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Les diagrammes suivants iilustrent la m6thode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 -/.,. ii; u.:?*35. ■"•n^- I iiji 9 ipiR^vipiK, nui II ■■^IWPiViMPWili ^^^.y:^ %^^ p;^ ^i^iite*^ H ■ :. K '(•'>' /t^' FiiPERS FROM THE DEPARTMENT or Geology. iMMUv^.^^'l-f-^' f^J'^'^yT^ *'■ . ' .>2 't;> •' ,•.'-'/ i ^T' ^" i ju^'B^i^'itztiWwwafcWijKyi /.V'f i»vuiii3Siiifeii 0-^9 '* lie pniitnl from the. Ctiiiwlian Urcoril o/Scimrc, Oclohcr, 1805.' Kkvikw 01' TiiK Kvii)KN(;k koh tiik Animai, Nati'uk ok Ko/Oi>N ('ANAI)KNSK. My SiK WiLU.VM Dawson, C.M.O., LL.1)., F.R.S., KicJ I. HISTORICAL AND STRATIGRAPIIICAL. Tli.e writer of the.se notes had hoped to have heen able lon. The evidence on which he relied was their occurrence only in the lime- stones, their similarity in form and general structure to the Stromatopora',-or " Layer-(Jorals" of the Palaozoic, and the circumstance that, while the forms and structures seemed to be identical, they were mineralized by Serpent- 1 |R.'i>riiiti!il from tliu Ocoldsiiiil Ma«.iziiie, Mewiilt! IV., Vol. II., Oiaober, Xovem- hcr, Uucciiilxir, 18U6. | 2 (Jannd'uii liewril of Science. ine, Lof^tinite. Tyroxoiie, and J)oloniito, iiii indiculion that ii siiiiiliir iiKuild had l)e(!ii HIUhI by diverse luiiieriils. At that time the little leisure that I eould spare for oriy Logan and Murray, with the aid of their maps and re|)oits, and had salisKed myself of the great accuracy of their work, which led in my judgment to the following res\dts : — (1) That the upper part of the Lower Laurentian of Logan, since called the (Jrenville Series,' consisted of truly stratified metamorphic deposits, including great and extensive beds of limestone, (juart/ile, iron-ore, and other rocks, evidently of aijueous origin, and that the condition and crystalline and cliemical characters of these rocks were not essentially difl'erent from those of the altered Palu'ozoic beds with which 1 was familiar in Nova Scotia and New England. (2) That the Huronian, a less disturl)ed, less altered, and in the main evidently a clastic series, rested uncon- formably on tho Laurentian, aiul was in part composed of its materials. (;>) That the " Upper Copper-bearing series " of Lake Superior, since known as Kewenian, was newer than the Huronian, but older than the oldest fossiliferous Cambrian rocks then known in Canada. (4) That, while the Kewenian and Huronian rocks, and those designated by Logan as Upper Laurentian, indicated by the presence of igneous nuisses, and, in the case of the two former, by the prevalence of coarse, clastic material, littoral conditions and much volcanic disturbance, the • By l)r. Steriy Hunt. 1-^ ■'■■'¥ ;■-' 7 ■ '■'";''.■ ,■ '.; Anhnal Nature of Euzuon Cimadcjise. '.) still older ( Jrenville Series was of a character more indica- tive of long-continued quiescence, accompanied by the jiccunndation of great calcareous deposits, possibly of organic origin. These concln.si(jns were noticed in papers contributed to local societies, in published lecture-notes, and in class- teaching, and were frequently discussed with Logan antl Hunt. Accordingly, when, in 18G/5, at the urgent reipiest of Logan, I undertook the microscopic examination of large series of liis sujjposed I^urentian fossils and the con- taining limestones, as well as of other crystalline limestones of various ages, slices of which he had caused to be made, I was not unprei)ared to find tlie curious and beautiful structures which developed themselves in his Stromato- poroid forms, and in j)ortions of the limestone in which they were contained, but which appeared to resemble those of Foraminifera rather than those of Corals. The resiUts thus attained, in 1.SG4, were not fully pub- li.shed until after Logan was prepared to sustain them by detailed maps and sections of tiie district on the Ottawa containing Kozoiin, a work extending over many years of arduous and skilful labour; and until Dr. W. W. Carpenter and Prof. Rupert .lones had studied the original specimens and others prepared for themselves, along with my notes, and camera drawings executed by the artist of the (}e<)logical Survey. J)r. Sterry Hunt had also examined chemically the serpentine and other minerals associated with the supposed fossils, and various hydrous silicates mineralizing organic remains hi Silurian and other lime- stones, as terms of comparison. The whole was then communicated to the ( Jeological Society of London, and appeared in the somewhat elaborate joint paper published in 1HG5.' 1 A iniiliiiiiiiiiry nccdoiiiit cntitlcil "On tlie occurrence of Orgnnii; ItoiniiiiiH in Uie Laurciitiiiii Itocks of Cunail.i." liml, howcvfr, Itccn cniiiniiiiiicated to Uie BritiNli AHsocialion at llatli, Sc|>t. 1.'>-2I, 1804, am) was subsequently imblislivd in the Geological Manazinc, Vol. I, for Noveiiibur, 1864, \i\t. '.'25-'J27. 4 Cavailidii licm-d of Srlnin: 1 confess that in tlie interveniiip time I liave scon no ^'(kmI reason to iiidufe me to (loul)t the essential validity of the work embodied in this paper of ISGo, or to modify to any eonsiderabie extent the cunelusions therein slated. On the other hand, many new and eonlirmatory faets have been diselosed, and after carefnl and, I trnst. eandid study of the ol»jections raised, down to tiiose whieli have recently ajipeared in the Dublin Transactions, I believe that they hu>rely depend on the want of knowl(ulj,'e of the character of the (irenville formation, and on niisa|»prehen- sion as to the form and structure of Kozoiin and its mode of occurrence. it is true that in those members of the Laurentian system of J^ogan wliich are below and above the (Jrenville Series, later ol)servations have not only failed to detect fossils, but have shown valid reasons adverse to the i)rol)- ability of their occurrence, at least in the portions of those formations hitherto open to our study.' Tlie lowest Lanrentian gneiss of Lofjan (Trejublinj,' Mountain gneiss.Ottawa gneiss, fundamental gneiss),which occupies a vast area in Northern Canada,'^ and is the only part of the system known to many geologists, consists, .so far as known, wholly of foliated oi- massive orthoclase gneiss, with bands of hornblendic schist (am])hibolite), and of hornblendo-micaceous schist. While in some jdaces it appears to have a truly bedded structure, especially where difl'erent varieties of gneiss, amphibolitef and biotitic schist alternate, in others its foliation is obscure, or seems to have been induced by heat and pressure. Dr. K. J). Adams, who has given much study both to its character on the large scale, and to the microscopic structure of the rocks, in his latest publication on the subject" characterizes it as ' See (Icoloijicitl Mmjiizini; June, ISflS. 2 AficcoriliiiK to the K('(ili)f;i('ftl luiiy of Noitliprii Canada iirtiiiareil by Dr. G. M.' Dawson fdi- tilt! •0(!Ol()(;i(iil .Siirv(;j', tlie ana of Laiiiantian rorks execetls two niillions of sijuare miles. Of Uiis, so far as is known tlie older or fiiiidanientul (•noiss occU|>ie8 by far the larger portion. » Journal of (ieolowy. VrenviUe Liineatone in the district north of Papineauville, with section showing arrangement of the beds. Scale of map 7 miles to an inch. (See also Dr. Bonney's paper, Geoloijical Afaynziiie, July, 1896, p.[295.) l>otted area : Limestone. Horizontal lines : Upper gneiss (fourth gneiss of Logan.) Vertical lines : Lower gneiss (third gneiss of Logan.) Diagonal lines : Overlying Cambrian and Cambro-Silurian , (Ordovician. ) The Upper Laurentian of Logan (Labradorite, Anortho- * site, or Nciiai. Series), supposed by him to overlie the I S«e also Mtiseuiii Meinnii' on Eozudii, pp. 2, 3. Muiitreal, 1888. 6 CdiKdlidii limird i\f Siieiiir. (irpiivillo Series uni'nintnriimlilv, is now staled l»y Adams to consist of eruptive mutter, nminly composed of trielinic or lime felspars. iind to wliitli the nim)e Anorthcsite' may ])roperly be njiplied. These rocks, cutting the (Jrenville Series, and ai)i)arciilly in some places, interhedded with it, are not now ret^iirdcd us a distinct series of \m\H, but as indieatinfj local outlausts of i,!,Mieons action datinmibout the do.se of the (Irenville period. What aqueous rocks may have been coniemporaneous with the.se, or may have filled the interval between the (Jrenville Series and the Hnronian, we do not at present certainly know, though ])03sibly .some of the rocks associated with the ui)per part of the Laurentian, (tr the lower i)art of the Hnronian in the interior, and in the eastern i)art of Canada, may come into this jjlace.'^ It is to be okserved that in 1MG'» the.se facts respecting the fundamental gneiss and the Upper Laurentian of Logan, were not distinctly before our minds, though in subsequent papers 1 thought it best to consider the (Jren- ville group as a distinct series under the name " Middle Laurentian." It is (piite possible, however, that our referring in the first instance to the Liurentian as a whole may have led to erroneous impres,sions. For the purpo.se of these notes, therefore, it will be best and most accurate to confine ourselves to the (Jrenville Series, which has been carefully explored and nuipped by the officers of the (Jeological Survey in the country lying north of the Ottawa Hiver, and also in some parts of the areas between that river and the St. Lawrence. In these regions I^gan recognized a thickness of ] 7,200 feet of deposits, of which no less than 4,750 feet consisted of limestone, principally in three great bands, though with intercalated gneissose layers. The (Jrenville Series may 1 Pniposetl liy Hunt 3 Some of these lipils me reganleil liy Von Hise (Jmir. of Geology, Vol. i.) an a lower mcnil>er of Uie Hiiioninn. They may !« iilcnticnl in l>nrt wUh the "Kewatlfi" groiiiiof LawHoii. «l?^s^lv^J^r>, 4S^i;5a%#i4(^^^^^,i|jg^ ■ Animal Nature of Euxtxtn Vanadvum: 7 thus be regunleil tia oiiu of the great culcureous systeniH, comparable with tho.se of the rulti'o/oic period, which it also rivals in its association with carbonaceous and ferru- ginous, deposits. Though minute globvdar forms, probably Fui. '2. —Arrangement nf beds in valley of Calumet River— («) Upper gneiss ; (l>) Limestone partly covered with soil ; (r) Included bed of gneiss ; (d) Lower gneiss. organic, have been found in the Middle Limestone, that of Long Lake, Kozoiin proper is confined, so far jih known, to the Upper Limestone, known specially as the (Jrenville Iknd. This band and its accompaniments I have myself studied in the region north of tiie ( )ttawa, at the Augment- ation of Grenville, near the Calumet, in the quarries opposite Lachute, at Cote St. I'ierre, at Montebello, at Buckingham, and Templeton, as well as in .some of the districts west of the ( )ttawa, where the same limestone is supposed to recur. Everywhere it is a large and regular bed, sometimes with even strike and dip, but at intervals thrown into violent contortions along with the enclosing beds, in the manner usually .seen in disturbed strata of later age, where it is common to find portions little affected by plication alternating with strongly folded beds having the harder ones dislocated ; others are merely bent or folded (Figs. 4 and 5). It presents subordinate beds of diflerent qualities, dolomitic, serpentinous, or graphitic, and is immediately associated with thin-bedded, fine- grained gneisses, quartzite, and biotitic and hornblendic schists. In some beds it has disseminated crystals of min- erals usually found in metamorphic limestones, while in others there are concretionary masses, nodules and grains of serpentine and pyroxene. Eozoon in masses occurs only in certain layers, most frequently in those which are serpentinous, but a careful examination detects in many layers, not showing perfect examples of Eozoon, small 8 CfunuUan Jiavrd of Science. Fio. 3. fracrmetits or patches having its characteristic structures, or detached chaiuberlets or groups of these. The occur- rence of these frag- ments I regard as an I important fact, and as showing that what may be termed "Eo- zoihi sand " enters largely into the com- position of the lime- stone. In illustration of this part of my subject, I present a rough map of the district near the Petite Nation Kiver, in rear of Papineauville, referred to by Dr. lionney in his valuable paper in the July No. of the Geol. Magazine, and \m addition to the jsection given in his paper, one showing the order of succes- sion in the valley of the Calumet, a little stream some distance to the eastward. I Fig. 4. Figs. 3 and 4. —Bent and dislocated Quartzitc, in contorted schists interstratified with Grenville Limestone, near Montebello. The quartzites have been broken and displaced, while the schists have been bent and twisted. In the immediate vicinity the same beds may be seen slightly inclined and undisturbed. also give examples of the manner in which the associated gneiss, though often very regular, is along certain lines contorted, and the manner in which, in these contorted spots, the quartzite bands are cracked and broken, exactly as may be observed in the shales and sandstones of the Quebec group on the Lower St. Lawrence. Animal Nature of Eozum. Canadcnse. 9 . I may add hero that Dr. F. J). Adams has found that ill certain localities the rocks of the Grenville Series be- come almost horizontal, thoufjh even in this case they show evidence of having been subjected to much alteration and