf, r»i:ATir JlAIl.UfiKSS INI'AN'I'S TOIl>f KIIOM TIIKIll JIO'I'IIKUS' IIIIKASTS." In his JilSti- tides the stern (lenovan further inquiries, I "ask you a!,'ain,how has it happened that tho fall of Adam has involved so many nations with their in/uiit children in eternal death without remedy, hwthccnwm it so seemed good in tho Hih'ht of (lOD? — It is a dreadful decree, I confess." Inst. Lib. iii. c. 2(5, Zanchius, another hi}^h authority of tho ago of Calvin, in his reply to ri^hius writes as follows: "fivw young serpents and the irhelps ot irolves, who cannot as yet harm anybody, aro put to death, and with justice. — Therefore, KVKX INKANTS AUR DMSKKVKUriY DAMXKD, on account of tho nature they have, to wit, a wicked nature and reiJupnant to the law of OoD." Even tho tenderhearted Dr. Watts writes in this way, "Uj)on tho whole, tho opinion of tho salvation of all children, as it has no countenance front the Jiible, so it has no foundation in the reason of things." — " Tho Scripture brinfjs down tho infants of wicked jiersons to tlio Rrave, and loaves them there, and so do I. The Scripture has not provided any resurrection for theui, neither can I do it." Ruin and Recovery, Quest. IC. Archbishop Usher, in answer to tho question " TTow doth Got) deal with Hoprobates dying infants," pays, "Being once conceived they arc in a s'ate of death by reason of tho sin of Adam imputed, and of original corruption cleaving to their natiite, wherein also dying they perish." Usher's Body of JHvinity, p. C'). At the Council of Dort tho Genevan Professors said, " Of the infants of believers only, who die of an ago before they can bo indoctrinated, wo doter- inino that they are saved," and tho deputies from Switzerland expressed their judgment thus, "That there is election and reprobation of infants, as well as of adults, we cannot deny against God, who tenderly loves, and inculpably ]tntes them before they are born." The Rev. William Twiss, D.D., Prolocutor or Chairman of tho Westminster Assembly, writes, " Every inan that is damned is damned for original as well actual sins, and and many thousand infants only -for original." Again, "If 3nany thousands, even all the infants of Turks and Sa7'acens dying in original sin, are tormented by GoD in hell fire, is ho to bo acccmnted tno Father of cmielties for this." The Riches of 'O'od's Love consistent with his Absolute Hatred of the Vessels of Wrath. Fol. ed, 1053. Antony Burgess, another member of this famous Assembly, ^vritos, " It is n quickening meditation which Vedelius useth, to mako a godly man thankful for God's grace, — ah, how many little children ai-o and sliall be in hell, wlio never had tho knowledge of good and evil." Burgess on Original Sin, pp. 550, 551. Ed. l(ir)!». ])r. Manton, a popular preacher at Parliament, who -wroto a hundred and thirty-nine s»'rmons on tho cxix Psalm, compares " infants to seriwnts before they bo grown," and reasons in favour of this Infamous doctrine. Manton's Sernion^. Vol. 3, Ser. xxv. We qnote from Arthur llildersham's Lectures on the fifty-first Pstvlm, f. 60 Ai'PENDlX TO THE ARTIZANH (IIIIDE, " At,'fiinRt those damnable errom, (ono of which is that all who dio in thcii' Infancy nhall certainly go to heaven,) you have heard it evidently proved, 1. That all infants arc sinners, and deserve damnation. 2. That many infants have been vessels of wratli, and FIKEURANDH OP HELL." That those assertions are rank with tho sulplmrotis fimanationa of the pit, wo think few will (juestion, hut thanks to the advancing light of tho Ni.-w Dispensivtion, this atrocious doctrine, along with many others pertaining lo the old Theology, arc fast taking their place among tho discarded rubbish of the past. IIo woulH bo a bold man indeed who would dare to oildress a con- gregation in this style at tho present doy„ ON Si'iuiTUAL Influx— ONLY one Life.—" From very much cxpcricnro I am instructed, that there is but one single life, which is tliat of the Loud which flows in and causes man to live. For there is only one life, namely, tho LOllD'H, which flows in into all, but is variously received, and this accord- ing to tho quality which man by his life has induced upon his soul ; hence with the evil, goods and truths aro turned into evils and falses, but with tho good they aro received, goods as goods, and truths as truths. This will ailniit of comparison with the light which flows in from the sun into objects, and which is then diversely modified and variegated according to the form of the parts, and is thence turned into colors either sad or cheerful. The heat which hatches eggs wherein lies hid an owl, a toad, or an asp, does the like as whoa it hatches eggs in which lies hid a dove, a beautiful bird or a owauo Tlio rase in general with influx out ot tho spiritual world into man is this, that man cannot think anything, or will anything from hims would apjienr visildy in tlio rloiKlsof heaven, I'liounands wero rendered almost insftun with oxeiteilietit. r.nsinesH was jiaralyzed and utorcfl vere closed in Tit^vf York by the Fcore. Ono t^tovo ilealer ? businesH declnrint^ that no nioro ptoves woidd ever be wantetl in tins worlil A ehoemakcr tried to wind up bnsinesM liy ^'ivill^J; away liiH stock. A di^aloT in fruit, cakes, and confectionery dis- jioHd of hirt stuck in a Binillnr inarner to tliu jrreat' delight ()f the chil- ilreii, who warmly Velconicd th(! Tirojiagattnn <>f this new I'aith nmonp the • onfeelinners mid fruit dealers. Tho di^y iiiijiointcd for the final cidlapse of llie creation ciinio roun wiirc. oro pt liven J) bnhtini'Srt oncry dis- thn cliil- tmoiifj Uic •(tllil)ISO of .(1, linUliUK ipriFcd Diiit now, foiiic iro still aw dins,'. end of tho by a Mr. ■ impondinp! hiiiiro passed Lrtinly know iiy rospect- uccreAd in C! end of the )f tiio inosti- nn nnerrjnR ipvofltal)lcin •e as well as thP ancient to tilt flood, nations pofi- II o: fiulitinR ti before and ■nosif. wc arc wickcdncBs, ii. Scripture. , one ol tho •ntlj referred ■ Testaniei\t, cordanct and umber. Tlio cuix existing; 111 Kid of ini- ■c, tho narra- composltion, fCoricH, IT; the ,)d in aditfer- ,hoend of the the temples, 1 the wisdom .■s and tables, ho correspond- icicnts." <00 years older ulation is VW) Hindoos nos- IH tho yulioii, :'S In tho Isonn n( .\„f,n;' for O.-tol,,.,- 5nd, TTns .M-ul,Ui(.ns on thi' pn.lul.l,. aMtlMiiitv of tlio liiimiui s|.r.>i(M wlii.'li nriy well stiirih' even IImkc who have lon>,' since eoiiio to the coiichHion lliaM,.()it')y..a,N,Mrry us l.iit :i, small way bark to tlie ori-inal liomo. Iiifact, in Mr. Walla-e H rckoniiv.', a thousand vears arc liiitas si day. II.' bei^ins by .•oiii|.lainmu' of thi- tiirii(b'ty of s.'icnti(i(! men when tivaUii^,' of tliU suhiert and iM.ints out Mie falla.'y of alwavs prclVrnntr th.' lowe-^t, esijrnalc iiionld to lie on the Hafe side, lie (i-eiar.'s that all theevld.'n.M! tends t ..show that th.> sato si.l.- M probably with th.? lar^'.' lltrnr.'S. II. > reviews th.i various iUI^Mii|.ts to d.t.'rmin.' the aiiti.|Mlty of th.. hiiimm r.Miiains or works of art, and Hnds th.' bron/.o au'.! in Kiirop.. to hav.f 1 n pretty accnrat.'ly liv.'.lat .ym) to 4,000 years a.'o, the Kt.ine av'.- of th.' Swiss dwi'llinvrs, at, .'i.OKO to 1,000 years, ami an Iml.'finit.' ant.'ri..r pcrio.l. Th.^ burnt bri.-k f.innd (iO f.'.'t deep in the ^'ilo alliivinm, indicates an anti.pilly of JO.nOO var*; an.ith.'r fraL'inenl, at T'.'feetfTlv.'s.lO.ooo years. A hinnan sk.deton foiin.l at a .l.'pth of Irt f.'et, below four buried f.ir.'sts snpcrpos.'il n))on I'neh .th.^r, lixs h.'.'n ralculat.'d by Dr. Dnwler t.) Iiav.> an anti.piity of .->0,0:m» \ .'ars. lint allthoso ('-(t i.mat.w pal.' b.'for.. tIi..so whi.di Kent's Cavern at 'I'or.iuav, l."jilnnah's. M.'ro th.' drip nf tho stala-^'iiiit.n^ tho chief fii'tnr of ourcon'i- ))ulati..ii, tjivin..,' ua an upper flo.ir which ".Uviiles tho ndi.'s nf tho huttwo or thre.! thoiisan.I y.'urs from a d. -posit fnllof tlm bonos of extin.'t mamma- lia, many of which like th.' reinil.>.>r, mammoth an.I tclutton, indi.-ato an arctio cliniat.', nanuM cut in this stala;?iviit,o moro than 200 voars a;,'.) aro still l."riblo; in oth.-r words, wh.^ro th.) stalaj^'mito is 12 fe.'t tlii.'k, ami tho drip still ropions, n.it moro than a hiindivth of a foot has b.'cii dcp.isitcd in two contiiri.s— a rat.> of .'; f,.,.t in loo.ooo years. Below tliis, h.)wover, wo have a thick, much old. r an.l ni.)r.! crystallino (i. e. m.iro slowly fornwl) Htala'jrniito ben.'ath which a\'nin, "in a soli.lbreo.-ia, very ililTer.'nL from tho cave (;arth,nndoiibteil worksof art hav.^b.'en foun.l." Mr. Wallaco as.suni.^s only 100,000 years for tho upper door, an.l 2.')O,O00 f.)r tho l.iwcr. ami a.lds l.")0.000 for tho int.'rrn.'diato ravo earth, by whi.'h ho arriv.'S at tho sum of lialf a inilli.)n as repr.'s.'ntinj? tho years that have probably elapsed sinco Hints of human workmanship were buried in the lowest depths of Koufn cavfM'n." Mr. Frank f'alvort, of tho Dardanelles, whose archaelocrical an.l peolon;iral attainments stand hi(.'h, has informed tho Lvmnt Il'i-nld that from tlio far-o of a clilT compos.'d of strata l)ol.)n','inar to tho Mio.'eno jieri.).! of tho Tertiary ago ho has extracted tho f ra^^Miiont of ahone of either a dinotlierium or Mastadon, engraved with the figure of a horn.^.l (juailruiiod ; from which ho concludes that the remarkable fact is thus estaliHslie.l beyond a question that the antifjuity of man la no longer to bo reckoned by thousands, but by millions of years. Regarding tho Tost riiocenc sknll lately discovorod, it is admitted liyProf. Huxley to be a " fair human skull, which might have bolong.Ml to a phil.iso- ))hor, or contained the thoughtless brains of a savage." Thos.; flinty facta b.iar rather hard on tho evolution theory of Darwin, and ceitainly' go to show that if the human race have been evolved from ajies ami monkeys, acconling to liis account, f)ur ancestors must have lived in such "good.oiJ times" that the ndationship must bo very distant indood. Orkux of Mvttku.— "That substances or matters like those on tho earth wore produood liy tho sun fr.Mn its atmosplieros, is afflrm.nl Ijy all wh.) think that there aro pcrjietual intermediations from tho first to the'last : an.l that iiothiftg can exist but from a prior self, and at length from tlio First : and tho First is the sun of the spiritual world, and tho first of that sun is God- inan, or tho Loud. Now as the atmospheres arc the prior things by which that Bun jiro'ients itself in ultiniates, and as these prior things continually decrease in acti\ ity and expansion; to ultimatos, it follows that when their activity and exiiansion coaso in ultimatos, thoy become substances and Mmtters like those on the earth ; which retain fr.mi the atmospheres, whence they orig- inated, an effort and endeavor to produce uses. Those who do not conceive tho creation of the universe and all tilings therein, by continual mediations from tho First, cannot but build unconnoct.Kl hypothesis disjointetl from their raiisos, which, when examine.l bv a mind that looks interiorly into things, appear not like houses l)Ut llko heaps of rulibisli. The origin of earths, treated of above, may show, that In tho •ul^tancoa ry one who thinks from clear reason, sees that tho universe is not oreatiKl from vothimj, because ho sees that It is imposaiblo for anythintj to 1)0 niailo out of nothinf?, for nothing is nothing, and to make anytiiiiig out fif nothing is a con'triwliction, and a contradiction is contrary to tho light of truth whii^h is from tlio Divine wisdom; and whatever is not frc:r the Divino wisdom is not from tlie Divine Omii:>otcnce." Tn nnother i:!-..."c he writ<'s, "Since tho su))sistenco of all things of nature is fiom the aun, it follows that tho existence of all things is so too." Tho above were singular statements to jmt forth during Rwcdenborg's day, when it was almost universally accepted as a truth that the world was created out of nothing, in the space of six days, about 6000 years ago. But since that time science Jias abundantly demo::;:trated tho truth of what he taught, and this so clearly, that at this da.v no intelligent man can be found who will deny that this planet derived its origin from tho sun, and this at a i)erifMl of time so inconceivably remote, that tho capacity of the human mind fails to gi-asp tho immensity of its duration. " Tlio globe in tho first state in which the imagination can venture to con- sider it" says Sir H. Davy, "appears to have boon a lluid mass, with an immense atmosj)here, revolving in space around the sun. By its cooling, a l)ortion of its atmosphere was probably condensed into water, wluch occupied a portion of its surface. In this state, no forms of life such as now belong to our system, could have intvibitod it. Tnc crystiiilino rocks, or as they aro called by geologists, the primary rocks, (granite) which contain no vestiges of a former order of things, were the result of the first consolida- tion on its surface. Upon the further cooling, the water which more or less had covered it, contracted ; depositions took jilace ; shell fish and coral in- sects were created, and began their laoors. Islamli appeared in the midst of the ocean, raised from the deep by the jirodttctive eiur^iies of millions of Zoophiles. These islands became covercl with vegetables fitted to boar a high temi)era- turo, such as palms, and various si)ecies of jjlants, similar to those which now exist in the hottest parts of the world. The submarine rocks of these new ff)nriations of land become covered with acjuatic vegetables, on which various species of shell-fish, and common fishes found their nourishment. As tlie tenijjerature of the globe became lower, sixjcies of tho oviparous reptiles ai)pear to have ))een created to inhabit it, and the turtle, crocodiles, and vari(ms gigantic animals of the .Saurian (lizard) kinds seem to havo haunted the liays ami water? of tho primitive lands. Hut in this state of things, there ajipears to havo been no order of events similar to tho present. Im- mense volcanic explosions seem to have taken i)lace, accomiianied by eleva- tions and depressions of the surface of the globe, jiroducing mountains, and causing new and extensive depositions from tho primitive ocean. Theremains of living beings, plants, fishes, birds and oviparous reptiles are found in tlie strata of rocks which are the monu.nents and evidences of these changes When these revolutions became less freipient, and tho globe became still more cooh^d, and inequalities of t(miix;rature were established by moans of the mountain chains, more perfect animals became its inhabit»\nts, such us the Mammoth, Megalonix, Megatherium, and gigantic hyena, many of which have become extinct. Five successive races of plants, and four successirernns of animals, appear to have been created, and swept away by the physical revolu- tions of the (jlobe, before the si/stem of thinrjs became so jyermanent as to ft the %rovld for MAN." The various strata of the earth ajipoar to have been depos- ited by the action of water, iind in reference to this we quote from I'rof. Agassiz, " that if the stHliment from all the rivers in the world were spread e(iually over the ocean, it would require a tliousand years to raiss its bottom a single foot ; or about 1,000,000 of years to £orni a mass equal t^> the fos- siliferous rocks ; and if insteivtl of nn'rely the jiresent extent of the sea wo APPENDIX To Tin- ARTIZANS' OUIDE. C) itself, 1)1 it m isaid, the ed ill Cold, 1 they have liritualsuii, indini,' Ood- i, proceeded 1 the earthrf rcrse is not ai\ythintj to nvthiiif,' out the llK'htot ,t frcrr the icr I'-WO ho the sun, it mborp's day, 3 world wan rs ago. But of what ho can be found , and this at the human mtnro to con- lass, with an its coolinp, a liich occupied ,s now belont; Ka, or as they I contain no irst cons()li4a- h more or less and coral in- n the midst of IS of Zoophiles. high teiupora- Dse which now 3 of those n(!W which various nent. As the arous reptiles* roco became still d by means of itttnta, such as many of which physical rerolu- eHt as to ft the ive been depos- otc from ITof. ■Id were spread ■ais« its bottom lual U^ the fos- )f the sea wo inrlndc the whole snrf.'U'o of the fflnlic in siirh ei^tinidte, the tinio iivniir d ll:u^l. be exlriided to li"),(MP(i.()()(» of yi'iirs. Tin* foK«ilitVniiis .strata have boon l^tinlll^l(l III lie ci'^liL miles in tliiekni'ss," rroiu the ahovo it would seoiii llmt tirieen niiliion years iiavo been requiivd to proihice tlu! strata thnt hiive boon formed since the dry land apjieared, and the herb lirst grew Upuii the earth. No man can estimate the time ro'iuired to cool llio eruptof tho earth snf- licieiitly to achiiit of ilie trrowth of vegetation, and even now, from recent exiioriiiients niadt! at Crenzot in France, it has been demonstrated tl. at the iiiirriial heat of the earth />() nn'les from the snrliice, is 4, coo" nn intensity nicire tliaii snfllcient to mi'lt j)latiniim and fuse tli(! Imrdest rocks,. Th(j falls of Niagara were at one tinn' iire(i))itated into an ocean oxistint* tiear tlu! foot of (jiu'enstdwn heights, and must liave taken at least !i(l.()0() years to ent tlic'ir way through seven miles of rock back to tlieir present iiosition, and the retregrado movement is still going on, sldwly but surely, everyday. Tliat the ocean existed at one time in the vicinity of Niagara is evident frmn many )..-oofs, from this among others, that thcskelcton of .a whalowas dug nil in tliat migiilidrhuod hut a few yiars ago. A vohano now extinct, near JNIoiint li'dvr in the interior of France, endtted a tlow of lava at a coniiiaratively recent period, whiih fillod iij) tin' ehaniud of a river in its course. The water ro^-e, jiassing oVer tlu! inipodi- ment in its course, and has up to this time ent a channel ;'i()feet dei'pthrouj^l: the lava lied. From the r(-mains of an old Koman bridge known to liavO been constructed about '2000 years ago. it ai'ijears that the erosion of the water into the lava has bei'ii consiilerably less tlian six inches during that; liericid, which would indicate that it lias renuired over L'oo.ooo jearstociit the ('haniud to its jiresent deptli of oofeet! Myriads of ages have elajised while the rushing waters have b(>en cutting out tlios(i tn'niendous ravines in Miehard roi k, known as the Canyons i;N<'i;s.—"Tt has been given 7ne to know from much e\pcri- iMt e that in the natural wiirld, and in its three kr.iploms, there in 7iot the siKillest thing wliieli does not represent something in the spiritual world, ov uhichha.-- not soiiieihing there to wliiili it correiionils. Monover. nothing i - ever given in the created world, wliieli has not .'orresponilenei- \v ill' thingii existing in lh( soiritiial world, and w liii I' would novel :iltriiiute all things to nature, iisis ii*ii:illy done. I will, liip\\e\cr. illnstrato \' li;it is the nature, (if the c(prres|piindenee |p<'tween spiritual things and natu* 111. IpJ some exaill|lles. I'he animals uf th'^ eartli, in general, correspond to .illeelioM'-, thf: tame antl (it; Al'l'ENDIX OF THE ARTIZANS' UUllii:. nscfiil aiiiiiiiils corrcsiioiKliiv^ to s^rooil nlTccUoiis, iUid tlii< licrco aiid ii;('lpss kind J tot'vil alTcctioiis. In particular, oxen and l)iill(K'ks corrcsiinnd to llic nlVcc- tioiis of llu' iiafnral mind ; sliccji and land is to the all'cctions of tlic Bjiiritiial mind ; and hirds or win^'ccl crfatm-fs. according to tlicirspeciea, corrosiiond to tlu( iiitclli'ctnal facnil ics and and rxcrcisi's of liotli minds. Itonoo It is tlint various animal?J, as oxen, hnllocks, rams, sheep, slie-^roats. lie-goats, and liiaic and teinale lambs, also |iiu,'eoiis and rioves. wen? empioyoil in tlie ]srai'liti>h • hiinli. wliieliwas a npreseiitativc! one, for lioly ns<'s, it lieinj^'of tlieiii tliatllie Kacriliecsaml burnt olVeriiif.'S''oiisiste(l ; for when so(Mnployed,they correspond to certain spiritual thintrs and wern nndorstood in heaven accordiiif,' to theli' oorresiiotidcnces. Animals, also, accordin^r to their genera and species, actu- ally are, alt'ections ; tho reaso:. of which is becauHO they live ; and nothing can liavo life. (;xceiit from affection, rnd according to it. llcncc, likewise, it is Ihattn'ery animal jiossessc's an innate knowledge accordiiig to tlie alTection of its lif(!. Man, too, as to his natural man, in like th(! animals, wherofore, al:!o, it isnsnal to (H)iiiiiare liini to them in common discourse. Tlmsa man of mild disposition is called a sheoj) or a lamb ; a man of roiigli or fierce temiieri-- called a bear or a wolf; acrafty i)erson isteiMnedafoxoraserjient ; and so in other instanceft, A garden in general corresjionds tohoaven asto intelligi'iice and wisdom ; wherefore lioaven is called in t:ie Word the garden of (!oi), and jiaradise.and isalsonameil by man the heavenly jiaradise. Trees, according to their species, corresj)ond to perce))tionsandknowledgesof good and truth, from whiidiare iirocnred intcdligonce and wisdom, and li(!nc(Mt is that, in the Word, trees are so often mentioiu'il.and heaven, the church, and man are coinparetul isna an t al 1 food what- ever. On accountoft'iis correspondence, also, the IiOltJ)calls Himself the bread of life ; and for tlie Bame reason loaves were i)la(!ed upon tlu; table In the taberna- «-le and called theshew-brcad ; and hence, likewise, all the di vim; worship per- formed by sacrifices and burnt offerings were called bread. On account, also, nf this correspondence, the most holy solemnity of worshij) in the Christian church is the holy supp< r, the elnmeiits used in which are bread and wine." ■\Ve will SCO a surpassing beauty shining through tho literal sense of (he Word when once we admit the graml iirincijile according to which the wlmli? ol it is written. Tiauudy. that init there is not emjiloyed a single nam(>, won! symbol or siiiiilitu<1e, but what is niiule use of to denote and figniiy corres- ponding interior or spiritual things. Hence good and truth, or love and wi.-dom are meant auil signified when corresi)onding good and useful things ans jiuaitioned, such as the sun and moon, tire, heat, and light, rain and dew, eiiriU and seas, wells and siirings of water, flesh and l)lood, breiul, corn, wine, oil, 7iiilk, honey, gold, silver, brass, iron, rocks, stones, precious stones, jjcarls nf great jirii-e, garments, treasure hid in a field, kc. In liko maiiner, good men are called angels, sheep, lambs, and iTi generiil all nsefiil animals and biros, frees of righteousiKH^s, fruitful vines,cedars, oak , palm, olive, bay and fir trees, good S(!ed, fruitful fields, watered gardens, &c. I'^ir the same reason wicked men arc called devils, serpents, scorl)i(lll^:, adders, a generation of vip(>rs, dragons, leopards, roaring lions, swine, conim- ranfs, owls, ravens, thorns, thistles, brambles, tares, overllowlng floods, and other hurtful and malignant things in nature. Itis written of the Word Incarnate, that" without aparable spake He not unto them." and as all that He sjiako proceeded from the inmost Divine, or the I'^ather in Him, it is manifest that the whole of the Word, inasmuch as it ])roceerls from Him alone, must be spiritually understood, according to His own saying, "tho words! speak unto yoti they are sjiirit and they aiH? life" It isfroin this its divine origin that the Word is as it were alive, each ('\-|iression involving infinite and ineffable things, and this in such inexpressi- ble measure and vari(>ty that it may be comiiareil to an inexhaustable gold mine which is continually yielding u)) its treasures fo reward the exjilorrr. To the heavenly mind it is heavenly food, for it isby every word that proceed- <'tli out of the mouth of the liOKi) that man doth live." Dent. viii. ;i. M;itl. iv 4. .Such is nourishment of -^iiirif ual life. APPENDIX OV THE AFlTlZANs' GUIDH." 07 I'losskiiiilJ I lie alVcf- (> sinritiial rcsiioml b) ' it is tli;il , iiiiil ilmli' ]sr:ictiii-li Mil tliattlii' <'()rr('si)o)iii iig to tluiii' lei.'ies, actu- lothin^t <'f*'^ LOwistN it is alTci'tion of. •oforo, also, nail of mild 'o tomiicr i*-' ; anil so in intollit,'t'nci! of (loi), ami xccorilins-'' to llvntli.t'roni in tlic Word, conipari'il to «l works arc! )taino(l frniu xl and trntli, s natural life. ;causo it su]!- xU food what ■ self the lir(>ad 1 the taborna- iWorshijilMT- ■oiint.also. nf istian chunk sonso of I ho •h tlu! whole LMianic, word ,'niiy corrr-- or love and cfuUliini^saro lUddcw.i'iirth irn, wine, oil. )n(!s, pearls of ind in f,'oni'riii s, cedars, oak ■, I jrardens. &e. its, scori>iiins, swine, cornin- ng floods, and spake lie not lost Divine, or 1, inasmuch as cordins^ *^"!'',^ they are life." re alive, each neh inexpressi- haustahle s-'old •d the exidorer. d tliat proe 1- t. viii. :t. Matt. TiiK n.\vsurciu:ATr(i\ Piuxil-'v S:\-Si'ati;s of .Ar.vx'sTlKCKNi'.uATroN - *' Tlu! six days, or times, whicii are so many Kuccesi^ivc states of the rtyi'iwra' tioii of man, are in (.'eneral as follows : — The KUisT state is that which in'eeeiles. inchnlinrr hoth the state of infancy, and th(( state itnmediately pre( cdin^ reseneration. TJiis is c.alled vacuity^ emptiness and darkness; and the ijrst motion, which is tiie mercy of tha Loi{I),istlie Sjiiritof Con niovini,' ujion the faces of tlie I.oun .and sncli as are projicr to man. The thing's whieli are of tin; F^oitD .are called in tlu' Word remiiins, and are here i)rincipally -th(! knowled^'esof faith, which man has leariud from infancy, and wliich aro stored u]i, and are not manifested till he comes into this state. This stato at the jiresontday seldom exists without temptation, misfortune or sorrow, hy which the tiling's appertaining' to tlie hody a!id to the world, that is, such as fonn tlie proitrmm or i^ef/hood of man, are hrou^'ht into a state of ([uiesccnce, and as It were of dc^ath. 'I'hus the thing's wliich lielong to the external man, are sejiarated from those which lielonj? to the internal. In th(> internal man are the remains, stored n;i by the r>ord till this time, and for this ))urpf>se, Tlie Tllllil) stat(- is tiiat of repi^ntance, in whi(di the rcLreneratin^ subject, from th(> internal man, beirinstodisconrse jiiously and devoutly, and to iloj.'oo(l actions, like works of charity, but which nevertheless ar(> inanimate, becaiiso they an- su))|)osed tooriirinalc in hiniscdf. Tliese fro(Hl actions are calleil the tender .1,'rass and also the herb yieldinfj^ seed, and afterwards the tree bearing fruit. The Fourth state is wlien man becomes alTected with love, and illumined liy faith. He indeed jireviously (liscotirsed piously, and )>ro(luced the fruits of good actions ; but he did .so in cons<'(|uence of tlu! temptation and straitness under which he labored, and not from a jirinciplo of faith and charity ; wlutreforo faith and charity are now enkindled in his internal man, and are calle ilKTll stat(> is wlien man diseonrses frr)m a principle of faith, and thiM-eby conlinns hims(df in truth and goodness: the ...lUgs then produced by him areaniinat(;d, and are called the fishes of the sea and Mu! binls of tlie air. The siX'I'H state is when from a iirinciiile of faith and thence of love ho speaks what is true, and dr.os what is good ; thstial man. They who aro regen(>rating tlo not all arrive at this state Th<' greatest part at this day, attain to the first st.at(! ; some only to the second ; others to the thiril, fourth, and fifth ; fcnv to thi; sixth ; and warcely any to the sovonth." The fon'going is a part of Swedenborg's exjilication of the first cliajiter of . Many modem thetdotrians are afraid toenteronan interpret.ation of this chapter on account of its alleged conllii't with th > known facts of science, but the theology that could be endangered by such an investigixtion is worthy of no m.an's accepUince. Others, again, have othhI as far on the other si askinf; for hreal. If a man desires enlijjhtenmentre!,'ai*din.[,'t ho fonuation of theiiriniary orstratilied rocks, tlio coal measures, minerals, fossils, jilants. or to solve the complex ])rol)lems of astronomy reijanlin^^ tho nature, moveinoiits and(li«tan<'es of tho bodies helijtjvin!-^ to tlio solar or hiellar syslcMns, it is an absolute certainty that he would iiev(>r think of consultiii)^' (leiiesis or any other |nirt of the inspirecl volume. It may be manifest to every man that whatever is nnealed liy the sjiirit of ({ud must besiiiritually understood, iind further, it is e(iiially certain, that those thing's for th(> dis<-overy of which ni;iii has f.aculties s|ieeia".ly iirovided. ari' not lit objects f)f a Divinc! rovelatif)ii, conseiiuently if follows, that by the descrii>tion intleiiesiswe an; by nonieans to unclerstaml th(' <'i-eatioii of the terra(iiieous frlobe, 'I'ho creation descrii.ed in (lenosis is one ineomiiarably more wonderful than the creation af a worlil. beitij.r iKitliini,' less than the narration, in a heavenly style, by means of natural symlmls and similitudes, of the \arious 8!.at,'es af that marvelluiis and mysterious Divine work wh<>ri'by man is made a new creature. In the Divine idea, to crcale, to/onii, to )iMki', Kijjnifies to reprenerate, and of this creation wo tind fre(iuent mention in tho AVord, but very little of any other 'J'hus in the Psiilms, " Thou sendest forth thy spirit tliey are rri'aled." civ. :!0. " The i)i'oi)lo which sliall be crcdfi'd shall jiraihO the I.oiiK." eii. IS. " terms as in Ofiiesis, "1 beheld the earth, and lo, it was without form [oniiity] and void, and tho lieavens, and they had no li^'ht," iv. '2:i and in David, '"J'hey walk on in darkness, all tho foundations of the earth are out tif course"' Ixxxii r> '"TluM'.arth and all the inhabitants thereof are dissolved," Ixxxv I! ami inlsai.ah, "The earth is clean dissolved, the earth ismoved exceed! iifrly." "xiv 1!) Head th(! whole chapter, At,'aiu irs Hatrtrai. " I will shake tho hea- VTiis and the i^arth. and thesea, and the dry land, and I will shak(! all nations, rvnd th(! Desire of all nations shall come,'' ii. (1.7. Tho ruin of a soul or of .■ church is her 'ch'arly symbol izeil by the ruin of a world, and darkness exists '■^ ■111 the fac(! of tho deep" when thi> mind of man is in tliisstat'>. Tiie jieoplo • •' walk in darkless see a fi;reat light when i-hey receive and obey the truth V ,s juirity >■. •-! faces of the waters over which the .Spirit fif Tiod moves, consists of a'l .iK-* knowledj^'o of trood and truth iiii)planted In the niiiiil from infancy lo '. . •• ' )d,embracin^r what Ik; may have learnt from the Word or fr m ti'achers, st^ty,- of lovetowai'ds jiarents or fri(!nds, or of innocence from inlancy, mercy to fi'i tioor, love tiAvards iieiKlihors, and every other state of trood and truth },'a. r: •ednp in the memory or internal man. It is only by K^-'utly broodint? ov 3» iioviui,' and acliuK on. in, and tliroiiKli these nimains of j^oml and truth tl • tlio Loud llnally regenerates man, uifrht conies into existence on tho first day, Li^dit si rnifies knowliHljjfo. day pi^?nifies state. Tho soul has a succession of states eorns|)ondiii!-' to the ilays and andnii,'hts in nature. The Divine Mercy always insinuatesmildly. always leids man trently, never forces, l)Ut inclines man in freedom. It says. "Dot there be liirht," and when in theexercise of that im]iarted freedom the trustiiij^ rOiild of (loll turns for Illumination and instriietioi. to his Heavenly l-'ather, it can be truly said " And there was li^rlit." The work of the .simml day or state has refereic<'c to irntrr. Water is the symbol of irntli, " Kxcepta nuiii be born of.(r(t/<»Miid of the JSjiirit hecaiiiiot APPENDIX OF THE AllTIZAN.s' UUIDE. 09 •fnisi«ts 'if iiil'aiit'.v ti> II It'lU'hlM-H, •\ , lucrcy aiul trutli ,1(h1!X(\ ilay i,<) tlic tliiyw lly, aUviiys' he trustiuf,' nly Kiithor, 'at or IS tho ilhociiuiiot leec the kinftdom of Gtxl," John ill ft, BiKniflcs lo ho bom ot tiutli and to live a life accoriling to it. "Ho, every otic that tliirstotli. coiiio jo to tho maters," ha. Iv. 1 Isacall addressed to all thiistiiiKfor triitli. and ikjI natural ■water. The internal man i« tlietirniaiaent. Ttie knowledges in the internal man is the waters above the ILi-nianicnt and tlie scientitics of tiic natnrai man are the waters l)elow tlte flnnamont, Tli.J M'amd utage if to distint,'«isn between the truth relating to UoD and heavenly thinj^s, anu auty towaraa liuan and a good life on earth Tlio work of tho lhirdili\,y is to i)rcxUice tlio drygiound, or earth and grass, iherbs, fruit trees, &e., denoting the soul's progres.-Aioii in tlie fruits ot good- iness, charity, and loving kindness, and doing good rrojn delight in truth The iseed falls into good ground and brings forth fruit. "Tliu nood ground is an Ihonest and good heart," Luko viii. l.'i Ttiis Divine work is carried on gra,for this double name, with LORH, or Jkhovah first, signifies the Divine Love and Wisdom combined, the term JEIIOVAII having direct reference to the Divine Lovi; while the term (JoD mentioned throughout the first chajiter, signifies the Divine AVisdom. The formation of catth;, creeping things, and beasts of he earth on the A/.r^/i day, re)iresents a further ripening of the be.-^t afi'i-ctions of the heart, such as loving kindness, charity, obeilieiiee and innocencr. Regarding the H^Tiibolic meaning of animals, almost every page of the word t(!Stifies regaal. Wig iti • ■ ' !■■ ^ 70 AITENUIX 10 Tllli AllTlZAJSS OUJDE. On thui (lay [the sixth], man is niii'lo in LIib imago an-^] likoiioH.-i <»f (Jor Tlic forniL'i' wlcps or stages wlto merely i)rei)aratory to thio ';reat, work Miu< IS not', a.-* llio snnjilc might Bay, merely a form in human Kliai)e, fur Riehatt, freiinently worw! than wild heasts. Tho iJlessei 'RiHloeuu'r called Jleroi) afox, and Jleeertamly knew tho proiKTnamo to axpi'css bis ■- havie'er Tha Divinii iilea o( a man is fidly defined in Jer, v. 1 and thers Wo -,ec it is ono who ' «!xe< tJteth ludgnientaudheeketh tu« trnth '■" or ono who from an afl'eetion and love for thu truth, lives a lifu according to it U'lio ali.sene oi such from tiie earth is liily destritied in tho preeeding diaiatT, \er '_'.") ''I liehoki and lo, there was vo iiuiii, and all tho hirda of tholu'avens vver«» iLi^O.." As (jod regenerates niaii through tho iniiiistratmn of mgels, llo eayK, " 1/ t us nrakoman," bnt us this is ciTectcd Koley by Hit? own jnojjer jiower, it IS innnediately added in tho next verso. "So CoDereated num in Iiisown image,' and in chap, ii, V "So jKllovAiI (JoD formed man out <,l tho dust ot th;grounil " Tho Divine p.iin with His rational creatures ij -^vermoru to brin^ tl>cni up to "tlicnrasuro f a man that is of iin angel,' llev xxi 17 when this is accompiished, Tlo can vu-w \\'\i work and prononnen it "very good," and cntoi" on tho rest mgiiilicd by tho sevciit/i day, for it is th" I-oitl) alono whc i Ights for man during temptation, and austaiua him dihntj tho oonlliet with tho powers oi darkness. ON T!IJi; DlVlNK ruoVlDKMCi: AKD TkI'ST IN TllR LouD. "'They whi. (>iit their trust in tli.^ LOKl> continually teeeivo good from him, for vvhut so- ever l)efa]ls tliem whither it appears a.-" prosperous or unitrosperous, is still g(jod, ior asamodiiim it conduees t". th<''ir eternal felicity ;, l)ut they who jiut their tnistin tln'mseivcs, contiimally imlueo evil upon themselves, for whatsiK'ver befalls them, ctlthough it ftt)pcarti as i)rosperous and hajjpy 18 n(!verthelesacvil,an'7 I.-nc: ne U ait Jiuiii conduces to their eternal nnhaipi- iiess If you aro williiitj^to be Id ' f tho Divine I'rfividener, use i)ruden OK CllAUirY Id A LlI'I'! OK rSKS, PTJLIi ov Dki-iohts,— " lu reference to I'SK it may bo observed. th"t they who aro in c:harity, that ir;, in lovo tovvards tho neighbor, which imparts o, living delight to their pleasure, look for tho iritition of no jdeasiire, excei)t in tho performanco of uses; for charity is .••. nothing unless it manifests itself in tho works of Cliarity, (-iiico it consists in exercise or ust?. llo who loves his neighbor as liiiin^'lf never lierccives the delight of charity except in its exercise, wherefore a. lilo of charity is a life of uses. fcJuch is tho lifo of tho universal heaven; for the LoUD's kingdom, being lj kingdom of mutual love, is a kingdom of iisci; ; lu'iieo every pleasure derived from charity receives its delight from use, and tho inorTOXiilled tho use, so mucii the greater is the delight; and hence the, angels receive hai)i)iness from tho Lokd according to the esseiu'o and quality of thousethey norform,, So"also it is wilhevery pleasure , for the more distinguished its use, bo much tho greater its delight." ON ruKDKSTINATloN. — "Bound reason dictates that all an; jrctlestined to heaven and iio ono to hell. — The end of creation is a heaven from the hiiinan race,— Every man wa3creat<'d that homighLcomo into heaven. — Tho Divine Lovocannotdo otherwiso than will this, and the Divine Wisdom cannot do otherwise than provide for it. Hence it is from the Divine Providence that every man can bo sivtHl, and that they aro saved who acknowledge (IimI and live welL Wan himself is in fault if ho is not Bivved. Any other pre foresees his state after death, and provides for it from his birth even to the end of his life ; with the evil lie l)rovides, by permitting and continually withdrawing from evils; but with the b'ood ho provides, by lea«.liiiij' lo bootl ; thus the Divine Providence is AVI^ENDIX XU Tllli AKTlZANo CIUIDE. 71 rnntinually ill tliO oiwratip'.i of MviiiK niai\, Imt tluTi; ciiniKit 1m, iinin^ wivcd thiiii nxc wtllxng to bo 8ivv(xl, anil tlicy are vvilliiig'to hv siivid wlio iukiiMW ledge God and aro led by Illin, and tlioy aro not willing? wlio do not iwknow- 1 ■dgo tiou, uud load tlienitH-'lvcB. It is by inlluenci! from lull ili;it man dof;) ovil. and !;y intlucnco from the Lcmu that ho does phhI. ]5ut an man lu'llovoc thai', vhatuver ho docs, ho does from hinisulf thu consfqucm^o ir,, tliat tlio evil v/hioh ho doos adherer to him art his own It honou followH that tho cause of his own evil lies with man, and not at all with the l.ord. Evil as existing with man, ia hull, as existing with him, for whotlicr yoii Hiiy evil or hell, it amounts to tho samo thing. Now sinco tho causo of lii.- own evil lies with man himself, it follows that it is ho who casts himscir intc hell, and not tho LoKD, and so far is tho LoKU from leiuling man into hell that ho delivers from hell, ho far as tho mau does not will and love to abide in his own evil." In referenco to' creeds and doctrines too well know.i as l)cingat open wat with thu above Btateiuents, w> would say thai it is a healthy indication ol tho signs of tho times to find the Ai'w York JndepemLnt, in an article on " Iiumor.'J Theology," using tise foUowing language, "To teach men that GoDi"e being who has a perfect right to bring into tho world a creature with faculties impaired- witli no power to resist temptat jn, utterly nnabk' to -^o righb; powerless even to »epeiit of tho wrong which ho is fated to do, and ihen Bond to everlasting misery thi» lUulpless creatnro for the sin he coi:'j :iothelp committing— To teach such <. '^•yiMDO as this about (lod, is to inlli^u upon religion a terrible injury and to Muwert tho very foundation of :n;jrrJity„ To say that Odd may justly punish a man for the sins of hi. ancestors, that GOD dooc biamo us for what haiipeiied long before we were ])orn, is to blasjiiiemo GOD, if there bo any fiiich thing as blasphemy To wiy tliat any rue-hdoctrine i? rlearly taught in the IJible, is to say that the Biblo clearly teai^lu^s a iiionstroiis lie. If there is one lliiiig which is aliMi- Intely certain to every ■iiinian being, it Is that he cannot be he'd respipiisihi.! for acts committed tliousunds ^f years ago, and that he cannot Ik; blamed fot not doing that which !,'j is utterly without powiT tf> do It i •. idle to say that itis notliiii': but a hilosophica). refinement, thr^t tin; men w.'io come out of our theologica'. Benunariea with these notions in their heads never' make any use A them in tho puloit, TI.ey do make us^ of them They ',ire scalier- ing this .".trocioua stuff all cvr; Che land. They aro making infidels faster than they -aro converting sinners. Tho infidelity of this generation i« due moro to this tliau any other causo. Wc Bometimes ordain men as foreign missionaries who prcresst'^: believe thismediaivai theology. Is it worth while to send to tho liieathon a preacher whose God is luoro unjust, if possible, than the goils of tho lieatl-.en V" Cf'^NCKUNINIi TIIK ITlCATIIKN AND OTH'R NATIONS OUT OK TIIK CULJKCii, — '"It is a common o^jii'ion, that itiey who are ]«)rii out of the Church, and who aro called iX-faus and Gimliles, cannot bo saved ])y reason that they have not the Word and thus are ignorant of the Lord, without whom there is no salviiliun. But still that these also are saved, may bo known from this alont-, that t!w mercy of ihe LoJiD is niii- versab that is, extends to every individual man, that they are equally born men, !i3 those who are within tho church, who are <-omiiaratively few, and that it is no fault of theirs that they ans ignorant of the LoKD. Willi re- Kpect to Christians and Gentiles in another lil'e, the case is this; Christians, who have acknowledged the truths of faith, and at the samo time have led a life of good aro accepttsd bi^foro Gentiles, but such Christi.ans at this day aiv; few in number j whereas Gentiles who hav;; lived in obedience and mutual charity, are accepted before Christians who have not UhI a goixl life. When they aro instructed, they behave themselves modestly, intelligently, and wisely, and easilyreceivo ami imbibp, for tiu'y havo toriiiod to themselves no principles contrary to the truths of faith, as is tho case with many ("hristiaiis who have led a life of evil. All persons tliroughoiit tiio universe are, of tlio mercy of tlie LoUi), acce|iteil and sa\ed, who have lived in good, good itself being that which receives truth, and the good of lift; being the very ground of the seed, that is of triiLli ; evil of life never reci'ives il, ; aillioii.uh they who are in evil should be iiistnieled a thousand ways, — sLill tli<; truths of rUl h with them would eiili'r no further than into the memory, ami would not; enier into llii! alVeel ion, which is (-f the heart ; wherefore al o tlie truths ot Hicir memory arc ilissiiialed, and bccviuc no truths iu the other life," NKW ClIUKCMl nouKS AND I'AMIMILCTS FOIl SALE by .liiiiii'H Spiers, 3*! HIootnHlmry St. L(»inl<»n W. (,'. Piiij^liind, K. IT. Swiiiiicy, 20 ('otipfr L'nidii, >f«'W Vork City, U.S.A.; Carter & rcttcc, ;^Mi>ac |iostii>;i iiiclmled, unless otlierwise spec-tied. The i)ricps in Knjfliind vary lioni thu foiluwiug, wliicb liave reference to American money only, I'rice. I'ost. Clowes, l'arablen l.f,() § c. c. Clowes, Uelights 1. 1.5) 44 Arcana C(julestla, 10 vols each Apoc. Itovoaled, 51 vols., cacli IM 30 I'rue Christian Iteligion .... 2.5') (iO Con.jiiKal Love 1.25 36 Misci'llanuous Theological Works 1.5') 40 lleavou and llell 1.25 32 l)ivine I'rovidence 1.25 24 Four lieaer Heaven and Hell, paper Earths in the Universe, limp.. . Earths in the Universe, i)aper.. Doctrine of the Lord, pa|)er Doct. of the Sacred Scripture Doctrine of Faith, paper 12 .50 .10 .20 Clowes, ()j)i)osit('s 1,2;'. Clowod, Miscellaneous Sermons 2.L'5 Deliverance of the Israelites 2.25 Clowes, Ten Virgins 2.25 Doctrine of the Lord in i'rimi- tive ( 'hristian Church 75 Field, Cosmos and Logos 2.00 Giles, Nature of Spirit, clo. gilt 1,25 (Jiles, IS'at ro of S|)irit, clo 7.^ Giles, ISH.'ure of S| irit, pajier.. .50 Giles on the Atonement, clo 50 Giles on the Atonement, paj)er .25 Gould, biblical Criticism l.oo .75 llayden. Dangers of Modern .30 Si»iritualism 7;") .50 llayden, Dangiirs of Modern .60 Spriritualism, paper 2ii ..'50 llayden. Lectures on the Apo- .20 lypse l.oo .15 llayden, Light on the Last .10 Things i.^.- Doctrinc! of Life, paper 10 llayden. Tea Chai»ters on Mar- ■ ' ■ '" riage i.oo Sermons on the Lord's I'rayer 1 "'0 Miller, Sermons on Ten Com'dts l.nu Jliller, I'ractical Sermons l./;, liilh-r, ICeligiou and I'hilo- sophy .V) Hiller, Who was Swedenborg i" ..'0 Jliller, I^uctrinal Sermons l.i., Diller, God .Manifest l.r.it liiller, Notes on the I'salms... 3.00 llolconibe, Our Children in lleavnn 1.75 Ilolcombe, Sexes Here and lleri'ailer l.r.o liolcombe, The Other Life 1.5> Howard, Journey of the Israe- lites l.(HI Noble's Appeal 1,7.", Noble on the Commandments. 2.oo Noble's L«'ctures 2. .50 Noble, rieiiary Inspiration l.'Zi Noble, GloriiPn of the Divine Humanity I.75 Noble, Eigl^t I'arables Kx- ))lained 2.25 Keed, S., Growth of the Mind, l.oo Keed, J., Man and Wonnin 75 Keed, J., Jieligion and Life 75 Uendell, Antediluvian History. 1.75 <'lowes, iVlediums 2..50 Kenii^ll, I'ostdiluvian History. 1.75 Clowes, Miracles 1.25 Silver, Holy Word in its own Clowes, Marriage of tht^ King's Defence I.'IH tfon , 2.00 Silver, Symbolic Cliaracter i.JW A much more extens"v..'3ist may l»e seen in the " New Jeru.salem Mes- senger," a New Churclt weekly of 10 (juarto jjaiies, published at No. '2", CoopL'r Union, New Yoii.'; Teriuar .jo put annum, it is rcall/ a most exelleut jwiier lor the fauiily, v "^ Heavenly Doctrin(!S, paper Decalou^uo lOxplained, cloth F^xp. of the Ten Commandments Summary Exjiosition Anix^idyiise Ex))lained, English Edition. 6 vols 10.00 Col.I.ATERAI. WoKKH. Arbouin's Kegenerate Life 75 IJarrett's Lectures 1.50 ISarrett, New View of Hell I.'i5 JJarrett, I'relate and Tastor W Unvley, Egypt to ('amtan 3.00 Divine Wisdom of the Word.. 2.50 liayloy, Divine Word opened. 3.50 l>ayley. Essays and Ueviews.... 1.50 Hayley, Scripture I'arado.xes . . 1.25 JJayloy, Hrighton Lt'ctures 30 JS-'owning, Worils in Season... 1.00 IJruce's Commentary on Mat- thew 3.50 liruce's Commentary on John.. 3.00 IJruce's Sermons Uruce's Strictures, etc .I'.ruce's Marriage *Jlowes, GospelOf .Matthew. . . <'lowes, Gosj)el of Mark iJlowes, GosjH'l of Luke. . . 3.00 *;iowes, (iosi)el of John 3.(M) Clowes, Memoirs 2 1 .50 .75 3.0(t 3.00 B K. U. IVtU'c, jiostnpo ry lioiii ... l.f.O ... 1.:^'', ... i.'Zi'. ons 'i.'.Ti itt'S '2:s, ... a.2& lui- 75 . . . . 2. lan 75 .ife 75 listory. 1.75 islory. 1.75 it« own 1.2H ctor.... i:'.^ usah'in Mo- ri at No. 20, all/ a most