'I IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) u ^ 1.0 If*- US^ I.I 1.25 i ^ iiiii^ 1.4 Photographic Sciences Corporation 1.8 1.6 S: '^ V iV % o 6^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 #? f % i: i I CIHM Microfiche Series (Monographs) ICIVIH Collection de microfiches (monographies) Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques I I Technical and Bibliographic Notes / Notes techniques et b.bliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Featuics of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. n Coloured covers/ Couverture de couleur Covers damaged/ Couverture endommag^ □ Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restauree et/ou pelliculee □ Cover title misfing/ Le titre de couverture manque I I Coloured maps/ n n Cartes geographiques en couleur Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ Relie avec d'autres documents Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion 3long interior margin/ La reliure serree peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distorsion le long de la marge interieure D D Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajouties lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela etait possible, ces pages n'ont pas ete filmees. Additional comments:/ Commentaires supplementaires: This Item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est filme au taux de reduction mdique cidessous. 10X L'Institut a microfilm* le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a eti possible de se prjicurer. Les details de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-«tre uniques du point de vue btbliographique, qui peuvent modifier une linage reproduite. ou qui peuvent exiger une modif ication dans la methode normale de filmage sont indiques ci-dessous. □ Coloured pages/ Pages de couleur □ Pages damaged/ Pages endommagees □ Pages restored and/or laminated/ Pages restaurees et/ou pelliculies Q Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ Pages decolorees, tachetees ou piquees □ Pages detached/ Pages detachees QShowthrough/ Transparence Quality of print v, Qualite inegale de varies/ negale de I'imp ession □ Continuous pagination/ Pagination continue □ Includes index(es)/ Comprend un (des) index Title on header taken from:/ Le titre de I'en-tete provient: □ Title page of issue/ Page de titre de la livraison □ Caption of Titre de de n issue/ depart de la livraison Masthead/ Generique (periodiques) de la livraison 14X r~~- 18X 22X :6x 30X fj 1 - 32 1 12X 1bX 20X 24X 28X The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks *.o the generosity of: National L'brary of Canada L'examplaire film6 fut reproduit grSce d la g6n6rosit^ de: Bibtiothdque nationale du Canada The images appearing here are the best qualiity possible considering tha condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Origmal copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginnino with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol — ► (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many fram'is as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les images suivantes ont 6t6 raproduites avec le plus grand soin, coi.ipte tenu de la condition et de la nettetd de I'exemplaire filmd, et en conformit6 avec les conditions du contrat de ■iimage. Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en papier est imprimde sont film^s en commancant par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la dernidre page qui comporte une empreinte d impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second plat, selon le cas. Tous les autre, exemplaires originaux sont film^s en commengant par la premidre page qui comporte une empreinte d impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole — ► signifie "A SUIVRE" le symbole V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre film6s d des taux de r6duction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clich6, il est film6 d partir de I angle sup^rieur gauche, de gauche d droite et de haut an bas. en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illust.^ent la m^thode. 1 2 3 32 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 -w PRINCIPIA LATINA-Part IV. AN INTUODUCTrON TO LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. co^'TAI^•INo A SYSTEMATIC COUliSE OF EXEllCLSES ON THE SYNTAX, WITH TilR PRINCIl.AL RULKS OP SYSl'AX, KXPLANATn)N.s ,.[.' ^VNOVYMS AM> AX KNcajSII-LATlN VUCAUaLAllY TO TlIK KXKUtlSKS I Y A\aL]JAM SMITH, D.C.L., LL.l). Aulhonzcd hy the mnislcv of Education M Hvjh Sclwoh and Coll,;. Institutes of Ontario. y.-M (T^ V tt f : CANADA PUilLI8!ilNG COMPANY. (LIMITED). 1879. P^20^7 bb V 7 PREFACE. Tim object of thiii Work id to supply a serieB of progtetj- sive and systematic Exercises upon the principal rules of the r>;itin Syntax ; but in order to make the Work com- plete in itself, and available for those who use different Grammars, there are prefixed to each Exercise the Syn- tactical rules which the Exercise is designed to illustrate and enforce. There is likewise given at the beginning of each Exercise an explanation of Synonj-mous words, with paspages in which they occur, so that the pupil may,' at an early period in his studies, learn to discriminate their use and employ them correctly. It is believed, from practical experience, that the present Work will prove a useful Jntroduction to Latin Prose Composition. It does not pro- fess to teach boys to write Latin. That can only be learnt by the translation into Latin of continuous passages, of which a collection is given in the Fifth Part of the Prin- cipia Latiua ; but it is necessary to go through previously a systematic course of Exercises upon the Syntax. In the preparation of the Exercises 1 have to express my acknowledgments to Mr. Pobert G. Ibbs of Leatherhead for much valuable assistance. EIGHTH EDITION. Some words in the English-Latin Vocabulary, omitted in the earlier Editions, aro now supplied ; and if any other omissions should be found, I should esteem it a favour if Teachera would communicate them to mo. f i Entered according to Act -t the Parliament of Canada, in the year one thousand eight hundred and seventy-nine, by .Tohn Mvm.\Y m the office of the Minister of A^'riculture. ' ' CONTENTS. MCT. PAOK I. Subject a-td Tuedioate „ i II. Apposition , o jy'IFiestConcobd 4_t; V. Second Concord 7 VI. Third Concord 9 VII. Thk Nominative Case „ i(> jx'/AccusATivE of THE Object 12-1( X. Inteansitivb Verbs wiTii the Accusative 1G j^jj^jDouBLK Accusative .. 18-22 XIII. Accusative op Time and Space and Accu- sative in Exclamations 22 XIV. Accusative of Closer Definition ,. .. 24 XV. Construction of Names of Towns .. .. 26 XVI. Genitive after Substantives— Possessive Genitive 28 XVII. Partitive Genitive 30 XVIII. Genitivk of Quality 33 XIX. GbNITIVB AFTER '^ DJECTIVEB 34 XX 1 j^jj'JGeNITIVE AFTEIl V«RB8 36-41 XXII. Dative after Verbs 4i XXIII. Dative AFTER various Verbs 43 XX' V. Dative after Verbs compounded with Prepositions 46 XXV. Dative after Passive Verbs and Imper- sonal Verbs 47 XXVl. Dative with the Verb Sum and Double Dative ^ 49 XXVll. Dativk after Adverbs and Adjkctives .. 61 XXVIII. AriLATivB of Separation and Origin .. 54 XXIX. Ablativ* of Cause, Manner, iNSTauMEur 6€ i? CONTENTS. not. rxoi XXX. AnLATivB WITH iNTBANsrrrvB Vfrbs and Adjeutives •')B XXXr. Otueh Vbbus with Ablative (iO XXXir, Ablativb ok Quality and Comparison .. 63 XXXI IF. Ablative of Mbasube anu uk time .. .. 65 XXXIV. Ablative Of Pi.ACB 68 XXXV. ABIiATlVS AbSOLUTB 70 J\;\;\jJ'|Adjkotive8 73-77 XXXVm. COUPABATIVBS 77 XXKIX. SUPBRLATIVEB 80 XL. Thk Personal and Possessivk Pronouns .. 82 XLI. Demonstrative Pronuuns 84 XLir. Detekminative Pronouns 87 XLill. Relative and Correlative Pronouns .. 89 XLIV. Indefinitivb Pronouns 92 ^^^'X'iTiiE Indicative Mood used Puedicativbly 95-100 xrvii.l XI,VII1. XLIX.^ The Subjunctive Mood 101-117 L. LI.J LII. Oratio Obliqua 118 LIII. Use of the Suh.iunctive with the Pela- TivE Pronoun 1-21 LIV.l ijgg f,p ^,,,,.. SinuDNCTlVK WITH CON- /-y- JUNCTIONS lli4-13'J LVII.) LVIII./The Infinitive Mood 182-JlO LIX.I LX. PARTiClI'LES LXI. The Gerund and Gerundive PAinicirLE.. LXII. The Suhnes Questions on Syntax Index of Synonyms ,. Enuush-Latik Vocabulary ., •• o* .. .< 140 144 148 151 15!) 1(33 PAOI 58 60 63 65 68 70 73-77 77 80 82 84 87 89 92 95-100 US 121 140 144 148 151 150 163 AN INTRODUCTION TO LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. [Th. number, at Ih. I,h„1 of ,-ach pa,-a,jraph ref.r to thr ttctivn* m Dr. Win. amiMn Lu *^'> /'"• '"«» vo,,,,,,,:,. Navis 6neraria, a thip 1 !"',."■ Sc^P^a- "'^' /•. Cymba, ao, /. (oluefly poit.l, .skijfi, or boat,, for snort Uistaiices merely, r /^^' "^v •^" ^^ "'"'^ exprrssKiii). a fault of ,„iy khi'l. Scslus* *ri8, n. "■ '" " '' ''^"<'**- i'lagitium, i, n., adiagnu./uta-imt, a u'm'unl. ' PR. L.— IV. li 2 Introduction to latin probe. 3. TImeo, ui, 2; metuo, ui, -3; to fear uunger; the former Jtrictly of th»t which is imminent, Vereor, ttus, 2, tn respect, reverence : MftuObiiiit oum scrvi, vfiCbantur Hbori, crinim omncs hjibebant, JJis slavet ii-ared him, hit children reverenced him, and all esteemed him dear, — Cio. Urbs. is, /., a city in reference to its buildings, Oppiduitl, i, «., a fortress "»• ttronghold, fortified toun. Civltas, litis, /., a community living under tht name talis ; a state. LlbPiiisti ct uibcm iirTlculo, ct cTvUfitcm metu, Thou hatt freed both the citi from ddiiijer, and the slate from fear, — Cic. OppMum anil urbs are sometimes used of the same place in the same sentence : Pliarac, urbs Tlicssaliac, in quo oppldo, &c., Fharae, » citij of Tlicssaly, in whii:ktown,6rc. — Cic. ExERCiSI'; I. 1. The merchant repairs (his) shattered ships. 2. A dark cloud ijonccaled t' o moon. 3. Miltiades routed a hirgo army of Persians. i. It is sweet and glorious (decorus) to die for (one's) country. 5. To bo free-from fault is the greatest consolation. 6. Tlie riches of the Romans were immense. 7. The most populous' cities in Numidia were (Jtiea and Carthage. 8. All things come-to-pass (Jiimt) by fate. 9. Tlieso laws will not always be in force.* 10. The sun goea down, and tlic mountains are shaded. 11. A famine was then raging. 12. If you are in-good-health, itisAvell. 13. The Athenian generals lajuled' in Sicily. 14. The papyrus is produced in Egypt. If). He always feared (impnf.) death. ' CSIgber, bris, bre, another form of .'I'Cber. * To be in force, vSIeo, ui, 2. n land, ippello, pQli, pulsum, 3 ; (intians.) with ad or tn (with Aee.) : originally transitive, with navem in the Ace. as object. I ^^^ J^ 11.- APPOSITION. § 214. SomotimoH (he Siihject is enlargetl by the addi- ■ ion of another Substantive descriptive of it. The latter Substantive is said to bo in ■Apposition with the f'onnor, and is put in the same Case, generally in the same number, and, if possible, in the same Gender. TiiCniistocles, impSrator Ptrsico hello, Graecinm servltuto libfiravit, Tliemlntodes, commander in the Persian loar, delivered Greece from bondage,-- Cic. Sei5lCnnn inventor fflysses, Ulijasee, cunkiver of wicked deeds.— \itg, Olcae Minerva inventrix, Minerva, inventor of the olive.— Twg. Ut uniiltuni illiia omnium doctrinarum inventru'cs LilmMs, To say 'wthinij of the fainom Athene, invmiinm of eimt-y branch ofka>:u':u,' Oic. Obs, In the case of substantiTcs possessing q twofold form, aa migiittr, mUgittra ; minister, mhiistra; inventor, inventrix, • and the like, the Museulinc form is used in apposition with MttBCullne Sub«tonUve», aild the rmiiiiuiio with Femininco, as in the prtoediug exam^jlei. f -l)!C, 'I / J^ A^posITIo!l . 21B. When the Substantive in Apposition is not of f he same Gender or dumber as that to which it refers, the Pi;edicate usually follows the Gender and number of the original subject: as, little darlmg, clamours for your preseiU.~Cic. u luum, my But when the Substantive in apposition is urb^, onpMim amas or a similar word, the I'ridicate is maX toSe therewith: as, «oJcc /. y^J'^is'l' "W'f**'" Tuscorum. concrMaUm est fiilnilne Vohinii n forUM) town of 11^ Tuscans, was consumed by //;,/*/Si --Pliu I § 21 7. Sometimes sin»ple Ajiposition takes place whore in // /[Lnghsh we should use the words "as" or "when" as / «>A^fSlrr„'-Oic/""'"'''' ' "^-^^"''^'^ "^ commonweaUk a. [o, when sober, unless, perchance, he is out of his mind.-do. p/ SYNONYMS. r^Z^^^^^ appellatus, «,d Justus, ^« A«d heen called a tyrant, but o } BflJt, regis, ,n. (from rego), a ««^, or in amn, c general sense n m<«<<^, „ ruU, Rji. connvii, ruler of a fenst. no oSllTJ-'LX!*''' ''"' ''"'^"'''^' -R^""""*-""^ *'> ioi'Aoo,/. speul mdc, p. blterfJoio, fSoi, fectum, 8, a general expression, to alaij (in whatever- uav from » Trflcj to. avi, atinn, 1 (from trux, trttoii, and caedo). to kill cruelly, totlaughU^. V'«^!^' *' »••.""? ""■' "■'' •"'"• •'•"•Peetive of its use. P&nes, etis. m a /^" .?!)?fllfli?' ^'""^ ^' *"**' ""■"' •^' fP"*'- ''°'^)« "■«'*« (a» « means of self. / g. auflootlon). Opes, um, /. pL, wealth (as the means of obtaining influence) ^. sens, I, m., in good writer* •» aceuied, but not necessarily a guilty perton: Si hkbetei nflcentem reum, If you had a guilty defendant.— Cic. NScenS, mtit, part, and ad;., and Bons, sontis, both signify guilty: Sontcs oondemnant reos, They condemn the guilty dtfendantt.—Vim. «. Wciue, i, «., MM bound by a common interest, a partner, companion 86dali«, n^ Is, «.. a comr«<»^ a ^ood frxend, a table companion. Amicus, I. m.,aMmi rilUASKS. I MI J .. captum, 8. I ' i.SL\ "'"*'""V'»'' ♦J' ••"•- .' B* <^'>» <^ mwilling-^beiut cm. f I"""*** |,e«,rf (iBTltua ca««tu»). Bi I I i INTRODUCTION TO LATIN PROStJ. Exercise II. 1. Dionysitis tl.o tyrant throughout his whole life waq-in-fear-of (feared plo h. 2. Numantia, a populous city in Spain Csav.mS ZIa"^' iT^'''T'- ,^- A'^-^'"^"^™. a wealthy dt/oTwfvas founded by A exander tl,e Croat. 4. Aomilius the consul wi3 rWs? wTi^V'walls 'e'^f r^' ^i"^-^' ^"^'•'^' fo-'tifialChi^: "cifad witn seven walls. 6. Kiciies, the sncent ves to (,/c,> Vpvil A]^fd>.^ are dug out (of the earth). 7. Lysandor. the SpaiS %,'ml t^^^^^ rZfr^'A /; ^ '^;^'''^' theornan.entof I'hoebis! O.^My) PoIHo (thou) noted defence for sorrowing culprits (c^aO! 10 Gadcs atown m Spain, was founded by the Phoenicians. 11. ()nv fVie^d VZv your beloved (cMtci<^«), is dead. 12. The aborigines aSc ra^f men came mto Italy. 13. The wise man does noth^g unwilSy^ III.-FIRST CONCOKD. ^. ^a\^- V^" ^'ominative Case and Verh.—k Veib affi'ees with its Subject or Nominative Case in Number and IW a. Snl'n?" .r' v" !"•'• ""' "^"'^ Substantives form the joinl bubject, the A erb is put in the I'lnial Xumbei • as «e„t:&f it ^^'l"Sr'«-- -' -'". ^'^^^or ana P^Uu. .ere 0*». ^^"hPn the Subject consists of two. Siiiifuliir SubsHntiv,.K,> i.inh f .u ^ form but one idcu, the Verb is in the J^insulllr . " , ''"^''" '^''"='' tOB^'her '... (lit ") 5at::5:Cic''"'""" '"""''' ^^^ ^""'"- «'"' ^-^'- <>/ Hon.. Tempiu llece88rtasque/,os^7^,^ 71im« and necessity dnm.nd.- -Clo. SYNONYMS. FTRST CONCORD. | 2. ''n'strl, invnm, said of a man who has gained nothing by his toil • SuscTpPre fru8tra ISborem, To undertake labour J^^^ ./^ . cie Nequidquam, of one who has not accomplished his purpose ■ ** Ncquidquam auxyiium implorarc, To beg in tain for hrlj. ' Cacs Irritus refers to the object, not the subject: irrltum facprA* /« «„ »- . thing weleii or ineffectual. »"uum lacere, /o roi /^ a i 3. ?etO, tvi, Itum, 3; rogo, uvi, ntum, 1 ; general terms for loask or beg whether Postfliabat magi, qnam pPtobat, m rather demanded than requested it. Culr riagltO, avi, atum, 1, to fteninml enerifcticallv with n.,,.o,.nn=» -„ i i POSCO. pflposci, 3, to ask as a right, as a'price or' sllaly '"" *"' ""'"°"'' 4. Inc51fimis, e, an.l integer, gra, grum (from in, taneol ,»,.«■, ,mf,.„^%,A Sfe'in'o^o?' '"'''"• "'" "^' C*-^- -Po-e to^rc'cia^ntlllaCust 5. Potus, us, m., drwk. Potio, onis, /., the act of drinkina (frequentative to potlO), a drinking-bout, drunkenness. ■ Exercise III. 1. C'lnssus vvngcd war in Asia. 2. Caesar en^raopd in l,niil,. witl, the Helveti . 3. The Carthaginians in vain sc;^.,! t i eac o n th Uomans. 4. Most of the s. Idiers come out (e, "m/o\ ol ti l att^ unhurt 5. ' >e Cimhri and Teutons asked L ^iSc^y on t > the Senate. G. Hunger and thu-st are (Sin-. : v. § 220 Ohs )UZu away hy food and drink 7 UlysscsSnhabited IthL l^S^" nations hve on fish (abl.) and the e<'"s of birds <) 'l'int>, Irl , begets hatred. 10. The ^Athenians fbunchd twelve eiti J As f 11. Xerxes, Iving of the Persians, invaded Greece. 12. Jou> drS wine, but w;e» drank water. "'' » The personal pronouns must be expressed, when ihey .re eniphaUe. Pot&tio. onlH, /. Y IV.— F] UST V0iiQ0nT)-( rnntumett). ,.f. 221; When Subjects having a common Pierlicate are of Si tu et Tullia lux mwtra valetis, P ot suavisslinus CfcCro »«/,-„>». So" (TirL'';;?£Sf " ^ = " ' "^^ '"-"' *- - ^- «»^ "•^^^"^' r'.Vnl^; Ym"i.-I 'i^"^*'*^* ^' '^ Colleclive Substantive C^oun of Multitude"), or a word implyino nluralily the Verb is sometimes put in the I'lmal, e.^peciaUy in the poets: as, ' -' ,-«.^f"'"/^''""^ P?«m.^5»e novum ,.ia iurha Qutrlnum, Let the pwus Veoi>h qfier mceuse. ami propitiul, the new (deity) Quirinm-Oy ' Mere in li ,«rim, A huge body of men m,s gel to u>.»k to rmo the eoZ and mjfty %t jrom baskets into the Tiber.- Liv ^ 6 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN PBOSK 8TN0NTM8. 1. firi (1 pers. »!ny. not found ; but mris, ftire', ffltur, ete.), properly to um artU cvlaU tpeeek: hence infansnanon fans, unable io sptah. DiCOt xi, ctum. 3, to oxpr*$* one's ideal i" order. Liquori oQtUB lum, 8, to speak at an intelligent being: beace F«oadegqae Ifioatae, inflmdam, And {dumb) animaU tpokt {like men), hor- rible prodigy /— Vir». i. FfttO) iTl, ttum, 1, prop, to lop, to trim up, to bring into shape : hence to re^rd a thing on ill ddes, consider attentirely, to think. Arbitrori fttug sum, I, to judge with the authority of an arbitrator. Opinori atus sura, 1, expresses mer» opinion or conjecture, in opposition to actual knowledge. Parenthetically, Cplnor implies diffidence in expressing an opinion : Bed fiplnor, quiescUmus, But, 1 suppose, we must be quiet,— Cle. J. BlTOSi i, «., o small stream of water. Fluvius. i, m., fliimeili Inis, n,, a stream as opposed to stagnant water. FlQmen (from fluo), also an abundant fii-v whether of water or anything else : as, FlQmen TerbCrum. ojlou) o/«iorrfj. — do. Amnu, ii^ M. (esp. pv ;t.), a great river. *. Amoenns, a, um (Xmor ?), pleasant, agreeable to the eye, used especially of the country. Suavis, e, pleasant to the smell. Dulcis, e, pleasant to the taste, sweet, delicious, jtlcundus, a, um Qtivo and adjectival term, cundus), io general sense, pleasant, delightful. 5. Acer, oris, ore, eager, zealous in a good sense. V$h8men8i tis (prob, ss to- menf, not reasonable), violent, tealous, in a bad sense, as from heat or passion. 6. Oielpio, cepi, ceptum, 3, to deceive {intentionally). Fallo, (»felH, falsum, U load into an error or mistake. Fraudo. uvi, ntum, 1, to cheat, defraud. Eng. Touandl; „ Many a battle; „ Mvery tenth manf „ All the best msit § FHBASES. Lat. landyMk Many battles : mnlta proella. Ilach tenth man : declmus quisque. Baehbest man: optlmus quisque. ExEncisK TV. 1. Neither you nor I have ' done this. 2. You and I speak most openly to-day. 3. You and your mother think this, (but) I do not. 4. You and he praise Plural : St. L. O. 560. » Use the Perfect Ttue, which is he- Queutly espresse«l in English by the Preeent IndioutiTa of the rerb tobettsS the past parttoiple. ' Singular. BEOONn CONCORD. f Z- v.— SECOND CONCORD. / ,i>* § 223. The Substantive awl Adjective.— kr\ Adjective agic [vith its Substantive in Gender, Number, and' Case : as, Jam pauca arfitro jKgffj-a regiae Moles reiinquont, Ere long the princely piles will leave few acres f;r the plough.— Hox „, neque te [sllebo] mStuende ccrta rhoehe eagitid. Nor Willi hold my peace of thee, Phoebus; to b^ dreaded for thitif uneirtpg shaft.— Hor. •' '^224. In like manner, the Perfect Participle used in forming the rorfect Tenses of tlie ra.ssive Voice agrees in Gender and Number with the Subject of the Verb : as. Omnium asseiisu comprShdta ornlio est, The speech was approved bu the asseiit of all. — Liv. '^ " NegM'nni Anxari praesTdium (est), The garrison al Anxur uHxa not looltea after. — Liv. j § 225. When an Adjective or Participle is predicated of l two or more Subjects at once, it is put in the Plural ' 'Number. / (1.) If the Subjects are perrms, though of diflFerenf ^genders, the Adjective is Masculine: as, -Te?**"" """'' ^^ ^''^^ '^'^"* *""'' ^^ ■^""'^'" ""'^ '"'''^"''" '""^ *'«'^- (2.) If the Subjects are things without life, and of different / genders, the Adjective is Neuter: as, ' SCcundae res, honoros. impeda, vict<-)riao fortulta sunt. Prosperit,,, fwmmrs. places of command, victories are accidental — Cic Labor V(Vapta,ques6i,imtti .j,. absolutely, with reference S Dcu» beatuH et aeternus, Tlit blessed and eternal Cod.— Cic. a. D5ceo, "f. ctum 2 <« teach. Jdoceo, .s"areraiiow ^ I'OKse plniTmum pintiii .-(pud JllTquom, 2b have very great injiuence with ,^.,. o»e.~C\o. (Quire plurtmum would not do.) "t/»"«i<;« iw lessons which are contained in the Holy bcni.tuies. 2. Hekn, who excited a most serious war was the daughter of Tyndareun. 3. Many towns.^vhich Tn foS times were flounshing, are now overthrown and destroyed (S) 4. The bunion which is well (hg>,e) carried is light. 5. The founda- hon of endurm^r fame is jnsace, without which nothing can be mise- worUiy. 6 There is no pain which len-th of time dots not dimiZh i*uhjunctive). 7. Thebes, which is th"e capital of BoeoJLf wa S great commotion. 8 Two consuls were ilain in battle?' a thing ■which m no war had happened before. 9. Cumae, which city wsS then occupied by the Greeks, is in Italy. 10. There is an abu^ mll'^Z rirf r'i'^""'^ deem/ctobe) ofTr^t'lmTortnS {M. first). 11 Cams freed his country from a tyrant, a thine which r„7J:r7"'M ^'" •*'? • '2. This foreseeii sagadotSm- gent wiimal, which we call man. • Uae Is, ea. Id : St. L.G. 372. Vn.-THE NOMINATIVE CASE \ ^2^" o^f ^'ominatiTe Case u used to denote the Sub- loot of a Sentence : as, «.,v^'?' i7^®.f Ti'?**'^® '^ ^^^'^ ^^ as descriptive of ili« subject after the following kinds of Verbs :— THE NOMINATIVE CASE. u M to • deflnltc :h reference to without begin' PerdSceo, to \ from a rough iroui of learn' lent power, as \, iistaiices allow ence with any 3r influential. underUkinp. Hum, i, n., ig Icnote a war ii ae, /., eon- led in the rioiis war, 1 in former id {per/.). he fouiuia- be praise- t diminish ia, was in !, 8 thing h city was an abim- tnportanc« ling which .18, iuttiUi« :he Sub- go, ye an of ill*. 1 (1.) Verbs which signify to be or to hecom : as, snra, ej- isto, fio, evado {to issue, turn out) nascor {to be born), etc. (2.) Verbs which denote a state or mode of exintence : as maneo {to remain), duro {to endure), etc. ' ' (3.) Passive Verbs of naming, making, appointing : as, nominor, dlcor, appellor [also audio, in sense of to b« called] ; creor, flo, designer, instituor, etc. (4.) Verbs signifying to seem or be thought: as vldeor. hubeor, existimor, ducor, etc. : as, ,/*J^T^^™° rSpente fit turpmXmui, No one becomes utterly Ime all at Nemo naadtur dives, No one is born rich —Sen eniiS-S'*'^"''^ *"*^^''"'' manebant. The fortiJkatioM remained Am^-EutT* ^""^^''"^ •■** "^**"« ^8*> -^""w Pompiliut was made Justltia erga decs relXgio dicltur. Justice tovoard, the gods it called religion. — Cic. " (4.) Satis altltudo muTiexstructa vWebfitur. The lieight of the waU seemed sujiciently rajsed.— Nop, y J -^ 'f"« ./>.««« i\ '^}r^ ??^^"' anlmosm, et forlis appare, In trying c/rcuw ttanees, show thyself courageous and manly.— Hot. Sermo, Sni«, MoestuSi a, um (fir, 3 / behold you dtseotf a tuition, a psople, eoUeotiTely, irre. SYNONYMS. 1. Olltto. onti,/., a ut speech, a haranguk (usually of an orator) m., common familiar talk (of any person). 2. TristiSi e, tad, expressing sorrow in the countenance moereo, akin to miser), sorroxiful in soul : sou£i:TiZ::^t^::irf-^.r ""'"""• "^^ '" ' """' "<"' "'-'»- 3. PdptUnai i, m., the multitude compotk •peotire of rank or birth : PSpdlus fidmUnus, The Roman people. Plebs, piebls,/., also plebes, ei, the common people, opposed to the patricians- Rdma triplex SqutUtu, pl6be, sCniltu, Rome, thriet mighty in knights, in com, mons, WM m senators, — Aus. ^SSlIjj*rfii«. FoStSi M, m. and /., a poet, prop, one who makes verses (iroinnjt), V&teSi Is, m. and /.a religious expression -n.. „f.. rathe. . iv„„v,„n If -1 - . iM'-'mal, phy.sical rcsemblanc. : J'uro ,rmilirm.,s „„.„,, k.actly n,. „ cUar ri.er (in ■ap,earauce).-Uor. PnUASE. primis). KxKncTfiK VII. of spcSf"'V''']\rd I ';•''"'■'• -^l^i^'-nc.ss is tl.ecl.ief excellence ?pi V I ;<• ''V"'"'^', '"^f ^^"^ '^^"'-'•' t-* « '"'"'. on^l't to bellied ,a Lfs ,,i' f '''s^^tV^'^ '';^ ^'^'1^ f called reli.io.UovvardsS jaicn ,. ]iu y. 8. ilio nation ol the Scvtliians lias been alwivs thought to l-vejy ancient. 9. The lion is called th. Id„'7q3- Sn li •'■ *?' *'" f "''"*' ^'''™''^"« i« S'-ii^l tS have beei. Ilaxen. 11. Homer is Ch\U ren are generally supposed to be like their parent.^ s". Vhou wa [ called (andto, active king and lather, li Many dreams tu n ou rue 15. Grec.ce a wavs wished to be first (princeps) in eloquence manli d .' H:':'^'' "»'''/ly regarded as oniUimonwoaufo' mankind. U Heu^les an Ha^la. a. roporte. to have bee. kings of the ICast -iiu. luiiius and Antonius are declared consulB. » AlK r, iVa, frunj. 1 vctug, drlj. Virr. -ACCUSATIVE OF TH\7 OBJECT. ^§234. The Accusative denotes the Direct Object of an Trap.sitive Verbs of all kinds, both Active and Deponent, govern the Accusative : as, p^iiwn, De^s mundum aedXflcavit, God built the tcorfd.-Cic rtadi-Cic.'"''"' ^"''"'*'" "^^'^ *^«""'""' ^'°^ /««'«*' ""•<«« ''■/'« « fn,«S^'^':S^c[f ''" ""*''^ P'*''"*' ^ '^ -" "-'«*« «•* i^ Obs !. Active Transitive Vo,b, «l,ich govern tne Accusative case arecanabl. in tbc Pa.iVe u::; i^i:;^::? ";:^ ;;- ;:s " %c^;^^ i^^'^.^tf living boinfr, tlic I'lcposition a or a4 is preHxcd • as mao.!. J, ^A , i * 2;*. .as,.- praises tke toy, becoi^es in thel W^^ut f rSr^^^^^^^^^^^ tur, 7'A« 6ov f« praised ly the nu stet . magistio InniW- m Oil. 2. Ji fort N shal Ob$. 8. tive I) § 2:55. limes fo sense to Hac B dream. — I VerlBsiu Obs. T emp ' ' § 236. sative b them. ' note a e mourn on I shudder SSquftii the cruelty Ainure ContrS-i Here / involve respectiA \ I. Accipio, K.xcipio, (inns, R Suscipio back to a 3 Sagitta, Aptarc Teluin< i, M generally a dart, al Alfxan atider wai his shin.- 3. Veaenoi i* ssjrio Vlroa. i, n. VIrug p ACCUSATIVE OP THE OBJECT. IS tith thefirtt jciin Obi. 2. But the Verbs which gOTwn v\\ ii;!i! r caso can be uied in the Pagiive ia\y impertonaJly : a», Jnvtdetur piaestiinti flSrentiiiue fortflnae, Eminrut and flourishing fortune in riivied. — Cic. (Lit., £>uy ii felt by men /or ftninent fortune.) Non pittcetur laboii, Labour shall not bt spared.— Vic. (Lit., TTtere shall bi no sparing for labour.) Obs. S. The prineipal apparent exceptions to the GoTCiniiient of an Accusa- tive by Transitive Verbs will be fouiiil at § 291. /) § 235. Cognate, Aecmatim. — liitmu:>itive Verbs aie eoiiii.- liines followed by an Accusative uf cognate oi klncliud sense to themselves : as, Hac Bocte miruin somniavi somnium, This nighl I dreamt a atrauye dream. — Plaut. \'eTiaBimum jiujuraiuium jurare, To neew a most true outh.—C'n:. Obs. This construction is especially used when an Attributive .Adjective ii employed. ' § 236. Other intransitive Verbs often govern an Accu- sative by virtue of some transitive meaning imjilied in them. This is often the cii>>o with those verbs which de- note a state of mind, like lugeo, / mourn, lugeo aliquid, / mourn on account of somethuig ; horreo, / shudder, hoii eo aliquid, / shudder at something, &c. : as, SSqullni AriSvisti crudelltatem honebant, The Sennani simdih'.rnd nl the cruelty of AriooUtus. — Caus. Ainoro aliquam depMre, To he dijimj of lore for lomn ort«.— I'laut. GontrSm£re ha.tlmn, To tremble id Via Itince. — Viig. Here horreo, depereo, contrenio (.strictly intran.-.i live Verbs), involve the transitive mcixnings, to dread, to lov:, to fear. respectively. This idiom is most frequent in the poeta, SYNONYMS. \ 1. AccipiO, CPi)i, ceptuni, 3, to take what is offered, generally into the hand. Kxcipio,__cpi, eptiiin, 3, to tak<; :. e. catch, what is flyin;/, poTierally into the ariiis^ Recipio, cupi, ccptum, 3, to take into one's care, as into tbe bosom. Suscipio, cC"i)i, cei)tuin, to undertake a duty or task imposed (to put one's arm or back to a burden). 2 Sagitta, ae, /., an arrow : Aptrirc nervo sagiUas, Tujit the atrmes to the howslrina. - Virg. Telum, i, II. (prob. fr. 7r]Kietv), a generic term for an;/ kind of nfensiie ireii/nm, gciierully of a missile character. Spiculum, i, n. (from spica, an ear of corn;, a dart, also used of the triangular head of an arrow or javelin : Ali'xaniler sagitta ictus est, quae in raCdio crQre riMlquPrat spIcQlura, Alex- andci- was wounded by an arrow which had left its point behind in the middle oj his shin. — Curt. 3. Veaenomi i, n., a drug, medicine, or poison. Sometimes used of dyeing drugs f ssyrio fClcatur lana vCneno, The wool is stained with Assyrian dye. - Virg. VlruSi i, n., poison, venom. Sometimes an offensive stench ; Virus palQ. is, The smell from th* stagnant marsh.— Col. I 14 tNTRODtJOtlON TO LATIN PR08f« ii.f'ii ^i /^ i EflWglo, Qgi, rtom, I, to eieape, not mertly fly from (like «to*«.;y»). VinoQla efffli«i*re, tc escape from imprUonmcnt.- Uor. JS"; (dKL fisr^' "'^*^'"'- ""f^""' °«'' «-■ «. ^fiy ^- <•" '■ f-^tf?***' "i'"' -^^ '•"'• '.'""<=)• P""'"'. '""/"' authority, a* of a magiitrate P&. a^^K'bSU^Se '''S' -"''""; "'•'"'<"''•■'— A person iaiuth;,.ityu Biiui 10 oe in pjtestate. Dltio, onl^ /., power, jtu-Udiction : In dttiCne alicujus esse, 7'o be under a man's authority.— do. Sit. &.io"'of"ti;er:"''- "" ^''^'"'""' ""^ •hippopotamus wo.u^ be Cdlo, c61ui, cuUum, 8, BSvereor, rtus sura, 3, /-v 7. VSngror, nttis sum, l, to pray to; hence, &»"«5ti"j cirannvmem Lacoulam iMintilitiiH eat iiinothem$ailtng round Peloponnesus, laid icasU iaconio!-lNep .uHth!^T'ij. t^ ^"^^ ^""""* ^*"*^*bal crossed L Alf$ Xf 23' with 1 with ai an Ace Nave Ui-be Ncm S6cii MCidi Quail Gaulg 8U Nem( Nup. ,^ §24( coiiipou an Acci fiquH the senatt t 1. Hons, mountai ridgs. Praeri Monte CoUis, Agger, h 3. Bolna, 18,/. («t« Strage ) 3. Nonnui not often Nonnu Interdi Allqua i R§gio, ( subdued b Stcnia 1 provinc, Plaga, a Plaga 1; 8 Aveo (n( us, with I one has hi be willittg, ttum, 3, ( lAot* it by ACCUSATIVE . F THK OBJECT, 15 X §239. Many Intransitive verbs of motion compounded with the Prepositions ad and in. and sme comnounded with ante, con, ex, and prae, become Tiuiisitives, and Ruvein an Accusative : as, > o Naves Genuam aceesseruiU, The shipn rtacheil Gmoa.~Ui. Urhem mvadunt, They faU upon the citi/.~\iicr Numlnem couveoi, / have met no one.— Gio Sficietfitcm coire, To form a paHnerthip — Cic MOdum excedCre, To exceed the limit.~Cic Quantum Galli virtuto ceteros mortale, pr'aeslureul. How much Iht Gauls mrpaued the rett of mankind in valuur —Uv ^^ Nemo mm in ftmiclUa antecettil, no one excelled him in friendMliip.- ■^J ^*^' /"/'•''^"t'^« ^^'bs of rest (jaceo, egdeo, sto.msto), compounded wit]i ckcum, become Transitive^ and govern an Accusative : as, e^Tc^u tAofS'-lc?^'"^"""*"* '«''«»^'«"'' «'^» knighte,lnnd arou,ui V I 8YNONVM8. «W,.. MonsVtcn .ignTcfa great heap of aSingl"''"™' '' "- " *"^'^-"*' PraeruptuB aquae mons, A rugged mountainoiu xvave.~\irg yiontea mri, Piles 0/ gol P15ga lactea coeli. The milky way. 8 Aveo (no perf. or bud.I 2. to //>-- *-. m ,y_.--,. ,«„ U». with some degree of impaUetce' 'nlald/rn ^"r*'^'*''^ ^"' "''"' P''"«'<='^ one has had, but now feels th^ loss of • hpil?' ^' i""^'-,*' *° ''^"'^ ^h"' Iftow U by gttiutes. ' """"O' '"» *t to ii,k I is pirit round .,. senate. 14. 'six^uS .;iun!n.;;;?r^e'^;Sl£ ^'^'^' ' And . . „o^ neque. . Convdnio, ve„l. ventuii>, 4, will. ace. X.-INTRAN^.1'^^VE VJ.:iUJB WITH THE ACCMH.M'IVK, -<^) §211. ThoBo fivu Ininersonal Verbw nfidrt // ; /; .\ ^n.) the plttct came intv the INTRANSITIVE VERBS WITH THE ACCUSATIVE. 17 oihSwt, itpitieth (affects with pity) ; take an Accusative of th^ ^:^^£^^S::y^'''- ^'^^ *- «^ the oL^ Me pjget sMtltiae meae. lam vexed at m,jfolh/.~Cic limQtliei poat mortem pdprdum ifullcii sili \mJ,jh,!i a f, .^ ^ , ./ Timothem the people repented o} their jl^'S ^ '*' '^'"'^ Non me vixiue poenttet, /rep«,< „o« Aam«,./ired.-Cic hat wounded your feelingt, Cio. wmty* w *o»r|/ that he ^ § 242. In like manner dicet, it is becoming, and dedgcet. it is mhecming, take an Accusative of the Person • a"^*^"**' '* '* "t OJ*. In liVe manner the Impersonals jflvat, it delinht,- Mta* t n-* y I SYNONYMS. 1 1. S8nex, !«,«., «« o?i mo»i, one beyond hig Bfxtleth year V8hi. iw. ^ . J ''Sffi?5;.,LT' '^"' "^^^ '^''*'^"' ^'^«'- 8e»tenUa. ue. y:. a coi?*.^""*"" '*' "^^ *"»*>"*'•' ^' ^•■- «''•'- <^roiwj), ae, /., a satUfaction, hence o«»t»AmM,« of nn^ m„a capital, or by imprisonment, U an atonement forToffence'^ ' "•"'P''"*'' Octo poenarum grCnfira in legftus contlnentur. Eiaht tn^ri^. ^* are contained in the lam.-Cis. '■""'"""^» -^VAf ipectee of puntthmcnU ^'SuSalr.l^'' "'' ^" '' •^'•'' °'"*«'"''"'' '" *"''"*'' ''^t «««"''"d8 in money • _Mulctare Wlquem poena et mulota. To vieit a man with puniehn,e,u Z'fine. I ^ i. Peooatum, i, n., a tranegression, what a man knn-.. tn h« »..„.,» nxi • ^ I i, «.. a/a««, .trlctly of omission. Culpa?ae, /" u. V;; wrie. of life. Egestas. atis. /.. dcMutioTe^;.,^^^ I'J^^L^^X^^^ "««<«• *camv, including both «xe.. Vir viri ^a nu,» (not a woman); hence, a W6a„rf. frequently . di-C*^;' Vir Mnua, rather than bdnus hOmo. <8 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN PROSE. -icd of yom- iiCLrli^eiicc, 1. You are ashamed of yom- nc-ligeiicc, 2. I am vexed at "Se morals of tlie state. 3. Your enemies rejx'nt of their intcmporam 4. I pity tliat old man. 5. I am entiiciv weary of life. -6. Uou never rcpen's Jt hib i.r^i dcsiim. 7. 1 am not only vexed-at but also ashamed of my folly. H. Men pitii^d tlieir punishment not more til. .11 the crime by whicli QM) they had merited lumishment. 9. Ho repeats his sin' who is not ashamed of hJ^ 10. Many are asliamed of poverty, even (tliouuh) honoui'ahlc. 11. Myrtle does not misbecome a servant. 12. It bv no means becomes an orator to bo angry : to pretend (to be so) does not misbecome him. 13. Anxious speech becomes not a pliilosoplier. 14. It becomes a pi-aetor to have not only tenii)erate hands, but also eyes. 15. It will delight me to have perished by the hands of men. 16. Priam eluded the watch-tires (irjnes) and the camp hostile to Troy. 17. It belun-es me to do this. 18. But it docs not escape you how difficult tli.H 's (aubjunc). ' Bay, lina twice. » gay, of {his) tin. XT.— DOUBLE ACCUSATIVE. J) § 243. Verbs of teaching and comealing take a double Accusative after thorn— one of the thing and another of the person : as, doceo, 1 teach (with its compounds) ; celo. / conceal, hide from : as, Quia mUstcam dOcult Epuminondum, Who tawjht Evaminondaf »nu«iof— Nep. ^ Non colavi tt termonem hSmlimm, J hnw not heptfrmn you the mens Oit. Aecutatitie after a Pastive TerJ.— When a Verb of teachiny, &c. if twncd into the Poasive, the thing taught may 8tiU rcmiiin in tlis M- Msatlve : as, L. IlarolM omnea mmtiae arte* edootus fuPrat, Luciue Jfareiu* had been taught att the arte of wor.— Llr. § 244. Some verbs of asking, entreating, and demanding take a double Accusative after them— one of the thing and auother of the person : as, intorrogo and peroontor, / a*?; 6ro, / entreat, rSgo, I ask or entreat ; and posoo (reposco), flaglto, / demand: as, L^gati Verrem BlmiVacrum CCrJ^ris rCposcunt, Tlic mtmn il,;wind bach from Verresthe statnc. of Ceres.— iiic. Caonar frumentum Aeduoa llugllabut, Caesar kipl denMiuUng cortt o/ Uu Aeilui.—Os^a. i j j SYNONYMS, tfM. J&ventlll, atlii,/., the time of youth, by mctiin. those in a state nf youth : IWqiiejttTentQtCtncNciTiut, Ami in I'mse piiiMiil.ilf .yiciil hh nirli/ /ire.~a».\\ OainU jaTentiu oouvCnOranL All the voimv ineu hud (uacinbled tu^cihir. ^ c.« d.Ject.o, p. .-.„,. «/ the in>nu>rtaTTZfc:.\ TaLTZT^T. cncients thrown down.— Tao. s'afttM och-Uonce L o.^S. a r^'nl": tilT-^l "' '" '""'""■' '^'^""'' ^'"' '"""' •^''^'""'i'y. "'•'^ «' the very nick o Tempestaa, ma,/., an entire space of timt-a period, a teason («atpd,). PHRASES. En^. lastly; „ J hide this from you ; H 2fb make great demand* ; Lat. At the ta»r, ad extr6miiin. ,1 / hide you this. 11 7b demand great things. Ml roiui had been EXERCISK XI. fand^']oriTil°"'9 ^"l*?''^!,^^' "^^' J"'^'*'*' ^^^1'*^' temperance, (.and) lortitiKle. 2. I hide these 1 1 ngs from Alcibiadcs S Mil nerva mstructed Cicero in all accomiai«hmcn 3(a's) 4 CatiSe nstructed he young men in wicked deeds. 5. PnlosoDhv has tonght US a^i thmgs. 6. My son has not concealed th J tZg/fron T'tJiI^ •/''*,'°""'u' ^r'^yo^ the conversation of Ampius. ti^L Q*^' w^"* ""i? ^^ «*^^™ ^»^** they themselves Lve not tned. 9. Wo ought not to conceal our opinion from our friends. 10. Porcius Cato was asked his opinion?^ Jl. The Lat?n egions bylong association, had been madelfamiliar-w th ^gc/^^rS the military tactics (mimia) of the Eomang. 12. SJ^o by iSns A ^^''}JH r^"^^"™' ^""^ heen taught evJrythTng' 13 He 14. Ihey deu.anded from him tlie statue of Cores and Victory S°!?'^i.^y*'°'i.^'' 1 •'"/'"rtune the gods-lnor do I make ^ti '"•manao- oi my {lovvcnui ineud. MagnSpfira. » FlngKto : see I'hraeee. OS <''i! iJill 20 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN PROSK. XII.-DOUBLE AC<;iTSATIVE-(c«;.<;«Hed). ^ § 245. Factitive Accusative.— Yerhs signifying to make or appoii.t, to name, to reckon or esteem, and the like, take after them a double Accusative— one of the Obicct and the other of the Predicate to that object (Factitive Ace.) : as, Ancum MaTtinm regem (Fact. Ace.) pOpalus creavit, TJie peopk ClcrTr.noin untversa civltas consulem (Fact. Ace.) declaravit, TJte whole state declared Cicero con- '.— Cic. RoniQlus urbem ex nomine suo Romam (Fart. Ace.) vOcavit, llomulus railed (he city Home from his own name.— Eutr . ^?"^''oPi,'. S^caioa, nou duxit (eos) kominea (Fact. Ace.X He de- spised the Swdtans ; he did not take them for human beings.— Cic. A Obs. The Factitive Accusative becomes a rredicative Nominative after the Fassive of the above verbs : see § 232, ■^ § 246. Transitive Verbs compounded with trans and oircum, as tiansjicio, transduce, transporto, to cany across and circuinduco, to lead around, take after them a double Accusative, one of the person, and the other of the thin a- crossed: as, ^ ^gcHmaiaHellespontum cdpiaa tiajecit, Agesilam carried Ms troops across the Hellespont. — Nep. ^ Hannibal iiOnaginta mUlia pgdltum Ibcnm liaduxit, Hannibal earned ninety ttwusand foot-soldiers across the Hierm. -Liv. 1 ompoiua Itoscillum omnia sua praestdia ciicumduxit, Pompeius led imctllus round all his entrenchments.— Caes, ^*^ \'u '"„""''' P"'''" °"® Accusative is governed by the Verb, and the other i>y the rrcposition in composition. Obs. 2. In the Passive one of the two Accusntives remains : as, Miljor multytu(U) Oermnnonim Rheuum UnmAaoXtw, A weater multitude of Ucimam ta carried across the Khine.—Caea, SYNONYMS D 1 Dflx, dilcis, m. and/., a leader, a general t "T^ux grfgis, the rtii>i.— \hg. Dux atmenti, the hull. — Ov. Ouctor, oris, m., a guide : Diictor aaouin, a guide for the rfiiefi, i.e. cnmmnnder-in-ehiif.—Sm. Iiniierator, oris, m., a commander or rm/ieror. When used in reference to a P"^'„i',> ""■'''" '■'* "•"""' when usfd of the Caesars it preceded it (see St. L. Or. 937). M. T. ClcSro Impemtor. I mpPrator Augustus. ^ J. Oooasio, nnis, f.,an opportunity offered by chance to undertake anvthino. used In - Bent-rtii nt)rr. upponunltas, utis, /., cotiveniencc cf time, place, or any cir. eum>ta>ue whatever enabling one to uudertake anything with facUity and a good prospect of success : * « -^ OpportQnItBB tempftris, convenienoe of time.~Cle Opportaultai 16«i, the favourable ttature ofthep,'siti. nd the other ter multitude J^ Eng. Time for an action, etc. Ifot only, but even; Much ; I'HKASES. Lat. Time nf an action, teinpug actionis also tcmpus agendi, or ad «Kcn. dum, n Kon tolum, aed (virum) mam. n (Often) Ifatiy thinge, multa. EXKUciSE XII. 1. The Koi.ians appointed Q. Fabins ceneml <> All ti,o„ , • U. lie had conveyed a Urg« pait of the cavalry over the river H. i *; 22 fiJTRODUOTION to LATIN PROS*!* S ifvi, 1? T M^*^^ T^'^^t^ ^^'^ P^''*^ °f ^-l^^"- fo'-ces acn>8c river 1« Hn /^ {.'°T '^'/' ^^ transpor-. his soldiers over the ™a ° ^'^''^ ' ^^^'"' ^P"^^' '^*i th«t (istc) man round these «U?^e'fl"ZrthlH^'^''5^'*°N'''" •"■•"""' *»' "»« denominator U .8 only one let* than the denominator often omitted. A XIII.-ACCUSATIVE OF TIME AND SPACE AND ACCUSATIVE IN EXCLAMATIONS. • !i,"'*l' ^^^^-^ "^^^ '^^'"'^ *^d «"^all Islands are used in the Accusative without a Preposition after Verbs sijfni fying Motion towards.) For examples, see § 259 iu the Ap- pendix on the Construction of names of Towns. > § 249. Duration of Time and Extent of Space are put in the Accusative answering to the questions-yyozo long ? How far? Now high? How deep? How broad? How thick? m „«»?f')T® ri!"f'"^^"°T^^^' "°" «^'""8' ^'J/e' loe have not Hirr^ one foot from the (rountry) house.— Cic. 'nrreu ^^^uaedam bcstiulao mum diem vivunt. Some insects live but me day. f^M^^ymT-ct*^ """"" P™'^'* ^^''^'' ^^■'^ ^^''^^ ^'A*"' Cunipus Maratl.on al, Atlic.iis circUer miUia paaauum dScem ftbes*. ^ees^-iip{^ ' "'^ " '^'*'""* •^^'^ ^"^ "^«** '«» «^«S exstSmn'^ffiT ) r""" ^^'^'' 'rl""'"* '''^'■"'«' """"^ P^^ octoginta ft5.-CaoS. * """'"'■'"^'"^ " "•^'^"'^ =^^0 /ec< «fde and 80 feet 666 §^274.r* *^® ^^^' ^^' '*''"• *^® ^®°**^''® '**"''' •''*'« »»«° «»d • \ ^ -^J^' S® Accusative is used in exclamations, either V* with nr •wn+.Viniif n« T-r>+,>,.;„-.A; . -. ' ~'"'""' ^^ with or without an Intejjeotion : afi, lllli I vwn maairmam orroriB, Ow enom^.na power of error '— Cio Ehcu me miserum, AapZe«8 me.' -.Ci?° '^^°'"" "''^"^ liOmluum /rdem/ In the name of gods and mm! Ell quatuor dras, Lo, four altars.— yirg. Ohi. 1. But en and ccce arc quite aa frequently found with the Nominative : a* ^ece tme Utera^i (so. sunt) do Varrone, The,e m yow Utter about Farrv, (fit. t. Hti and vae are oon^^trued with the DatiT« ; at, y**l>ieii», Woe to Ike cunqupred.--\A\. \v Oei mlMro miki. Woe to wetcAsd mt. i'sr. ACCUSATIVE OF TIMB, «8 nominator U SYNONYMS. ! . Ol>pugno, 6vl, fttum, to auault. Obsideo, m, essum, 2 (ob nf-deo), to »««#;-«.• CoMlfUiB ub oppugnutida uibc ad obsfdcudain versis, Their planlmving chanaed fnm an aumult upon the city to hcsiening i^— Liv. 2. AmpUus, magig, plus, are all comparativeH, and imply luperiorii^i. *l^Z!-So! "^"'"'"^ ""^^ *^''^K^ ^'^ "»« «"!'""'«' "Pi'*'"- to 6« «or« moS^lTlrJ"" """""" """"^ '■"' **'°' ^'"^ **" ■^'"■•""' •*• -V*'' «' ^'S.^^"?'"^ •^•' ""L ^'^^°'' '•• •^•' ^ " '""i' '""•••'«* *<""». like a polo bS?m ^T. * "'"' '*"**^' """ " '"°*''- "^^^ erob^-btama of . Nexae tribes aerc, Orou^aau braeketted together with bratt.—yigm. The poets sometimes use trats of a ship : Ut tribe Cypria Myrtoum pivldus nauta stVet mSre, That he, a* a eravef. iMlor, should, .« a bark of Cyprian timber, plough the ilyrtoan deep.— liar. 4. Feme and Fere are used to save the accuracy of an expression, like o.r about, near about (le«s or more), as nearly as can be stated. Prope is nearly, nul auit. Paene i« oppased U. plane; almost. lioth I-rope and I'acnc often ^ualilV au expression, which may be hyperbolical. i"""'* £ng. He u$ed to do it ; I'lIKASK. L«t. (often) iiciebat. EXEIICISE Xlll. 1. pionyeinB was tyrant of Syracuse thirtv-eight yeara. 2.. The city of Iroy wa^ bcHicged for ton years becau'sc of (ob with ace.) one woman. 3. Ihe el(!pliant is said to live two hiuulred years. 4. Augustus used to sleep not more than seven hours. 5. Zama is dis- tant lom Carthajre a journey of Qvci days. 6. Saguntum was situated nearly a mile trom tlie sea. 7. He carried a rampart, six feet high, from the camp to the water. 8. AutiQclms cn„structcd a moat six cubits. Icep (and) twelve wide. 9. Tliose-anned-witli-a-spear(/ias^fi--d Horace's. /«rcem saope dOleo T nft^ ■ .:^ ^, too, cetera eirrei n« T ^''^ '"*'^- -I^iv. *^'"' ' "' egregiua, ^ ««« «:oefe, ,-„ other respecU.~Uy. SYNONYMS. Ari«e inQruin fiVire To */v,-t« /, ^ " ""''""< *'"«) .- " ACCUSATIVE OP CLOSElt DE^^lNlTiON^ ^» •Y ^ ^'?lf^^^,^'"''^t''^'^' •*•; '*• '^'"'" especially, from lUc WW to the rorist. Lacertua, i, m., the arm from the ahoulder to the elbow : ■ Laudat brfichia et nQdo* raMia plus parte lacertos, He praUet her om.. and the upper part bare more than halfway down.—Or. — on eii. l/UDltU8i 1, »»., °/l'« «">e sense as gWdiuB. GlSdius, is ahroad, ofteti worn by magutrates and others. » • » •'•' <"■ .ii/i/ra. 5. Vinciilum, i, n. (vincire), anything that binds: Linea vinoOla, ttM mod* of flax, Virg. C&tena, ae, /., an iron or metal chain : ^^^^rldor tractue catenae, Ue rattling of a chain tr.itwy along (thr floor). Laqueus, i, w., a string with a running knot, or halter ■ CoUum in lilqueum inserdre. To put the neck into a halter.-dc. ""•"'"■ " •» "»««««'' ».« ». «». 00N8TEU0TI0N OF NAMES OF TOWNS. 27 Cflriiaj primuB elgphantos quatuor Bdmam duxit. Curim first brMght four dephantt to Rome.— Eutr. '' """'«'" riiusauiaiu cum classo coiiimuui Cypmvi atque Hdkmmntum mUf- milt. They ieut PauMnia$ with the combined fleet to Cyprus and the aelli'spont. — Nep. Obs. The poets use the same construcUon with the names of countries, an.l Subatantires generally : as, Itaiiatn tCnlt, To Italy h» came.— Virg. Verba rWers aurea non perrfinientia nostras, Wordi thou repeatett whieh reath not to our tan. — Ov. -A § 260. The Accusatives domnm. Iiome ; and rus, to the noun- try, have the same constructiuu as Names of Towns : as, SCmel egreaei, nunquom dSmum rCvortcro, Having once gone abroad, they never returned home.—Cic. the^'-To' *^°* ***^"^ ^^* manebo. / will go into tfte country and remain JL §261. In answer to the question Whence? names ol towns and small islands are put in tlie Ablafivo without a preposition : as, Dionysius PjfttOiiem Athenis aiccasivit, Dionysius seiUfor Plato hum Athens. — Nep. "^ Demaratus, TarquTnii regis pritcr, Tarquliiios CMMo fugit, Dema- ratui th^i father of King Tarquinimjled from Corinth to Tarquinii.- Ob). In the same way are used dSmo, /rom home; rQre, /rom the country. 1 i SYNONYMS. j 1. MSrior, mortuus sum, S, to die in any way. Oppeto, Tvi, ituni, 3 (with ii.oiteni sometimes expressed, but generally understood) is used of a death which mtght Aa»« been, but ha* not been, avoided, e.g. in battle, or in any haaardous Quels ante 6ra phtrum contrgit oppStire, Whose happy lot it wa» to die in nght of their fathers.— Virt?. Occido, m, cusum, 3, properly tn fall dmim, as from exhausted strength, used figuratively for to die. Obeo, ii, Itum, 4, proparly to go through (generally with mortem or some kindred word expressed, though it is sometimes understood), hence, to ate, ' , 2. Cel§ber, bris, bre, and Incl^US (-Itus), a, urn (poet.), denote celebrity, but are I St""?"y "Sfd of things, nut of persons. Clarus, a, um, illustriai, e. and UODUIS, e, denote distinction, as for birth or achievements. The clams is oel«- fcratcd for Am deeds, the iUustris for his rank and character, the nobiUs for msfamuy connexions. '. Vivo, vixi, victum, 3, to live, opposed to mori. ,^ Vitam degeie. to spend one's life : « are more healthy on service than at hnm„iVrn^'^''^ of young men assumed a mournfu garb and h ew hi , ^^ ^'*^''■ ^^' ^^''"^ 12. Ambassadors wero^sent to Ath ns 13 S^"" '''" ^'■^""^• away captive to Babylon U Tl?„ « it - "^^^^ ^^""^ ca'-'ed colonists from Corinth IQ rn«o. T 1 ^ -* ^'m^^leon sent for :ame thence to Sarsdlli ?o p '^*'^ *'^"^ Tarragona and Canusium,andthen:!'o Bnmd'^ium'"^''? Tlf ^" ^uceria to comitry to Home. "inium. 21. He retained from the ' AdmSdum soncx. -POSSEfeSIVE XVI.-GENITIVE AFTER SUBSTANTIVES GENITIVE. N avis urn,. ^ ship of, i.e. iarfe« wHhfgold ^' .But a «..p C.a^] o,-,,Z. would be navis aurea or navis ex anro &oi. , 9 zh4, Hfinop t]if> '^"-lUi 1 J '' GENITIVE AFTER SUBSTANTIVES. 29 i VnliiptatPB 5inittuntur mdjonm nlhiptiHum Mlpigremhlmm cnnsn Plmmres are nrjledal for the mike of ohtuiniiiq greutar phatures.- C\c Dolores Buscipiuntiir mdjorum ddlorum eff„(iie,idr>riii,i ^miiii, Suffer- ingtare mhmttted to for the mice of aroidhirj (jreatcr gnf i:ring» ~C'u- Si quid coiitrfi alius l.^-fs hiijus laj/n irl^n fiictiini est, If anijthiim ha» been done againd other laic » for the unhe of this laic- Cic. ' § 2t;5. The Genitive denotes the Possessor, or the person or thing whereto anything belongs : — Graves Cyclopum offlcinae, llr, heavy forget of the Ci/dopt.—Uor In umbrosis Jlellcmit oris, In the shady regions of l/dicon.—UoY. § 2G6. The Possessive Genitive is frequently used after the verb sum, when in English the word property {belonging to), duty, mark, diaracteristic, or the like, is expressed : Omnia sunt victorit. All things are {the property) of the conqueror (I. e. belong to tho conqueror i. — Liv. ^ii'l'ii'^ eat dQci parere, It is (the duty) of soldiers to ohey the general. Nllill ost tarn angusti anXmi quam amare divltias, Nothing is (the charactei-tstic) of so petty a mind as the love of richee.—O'ni. Ciijusvit hSmXnit est errare, It is (the part) of any man to «rr.— Cic. Obi. This construction is not admissible in t!ie case of the PerHcmal Pronouns : tlius we must say, meum est, i( U min- or my duty; tuum est, it U thin* or thy duty; not mei, tui eat. SYNONYMS. I. Dens, 1, m., Ood, the Supreme Being. DivTlB, i, m., prencrally a hero who aftei death received divine honours. Nflmen, Inis, m. (fioni obsol. nuo), the power or will of the yod, used by the poets for the divinity itself : Divus Caesar, The divinely-honoured Cuesar. — Tao, Aquarura numen Neptanua, Neptune, the divinity presiding over water.— Qx. J. fiduco, xi, ctum, 3, to lead or draw out : Copias in Iciem eduoSre, To lead forth an army to battle.— S6^. Ediico, uvi. Stum, 1, to educate, whether in a physical or moral sense, firfldic Ivi, Itum, 4, to free from ignorance, instruct. 3. Cbedio, Ivi, Itum, 4 [ob and audio], to obey, whether it be an equal, a superior, or an inferior; to do what one is desired, from whatever motive, wliether choice- or necessity. Pareo, ui, rtum, 2, to obey (habitually), esp. of obedience rendered to a master or a parent ; it is near akin therefore in meaning to servire : Jam dfimiti ut pfireant, nondum ut serviant. Already reduced to obedience, though not yet to actual servitude. — Tac. «. Siipgro, avi, utum, l, primarily to surmount, to rise above, then to surpass in any way : hence, to conquer, subdue. VinCO, vTci, victuni, 3 {probably rquivalenl to VI .silpi«««»m) than oom^the oroperty of th7ht"bL? S^^ift^^^ ^ 20. Your duty ,s to reckon nothing m (pS^o) SrtaL ""• ' 'itnm mcmHCTi/; Nil„-s v^nt, tuntum spei in annum ost, Sory^ueh rise at the Nile underrioes, just m much luvpe is therefor the harvest . Son* I §271. The Partitive Genitive is aiKo fonml after Aflveibs ot Quantity* Place, or Time, used Substantively: a.s, Satis e%«en J 1 ' y Ubinam gentium \ „,, . ., Ubi terrdrum j ^*^'"^'"* '" ''*« tcorW?— Cic. Eo misSriarum, To such a pitch of toretchediiess. -Pall. Poatea loci, A/tcricards.—lAv. Inde lOci, Tliereupon. — Lucr, * Tiieae Adverbs am ; satis, enough. pavum, too little. "« § 272. The Partitive Genitive is also found after Com- paratives and Superlatives : as, Wajor jUvSnum, (TJiou) elder of the youths.— Hnr. Maxime princrpum. Greatest of princes!— Hor. Graocoram orHtorum praestantisslmi. The most eminent of Greek orators.- Cic, / "»ow» 04*. Instead of the Genitire, the PrepoBltlons ex, de, and in certain oases in. tnter, are used : m, ' Xcerrlmus ex onmXbtis nottris tenMui est sensuB vMendi. The keeneit of all our tense* it the sense of sight.—Cio. Croero* inter rlges BpQlentissTmug, Oroestu, wealthiest among kings.— Sen. 273. The Partitive Genitive is also found after Nume- rals, find Pronouns or Adjectives implying a number : aa, Primi jUvfnum, FirKt of the ymiths,-- \\v^. CcntOhim alter, ODie of the two comuls.—L\7. SYNONYMS. 1 . Frtbnentum, I, n., a general word for nil manner of bread^om. TrttTpnm i, n., wheat : ■»«••» Framentnm tritTccum, Corn consisting of wheat.- Mart. i. Victus. as, m., things to support life, susUmane: Vita, ae, /.,/ody. fis J :) w' 32 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN Pli08B. 1: ill if ;i! ir ij: -6 5 Creber, bra,_brura, frequent, in quick suocettion; rathei too often than toe T^ZT ^"^^^I^S' ''*'. "Z'*" ''«««'•n■',,9,/r.,„c„^ common. Of an ^Lu, creber would miply that it was closely packed, inconvenienlly «,. FrWa. that It was full, numerously attended : "equen», Frgquentes senatores, the senators in great numbert. Crebri senatores, Ddo (.•/„/«/,) triginta anum. » 8«y, p/a.. (I8cu8). • K.sccllen. , ntU. ) r XVIIL— GENITIVE OF QirALriA. i^« 274. When a Substantive of quality, quaiifilv or do- w.plion has an Adjective joined wilh it ?t .nay b^ pu n lie Genitive or Ablative (see § 3 1 8) : aa, Agcr iinaUrn- J,l,ierim, A /„,■„, of/ou, acres. - I.iv Vu- maximi corporis, A man of very great stature.-' Svy. :t I 8YN0NVMS. I. Quotfdie, n-rry day, is us,, I nf fhngs that „■, ,A,(7v renented Tn «.!„ rflJ... dies. ,i,u,y, oftkosc nJuckfro,,, day to ig>u>rant, forelinowhig knowing. not Jinnwing. foreseeing, tiot foreseeing. mdifi, iiisoleiis, iiisolitus, insiietus, C'oinpos, iii)p(»s, pdfuns, iuipOtone, •^. mCiiior, iininCmor, curioKus, iucuriosuH, 4. parttreps, C'oiibuiej, t'XSOlS, I xpcr^i, laojis, 5. plr'iius, Iiiuiiis, unskilled, mnaccustonied. master of not master, poii-erful. not powerful. mindful unmindful, canftd'. Careless. Iiarticiputiiig. sharing. hiot sharing. weak. full, empty. M Verbal Adjoelives in ax follow the nIiove rule; us, edax dewunng ; capax, holdiinj. ' § 277. Mary Imperfect Pai tioiples become Adjectives apd, accordirg to tho above rule, govern the Genitive! tbougJi as Participles they govern the Case of their Verbs • thus paticns {adj.) l&bonim signifies aipahh of enduring hard- ships; patiens {part.) hVOres, {actually) enduring them : as, EpamiuondaB ttdeo fuit verltHtit dVrgrns, \d no joco nuldein moiiti- retur ipamnonAw wo* «r ~ -eful „j truth that he' would not tell n lie even in gpori.— Nep. Alieni appgtens, siii pr6IV,«ub. Covetout of what belouged to others, Wt'i»/lO//ti8 O10«.— bull. ' SYNONYMS. ^ I. SSnectUB, tttta,/.; S§neCta. iir,/. (poet.), old age, ma definite ptriod „f life. Senium, i, »., infirm old «,HUcrtl^»mUo/tem.tum,-thi,u'a,atthat time the nameZ l^Z D'i I "f;?| ' 1 m INTRODUCTION TO LATlN PROSE. /^ i. PeritUS, a, uni, CTpci-lnirerl, nkilful. ErudltUS, a, urn, fdnmli'il, Irarned. Kn"i(lTtu9 est qui onmibus buiiis aitil)us pulltus tst, An evndite man ia one who is accomplished in nil liberal science.i. — Cic. DoctUS, 0, um, learned, accomplished. Homo (loctus vel etiiim Qsii pCnTtus, A man learned ni i ven skilful from expe- rience. — Cic. 4. Alii, nihcrs, different persons. CetCl'l, ail the othen of the same class, the rest. Reliqui, the others of whom same have been before named. Alii with cur.cti or oinnes, is equivalent to celeri. PHI'.AsuS. till),'. The island of Pharos ; „ I did this as a bo;/ ; „ Heia the only one who dor l,u. Insiila Phfi'os, I, la boy did /his. „ lie alone does it. Ill ,1, I'lXLUCISE XIX. 1. The Roiiiaus witg alwcaya eager for glory and greeily of iviiown. 2 Kvou now l)e niiiiiliLil of coniiii: old ngo. 3. Miiiiy men ,iio more eager for coutenlion tlian for truth. 4. 'i'lio island of Pharos is not ca]ialile-of-containiiiu- a larao city. 5. Py tliaL';oras calls (those) eager (sC«r//d.s7^s■) for wisdom, philosopfiers. C. 'Tliat nation is by-no-nieans (hnud'jiia'/nam) negligent of religion (pi), 7. Ho is able-to-take ((•(ipa.r) a great quantity' of food and wine. 8. The sun with intense heat Qmlor) was scorching the bodies of the Gauls, by no means eapabjc-of-cnduring the heat {aeslK.i, pi.). !). You have a leader miiHhul of you, ibrgetl'nl of himself. 10. The soldier, forgetful of diillculties, advances against the line of the enemy. 11. Tlie nature of man is greedy of novelty. 12. We are b}- nature most tenacious of those things which we learnt as boys. 13. Pyrrhus was skilful in war, and eager for nothing exeeiit power.' . 14. I'his animal, which we call man, is the only (taK;) out of so many kinds of living- creatures {animans, ntis) (which is) partaker of rcftsou and thouejit ; of which (things) all the rest (». pi.) are destitute. » 15. Man, who is partaker of reason and siieech, \i more excellent than the beasts which are destitute of reason and si>eech. IG. Trebatius i» come, a man very foini ol bo'.l! (uirgtio) of us. ' Say, much, • Nulllus rci odpMus i,'.t) iiuparil. *j XX.-- GENITIVE ABTLUl VKRB8. ».y I QKMTIVE AFTEK TO UKMEMiilitt OU TO I'-OIUIBT. t§ 27c. Verbs .signifying to i\memher or to Joryel u.suully gdvern the Genitive : as, Antnuw iiiijuilnit jiraelSrlliinim, Tlic mind nwiemhcrs the md —Cic Nee niiipiani ohliviscar iUms nwlis iior vhiill J ci:er J'oraet lltai memormlti might —do. /. OENITIVE APTBn VET?r!3. ^7 2. OEMITIVR AITKIl TO AOCUSE, CONDIOIN, AND TONVrCT. ^ § 279. The (.{enitive is used a^ter VevUs of rtv; „.,•.. 7, co,i- (Yemuj/ir/, and acqai'Hnf/, to fleuote the Cliarge : as, ^^ Accusatua est prodrtidnis, He (Mlltlades) ica°arn>ml oj Ircmni.- AljjSHis ?/mZr//o-«/8 diunnatus e.t, He {rii,'.,!MorJes) was bronnht n, guUtijioftreaaonmhisahsence.—'St^iK 'i^nj was oionnut n, X^bs. 1. Instead of the Genitive wn als , 11ml the Ablative with rh • no /"This is thp only admissible construction in the c.se of vis, ihlenca • as / de VI postulaic, ilaninaie, &o. ' """"^''- as, ^Ols. i. The Genitive is also used with the A.ljoctivcs siVnifvi,,.. ,,„;;/„ •\/ §280. The Conitlvo is sometimes uscl fo denote th( piniishraent to which a person is condemned ; as, CapHiH l.umtncm coudemTuirc, To comlemn a man to dcalh Cir- Odi.ph cluin.mri. To be condemned in an el.jht-Johl jmym'nl. Cic. Ola. The Ablative if :.No ii.^cl : as, dprte daninfiie. - Cic. SYNONYMS. JJ^' ^'' ^- ^T"^- "'" ""'"',•'" '""^^ '»• "•'"^'•' "/ '''^ r»»«^.„.„r., whir always rcnains the san,e. VuUus, us, „,., t/..- mmtcane,, 1h. hols y. the face, which 18 unchangeablen?r,lislin.'uish one man from anoth.v; by L countenance, which is cliangcablo, wo lean, the emotions of the ,mml : ^ R{ ucnoiB an act i>f the mind tl « r""' ,""'" """*^ '^ '■'■♦"'"^'l '"'"« >"i'>. F&Clnai, firis, n. (HScio), a bold flaring action, generally in a bad sense, ^ unlflP^)iued with a qualifying adjective. Ad filcVniiH (l(-U'cti, chosen for a daring deed. — Cic. Praeclflri facTnfiris fflmnm quaerit, He seeks tho renown of some illustriotu deed. — Sail. ScilUSi Mn, fi,, guilt, ^eieVrdnrsp, FScTnuN pst vinciri RSmrinum cTvcm — scPlus vcrbi'ruri, That a Soman citizen should hi' hound is riii outnufc — thnl he should he icuniged is a crime, — Cio. Fl&j ^I^u ni) i, n., a disgraoeful crime ; as, adultery. PHUASES, I.nif. To condemn to dxalh; ,, In his (ibseiiir ; \ I, Sorrow for an offence ; Lat. To condemn of the head {elipttit)\ ,, Alliens. \ „ Unrroir nf an offence, poenitentiu delieii. EXI'IROISE XX. 1. T remoinber bolli the voice and the features of my father, tlie great Aiichiaoa, 2. All forijot their wives and children, uor did they remember the war and (its) dangers. 3. A good man forgets all injuries. 4. Let him remember both the old ' disaster of the llomau iH^nple, and the ancient* courage of the Ilelvetii. 6. He himself will acknowledge, and with some grief call to mind,* his crimes. 0. I remember human weakness. 7. The mind remem- bers the |)a8t, it [)erceive8 the iirescnt, it foresees the future. 8. It is the characteristic* of folly to di.scover tlie faults of otliers, to be forgetful of its own. S). He was accused of murder, and was con- denuied by the judges to death. 10. Themistocles in his absence wasjndged-guilty-ol* treachery. 11. We condemn soothsayers either for lolly or for l'als(!hood. 12. Coelius the judge acquitted of injury (pi.) him wlio had wronged the poet Lucilins. IS^^iese benefits you have from me whom you accuse of treachery.«V^. The senate neither aciiuitted the king of that crime nor convicted him of it 15. The magistrate condemns tliem in their absence to a capital putiislunent. ' Vi'ni", Crl». * licoordur. PrisUmin. * Prnprius {neul.). » Damno, Rvi, utum, \, Hi ^ % GENITIVE AdTER VERBS. 89 XXI.-GKNITIVE AFTEU \EllBS-(coulfuueiui.ui ^i Obt. 2. in the same mumcr are used the Genitives Jlocci, pVi, nauci as»h to dn.cte that a thn,« i. of no valu, at all : e.,„eciany in'the luaL 'ft " ) pill fuci-re, jicndiTC, &c., " not to care a straw for." 4. GENITIVIO WITH VERBS OP FKKMNa. 4 § 282. I'lie Personal Verbs misereor, miseresco, fo pity • and the ImpersoiiaJs niiaeret, misereseit, miscretur, it causes' pity ■ piget, It vexes; poenltet, it repenteth : pudet, it causes shame'- taedet, pertaesum est, it caiues weariness, go\em the Genitive of tne cause of the emotion : as, Virgo, miserere mei, maiden, have pity o?i me!-Ov Me ijiget stuUltiae mvM, I am vexed at my folbj — C'c Jmiixxmn susceidi m.jotH Attleum pertaeaiun e.t, AlUcus never tired oj a business he had iakm m hand.—'Nep, Obs. 1. NVith the Impersunals nieiuinned above, the Suhjcct uf tlie feeling is put in the Accusative : see § 211. ^ Ob, 2. Misoror, and commlsi^ror to commisnate foli 5. GKN'ITIVE WITH mTSllJiSr AND RKFEHT. . § 283. The Genitive is used with the Impersonal Verbs «ntgrest and refert, /i w of advantane, importance [rarely with he latter J, to denote the Per. -on to whom a thini? is of ■mportance or benejit : as. If 7^?'/^f '/"'* "f '1?f '"J''''*^^' Clo,liu.n, What advantage was it to ildo that Cludim shoidd tie slaiul—Ck. ourff-qS^''^'"''''' ^' '* ofi^riporiavcejor the right arrangement oJ Ob, 1. This construction is not admissible in the case of the Personal Pronouns, the A' "Hvq for-n^ mr^s f.T -..i „- i.- . - u ."^'°""'" instead: as -'-■-'■ '°^-^- ""^•'> ""'• "i'^) ii"=ti:i, vcstra, facing used Quid tin} id rcfert, IVhat matter, that to ymt .'— Ter. re,tra interest coininllltones. It i, your concern, /elimv-,otditr,.-tiL\ Ob, -2 /f/'/./Ms generally used absolutely, very rarely with the GwiUvs, but less rarely wltU wso, tua, *c- vj.-imh, hi 40 INTRODUOTIOV TO LATIN PT^OSE. :i:p w \ 6. GRKRK OENITIVB. ■ § -JM. Tluj Genitive is occa.sior.illy used after Vfirbs anu Adjectives of Separation or Kciiuival ; Oc.sliie ridllimn tandoni quSrclarum, Ceutc at ImtjUi frnm unmmiJu repinings. — lior. (Gr. irai'ieffUat y6uv.) l^dlkrit puvns, Pure frnm (juilt. - Unr. (Gr. ifoeaphs iSiKi'as.) KOliitus ui)t>uin, Iteleueed from toil.— llm. 'Gv. \l^v}^(vui wdrwi/.) eYNONYMS. !\ I. fimo. fmf, emptum, 8, to luy T!i"'iic aut niSle Pmi^io, To hny chenp or dear, -Oc. Lmfre dlmWio cfirius, To buy too dear f'-j half. — Cio. MerCOri atu* sum, l, properly to buy ffood.i (from nifrx), to trade, Tracsentl pffcunia, vol Giao;ri frde, mercnri, to tradr for rtaJy vwnei/, Kundinori ntus sum, l (Nimdiuaei a marlct held at Hume every ninth day: nSnua dies), to buy or sell publicly, as at afoir. ■■ 2. Mancipium, i, «., Servus, i, hi., and Famulus, i, m., all denote a slave, •»« uho is not free. Manoipiun, as a .saleable comm 'ity. Servus, as one politically inferior and subservient. Film fi Ins, fern, Mmiila, as a family possession, a part or the household. 3, HonestUS. a, um, honourable, virtuout. Hdndr^tUS, a, uni, having r$- Ciived honuurn. Qui hBnoreiu ct seiUontils et FnftVngiis ttoBptua est, is mlhi et hSnestus rt hSnOratus vldCtur, He who has obtained dist.nction by the consent and auffrnyet of the people teems to me to be both an honourable awl an honoured man.— Cic. !. Misereor, ertus sum, 2, to be moved by a feeU ng of oompassion to acta oftympathy UlBcrari) lltus cum, l, to feel eompaision. to pity a man's misfortunes. Mise- rescOi 3, is used by the poets for inls6rtii. By them also mlis(?rC'ri and mlsiSi \t i arc Rometimes used in the same Bcnsc. (13ut miseror takes ace.) i, Tueor, Vtus sum, 2, to defend or protect against possible danger, -n opposition to negligo, cxi, ectum, 3. Defeudo, di, sum, 3, to defend from au actual attack in opposition to desero, ui, rtum, 3. Those who are ineapabl* of acting for themselves have tutores, those whose interests arc at stake, dSfensSret. The tuens acta from care and love, to ward off the possible approach of danger. The def;cdcii4 acts with zeal and !;trcngth, to surniotnt • danger already present. Exercise XXI. 1. i'ur how much did you buy this horse ? Certainly for more than I wished. 2, No amount of silver and gold is to be valued (aestimnnda est) at a higher rate than virtue. 3. He values at a low rate his father's advice, and cares not a straw for the tears of his mother. 4. The lather, who was avaricious, said " 1 can buy a slave for loss." "Buy him," said Aristippus, "and you will tlieu have two." 5. Canius, a covetous and wealthy man, bought the gardens for as mueh as Pythius wished. 6. To think (facm-e) tliat which seems usel'ui ol moio valuu Ihau what fscems) virtuous is most disgraceful. 7. 1 shall never repent of my wisli, 1 repent of my rcsohition. 8. It is incredible how {iiiam) 1 am weary (sh6;'.) of the business. 9. We pity those whc, in their absence, have been con- demned to death. 10. Pity troubles sx) great, i)ity a buul btaring DATIVE AFTFIi VEUBS. 4] n: things uii(le8 Phtlvsdphiae semper vSco, I always find leisure to study phUowiilii,. — Oie. Venus nupsit Vulcano, Venut married Vvlcan.—Qic. Cties/lri pro to llhcntisblme Buppllculiu, / will most willingly supiili- oate Caesur for you. — Gic. 0>#. Of course ttilbo is used only of a woman marrying. 2. DATIVUR KTillCUS. § 290. Sometimes the Dative (cbpecially in the case of the Personal Pronouns mi/u\ tihi, sihi, mlns, vobis) is used to signify that the matter spoken of is regardec, n law. Lex la theiifoie a iwi«e» /nio. Jus, j Oris, »., is used of both written and unwritten law, and means " right " in a moral sense, justice. Jus gentium, the law of nations, what is right hy the lommon cunsunt of man- kiini. 5. Teinplum, i, n. (Or. riii-tvo^, a sacred enclosure) ; like Fauum, i,n., the temple with itt sacred environs. Delubruin, i, n. (prob. from dcluo, to wash away), the shrine, Aedes, is,/., is used of the building only. Teniplum generally signifies a temple of onp of the principal gods, Ffinuni, that of an inferior deitv, or l»eio. ^L » I l^'^ Eng. / have a connlry, ,'fC. ; „ She married him ; „ I have leisure for reading) „ IVTiat does this mean t PIIIIA'^ES. Lat. There it a ennntry, ijc. to we. She veiled for him — ^inupsit. Viicat mXhi legendo. u'liid hoe iibi cult t .'I E.XERCISE XXII. 1. The covetous man procures riches not for himself but for others. 2. PisistrStus conquered the Megarians for liisown, uot his couu try's advantuge. 3. \\'e wish to be rich for our children, o\u' relatives, our irieads, and especially for the state. 4. Anicia had married M. Servius, the brotlier of P. Sulpicius. 5. I hate the wise man who is not wise (sa^n'o) for liimself. 6. Every soil is a country (putria) for the brave man, as the sea (is) for fish. 7. Ho is a just man who gives to every man his own. 8. Octavia, sister of Augustus Caesar, ttiarricd Aiitwuiua. y. bu'iun made laws i'or tiio Athenians, Lycurgus for the_ Spartans. 10. 1 was uot born for a single corner — tliis whole world is my country. 11. Certain men labour not for virtue but for glory. 12. I have leisure for this business alone. 13. What do DATIVE APTER VARIOUS VRUns. 4S •rlr^ those statues mean (vdlo : add dativiis cthicus, aibi)? 14 Whifhcr are you going away so far (tuntum) to my (mihi) rV'lit-hand (dexter, nom.)? Hither direct your course. 15. Woude'r seized the enemy as to what the sudden shoutiug could mean (snhj ) 16 But suddenly there comes to me your (clat. eth.) friend Canlnius! n. I^ the centre shall be my {dat. eth.) Caesar, and he shall possess - XXm.-DATIVE AFTER VAUIOUS VERBS, § 291. The following verbs, apparently transitive, goven a Dative, which in many cases is the Dativns (Jommodi or Inooramodi : 1. To assist: subvenio, succnrro, auxilior. 2. To resist, oppose: resisto, adverser, olmitor renltor repugno, obsum, &c. ' ' 3. To favour, study {be devoted to) : fiiveo, indulgeo, studeo. 4. To envy, be jealous of: invTdeo, aomfilor (see Obs. 4). 5. To please : placeo, an ideo, 6. To serve, obey, benefit: pareo, obedio, obtempero servio, prosuiu, 7. To trust or distnr jredo, fido, confldo. difFido. 8. To spare, refrain from : parco, tempevo. 9. To advise, j^Tsuade : sufideo, persTifuleo. 10. To fatter : udillor, assentor, blandior. 11. To cure: medoor, medicor. 12. Topardoi : ignosco 13. To congratulate : gratiilor. 14. Jo revile : milledlco, obtrecto, convlcior. 15. To be angry : Irascor, succenseo. 16. To protect: patroeinor. 17. 7bcommfl;;fZ;impero, impel ifo, praccipio, and some- times dommor, moderor, tempeio. With some others. I,«,.?f ""'!)? Mmrnr;,«8 iilurlmum et vrdmnt et ohmnt. Men very greadu \ienejit and harm their fellow-men.— Qia. •' »'"'"» ^Ji^TJ~ ^"^i ^•■•^-^""''"', 2. Javo and ailjflvo, I nsxiit, always govern the Accusative : as, MuUum iiutcs tws apud Planoum javare, rou are able greatly to help me with I'lauctu.—Clc. Obs. 2. Modoor, mrMUcoi-, riwal ; and MCilov, I fliiltci, liave sometime •> Hit Accusative and sometimes tlie Dative. 0!>a. 4. Aomaior, in sens* of to ri.il, emulate, is always foliewed by an Accusative : ■Me Agrimcmnnnein acmOlriri piitaa, rou funcu I am emulating Aqa- memiion. — Nep. Ob$. i. .lithnn, nig,,, and gtibcrno are always followed by ilie Aocdsative • as, diva Kratuin i). Consftlo te, / consult you, tibi, / consult your interests. in te, / iahe measures against you. Prosptoio, and provKdeo to. I see you at a dii.!,v:re, tibi, 1 consult gaur intereils, Ciiveo te or a te, / am on mg guard against ijou, ^"i^^, I am concerned for your safely, Tcmp^ro, mfidfror aitquid, to regulate, ftrrange. --— mTbl, Irae, ftc, i' set Immtds to, to eheek, >'«ifM|n, ♦ATIVE AFTER VARIOUS VERBS. 45 !i w- SYNONYMS. I(»iiaru3. a, urn, iijnnrnnt of n l/iing lioiii inexperience, or want of observa- tion Hiiur,,,imnte,l with. InsoiUS, a, tun. ignorant of a thiiuj fioni mental inactiMty.want of »tiuly-gonerally culpahly ignorant. Ncscius, a, urn, Riini.ly. not aajuatuteii with a thing, a.s fioui not liaving heanl of it. Inwius omnium icium et imlis, lyiwrant of evertithing, and uupolished.— Nesoia futi Dido, Didn uHconscioua of destiny, — Virg. ■ Succurro, cuni, cuisum, 3 {prop, to run up to), Subvenio, veni, ventum, 4. and opitulari, atus snm, 1, all imply that the object needs assistance ; hence to reheve those who are in embarrassment. Succunit illi Varenus, et labGiiinti subv?nit, Vuitutis runs up to hta assist- ance, and helps him in his difficultt/.—Cavn. Auxilior, atus sum, 1, to furnish the ohject with an inrreasc of strength. A^javo, Qvi, Oluiii, 1, to help forward by whatever means, either voluntarily or otherwise. * Millo auxtUfui, to remedy an evil. Insaniam hfljus adjuvas, you encourage his madness; insnniae auxJllBri, to i. Irascor, Iratiw mm, 3, to be angry, but not necessarily to show it by out- ward emotion. Stomachor, atus turn, 1, to show anger by outward siRns. to thafe. o > -1/ Saepius vtdebam quum irrldentcm, tuni Tra«centcm, etiam stumachantem 1 Ullippum, / very often used to see Philip both ivlieu laughing, when vexed and even angry. — Cic. Suoconseo, si, sum, 2, to be seriously displeased with. ■1. Mecleor, no prrf., 2, to heal, relates to the skill, attention, and judgment of the doctor, Ssaiio, uvi, ntum, 1, relates to the efficacy of the medicine, as n means of restoring health. rilllASES. Lat. 77iw tens pleasing to i:ie. Ciig / was pleased with this ; Almost all ; Political change— change ofguvcrn- ment ; To consult a man'": interest; I am pardoned ; Omnes fere, Novae res. To C'liiMtll for a man — eonsfdlSr* lilicui. It is pardoned to me—mihi ignu' scitur. ExKltflSK XXIII. 1. Not uiiacqimiutcl' with misfortune (niysell), I loarn to suc- cour the iiuseiahle. 2. Foitmie gives too raucli to nuinv, suffi- cient to none. 3. She is an^iy with lu-r wlio has Iwou nreloiTcd to herself. 4. Wise men control their desires, which the rest of men are slaves to. 5. Seas and lauds obey God. G. He is a srood man who IS serviceable to whomsoever he can be, (and) injures nobody. 7 Thn consulship of Cicero was pleasing to M. Cato. 8. Almost all the Viauls (lusiro* political chance, nnd are quickly fNcitrd to war 0. All men naturally {my, l.^ nature) aiin-at '■! lilH.rtv, and hate the co.ulitiou oi slavery. 10. I'hilosuphy ..lloct-s this; it heals the mind, t trees It Irom desires. 11. Duetois cannot cure all diseases. ll\ It IS always (charaetenatic) of a wise man to yield to the occasion {.ttmj^n cedere) ; that is, to submit to necessity. 13. Couault ywu ft h fS ' . ¥ I I • 16 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN PROSB. ovvii iiiterest, provide for that of your country. 14. The older men said this, who were loss pleased with this new wisdora.'^5. The gods have spared the guiltless ai'mies. 16. I congratulate both you, and the republic because of you. 17. Singly' they will not be able to resist us. 18. 1 am pardoned for this. 19. Vineyards (arbustum, i, n.) and the lowly tamarisks delight not all persons. 20. The god who with his trident* controls the waves of the sea (aequoreus, adj.) ' Vera, as said by a woiuuu. j « Cuspis, Mis, /. lit. point : by the * Stadco, with dat. I figure .Sj iiecdoohe, St. h. Gr. 605. Singtili, ae, a. I XXIV.— DATIVE AFTER VERBS COMPOUNDED WITH PREPOSITIONS. § 292. Verbs compounded with the Prepositions ad, ante, cou, in and inter ob, post, prae, sub and super govern tho Dative, when the Truposition retains its original force in referenco to an object. Transitive verbs have also an Accusative cuko in addition: as, Tu mxhi terram ni-jico, Fling thou mrth on me {my corpse). — Virg. Delplilncs altis in-eursaiit ramis, The dolphins course agaimi Vie high branches. — Ov. rn-cttbuit turo, She leaiw.d upon her couch. — Virg. Qwnm prupeniodo muris rfc-cessissL't, When he ha^almost got up to the w(dls. — Liv. Caesuri vCuienti oc-eurrit, He hastens to meet Caesar on his way.— Cues. Quuni virtute omnibus pnw starent, Whereas tliey {the Heluetii) mr- passed aU m valour. — Caes. Natura hSmliiis ptfciidibus aui^-oedit, The nature of man excels brute beasts. — Cic. Oba. Some compound verbs, espeduUy asp'n-go, iiisjicii/o, circumdo, have two constructions, namely, cither an Accusative of the thing and a Dative of the person, or an Accusative of the person and an .\blative of the thinj; : as, Ciroumd&re brftchia collo, To put the arum about any one's ncck.—Oy, Oppldum vallo et fossa oircumdiire. To sunouud a town with a ratupart and moat.— Cic. SYNONYMS. 1. FraOB, dia, /., tto'urii, fraud. Dolus, i, m,, theeit, treachery, always in a bad sense. Fall&cia, ae, /., a atratagem, artifice, intrigue. It mostly signifies deceit in siwdking, while fraus rather siguittcs deceit in actiiuj. 3. ConsUium, i, u., counsel, uttia; n plan; hence, a deliberative bcdy. Con» oilium, an assemblage, a meeting. i. Caput, Uis, H., donolcii tlu heuit, lUe prittcipai thing. C&put est ad bi!ne vivendum secQrUas, a feeling of security is the ohitf tkin4f towards living happily, — Cic. Vortex, Icis, m., the highest point, the top or cruwH qftha hfad. Aetnae vsrte^w, the euHtmit of Aetna, — Cio. •■\:- « DATIVE AFTER PASSIVE VEUBS, ETC. 47 ♦. Caritas, fitis, /., a rirlw.'Ui ujrecHon, rcsultine- from an intelligent enjoymcni ol the object. Amor, Cms, m., is a ifcncnil term for Inve, pure or immire a mere passion or enKjiiun. ■' ' 5. Sanguis, Inis, m., blood while circulating in the body, suimoi tiiiK Ufe. Criior OYis, m., blood vchen Bhed, gore. ^^-wm Arma nondmn oxpjfitiB uncta cruOrKbus, IFeupotie nation of the 'J'liehaus tlicre is more strengtii than talent." 9,_ Nat. only was he ju'esent at those things, but'^he was also first' in them. 10. Fortune sometinios'oi^poses our designs. 11. Manlius prel'ei red the jiublic advantage to all'ection for his son (cxprcKS both ways). 12. As he comes up * to hel]) his son, he is slam. 13. I should have preferred your will to my own advauta^'c (express both ways). 14. Who can prefer unknown persons to known, the nni)iou8 to the religious? 15. Faults creep uikju ua under the name of virtues. IG. Vulcan is said to liave presided over a workslioj) at Leiunos. ^ 17. Semiraiuis fotinded Babvlon. and surrounded tlie city witli a wall. 18. Tliat most base mail has be- spattered mc with praises. ID. Pythagoras did not wish to siirinkle the altar with blooi i 20. Atticus presented all the Athenians with corn. ' S.iy, To .same is wanting, ^, * logtiiiium. • Tn bo. with dat. .first in, iirarRiim, ful, eane, * Duni niio subvPnit. a Ji XXV—DATIYE APTF.!} PA-S"-!!'!'; VERIJS AND IMPKUSONAl. VKKJJS. h- % 29y 'I'lio Dative in often used with the Perfect TonnoH Pafisive to denote the Agent, iuhtead of a or ah aud thv AbUiivo- aa. \ ;fl'= 48 Df I 11*1' 1,1 ii' iMi'j 'V tNTUUDUGTlOM TO LATIN PKOSE. Nihi cxusiliura cajiluiii jam diu est, My phiu has been (iheci'h) long ^ormed — (Jic. ' Cut noil sunt aiuUhio Deinostlidiis vj;^iliac, Who is Iheiu bii whom the night-watch iiHis of Demosthenes have not been Itaird o/{ — Cic. ' A § 29-t. Tho Dative is regularly used after the Gciuiidive I'articiplo with llio Verb esue, to denote the Agent: as, Quod fUremhim est iiKiIlitfr aapieuli, Which the wise man must beat jiinlly.—ijic, Si'inper Itii vivamus, ut lationcm reddendum ^cisc) nobis arbTtvcimir, Ld us always so live as to believe that we viu^t render up an account. — (Jio. A § 295. The Impersonal Verbs licet, it is lawful ; llbet, it deases ; expedit, it is expedient, govern the Dative : as, Lfcel nemini dfieCro esercltiiin contrfi i)atriani, It is not lawful for ;»!/ ma.i to lead an army against his country. — Cic. Ei Itlwbit, iniod lion licet (ei), It will' be his inclination to do that which i* unlawful for him. — Cic. Obs. After Itcet, &c., wo ofton find a secnna Dative following the Infinitive Mood ease ; as, LTcuit esse Themistocli iitiuao, Thcmiatoclea teas at Hbeity to be iuaotive, -Cic. Illis ttmtfiis et iynavU licet esse, They are at libciij) lo be (imid and cowai, iii, limn, :\ iDiil lll;at (IHiuit uiid IVhitiim est, 2), both signify it pleases. 'I'he loiincr, in the .-in-r tliii it is the will ''0Pf"''!'>9 QuiR pSria esse fore plucult pecouta laborant quum, &e., They who would have all offencfi to be of equal magnitude are in a difficulty when, 4c — Ilor I'lScltuin est m, epistfilae nomine princtpis scrlbercntur, Jt tvaa resolved that letter* should h» written in the nam* 0/ the J-nrrji^,.— Tuc, PnUASK.5. I.iit. riKjnandum est, ^c. (with Dat. 0/ „ Mihi Kcet. 'Deriinn.\ II Per with Accusutire. Engr. A man must fight, ^c. I am allowed. By means of. Cperson. Exercise XXV. 1. One roan (dat:) must not fioht with (cum) two, 2. AVe'l must always be watchful, for the good {dnt.) have many snares 6. loii niU3t not refuse what 13 willingly Ustowed. 4. Here, soldiers must you either • conciuer or • die. 5. The men witli whom we musi hye are of the most ditlereut dispositions (uhL\ 6. Men should gneve more when they Inve committed an injury* than when thev have receivc|cl one. 7. The workman must be trusted in his own craf .3 8. i?or honourable thmgs, not secret things, are sought by good men. 9 The vvile of Darius waa once only {tauhun) s?en by Alexander. 10 A Utlungs are the gift of Ceres ;%> me (in must she be sung 11. These thmgs are not merely to be pray ed-ior (0,0). but also to be done by me.- 12. It is not allowed me to be rie -lU gent. 13. Why may they not through {'^tr) you be Iree ? 14. That Os) was tue year in whicli accordiug-to (per) the law9, he might becom^ consul (ace). 15. What pleases you also pleases me r IG. 01* this claM It has pleased me to speak at some length « 17 Nothing which IS ur.jiist is advantageous. 18. It is exprdlent to all men to be good ' Aut . . . aiit : see St. I.. (;. 570. » To commit an h{jury, injOriam fScgre, Inferre : to reetive one, inj. ao. ctpere. * Ars, aitis, /. : wbicli ijicludcs all tkilUd workmaniMp. Begin, Uttcc mm non solum, Wlieii of = concerning, use de with * Say, to say mor* things, pltUu UI. cSre. &c. 6 abl. ■■IF !» '■if: If im m >.rl XXVf.- DATIVE WITH THE VKkB SUM AND DOUllLE DATIVE. i^§296. The Verb sum with the Dative is used as equi- valent to haheo : as, * •l/rW est iiijuHta n6yerca, / Antra an unjtut slepuiofhcr \\v;iulii — \ ,1' PB. L.— IV. jj. 50 INTRODUCTION TO TATTN PROSE. < i J^ X % 297. A Palive of tiro I'erson (Dativus Commodi, § 288) and a Dative of Purpose ov Rosnlt are used with Vii.ni$.— 'So^. Ncc timuit silii III"' vtlio qnu vevUiit, Nor was he afraid Ihat some one itiiijld impute it to him as afiull. — llor. Ciii bono fiiit, For -whose adrautayi: was ira), a letter of the alphabet, itpistola, ac, /., or litterae, Arum, u iftter, an epistle. Littirae ulno signihes what we call letter* i i.e. litrraiure yrHiruily. Ilumaii!tfiS, atie, /., rejimment, rqftned iitllici-e, ia tke iridest sense. l.ittSniH dflre SlTcui, to give (ns we say post) a letter to tome one, for the puf' fW<« ,iptmi., 3; and ex!mo, emi, emptu.n, S; both RiRnify to fake LI. f/^, ' ' ^ ' ■' ' ""P'-'' ■'^^"'"''''' "'■ ''''•!>"' removnl. AduMo is used o mr,„thata,-.y..„U unU t^e/ul, no that a nmn is n,:ule the p„o,er whevcai eMmo .mp'ac. *Ae removal o/an evil, wl.croby , n..n is ma.Ic- M.Lre llJSe. >^, Engf. Jitd n-pieee, Thi.^ man'i wife, Ue gave me thii at a present. To be of service n, a man. To send a letter far liim to come. To become a matter- of reliji.us temple. FimASI'S. I.at. Ilini, lie, a. The wife to this man. II» gatt me this for n gift (hot _ mlhi ilono dSdit) Usui altctii esse, 'Jo send a letter that he nray o mi (lit witli •"■uhjiinctivc). In relXyiCnvm li^nire. KXKUCIBE XXVI. All linls (>hiL) liiivo two wings "■) ^- '^'^'', -°'-^'*-"'^ ''■'' '■« •'-""'^f!'^" to'll '' 8.11I01S. 10. I uave betjiken myselt to you, Senators,^ to whom 1 am coupelled to bo a burden betbre bein- of advanta-e* 11 'I lis was also an advantage to others. 12^ hi-their-case" (his) con- a"Zln"''"l'.'' ' T. ^"^^-,7' ^" ^""'f 'p. '''^■='«"'-" ('^"O. the soul a bmden. 13 1 his will piove-to-bo Qut. of sim) our greater renown. 14. Who wdl not attribute that to you as a laultt ir> Ills lieutenants, the quaestor, and his friends, kcpt-sendinu- (imper- fect) letters to me that I should come to help him.* 16. This thina became a religious scruple with the people. 17. The anDroach at Marcius who came to tl:e help of his' colleague too? 'iron th enemy (all) delay ot the combat. 18. But that ^bich was attri- mited to rue as a crime, not only was not a fault, but (even) a most noble deed. li). ntcstine war^ has been and will be to very imny peoples a greater destruction than foreign wars. 20. Cain/caosar with his army, marched to the assistance of the province of Gaul? ' [yy"''"'-. • Prius qimm Qsni. , ^'^ " I'>«'=^^ura, with ace. Dint A , ^'.'"f '"!' = -' ^'- «•'■■"'''> " I" vnilifm ei .ub.Idio. Diet. Ara., art. Scni.tc. ; a,,„ „_ , XXVII.-DATIVR AKl'MIt ADVKHliS AND Al^JiCCTIVES. ^on'il^' '^\ J^ftivo (in many oases a Didivm Cominoai 9 ?rio. ' Ipslus acqiiali" aetntl. • Wore suspected, susjicclidrej. ' Ad omncs res aptu). "^ Pi/ nature, nutiua. ' I'luiicnsuB ad. ■ UiBp&res. xxviii.-abl.m'ivj: of skparatfon and onroiN. d7 § •'>06. Tho Ablative of Separation is fonncl after Vcrlis signifying lo .si>parat<;, i-anuve, dfUcer from ; but moie fre- quently, especially in I'luse writers, witli a rreposilion: as, (a.) Vdr(5ctni(luni JJiicohum sanguTiieis prolahvtc rixig, Save ye h(meft nwpJma from blninl stained frays! — Ilor. Noddia corpiid prohlbcre chi'ragru, To save the hudij from the hnotty guHt.—Hov. Libdrare alTqucni mdjx'i, Ta frpc ) ; a.s, Ilubustus animus omni eat liher euro, Tlie strong mind is free firom all anxiety. ' Cic. Fdmii atque fortunit c\peites, iJcdilrle of cliaracler ae ictil at fortune.— ^&\\. /■) i § -iOS. opus c-;, tlicre in need, like verbs of \v;iiit, governs the Ablativf, : as, AuctCirUdte nCAns opus est. Tie hare '•nd of avlhoriln. Cic. Opus est mhiiin: faclu, Tliere is need of prompt exeenlnm. — Sull. ,7::»V§310. The Ablalive of Origin i.s found cNpeeially after the T*articiples natus, born from : onas, oriundus, sprung from ; eoiiitus, begotten of: also m the i'oots wiili sntus, cdltus. croiitUE, srtUis, sprung from oi' brgotfi/ii of: n>-. Jure nritiis ot Mdiii, Bom of Juve an! .1/ , i. — (jio. Orte Sutnvno, O thou '[[I'xi'ring of S(dnni I — llor. Quo mngufue cretuB, From what blood family sprung, — Virg. Alba "liundum HiVeii'lotiiiiii, A priesthood thif had its origin iu Albo^ ~lAv. n n AT5LATIVE OP SEPAKATION AND ORIQIN. 55 003, id, c, the I iiigdorr ir wood- Obi. But flriundiif, and likcwUo ortits when it rrfevs to mnrg rxmott origin, arc niore tiequontly used witli a I'liimsitiDn : a», HippocrMes et l';iite5iies, nflti (.'arthrigino, sed Uriiintii ab SyracQsIs, nippocratet and i'picydes, nativtt 0/ Cart/iai;e, but hniing tlitir origin from Syracuie. — I,iv. Bclgae urti «unt a GerrnSnis, Thi Belgians ai:- descended from tht Germans. — Caes. SYNONYMS. ■ SSITtQdo, rni«, /., a triWoviMJ ,- alw the sn'fftide of a p^aw, atrierab'e 01 itherwise. Ldca vasta, !rirc r„r xnme time. HabltO, avi, ntum, 1, to dwell pcrim.nenlly : Commilrandi Pnini iiatura deveisorinm m'big noii habttandi diMit, For iiaturr han granit.d it [the hoily) as a lodi/ing to S'ljourn in, not to dwell there. — Cic. MaieO, nsi, nsura, 2, to remain, whether /or a short time .r a long time. It il often used of tarrying one night in a plaiK', and inch temporary resting-places ■were by the Latins called mansiunen. It hR» also the active "ignifloaiion to vait for : M&net te gloria, Renown awaits you.— Virg, Al«o figuratively : Hoc in causa miineat, Lei this point m this ease he HnnUy gefffed.-dt, 1. Frudentia, ae, /. (contr. of provli.a), properly good iaxle (fr. sftpio) ; hence, discernment, discrttion, practical toisdom —knon-ledoe of the u-orld. Scientia, ae, /. (scio), expertncss — knowledge, as implyin;/ skill in or acqttaintance with a tuifftet: Priidentia cernttur in deleotu bOnorum et mi\16runi, Sagacity discovers itself in making choice between good and bad. — Ci' . SSpientia est riirum dTvinarum et humfinriruui, caunarumque ijulbu* e»e ras contlncntur, scieutia, Wadom is th» ktutwledge of things human anii divine ani if tht catuts bytehich then <"''' maintained. — Cio. Eng. To stay with A'lfhehus, „ Blind of an eye, n There is need of consultation, „ 7b abide, by a deeree, f. Banished his euuiUty, PIIUASKR. Lat. Ai>'id Antl/ichum eommflrdrt, Altiro dciilo carcus, r.aptiu. There is need of its being con- sulted (Opus est conaulto). 7b iffind by the decrte (lieoritti stare). Bxtorrit patriot ExKnnsR XXVI IT. 2. Old agi; ilid not iVce (Jonsidins from all (lii;ad. 3. Hamii'ual, (when) baaishcrt h\m\ Carthage, tarried with Antiochus, Kins; of Hyria. 4 This Lysiniftchus was buiu of a funiily {natn.^ loco) distiJnaniished among tlic Maccdoniana. 5. The Ceiiti^nus, and Uie GraiocSli, and It- ii I J !l ■^M S6 Introduction to latin pros«. tlie Cattirtges, attempt to hinder liis army from (making) its march. U. Ai)cllcs painted a porliait of King Anti-Onus wanting one eye 7. Cato, cxni) 't Ironi all liuman I'aults, had fortune always in his owi imwcr. 8. We liave need of magistrates, without whose fore8i<'hi and care the state cannot exist, y. 'J'hese things (uU.) wore neces- Kaiy (Opus) for us, 10. IVlure yon hcgin (snbj.) there is need ot deliberation, auu when you have deliberated (/"«<. j)f»/.) there is need of prompt action.' 11. Xow, Aeneas, vou need courage, now a dauntless breast. 12. The cliildron u( the 'proscribed are excluded (rom their ancestral proiie^rty., 13. l\ Laeuas hurled L. Lucilius Ironi (rfs) the rarpeian rock, rfiid forbade his collean-ues (the use of) fire and water (i.e. banished tlieni).^ 14. La ii;nn (si. quisi whether a ])rivatc or public (cliarnelei), al.i.le (/jcj/. tml.) not by their decree, they forbid him (tiie use ol) saeiilices. 15. He (i,) is liberal who takes from hmisi 11 what he gives to another ('f/A ;. 16. Happy is he who is free fruin all disturbance of iniii,]. 17. 'i iie Jews, banished from their country, have been disperseit whc xvUh in Knplish means in cnnipanii uilh, cum is always u ;fl , mt whCK .cilh denotes the instniment, as, to kill a pasun with a su-oru, n,.!i ciinnot c used, but only the A'jtuUve of UiC iiisti unient. SYNO.X ■ '.S. Veutufl, 1, «.., the pcneric term lur tciiici. T rocella, ac, /. ; nnd tempestas, aUs,/.; denote a violnUuind ; the former a squall, the latter » rowplete atom,. Aura, ae, /., a gentle gnle or breeze, is also used sonietimop in a flpirative sense, riatus, us, «)., n gnttle breeze, and peneruUy of a favourable wind : Aurac poijillaris captritor, A man to cittch at popular favour.— lAv. Aura rumOris, A flying nimuur.~Cic. _ I'rospPro flatu Cti, To take udvnntnge of a favourable wind.-— Cic. 2. AgitO, avi, atum, 1, frequentative of ago, to drive or urge on. Often in • figurative sense, to cast or revolve in mind. Vibro, avi, alum, 1, to vibrate or gutter, as when a strinp, in a state of tension, is struck : hence, to brandith. It Is also used of the qiuveiing tremulous motion of a serpent's tongue : ]p*e longe iilltcr iigltabat finlmo, A far different toheme wai he himtclf ,0- voMng in his mind.— Cic, Agltare gaudium. To show o>if'*>y.— Sail. (See St. I.. G. 694.) VibrSre hastas ante pugnam, 2b brandish the spears before the battle —Cic Multindas Unguas draco vibrat. The serpent darts Jiis mnuy.poiuied ivngiie's. 8. Mollifl, e, toft, yieldimi to the touch. Tener, Pra, Prum, tetider, not hard rattly divided or cut. Mollis is sometimes used in a figurative sense : as ' MoUisstma tempSra fandi. The most favourable time for speaking.- -Vhi;. Mollis':l[maui ceram nd nostra arbitria formanius et finglmus, tl'c form ami mould very soft wax just at we will.— Cic. TJinf ra hcrba, 2'lie tend, r grass. — Virg. Aetas ti'ndra, A tender, i. e. early, time of life.— Oy. I. P&tlor, pa«»u» sum, 3 (properly opposed to Sgo, (pi, actum, 3), to be '.cted upon, whether for good or evil : Vortlter malum qui patitur luem post patttur bfmum, I/c uhn bravely bunt a misfortune afterwards also ;«,,v /,,« good turn.— Vlaiit. It alto signifies to suffer or submit to : as, rStlar quod lObet, / will bear what you please. — I'laut. rcrmitto, misi, miSBiun, 8, to give leiice to, t„ permit, emjiourr : Lex permlttit aul vetat. The law either permits or forbids ir.— Sen. _grn, WM, !ntu7!i, 8, ,',- l.^or, implies true: try and spirit; pSti n .lenoles mere submission. Eustllieo, ui, tenmm, 2, Is like ff^ro, and ii-plios netinlu and the exercise of power. Sustlneo li to uph„id at on the .'.houUhrs. I'ero ia to bear, carry in any way : Patiem graveni senlo per mddla hoitlum agmlna tOlk, Jle bore hu father btfATtny bneath t/te weight qf years, through the miUtt qf the ettemijt' rankj. ' ■t im pi .1*1 ■m 58 i/^Rng. INTRODUCTION TO LATIN mORE. At last, Afitr the maiiiin of ini ii. In hiiiiiiin fashion, Like lii'usts, As he usualhi dul. In his niffniiKiiii irinj, To hit great offmi-e, rnilASES. f.at. Ad ))ii9t rimum or ox/i?mHtn. i ,, llUmilno more. „ I'l'ctidvm ritu. \ ,, M'ire SHI}. j ,, ciinsiiPltutiuii sua. „ Magna cum off'entiune ejui. the winds. 2. Stern An iron rinu; is worn ((t) rewards are pro- 5. Ik'licvo me, 1 was 6. He returned witli ExKucisr, XXIX. 1. Tlie tall (iniirns) [liuc is shaken by hearts arc subdued by a trentle prayer, (i. away by eotistaut use. 4. By tlie laws both posed for virtues and punislmieiifs tor vices, not a little' strcn;;thened by that reflection, the utmost (.s/(/nrrt((s) speed to Athens, nor did he stay there longer than was necessary. 7. Tlie land submits to cultivation and is re- newed by the plough. 8. Willi four colours only have the most illustrious painters pei/nrmed immortal work.s. 0, Pero was a wo- man of distinguislied lilial-lovc; for from her own breast slie nou- rished her very-aged 2 father. 10. By a successful expedition they added the greater part of Spain to their own dominion. 11. Dionysius, siiattered * by continual struggles, was nt last slain by a conspiracy of his own subjects. 12. We'think that what we have written with-difficulty,< is-heard (;'///. pasx.) also with diflicultji^ (Begin with rel. clause). l;3. JSor have we learnt merely the plan of living (gen. of genuid) with pleasure, but also of dyuig with a better hope. 14. Caesar sent Valerius, a young man of the highest, excellence and rdlncmcnt, to Ario\istus. 15' In every way 1 pleaded, and do daily plead with {ajju'l) the king. IG. lie has slimed neither after the manner of men, nor in a customary way. 17. Tiieso, like brnlc-beasts, refer everything tu {nd) ['liasufc. 18. Caesar, in his customary way, v^■as leailing six legions without their baggage." 10. Miltiades, to the great olfciice of liis fellow-eitizens, returned lo Ati.iiis. ' Non inodiocrttcr. ' Ailnirtduin sriu'x. ' As>Tdui8 belli ucitruutn't'iUB frnttiia. iVilh tiifficiiHi;, cum lllboic. Without hayjajv, fxpfdUiis. XXX. -AnLATlVK WITH INTIJANSITIVK VKUUS AND ADJKCTIVKS. ^ •> ?>V.\. Tho Ablative is uiscd vvilli Intransitive verbs to ex|>fosM tho cau.se of atiylhing h.ipponing, cspocially tlie cause of fcoliug.s or emotions, ns, for oxamplo, ardero studio, to '^nrn with zeal ; oxsnllruu giuulio, to crult with joy ; inloiiie (poiire, mori) fdinc, to die of hunger ; gaudero (luoluri) fiiiiici AnLATlVE WITH INTliANSlTlVE VEllBS, ETC. 59 adventu, to rejoice at the arrival-qfa fncnd; gloriari victoiiS sua, to hoaat of his victory ; confidorc iiatiim loci, to trutit in tlie nature of the ground : as. Delicto (loli'ic, con-cdione iiiuulorc, nos nportet, We nugld to anew at a fault, to rejoice a I Us cfn-rection.—CAc. Nomuiihm vCtGrum gloiiuutur, Tliei/ (jlnnj in the nnmes of Uieancieni», — Cic. -1 § 314. Adjectives which express a state of the feelings, are followed by an Ablative of the Cause : us, contcntus, contented, laetus, rejoicinr/, superbus, proud, fretus, .Ji/iug on, and, less frec^ueiilly, moestus, sorrnuful, anxius, anxious: as, Fretus dUUvntia vesln'i, (lissCuo brCviiis, Uelying mi your diliqeiice, I treat • tlio luattt'V) vtore In-ifj!//. - Cic. Pancis coiiteiitiis, C(nd(-id luith lillJe. — Hor. Phoebe supcrlx) Ij/rd, Tlum ]'Iwil,us n^ko tidied piide in lluj lijret— Oba. I'or digiius, iiuligiius, siu § 320. SYNONYMS. 1. Corrunipo, n"pi, niptum, 3, proprrly to hrcnk nn all sirtcs, tn breuk In pieces: lieiRc, tn sjiiiil, reii/ln- ii.v!c.ss, bring to mtii/ht. Depravo, uvi, atum, 1 (fr. pruvus, opp. to rectus), to iicrvcrt or distoit. Connmpn is to rcndtr a tiling absolutely useless. Dcpiuvo or pifivo, to rciulor n tliinp, slill susceptible of improvement, relatively ivurse. Corrumpo in ii figurative sense is to corrupt or spoil : Aqua conclQsa HlcVle c()riumpn':v, l^'ater tvhcii cot\fined easily spoils.~Cio. Rem ramllirirem corruiupOic, To waste one's lu-operty. — Sail. Di'prnvcs ITcet dum cllstorto liltquid Bflpcirtit, You may go on corrupting to tony only as in the depraved there remains aught [to be corrupted) , — Sen. The two are combined by Cicero : JQii'-consultOrura ingPnii? pltritqup corniptii ac dcprflvnta, fi.i/ the ingenuity oj lawyers most things ore marred aud deteriorated. 2. Morbus, i, m., a disease or distemper which altarki. Vuletiido, Jnis,/., tht state of such as are sick. Aegritudo, tnis,/., mental siiffiriiig, distress. AegrS- tatiOi onis, /., the state nj Iwdily sickness : Scd pioprie ut acgiOiaiu in i^oiprjie sic ttcjji-ttado in Kntmo noineu liSbot, But correctly, as bodily disorder is dennminated " aeyrotatio," so mental U called " aegritudo," — Cio. ■J. Insoleutia. uu, /. (in silleo), properly want of practice , hence, strangeness, affectedness, haughtiness, gencruUy of an insultinp; kind, Intolerantia, ac,/ (in tSRrttre), intolerahle conduct, ungorernabtc haughtiness. Superbia, ne, /., pride, sl.own by looUiiijj down on people — thinking little of otlicrs, and their nttainm'.uta. Arrogantia, ac, /., arrogance, shown in niiiUing exorbitant prctenhions, claiming more than one's due — opposed to mfldestlR : Ex arrfigantin lidiuni, ex insolcntia arrogantin, Uatrer? (\jin'ngs) from o'ro- gttnre —arrogance (itself) from haughtiness, — Cic. Quis cum cum ilia snpcrbia atquc ii-tSldrantia frrro piltuissct, Who could have endured him ivith thai cnriicnqit {for others) and impatience of cntrot t Cio, . Oaiulon, Ravlsus sum, 2, denotes joy as a state of mind, aninw^ird moderatt Jug. Luetor, atussmn, l, to give utterance to, or show signs of Jug. Qestio, Ivl, r.nd li, I, denotes a i>iiiiionsj.>rved. 11 High-souled heroes were they, reliant on their valour and proud of their strength (ahl.). 12. Door-iiosts, mnunificent with barbaric gold and spods (of war), fell-foremost {procmubo). 13 He could not be content with moderate gain. ^4. in the civil war Marius delighted, with a sort of» hideous cruelty, in the slaughter of his enemies (advermriiu^) ; and executioners dragged the iroblest moii through the midst of» the furum. 15. Thcv insolently Ixiasted oi their victory 16. The enemy, relying on (their) num'bcrs (sinqX commenced the battle. \ n Ji ' Ovo proRtiatus efidem : liU'vally, iprung from the same ei;!/. See I)V. Smith's Class. Diet. art. liioscari. * A tort of, quiditiii ; boo St. L. O. 385, Ohs, : iinni5ni quililam saevTtiii. ' The midst of, niediuH, in agreement with subs. : see St. h. G. 341. Il I y il 1 •m I XXXI.-OTIIKR VLRBR WITH ADLATIVE. ;^ § .j1:)._ Tlio J)qn)ncnt Verbs utor. fnior, funeor, vescor, nitor potior, with their componnilH, g-ovoni an Alilativc: fi.s. (tvr/'^-Cir '^'''"''"' *'^"'"" ""'"^' ^'"^ '""^ '""" "''^ *■*""""' ''*''** '"''" I'lurlni nnrltYmis rt-?;M« frufrnvr nfquo mnur, We enjoy and make me of rerij niainj maritime produi-lidiin. — Cu: Agc.mmnu,gml est piuedu potitiis, Agmlam obtained pofmimm of Oh.,. 1. Myto. ^ hove arp Tn.trninentnl .Ablatives: the Deponents hnvinK been or^mnlly Passive, or U..fl..etive.. The Ablative with ,,^ti,.r is pe haps irovprnc.! hv the Compumtiv!^ iinpM.-d in it. I'n'uipB 0/* 2 /W/orsometinios takes the Crnilivo; especially in the phrase r.V«m li^tlri, to obtain the m(ina,/,-mii,l nf affix irs.~^ Cjc. 04*. 3. Fringor is ulso IwuiU with the BooueaUro. espeoialli' in the earlier A. OTHER VERBS WITH ABLATIVE. 61 of buying, selling, valuing, exchanging , caru8, dear, and vilis, cheap, are used wifh and X ^ §316. Verbs the Adjectives the Ablative of Priuo : as, _ L^-'CurKus 6mi sin;?ala uon pecunld, sed compensdtidne morfium lUBSit, Lycurgus directed that things shimhl he bought, not with moneii hut by an equivalent o/jfoods.— Justin. Viginti tdlenfia ununi 6rati6nem Isocratfs rendidit, Isocratea sold a single speech for twenty tale7its.—Wm. Quod non Opus est, asse cdrum est. What you don't want is dear at any price (lit., at an as).— Cic. Miit^it quadrfita rOtundis, He changes square fiyr round.—liar. ^ Witl) muto, either of the articles of exchange may bo put in the Ablative.) j[ Ohs. 1. The Ablative is used because the Trice is the means by which a thing is obtained. \ Oh>. 2. The Ablative of Prire is only used when n. definite sum is expressed by a Subftantive ; but an IndeHnite Price is exprcised by the Genitive of an Adjective of quantity : see § 281. y ExcKPiiONs.— but the Ablatives inag-no, at a high price ; permagno, plQ- rTmo, at a very hiyh price ; ntniio, at too high a price ; pai vo, at a low price ; mVntmo, for a very low priec ; ntUTlo, for nothing ; are also found witli words of buying, selling, and valuing, without a Substantive : as, Per:nagno di^cOinas rendYdisti, rou farmed the dues (tetiths) out at (which was) ncitlier commodious {magniis) nor good. 5. We use no water nor fire, a« the saying is, in more places than (we do) friend- ship. 6, Some vowels discharge the function of consonants. ' 7. No one hafi lived too short a time,' who has discharged the perfect ohliga- tion* of virtue. 8. He is a happy man who enjoys present [iloasurcs. 9. They food on milk, cheese, and flesh, 10, Aescliylus (aught (raen^ both (how) to speak in a grand style, and to tread (tlie stage) (jjrti) in the cotliurnus. 11. And Achilles wasselling the life- less body for gold. 12. This would the ithacan desire {mhj.) and the Atrldae purchase at a higli price.^. 13. Ejiicurus valued pleasure at a high rate; but no possession ought to be valued (gerundive) more highly than virtue. 14. You take away all hope : you per- cliance care little (parvi p'^ndis) what becomes of me.* 15. Him shall ywi by-and-by receive in heaven {did.) laden with the spoils of the Ku.xC. 16. Life without friends is full of few. 1*^. Romulus chosR a spot for-his-ci*v * both abounding iii ^ .ings, and healthy (tliough) in a pestilential district. 18. Dumb animals are-without tlie affections of men, but they have certain imjiulses like (similis) them. 19. The woman asks him to buy (ut with snhj.) the three remaining boo'..j at the same price. 20. What lands most abound- in wine? France, Spain, (and) Hungary, 21, The liouse was crammed with gamesters, full of intoxicated (men). 22. We inlhcl on the wicked as great punishment as* equity and humanity allow. ' i'ha.eiJcug, ft, urn. , » Dat. of piii pciso, see St. L. Gr. 297. ' Say, u ihort time. I » Quantiis : Ibr tte coii.stiuction, set » Munus, eris, n. ' St. L. Or. 3»0. • Quid de me flut, w quid mo flut. j 1 ue.itl XXXII. -ABLATIVE OF QUALITY AND COMPArj.SON. § 318. The Ablative of Quality is used in describing a Person or Tiling. Like the Gei/itive of Qiudity (§ 274:), it requires an Adjective to be in agrceiuent with it ; as, _ Caesar fuiaso tradltnr cxceM stulFml, cdlure candido, tUnlihuti me^n- bm, Caesar is mid to have been of tall stature, fair comtile.dun, awl well-funned liiubs.—Suiit. § 319, The Ablative is used after Comparati )s instead of quam with the Nominative, and also instead of quam with the Accusative of the subject in the constiuf Hon ul the Accusative with the Infinitive: as, _ Nrhll est (Itiuea si-ntu'.lute ( = quam otiosa senectus ) Jueutidiu.s, N^athinn w nti'Tf drUijhtj'nl than an vid aye of n urcmaiK— Cie. Tulhis IhitinVius llomillo { = qucim ItonmluB; fuit ISroeior, T. llosliUue was mare warlilic than IlomuluK.—lAv. Seitnus sOleni niulto inajurein e.sao tnru Cquani tcrniui;, We hnvvf iha,( (he sun is miwh greater titan the earth.— Vm, ■tmi Iff' 'i:r M C4 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN PR08E. Obt, The AblatiT« is never used when two Pretlicatea are ooinpartU : an, MiltiSdes aMiv.lii;;i>«i est, Virin« it deserving of imi- tation, not ofenvij. — Cic. Quam multi lace ind%,.v sunt, Hn>v uymy are unioorlhn of the light o/dayl-Sea. J . y SYNONYMS. 1- SinguliriS, •; and insignfa, e; denote dnH-iCtk » ofary kind, good or had. Eximiua, a, •;;'« ; and egregius, a, um ; onbj ihnt cl;)'i:,< Hon witijh trisen from excellcHCf. Excellens, eminene, and praef.tang ionote siir^riorit^ of aw/ 'And. ^ OPHra, ''2,_/.. (tctifity or work of tome kind, service, insirumentaiitt/ : Gr. ■!,.»';■«■ 'laliLir, 6vis, .1., exertion followed hi/ fatigue or pain, toil; Gr. vdvo':- Iv untriai ac, f., activity, industry. It is opjiosed to ignavia. 1)1. '•« (ipt'iiiiti, to dn'ote one's efforts, do all in one's power. I'ii-.o ,• iSbriiis, sii-nble of enduring fatigue. — Sail. Mth! \i. ilbijie pt iferendo industris non doPiit, / shah, 'ack no assiduity in susfniif'ng toil. — Ck. 3. B'oriii;'.. ae, /., a fi.rm, model, or pattern. Figura, . ■■, /. (from flngo), a figure, anything which possesses a definite outline, !•'(;; i.i would thenfore obaracteiize o species, while ffgrna would distin^'uish thv ndiridual of that species. But the}- are often used indiscriminately. Spec;;^, ci, /.(spdcio), denotes the outside appearance of a thing, as opposed to the inner substance; the appearance ; Corporis nostri magnam natfira ipsa vTdfftur, hubuisse riitiOnciM, quae formam nostram, rfltquainque nBuram in qua tTiit spPcics hunesta, ca piisuit in promptu, Nature herself seems to have had a leading design in reference to our persona, in that the has brought into full view our shape, and the rest tf our figure, to which there belonged a comely exterior. — Cic. 4. Ignqro, M, atum, l, not to know, 4r. implies carelessness or negligence. NesciOi Ivi and li, 4, rather implies u-ant of opportunity to learn, Ignoru is often used with reference to persons ; ncscio only of things ; Nesclre I.atTnp, To be ignorant of Latin. — Cic. Ignorat patrem, Me does not know his father. —Tcr. i. Historia, ae,/. (Joropia), properly on investigation. It often signiflcB a his- tory of the time in which its own author has lived. Anuales, ium, m. (annus), properly records of what occurs from year to year, especially a history of former timet, chronicles. IliPtOria moreover comprises the causes of events, the descrip- tion of iilaces and men, while aunalcs rather relate ancient facts without enter- ing Into partiL'ulai'a._ Latin writer.^, however, sometimes use iho terms indis- oriminately. Fasti, orum, m., a calendar containing the festivals and other important days : Res memfiranda nSvis annrdYbus atquo recenti histOria, A thing to he reintc* in nev) chronicles, even in the history of modern times. —JuY. Erat Sniia histflria nTliil filiud nisi annalium confectio, iVir Ais^^ry viat no more thai, an arrangement of old records. — Cic. PIlUASliS. Bug. Of noble birth Lat. Nohtli gH^re It Of low birth, „ Mtllo glnHre r ■■ I, 'ITu laii king, the one imnicaiutelg „ Rex proxhni ■ . prei ' : •, I, Worthy ^an^ „ HVo '^ ..« « , 1. Cat 3. Iphici form. 3. both of n liiia of- A mind tha 6. There firmness ; and j)nid( such 3 infl people a (1 it-to-pas.s, est honou pleasing tl nothing w Hostiliua \ than Romi who more another ph defeats. ] beneficence pure and p thing is ai Laelius, vvl that he wa Herculea, j disgiaccful, lamentation • Pottmed qUKiily. ' LfieOplen, ' Tantus: quantity or de, * Non m6d( XXXII S a2i. T tiling is gr uoxion wit) Turres (?ei than lh(t walU y. i'onipei ohler than I (( Quo quisqi inoi-e (by u'^ 11- ^'"""s than Romulus 12 Who wn" i' i""-,,^'"/? ''"* "^«" ' »^o™ ^^rfike who more piwerfJl . 13 FlfK.r.Ta,i^'"'*™"^"?\^'^^"^'«^«^l««? another place will bo bcttr-kn mvn ZnTT-"" *^'' ^"^'""'y* °^' defeats. 14. What i-Tl^HLr "^ **^? 'Irasimene lake by our beneficence? Ts Thei^L JothinT^n bf?"'^"'' '^^^ ^««^l"ess\nd .a,nentatio;. to belrrie'^ru^S tocfrS^.''^^^^ "^ ""'^ » LfioOple*, etiii. ' Aut . . . ,ut : nee 8t, L. O, •9«, » TantUR : th« rcfereno. hoi„- ♦» , Coinptr. of ndbtlig. .luantity or degree, not q.^'^tv ' '" fol o^""""' ""*=" '■"" "^ ">» '"»" »>* m XXXriI.-ABTATIVE OP MEASIJRR AND OP TIME. § 321. The Ablative of Measure denotes 6w h.m m,.rh ..^^ 'l.ingi8 greater or le88 thai, auother/audoctr noon iioxion with Comparative words: as. °°"' « fairly comn,..ncTl\t nJ '"' '"'''"' '""''^ '"* ""''^'■^ M.d.0 cumpi = medio oan.po. /„ i„, ,,„,;, „^ ,,,, ^,^ . _^ .^ whether on the body ,„• off. VeTlus 7^,1 /; T^' *'■""•" ^'''''' "/« *'"". on it or W.>...<, .•^.//^.^,,. Z^oF ilven^T "f n .he,;, with the woo] SS"!^:: t^:K;:;nf rajf 'ii^r' ^'^ '^'"' - •'- hidc—ov. ^ ' ^* *"'•*' ""'"i'A - y.- . •• 7b a/)po.n( o diclcilor, " ii""'" " • • 9ua„io. n Ji> name a dictator (dxtatoiera II Ifearly ten yeara, M In tpring. dlcere). II JUccm f^re aimos. 11 fere fttbl.). Exercise XXXIII. Thp iH'"^ ''' ^^"'^V'» ^ 'estimate..' Ik.II ,,s [.^r-o as Brifain <> me more * severe and f aii^erons th.^ ';i,.,r,> ,1 ' ~ ''ntain. J. The shape and ^hTd 10^^^^?' 'r^''"',??'"»x'^"* **» <^''»^*»- 3- is very ^similar to 'S b. t h/^v'^tr^'^^'^^'It^ *^"^«« '-»"*"'«'«' 4. The longer* Simoii^u's c ,s .mpI t '^ '1 ''"'". '"''I'''^^^^ them." obscure = did the mJ.t;;: tm ? ^ tu ber s'fI It- ft """ 13 It to overcome one's own s,.lf fVon „ " *ar more hibo nous difficult^a thing isX So niustSusVi^irV On?° """ parts. 9 SwU ', !o ;SvT?\t' ^ •".^'^ '^' ^'-^^^'''y '"^o thre? the spring. 1 > ia-Jt tl TutL. J H '"n.' •"^°""^-''' '""' '•«^"™ *" in th'e time 0. lug t us if n, " 'h^' r'.^f " '"V''g='^"' ^^'^^ bom teenthcentu^.n^£U^S£^^l^^^;;t;gg^^^^^^ J' I i, s 68 riTTIOOTTCl'TOU TO LATIN PROSK. him in the var pfii , n h ndicd and fifty-five.* 12. Witliiu a short time* he diai-orsed the forces of the barbarians. 13, One hundred and eiclit vrirs after Lycurgus Ix^i^an to write tht- laws, was the first Olympiiui. 14. '1'. Lartius was api'ointcil dictator about ten years after the first consuls. 15. In the year of Ilome^ fuur hundred and fifty-eighi,* the liomans undertook an exjiedition a.iiaiiist the island of Corsica.* 16. Paulus Aemiliiif". who--'- 'in 'v § 329. Tlio following Subslaiitivcs, locus, terra, legio, via, Iter, are frequently used in the Ablative without a Tic position, when some Attribul i\ , ■ s af ! iubcd to them : as,, Athenicusos Idcn Xdoneo f a fee.' nt. The Athenians formed thvii camp in a suiUihle spot. — Ni j) Aurelid via profuctua est, 'id v 'y the Aurelian w- . - Oic. * 330. Anv Substaut! with thn Adjective totua, may be put in the Ablative without a rrcpositioii : ; Qvns Wfo wjAri locus tutus fiiit, What place was safe throughout all the eea '— Cio. Tottt Asia, Throttghout all A»ia.—y; 'k. Cams, a' LmelSX tb^ZZ T^n/Z""? •''""" •"«'")• c.Kat^'„^.!S.tr^ '^ ^™. ^-« -*• -y /or *.•« o,. «. ,„,, ,„, elephant.~cT "eUuil.um prQdentior, ii^o «,„■„,«/ ,-, «„,, ,.j,a„-o„/,^;„ M<. ^Arga.„e„t«„. ,d qurdem nuUom est. r/.. ar,,„nent u in.eea of„. /«,,,._ PHRASKS. ^l Kng. r« p«< on (an article of dress), -. % /orc«rf marches, ., ^tfn'ns' : ^ Anqoid mhi, liglbui ftgCre. To do a thing without henhing Ih* lawf '*fs'^99?^ ■^'^'"".r '\'''"'"-' '" '>■ ""'■" ^ expUincI as the Ablative of Tinu (^322),a« ,n the Ist and 2na of the above cx.,„ pi.., : «<,nu.tiu>e. a. the Ablative of Manner (§ 311), as in the 3.cl. It alwL>» Urnotc. Ze co.. dt,onor attendant cireumstanoc. of that which i^LaJdiiTZTH 04#. 3. Asthere i. no Perfect Participle Active in Latin, except in tho e.w of Dep.m.nt\e,l„ thin Parti-iple in Knslish mu.t in I.a u. usua'.v b changed into the Passive, and put in the Ablative Absolute agrLng wuh what was before its own object : a», »K>eeing wiin armTT'T'"'''^"'"/.'!"'' "'* ^"'"=' =«"'«''""». C«war, haring landed th> aimy, hiistcus agatntt the enemy. —Cutis. y^ § 3;};5 Sometiines a perfect paiticiple passive is put in '10 Ablative Ab«olufo, where the Substantive is renve- ■uted by an entire clause : as, ^ Nondiiin comi^erto in quam rt"<>«' frequently in the case of the Ablatifea audlto, cognTto, comperto, and the like. ««iauTe« / § 334 'i'he_ Ablative Absolute is frequently used with one Substantive m Apposition to another without any participle, because the verb sum has no Present or Perfect rarticiple; as, Nutua est Augustus. M. TuUio Cicerone et Antonio cousallLus Au. gmtus teas horn when M. TulUr^ Cicero andAntonius were ZS -Sue" hi, s« ■ srtts wS^c^;:^^ "-''' ''""" " --'^ «^«^"'' SYNONYMS. . Contio, onis,/. (prob. a shoi tencd form of conveutlo : lcs« correctly spelt conciol an assembly of peopU or »oldiers convened to listen to speccbc .'^ Concmum: 1, «. (005 cieo), a council, Aot,^ not differ widely from contio, thZhi^^i usually applied to «««//«- h„die,. Consilium (con, siMeo). is « Zfc./ /or A. purpose of deliberaUon. Comltia, orum (con ,v'cun. a^d I), ZZVombv for eleoimg mag,Mrates or making laws. Conven . us. Qs, ,., J ZZ^TZ the purpose either of business or pleasure ; auemay for Din.issa contione, concnimu habttum, ^rhen the public usse„i,hj had been (iimussed, a covucil was held.— I.iv. •' VOnio ad cQmltia, slve magistrfituum sive leginn, / mme to the meetings whether for the apimintment of magistrates or the passing of law, —Cic "'"»" """"""^ Feslos cUes ilpunt vtrOrum et mudeiuw convcntu. They celebrate their fe,. twals m a mued gathering of men and i/.v>.-,,e«._Cio. ^ Creo, uvi, atuiij l, to call out of nothit^, to give cxistenec by one's own will or creative power. Fisrurativelv. M nonnint -■- /... -n:--. r.- _: - ", , ! . "*" "*" "J u. bruig forth, giveTrise to. ' Qi^',,nn^, ^^ui^un;, iX'l^C^eU^^ \' .«uero, uvi, atum, l, to engender, only used of the male parent : Uuae m teiTU gigmintur ad usuin h5uiJnum omnia oreantur, All thinas ivM k are produced on earth are made for the use of man.— Cic * Hficttba ^nuit Alexandrum, Hecuba gave birth to Alexander fP.irit J. —Oio, i 72 INTRODTJOTION TO T,ATIN PROPlE. A Mftrte pKpOlum RCm&num pi^nPrritiim accfptmus, JTc hai( heard that the Soman peoplr vxre descended from Mars. — Cic. Galllna Ova piirere sMrt, The hen imtally lay/ eggf. — Enn. 8. flcutunii i, n. ((Tkvtm), used generally for any shield, but also CBpcc'.raly for an oblong shield covered with hiae. CUpens, i, m., a round housed shield. Farma, ae, /,, was of similar rtape, but smailer ; a hiirl.Jer, Pelta, ac, /., (irArr)), the Amazonian crescent-shaped shield. AncilG) is, n., an oval shield — properly the one which, in Numa's reign, was said to have fallen from heaven, and waa preserved by the Salic priests ; and after the pattern of which others were made. 4. P^CO, ftvi, atum, 1 (pax), to appease nr subdue. Plclflcor, atun sura, 1 (paoem filcPre), to make pence : CTvTtntes pricavfrat, Iff had subdued (he states. — Cacs. Dux prielflcari cum iiltPro ftJituit, The genornl resolved to make nencp with the ether of the (wo.— Juit. PHHASES. / F.«g. To deliver a tpeech Against on»'$ mil. Under the leadership o/ntnt'ir Hit name war John., The ships art ttatientii netir. Lat. Ordtiontm habere. ,, Invltus In agiv lament with the sub. ject. See St. L. Gr. 348. „ Cae.ilire dilce, „ To him tit* name wo» John, or tn John : see St. L. Qr. SfiC, Ohs i , „ Ndves stanf ad, are put in Italics.] 1. When thia v>a$ done, the resources of the Lacedaemonians were shattered.' 2. Caesar, summoning a council, delivered a speecli, by which the minds of all were changed. 3. On the death of 'J}rajan, Aelius Hadrianus became <;niperor, 4. Ships cannot enter the har- bour of Alexandria, mjainst the iviU ofthnsehy whom Pharos is held. 5. Caesar, seizing a shivM Ironi the liand of a fugitive {fiigiens), renetTcd the battle. 6. Under the generalship ofPautaniaa, Mar- donius with two hundred thousand foot' and twenty thousand horse was routtsd from Greece. 7. \VIicn these things had hren done, and the whole of Gaul ha.!: X X X VI.— ADJ ECTIV K9. §339 A Masculine Adjective is often used v.itliuut a detir^;*?tr"" '''-"-' ^ ^"' ' ""''''' ^^^-^^^^ _^Omno8 omnia bo,.. .lic6ro. AU {mm) my all kin,h of good thing,, Paiviuii parva .ISeeut, Small ^tlnng,) befit a immU < ,tan).~liov. 04*. 1 Hut when the termination of the Adjective alcne would not bo a suHioient guide, the SubstantiTe ).5mo or res must be exZLi h. mul.>um h5,ntnum. of man, person.; nmltarur rum ! "r] iS [AfuUorum alone might refer to either pef;of,s or thingt.] * Ob,. 2 Masculine Adjective, are mostly used in this wav in the Flural • as doct. /.«r«*d m«. But In the Singular. Wr or l..,.uo uia"ly added as, h8mo doctiu, a learned man. "wany <^as\ea . §;J41. Adjectms equivalent to Suhstautives. -SometimoH m Adjective is used m Lutin where the !■ ngli.h idiom re- qviires a S.ks^autivo. This i« the case vvUh aummus, a/I top the top of; inflmus or Im,i8, at the bottom, the bottom of ; mSdiM, the middle ; oxtremu,, last, at t/ie e,id of; prima., first at thebeginmng of; rcliquus. reuuiinvu,, the remaindev f; d .4atu, halved, the hay e's -non. Suus, 1, urn, his oxrn, her own, its otrn, with refcreiicie to th« subject, lloiice, ^itli^rao inHnu sua (not prop.ia) scriptae, A letter uri'ten with one'g vivn hand. Peculiaris. e, especinlly one's own, in oppo.sition to uiiTverPillis, that to irhirh all are entitled. . AmittO, nil«i, raissum, 3, to let fall or slip, to lose. It expvi'SRe* loss thai', perdo, (lidi, dituin, 3. Sjiiitto ilcnutcs tliiit it Ui«s has been iricurrtd uiif;oii- «(;ii)U>ly,or witliout opposition cm the part of the agent. Poido implies that ■» thing is knouiiit/ly irasted. Hence, Ainittere teni))U8 is to lose time or an occasion. I'lTdf-re tciupus, to waste, i. c. tiiis-^pniit tiiiie.-Cia DScius vltani unilsit, non pcvdtdit, Deciua gave up his life voluntivily, h» did iWt lose it (after a striiBKle). — Cio. uj?. ill/ Virgil ! my J/uk.k.is .' „ ll-.e tame as, „ [ hare a supply, „ .it ilayhreak, „ On the top, bottom, middle nf hill, „ At the end of the secoml bnui:, ., Tn proride for corn, ,, The rest of the spoil. PHRASES. Lat. Vtry'iH Mdic'nas .' (Idem i]ui. \ Tlic same who. MVii suppetit. J'riiiid luce. In suininu, infhno, mfdio eotte. In extremo lilirn afcutiilo. De fnlmentn prOvidere, Ki'lii/ua pracda. EXKKOISK XXXVI. 1. Bui one iiiiiht awaits (us) all. 2. To few persons do their ■jwn thiugs seem to be enough (mlis). 3. For' to the indolent all things seem to be difficult. 4. Not always do the same men reap who have sowed." 5. You * ivill have nn abundant sujujiy of every- tluug if diligence do not fail (/«* jx^'f'' Y"" 6. Justly will he* lose his own (projjvium), wlio ct>«vts whhC-iieloiigs-to- another (alie- num). 7. To hose who aim* at much, uiucli is wanting. 8. 'I'liose things, which you relate concerning Tne, are true, my soi ; nature has Ix'stowi'd much" uijon us. 9. At daybreak, the su^nmit of the mounta.n was in {lossession of T. T.abienus. 10. Afranius leads out hib forces and stations them in the centre of the bill. II. Afranius a:id I'ctreius lead out their forces to the foot (^railtas) '^{ the mountain, and provoke (the enemy) in battle. VI. Thv. I'eloponnesians foimded Megara, a city midway' between Corinth md Athens. 13. At the end of the bridge, (!aesar plants' a tower .1 four storeys, and he strengthens that position with fortitications. 4. They have made no suflicient provij^ion'" for ((/<,) corn, ami I' her supplies. 15. To the soldiers also we have given up the rest i; the spoil, with the exception of the horses." ' Enini, whitli must be the second *oril in the sentence, '' Hay have made the sowing, sEmen- II (T'Cfrint. ^ Say to you all things uill he, .Jr. * Is, not ille, Is the lejrrlsr ante- ledent to the relative : vic St. L. Or. )79. 1 ' Dat. pi. of participle. • Say, man;/ things, multa. ' Say was held by, iiiipcrf. nasB. il teneo. • MCdius, in aifroenient wl 'ii urbciLi • ConHtTtuo. '0 Non sfltiH prCvTdCrunt. '-* Ablftt. ttbsol. Exoipio. ADJECTIVES. 76 T' 'J u ail XXX VI I .— A DJ F.CTIVES -ro»;)«„(.' ^''M^ fiid wit- The following Adjectives are some of those most fre- quently used in the above manner : invitus. unwilllug, un- ■i-iUiHiily; laetus, ,;oy/«/, joyfully; libens = libenter, glwlly, with ■deasure ; sciens, knowing, knowingly ; imprfulons, wi witting, unwit tmgly ; imperitus, nnskilhd, unshilfully : a.Ul to these, matatinua m the mornv.g; pronus, on one's face ; sGpinus, on one's back': sublimjj, ahft. Ubs Such iust.nco« as raatatlnus, vcgpe.tlMus, ,l.,n.estlcu» - man?. vospPro, aoiul, are of rare occurrence. ' § 345._ Prior, primus, posterior, postremus. &re used in affreo- ment with a bubstantive, where in English a relative clause \vith the verb to be ie required : as, Hamiihil primus cum oxercitu Alpestnuisiit. Ua.uuhal wa, the first who orosi di.it. .;S SYNONYMS. 1. AccIdO, tdi, 3, is used of any unexpected event. Continiro, tYirf tactun, •< of >l^ occurs by the „if, of fortune, and generally unplies Z"),, S>S"w': Evenio, veni. vemum. 4 to turn out. ,*..,., is u»cd of ,chnt u either lucky or untuck J. ObvgniO, vcni, vcntum, 4, is ro/,,,7 to the lot of: " Scies ,MQra m,lla contingPre nCbis quam acctdile»smg to m than a tHiiforlune.—iicn, • ««• u fn^" "'•=i"=/-''n". i'ij" -I'lTme. In the ense of the tatter it lunis QUtm~oft\» fornur moat suceesuful/i/. — VAo. ■^ Ansptela sfcunda obvenerunt, They met uith favourable auHpices.—Clc. Uotuf), 3. to leave hehmd. Desero. ul. a«rtum, 3 (de ii#ro), proper' v to ,«,««,; J i! 111 n 76 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN P]{08E. DestltUO, ui, fltiim, 3, to nhandov., leave in tht hftttk a eonneetion — to df»ert. till ch : FatentcB domos linquit, She Icnirs the nbndfs ,>fth» mitjhty. llor. Il61jnqu?re acs illiCnuin, to leave a debt behind, to die hi debt. Cio. Omnes noti me atque umTci dOsf-nint, All my acqunintniiccs nud eveti my fi tends desert me. — Ter. Quod sit dcslttutiis qu?iTtwr, ITe complains of being abandoned.— Caes. c. NegO, uvi, iltum, 1 ; undRecuso, fivi, atum, 1 ; lu dciiy, as by speech or words. AbnUO, ui, atum, 8 ; and HeUUO, ui, utum, 3 ; by siyu.i ami nestures. AljlUlo, peril aps, by a wave of the hand ; riSnuo, by drawing back the head. Ni^o iju- plies that a negative answer iH returned to a question. KPcQso tliat a r«que»t has been denied, or that soiiicthinj? offered has been refused or rejeetcd. Hence nCgo is a milder expression than li^euso. RSCUSO hIso refers to a thing which is regarded as burdensome. Repfldio, avi, (itum, 1, to that tehich promises advantage: Saepe evenit ut et vBluptates rfpfldiandae sint, ct molcatiii non vPcusun lu, Tt will often occur that even pleasures must be set aside, and toil not .ihriirik fi-om. — Cic. i. Altus, a, urn (iilo, to rear or raise), high, Arduua, a, um, inaccessible ; aguratively, difficult. CelSUS, a, um (obsolete cello, to ♦■awe), lofty, itateh/. ExeelsuB, a, um, stronger than cclsus, of great elevation, raised above other <^Jtcti. _ Editus, a, uin, raised, elevated. Procerus, a, um, lung or tall. SuDlums, e (prob. for sublOvKniis from sublCvo), raised high; aloft. Via alta atque ardua, A high and moreover difficult road. — Cio. Ardua mOlIri, To attempt impossibilities. — Ov. Ostendebat CuithflKtnem de excclso ([uudam loco, JIc was pointing out Carthage from a certain spot higher than the rest.—Cic. 5. S91eo, ttus sum, 2, to be accustomed to do. Suesco, suGvi, suftum, 3, to grow aeoustomed to, and to to contract a habit ; DrQsus in lUyrKeum missus est ut suescLpen3, to do (ut with Sul/,) nuthiij. unwillingly, nothing; sorrowfully, nothing bv cunipiilsiou. 2, Pe\v only, of> ») great a niimbor, return in safety to^ the camp. 3, The senate also had, even gladly, decreed a levy. 4. An asscmblao;e of the whole of Italy willingly recognised the glory of that deed. 5. (He) who sins wittingly deBcrves heavier punishment than (he) who sin* unwittingly, (j. Joyfully I confess that you have surpassed me in ' well doing 7. The former part is oixn to view," the liinde;- (ijarts) are concealed. 8. We wore compelled to do (it) against our \vill au'' reluctantly. 9. Therefore not reluctantly did f, at yoiir roqucKt ' act BO as to be • of service to many. 10. GheerfuU v do I <\\o. 7 L m'v couijliy. 11. 'iiic carcases of men wore believed to float with the tmi upwards : (those of) women downwards. 12. Him will I wittincrlv and designedly send down to that place," whence there is no escape 13. Why, now, with your fnce upwards, are yon lookhig towards l1,c 3kv? 14. lifted. 15 elect were 17. l^ead other. ' Kx with ' In with ' Expr. b pr«p. * Say a/jpe § o46. /nam, the wlicn the Xijque ' Xor hn)> he [ Docet n Our country § 347. ] by a woi-d sum must verb to be : Haec Tc: Tlieie are th Vcrrcs a Cn. Calidius influential th Obi. If tl fi'cquer f.go I'hornii ratr( father I § 348. 1 with the 01 § 349. p: nuiiioials .' luavi, as ii the constru Non plus 'uStijtrUi' th'JI Pictuiea fi Cv^lr.rlliufl, Tlu Minus (liir tlfo ihuutand \ COMPARATIVES. 77 akv lifted tol. lo. I (am) the first to feel our ills. 16. For the conaX elect wero usually first of all asked their opinio,, in he Ta e 1 .Road me. I pray (you),» this bill first and afterwards X ' Ex with nhl. ^ In with ace. " Expr. by ,il)l pr«p. * Say uiipeuii, . aiipurcl of gerund withoul » AW. ahsol. * A'o an to lie, ttn ut with sjih) ' Pro with ahl. " To that plavi whence, co unUe; • Qiiacso. f' Repudio, '.) niitJiiiij^ 2. Few , 3. The lage of the 5. (He) who sin? ed me in ' e: (parts) XX X VIII.-COM r-ARATIV I :s. § o46. When two menibeis of a comparison are united by ptam, the second member is put in the same case as the first wlicn the verb or governing word belongs to both : as, Xequo hitbct {hSrm i.iens] plus sapientiae quam Uph fh'abctl ^orhnl^ he {my master^ any more seme than a intone hag) —Pi yiir country onght to be dearer to us thanourgelves.- Cic. § 347. But if the first member of acomparisjon is governed oy a word which does not belong to the second, the verb s!(w must be used with the latter, though in En.r]ish tho veib to be is frequently omitted : as, n^'^nr^rJ? «y"* Varrrmia. liOmTni. doctioris qnara /«/< ClamUvs, I heM are the tcords of Vorro, a more learned man than c .,Uus — fi. li Verres arKcmti.m rcddMIt L. Cor.lio. l,un,l.,i no,, j- ,ir„-i. qua,,; On Cahdim ,»t Verre*re>>tored the silver to L. Cord i us, m not more influential than Cn. Calidius.—Cio. Ob, If the first niombpr nf the r !.r,i.e is in the Accu«uivo, Uv, second i- frcqucntly ,)ut in tho same case by attraction : us, Kgo hrtmtnem callWiorem rTUi ncmYnfn, quain rhormioncm (.^ nmm 1 dornuo est), / fiavt ie*n no m»v more cunmiu/ than rhormin — Ter Patreni tarn pliicWiim reddo liuani gvcm (:=.quam Ovis c-t), Imake'(uour) father at quiet at a shfep. — Ter. \-i ' i § 348. Tlie r;omparative froqu .ntly govern;, the Ablative, with the omission of qnam. Scfi p. ^•^. § -HO. piu8 and amplius, more, md minus, te, are used with numerals and woids of quantify, either with or widmut imrn, as indeclinable .v..,i^. -.ud without iniluence upon the coiiytruction : us, ,5°".//,"' '"""* '1"""':^ > "'I'liu eftugcrunt (not ciTiijrit). Not Plct( ■if th J Our lli!:tisunii CS, more lies imtitp,, lion lisi plus (not pluriliiiH) quam (jiiattnor CiMr.rthus, The uncienl painters did not ,, .,.„„ ,„.„, ,,„„„,,,_ Minus (1(10 milbii. Is.-.mlnum ex iunto o.\ei'cUu effd-crunL Less mm (.tiu^cd out of to grtai an army, — Liv n,w more than four colours. — VAv.. than I I* h I' > 78 INTRODUCTION TO liATtN PROSE. § 350. When tw«) Adjectives are compared togef-herj either magis is used with the first Adjective, or both Adjectives are in the conipaiative degree : as, Corp5ra magna viagis qnain firina, Bodlhj I'r tines rather hiq thm, iironq. — Liv. Paulli coiitio fuit vurior quam grutitir popfilo, The speech of I'duHuk icas more true than popular. —Liv. § 351. The (.'umparative also denotes that the quality exists in a considerable or too high a degree : as, SCnectus est natviTk Iffqmcior, Old age is nahuaHy somewhat taUca- live. -Cic. Voluptas, quuin nuljor est, omue animi luraLii exatiiiguit Pleasure, when it is too great, extinguishes all light of the mind. — Cic. Obs. I Too great in proportion to somethiuy is trinslated by the Comparative and quam pro : as, Pvoelium atrocius quam pro nflm^ro pugnnntium, A fiercer battle than one might expect from the number of the combatants. — Liv. Obs. 2, The same notion in connexion with a Verb is expressed by tlic Com- parative and quam qui or quam ut : as, Miljor sum quam eiti |)ossit fortuna n8eere, / am Ion great for fortune to be able to injure. — Ov. Damna mnJOra sunt guam quae acsWmriri possiiit, The loB$e» are too great to be able to be estimated. — Liv. Obii. 3. Tlie Mime constructions are employed in the case of Adverbs, nMm I I i I SYNONYMS. . Omnis, _e, every, all without exception ; it is (ipposed to n?mo or nnllUB. trnlversi. ae, a, all collectively, at once and together, is opposed to sinpQli. Cuncti, ae, a(contr. of co-junotl = eon-junoti), all combined and united together, not materially different from Qntversi, but less emphatic. T6tU8» a, um, is the whole as made up of parts, and which may be brolsen up into those parts ; whereas omnis, especially in jj^ omnes, applies to each of the individttals of a species, which make a whole by being associntod together : We say, totus, not omnis orbis, the whole world. Omnes, not toti hQmtncs, all mm. Cuncti clam."ir'.> coep6runt, all (in an assembly, for instance) cried out. OnTversa fSmTlia, The whole Iwily of slaves. tJnIversos esse pilres aicbat, dispersos p(*rttraos. Combined, he said, they uuuld be a match for them (the Persians) ; but scattered, would all perish. — Nep. . Terrai ac, /., the earth, or sometimes a part of the earth. Tellus, ilris, /., properly the goddess of the earth; lience used poetically for the earth itself, Hiimus, i, m. (root x> than the wall. 4. The multi- tude (were) seized ' with an empty superstition, (and) obeyed il« seers better than ts leaders. 5. The disorders of the m nd a?e In destructive than (those oQ the body. 6. The name of Th n istS • 18 more illustrious than (that) of Solon. 7. These are the words , bocrates a man wiser than all his (fellow) citizens. 8. We ou •!, to tear diseases of tne mind more than (those) of the body ° it Iwenty-two thousaud of the enemy were slain; more than tliiu' hundred were taken al.ye. 10. He remained not lon<^er than seve, and twenty days 11 The soldiers, for more than four ho n'°foi" mo bmvely 12. Not less than two thousand infantry » fell in iL battle. 13. His wars were conducted with more coum-e« than ^oo, ortune. 14. The horas yvere indeed small, ],ut more t.anspaC han a spotless gen^^ 15. The besieged longiit with more tierce* nrt'on't'T }?• i l"-'"!'/''* *=^^^^^'- ^i-^ ^ot suffer hisl'o rn^i. 1^' ^^- ■^l^^^»'l"r pursued his enemies with more prudence" than eagerness. 18. The joy waa to,, ,reat for humau- bcm-s to coiitain. 19. Xo n.sponse of Apollo is more true thaii thi^. ' In with abl., rest being signilled, * Say 6j/ tou feet : see St. L. Or. 321. nin «i * CaptR : the former of two ._ "ften rxpresHcc! by a DartioiDle. and I '•"V»e udv^rb's * Vm di^cet. • Genitive pi. of pdUuo, Ul«, tiuouu. ■\tni(iinmci,\.,-.uMyof(k sumfituoiis kiniJ. fipulum, i, «,, a public ot religioim fmnt. Convivium, i, »i., a rf/mst oj stvernl permit toffthrr- a eonvMal meal. Comissatio, Onli, /., a gtuttmwm fentling, a revel ling. Diipr, dripin, /. (less frtiiuently in singular, anU nut fo>- -< in gen. pi.), « sacrificial fea«l; peft. any meal : StJPE' ATIVES. 61 ObUgutam redde J.ni .iapem, Pay to Jove ,he .acJC',uet ,ue.-Uor results in a settled „,5 nio^f' R^'tt T""' ^''*"' "^-^ <=o"tinuanee of which whether retiffhu. o'ZuZ C.^r^^L"' "'•' Z''!"'""""'' ^"*'»'» <»• ."«j,,, from Caere in Et. urfaTwhkh sheS hi v ^'-f """*» (^''"l 'o ^o derived Which a man is'S!^ aT^^o^gnmo^VS^^ah^"'""' "" '"'"'" "''- ^" __Ampli,8taiOB dignitatis grSdus iSdypi.ci. To aUain the k,y,,„> .U„;es ofrauk. [eotuequently] held.— Cic. ^' "*'" '" "■'''''' i"» ««' i. NSVUS is n««, inasmmh as it did not exist before or i„ „// ,• opposed to antiquus. Recens nti. ,irm n,,Z ^- \ ? "''''" ''"•«*- -opposed to vdtus : *^"'^'' "'"• "'^«'' "* ""' '"''■"'? »''«« ^o'V in existent, NIhiUrat nSvi in fjn.s jSpistSin, fl^/, W/,,- ™„/„/,«j „„ „„„, _„„ h provincm rocciis fuit, //. u,a. frr.h from his proviZ!-Cio7 fing. Provisions, I, ^« quickly as possible. It jfliW /out they muft bo expressed whore emphasLs i.s required : as, i'l;; ; • laudavi, lu me culpasli, / have praised th-r, Hi "l hast hlameil Neen ,etu hy him -Cic A_avmtu8 respondet. si quid Camr u bc vOlit, ilium .'.d se vPnire portero Arwvistv^ replies that, if Caesar tcishes aZl-,nf]m Arwcidua), he ought to com to him iAriovislus).~GiU'». ^ § 363, The Tossossive Pronouns are frequently omitted m Latin, when they are not emphatic, and can be easily supplied from the context; a.s, '' Apud mdlrem recte est. AU is well loUh {your anther.— Cu- ad Att rmifideut that all ts <(,s / desired.— ib. "^ Obs The Possessive Pronouns, especially suuo, often denote something uroocr orfarovrahle to : as, suo 16co, suo tempflrc, at a favourable place It time SYNONTMS. '■ iT?^' r","<>^' ^''"'•,"' '''"''• """^ ""* "^'"' "*' " "ub-tantlvc in nom. sing. : sec at.L.Gi-. GZi),oneuho n< M, whetlur permanently or not, Amator Oris, m., one with whom the feeling i, habitual and permanci Ncithe implies necessarily that there U any reciprocity of the feeling. Amicus, \ m., Involves tlie notion of reciprocity, a (sincere) fneiid ; !in,\°n*flf''!il"'"^'"" ^'; ;:''"<'t^'f'n 'n''~'"^^' ''"udqt.e est'ttmntfirem esse, ftliud we thing that a man should be a lover, another I. ,' he should have u likiuo [for some one). — Cic. » • „ /r(/.r, St;in-niin )« «.>„„;.■. i often „ys,;,.,„„rf. paiQs, odi., /„ ,rl!^'!r;l?;.; t '' s ;,,: ; A rurno rinleuntos irienquc, >;7,.„ retun.in,, fn>,n the ova, anu t/,e „.,o,„„, StiiKiiii vluiui.i muse, r,ii„/., qrmi u-iH, mos'i - Vjrtf raiwdcs hiccrire. To rf»y;m tiiaii,!,cs. ~Clc. ^1 Po?en?um "," "T"":'^' ," '."'"'''''"'"** -Vr„„„,„„«.- often o/,;... '^ nature, xtmWy forchodi„o iU : a mon*tcr ;- "*""""'i' '» "' '^""'w Portentdrum ojpIT- n,.tirmcs, Explanations of port,;, ,ou, evetttt.^Cle All tlie»0 wordN eirmt Qotentiiin am i!en i- i ' <; n Which ercite, riisg^^for'.iuZ '" " "*"""'" *^""^' "^ """ *"«.?^1''^^*' "''',{•' ''"'' Q"«rin»onia' ■"'. /•. ''^'th denote a complnnt ; i),o laUe. 86 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN PROSE ■;;a !: - i i 1 1 1 : II n I'UUASES. At d:iii-hrfnk. L;»t. At, first lii/ht 'iiiimu luce). Thai faiiunia Ciic.inr, 11 Ille Ciicstir. y l-as not hi\ird nf your co:.'iilainta f — Oic. MauMifl (fiCrlmoniri umiiium disccs-Tmus, With loud complainta from all, wt retired. — Cic. luRcntcs ItPrartti pcctKro planctus, iTertty Wok ,< thou hasi ledcuhled on thxj breast. — Stat. I. Deversorium, i, »»., any house of reception on u journey, whether one's own, or that of a friend, or of an innkeeper. Hospitium, i, «,, a ptair to r»ceir( atranyera. Hospitium also denotes a reciprocal relation in the way of hos/ii. tality. (Sec Diet, of Antiq. s.v.) Caupona, ae, /., a tavern. Hospitalltas, fttis, /., denotes the act or practice of cnlertaininK strangers kindly : — DeversOria nota practoragemlus Squus, The horse must be dricen pait thi well-kn:)wn halliny-plares. — Ilor. Cum Lyconc esunlhi hospttium, lam onvisitin;/ Icrma tiith Lyci. -Cic. Kng. 1. At Cacro a vulture flew into llie teiiiplo (acles^ of Jujiitcr ; at Volsinii the lake ran* with blood. For the sake of* tliese [inidisics there was a supph'catiou for otio day ('tec). 2. These comphuDis of the Sicilians even reached* tlie senate. 3. With this (aforesaid) cavalry havini; set out by night, he at daybreak entered tlie gate, and proceeded into tlie lA^rum. 4. This fsanie) is the farions battle near ((td) the (lake) Trasimcnus, and (one) recorded* iKiK.nu the few ruinous-defeats (clwles) of tlie Konian pcojile. 5. Tiie latter relies' on the will,' the former on nearness of relation.ship. 6. That famous Antipater was a 8idonian, wliom you, (jatuhis, well remember. 7. If she i)iaise^ the beauty of the former, you on the other liaiid (will praise) that of the latter, 8. At* ,he baiuiuct was tliis (same') person of whom I spcnk, a young nii^ii of Rhodes, 9. M. Cato, that wise (and) most illustrious man, is of all my friends the dearest to me. 10. Of* violated hosiiifality, and ol •■ that nefarious crime (of yours), I make no complaint. 11. At- your apjiroach (nhl.) those seats (where you were) were vacated. 12. TliuL brother of yours'" has told mo all that occurred In tlie Senate. 13. Each army strove, — these to seem (nt with suhj.) to have rendered aid, those not to have (ne witii siihj.) needed assist- ance. 14. With-the-latter (r/((<.) fatherland, wives, parents : with- tho-former, avarice anil exlravnganco " were the cause of war. 15. If you are willing to be men, 1 will show you a plan by which you may escape tliose great ills (of yours). 16. All tliose thlugj DETHinnvjATivi: ntuNuUKs. 87 that cruel f^ulla lioKk, p.s tlun-h (thry wore) torn (rapio) from torciguers. 17. Fearinj,' tl,at wvy tl in;:, Aiaicchi opiN.s,,! to them as they adva;;c.d (pint.) four tn. .ps (aAi) of liorso. 18. Ik himself, by a leisurely •» miirch, esUvblishcl (/Jw, 1) infantry and cavalrv n tlie winter iiuailcLs. ' M: , 1 : will; uri. ' Causa. St. L. (i. '.^64. ' I'enrfnio, vcjii, vii}i,i:i:, 4 : with ir ind ace. * MemSro, i . » NUor, uiou 4U(1 i.ix.us, S ; wiUi * Tcstilmcntiira. ' Fut, tense; sec St. I,. G. '.07. ' In with abl. » Vc with abr. '" Tuus iste friitpr. ' LuxQiis. " t.entui. r ■. 1 nnioirj XLFi. i>KTi:r]\ii\A'nvi: pronouns, § 370. Is refers to some porisun or thiug determined by the context : a.s, P. Adinius Asrllud inortuuB est C. SJlecnlOte practoro. h quuni li&beret unicam tiixdiu, e,im bCni.i siiis liercilem iiiBtltuit, F. Aginvm Aaellus died m the prachrship of C.Sacerdos. Since he had an ot.l.- uawjhler, he appointr,! her heir to hi$ property.— Gic. ' §371. The Aocn.-dtive and Dative of is are frequently oiaitted, wlien th«y wduLI be in the .same case and ret'ei (() the samo nlijct as in the previous clau :3 : as, Frfi1r.':M tiniii in ceteris rSbud luudo : iu Luc una reprehendPre .•ogor, y» otlier retpech I commend your brother ,■ i„ Ms alone I mn com- pelled to cmimre (hnn . N.n obsisiani frfitrid tui vShuitnti ; f.tvere nor, iiGtCro, / mTl wl njlnliaani qutileiu f.u'Civ velleiit, 27iere ham hren Jouud vi.unj who ircrc prepared to pour out life fnr their country, and nt Uio sarm- tunc would not uake the very least siicrijice nfnloru (on her behalf). — Cio. j .i j \ § 376. Ipse gives emphasis to tlio uurd with whieh it agrees, and may often bo translatec^ by very, just, or cu:cu;l,ig^ vs, tiuaurum ex ipsa, Ixmll enquire of the mman henelf- Oio. ^ i r M * -: H 1 ' U'"' r . 1 i 88 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN TKOSE. Acclpio quod dant; inilii uiiim sltis ost. ijmg non nhWn, I ar.cepi what they ijive; for it is ■plenbj f^r me tliowjh nut for theimehc: .—Cic. Ibi nilhi Tiilli('i!a mca fuit j-racstn, nfituli auo ipso die, Tline met mt my (datujlder) Tullia : jimt on her eery birthday —Cic. Cia.s-iiiti triuimio ijino minor GiatqJiani AnlOnixxa, Cratitus wds yoniiiji-r thud Aidriny by exnrtJy three yeans. — Cic. § .'577. Ipse, when joined to a personal pioiioun, agicch witli the kSubject or the Object, accoidiiijj; as either one or the other is more emphatic. Thus " niu ipse lando." 1 (bat not uhotlter per SI)))) praise ntijaelf; but " ni(3 ipsnm Lnido," / prahe myself {but not another person') : as, Non i!geo medlciiia [i. o. ut alii me consolentiir] ; nii- ipse coiibOlor, I do not require any medicine ; I comfort imi^elf. — Cic. Cato su iyse ititCiviuit, Cato dew hiutsilf [i.o. others did not slay him], Fnitreui suiiin doiu aeiusuin iuttrlcoit, Jle slew his brother and after- wards himself, — Tac. 8YX0NY.MS. 1. Impedimenta) ruuin, «., the hiKjimyc of an nnnij, inclmliiiii the currinijes, Sarcina. ae, /., «ii,\t was i:an-ied liy the suldicr on his buck, ■ ^^'' '''"o i" acts-oi-kindness, wrote alM)* CMl ed poo s, are hi^^ldy ...tecncVi by all. 6. A man most inno- cent and most learned also," who des(MV<:d well of the stMe and of mankind at lar-e (omntlms), has departed this life.' 7. iicneficence wh.ch one n,ay (/r,vO al.,» call either benignity or lihrnKS greatly adnured by all. S. They wish to have a iWond sucii as thev onthei 'T'n-''i''"l '"S'"n "''f ' ^^IT tlu'inselves bestow not even on their Inends, tins do they dene from then,. 9. It wa« exactly thirty days from the time when I delivered this letter. 10 But 1 can advance no greater proof of his g.X)d-breedin- than that on the one hand* when a youth, he was most agreeable' to the old man hilla; (and) when a-ed (he was so) to the young man M. I'.rutus. ll._ 1 he chariot aiul robe.^, and, if you can believe it (.sn/,/.), the divm, y (,nl>mn) it. If, are (s./y, is) puiified in a secret lake. I2' llie Marcomanni ..aiued" their settlements bv (their) valotn-, havin*^ driven out the IJon in-former-times."> ■ -> -' > o ' GCnf^rosus. ■ Il.ilicaniassi,! 'cTvis). ^ Abl. absol., omuti;;t! " rnirf." * Copiis in tr(K partes lUstriiiJtiR. ' idem, c'Sdi'Di, Ulem. ' Vita concessit. ' I'lur. ' Mem. " I'lHior, with i.bl. '" Uliin. XLIIL~IU:i,ATIVi: AND CORRKLAl'l VE PRONOoNS. • ^ fl?", ^y>''^''^li""--'^'^*i following is a list of the prin- cipal Relative rrouunus, with their respective correlatives jr regular antecedents, and their convspoiiding Adverbs : Relatives. qui qualis quantus quot iiidecl. quMIter quant6p?re ^uoUoB ,-ea>) CoKIiELATlVtB. is, Idem talis tautus tot (indocl.) Adverrs. Ita taliter I'm re) tantopSre toties -ens; m til 90 iNTROniJCTION TO LATIN PROSE '! licfUno in qm ISco iiatao sunt ox eo se mm coniiiirn-cnt, TJfOfls t(U nunc hiihet, iiou hnhrr. i. llo would not be in poHKcsgiou of $uch ireull/i iit he nau; poweMc-.— Cic. Qw1lie.w\nq\ic flico, (otiet milii vMoor in jfiilU'lum vC)nin>, As often a' J c/);fife, »o often do I seem to dand my Ir'nl. ' Cic. Oha. 1. Alter latis, tantvs, tot and the corrt-iioiidinf; Advprbp, the Relative. qtiillh, qniintm, etc., are often left to be ini.lcrstood : a.s Onufso tain an^untain talis vir (jc. qu,"ilis tu es) iiniiis (irjimim, Pryihoc he\ti(i such a mnn {m tlimi arf, Jmildest thou so vniill a houxr .'--Phtedr. ' Conscrvarc iirbes tautat at.iue Idli-s (sc. qimiitae uti/ue qwUes pm iunt), T( preserve ciliis so great and so remarknlile (as those).— Cic, Ohs. 2. It must not be supposed that the Relative qui is reiriilarlv preceded b.v is or idem : but tlirsL- pronouns are to be ii^ed when 8ucli a (ktermlna. tive antecedent is ni ci s:^ary, and not hie, Hie, ot iste. When tlie last- named Pronouns occur as Antecetlrnts, thej- letnin thoir iiruper demon- stiMtive force: as, lile fulfforquldlc turJBvla, Fonder tplendour whirh is called (that of) Ju}iiler. — Cic. § .'JSL i^jn'cial CO, ^stnicfiom of fhr /ulufi've. — Whci) in Iliigii.'sli i IMutivo sentence defines and limit.s tlie exfent nf a Super- lative in agreement wiili the antecedent, the Sui)erUitive is in Latin in.sorted in the ]\'ela{ive clun.se : as, TliCiuistaclos luictu do scrvis Biii.s [enin] -/inv u/w/« he uoh- •^<:f«e str.i eat, / nwer ■^rny ^Mt {e;i^mrt), taken for these studies of mine. (5 Nor .. T »n^' p'-^Z-^tly desn-e this argument (to be treated) bv Cra,.sus, .,ll% r f ""^'^ ^'' ''■«,^rc^"'^''- 7. I seem to rnvs-lf to witness such a flj.t as never took place {my, was). 8. As'many kinds o > e ches as we have said exist (me), so many (kinds) of orators are hero found (to be). <). Xo one dared, (evx-n) in si.nce," to wfsh lor as many and ^reat thin,i:s as the immoital Gods lestowed' nn,.^";, ^ "T^;: ,.^^- '!'''« ^«t'^r a man is, will, the greatcHif- culty does tie believe that others are wicked. 11. The exnloits of lercules were as many and as great as were ever heard of V> Caesar had not as great an army as Pompey. 13. The Athenian were not the men to be territied by a tyranfs threats. uTL lot so often receive your letter., as I could wish. 15. And tt h3 very men in whose presence ^ lie was pluuling (Sao), he seemed to be sucli as he himself wished to bo. ° V y ;• '« Homeu ' Begin with tliu UelittiTc clau-c ^im nocto nutus cat. ' To be burnt down, dril i^rrive. ' Ipse, II, uin. * Wlion such duiiDtt's iiiH({iiituil(), uge aatus. being often u^cd in Latin whcii- tfu English idiom requires nn iidverb oi adverbial phrase. St. L. Gr. 343. « npfPro, 8, irr. : with nd nnd aoo, ■ A pud Willi ut«. II' m 92 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN PROf^^^H. !«i li^ hi Xr.FV. IVDFFINinVK PRONOUNS. § 3R^ A:iqui8 is more emi/HiUiu lium quia, lieuce ci'irrut^ B anda by itself, wliilo c/uis is an enclitic, used with iclutivo clauses and alter the eonjiinetions quHw, sj\ i isi, ,ie ai d nuiii : an, Illis riYiuissis Bluuil.in, iK.ii ...I, ,,uae, comtiis q.ns inClij promisdrit One i» nut hound by llmt promu,^ a/.,W< one has nuule under cumimMon oj jear. — Cic. ' Divitirieus Ciiosrtnnn ol)SPor!.vit, ne quid ^rntviiia in fn, ( icm et^Uuerr't. § .'S84. Qii3uam is used like dliu'ds, but with les.s env phasis : as, ForsTtau allqiiis .\lr41iHi1 lo cjusnio.li qiii.l|,i:un fecCrlt, /V/anw «,;„;( 0)ie mnj/ haw oi suine time dune somelhing oj Ihn lihe.—Cic. § 385. Quldam, a lyrtain one, dcudtcs a per.son or tiling of which MO further definition is considered neceKsary or desirable : as, Q>adam ex itdvoealin iiitollTKvro si' dixit, non id .Igi, ut vonim inv8- mrcliir, One of the aumtwd couuksI said he aiuld see the ohiect aimed at teat not the discovery of truth. — Cic, lliil)Itaiit liio quiiudiini mrdioicrdae, Thrre dn-rll hrrr certain vouno iconien. — Tor. * § 38G. Tlie Kubstaniive quisquam and I he ail jee live uUus, any om uliatevcr, are used in negative picjpositions and in questions with the force of a negation, and with sine: as, JiiHtttiii nuiiquam iiocut cuiiptam, (jui cum liSbet, Justice never haiins any one who posxessi-s it. —Cic. Sine sociis niiiiio qiiidquiim talc eonatur, No ojie nttenwts anything of Vie sort without associ».'-"//(distributivelv_). and in piincipal sentences is always placed after 11 anil svMs: as, Sfit quitfjue mitxTin6 coiisfilit, Everybody consulfe his on,, interests above all.—Cic. Suae queinque fort'inue raaxinio |)oenItet, Everybody has most fault to find with his oum fortune.—ijio. Qba. In relatirs csr.lrncos .yi/M^K,- stands imnuHUatel; tOer the rclutive, ut an enclitic : aa, Quam quitfue nOiit ortcra, in liao ic exereeat, Let tach praetite himstU the art which he ia acguninteil with, — Cio. INnKFINITlVE PRONOUNS. 9.S ^ § 380. Quiaque is uiso used with the Commiativo and superlative. See e.xaniples under § ;5,-,(j, §31)0. Alius, wlu-u repeated, .signitles one . . . another: alter, wIumi i-epeatcd, .si-nifies th, one . . . the uther (Wnm used of only two p(.T.-,uii.vi ur lJiing.s) : as, Pi-Ofoivbiint iilii pui-jn-iram. (ih alii, ,o;,.n,niiis alii. Thru bn.uihl /or- n-ard some purple, others inr,;i>^^, uthcra /.w •„»..■ n, l (commnius); and Partlcipo, avi, atum, 1 (piM-H. ap.o; ; to y.re a sharr „/. ImpeitlO, Ivi, Itum, 4 (iuVartlri) ; and Tribuo n", oMo, .',r''"f"^' '""""'' •"■"■• "■'•'■''l'^'^'''^e of "ny Voniun to be retaimd by W/i linlr. V"" "^ "•" '"' "/^'•'"■'•'"«i/«^"''V; lUo lutur as «„ act oj justice. Impertio has a variety of constructions :— ^^PrOvinoiam cum AntOnio commualc-.vi, I shared 1h- province with Autuny.- Luuaes cum iillquo partlctpare, To share the prnhc with any owe— Liv Fortunas aiiis impertiri. To make others partakers of your fortune.— Cic. AlTqiiem miSlis impertiri, To make a man share in your calamities.— Cic ' 0/" ««r"SJ-?er'''"' ''''" " ''""'""'■' ""P""»'i. 2o impart to needy men {so».6 i. Eete, is, u., a genera! expression for nfshin;} or hunting ,„t Plaffa 'le / (piob. from MeVw), n tiunting net only ; especially /or larye game .— Aut trQdit acres apros in obstantcs plagas, aut SmTte I6vi rara tcndit rrtia ., '^^/^^^ "'" >'«^« *"«'-« »■"'" the opposing toils, ot a smooth roU strrtches fine-spun iiils.—Uoi: Fiuida, ae, /., a casting-net for fish. Evemculuin, i. «., „ -Irng-na. I Palam (fiom pando : opposed to clam), openly, not shunning ubservatiofi Pre. palam (strengthened from p.^ilara), openly, eren courting observation ADeite ^opposed to occulte), tvithoul concealment. Mailifeste (raanus, foro), paluabhi tn a self-evident manner :— it f •!>""' jt Non ex insI.Uis aed .-.perto ac p.lhim. Not by slralaycm, but openly in ll.c light 4 I'HIIASKS. Kng. /. man to commuiiirnte with. I.Mt. ITumo quocuin (or jki>i(/h) i;itit communicet. „ According to oiifs, Jorlmw (lit. „ ICc ceiisu. 'f^Sr^irnrnt). To hold a lery. Dfl-^rlum hnhire. f)4 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN PROSE. KxKiirisR XLTV. 1. II(! jiublishod-a-clecrce that (nt with suhj.) w liat each man had Irom liie shriiitr, (sacris) he Klidiild luiui,' b;ick l)L'rore a ccrtaii: day. 2. Thciaistoclea demarulud that the [leople should give him some (irie to communicate with : Avistides was .^veii (iiim), 3. Diouysiua handed* (iiis) sword to a youm; man wIh.iu he luvcd. Thereiijon (hie) on ' a certain friend jocosely savin-j,* '• 'i'o this man you at least (certe) entrust your lill'," and the youn;^ man li-.^hinf?' at it, he ordered both to he slain ; tlie one* hecanse he had pointed out a way of killii'.g him ; ihe other* because by (his) laughter he had approved of the saying. 4. To some creatures is liiven" a kind of ingenuity (quatda/a solkrtla), aa in (the case ot) spiders: some weave, as it were, a net, so that ii' any tiling becomes-entangled* (in it) they may destroy it; others ni^ain'' keep watch when not looked for,« and if anything falls in (their way), they seize it and consume it. 5. For both in daily discourse, and onenly in the Kenate, he so i)lcaded your case that no one could have pleaded it with greater eloquence, weight, zeal, or» earnestness (cuntenth). 6. None of these statues," 1 sav (inqiium), has he left behind, nor yet any other, save one (that was) very old, (and) made-of-wood. 7. Since there was neither a-sutli- cient-number of men," nor any money at that time in the treasury from which " they might receive their pay, the consuls issued-a-decrce that, as Ijefore, private persons, according to (ex) tlieir assessment, should give rowers with pay for thirty days {gen.). 8. The gods iiaving been propitiated in due foiTC," the consuls held {impcrf.) a levy more severely and rigidly thixn in former years anyone remembered (it) to have beea held. 9, Alexander remained at Babylon longer" than anywhere else, and no place" was more mjurious " to military discipline. 10. The more versatile and subtle a man is, the more hated and suspected he is when " the (general) opinion of his uprightness is withdrawn." 11. The SicilTans, as soon as they saw diseases propagated {jyres. inf.) from the unhealthi- ness (aU.) ot the place, made off (dilabar), all (of them), to their neighbouring cities. 12. The gods neglect verj'-trifling things; nor it blight or hail has injured (indie.) in any way," ought Jupiter to have directed his attention to it." ' Subjunctive : gee St. T.. Or. 475. » Trildo, didi, dttum, 3. * On . . . sntjing, &c., quum . . . , J»- aans dixisset, * The one . . . the other, altSrum , . . . alt^rum. » Perf. tense. « '/'» become entangled, Inhafiresco, hncsi, pcrf. siibj. ' Aliae autcm, ' ffTien not looked for, ex luBpIiifilo. • Sep, before each ab'.alive. •• Statues, sigiia, orum. " S!itl8 LSmTnum, St. L. Gr. 271. " L'ndc. 13 Kite. " Diutiui. LonghiB Is rarely used ol time. '* And no place, ncc uUus 18cus. '• To be injurioui, nficeo, ui, Uiiin, 2 (with dat.). '" Abl. absol. " If in any wny. A. . . i|iiid|iinni\ srr St. L. Gr. 253. " id J5?i anlmadvc'itcndum fuit. THE vehb: indicative: mood. 96 r . XLV- THi: INDK'ATIVE MOOD UfSl.I) ri{KF)ICATrVET.Y. §392. Pment7en.ie.—T]u> I'lvsrnt Tons,, is uso.l loth of tliat which is now taking place, and of that which i^ gencially tnio : as, Dixtru hicvfique duo mftri.i ehtwhnit nos\ On the rhM and on II,. Irjt tii-o scat fhut us iM.— Mv. lluimilial to liis ^(ilili, is. > Vniiij,tia.ii;ii:iIbiunoatri.s Wamii/wr, I'lenture wins upon our sense.-'. § 303. Tho IVoPont Tenso is often iiisecl (tor a past) ii, uarrativo, for tho t-ako of greater vividness, when it is called the IlUtoi-kal Present : as, Dum liaec in his iBcis rt(''runlur, Cnssivclluimns mintioa mUtit. WtiU these events are going on in l/iese parti, Cassivellauniis sends metsmyers.— Ob*. Jam dQdum, jam piidem, with the Present give to it tlic fore of a Perfect : as, jam pridtm cOpio, / hate hmj ilesired. § 394. Pa.sf-Lnperf/'ct Tense.— Tho Past-Tniporft^pt Tense is used uf that whieh was going on at the time spoken of: iis, Amis subtcnifiuu7)rT/; prn' tt'roa una niicillula ('rn^- ea t/^ehnt. An old n-iniinn was spinning a mio/ : there was mthj a Utile maid besides. • the ijiii li( iciilf ^ teas tcfiiivimj.— Tor. § 005. The rast-hnpeifect is often used «.f what tens tcont to 1)0 done : as, Aivhytd.s nullani cripilfilidrera pe.stciii quuiii vuluptutom cornoris (halnd a iiatuui ilalam, Anhylus nml t„ say Hud no niorefnlid scunie had heenbruught ti/mn nw:: l,y the gods than bodily phasure. Cic. Ut Rninae couulr.s, i-w Cailliaj^'IiiL' qiiutaiuiid aiiiuii blni n'-gea creu- bantui; As at Rome two -•< :mli<, so at Carthage two Limu were annualh appointed. — Nop, * § .'JOT. Tho Past- Impel feet of the verb sum is sometiiues nsed iu the sense of the rast-Indeiiniio or Auriaf : as, Humo Srat SlcQlus, The man was a Sicdiun.— Cic. Classis coininunis fJnicciae, in .jUa daeentao rrant Atlirnien.^iiiin Iheauuhinndjlcet o/O recce, in which 200 ships, bdunaed to the Athenianx —Nop. § 309. Future Tense.— Tho Future Tense is used of that which is to take place in time to cime : as, Cras ingenfe mrfdnmus aequor, To-morrow we shall again Iraversf the boundless ocean.— llor. § 400. Perfect 7e)<,9c.— This Tense is used both as a I're- sent-Perfect and rast-Jndeiinito Tense (Aorist). 'i'bna fid i m 96 INTI50DUCT1ON TO LATIN PKOHE. trf lis l(, is either / have done or J did. The context enablf tell in which sense it is used : us, Nc'in.) pilnim din vto-!t qui virtutis pfirfuiirlKx estmuuErc, No ont hiia liced Prc.-i.-Pcrf.; too short a time who hnn fully discharnnl the ixui of virtue —Cic. A I'piiis caecus multos unnos fnit ' I'atit.-Iiiikf. ■, Appin:! was blind f„r mnny ifurs. — Cic. §401. The Terfect Teiiso is vhhmX after postquam, a/k, that ; ut primum, siiuul atque ;ac\ as soon as ; ut, iibi. when ; where in Euglish we often ii.se the Past-Perfoct : as, Pdopidas non dulntavit. tJmrd ao cmtspexH liosteni, aiiiinj,'i^re, Pelo pidaa did mil henitute, us soon ud eccr he saw laid «ix-n '■ lite mimnii, lo engage. —Huy. Ubi de Caiisriris advculn IMvr'tii ccrtioica facti suvf. lof^'atoe ad eum inittuut, No sooner had tlie JleUdd yui infunmtion of Caesar.'' arriial than they sent amhassadurs to hiin. — C:io.8. Ut lldsUus eCridil, coiiCostiiu Romana incliiiatur aoics, ^.s soon n? Hosliusfell {had fallen , the Ttoman line iuinudntlfhj gat:e watj.—\Ay. Obs, 1. ^ni postqvnm \akea a ra.-t-l'cificUvlicu u lacriso time is specified : us, Hannibal a«no I ertio postquam Mnmproft'ii/Srnt, in AMcani vunit, Hannilmi caiiir into Africa three years after he had fled from hnme.—Sep. Obs. 2. l!at quum, ivheit, usuuUy tulics the Subjunctive : v. § ^83. § 402. Pa^t- Perfect Tense.— Tho Past-Perfect Tense indi- cates that somethiiig had taken place r.t the time spoken of: as, FiogCniom Tiojrmo a sanguine duci aiidiCrut, She hud heard thai a race was being derived from Trojan blood.— \ir'^, § 405. Future- Perfect Tense.— The Future-Perfect Tense indicates that something will have taken place by the time spoken of: as, Roinam quum ven^.v, quae persjjexHro scriliani ad to, When I {shall have got to Rome, I will write to yon what 1 (shdl) hare seen.— Cic. Dull! tu liaoc, legos, ogo ilium foitasso convcntro, ]VhHe vou tvill bt perusing this, I shall perhaps have had an interview with him.— Ck. § 407. I^oth the Future-Perfect and the simple FutuK are sometimes used in compound .sentences where in l'];,trli,.i the sign of future time is not expressed ; as, Hoc, dum erimus in tcnis, Crit cook.sti vitao snuih^ This while ir> are on earth, will be lilie the life of the gods.— Cic. Natfimm si sdjuemur dal-vui, iiuiuinain aberrabrmiis, // we fnlhxr nature u^ our rpiidr, ice shall never yu aslray.—Cic. Do Cartliaglnu vCieri non anto dcslnani, qmnii illam exfi.suin u8,s( cogiiov&n, I shall not cease to havej'enrs about Cartliage, till 1 leurn sht has been utterly destroyed. Cic •I n tt It THE VEKB: indicative liOOD 87 SYNONYMS. MQnltlo Tiarum, 771, paving of roadt.— do. TJnere te mOnTmentU, To fe^ oneseff within the Mtifications.^Tw. PHRAR?,S. ling. We rut our hopes upon. M Abt much {not at all) alarmed. II JVo< tn . We place our hope in {Spent pGut- mut or spem pdsilam hibemut in, with abl.). I, fnhil admddum terrUut. „ N'S tantalum qutdem eommStus. ■ , To Rome, to the Senate {Rcmam ad Slndtum). „ J ho HgSmus. „ Ultra vel supra /idem ; nl«o, siipn, quam euiquam credUile (est). II SitpMor disceiU^. Exercise XLV. rsJu ^'^ *'■*' ''^"''«"nR about needy, along with our wives and Senate at RomX^N^^ "" ^'''' \«'^"gl>t<^r, sends a letter t^ the' HerdSi^ T&-^' ^'^^^^'"g the general and the arniy lost at befor.. BometSes-4 on Yors^et^,^Ltr onXf ''5' Wh;!r§?e" 'I 98 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN PROSE. are being slain by my orders." • 6. Haunibal, as often as he engaged' with tlic Eomaiis in Italy, always came off conqueror. 7. While these tilings were-going-on • in Africa and Spain, Hannibal wasted tlie summer in the Tarentiae territory, in the hope of gaining' the city of the Tarentines by treachery. 8, Sempronlus the consul, in Lucania,* fought (JdcitS many insignificant (parva) battles, (but) not one worthy of record,* and took (^pres.) several obscure " towns of the Lucani. 9, At first, secret indignation (^Z;/r.)on-the-part-of the- better-class" made itself heard"; afterwards the matter extended" to the senate (patres) also, and (became a) general complaint (ace). 10. If anything shall biing me (/ut. per/.) in-your-direction," I will strive, if I am in any way able (fvt-), that {ut) no one but yourself shall be aware of (sentiat) my grief. 11. If pain is the greatest evil, who will not be miserable when he is oppressed {fut.) by ptin, or even when he knows that this may" happen to him? 12. The consuls, neither by a decree of the Senate, nor by letter, had instructed" me what to do (subj.). 13. After the Carthaginian (Pflnfctw) aimies arrived, they very easily led up a-body-of-troops " on to the hill ; but the novel aspect of the fortification at first checked them as though by a sort of miracle." 14. After tiie light was more distinct (certtor), and the Romans who had survived the slaughter (dat. plur.) had fled into the citadel, Hannibal orders the Tarentines to be called together without their arms. ' 8«7, priding (Iqulto). * Pait-imperf. of anteeo, 4, earance?— Cic. ■Mf— Hor. ml^mrnit nne-tri? H&tv 4o^ he", fto?p dois he think oj Qu5ta hora est f What o'dofilt is it ?— Hor. Thrax eU GiiUina Syro i)ar ? I» the 'Jliraciw QaUim a matoh 'or THE yi:-:b: indicative mood. yg JvS fte"^?!""*" '^^ Jf^'^ogative Pronouns .,,,1 § 410. 75^e Interrogatke Particle -nS.—The Particle nfi i« .s used in asking u «„ap]e, .struightforward question : a« /o?/^^* ^*"H'f;'~.-^° questions put with a negative, such as Cauis »o»„« sImlUs lapo (est). /« „o< hilu$ really come ? — Tor. Quid ilieis? An bul'.o fttgltivorum SIciliam virtiite tua libgratam? Wliat say you ? Or is it that Sicily loaa by your valour delivered from the fugitive-slave war f — Cic. Obs. In the above examples the former alternative is involved in the first question, " Have you anythidg else to say, or will you aay that, &o." § 416. The following table exhibits .!io sequence of the Interrogative Particles in questions presenting more than one alternative : — First Alti^rnative Second, Tiurd, tito. atrum, an, an •ne, an, an fomitted) (omitted) an. an •ne 8TNONYM8. nd mminnii both si{ pjify toe much exceativt ly . The latter Is some' times used as a substantive : — Ntmium not nfmis bSni, Too much good. — Cic. Magna iiiiiiis llcentia, A loo girat liberti/.--Clc. N6 quid uTmis, Nothing in excess. i- AmeuSi ntia (ft, mens), xoithout reason, distracted. DSmens, ntis (de, mens), mad, infatuated. IxUKWiSt vi, um, not in one's senses, mad. Vesanus, a, um, (chipHy poet.;, insane, furious, raging. Excors, rdis, of M:eak mind, foolith, infatuated. Vecors, idif, maddened (like vesanus). 5. Acerbus, a, uiu, biting, sour (Gr. ofiis), is opposed tomttis. AmarnSi a, una, bitter, nmtseous (Gr. jriitpo!), is opposed to dulcis. 1. Mansuetildo, Inis, /. (mtinui suStus), tameness (pt animals), gentleness, mild- ness. Clementiai ae, /., opposed to crQdClttns, the humanity of a ruler or the merey of a Judge whc does not inflict on the malefactor all that he deserves. PllliASKS. En(f . ffard to tell. „ Within our retoUeetinn. „ To infill punishment on any one. I.at. TTnrd to be told (dl/rrule diilu). ,, ili'm/lriii noslrd. „ Putnam (auppndum) de fl/Tjiio s[im?re. Exercise XI, VI. I. For why do I apeak of ((/e) Gahinins, Statilius, Coepni'luB? VVitliin onr own ri-coUcction. when tho vict45riou8 Sul]a alow tflE INDICATIVE Moot). JQI Dama«5ppus, and others of this cla«s,' who did not praise ihe deed 5 7vj 1 ^'V' J""' "■ what also (di-l'l the famous' MiH,nrin(,o- had been slain" by Ts ive hi t?r^' i^^k aft^TluH children even if she were unable to i se forcl^? 1 •) T^"^ *^ gai'i-her-rcquest," the enemy (r,l\ when ficr ItTnr v^L.^' ^^ \^t''^ '? ^^y whether vanquisli^L^d his cl ';^^S'Cli!;:S' '" ^-^'""'^ °' ^^^ 0/ this class, hujusniodi. • Quid autcm. • Accibiis. • fur what ffuiiler /„l,; iu\ qmv ma. jora. ' AW. ofcftTise, flPtu iiico. • MlsOior, runs, 1, (i(.p. ' Suy, the Iwiiii; (one). • See riirnsoK. " Qui witL subj. I '" Uso nn. '\ ft Willi snhj. '■-' I'lituvf inf. (pi-.i-eo), I-1 luthcr uf a family, phtcifninJliaH : na beiiiBiin old tonnination of the gon. in 1 (iccl. " '♦Use abl. abso!. in this and the two following clauses. " To gain om's leiptett, impPtro, avi, XLVIL-THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. « ) fk ^iT ^"iJ>»^*ive Mood expresses a thing not «s a^|acUike the Indicative, but merely as a conception of tk Hence the Subjunctive Mood is used to imlicalo, (A). An hypothesis. (r>). Doubt or uncertainly (including indirect que8ti..usj. a*-i it; lUi I ' m WTKODUCTION TO LATIN PBOSlC (0). A wish. (D). Purpose or rosnlt (E). A proposition borrowed from another, and not adopted by the writer {urdtio obllqiui). (A). Si Ita «««<, ignu&caem. If it were so, I teoidd exaute it, — Cic. (B). Cur dubltat quid do ropublica seiitias ? ]V)i,y do you duubt tchat opinion to entertain cnurerning a commonweallhi —Qic. Non duhUaliimu TiOja bicvi perUQra tit, Ue luia no doubt that Troy will Boon full.—Ciis. (C). Vdltaa et mCniluCris nostri, Mmj yuu be jirosperous and think oj me! — Oic. (D). Lcgilius aorviiiius ut libori esso posshmis, We submit to the laws Jiat (Purpose) we may he able to befiee. — (Jic. Accidit ut una nocte omiics licimae dejicifrentur, It happened thai (Result; in one night all the Uennae were demolished.— 'Sci). (B). DScent quanto in discrimiue sit Nulaua les, They point out in what peril Nula is. — Liv. § 422. The Subjunctive Mood is always dependent upon either (1 ). Some hypothetical Conjunction (see § 425) ; or, (2). Some antecedent sentence or clause to which it is subjoined {subjungo), and which deprives it of the character of a positive (" objective") assertion. Ohs. The antecedent member of the lenteuoe U rery often not expresBed, but left to be understood. § 423. Sequence of Tenses. — The Tense of a Verb in the Subjunctive Mood must be in concord with the Tense of the antecedent Verb upon which it depends. Thus Present or Future time is followed by Present or Future, and Past time by Past. Present and Future TiiM. Scio quid ftgas, 23 < Scio quid cgeris, £ I Solo quid aoturun sis, n 1 GognoTi quid &gas, Cognovi quid egCris, Oognoyi quid acturus sis, Anditm quid ftgas, Audiara quid cgSris, Audiaiu quid acturua bIs. I know what yon are doing. I know what you /tuve done. I know what you are going lo do, I have learnt what you are doing. I have learnt what you have done. I have learnt what you are going to do. I $haU hear what you are doing. I shidl hear what you have dotie. I ehall hear what ymt are going tu da. THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOODb Past Time. 108 .'it Soiebam quid ttgCres, Sciebam quid egisses, Sciebam quid uctuius tsaes, Coguovi quid ftgdros,* Cognovi quid egiasea, Coguovi quid acturua esaea. CognovCi-am quid iigSrea, / CogiiovCram quid egiflsea, / CoguovSmin quid acturui LSdcs, / knew what you were doing. knew wJuit you had dona, knew what you were going to do. learnt what you were doing, learnt what you had done, learnt what you loere goinn to do. had learnt what you were doing. liMl kanil u-hat you hud done. hud learnt what you were going to do. * But the Perfect Sutijunctive may bo used aftrr «li.. Pnot t., i a -i such an immense sum of money .0 tl^^TtSi'rutZZ / f ". """^^i^ general put an e,ui to tile tax< _Cio ''' *^"''* "-^ " ""^'* 1. HYrOTHETIOAL 8ENTENCK8. .1,^ P L^"" ^Pothetical sentence consists of two parts, the Prddsis and the Apdddsis: the former containinrthe Son^ecTup^X' '' ^^^^""^^^' ''' latte^Tlle^fn^ ''■^" ""VoM i;°"^'^''»'«"«' Hypothetical sentence, uitk tKe Micati.. eto^J/^i^^lr/'f''/^"^^^^'^'" patriae, est Ctiam bouorum civium Bi tSnutt, Stium/ulsit, T/it thundered, it alto lightened. (2). Ifypothelical sentences with the Subjunctive.- B„t if the sentence implies only that something may or minhtLlwTn or may or might have happened, bodi it/ Vor Jl^e pE the Subjunctive : as, "" ft. put in MXo"lf'^,f-(r^T-'"" '^'^"y{^:J^''ould tell an untruth. ~Gh. i I s|;j 1 • m io4 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN rttOSR. h i't Nioiimm jam te verbCrlbus, nTsi iratiis estem, I toould have beaten inu to dailh, if I were not angry.— Cic. § 426. Tho Present and Perfect Tenses of the Subjunctive »ie used with the above Conjunctions when it is indicated I hat a thing may possibly happen or have liappened : as, Mo dies, vox, latCra, deflciant, »i hoc nunc vocTfGiuri vSlim, Time, wice, strength, toould fail me if I were to purpose expressing now, etc.— C'ic. SiscXSru (Per/ect) aspldem occultc latere uspiam ImprSbo^c^rw, nisi mffnugris altGram no assldeat, If you should have become aware that an asp were lying concealed in some, place, you would be acting wrongly ij you did not warn your neighbour not to sit Wicre.— Cic. Ob; In such cues we in English often use a Past Tense Subjunctive, and translate tlie Latin I'lesent by shottld, would, were, &c., as in the above examples. § 427. The Past Tenses uf the Subjunctive are used with the above Conjunctions when a thing is conceived of as not actually taking place, whether jimo (i'ast-Imperfcct), or in the Past (i'ast-rerfcct) : as, Sapientia non expSlSrUur si ni\n[ efficSret, Wisdom would not becovekd if it answered no end. — Cic. {Si) uno pniclio victus (esset) Alexander, boUo victus esset. Con- quered in »ne battle, Alexander would have been conquered in the 'entire) war. — Liv. § 432. The Subjunctive is also used with or without a Conjunction, to signify that an hypothesis is assumed or granted for the purpose of argument (Suhjunctivus Con- cessivus) : as, Malus cTvis On. Carbo fuit i—fuSrit aliio ; tibi quando esse coepit, Cnaeus Carlo was a bad citizen, was he? {Granted that) he teas so lo others, when did he begin to be so to you V— Cic. Verum, ut Ita sit, tamen non potes hoc praedlciire, Yel {granting', that it is so, yet you cannot affirm this.— Cio SYNONYMS. I. ObSdio, Tvl, Itum, 4 (ob, audio), tn ohey In any given case ; not as a servant or subject, bu', as one enjoying a ceilain freedom. F&reOi ui, Itum, 2, to obey as a servant or subject. Dicto audientem esse, to obey orders as a soldier or official. All these expressions denote obedience as an obligation, aud are fol- lowed by the dative. Obsequor, cutus, 3 ; Obtempgro, Bvl, Btum, 1 ; s.nd Morigeror, ntus, l ; denote a voluntary act. Obsgquor, to obey readily, to comply with, humour. ObtcmpPro, to listen to reason or persuasion. MorTgCror, to humour, gratify (also all with dative) :— IQbae barbiiro 4)8tiu» SbOdicns fuit quam nuntio Sclpionis obtempfiravit, Et rather chose to obey the barbarian Juba than to listen to the messenger of Seipio, ObsSquar v81untati tuac, I will yield to your wishes. — Cie. Bio mlhl semper obtempCrnvit tanquam f ilius patri, Ee ahvnys rtndtrsd mi luch obedience as a son renders to hit father.— Cio. THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 106 9. Praeda, ae, /,, any tort of plunder or pillage in war. ManQbiae, urum. f. te/^.' t" 'f i"'^'* ■^r-'" '!" /"' "" ^"""'"•"i'^ boot;, oftL soMfer. fvhPn fn • "• ^ T^ '" ^u"'-^' ""^ '«**«/'-o« 'A" Person of an enemy When a Roman general slew the general of the foe and dospoUed him of hi« armour, the spoils thus acquired were called spdlia dplma. Rapina, ae / loui^r'-— ''"**'"'"'■''"* 'P°*'* "f '*« '■"*'""• ^^ violate, the peace of hit „ °'!!'.'"^">"« 3"'^ "'e in hostium praoda molltus sit, qui mfinilbias tantas ox Meteh manQbiis sibi fCc^rit/ Do we doubt what that fellow would have a^ templed wUh the booty of the foe, who f,-om the spoils of Mctellusma^ fr himself spoils so great f~Cic. 'tui«, yjj Ea rite spQlia oplma hubentur quae dux dflci dGtraxit, Those are prooerh eoMidered spoliaopima tohich one general has stripped from nnolh«r.—UY. I'lIRASES. Eng. To give the signal to retreat. Lat. meeptui d&re sianum. „ To postpont to another timt. „ In Uliud temprU d\ffert,. Exercise XLVII. 1. If you wish (Ruhj) to enjoin anything on an inferior, you will (««6/.) the more easily have all men obedient to you if you have yourself firat estahlishcd that law ' over (in with ace.) yourself and your own. 2. If he as « a-young-man had not served-in-the-army," hi8 father being (then) commander, he nii^lif seem either to fear the foe, or the command of his father. 3. If soldi era (svig.) uncertain where you ioere.- § 434. /mlirect Quest ions.— An Indirect Question is one vIiicU IS quofed us bum- askod, or which is dependent upon smiie word signifying doubt or perplexity in tho sentence, ^uuh a question is expressed witli the bubjnnetivo Mood : as, .1. 2:3//;iy^::::r,;r-S::'" ""''• ^"^ '' ''' ""'"^^ ^^'- --'■ ^Ilor.. t\ioJ)m!d Qiio.stioM would l.o. Qn^Iis .4 animus? § 408.) / onondi, A tamewl^t diJlioaU^aSu>nZ^ 'iriw: whetlter new friends are ever to be pre/erred to old oiLl-Ch. § 430. In Indirect Questions with more than one alLor native the following particles are used :— Quaoiltur, utrum .. .. aa .. .. aa -nS .... &I1 .... ftn. vomittcd) .. .. -nS n6, num ... an ... . aa. § 438. The particle aa is us.,d after some expressions denoting uncertamty or hesitation ; especially after haut', icio, aewio, diblto, dfibium eat» inwrtum est: as AribtotCleni. excopto PlfttOuo. liaud toio an rcot« dixirim princlpeai THE SUBJUNCTIVi; MOOD. lo; Uui- f''''W'","j'"'.^'<'^.<'*e exception o/ Plato. I am indhied to think 1 niouldbeugfUtn calling ArUlulle thf firtt o/ ],hilosophrn.~C\c yubrio an VCnnRian. teudam, ct \\,i ejc$j,frl^,n du l^'iOnil.iiH, T am half-mrlined to direct my coume to Venutiu, and there tciil neii'6 ^onreru. ing thi' le(jitmi>. -Cm. ContI;rit tibi imnA haud tcio an nemlrii, The lot law fallen to ym, tentchpcthiiyahat/alUntonooiteeUe.—Vk. Wj. The phrwcs h„ud,eio an, nescio an, diibito an, »lway« imply tht proha- Inl.tyot the trull, of the proi.osili,,,, which they introduce. They ha r. thus the oppoiiitc lurco to the KriKliah " / dou'l know whether." |.-''9- Tlic Sulijuuctivu is suinetimess usod in questioiit, indicating perplexity, where the Verb dubUo may be hui)i)lie(l {i>uf>/unctious dUbitdtivus) : im, Quid lioc lioinTne/r/'/V5//», H h(U are ye to do with this man?—Ck Quid Mmd/riceret, WhitI c/w ww he to dof—C'\c «Jrfi ^''/'''f^'" ;V;ti^"" uiuUiti.Uiiien,, W :.y ,liould I muineral" a SYNONYMS. d^ificMlty. Extrico, ftvi, fitum, 1 {ex. trtcae), to txtrieate or iiue»riimblie in {a4) u(r Imltemnr nostroa majGres. Let us imitate our ancegtorg !-Cic. Okt. In the aame way ig used the rres.-Perf. mPmTnffrim : at, MemtnPrTmus, Let i« remember ! r if ^*^^ 7®r? ""J^. * ^^'"^ °^ «^"^^"'"7 »« expressed, and foUowed by the bubjunctive either with or without ut : 00 Opto, I wish is generally construed withstand the Subjunctive (less frequently with the Infinitive) : as, m,V,2Sil'° ""^[""^-PL^""!' ^"^'•^''«'-. ire (Phaethm) dented that he mKjht be taJten up tnio hia Jttther'8 chariot.— C'lc. (2.) V61o, Nolo, and Malo. are frequently found with ut and the bubjunctive; also very often with ut omitted : as, rn,h^"^n *^.'^P^^°^ l.ostiH m^i/i «-- .; / , t«m;.«-.-Clc. " ■■" ■ -'"^— '"""*%-'"yf'"^r. angry a. ImprSbUB, a,um (in-pr8bus), dishonest, wicked: also ftp. c,;,,! or exeestiv Ma US, a, urn, bad I,,, nature. PraVTU, a, Uiii, crooked, drform. J : flirura' tlvely, erroneous ; evil, depravtd — • I' If' no INTRODUCTION TO LATIN PROSE. Fortana imprfiba, Cruel Fortune. — Virg. LSbor imprfibua, Indefatigable toil.— \irg. Maia ambUio, £vil (or misguided) ambition. — Sail. Pravum ing''''niuin, A bad natural disposition. — Sail. 3. Ciipldo, Inis,/. (egp. poet.), a desire or appetite for something. (In Cic. U\i word is ajwaj-s the proper name Cupid.) Capidltaa, atia, /., any desire or p is- tion. Desiderium, 1, «., longing or regret for a thing one* ponsessed ; a wise of lou : — Cttpldo atque Ira pesstmi sunt consultores, Pasoion and anger are the «> rs: advisers. — 8^. FrangPre cilptdltfiteB, To eruth the dmres (or passions) Cic. D6ild8rium twn cOri cupUis, Regret for {the loss of) so beloved a oim.— Hiir. 1 BIceptas, as, »«. (re, cSpio), retreat of an army. Receptfii'.filnin, i, s» o receptacle, a place for receiving, a magazine : — R^ptoi gigrnum audire non poBsamus, We cannot hear the signal for rett.at — Cic Quiisi receptacttlum linuni corpus, The body a receptacle, at it wtre, fot the soul. — Cio. PHBASES. Rng. lb happen contrary to expectation, Lat. Praeter tpem {vtnire. „ To despise this in comparison with „ Hoc prae illo contemnXre. that, „ To out off a man's retreat. „ Rl» you, Senators, and the Roman people from (ex) inasaacro ; whatever lot .ihail be apix)inted»' for mo, let it be borne. 11. !.et every man know his own dispooi- THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. Ill (InClc. (he detire or p ts- esaed ; a se ise ' are the w rs: a oite.—Ilhr. Uantt i, I*,, a \alforrett.at. were, fot the r»Xr». trelOdfr^ the {jowiM i * Senate, them sever igether iiiio ahappy Ca» they will* othing haa las s«t out le may go aself to the , and fiom of Piso to- t. Would im ! I see It he (m<-) ni posed * of tliau that lliclcgions. lis soldiers I see) even willed thin 8, and the ipijointed *' vn dispooi- tion; let him show" himself a keen jn.]-e of his own good (i^\nia'\ .ad v,ces. r> MiUiudes the AthJnan, wish^l't^hS \0 e bridge and cut oil the kmg with his army from retreat: but ilistiaeus of Miletiw " opi^osed (it). ' notestribllii!. » ratrea ConBciipti (P.C), the do- iignution used In addressing the Senate. ' Tub«ico, 3. ' Fut. of vSlo. * Ad vespfrum. * Abl.absol. Buth...and, q\xMm...t\im. ' Say, humanity, virtue, love, or elt^e •'■peat the et: St. L. Gr. 565, Obs. 2. • Coimtus (foil, by ex). " To desert one' a bail, vfidltr ;• ;ilnni desCiC'rc. '» Ut with subj. " I'ropono, pBsui, pfisftum, 8. " Truubeo, ui, Ituni, 2. " Solvo, vi, atuni, 3. '* 0/mielus, Mllfsius, a, ujn. L.-TUE SUliJUXCTIVE J^lOOB-mUmued. 4. THE StmjUXCTIVE OP PHRPOSK OK RESULT. , § 449. The Subjunctive is used with the folloMiner Con- junctions, fit (Gti), qu6, that, in order that; ne (sometimes fit ne, kst). m order that . . . not ; quin, quominus, that not, to denote Purpose and Kesult. § 450. The Conjunction ut, that, in order that, so that is TsuU S"^J"°ctive Mood to denote eithei^ Purpose or (a.) Purpose. Romani ab ftmtro ubduxcrunt Cinclnnatum, nt dictator «»«< The Tl&V. ^""""^^ f^"^ plough m order to le S^-IdT Pyladcs estem se esse dixit, ut pro eo nScdrhur, Pylad,8 affirmM ^^r^'>l/to be Oreites, in order that fie miglU be put to deattAn huJZ- Oh: Under thi. head falls the Subjunctive with irt after Verbi of «,««fl„d. %ng, pertuudmg, Hriving, mthine, &c. (see § 461). "•"imaua. {b.) Result . TarquIniuB sic Servium dilrgebat. ut is ejus vulgo haheretur filius Teiuperuntiu sSdat appCtitiones et eifrcit ut hao rectae ratioui fo"r5trSriS. ''"' "^^"'''^'' "'"^ '^'^" ^ ^ •"^""■' Sat'|)o flt ut, ii qui debeant, non respondeant ad tciupus, /< o/to. (>ccurs^ thai thane who owe nwuey, do not meet tMr liaUlUie* at the tiZ. Si haec nuntiutio vera non est. sffquttur ut falsa «//, // thie provo. ntum u not true, tt foUmos that it is false.-C\Q ^^^ ThrOsybulo contlgit ut patriaiu libiraret, Tt fell to the lot of 2*ra. »jlMu» to deliver hit oounlry.-'Sii\). " «« 'y iwo- iVi I if' 112 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN PK08E. ;);, t Obt. The phrases, gSquttur, it follows ; rcstat, it retiiairu ; ngcesse ent, it it neetuary ; aequum, juatum est, it it right or just /and the like, take for the most part, either ut and the Subjunctive, or an Infinitive Mood (»ee § 509). § 451. ut and no are used with the Subjunctive after Verba signifying to command, advise, request, exhort, endeavour; ut in a positive, ne in a negative sense : as, Civltati pertuatil ut de fiiilbus suis exirent. He {Orgetorix) persuaded the community to leave their own territories. Oaes. To hortor ut hos libros do phllOsSphla stfldiose ligas, I urge you to read attmtively these boohs of mine on philosophy.— Go. Frcoor ne mo dcsGrus, I beg you not to forsake me.— Cic. Obs. 1. This Subjunctive with ut is usually translated by the Infinitive in English. The Latin Infinitive tiever expresses a purpose. Obs. 2. JObeo, I order ; v6to, I forbid ; Conor, I attempt ; and, someiimes, nltor, / strive, take the Infinitive : as, Jiibet nos Pythius Apollo noscSre nosmct ipsos. The Pythian Apollo bidi us " know ourselves." — Cic. Lex pgregrlnum ritat in marura ascendire, The law forbids a foreigner t6 go up upon the watlt.— Cic. Ter sunt cBnati impSnire Pello Ossam, TTirice they essayed to pile Ossa on I'elion, — Virg. Jdgurtha Cirtam irrump'fre nitXtur, Jugurtha endeavours to force or. mitranee into Oirta. — Sail. Obs. 3. Imp^ro is occasionally fomd with the Accusative and Infinitive : as, Ipso8 abdaoi impSrSbat, Ef ordered the men themselves to be led away, —Cic. S 45i3. Quo. — The Conju ruction quo, in order that; thai thereby, is usedwidi the Subjunctive to denote a Purpose: as, Confipisso dicltur Cluentius judicium pJ tndrnriur, to tni MSlinr m... a , -, s . KiU, an .fort; to undertake a d£/< l^^k'^LT'^' [° 'f"^' " '»''•* perly to lean .pon, to te supported .y! ^o ic^^J'^Xr'.- ""■^' '' ''"' Magnum Cpus et arduum conSri, To attempt n j,-w^ and difficult vnrk r>. Num montes m51Iri sua sede pfiiamu.t Ar» «•/«,! / '""•*--Cic. /» om their seat ?— Liv. Pai'»mu»l .ir« ue preparmg to moM momtains *.«m!^ ""'"" '""""' "'''"'""'''• (^"'"--"^ -"•'"«'* '«*« '*-•/-<< mtk tkeir Quae prima Irfttum Mnitrem nlScav^rlt ««ro rB.-\ - i ^ j^ i ^ f. • Say, was cast into, injicio, jfiol, jeotum, 3, foil, by dat, ' See Ex. XI,V, Phr. * Say, the Uetign of them was, ilisprO' pSsttum fuit. » Ptor, with abl. >• Proprium, strictly a neut. adjectiYe. '• Say, stamped, siifnatus. '- liifciidu, di, sum, 3 [fut. part.) " Suy, were beitig prepared, p»ra. bantur. '* Dgeeii), ui, rlum, 3 : bejfLi the »eh' t«uoe with iSe uuora, &o. ^HE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 116 LI.-TiiE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD continued. § 4C0. After words signifying /ear or anxiet>/ „e expresses Tlraeo «e non impctrcm, //,„,• /m«« „„/ ,„nail.-Cic fJrZ'?"°' "' ')f ^i;)"" OpIniGni h0.nl„um«on respondeat / /1„m «. /«ar /Aa« your xvorth mil fail to an,werthe expectaUon, r.fT,,:~C^r § 461. Quin. that not, so that not, is used with the Sub- is useT '""^ ' '''' ""'^""^^^ "'^"^''' ''"^'"^■^•^' °"ly- ^t (1.) After negative sentences containing Verbs of /nmknny : as, Non proliibeo, Jdomt prevent; Non rotineo, J do not restrain; JS'on repugno, I do not object; and the like. r o . (2.) After such negative phrases as Nun ost diibium JJtcre ts no duuU ; Quis dubitat, IVho doubta} tien ..on potest, Jt cannot he ; >egttri non potest, It cannot be dern^ i; and the like. (3.) After negative sentences generally, to donot© that a certain thing never happens without something else happeuing. Oi«. Under negative sentences «re included those TirtuallTio- «« when !r«« expectB the answer JVo.- al«, those containing such wMds as ytx teareely; pSrum, {too) little, &c. ^^ " "*' doubt tfuU (he Uelvelti had Hut mott influence,— Vtu^ 12 m lie iNTRODDCtrON TO lATIN PROStt. 111) iilii IB t li^liiil w i| '] r : IFaud diibia Toa visa quin dreuinduderd ngmen, There nppmred to be no question but he must condiuit his army by a circuiloiis route.— Liv Obs. In some cases a twofold construction is admissible : thus, Quia ignorat guin tria Graecorum gSnCra sint, Who knows not {i. e., there is no one who knows not) that there are three classes of Greeks f— Cic. : where we niiglit equally well have had, Quig ignOrat tria .... esst (§ 507). ^3.) fiquKilem nunqunm dOmnrn inisi fninm CpiBtSlain, quin eatel nd to aitCni, In fact, 1 have never sent a single letter lurtne wilUunt there being a second to you. — Cic. Nullus ftre dies est rjuin Sntriiis mcara domum vmlttet. There is hardly a day tluit Satriua dues not keep ctming to my house.— Cic. § 402. Quin is also used with the Indicativo in tho sense (jf Whr/ iwt ? (qui ne) ; and expresses an animated appeal : as, Quin Itgttnr expergisdmtiii ? Why vnf then be up and doinfj f — Siiil. Quin oonsccmlliniis Cqnos? Wiy nut to horse at oncef — Li'v. Obs. Quin with the Imperative is used in expostulations : as, Quin tu hoc audi, Nay but do you hear me. — Ter. § 403. Quominus, that not, so that nut, is similar to tiniii, and is used with the Subjunctive after words and phrases which signify hindrance ; as, impedio, Impede; prohibeo, J prevent ; officio, / obstruct, etc. ; also after per me stat, fit, it is owing to me (that something does not take place) : as, Non rSciisSbo qitdmhius omnes mea scripta U^gant, I wiU not object to all men's reading my writings. — Cic. Caesar cognovit per Afrdnium stare quominus dimTcarHtur, Caesar atcertnined that it toaa owing to Afranius an engagement did not tak» place. — Caea BT'fONYMS. 1. D61aS) 1. m. (8oXo«), ffuile, treachery ; always In a bad sense. FraaSi dis,/., dishonesty ; especially in acts. Fallacia. ae, /., deceit ; especially deceit in speaking. AstUSi us, w. (ao-ru), subtlety, craft. Calliditas, fitis, /., th, wariness arising from experience ; adroitness, cunning. Sollertiai ae,/., inga nuity, cleverness ; In good sense :— VersSre d81os astu, Cunningly to practise tricks. — Virg. Ne qua fraus, ne quia dSlus adbthcutur. That no dishonestff, no gtiih mi^ it: used. — Cic. Hie, ox fraude faliaciis, mendSeiis, constnre totus vKdCtuv, TMs man seems U, be wholly made up of trickery, deception, and falsehood. — Cic. 2. NectO, xui, xum, 3, to *e points. —Ctxea. (Direct form : V51o de his rebus tecum iig6re.) § 467. (B.) The subordinate Verbs in T?elative sentences, used by the original speaker in the Indicative Mood, are turned iuto tho Subjunctive in the oratio obliqua : as, Caesar legates cum bis mandatis mittit, .. haec esso quae ab eo mttaldret, Caftar $»nd» nmbateadore with these inslructiuni, ..that the /o^ lotoiiig were the demands he made of him, &c.— Cues. (Dirept form ; ila«c auut qnne a tepoum^.) THE gUBJUNfTTIVE MOOD. 119 Apud HyF.»rmn fldvimn AricfuMles ait, bestinl.is quajJara nosoi juat unum diem vivniU, On the bauki of the river nog, ArittoiU telU m iliere are tn««!<« productid which live only one day.- Cic. (Direct form : Sunt beetifllae quaedam quae unum diem vivunt.) Oh». But if • gtatement of the o-nVer'* be interwoten with ttie or«Mo o>H«e# w 120 INTRODUCTION TO LATIN PKOSB. §471. (E.) Verbs used by the speaker in the Subjunctive for the raost part remain in the same Mood in the oratio obligua : as, Caosar respondit .. " nulloa in Gallia vacare agroa. qui diri tantac inultUiKlIni potntd,' Caesar replied . . that " there were no lai^dt in Gaul that ooidd be given to to vngt a multitude."— Caea. (Direct fuiia: "Nulli ia Gullia vucaiit aari, aui dari vottint' oomp, § 480.) a «, «iiu umi pu^nm " Intellectunim qnid invicH Geiinilni, .. qui inter quntuordffcim ftnnoB tectum non inhieient, virtute potsint," " He (Caesar) would learn lohat the uneonquered OermanK, who for fourteen ymra had not had a rnnf over their hcwh, muld do in th p. field of 'buttle."— Oica. (Direct funu alau : " liui Hiil.ibsont CS 170) .. podsint " (§ 434> SYNONYMS. 1. JusjOrandiM, JOrisJOwndl, n. ,• and Jfir&menttun, i, n. ; denote t :Ml oath. Sacramentum, i, «., is a miUtary oath, by which a soldier pledgea himself noi to forsake las atanUanl : — Obltgare iUIquera nnittiae Hacrumento, To bind a man by oath to be a soldier — Cic. JQruTi vSrisrtmum pulcherrlmuraque jusj m andum, /rwore a most Inte nuA honourable oath. — Cic. 2. rterum, a second time. Eursum and Eursus, ones more, another timr. don^betor-^ *^' ^^ ^^'^fP^> ««•'« "fresh, as if nothing had bssn FSbaiam Itfirum li