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Un dea symbolas suivants apparaltra sur la darnlAre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le aymboia — ► signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbole ▼ signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charta, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure ara filmad beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, aa many frames aa required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Lea cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre filmte A das taux de reduction diffArents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre raproduit en un aaul clichA, il est filmA A partir de I'angle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en baa, en prenant le nombre d'imagea nAcaaaaira. Lea diagrammes suivants lllustrant la mAthoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 LOVELU8 SERIES OF SCHOOL-BOOKS. EASY LESSONS IN GENEEAL GEOGEAPHT, WITH MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS; BEING INTRODUCTORY TO "LOVELL'S GENERAL GEOGRAPHY." BY J. GEORGE HODGINS, LL.B., F.R.G.S., AUTHOR OF " GKOGKAPHY AHD niSTOUY OF THE BRITISH COLOJJIES," " LOVELL'S GENEBAL OEOOBAPHY," BTO. » ■' , • .1' * ' The study of Geography 18 both profitablo and dehghttal."— Milton. Ifilonttcal: '.^ . PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY JOHN LOVELL, ST. NICHOLAS STREET; AND SOTjD BT R. & A. MILLEB. • Coronto: B. ft A. MILLER, 62 KING STBEET EAST. , 1863. . , , , ...,,.,., m — . . * — J, i t * TT-; t — 1—1 1 r- I'l II 111! Ill » P E E F A C E. Lovell's Genebal Geography having already had such an extensive sale as to establish it in the favour of the educational public, it might be said that another work on the same subject was unnecessary ; but that work being considered by intelligent teachers as too far advanced for young beginners, the Author, at the request of Mr. Lovell, the enterprising publisher of a valuable series of School-Hooks for Canada, has consented to prepare, for use in junior classes, the following East Lessons in Genebal Geoqbaphy. The Easy Lessons are intended to be merely introductory to the larger work; and they are desigmd as far as possible, simply to form a brief outline of that work. The Author has, however, adojited a slightlj different plan (original so fnr as he has been able to learn) in the preparation of this book. He has, in the first place, sought to embody, in easy and familiar language, a Conversational Sketch of each division of the subject to which the attention of the pupil is directed. lie has then inserted a series of questions on the principal points of that sketch ; and has supplied, where deemed necessary, appropriate answers to those questions. These Conversational Sketches are also intended to promote another important object, and that is, the providing of easy Geographical Eeading-Lessons for junior classes, which are not to be found in the authorized National Readers. The " Conversational Trip" through each of the principal countries in the world, is designed to con- nect, in the mind of the pupil, the objects and associations of travel with a geographical knowledge of the more important physical features of coast-line, mountain, river, &c. The Review -Lessons, in connection with these Conversational Trips, will tend to fix the knowledge thus acquired, still deeper in the mind of the learner. The general arrangement of these "EiSY Lessons," as already intimated, is similar to that of the larger work ; and many; b'f.the definitions in the introductory part are the same. This will render the study of the "GENEEtvL Geogbapuy" itself more easy and agreeable to the pupil, while the disadvan- tage of using an evXii^lf new larger book will be avoided. The one gives a rapid and general view of the subject, suited to-a'-Heginner; the other is more minute and thorough, as well as better adapted to the more advanced, pupil. . ' Althoi^gh.the Aujthor has no pecuniary interest in either the "Easy Lessons" or the "Genebal Geogbaphy,"^ he cannot but express his grateful thanks to those influential persons who have so kindly expressed, to the publisher their high opinion of the Author's humble labours in the preparation of the " GEy.B^btAlj GEpiJHAPHY." He is more than gratified, also, at the success which has attended the publi- catj6n.ahd,s&Je ,df that work ; and for this reason he submits the present little work, with the anticipation mi Jliope tbqt it will meet with at least a portion of that favour which has been shown to his larger one. J. G. H. I'OBONTO, 8rd October, 1862. Entored, according to the Act of the Provincial Parliament, in the year one thouf>and eight hundred and sixty-three, by John ,LOT^LL, iu the Office of the ^e^ietrar nfUie Province of Canada. earlj coinl ): peaij or t| nsesl brigj It, al ^705-/ ty-thre«i ! EASY LESSONS IN GENERAL GEOGRAPHY. " He HAKQETn THE BAnTII UPON NOTHIMO."— Job xx\1. 7. Fig. 1.— TUB SUN, KAHTU, MOON, STARS, AND CLOUDS, IN TUE HEAVENS. PART I. [Before beginning our regwlnr lOTOona, wc will explain a few things which !>oy8 ui)il girlH cee every day, but which they do not understuiid. We hope they will pay attention to what we say, and try to reniembcr it] CONVERSATION OR READING LESSON No. I. Introductory Sketch. 1. When boys and girls awake in the morn- ing, that which helps them to see the things around them is the beautiful light of day. 2. At first they do not know where the light comes from ; but if they get up very early on a clear morning, they wUl see that it comes from the bright round Sun, which ap- pears to be slowly rising out of the ground, or trees, or water. 3. As they watch the Sun, they see that it rises higher in the sky (as in Fig. 1), and geta brighter; so that at last they cannot look at it, as it dazzles their eyes too much. ______ 4. The Sun always appears to rise in the east, and to set in the west. At noon it is high up in the southern sky, Jind then the shadows of houses, trees, &c., point toward the north. In the morning the shadows point to- ward the west, and in the evening toward the east. 6. After 12 o'clock in the day, the Sun ap- pears to come down lower and lower in the sky; so that toward evening it seems to be very near the ground again. 6. By and by it goes quite out of sight ; and then (if the night is fine) the Stars, and per- haps the Moon, appear in the sky. 7. The Stars are of different sizes: some twinkle very brightly, while others can scarcely be seen. 8. The new Moon, when it is first seen, looks like a silver bow. Every night it rises later than on the previous night ; and for a fortnight it gets larger and rounder, until it is " at the full." Atter this it begins to get EASY LESSONS IN GENERAL GEOGRAPHY. smaller again ; until at last it disappears, and cannot bo scon again until the next month. I 0. Tho Moon has no light of its own : it gets all its light from tho Sun. It has always I the same shape, and is nearly round. As how- ' ever it is (|uite dark itself, we can at first only I see as it were a little thread of tlio silvery bow : this is that part of it upon which the Sun shines. 10. Each night we sec a little more of tliis silvery part ; until at last the Moon is " at the full," and then wc see what is called a " Full Moon." 11. Although the Sun and Moon appear to bo about the same size in the sky, they are not so in reality. The Moon is only the one forty- ninth part of the size of the Earth ; while the Sun (which is so far off that it looks (julte small) is 500 times larger than the Earth, the Moon, and all the Stars which revolve around him put together. 12. The Moon looks much larger than any of tho Stars, because it is much nearer to us; but many of the Stars are hundreds of times larger than the Moon. Boys know how large a kite or a balloon looks when it is on the ground, and how small it looks when higli up in tlie air : it is just so with the size and appearance of the Sun, Moon, and Stars. 13. Now it will seem strange to our little reader to hear that the Sun does not rise at all (though it appears to do so) ; but that it is "the turning round of the Earth which makes the Sun appear to rise. For as the Earth (which is like a great ball) is constantly spin- ning round like a top, each part turns toward the Sun as it moves. Thus that part of the Earth on which a boy or girl lives, begins every morning to approach the Sun. At noon we are as near the Sun as we can be during tho day. We then begin to turn from it, and at midnight we are as far away as we can be during the night. Other places on the Earth, in their turn, get near and far from it also. 14. It will surprise little boys and girls to know that not only the Sun and the Earth, but the Moon and the Stars also, never leave the sky at all, though they are all constantly changing their positions there. During the daytime the light of the Sun is so much brighter than the light of the Stars, that wo cannot see their little twinkle. Many of tho Stars are a great deal larger tlian this whole Earth ; but as they are so very far off, they appear like mere specks, and we can only just see them. CKhcrs being nearer to us, are brighter than tlie rest. 15. The Earth turns round once in about 24 hours. An imaginary line through the centre of the Eartli (on which it turns) ia called its axis. The ends of this axis are called }>oles. Turning 12 hours toward the Sun makes it light; turning 12 hours from the Sun makes it dark. But as the north and south ends (or poles) of the Earth turn very slowly to or from the Sun, months (instead of hours, as with us) of light, twilight, darkness, and then twilight, light, kc, again, succeed each other there continually. As wo come away from the north and south poles, the days and nights become more of an equal length. When the days are long, tlie nights are short; and when the nights are long, the days are short. While we have day, other places have night ; and while we have night, other places have day. EXAMINATION OR REVIEW LESSON No. I. The Earth and its Appearance. Q. Whoro (loos tho liglit of day come from? A. From the Sun, which appears to rise up in the sky every morning. Q. Ill wlmt diiectiou docs the Sun appear to travel in the sky ! A. From east to west, along the southern sky. Q. When tlio Sun is out of sight at iiiglit, what do wo SCO it tlio sky is clear? A. The Stars, and also the Moon at her regular times of appearing. Q. Does tlio Suu rise every morning, as he appears to do ? A. No : it is the Earth which turns round and brings him into view every morning. Q. Where are the Stars during the day? A. In the sky; but as the Sun shines so brightly, they cannot be seen. Q. Whence do tho Moon and Stars get their light? A. The Moon gets her light from the Sun ; SKETCH OF TIME AND ITS DIVISIONS. but the Fixed Star?, which ore very fnr off, hiivc light of tlieir own, uiid arc suppoaod to bo other j^reat Suns. Q. Art' tlio StiirH as largo ns tlio MooiiT A. Many of thoiu arc in reality much larger than the Moon, but they all appear smaller because they arc much farther off. Q. .'low loiifjilooH it liiketlioKiiifli to turn once roiiiirl? A. About 24 hours ; giving us on an average about 12 hours of day and 12 hours of night. CONVERSATION II. Sketch of Time and its Divisions. 1. Most boys and girls know Avhat is the meaning of dnij and nlyht. Each day and night form part of a week, a week forms part of a month, and a month forms part of a year. 2. Every year begins on the first day of Jan- uary. There arc 305, or rather ):}('».^)|, days in a year. To make up for the (juarter-day, one whole day is added to the February of every fourth year, and this is called " leap-year." The 305 days are divided into 12 months, of nearly 30^ days each on an average. 3. The 12 months are divided into what are called four Seasons. Thus March, April, and May are called Spring ; June, Jtily, and August, Summer; September, October, and November, Autumn, or " the Fall," — for in these moutlis the leaves fall ; and December, January, and February, Winter. 4. We all welcome the Spring; for during this Season the grass and the flowers spring up in the earth, the leaves bud on the trees tmd plants, and the migratory birds come from the warm South to build their nests and to sing their merry songs. The farmer, too, is busy in ploughing, sowing, and planting. 5. The Summer, when not too hot, is very pleasant. The days then are the longest of the year, and boys and girls can play and enjoy themselves to their hearts' content. The flowers are fragrant and beautiful, and all nature seems tilive, 6. The Autumn brings with it the rich reward of the farmer's industry. Fruit, grain, and vegetables ai*e generally gathered in rich abun- dance, reminding us of God's goodness in bountifully supplying our daily wants. The Autumn also reminds us of the close of life ; for now the leaves wither and fall from the trees, and the birds take their flight to lands whose sunmicr is just commencing. 7. Winter comes ; and with it frost, snow, and storms. We seek warmth and protoc- ticm from the cold ; smd cattle seek shelter. Then is the time for skating and sleigh-riding. The lontr winter evcnmgs. too, bring with them time to proptirc for school, as well as to enjoy the reading of pleasant books from the school or the home library ; for good boys and girls read and study, as well as play. 8. The regularity with which these Seasons come round, should remind us of God's faithful promise to Noah (of which the beautiful rain- bow is the token), that he would never again destroy the World and its inhiibitants with water ; but that " while the earth rcmainoth, seedtime and harvest, and cold and heat, and summer and winter, and day and night, shall not cease." — Genesis viii. 22. EXAMINATION LESSON II. Time and its Divisions. Q. Nnmc the i)rliicii)nl tlivi)lc? A. Yes: •')() socoikIs make 1 minute. (■>0 minutes " ' hour. 21. hours " . ■': K. 7 diiys " i ;vvk. '4 weeks " 1 luunr* month. 13 lunnr months, or 7 ,,,„i.„ , „• -i „„„_ Q. How many clnys nurt weeks arc in a year? A. 305.^ days, or 52 weeks. Q. How many ilays are there in each month? A. Thirty diiys halli Soptoniber, Ai>ril, Juno, und Novonilior : l-'cbruiiry hath twonty-ei^'ht alone. And Jill the I'cst have thirty-one ; ]{ut loiip-yonr connn;; once in four, yebruiiry then hnth one day more. Q. Into liow many seasons is tlie year divided? A. Into four, called Spring, Summer, Au- tumn, and Winter. * From tlio Latin word Luna, the Moon. 6 EASY LESBONS IN GENERAL OEOGRAPIIY. Q. Namo tho moiitbi in each HcsBon. A. The S/irhtg months uro March, April, and May ; JSummer, June, July, and Augu»t ; Autumn, September, October, and November ; Winter, December, January, and February. O. DoDorlbo tho notuionii ot tipriiig, Sumnior, Autumn, and Winter, in your own wonU. Q. What proniino did Goo)(ra|)hyf A. A general description of the Earth. Q. What i8tlioF4irthr A. Tiie great (ilobo on whioli wo live. Q. Who made the Kitrtlif A. " In the beginning God created tho heaven and the earth." — Genesis i. 1. Q. Wlint a|>|ii>arunce dure tlie I>^trth present to us? A. It appears to us to bo nearly flat; and to be covered overhead with a lofty sky, which overarches us like a dome. Q. Ih tliiH a correct deMcription of the Karth? A. No: the Earth is rounded like an orange, as shown in Figures 1 and 2; and has tho sky on all sides of it, as shown in Fig. 1. Fig. 2.— ROT0HDITY OF THE EARTH ILLUSTRATED. Q. How can we prove tliat tlic Earth is round? A. By the appearance of a ship at sea. At first we can only see the top of its masts ; but afterward, as it comes nearer, its full size. Q. Into how many brandies is Geography usually divided, and name tlie'm t A. Three, — Math-e-mat-i-cal or As-tro-nom- i-cal, Phys-i-cal, and Po-lit-i-cal Geography. Q. Wiiat is Mutlicmatical or Astronomical Geography? A. A description of the Sun, Moon, and Stars; and of the Earth, as one of the planets in the Heavens. Q. Wliot is riiysical Geography? A. A description of the natural divisions of land and water on the Globe. Q. Wlittt is meant by tito Natural Divisions of tho Earth? A. The divisions formed by nature, such as Islands, Lakes, Seas, Oceans, &c., &c. TRATSD. 9. What la PolitioRl Geography r A. A dosoription of the various political divi- sions of the World, and of the extent of differ- ent countries. Q. What U meant by tb« Politloal Divlriona oftho World r A. Those divisions of the World which have been formed by man ; such as King-doms, Em- pires, Col-6-nies, and Ke-pub-lios. CONVERSATION IV. Something about the Hemispheres. 1. The Earth has more names than one. It is called a Planet, a World, a Ball, a Globe, and a Sphere. It is called a planet because it moves through the Heavens ; it is called a world because it is an inhabited part of God's great Creation ; and it is called a hall, globe, or sphere because it is rounded in shape. 2. As the Earth is shaped like a ball, we have to picture it either on a globe, or on a drawing called a map. As we turn round a globe, we can see each side of it; but on a map we have to picture each side separately. 3. As we cannot make a picture large enough to show every river, mountain, sea, ocean, or city on the Earth in its full size, we have to represent them on a map. But as the Earth is round, we can only show, in a drawing, half of it at one view. Such a drawing is called a hem-f-sphere, or half a sphere. On this drawing we have to put a number of round or curved lines to show that the Earth is round, and to point out where each place on its surface is situated. 4. These hemispheres have various names. The two usually shown on a map are called the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. These hemispheres show all the world east and west of Europe, where Geography was first taught. The Northern and Southern Hemispheres show those parts of the Earth north or south of the Equator, — of which we shall hear by and by. If you look on the map, or on the fol- lowing figure, you will see all the land and water divisions in each hemisphere. Fig. 8. EXAMINATION LESSON IV. The Hemispheres. Q. What iB tho Earth called r A. A Planet, a World, a Ball, a Globe, or a Sphere. Q, How is the World pictured to usf A. Either on a globe or a map. Q. Which is tho moHt natural way of showing us the whole Earth ? A. On a globe ; for we can then see its dif- ferent sides, and how the land and water are connected. Q. How l8 the Earth, when it is shown on » map, made to look like a ball? A. By means of the curved or circular lines which are drawn upon it to make it appear round, as on Fig. 3. O. How is it that we can only see half of the round World oil a map If A. Because as the paper is flat, so the sur- face of the map is flat also, which makes it impossible to show on it in one picture more than half of a round body. Q. How, then, is the other half of the whole World shown? A. By means of a second map, which shows the other half of the World. Q. What are these halves called f A. Hemispheres, or half-globes. Q. Which two arc most generally shown or used in Geographies? A. The Eastern and Western Hemispheres. Q. Why are they called the Eastern and Western Hemi- spheres? A. Because the chief part of the land and water described in them lies to the east and west of Europe, where Geography was first taught. 8 EAST LESSONS IN GENERAL QEOGRAPIIY. *y Lessout in-^*-"^ O. Namo and point out on the mop tlio principal coun- tries in this liominphcio. Q. Nnnio and point out the great oceanR on tlie map. Q. Name and point out, also, tlio position of tlio prin- cipal sea named. Q. Name and point out tlio positions of the principal bays and gults. Q. Name and point out tbo larger islands and island- groups ou the map. Q. Namo and point out tlio principal capos. Q. Name and point out tlio principal straits. Q. Name and point out tlio diiTerent zones and tropics. Q. Name and point out tbo equator, tbo two poles, and the two circles. Q. Name and point out tbo great mountain-ranges on tbo map. Q. Kamo and point out tbo principal rivers. O 1 ^'^ lU Lu»\v m' id»jrJ:,Cj,uV« tU. 80UTHKRN nKMIBrilKKES, OB KURTH AND BOUTU POLAll FUOJKCTIONS. the Equator. It contains the chief water- divisions of the Globe. Q. What circle and tropic aro wholly in this homi- sphere. A. The Ant-arc-tic Circle and the Tropic of Capricorn. Q. What is tho peculiarity of olimato in tho Southom Homisphero? A. In the Southern Hemisphere it is mid- summer in January, and mid-wintor in Juno. Q. Into what other Ilomisphoros is tho World some- times dividrd? A. Into the Land and Water Hemispheres. Q. Describe the Land*IIemisphoro. A. The Land-Hemisphere has Western Eu- rope for its centre. It contains nearly all the land on the Earth's surface. Fig. 6.- Hzmv LAND AND WATER nSMISFHKRES. ;^^" Q. Point out and name from Fig. 5 tho principal land- division in the Land-Ilemisphero. Q. Describe tho Water-llomispliero. A. The Water-Hemisphere has for its centre an island south-east of Australia. It contains nearly all the larger oceans and islands on the surface of the Globe. Q. Point out and name fVom Fig. 6 the principal ooeana in tho Water-Homisphcro. SKETCH OF TUB MARINER'S COMPASS. 11 CONVERSATION V. Sketch of the Mariner's Compass. 1. At first when persons wished to go by sea from one place to another, they had to keep in sight of hind; or by watching the Sun by day and the Moon or Stars by night, they might steer the ship correctly. When they could not see the land, the Sun, the Moon, or the Stars, their risk of being lost was generally very great. 2. This difficulty lasted a long time. At length, Marco Polo, a celebrated Venetian trav- eller, brought from China, in the year 1260, a curious instrument, afterwards called a mari- ner's compass, which consisted of a piece of lodestone placed upon cork and allowed to float on water. In this position the lodestone would turn toward the north. 3. Since Marco Polo's time, the compass has been greatly improved. It now consists of a piece of steel suspended on a point or pivot. This steel, when once touched by pieces of lodestone or magnet, continues to turn or vi- brate until it points towards the north, or North Mag-net-ic Pole, to which it is attracted by a strong but unseen influence called Mag-net-ism. Fig. 6.— THE MAKIMKK'S COMPASS. EXAMINATION LESSON V. The Mariner's Compass. Q. What is tho Mariner's Compass? A. An instrument made for the use, at sea, of mariners or sailors. Q. DoBcribo it as it appears at prosout. A. It consists of a small piece of magnetized steel, called a needle, which is suspended on a point or pivot so that it can turn round. Q. In what dhoction docs it point? A. To the North, as shown in the engraving. Q. Of what uso is tiio compass? A. It enables sailors and travellers to find their way across water and land ; for as it al- ways points in one direction, they know which way to go. Q. Name tho four principal points of tho compass. A. North, South, East, and West. \ To. Y— /^ ^-0>-^' north; r Fig. 7.— POISTS OP THE COMPASS SHOWN OH A MAP. Q. How aro these points sliown on a map ? A. The North is shown at the top, and the South at the bottom ; the East at the right hand, and the West at the left hand. Q. Namo tho other parts of the compass as shown in tho engraving. A. North -East, South- East, North-West, and South -West. 9. Why are tlio East, West, North, and South called tho cardinal or chief points of tho compass ? A. Because in the East the Sun appears to rise ; in the West he appears to set ; and because one end of the needle of the compass points to the North, and the other to the South. fmm 12 EASY LESSONS IN GENERAL GEOGRAPHY. CONVERSATION VI. Conversational Trip over Land and Water. [Wo will now try to oxplnin mnuv tliitiRs in another river, the first river is called a " Trib-u-tii-ry." The outlet of a river is called its " Mouth." Some- times the river flows directly into the sea or ocean, and then its mouth, if wide and the tide flows into it, is called an " Es-tu-a-ry." 7. Going farther along the road, wo begin to ascend a high piece of ground. This is called a " Hill." If this piece of ground is very Fig. 9.— A VOLCANO. CONVERSATIONAL TRIP OVER LAND AND WATER. 13 :en rocks, over low called a i from a irer, it is nay soon oi" water, on every c land at si.ei* " Shore." river, the " The Somc- ic sea or I the tide wc begin i is called is very high and rocky, it is called a " 3Iountain" ; and its top, when pointed, is called a "Teak." If a mountain throws out tire and si» 'to, it is called a " Vol-cii-no." 8. The mountains which stretch away on each side of us are called *' Mountain-ranges " ; and the space between them, in which the road winds along, is called a "Valley." If the space is very wide, it is called a "Plain." An immense plain with grass on it and no trees, is called a "Prairie" [pray-ri]. If this plain is sandy and is without grass, it is called a " Des-ert " ; and any fertile spot on it is called an " O-ii-sis." 9. And now we come near to a city or large town. (See Fig. 10.) Away in the distance on Fig. 10.— CITY, uAunouu, hoadstkau, cape, etc. the water we see the masts of ships. These ships have come across the ocean, which stretches away from country to country. 10. Some of the ships are quite near to the city, in a space of water called a " Har-bour " ; others are farther away, at anchor in a place called a " Roadstead," beyond a piece of land which runs out into the water. This piece of land (as in Figs. 10 & 11) is called a " Cape " : beyond it is a high and rocky cape, which is called a " Prom-on-to-ry " or " Headland." 11. Outside the harbour (in Fig. 10) we see a piece of land standing alone in the water, with trees on it. This is an " Is-land." Islands are of various sizes, and are found alone or in clusters in the ocean. If in clusters (as in Fig. 12), the sea is there called an " Arch-i-pel-a-go " [ark-i-]. If what appears to be an island (in the same figure) is joined to the main land or shore, it is called a " Pen-in-su-la " (or " almost an island "), and the place that joins it to the shore is called an "Isf tho Globo t, and in Q. Do you know anything about tho Ocean TidC8f A. Yes. At regular hours, the waters of an ocean overflow the land along the shore, and then flow 06" again : this is called a Tide. Q. What about Ocean Currents? A, The Ocean has also regular currents, when its waters flow steadily in one direction. Q. Name some of tho principal Ocean Currents. A. The Polar and Eq-ua-to-ri-al [ek-wS-] Currents, and the Mexican Gulf-Stream. Q. Name the Oceans, and point them out on Fig. 14. A. The Atlantic, Pacific, Indian and South- em, Arctic, and Antarctic. Q. Wliero is the Atlantic Ocean? A. It lies between America, Europe, & Africa. Q. Wlioro is tlie Pacific Ocean r A. It lies between America and Asia. Q. Whore arc tho Indian and Southern Oceans? A, They lie south of Asia, Africa, & America. Q. Wlioro are tho Arctic and Antarctic Oceans? A. The Arctic Ocean is at the North Pole, and the Antarctic is at the South Pole. EXAMINATION LESSON VII. Divisions of Land on the Olobe. Q. Name tho chief natural divisions of land. A. Continents, Islands, Pen-in-su-las, Isth- mus-es, Capes, &c. Q. What is a Continent? A. A vast portion of land containing many countries. / Fig. 15.— AN ISLAND (NEWFOUNDLAND). Q. Wliat is an Island? A. A large or small piece of land with water all round it. q. What is a Peninsula? A. A piece of land with water nearly all round it. Q. What is an Isthmus? A. A narrow neck or piece of land joining together two larger pieces of land. q. WliatisaCnpc? A, A piece of land stretching out into an ocean, a sea. or a lake. Fig. 16.— PENIK8ULA (NOVA BCOTIA) AND ISTHMUS. Q. Has a Cape any other names? A. Yes : it is also called a Point, Head, Headland, and Promontory (or high rocky cape). Q. What is a Prairie? A. A great wide piece or tract of country nearly level, and chiefly covered with grass. Q. WliatisaPlain? A. A wide piece or tract of level country. Q. What is a Desert? A. A large piece or tract of barren country. Q. What is an Oasis? A. A fertile spot in a desert. Q. What is a Mountain? A. A very high hill ; and its top, when pointed, is called a peak. Q. What is a Mountain-range? A. A number of mountains connected to- gether and stretching along or across a country. Q. What is a Volcano? A. A burning mountain. Q. What is tho mouth of a Volcano called? A. The crater ; from which issue fire, smoke, and lava or volcanic cinders. 16 EAST LESSONS IN GENERAL GEOGRAPHY. \l Fig. 17.— I'lCTOUIAL ILLUSTRATIONS OK VARIOUS GKOGllArillOAL TERMS. KEVIEW LESSON OX THE FOKEGOING ILLUSTKATION. Q. roiut out on the above illustration, and dcscribo in your own words, the following land-divisions :— Island,— Peninsula, — Isthmus, — Cape,— rromontory,—Coast,-15each,— Mountain-range,— Volcano,— Valley,— Desert. Also tho following water-divisions:— Ocean, — Sea,— Arcliii)eliigo,— Ciulf,—Bay,—Inlot,— Creek,— Lako,—Strait,— Sound,— Koad- stead,— Jlarbour,— Port,— Source of IIiver,—lliver,— Stream,— Waterfall,— Kapids,— Delta of Kivor,— Canal. Q. Point out in the illustnition and describe in your own words tho following objects on land:— Village,— Town, — City,— Capital,— Forest,— Kailway,—Tclegraph,—rort,— Lighthouse. Q. Whatisavaucy? , ^ rphat part of the land lying along the A. That part^ of a country lying between ! margin of an ocean, a sea, or a lake. Q. What is a Beach? A. The level part of a coast or shore. mountains or hills. Q, What is a Coast or Shore T DIVISIONS OF WATEE ON THE GLOBE. 17 EXAMINATION LESSON VIII. Divisions of Water on the Globe. o. How is the water on tho suriltoe of the Globe dlTidodr A. Into Oceans, Seas, Lakes, Rivers, &o. Q. Wbat is an Ocean f A. A great extent of water separating con- tinents. Q. What is a Soar A. A large space of water lying between different countries. Q. What is an Archipelago r (See Figs. 12 & 17.) A. Part of an ocean or sea containing a number of islands. ©. What is a Gulf? A. A very large body of water stretching into the land. Q. What is a Bay or Inlet f A. A smaller body of water stretching into the land. Q. What is a Laker A. A large or small body of water with land all round it (as in Fig. 8). Q. What is a Strait? A. A narrow passage of water connecting two larger bodies of water (as in Fig. 13). Q. What is a Channel f A. A wider passage of water than a strait. Q, What is a Sound? A. A shallow strait or channel. Q. Describe a Harbour. A. A Harbour is a sheltered place for ships. Q. What is a Biver? A. A River is a large stream of fresh water running in a channel over the land. Q, What are small streams of water called? A. Rivulets, Rill», or Brooks. Q. What is a Spring? A. Water springing up out of the ground. Q. What is a Waterfall? A. Water falling over a bank or over rocks. Q. WhatisaBapid? A. Water rapidly descending over rough stones or rocks ; a shallow portion of a river. Q. What is a Delta? A. Islands formed at the mouths of a river. Q. What are those rivers called which flow into other rivers? A. Branch Streams, Tributaries, or Affluents. Q. What is a Canal? A. A channel of water like an artificial river, designed for the passage of boats. Q. Wliat is a Swamp, Mo-rass, or Bog? A. A low, wet piece or tract of country. Q. What is an Estuary? -4. The wide mouth of a river into which the tide of the sea flows. EXAMINATION LESSON IX. Vaxions Objects on Land. Q. Explain the difference between a Village and a Town. A. A Village is a small collection of inhab- ited houses in the country; a Town is a larger collection of inhabited houses. Q. Describe a City. A. A City is a large town enjoying certain privileges conferred upon it by law. Q. What is meant by a Capital? A. A Capital is the seat of government and legislation in a country. Q. Describe a Forest. A. A Forest is a large tract of country covered naturally with trees and brushwood. Q. Describe a Railway or Bailroad. A. A Railway or Railroad is a levelled road on which are laid two long lines of iron rails, a few feet apart, for the passage over them of carriages, which are chiefly propelled by steam. Q. What is an Electric Telegraph? A. An Electric Telegraph is an invention for sending news and messages, to a longer or shorter distance, by means of electricity, which is sent along wires that are suspended on poles. Q. Describe a Fort. A. A Fort is a large earthwork or walled enclosure or building defended by cannon. Q. What is a Lighthouse? A. A Lighthouse is generally a lofty circular tower of great strength, erected on a dangerous coast or shore, from the top of which a strong bright light shines over the water "' night to guide or warn sailors. 18 EASY LESSONS IN GENERAL QEOGRAPIIY. EXAMINATION LESSON X. Size, Motion, and Measurement of the Earth. Q. or what 8izo is tbo Earth r A. It is about 8,000 miles straight through its centre, or diameter, auv'. '.«.irly 25,000 miles round its outside, or circumference. Q. How many motions has tho Earth ? A. Three : 1st, its daily motion on its own axis, or centre ; 2nd, its yearly motion round the Sun; and 3rd, its continuous motion in the sky with all the other planets. Fig. 18. Imilo. 1 Imile. Fig. 19. 8 miles in length. 1 m. sq., or 1 sq.m 1 m. sq., or 1 sq.m 1 m. sq., or 1 sq.m, 1 m. sq., or 1 sq.m t9 5. -a S '5 ? en 1 m. sq., or 1 sq.m 1 m. sq., or 1 sq.m, 1 m. sq., ar 1 sq.m 1 m. sq., or 1 sq.m 1 m. sq., or 1 sq.m. 1 m. sq., or 1 sq.m. 2 m. sq., or 4 sq. m. 6 squaro miles. Q. How is tho extent of a country measured? A. By miles of length and breadth, by square miles, and by miles square. Q. What is a mile in length? A. The distance, in a straight line, between one place and another, as shown in Fig. 18. Q. What is one mile square, or a square mile? A. A square piece of country every side of which is a mile in length. (See Figs.l8,19,& 20.) Q. What are square miles J A. A piece of country containing a number of miles square together, as shown in Figs. 18, 19, and 20. EXAMINATION LESSON XI.* Imaginary Lines on the Surface of the Earth and in the Heavens. Q. Describe tho Axis of tlie Earth. A. The axis is an imaginary line passing, from north to south, right through tho very centre of the Earth. HORTH POi.c COUATOR Fig. 20.— A PIECE OF COUNTKY 6 MILES IN LENQTH BY 2 WIDE, MAKIKQ 10 8QUAKE MILES. ^"UTH pout- Fig. 21.— AXIS, POLES, GREAT AND LESS CIRCLES. Q. What pro the North and South Polos? A. The precise points on the Earth's sur- face, at the north and south, where the Earth's axis terminates. Q. What is tho Equator? A. A line running round the Earth at an equal distance from the North and South Poles. Q. What are tho Meridians? A. Lines passing round the Earth through the North and South Poles. Q. What is a first meridian? A. A line running from north to south on the Earth's surface, through any particular place fixed upon by astronomers. Q. Do you Icnow of any such places fixed upon? A. Yes: Greenwich [grin-idj], near Lon- don, in England; Paris, in France; and Washington, in the United States. *Tlii8 Icgsou, following in it8 natural order, should have preceded Lesson V. It was deemed desirable however ratlior to familiarize the mind of the pupil, nt that stage, with the appearance of the Earth as it is actually seen by him, thaii to confuse him with a lei^son on the imaginary lines on itii Burtaco, which cannot be seen at ail. Tho lesson was there* fore transferred to this place. IMAQINAHY LINES ON THE EARTH AND IN THE HEAVENS. 19 } OIBOLZB. Q. What is tho uao of « U' i/)i)ridian«linof A. To calculate the distance in degrees east or west from such first meridian-line lo any other place on the Earth's surface. Q. What l8 Longitude r A. The distance in degrees of any place lying east or west from the first meridian-line. Q. AVIiatigLaUtudof A. The distance in degrees, from the Equa- tor to any place north or south of it. Q. What aro Parallclg of Latitude? A. Lines of latitude running parallel to the Equator. Q. Where are degrees of latitude and longitude marked on a mnpf A. Degrees of latitude are marked in figures on the right and left hand sides of a map ; and degrees of longitude at the top and bottom. Fig. 22. DSORXES, OmOLEB, BTO. Q. What is a Geographical Degree f A. A Geographical Degree is one of the three hundred and sixty equal parts into which every circle, whether large or small, is divided. Q. How many degrees are there from the Equator to either Polo? A. Ninety ; that is, one fourth of a circle. Q. What is a Minute? A. The one-sixtieth part of a geographical degree. (A minute is also the one-sixtieth part of an hour.) Q. What is a Second? A. The one-sixtieth part of a minute. Q. Repeat the Astronomical Table. A. 60 Seconds (") make a Minute ('). 60 Minutes make a Degree ("). 860 Degrees make a Circle (O)- 80 Degrees make a Sign of the Zodiac. 8 Signs, or 90 Degrees, make a Quadrant (or one fourth) of the Zodiac. 12 Signs, or 4 Quadrants, or 360 Degrees, complete the circle of the Zodiac. Q. What is a Sign of the Zodiac? A, It is one of the twelve parts into which the Ancients divided the Zodiac. Q. DoBcribo the Zodiac. A. The Zodiac is a space in the Heavens of eight degrees wide on each side of the ecliptic, within which all the planets perform their an- nual movements round the Sun. Q, Why was it called the Zodiac? A. Because the Ancients named its twelve parts chiefly after some animal, — and zodion is the Greek word for a " little animal." 4r ^.'■' roUALDAV&NicHT i*f /■■•••./^MAPICMa W-l Aaics . Fig. 24.— THE ZODIAC, WITH THE POSITION OF TJIS EARTH IN KACH OF THE FOUR HEA80N8. Q. Name the twelve signs of the Zodiac, '.d shown in the engraving. A. 1. A-ri-es, the Ham. 2. Tau-rus, the Hull. 8. Gemini [jeni'-i-ni], the Twins. 4. Can-cer, the Cral;. 5. Le-o, the Lion. 6. Vir-go, the Virgin. 7. Li-bra, the Balance. 8. Scor-pi-o, the Scorpion. 9. Sag-it-ta-ri-us [sadj-l, the Archer. 10. Cap-ri-cor-nus, the Goat. 11. Aquarius [&-kwa-r6-us], the "Water-bearer. 12. Pis-ces, the Fishes. Q. What is an Orbit? A. The path or course of any planet or other celestial hody in the Heavens. Q. Describe the Ecliptic. A, The Ecliptic is the apparent path of the Sun in the Heavens, hut is realli/ the path of the Earth round the Sun. nl I 20 EAST LESSONS IN GENERAL GEOORAPHT. Fig. 25.— THE zomsB, tbopicb, and circles. Q. TTby la It oiOlod tho Ecliptic r A. Because the eclipse, or partial darkening or hiding of the Sun or Moon from our view, takes place in or near it. Q. Doscribo the Arctic and Antarctic or Folar Circles. A. They are two circles round the Earth, each about 23^ degrees from the North and South Poles. Q. Foint them out in Fig. 26. Q, Kame the Tropics. A. The Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. Q. Describe them, and point them oat on Fig. 26. A. They are two circles running parallel to the Equator, one of which is about 23^ degrees north, & the other the same distance south of it. ZENITH Fig. 26.— THB ZBZnTH, HOBIZOK, ETC. Q. What are the Zones f A. Zones are belts passing round the Earth at equal distances from the Equator, and par- allel to it. Q. How many Zones are there 7 A. The Tropics and Polar Circles divide the Earth's surface into five Zones. Q. Name and point tliom out on Fig. 26. A. (1) The Torrid Zone, lying within the Tropics ; (2, 3) the North and South TempKB- rate Zones, lying at each side of the Torrid Zone; (4, 5) the North and South Frigid Zones, lying between the Arctic and Antarctic Circles and the Poles. Q. What are the Antipodes? A. They are points on the Earth's surface which are diametrically opposite to each other. Q. What is the Zen- ith? A. The place di- rectly over the head of the spectator, as iu Fig. 26. Q. What is the Nadir? A. The point in-;> the sky exactly op- posite to the Zenith, and under the spec- tator. rig.27.— "-rs: HOBizoirs. THE WORLD AND ITS INHABITANTS. 21 Q. Donoribo tho IToiizotit. A. The Sensible Horizon is where the Earth and the Sky appear to meet. The Rational Horizon is parallel to the Sensible, but 4,000 miles from it, as shown in Fig. 27. EXAMINATION LESSON XII. The Celestial or Heavenly Bodies. Q. Whnt celestial bodice roroire arouud tho Sunf A. The Planets, Comets, and Asteroids. Q. Wlmtital'lanotr A. A Planet (or " wanderer") is a heavenly body in motion. Q. Wliy is it oullod a rianot? A. To distinguish it from the Fixed Stars, which are supposed to be suna around which other planets, stars, &c., revolve. S>. Do tho rinnots always maintain tho samo rolativo onHiuthoskyr A. No: unlike the Fixed Stars, they are always slowly changing their places in the Sky. Q. WhatisaCoraotr A. A heavenly body whose orbit is very ec- centric, — that is, not near circular or round. Q. What ie the meaning of tho word Comotf A. " Comet " is from a Greek word meaning " hair," — so called from tho long bright hair-like tail which generally accompanies it. Q. What aro Aetoroidsr A. Asteroids are small bodies having the "form" of stars. They are, too, called Planetoids, because they have also the " form " of planets. Q. Namo, in the order of thoir IN- OQ ^r.»«...A ^^> the principal I'lauetfl which ^S^.rl^-:r.la^Z^^^Z rovolvo round the Sun. TIVB BIZES Of THB PLANETS. ^, Mer-cu-ry, Mars, Ve- nus, the Earth, Nep-tune, Ur-&rnus, Sat-urn, and Ju-pi-ter. Q. What aro HoonB, and how many baa each planet f A. Sat-el-lites, or "attendants," which re- volve round the planets. Each planet has from one to eight moons attending it. *apiTER URANUS NEPTUNE EXAMINATION LESSON XIII. The World and its Inhabitants. Q. Of what is tho Earth'i lurflico compoiod or made up f A. Clay, sand, rocks, stones, and metals. Q. Namo some of tho principal metal*. A. Gold, silver, copper, iron, lead, and tin. Q. What growH out of tho Earth's lurflioof A. Trees, plants, grass, grain, vegetables, &o. Q. What kinds of living creatures aro found on itf A. All kinds of tame and wild beasts, birds, reptiles, and insects. Q. Does anytlUng livo in the waters of tho Ocean? A. Yes : great whales and all kinds of fish. Q. Can anything else but whales and fish liro in tho waters? A. Yes : there are a great many birds and animals that live partly on land and partly in the water. Q. How was mankind scattered over the Earth? A. A long time after Adam and Eve, our first parents, died, their children or descendants, who attempted to build the Tower of Babel, were scattered by God over " the face of all the Earth." — Genesis xi. 8. Q. How are they now distinguished? A. Their descendants who remained in Asia, are copper-coloured; those who moved into Europe, became white in course of time ; and those who moved into Africa, became black. EXAMINATION LESSON XIV. Oovemments and Religions of the Earth. Q. Do all the inhabitants of tho World livo in ono country ? A. No : they live in different countries, and are divided into a great many nations. Q. Are they all ruled by tho eomo laws and under tho same government? A. No : each nation has its own laws and its own kind of government. Q. What is the city or plaoo called at which tbo laws are made? A. The Capital, or Metropolis. (See Fig. 17.) 22 EASY LESSONS IN GENERAL OEOOUAl'IIY. Q. >Vhat aro ttio namci of tlio front uatiuual UlvUlulii uf tho :artbr A. Empires, KingdomH, Republics, Ducbios, und rrincipulitics. Q. What li an Empire r A. One or more coun- tries governed by an Km- pcror, Empress, or Sultan. Q. WhatiRnUingilomir A. One or uioro coun- tries governed by a King <^ or Queen. Q. What Is tho Ronoral nomo for rulori of tliJtt kiitdf A, Sov-ctQignB, or Mon- archs. Q. What in tho ponornl nnmo for coiiiitrioR Kovonird bv this kind of riiltTH, aud how are they dintlii- guishcdr A. Mon-ar-cbics r-kiesl • _, ^ „„,! .1 -i^i ■- AL-"' Fig. 29.— MAirWKB OF ana they are either Abso- lute or Con-sti-tu-tion-al [-shd-nal]. Q. Doscribo an Absolute 3Ioiiarchr A. A monarch whose power is not limited by law, as in Russia or Turkey. Q. Doscribo a Constitutional or Limited Monarch? A. A monarch whose power is limited by law, as in England. Q. WhntlsalJcpubllc? A. A country governed by a ruler called a President, who is elected for a certain number of years. Q. What nro Duchios and Principalities? A. Countries governed by Dukes and Prin- ces, who are either elective or hereditary. Q. What do you understand by hereditary government ? A. A government carried on by the son or heir of the last preceding ruler. Q. Arc all the nations equally civilized? A. No : some are uncivilized, others are half- civilized, and the remainder are fully civilized. Q. How do nations become fully civilized? A. By means of the religion of the Bible, aided by education. WOIlSnH' oil SYMHOl.H OF THE DIFFERENT nELIOIOKS. Q. Do all tho nations of tho World beliovo in tho Christian religion? A. No: tho Jews, the Mohammedans, and Pagans do not believe in it. Q. In what do tho Jews beliovo? A. They believe in the Old, but not in the New, Testament, and are still looking for a Messiah or Saviour. Q. In what do tho Mohammedans brliovo? A. They believe in the pretended revelations from Heaven of Mahomet (a religious impostor who lived in Arabia about 600 years after our Saviour's advent). Q. In what do Tagans or Idolaters beliovo? A. They believe in false gods, and worship idols made by their own hands. Q. In what do Christians beliovo? A. They " believe in God, the Father Al- mighty, maker of Heaven and Earth; in Jesus Christ, his only Son, our Lord "; and in " the Holy Ghost, the Comforter." They believe also in the Bible, as God's word, — through which " holy men of old spake as they were moved by the Holy Gfost." [I Am tmm* PART II. LESSONS ON THE GEOORAniY OF EACH COUNTRY. CONVERSATION VII. Oonveriational Trip through North America. [Dcforc l<>ariiln(( tho (icoKrnphy of each country in N. Amorlcn, wu nIiuII ninko a rapid trip uvor Uiu wliolo of it.] 1. And firflt, boforu comtucncinf^ our trip, wo wish to tell our young friends that the Northmen, chiefly from Norway, aro supposed to have discovered, by way of Icehind, tho northern part of America about 800 years ago. Christopher Columbus, who re-discovcred America, sailed from Spain nearly 400 years ago, and on his first voyage across tho Atlantic Ocean landed on ono of tho West-India Isl- ands. He did not reach tho continent itself until two years afterwards. 2. One of tho companions of Columbus, named A-mcr-l-cus Vcs-pu-ci-us, wrote, after his return to Spain, an account of this discovery of tho New World, and the country thus described came by degrees to be known as America. 3. After farther exploration on tho new cc-itinent, it was found that it consisted of two great parts, which were called North and South America, They aro connected by tho narrow isthmus of Da-rl-en,or Pana-maf-mah]. 4. Shortly after Columbus, Sir John Cii-bot, who discovered British North Aujorica, sailed from England, and reached an island ofi" tho coast of Amcrica,which he called Newfoundland. 5. Leaving this island, wo sail up the Gulf and River St. Lawrence, the Lakes On-ta-ri-o, E-rto, Hu-ron, and Superior, to Lake Win- nt-peg. From this lake wo proceed along the Sas-katch-e wan river to tho Rocky Moun- tains ; beyond which aro British Co-lum-bi-S., Vancouver [van-koo-vor] Island, and the groat Pacific Ocean. e. Sailing up tho Pacific coast, we pass Rus- sian America, and then round it into the Arc- tic Ocean. Passing on through this region of ice and snow, we see many islands and other places (which have become famous frDin the search which was made amon them for tho cfllcbratcd English Arctic explorer. Sir J. Frank- lin), and ttit' Hnffin's Bay and Davis' Strait. 7. On one tsidc w«' see Greenland, and on tho other »i(h;, Lab-rO-dor. West of Labrador is a great inland s<'a called Hudson Bay. Passing down Davis' Htrait, we ogain roach Newfoundliind. 8. Sailing to the south, wo pass Nova Scotia and reach tho United States. Down this coast wo see the Bcr-niu-dii Isles, nearly opposite Capo Ilat-tiJ-ras. Wo soon reach the Bii-ha-mjl Islands and Flor-Y-dti, and pass into the Gulf of Mexico. 9. From this Gulf wo sail up tho noblo Mississippi river, touch at New Orleans, and pass on to tho far north. If wo branch ofiF near St. Louis and follow up the 3Iis8ouri River, wo can once more cross tho Rocky Mountains and reach the Pacific Ocean again. 10. Sailing down tho Pacific coast, we pass Or-e-gon, Cal-l-for-nt-ii, and Mexico, till we roach Central America. Crossing it, wo reach tho Ca-rib-be-an Sea ; and just before us lie Jamaica, Cuba, Hayti, Porto Rico, and other w oil- known West-India Islands, — ono of which was reached by Christopher Columbus when he discovered the New World. (See map of West Indies, farther on.) Thus we end our rapid trip. EXAMINATION LESSON XV. Continent of America. Q, Wlion and by wliom wag America discovorod? A. By tho Northmen, about 800 years ago ; and by Christopher Columbus, in October 1492. <;>. How did tlie now continent rocoivo tlio name of America? A. It was named after Americus Vespucius, who wrote an account of the voyage of Colum- bus to the New World. Q. Name tlio two groat 'livisions of America. A. North America and South America. Q. By wliat aro they connected 1 A. By the isthtuus of Darion, or Panama. (See Western Hemisphere, page 8.) 24 EASY LESSONS IN GENERAL GEOGRAPHY. PRINCIPAL ANIMALS ON THE CONTINENT OP AMERICA. EXAMINATION LESSON XVI. North America. 0. Point out and name the principal animals on tho Contmcut of America, as shown in tiie engraving. A. 1, the Wolf; 2, the Fox; 3, Otter; 4, Bear; 5, Moose; 6, Llama; 7, Buffalo (or, more correctly, the Bison) ; 8, 9, Beaver ; 10, Wild Horse; 11, Condor; 12, Alligator. Q. Trace on tho map tho tr^i which we have just made. Q. roiut out on the map the boundaries of North America. Q. Point out and name tho chief divisions of North America. A. Greenland, or Danish [day-nish] Amer- ica ; Russian [rush-an] America ; British America; the United States; Mexico; Cen- tral America; and the West-India Islands, S. Point out and name tho groat mountain-ranges in I America. A. The Rocky Mountains, on the Pacific coast, and the Alleghany [al-le-gay-ne] Moun- tains, on the Atlantic coast. Q. Point out and name the principal lakes. A. Ontario, Erie, Huron, Michigan [mish- e-gan'], Superior, Winnipeg, Ath-S-bas-cS,, Great Slave, and Great-Bear Lakes. Q. Point out and name the groai rivers. A. The St. Lawrence to the east, the Mis- sLspippi to the south, and the Mackenzie to the north. Q. Point out and name the other principal rivers. A. Ottawa, Ohio, Rio Grande, Missouri, Saskatchewan, Columbia, and Kwickpack. Q. Point out and name the oceans. A. The Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic Oceans. Q. Point out and name the great bays at the north. A. Baffin's and Hudson liays. Q. Point out and name tho principal gulfs. A. St. Lawrence, Mexico, and Calii'ornia. Q. Point out and name tho principal straits. A. Davis, Bcl/c'-Tsle, and Yu-ca-tan Channel, along the east coast. Q. Point out and name the principal islands. A. Parry, Melvil/*'; Banks, Albeit, and a Land; Booth-i-a, Cockburn [ko-burn], I'land, and Southampton, at the north; Victoria Cumberla Newfoundland, Cape Bret-on, Long Island; aiima. >j ZJTJ) liyWti A i &E MaaatMi. Ilii(i:>ved.JiT£ISE AJRtrsS&Ui the Bermuda, Ba-ha-ma, and other islands of the West Indies, off the east coast; Vancouver and Queen Charlotte's, off the west coast. Q. Point out aud name the principal capes. A. Farewell, Charles, Race, Breton, Sable; Cod, May, Hat-te-ras; Ca-toche [-tosh], Gra- ! 26 EASY LESSONS IN GENERAL GEOGRAPHY. cias-a-Dios [gra'-se-as-a-dee'-oce], Cor-ri-en-tes, St. Lucas, Men-do-ci-no [-se-no], Blanco ; Flat- tery, Barrow, &c. Q. Point out and name the chief peninsulas. A. Greenland, Labrador, Nova Scotia, Flor- ida, Yucatan, California, and Eussian America. EXAMINATION LESSON XVII. Bussian, Danish, and French North America. Q. Feint out on tlio map tho position and boundaries of EusHian America. Q. Name and point out on tho map its river and cape. A. River Kwickpack and Cape Barrow. Q, What countries are included in Danish America? A. The peninsula of Greenland, and the island of Iceland. (See W. Hemisphere, p. 8.) Q. Toiut out their position on the map. O. Point out on tho map of Newfoundland, and namo tho i rench islands. A. Miquelon and Langley; capital, St. Pierre. Q. What is tho occupation of their inhabitants y -.1. Cod-fishing, and drying the fish for export. EXAMINATION LESSON XVIII. Hudson-Bay Territory. Q. Point out on tho map of North America the position of the vast territory around Hudson liay. Q. After whom was this territory named ? A. After Henry Hudson, an Englishman, who discovered the bay about 250 years ago. Q. For what is it chiefly noted? A. For its numerous rivers, and the valuable furs of its wild animals. Q. Point out and name thoso rivers. A. Great Whale river. Red river, Saskatch- ewan river, and Mackenzie river. Q. What places lie to the south between James Bay and tho llocky 3Iountains? A. Various trading-posts ; the principal one of which is the Red-River Settlement. Q, For what are these areas of country chiefly noted? A. For their fertile soil and rich coal-fields. Q. Name and point out tho principal rivers and lakes in these sottloments. Q. What country lies between Hudson Bay and New- foundland ? A. Labrador, a cold country, but with valu- able fisheries off the coast. EXAMINATION LESSON XIX. British Columbia and Vancouver Island. Q. How can you reach Dritish Columbia from the Upper Saskatchewan river? A. Through several passes, or openings, in the Rocky Mountains. Q. Point out the position of British Columbia. Q. Namo and point out its principal rivers. Q. For what is it chiefly noted ? A. For its rich gold-fields. Q. Name and point out tho capital. A. New Westminster, near the mouth of the Eraser river. Q. Point out on tho map tho position and boundaries of Vancouver Island. Q. Point out its straits, gulfs, &c. Q. For what is it chiefly noted ? ' A. For being the largest island on the Pacific coast, and for its fisheries, coal, and furs. Q. Name and point out its capital. A. Victoria, at the south of the island. EXAailNATION LESSON XX. British North America. Q. Point out on the map of North America, the boun- daries of Britisli Nortli America. Q. What ocean lies to tho north?— to the east?— and to tho west? Q, What groat bay lies north of Canada? Q. What smaller bay lies between Hudson Bay and Canada? Q. What bay and strait lie still farther to tho north- east? A. Baffin's Bay and Davis' Strait. Q. What great range of mountains lies near the Pacific coast? A. The Rocky Moun^:.ins. ra and lakes f and New- Tiih valu- Island. I from the inings, in ia. th of the lundaries of le Pacific irs. ind. iX. the boun< ?— and to Day and the north- he raciflo CONVEIUBATIONAL TRIP THROUGH THE B. N. A. PROVINCES. 27 Niagara river into Lakes Erie, St. Clair, and Huron; and at the Sault Ste. Mariefdo-sant'- sjo-ree'j, pass into Lake Su- perior; and thus reach the N. W. limits of Upper Canada. EXAMINATION XXI. LESSON sailing CONVERSATION VIII. Conversational Trip through the Provinces of British North America. 1. From the island of Newfoundland, we sail a little to the south and touch at Cape Breton island, and then reach Prince-Edward Island. South of this island, we see an isth- mus which joins Nova Scotia to New Brunswick. 2. Touching at the Magdalen Islands, and up the Gulf of St. Lawrence, we see before us Anticosti island and the coast of Labrador. Turning to the left hand, we enter the noble Canadian river St. Lawrence, — so called by its discoverer, Jacques Cartier. 3. Proceeding up this river, we first pass the Sag-we-nay river and reach Quebec. We then pass the river St. Mau-rice, and reach Mont- real, on the island of that name. At the head of this island, we see the river Ottawa, which separates Upper from Lower Canada. Still sailing up the St. Lawrence, we reach the boundary-line between Canada and the United States, and enter the beautiful Lake Ontario at Kingston. From Kingston we reach To- ronto; and pass over from it to the magnifi- cent Falls of Niagara, — one of the greatest wonders of the world. 4. From these Falls we pass rapidly up the Provinces of British North America. O. Trace on the map of the B.N. A. Provinces the trip we have just made. Q. Point out on the same map the position of Nowfoundlanrt, Capo Breton, Nova Scotia, I'rinco-Edward Island, New Urunswiclc, Lower Can- ada, and Upper Canada. Q. Point out on the map and name their capitals. Q. Point out and name tlie other large cities. Q. How many of these Provinces touch upon the coast? A. All but Upper Canada. V. Name and point out the chief rivers and lakes. Q. Between wliich two lakes do the Niagara Falls occur? A. Between Lakes Erie and Ontario. Q. What country and hay lie north of Upper Canada? A. Prince-Rupert Land, and James Bay. Q. What bay lies west of Upper Canada? A. Georgian Bay, east of Lake Huron. Q. Wliich of the United States lie south of Canada? Q. What islands lie in the Gulf of St. Lawrence? A. Anticosti, Magdalen, Prince Edward, Cape Q. Namo and point out the bays, capes, and straits, Breton, and Newfoundland. CONVERSATION IX. Conversational Trip throngh New- foundland. 1. If we follow the route of the Canadian steamers from Canada to Europe, we shall soon enter the Strait of Belle Isle, — so called from an island of that name north of Newfoundland. 2. Passing out of that strait, we turn to the south along the "Banks" until we first reach Cape Freels, and then Cape Bonavista, — which latter cape is supposed to have been the m land first seen by Sir John Cabot when he discovered the island. 3. Farther on, we reach St. Johns, the capi- tal of the island, situated on a peninsula indented with several deep bays. Rounding this peninsula by way of Cape Race and going westward, we touch at the islands of French North America. 4. From this point round by Cape Ray to the Strait of Belle Isle, the coast is but little inhabited, except by fishermen, who land to dry their fish. The interior contains several ponds or lakes. A telegraph-line, by way of Cape Ray, connects Newfoundland with Nova Scotia. APPEARANCE OP NEWFOtTHDLAirD FBOM A BALLOON. EXAMINATION LESSON XXII. Newfoundland Island. Q. Trace on the map tho trip which wo bavo just made. Q. Toiut out ou tbo map tbo position and boundaries of Newfoundland. Q. What countries lie nortb-wost of tho island? A. Labrador and Canada. Q. Point out on tbo map and name its bays and capes. Q. Point out and name its ponds or lakes, and rivers. Q. Point out and name its district-divisions. Q. For what is Newfoundland chiefly noted? A. For its valuable coast-fisheries, and for being the first-settled British-American Colony. \J so &» ".Ji f L '■ii»%.'- '••:^-^^:ki^i^^fi- ■»»-^.— avy-»T«»-ii,-mT«yaT.T.-w.»TMW. 0. "What is peooUar about Newfonndland? I 0. Point out on the map tho course ot the telegraph I between St, Johns and Nova Scotia, by way of Capo Kay. A. The fogs on the coast, and the great q. what strait Ues at tho north of the island r Band-banks at the S. and E. of the island. A. The Strait of Belle-Isle,— through which m 30 EASY LESSONS IN GENERAL GEOGRAPHY. the Canadian mail-stcanicrs pass, in the sum- mer season, on their way to and from Europe. Q, I'oint out and name tho inpital of Newfoundland. A. St. Johns, at the south-east of the island- CONVERSATION X. Conversational Trip through Prince- Edward Island. From Newfoundland wc proceed in a south- westerly direction to Prince - Edward Island. As we go round the coast of this island, we see that it is crescentrshaped. We see also that two deep bays cut the island nearly into three parts. Near HillsboroM^/t Bay we find Char- lottetown, the capital. EXAMINATION LESSON XXIII. Prince-Edward Island. ?. Tolnt out on tho map of Nova Scotia, tho position oundnrios of rrinco-Euward Iiiland. Q. Wliat countries lie to tho S. E. and S. W. of itf A. Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. Q. roint out and namo its principal bays and capes. Q. Nnmo and point out its county-divisions. A. King's, Queen's, and Prince counties. Q. For what is the island chiefly noted f A. For its fertility and its healthy climate. Q. Namo and point out tho strait at the south. Q. Point out and namo its capital. A. Charlottetown, near Hillsborough Bay. CONVERSATION XL Conversational Trip throngh Nova Scotia and Cape Breton. 1. From Prince -Edward Island, we sail across Northumberland Strait to Bay Verte, on the north-west coast of Nova Scotia. From this we go eastwards, passing Pic-tou [-too] and Cape St. George, and cross St. George's Bay. 2. From Port Hood we go north-east along Cape-Breton coast till we reach Cape North. APPEARAACK OF KOVA SCOTIA, ETC., FIIOM A BALLOOK. Rounding it, we follow the coast and explore Bras d'Or Lake, and pass Sydney, the capital. 3. As we reach the Atlantic Ocean, we turn to the south-west along the coast, passing Cape Canso ; until we reach Halifax, the capital of Nova Scotia, with its fine and spacious harbour and well-fortified citadel. 4. From Halifax, we go on to Cape Sable ; where we round the peninsula and turn to the north-west into the Bay of Fundy. We find the upper end of this bay divided by the Cobe- quid range of mountains into Mi-nas or Mi-nes Channel and Chiegnecto Bay. 5. At Windsor, in Hants County, south of Minas Basin, we can take the railway for Hali- fax. From Halifax we proceed along another line of railway to Truro, and from it on till we reach Bay Verte again. EXAMINATION LESSON XXIV. Nova Scotia and Cape Breton. Q. Trace on tho map the trip which wo have just made. Q. Toint out on the map tlie position and boundaries of the Province of Nova Scotia and Capo Breton. Q. What island lies north of Nova Scotia ? A. Prince Edward and Cape Breton. Q. To what Province is Nov* Scotia eonnoctod by an isthmus ? A. To New Brunswick, at the north-west Q, Name and point out tho principal harbours. Q. Point out and name Ibeir principal bays and capes. Q. What is peculiar about tho Bay of Fundy? A. It is generally very stormy, and its tides sometimes rise 60 feet high. ^, .. -.■ 82 EAST LESSONS IN GENERAL OEOORAPLf. Q. Namo and point out the principal Inlcos, rivon, and mountaiim. Q. Name and ))oiiit out the county the 8t. Lawrence ut Muutrculf A. The Victoria, which is shaped like a tube or box, and is nearly two miles long. Q. Name tho cliicf town in tho Eastern Towntihipsf A. Sherbrooke, on the rivers St. Francis and Magog. , What railway connects Quebec and Montreal with Fortfand in the State of MaiuoV A. The Grand Trunk Railway, which ex- tends to Lake Huron in Upper Canada. Q. Which are tho principal islands in the Si Lawrence? A. Montreal, and Isle Jesus, at Montreal; Orleans, at Quebec ; and Anticosti, in the Gulf. CONVERSATION XIV. Conversational Trip through Upper Canada. 1. Leaving Montreal by the Ottawa river, we reach Ottawa City, the new capital of Ca- nada. On our way up we see many rivers flow- ing into the Ottawa. 2. We can also reach Upper Canada by the St. Lawrence, and pass many flourishing tow'ns and villages on our way. The rapids on this river are beautiful ; so also is the scenery among the Thousand Islands, near Kingston. 3. At ICingston we reach Lake Ontario; proceeding up which, we pass Cobourg, Port Hope, and Whitby, before we come to Toronto; 4. From Toronto we cross the lake to the ■tlai iC<»0<> mi la An e (t 3' ^^^'^ le SB «o ■ f* r* f* r* B a " * tt ff. ss K "* 2 2 S X w w w Ksa B (5 » O O B'B'-.S o 9 s a fl s "3 § 8 I ^^^^ to » te (s o n o n o o o o e o B a B a B B ad:a:fl; o o s 2 tx 00 Qt) t^ a' V 5* o p. T « s 3 B-B*?^® > A 2 B or S ^ •4 s 86 UPPER CANADA — SKETCH OP THE QUEEN. colubrated Falls of Niagara ; thonce wo so westward to St. Catherines, Hamilton, Pans, Brantford, Woodstock, London, St. Thomas, and Chatham, to Lako St. Cluir. 6. From Lake St. Clair, wo go northward, past Surnia, into Lako Huron. Thence, touch- ing at Godcrich, wo go along the County of Bruce peninsula to the island of Manitoulin, and to the Bruce Minos; and on to Suult Stc. Mario, at the entrance of Lake Superior. 6. Retracing our steps, we enter the Geor- gian Bay; and reaching Collingwood, wo pro- ceed to Barrio and Lake Siincoe. At Boa- verton wo cross over to the chain of lakes in the Counties of Victoria, Petorboro', Northumber- land, and Hastings, till wo reach the river 3Ioira, at the mouth of which is Belleville. 7. From Belleville we pass down the beau- tiful Bay of Quint<5, north of Prince-Edward County , till we roach Kingston again. EXAMINATION LESSON XXV. Upper Canada. Q. Trnco on tho map tho trip Just mndc. Q. Point out tlio boundarirg of Ui:pur Canada. ° Q. Point out rnd name each of tho grcnt lalcefl. Q. What river bLparat08 Upper from Lower Canada If A. The Ottawa, which falls into the St, Lawrence at the island of Montreal. Q. Point out tho other boundary-ri vera of Upper Canada A. The Niagara, Detroit, and St. Clair. Q. What bays lie north of Groy and Simcoo Counties? Q. What Ukci llu between tliu Ottawa river and Uuor- glan llayf Q. Wliat riven (tow Into (leo> -Ian Uayf V- Wliot rivori ttow into Utiti .->t. C'lulrf BITILDIKOB, OTTAWA CONVERSATION XV. Conversational Sketch of the dueen. 1. All good and loyal little boys and girls will no doubt like to hear something about our groat and noble Queen. When she is addressed in writing by any of her subjects she is styled Her Most Gracious Majesty Queen Victoria; but she is generally called Tho Queen. 2. The Queen lives in England, where she has several beautiful palaces, in different parts of the country. In London several wise and distinguished men assist her in governing her groat empire. 3. Among tho Queen's forefathers were the celebrated Alfred the Great, and William the Concjueror. Tho King who reigned before our Queen was her uncle, William IV. When ho died, she was made Queen of the whole British empire (including all the British colonies). 4. The Queen had an excellent mother, who early taught her to love God. When her uncle died and she was told that she was a Queen, her first act was to kneel down and pray to God for his divine guidar 3. 5. The Queen has ever sinc'i ruled the empire so wisely, that she is greatly beloved by ' \1 her subjects. She has a number of children, who, from their high rank, are called Princes and Princesses. Her eldest son, the ^^ Prince of Wales, visited the British North- ' American Provinces in 1860, and was wel- comed with great love and rffection by all classes of the people. ««) B-a.g I? b R"B IT'S' B £• ^ i ^^^fV9^^lH'i>-fi i.i;i^f i^EV! \ :l',.il KM 88 GOVERNMENT OF CANADA — TRIP THROUGH THE UNITED STATES. <{; 'li I God," but to " honour "IQ ueen, or BEB MAJESTY QUEXN VICTORIA. 6. In 1861 the Queen suffered a great loss in the death of her noble husband, Prince Albert the good. All her subjects mourned with her, and from every part of her vast em- pire she has received the warmest sympathy. 7. Our duty to the Queen is to love her, and to obey the laws of our country. The Bible says, "fear God and honor the King," and "obey them that have the rule over you." With one heart and voice, our prayers for her should continually ascend ; and, in the words of our National Anthem, we should all heartily sing: " God save our gracious Queen, Long live our noble Queen! God save the Queen ! Send her victorious, Happy and glorious, Long to reign over us ! God save the Queen l" the King, chief ruler ^ Q. Ilow, then, should wo act a8 dutiful subjects of the y ueoii ? A. We should be truly loyal to her as our Sovereign ; and we should obey God's laws, as well as those of our country. Q. Who represents the Queou in Cauaua? A. His Excellency the Governor General. Q. By whom arc the laws of Canada enacted? A. In Canada by the Queen's Represen- tative, with the advice and consent of the Le- gislative Council and House of Assembly; and in England by the Queen, with the con- sent of Parliament. EXAMINATION LESSON XXVI. The Queen and the Qovemment of Canada. Q, Give some account of the Queen in your own woil ^a, Q. What is our duty towards the Queen? A. The Bible teacles ns, not only to " fear CONVERSATION XVI. Conversational Trip through the United States of America. 1. Leaving Canada by the Grand Trunk Railway, we soon reach Portland, in the State of Maine. From that city we can go along the coast to Boston, the capital of Massachusetts ; thence round Cape Cod to New York, which is the chief shipping-port of the United States. ^ 2. From New York we go up the Hudson river to Albany, and thence to the great lakes; or still proceeding along the sea- coast, we pass Delaware Bay, some distance up which is Philadelphia. Farther to the south is the city of Washington, the capital of the Northern United States. 3. From Washington we pass through Vir- ginia, by way of Richmond (capital of the Southern Confederate States), to the ocean again. Going still farther south, we pass the States of North Carolina, South Carolina, IBR IkorsV ^ C-Sca)ill. IgruW. C, VR Georgia, and their commercial cities of Wil- mington, Charleston, and Savannah, till we reach the peninsula of Florida. Going round Florida, we pass along the coasts of the States of Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana. 4. In Louisiana we enter the great Missis- sippi river, and, going northward to its source, we pass, on the right hand, the States of Mis- sissippi, Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, and Wisconsin. At Kentucky the Ohio river joins the Mississippi ; along the northern banks of which are the States of Indiana and Ohio. 5. On the left-hand side of the Mississippi from its mouth, we pass the States of Louis- iana, Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, and Minne- sota. Coming down the river again to Mis- souri, we turn to the west up the Missouri river, passing the States of Kansas, Nebraska, & Dakotah, till we reach the Rocky Mountains. e. Crossing these mountains, we enter Wash- ington Territory, and pass into Oregon, Utah, Nevada, and California, on the Pacific coast. 7. From California we proceed eastward through New Mexico, Arizona, and Texas to the Gulf of Mexico ; and thus end our trip. EXAMINATION LESSON XXVII. The United States of America. Q, Trace on the map the trip which we have just made. Q. Point out on the map the position and boundaries of the United States of America. Q. Point out the great chain of mountains which runs along the Atlantic coast. Q. Point out the principal rivers in the United States. A. The Ohio, Missouri, Arkansas, Missis- sippi, Colorado, and Columbia. Q. Point out and name the principal bays. Q. Point out and name the principal capes. Q, How many States and Territories are there in tho United States? A. Thirty-four States and nine Territories. Q. How are these States and Territories divided? A. Into Eastern, Middle, Southern, and Western. 40 EASTERN STATES — SOUTHERN AND SOUTH-EASTERN STATES. EXAMINATION LESSON XXVIII. The New-England or Eastern States, and the Northern or Middle States. Q, Point out and name tho Eastern or Now-England States and their capitals. A. Maine, capital Angusta ; New Hamp- shire, capital Concord; Vermont, capital Mnntpeller; MASSACHUSETTS, capital Boston; Rhode Island, capitals Providence and New- port ; and Connecticut, capitals Hartford and New Haven. Q. Point out and name the Middle or Northern States and tlieir capitals. A. New York, capital Albany ; Pennsyl- vania, capital Harrishiirg ; New Jersey, capital Trenton ; and Delaware, Dover. Q. What state lies between Canada and Now Bruns- wick? Q. What three States border on tho State of New York? Q. What State lies between Maine and Vermont? Q. What two States lie south of Massachusetts? Q. What two States border on the Canadian lakes? Q. What two States lie south of New York? Q. What State lies south-west of New Jersey? Q. What large island lies east of New Jcreey ? 6. What mountains run through tho New-England States? A. The Allcghanies, which run southward. Q. What are these mountains called in Vermont and in New Hampshire? A. In Vermont they are called the Green Mountains ; and in New Hampshire, the White Mountains. Q. What mountains extend through the Middle States ? Q. Name the principal rivers in each State. Q. Point out and name the capes and bays on the coast. Q. What lake lies between Canada, New Hampshire, and V'crmout? Q What bay separates Delaware from New Jersey? Q. What riverseparatesPennsylvaniafromNew Jersey ? Q. What river separates New York from New Jersey? A. The Hudson, celebrated for its scenery. Q. What important river takes its rise in Pennsylvania? A. The Ohio, a tributary of the Mississippi, Q. Which is the chief railway-centre in tho Now-Eng- •and States? A. Boston, the business-centre of New Eng- land. Q. Which is the chief railway-centre n the No/thern States? A. New York, the commercial capital of the United States. Q. For what are tho New-England States chiefly noted ? A. For their early settlement by the En^ lish, and for their extensive manufactures. Q. For what are the Northern States chiefly noted? A. New York for its commerce, Pennsylva- nia for its coal. New Jersey for its fruit, and Delaware for its small size. Q. Name and point out the largest and the smallest of tho New-England States, Q. Name and point out the principal cities near tho New-Brunswick and Canada boundaries. 0. Name and point out the smallest and the largest of tho Middle States. EXAMINATION LESSON XXIX. The Southern and South-Eastem States. Q. Point out on the ma}) and name the Southern and South-Eastem States and their capitals. A. Maryland, capital Annapolis; Vir- ginia, capital Richmond ; Kentucky, capital Frankfort; Tennessee, capital Nashville; North Carolina, capital liideigh; South Carolina, capital Columbia ; Georgia, capi- tal Milledgeville ; Florida, capital Talla- hassee ; Alabama, capital Montgomery ; M is- sissiPPi, capital Jackson ; Louisiana, capital Baton Rouge; Ar- kansas, capital Lit- tle Rock; and Mis- souri, capital Jef- ferson. Q. What 9 States lie along the Atlantic coast? Q. What three States Ho east of the Mississippi and Ohio rivers? Q. What two States lie west of tho Mississippi? Q. Point out and name the capes and bays. Q. What bay cuts Maryland into two parts? Q. What groat gulf lies south of Florida? S, Name and point principal rivers. Q. What great river flows into tho Gulf of Mexico? Q. What river sepa- rates South Carolina from Georgia? A. The Savannah, which rises in the Al- leghany Mountains. Ui 10 s 31 ■ •*J? ^ M 'LJfn m TOBACCO-PLANT IN FLOWEB. Q. What ri\ -r sop- arates Maryland tVom Virginia y A. The Poto- mac, which also rises in the Alle- ghany Mountains. 9- For what pro- ductions are tlicso States noted? A. For their cotton, tobacco, and rice. Q. What chief city is situated in this dis- trict r A. Washington, the capital of the Northern TJnited States, in the Dis- trict of Columbia. Q. Point out and namo the capital of each State. Q. roint out the chief cities on the Atlantic coast. Q. Which is the capital of the Southern Confederation? A. Richmond, in the State of Virginia. EXAMINATION LESSON XXX. The Western and Sonth-Westem States and Territories. Q. Point out the Western States and their capitals. A. Ohio, capital Columbus ; Indiana, cap- ital Indianapolis; MICHIGAN, capital Lan- sing ; Wisconsin, capital Madison ; Illinois, capital Springfield; & Minnesota, St. Pauls. Q. What three States border on Lakes Erie, Huron, and Superior? A. Ohio, Michigan, and Wis- consin. Q. What states in part border on Lake Micugan? A. Michigan, ludiana, Illinois, and Wisconsin. O. Which, two states lie west of the Mississippi? A. Iowa and Missouri. Q. What three States lie between the BICE, WITH A Ohio and the Mississippi? ^^N^MEDt**" A. Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. Q. What four States border on the Mississippi? A. Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, and Missouri. Q. For what are those States chiefly noted? A. For their prairies, agriculture, & minerals. Q. Trace the direction of the principal rivers. Q. What chief cities are situated on lakes bordering on 'lanada? Q. What cities are connected with Canada by railway? Q. Point out and namo the South- Western States and Territories, and their capitals. A. Texas, capital Austin; Arizona and New Mexico, capital Santa F6 ; Califor- nia, capital Sacramento; Nevada, capital ; Oregon, capital Corvallis; Wash- ington, capital Olympia ; Utah, capital FilU more; COLORADO, capital Pikers Peak; In- dian Territory, capital Tahlequah; Kan- sas, capital Lecompton ; Nebraska, capital Omaha; Dakotah, capital Mandan; and Iowa, capital Des Moines. Q. What States and Territories lie to the east? Q. What States and Territory lie north of Mexico? Q. What States and Territory lie on the Pacific coast? Q. What States and Territories lie south of British America? Q. What States and Territories lie between Missouri and California? Q. Point out the principal capes on the Pacific coast. 9. What great chain of mountains lies between the Mississippi river and the Pacific coast? Q. What groat river takes its rise in Dakotah? A. The Missouri, a branch of the Mississippi. Q. What other principal rivers are in these States? Q. What lake is found in Utah? A. Great Salt Lake, near the Mormon city. Q, What river separates Oregon fi'om Washington? A. The Columbia at the north, and the Lewis at the south. O. What rivor separates the States of Dakotah, Iowa, and Missouri iu pari from Nebraska and Kansas? A. The Missouri. Q, What rivora form the eastern and the western boun- d..rie8 of Texas? A. The Sabine and the Rio Gran-de. Q. Which are the chief commercial cities in these Slates? A. San Francisco, in California, and Galves- ton and Corpus Christi, in Texas. Q. Point out and name the capital or chief city in each State. Jloffui 33 RSSWBSSBICTPff issippir d Missouri. Ddr , & minerals. ivore. « bordering on iJn by railway y orn States and tizoNA and Califor- OA, capital is; Wash- -apital Fill. Pmk; In- lah; Kan- KA. capital ■dan ; and oast? ■ Mexico? aciflc coast? til of Britisli eon Missouri iciflc coast, between the tab? lississippi. D States? naon city, ibington? , and the kotah, Iowa, ts? astern boun- le. )8 in these d Galves- city in each UNITED STATES, SECOND PART. fiK«lii/£ISS.J flSKamiTS SSLU.Hrv'Saiia 6. T RiN-i-D ADjlying off the coast of South America ; capital, Port of Spain. 6. The Ber-mu-da Islands, lying 600 miles off North Carolina; capital Hamilton, on Long Islmd. Q, For what are the Bahama Islands chiefly noted? A. For their great number, and for one of them having been the land first reached by Columbus when he discovered the New World. Q. Which are the two largest islands? A. Jamaica and Trinidad. Q. Describe Jamaica. A. Jamaica is 150 miles long and 50 wide. The Blue Mountains traverse its entire length. Turk's Island is attached to Jamaica. (■ .' : i ; I u \k 1 s 46 THE WEST-INDIA ISLANDS — SOUTH AMERICA. Q. Namo the capital and the chief town of JamRica. A. Spanish Town is the capital; but Kings- ton is the chief place of trade. Q. For what is Trinidad chiefly noted? A. For its size, pitch lakes, and scenery. Q. Name its capital. A. Port of Spain, a very flourishing town. Q. What are tlie chief exports of those islands? A. Sugar, tobacco, coffee, rice, and fruit. Q. Name the principal British Leeward Islands. A. An-ti-gua [-tee-gal, Do-min-i-ca, St. Chris- to-pher, Hont-ser-rat, Ne-vis, the Virgin Isl- ands, and Bar-bu-da. Q. Name the principal British Wirdward Islands. A. Bar-b^-dos [-doze], StVincent, To-ba-go, Gren-a-da, u 1 St. Lu-ci-S.. Q. For what are the Bermuda Islands chiefly noted f A. For their isolation, coral-reefs, & climate. 1 . EXAMINATION LESSON XXXIV. The Spanish, French, Danish, Swedish, and Dutch West-India Islands- Q, Foint out and name the Spanish West-India Islands. A. Cuba, part of Hayti, and Porto Rico. Q. Point out and describe the island of Cuba. A. Cuba is 700 miles long, and is one of the richest and largest of the West-India Islands. Q. Name its capital. A. Havanna, a place of extensive commerce. Near it Columbus is buried. Q. Foint out and describe Dominica. A. Dominica is the eastern part of Hayti, which lies east of Cuba, It is mo"ntainous, but fertile, In 1861 it became a Spanish colony. Q. Foint out and describe the island of Forto Rico. A. Porto Rico is a beautiful island, and lies east of Hayti. Capital, St Johns, or San Juan. Q. Foint out and namo the French West-India Islands. A. Martinique, Guadeloupe, Marie Galante, Desirade, and part of St. Martin. Q. Name the principal capitals. A. St. Pierre is the capital of Martinique ; and Basse Terre, of Guadeloupe. Q. Point out and namo the Danish West-India Islands. A. Santa Cruz, St. Thomas, and St. John, east of Porto Rico. Capital, Christianstadt. Q, Point out and name the Swedish Wcst-Indi» Island. A. St. Bartholomew, lying between St. Martin and Barbuda, is the only Swedish col- ony in America. Capital, Gustavia. Q. Point out and namo the Dutch West-India Islands. A. St. Martin (in part), Saba, St. Eusta- tius, (^ast of Porto Rico ; Buen Ayre, Curayoa, Oruba, &c., off the coast of South America. Q. Which is the most important of tho group? A. Cura9oa. Capital, Williamstadt. Q. Are there any other West-India Islands? A. Yes : Margarita and Tortuga, off the South- American coast. They belong to Venez- uela. Capital, Asunyion. CONVERSATION XX. Conversational Trip through South America. 1. Starting from the islands last named, we soon reach the coast of South America. We sail in a southeasterly direction past Venez- uela, and British, Dutch, and French Guiana, until we reach the vast empire of Brazil. ^ 2. In sailing along this coast, we pass the mouthu of the great river Amazon, and thence to Cape St. Roque. Rounding this cape, we turn to the southward, till we reach Rio de Janeiro, the capital of the empire. 8. Southward from this city, we soon reach Uruguay, La Plata (with its large river of that name), and Patagonia, with the British Falk- land Islands to the right, and Tierra del Fuego iO the left. Here we round the famous Cape Horn and pass into the Pacific Ocean. 4. We now turn northward, toward Chili, off the coast of which we see the island of Juan Fernandez, the scene of Robinson Crusoe's adventures. We next pass Bolivia, Peru, and Equador (or Ecuador), until we reach New Granada (now Columbia). Crossing the Isth- mus of Panama, we once more reach the Carib bean Sea and the West-India Islands. 6. If we now turn our steps inland, and proceed southward along the famous Andes mountains, we pass nearly all the countries of SOUTH AMERICA. 47 it-India Iglandb. id St. John, istianstadt. 'st-Indio Island. setween St. Swedish col- ia. >Indla Islands. St. Eusta- Te, Curayoa, America. group r badt. Qdsf uga, ofiF the og to Venez- bh America. ; named, we lerica. We past Venez- ich Guiana, Brazil. ^ we pass the nd thence to ipe, we turn de Janeiro, ) soon reach •iver of that ritish Falk- a del Fuego the famous c Ocean, ward Chili, md of Juan >n Crusoe's , Peru, and reach New tg the Isth- 1 theCarib- ds. inland, and lous Andes countries of BttnuinrTKBOSBtl^li CJUAmtuil. 'JiSttcvS^T'TI^Sr&ItUSSECL.'B'O'Xozlc. South America. At Quito, in Equador, we are under the equaijr, and here we find the lof- tiest peaks iu the entire range of the Andes. e. In order to reach Paraguay, the only in- land country in South America, we enter by the broad mouth of the Bio de la Plata and If i: iii n I 1 1 48 SOUTH AMERICA. go up tho Parana and Paraguay rivers. Pass- ing Paraguay, wo reach Bolivia and Brazil. 7. If wo cross through Bolivia into Peru, wo shall come to tho source of the Amazon river. Following down this tributary, we reach the great river itself, and pass through Brazil to tho Atlantic Ocean. At the mouth of tho Amazon we can enter the river Ziiigv., end ascend its waters, through Brazil, till we come to a tributary of the Paraguay river. Descend- ing it, we again arrive at the mouth of the Rio do la Plata, and so end our journey through South America. EXAMINATION LESSON XXXV. South America. Q. Trace on tho map tho trip which we have Just made. Q. Point out on tlio map tho boundaries of S. America. Q. Name and point out tho oliief divisions of South America, as follows: A. New Granada [gra-nah-da], or Co- liUM-Bi-A, capital Bo-go-ta ; Ven-ez-ue-la [way-la], capital Car-a-cas ; British Gui-a- NA [ghe-ah-na], capital Georgetown; French Guiana, capital Cayenne [ka-yenn] ; Dutch Guiana, capital Par-ormar-i-ho ; Bra-zil', capital Ri-o de Janeiro [ja-nee-ro] ; Ecua- dor [ek-wa-dore], capital Quito [kee-to] ; Pe-ru, capital Lima [lee-ma] ; Bo-Liv-i-A, capital Chuquisaca [tshu-ke-sah-ka] ; Chili [tshil-li], capital San-ti-a-go [-ti-ah-goj ; La Plata [plah- ta], capital Parana [pa-ra-nah] ; Paraguay [pah'-ra-gwav], capital Asimgion [a-soon'-she- own] ; tlHoGUAY [u'-roo-gway], capital Mon-te Vidrc-o ; Pat-a-go-ni-a, Ti-er-ra del Fu- E-GO, and the Falkland Islands. « . Name and point out the great mountain-range. A. The Andes, running from north to south. Q, Name and point out the great rivers. A. The Amazon and the Bio de la Plata. Q. Point out and name the principal gulfs. A. Venezuela, San Matias, and Penas. Q. Point out and name the principal bays. A. Pin-zon, All Saints, Paranagua (pa-rSr nab-gwa), St. George, Cho-co, and Pan-a-ma. Q. Point out and uamo the strait at the south. A. Magellan. Q, Point out and name the principal islands. A. Trinidad, Jo-an-nes, South Georgia, Falk- land, Tierra del Fuego, Wellington, Chil-o-e, Juan Fernandez, St. Felix, and Chin-ohas. Q. Point out tho principal peniusulu. A. Brazil and Patagonia. Q. Point out and name the principal capos. A. Gal-li-nas, Point Ba-ri-ma, Ornrige, St. Roque, Branoo, Frio, St. Maria, Cor-ri-en-tes, Horn^ Pillar, St. Nicholas, A-gu-ja, Blanco, St. Lo-ren-zo, St. Francisco, and Point Ma-ri-ald. EXAMINATION LESSON XXXVI. Bepublioc of New Orar ^ja, or Columbia, and Venezuela. Q. Name and point out on the map the position and boundaries of tho republic of New Granada, or Columbia. Q. Point out and name tho capes and bays on the coast. O. What celobratcd isthmus of this republic unites Kortn and South America? A. The isthmus of Panama, or Darien. Q. What celebrated range of mountains runs through Now Grauada, or Columbian A. The Andes, which are a continuation of the Rocky Mountains of North America. Q. What river flows into the Caribbean Sea? A. The Mag-da-le-na. Q. What other rivers take thoir rise in New Granadaf A. The Orinoco, Rio Negro, and Caqueta. Q. For what is Now Granada chiefly noted? A. For its celebrated isthmus of Panama. Q. Name and point out the capital and other chief cities. A. Bogota, the capital; Cartagena, and Panama. Q. Name and point out en the map the position and boundary of Yenozuola. Q. Name and point out the cape, gulf, and islands on tho coast. Q, Point out tho position of Lake Maracaybo. Q. Namo and point out the principal rivers. A. The Orinoco and its tributaries. Q. For what is Yonezuola chiefly noted? A. For its llanos, or grassy plains. Q. Point out and namo the capital. A. Caracas, on the coast. '?s»IB!niswpai»^ GUIANA — BRAZIL — ECUADOR—PERU — BOLIVIA — CHILI. 40 iindfl. jorgia, Falk- m, Chil-o-e, lin-ohos. )08. Ornnge, St. !!!or-ri-on-tes, Blanco, St. t Mu-ri-ald. XXXVI. nmbia, and 10 position and , or Columbia. ys on tLo coast. ropublio unites Darien. ) runs through tinuation of nerica. ow Granada T I Caqueta. edr Panama, id other chief agena, and position and and islands on lybo. )r8. ies. 3. EXAMINATION LESSON XXXVII. British, French, and Dutch Guiana. Q. Point out the ponltion and boundaries of Uuiana. Q. How Im it divided? A. Into British, French, and Dutch Guiana. Q. Which division Uos to the oast and which to the west? A. The British to tho cast, and the Dutch to tho west. Q. For wlint is Guiana oliiofly noted? A. For its fertility, its spices, and dyewoods. Q. What mountains separate Uuiana from Urazil, and from Veufzutlii? A. Tho Sierra Acarai from Brazil, and the Pa-ca-rai-ma from Venezuela. . Q. Point out and name the capitals of each division of Guiuua. A. Georgetown, tho capital of British, Ca- yenne, the capital of French, and Paramaribo, the capital of Dutch, Guiana. EXAMINATION LESSON XXXVIII. The Empire of Brazil. Q. Point out tho posit:, n and boundaries of Brazil. Q. Point out and name its capes and bays. Q. What countries lie along its northern, western, and southern boundaries? A. Every one in South America except Chili and Patagonia. Q. How many principal mountain-ranges are there? A. Six, — two at the north, one at the south, and three at the east. Q, Point out and name the principal rivers. A. The Amazon and its tributaries; the Araguay & its tributary ; and the St. Francisco. Q. Point out and name tho principal tributaries of tho river Amazon. Q. For what is Brazil chiefly noted? A. For its great rivers, mountains, and for- ests ; its wild animals and birds ; and its gold and diamond mines. Q. Point out and name the capital and other chief cities. A. Rio de Janeiro, the capital ; Para, Ma- ranham, Pernambuco, Bahia, Victoria, and San Paulo. EXAMINATION LESSON XXXIX. The Bepublics of Ecuador and Peru. Q. Point out tlie position and boundaries of Ecuador. Q. For wlmt is Kouador cliiefly noted? A. For its lofty mountain-peaks, & volcanoes. Q. Point out and name its capital. A. Quito, situated near the Equator. Q. Point out tlie position and boundaries of Peru. Q. Point out and name its cupes. Q. Wha' !:lnnds lie ofTtho coast? A. The Chinchas or Guano Islands. Q. What river ond lake arc on its cnstorn boundary? A. The River Purus and Lake Titicaca. Q. What extent of tho Andes is in Peru? A. Nearly one third of that mountain-rango. Q. Name tho principal rivers in Peru. A. The Ucayali river and its tributaries. Q, For what is Peru chiefly noted? A. For its silver-mines and its guano. Q. Name its capital and other chief city. A. Lima, the capital ; and Truxillo. EXAMINATION LESSON XL. The Bepublics of Bolivia and Chili. Q. Point out tho position and boundaries of Bolivia. Q. What mountain and lako a:e on the N.W. boundary? A. Mount Sorata and Lake Titicaca. Q. For what is Bolivia chiefly noted? A. For its plains, its desert sea-coast, and its famous silver-mine of Potosi. Q. Point out and name its boundary-rivers. A. The Purus and the Paraguay. Q. Point out and name its capital. A. Chuquisaca, in the interior. Q. Point out tho position and boundaries of Chili. Q. For whai in it chiefly noted? A. For its narrow width, and extensive coast. Q. What is peculiar about its rivers? A. They all flow into the Pacific Ocean. Q. What islands lie off the coast? A. Juan Fernandez, so famous in connec- tion with the story of " Robinson Crusoe " ; St. Felix, and Chiloe. Q. Name the capital and other chief city. A. Santiago, the capital ; and Valparaiso. li' ; i 50 LA PLATA — PAUAdUAY — URUGUAY — PATAQONIA, ETC. — EUROPE. EXAMINATION LESSON XLI. La Plata, or the Aigentine Republic. Q. Point nu' tlio puHitloii iind boiiiHliirii'H of Lii Plata. V. I'or wliiit in (.11 Plata cliii'lly noted r A. For it.s pampas, or vast treeless plains. <), Nunio ItH clilif rivers. A. The Parana and tlio Colorado, Q. What in the direction ol'fliene riverH? A, Thoy flow in a Houth-castorn direction. Q. Nam() llio cniiital and otiicr cliiel'city. A. Buenos Ayres, the capital ; and Parana. EXAMINATION LESSON XLIL The Republics of Paraguay and Uruguay. Q. Point out the position and bounUurius of Paraguay, y. For wlittt is it chiefly noted? A. For lying entirely inland. Q. Nnmo \\» two boundary-rivcriii. A. The Paraj^uay and the Parana. Q. I'oint out uud name it8 capital. A. Asuncion, the capital, on the Paraguay. Q. I'oint out the position and boundaries of Uruguay. Q. For what is it chiefly noted? A. For having been formerly the handa ori- ental or southern boundary of Spanish America. Q. Name its capital city. A. Montevideo, on the Rio do la Plata. EXAMINATION LESSON XLIIL Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego, &c. Q. Point out the position and boundaries of Patagonia. Q. What strait separates it from Tierra del Fucgof Q. Point out and name its gulfs, cpes, and bay. Q. Name and point out its peninsulas and islands. Q. For what is Patagonia chiefly noted ? A. For its sterility, and its vast plains. Q. For what is Tierra del Fuego noted? A. Volcanoes. Its name means Land of Fire. Q. Point out tho position of tbo Falkland Islands. Q. IIow are thoy divided? A. Into East Falkland and West Falkland. Q. What other island lies to the south-east? A. South Georgia, an inhospitable place. CONVERSATION XXL Conversational Trip through the Continent of Europe. 1. Leaving tlio shores of America by a Canadian .steamer, tho first European port wo touch at is either a northern or a .southern one in Ireland. Thonce passing within sight of Scotland or Wales, we soon reach England. 2. We proceed to London, the capital of Eng- land and the commercial centre of the world ; and from it, by way of Holland and Belgium, direct our steps to England's great neiglibour, France. From Paris, by tho river Loire [Iwahr], we reach the Bay of Biscay, and, passing round Capo Ortegal, coast along, by Portugal and southern Spain, to Gibraltar. 3. Passing through this strait, we enter the Mediterranean Sea, and, sailing between the islands of Corsica and Sardinia, reach Italy. Cro.ssing over to the Adriatic Sea and going southward, wo coast along Greece, and, passing between Turkey in Europe and Turkey in Asia, we enter the Black Sea. 4. From the mouth of the Danube, wc pro- ceed up that noble river through Turkey and Austria, until we reach Germany, with Switz- crhmd on our left. By way of Prussia, we reacii the Peninsula of Denmark. 5. Here crossing over through Sweden and Norway, wc soon again reach the Atlantic Ocean. Coasting northward, we pass the LofFoden Islands, and, rounding North Capo, turn southward through Lapland and Finland, into tho vast empire of Russia. We have thus in a rapid tour touched every important country in Europe. EXAMINATION LESSON XLIV. The Continent of Europe. Q. Trace on the map tho trip just made. Q. Point out tho position and boundaries of Europo. Q. Point out and name tho principal islands. A. The British Isles, Sardinia, Corsica, Sicily. Q. Point out and name some of tho smaller islands. A. The islands north of Scotland ; the isl- ands east of Spain ; Malta, the Ionian Isles, &o. THE CONTINENT OF EFllOPK. 61 TTiL'iiPii..Mi;i/'3. [1)0 Xoo Wert XoTi Q. Point out and name tho principal peninsulas. A. Norway and Swedea, Denmark, Spain and Portugal, Italy, Greece, and the Cri-me-a. Q, Foint out and name tho principal capes. A. North, Clear, Land's End, Ortegal, FinisterVe, Spartivento, and Mat-a-pan'. Q. Point out and name the principal seas. A. White, Baltic, North, Mediterranean, Adriatic, Marmora, Black, Azof, and Caspian. Q. Point out and name tho principal gulfs. A. Bothnia, Finland, and Cattegat. Q. Point out and name the principal bay. A, Biscay, hetween parts of France & Spain. 52 BRITISH ISLES. PRINCIPAL ANIMALS ON THE CONTINENT OP KUiiUPE. Q. Point out and name the principal channels. A. The Irish, St. George's, and the English. Q. Point out and name the principal straits. A. Dover, Gibraltar, Messina, and Bosporus. Q, Point out and name the principal rivers. A. Volga, Don, Dnieper [nee-per], Dan-ube, R/tone, E-bro, Ta-gus, Loire, Seine [sehn], R/dne, Elbe, 0-der, and Vis-tu-la. Q. Point out and name the principal mountains. A. The Ural or Uralian, Norway or Scan- dinavian, Valdai Hills, Caucasian, Carpathian, Hartz, Alps, Appenines, and Pyrenees. Q. Point out and name each of the chief divisions or countries of Europe. Q. Which of these countries arc called first-class powers? A. Great Britain and Ireland, France, Rus- sia, Austria, and Prussia. Q. Name the secon'i class powers. A. Spain, Italy, Norway and Sweden, Tur- key in Europe, & the PontiBcal States (Rome). Q. Which arc the third-class powers? A. All the other countries in Europe. Q. Point out in the above engraving, and name, the principal animals of Europe. A. 1, The Reindeer; 2, Chamois; 3, Goat; 4, Bull; 5, Cow; 6, Sheep; 7, Horse; 8, Ass; 9, Wild Boar; 10, Owl; 11, Golden Pheasant ; 12, Bittern ; 13, White Swan. EXAMINATION LESSON XLV. The British Isles. Q. Point out the boundaries of the British Isles. Q. I'oiut out the principal countries in these islands. A. England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland. BRITISH ISLES, NORWAY, SWEDEN, DENMARK, AND PART OF QERMANV AND VUANCE, AB SEEN FROM A BALLOON. mf , AMD PART A BALLOON. l>t»»-n.l)- r..?l". IloXKrX, JV..Vr,-E.,'MSurt:«tl Q. Toiiit out and name tho capitals of Endand, Ire- land, and Scotland. A. London, Dublin, and Edinburgh. Q. What islands lie to tho \vo8t and to tho north of Scotland, and to tho south of England? Q. Toint out tho Channel Islands, Aldoiuey, &c. Q. What islands Ho between England and Ireland? 0. Toint out and name tho channels which separate Scotland Irom Irolund, Wales from Ireland, and southern Wales from southoru England. 54 BRITISH EMPIRE — TRIP THROUGH ENGLAND. Q. What channel and strait scj^urato England from Franco » Q. "iVhat hills separate England from Scotland? Q. What Boas lie to the cast and to the west of England ? EXAMINATION LESSON XLVI. The British Empire. Q. What constitutes the British empire? -4. The islands of Great Britain and Ireland, and the British Colonies all over the world. Q, What city is the capital of the British empire? A. London, on the river Thames, in England. Q. Who is the chief ruler over the British empire? A. A king or queen. At present, Her Most Gracious Majesty Queen Victoria is chief ruler. Q, How arc the British colonies governed ? A. By governors (who represent the Queen), aided by various councils of ministers. CONVERSATION XXII. Conversatioiial Trip through England. 1. From London, the great metropolis, we sail down the Thames, and, rounding south- ward, pass through the Strait of Dover, be- tween England and France, to the south coast. 2. In sailing along this coast, we pass the wcautiful Isle of Wight and the great naval stations of Portsmouth and Plymouth, till we roach Cornwall, — famous for its tin. Kound- ing this point, we enter the Bristol Channel, and, crossing it, touch the coast of Wales. 3. Sailing across Cardigan Bay, we reach the Isle of Anglesea, and, passing through the Menai Strait, enter the Irish Sea. Crossing this sea, we touch at the Isle of Man ; from which we steer for St. Bees' Head. Vv^e now land, and, proceeding through the romantic lake-scenery of Cumberland and Westmoreland, cross over to the North Sea and sail south- wards to the Norfolk Peninsula. Here we enter the Ouse [oose] river from The Wash, and, going southward, soon reach London, pass- ing the famous university-city of Cambridge. 4. From London we proceed up the Thames YORK MIN8TEB. river to Oxford, another great university city ; passing on our left Windsor Castle, one of the Queen's residences. From Oxford we proceed northward through the centre of England, passing through a richly-cultivated country, and many fomous manufacturing and mining districts, where silks, cottons, woollens, iron, and other articles are manufactured in great abundance. At York, on the river Ouse, we see the celebrated Minster, or Cathedral. EXAMINATION LESSON XLVIL England. Q. Trace on the map the trip Just made. Q. Point out the position and boundaries of England. Q. Point out and name its principal heads and points. Q. Name and point out its principal bays and inlets. Q, Point out and name its principal channels & straits. Q. Point out and name its principal islands, Q. Point out and name its principal rivers, A. The Thames [temz], A-von, Sev-ern, Mersey, Tync, Humber, Trent, and Ouse. ;i»i,ww*!W Di^ rersity city ; , one of the we proceed f England, ;d country, i.nd mining Dllens, iron, ed in great )use, we see .1. XLVIL 1 of England. B and points, and inlets, ncls & straits, ds, •8. I, Sev-ern, 1 Ouse. ENGLAND AND WALES — TRIP THROUGH IRELAND, 65 s iv' '^%A .'«BSTM(?HE>P TloiyUcafl 4 '• y. iToccC o«^' "•-t. *.. Xardsc ^ Cardigan, f"' Bay Coj. '^, Q. Point out tlio boundaries of Wales. Q. Point out & name tlie principal scats of coinmcrco. A. London, Liverpool, and Bristol. O. What are thecniefoxp .t ;? A. Manui'ac- tured coHons, woollens, hard- ware, earthen- ware, &c. Q. How many counties arc there in Enghui'l t A. Forty, — 6 northern, 5 eastern, 19 mid- land, and 10 southern. Q. How many counties are there iu Wales? A. 12,-6 in North, and 6 in South Wales. Q. Point oui and name the coun- ties in England and Wales. Q. For what is England chiefly no- ted? A. For her civil and reli- gious freedom, and for her com- merce and ma- nufactures. Q. I'oint out & name her capital & other chief cities. A. London, the capital; Cambridge, Oxford, Birmingham, Manchester, York, Newcastle, Liverpool, Bristol, Southampton, Portsmouth. Q, Describe the city of London. A. London is the largest, wealthiest, and greatest commercial city in the world. Among its most noted public buildings are the Houses of Parliament and the celebrated Westminster Abbey. Population, nearly three millions. ^%^-r: pf^^^aP ^ ITllsJi?!!, *yY0 Ujjd h"(X Ml o 7" ill .lit !l» 60 CO '. istant ^i-t, *. r-X ■Jyi« #,v/'<7/( .V ^^cuJUi.£:.Xno2i.to CAa& jsutiir, j.ariri!iifct.ijiu s s n i ,1,. CONVERSATION XXIIL Conversational Trip through Ireland. 1. From Liverpool we take steamer for Ire- land, and soon reach its chief city, Dublin. From Dublin, the capital of Ireland and of the province of Leinster, we go southward along the coast, passing in succession the pic- I j)ut and name the principal island*. A. Cape-Clear, Valentia, Arran, Clare, and Achil [ak-il]. Q. Point out and name the principal lakes. A. Loughs -j'oyle, Neagh, Erne, Bee, Conn, Mask, Corrib, Derg, and Killarney. Q. What arc the chief exports ? A. Laces, poplins, linens, and farm-products. Q. Into whui /"ovinces is Ireland divided? A. Leinster, Munster, Ulster, & Connaught. Q. IIow many counties are there in Ireland? A. Thirty-two; — in Leinster, twelve; Mun- ster, six ; Ulster, nine ; and Connaught, five. Q. Point out those provinces and counties. Q. Name the capitals of each of the provinces. A. Dublin, of Leinster ; Cork, of Munster ; Belfast, of Ulster ; and Galway, of Connaught. Q. For what is Ireland chiefly noted? A. For its beautiful scenery, its fertility, and agricultural or farm products. CONVERSATION XXIV. Conversational Trip through Scotland. 1. From Belfast we cross over to Port Pat- rick, on the west coast of Scotland. Taking a northerly course, we sail past group after group of picturesque islands, including Staffa (with its celebrated cave), — the scenery of which is full of grandeur and beauty. 2. After leaving the Heb-ri-des, or Western Isles, we sail caf tward past Cape Wrath and through the Pentland Firth. Turning to the south round the Aberdeen Peninsula, we soon reach Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland, on the Frith of Forth. 3. From this beautiful city, we cross the country to Glasgow, the chief commercial city in Scotland. Here on the river Clyde we see those celebrated factories so long famous for their machinery and ship-building. 4. From Glasgow we pass up Loch Lomond and through Argyle, with the lofty Ben Lo- mond on our right, to the outlet of the Cale- donian Canal, which connects Moray Frith with the Ath^ntie. Here, leaving Ben Nevis behind, we take a rapid run through the wild scenery of the Northern Highlands. 5. Retracing our steps through Aberdeen by way of Balmoral, on the river Dee, where the Queen's Castle is situated, and crossing the Grampian Mountains, we reach the pic- turesque counties in the centre of Scotland, with their numerous rivers, lochs, and mountain- peaks, so famous for their beauty. At Loch Katrine in the County of Perth, as at Kil- larney in Ireland, and at the Cumberland lakes in England, we might linger long ; but we must hasten on through the counties of Stii'ling, Lanark, and Dumfries, and by way of Gretna reach the Solway Firth. Thus we end our trip. ill 68 SCOTLAND. '/"'o/iaT. SII0TIJ%P«D.|*ES< Sng^forXasylessoiw in. GenlGcog 6 Xoni. "Ul'st Drowu l.j-T.C.SCUUI.K.Tiii'iuli) CAV EXAMINATION LESSON XLIX. Scotland. Q. Traco on the map tho trip just mado. Q. I'oiut out tho position and boundaries of Scotland. Q. Point out and name its capes and heads. Q. Toint out its sounds, bays, and firths. Q. Point out and name its principal islands. A. Arran, Islay, Jura, Mull, Skye, the Heb- ri-des, Orkneys, & Shetland Islands. Q. Point out and name its principal lochs or lakes. A. Lochs Lo- mond, Katrine, Awe, Fyne, Tay, Ness, Maree, and Shin. Q. Point out and name its principal mountains. A. The North Cheviots,theGram- pians,& the North- ern Highlands. Q. Point out and nnmo tho principal rivers. A. The Clyde, Tay, Dee, & Spey. <^. Where is tho chiet mining-district of Scotland? A. It stretches from Fifeshiro to Ayrshire. Q. Into how many counties is Scotland divided r A. 33, includ- ing the islands. Q. I'oint out and name these counties on the map. Q. What arc the chief exports? A. Linens, ma- chinery, steam- ships, and agri- cultural products. Q. For what is Scotland chieflv noted? A. For its moun- a...-,..i.rri.K*awssu.Li.,N.wr«^ - ^r,[^Q^S highlands, wild and picturesque scenery, and many friths. Q, Where is Balmoral Castlo? A. On the river Dee, county of Aberdeen. Q. Name and point out tho principal Scottish cities, A. Edinburgh, the capital ; Glasgow, Dun- dee, Aberdeen, Perth, and St. Andrews. Q. Describe Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. A. Edinburgh is a beautiful and picturesque '■^4 =,0^ Irom. 3 Orei-'uwicli. «\'!j((|aeB«a«r«**i<«*;*" BRITISH DEPENDENCIES IN EUROPE — SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. 69 33, includ- BALMORAL CASTLE, THE QUEEN'S HIGHLAND RESIDENCE. city, and contains many noble binldings and lit- erary institutions. The ^.cvr town is hand- somely laid out. Population 168,100. CONVERSATION XXV. Conversational Trip througli tliz Principal British Dependencies in Europe. 1. From London we proceed down the Eng- lish Channel, touching at the islands of Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney, and Sercq (or Sark), which lie close to the coast of France. 2. Leaving these islands, we cross the Bay of Biscay; thence, rounding Spain, we touch at the rock of Gibraltar, with its famous for- tress. Entering the strait here, we pass along the shore of the Mediterranean Sea and land at Malta. Farther on we reach the Ionian Isles, which ends our trip. EXAMINATION LESSON L. British Dependencies in Europe. Q, Name the British DcpeudcncicB in Europe. A. The Channel Islands, Gibraltar, Malta, the Ionian Isles, and the Island of Helgoland. Q. Give the namos of the Maltese group of islands. A. Malta, Gozo, and Cumino. Q, Give the names of the principal Ionian isles. A. Corfu, Cephalonia, and Zantd. Q, Under what government are the Ionian Isles? A. They form are public, under the proteo- lion of Great Britain. CONVERSATION XXVI. Co)iversational Trip through Spain and Portugal. 1. Leaving France by way of the river Rhone, we soon reach Spain ; down the coast of which we sail, passing the Isles of Minorca, Majorca, and Iviya on one side, and the mouth of the Ebro river on the other. Round through the Strait of Gibraltar, we reach Portugal, and turn to the north along its coast. 2. On our way northward, we pass two im- portant rivers, the Tagus and the Douro, and again reach the coast of Spain. Rounding Capes Finisterre and Ortegal, we enter the Bay of Biscay. Going due east along the coast, we soon reach the Pyrenees boundary- line between France and Spain. 3. Landing here, we proceed southward to the Strait of Gibraltar, by way of Madrid, the capital of, Spain. On our way, we cross succes- sively several mountain-ranges, which divide the country into as many fertile plains and valleys. EXAMINATION LESSON LI. Spain and Portugal. Q. Trace on the map of Europe, p. 51, the trip just made. Q. Point out the boundaries of Spain and Portugal. Q. Point out and name the capes and strait. Q. What groat mountain-range lies to the north. Q. For what is Gibraltar noted? A. As a celebrated British fortress. Q. ^oint out and name the principal rivers. A. The Ebro, Guadiana, Tagus, and Douro. Q. Wliiil are the chief exports of Spain and Portugal? A. Wines, oil, fruit, leather, &c. Q. Point out and name the capital cities. A. M adrid, the capital of Spain ; and Lis- bon, the capital of Portugal. 60 FRANCE. Gtecnwldt Ur JXEPABXMElVTit s Auma^ir 1C.SC0HI.B. ZatoutK crvr ^. For what were Spain and Portugal formerly noted? A. For their commercial greatness. CONVERSATION XXVII. Conversational Trip through France. 1. Our nearest way to France from Russia is through Germany and up the Moselle river. Following up the Belgian boundary-line, we reach the Strait of Dover, near Calais. From this town we rroceed along the coast, passing Boulogne, Dieppe, Havre (at the mouth of the Seine), Cherbourg, and Brest, until we read, the Bay of Biscay. Down it we sail, passin- the rivers Loire and Garonne, until we rocr the P- -inees mountains at the south. 2. Hero we cross over into the Mediterra- nean, and pro- ceed along that coast, passing the Rhone riv- er, untl we reach Nice, a place lately acquired by France from Sardinia. Go- ing northward along a spur of the Alps, we reach Savoy, also lately ce- ded to France by Sardinia. Here we reach Mont Blanc ; from which we turn to Ge- neva. Follow- ing the Swiss boundary- line ^ to Basle, we go farther N. to Strasbourg. 3. From Strasbourg we Eiifi£.«a.ir3:-i3i£:ABVssEii,,ir«w-s»*ta nroCCed bv railway across the country to Paris, the capital of France. After seeing this splendid city, we turn our steps southward until we reach the Rhone, down which we go to Avignon ; thence to Marseilles, and to Toulon, the southern naval- station of Fi-ance. From this port we can sail to Corsica, a large island in the Mediterranean belonging to France. Ajaccio, its capital, was the birth-nlace of the first Napoleon. EXAMINATION LESSON LII. France. Q. Trace on the map the trip just made. Q. Toint out tlio position and boundaries of Franco. Q. Point out and name its principal gulf and bay. AUSTRIA — PRUSSIA — ITALY. 61 Q. What mountain-ranfcca arc at tlio soutli and tho cast f Q. I'oint out tiio principal rivors, k show their direction. Q. Howie Franco divided f A, Formerly into provinces, but now into thirty-eight departments. Q. What arc tlio chief evportsT A. Silks, fancy articles, wines, &c. Q. For what is Franco chiefly noted? A. For its compact shape, its silk-maniifac- tures, and its military power. Q. Point out and name its cliief cities. A. Paris, the capital ; Calais, Havre, Cher- bourg, Brest, Nantes, Bordeaux, Marseilles, Toulon, Lyons, Dijon, Strasbourg, and Rhcims. Q. I'oint out the position of Corsica. Q. I'oint out and name its capital. A. Ajaccio, the birth-place of Napoleon I. CONVERSATION XXVIII. Conversational Trip through Austria. 1. From Italy we enter Austria, by way of Venice. Crossing the country we reach the Carpathian Mountains. Following these moun- tains, we soon reach the river Danube. 2. We now turn to the west, and, following the course of the Danube, pass through the heart of the empire, including Hungary, to Vienna, its capital. EXAMINATION LESSON LIIL The Empire of Austria. Q. Trace on the map of Europe, p. 51, tho trip just made. Q. Point out the position and boundaries of Austria. Q. Point out and name its principal mouutaiu-raugos? A. The Alps, and the Carpathians. Q. Point out and name its principal river. A. The Danube, flowing through its centre. Q. Point out & name tho pnncipal divisions of Austria. A. Austria Proper, Venice, and Hungary. Q. What aro the chief exports? A. Glass, flax, paper, silk, and wool. Q. For what is Austria noted? A. For its central position, and its mines. Q, Point out and name some of ite chief cities. A. Vienna, the capital ; Innspruck, & Venice. CONVERSATION XXIX. Conversational Trip throiigh Prussia. 1. From Austria we cross the Hartz Moun- tains into Prussia by way of Saxony. Pass- ing to tho north-east through Silesia and across the rivers Oder and Vistula, we reach the Baltic. 2. Turning now to the west and passing tho mouth of the Oder, we proceed inland to Berlin, the capital of Prussia; then turning to the west, we cross the Elbe through Hanover into Eastern Prussia, passing through a fertile country. EXAMINATION LESSON LIV. Prussia. Q. Trace on the map of Europe, p. 51, the trip just made. Q. i'oint out the position and boundaries of Prussia. Q. What countries separate Eaat and West Prussia? A. Hanover, and other smaller states.^ Q. Point oui: and name the principal rivers. A. The Rhine, Elbe, Oder, and Vistula. Q. Ill what direction do they flow? Q. What aro tho chief exports of Prussia? A. Grain, wine, lumber, wool, linen, &o. Q. For what is Prussia chiefly noted? A. For its rapid growth into a kingdom. Q. I'oint out and name its capital city. A. Berlin, on a tributary of the Elbe. CONVERSATION XX2. Conversational Trip through Italy. 1. Leaving Switzerland, we de*scend through Piedmont to Turin, its capital, and, by rail- way, reach the Gulf of Genoa. Passing down the coait of Tuscany, we sail between the islands of Elba and Corsica. 2. Leaving the island of Sardinia to the west, we pass in succession the river Tiber and the beautiful Bay of Naples, till we reach the Strait of Messina, between Italy and the island of Sicily. On leaving the Strait, we round Cape Spartivento, and, passing the Gulfs of Squil-la-ce and Taranto, enter the Adriatic Sea by the Strait of Otranto. 3. Up this sea we sail rapidly until we reach the Gulf of Trieste. Crossing this gulf to 62 ITALIAN STATES — SWITZERLAND — RUSSIA IN EUROPE. Venice, we go southward to the river Po, and ascend its rich valley for some distance, then turn southward through Parma, 3Iodcna, and Tuscany. From the celebrated city of Home, wo can proceed to the south of Italy, by way of the Apcnninc Mountains, which extend as far as the Strait of Messina. EXAMINATION LESSON LV. The Italian States. Q. Trace on tlio map tho trip jiirt rando. Q. roiiit out tlio position and boundaries of Italy. Q. Point out and name tlio princiiml capen and straits. Q. Point out and name its princiiial gulfs and bays. Q. 'What largo islands lie otf its coast? A. Corsica, Sardinia, and Sicily. Q. Point out and name its princii)ttl mountain-rnngci. A. The Alps, and the Apennines. Q. Point out and name its principal rivers. A. The Po, Arno, and Tiber. Q. In what direction do they How? Q. Name its two celebrated volcanic mountains. A. Vesuvius, at Naples ; and Etna, in Sicily. Q. llow is Italy divided? A. Into the kingdom of Italy, the Austrian province of Venetia, and tho Pontifical States. Q. AVliat are tho chief exports? A. Silks, olives, straw-hats, and coral. Q, For what is Italy chiefly noted? A. For its ancient greatness ; and for having long been the residence of the Pope, or head of the Roman Catholic Church. Q. Point out and name its chief cities? A. Turin, Genoa, Milan, Venice, Bologna, Florence, Pisa, Rome, Naples, and Palermo. Q. Describe Rome, tho capital of the Pontiflofil States. A. Rome is noted for its numerous splendid buildings, especially the Pontifical Cathedral of St. Peter, the \ itican (or residence of the Pope), and numerous churches. Pop. 180,500. CONVERSATION XXXI. Conversational Trip through Switzerland. 1. From Spain we reach Switzerland through France, by way of Mont Blanc and the Great St. Bernard (sec map of Italy). Turning to the oast along the southern boundary between Switzerland and Italy (see map of Europe), wo are in the midst of some of the most celebrated scenery of tho Alps and of the numerous lakes. 2. Going northwards, we reacli Berne, the capital of Switzerland, and then, turning to the south, reach the Lake of Geneva, at the south-west corner of Switzerland (see map of France). From tliis beautiful lake, we soon again como to the celebrated Mont Blanc and the Great St. Bernard, and so end our trip. EXAMINATION LESSON LVI. Switzerland. Q. Traco on tho ninp of Em ope, p. 61, and mop of Italy (next page), the trip Just nmde. Q. Point out tho position 'c boundaries of Switzerland. Q, What mountains form its southern boundary? A. The Alps, which separate it from Italy. Q. Name two mountain-peaks near this boundary. A. Mont Blanc and the Great St. Bernard. Q. Name one of the principal lakes. A. Geneva, on the French boundary-line. Q. What are tho chief exports? A. Jewellery, ribbons, silks, cattle, cheese, &o. Q. For what is Switzerland chiefly noted? A. For its beautiful lakes and mountains. Q. How is Switzerland divided? A. Into 22 cantons, forming a republic. Q. I'oint out and name the chief cities. A. Berne, the capital ; and Geneva. CONVERSATION XXXII. Conversational Trip through Enssia- in«Eiirope. 1. From Stockholm, opposite the Gulf of Finland, we sail eastward to St. Petersburg, the capital of Russia. After admiring this city, we proceed inland to Moscow, the for- mer capital. Here we find a splendid city; but as we pass out of it toward the Dnieper river, we enter a desolate country, called the Steppes. 2, From the mouth of the Dr .eper we reach the Crimea, and, after visiting Sebastopol and ., turning to Cl, and map of Imiring this ITALY. !» J liilmli- u i:,iiit 1111111. i;i "iirccuwUli! Ij' fiS SciJo of ICu^ikli 'Milps. Enjjc'ViJr Love'Jj Cuacral CBogroflr Itr.TTO byT.tT.Betrt CE_&^6-T£-t?iirei U Dnr^-ilrTSd-imibafp, S. Cb l.'.-. vYjrlr its famous battle-ground, proceed along the Black Sea to the Sea of Azof. Here we enter the river Don for a short distance, and, cross- ing over from it to the Caspian Sea by way of the river Volga, turn toward the north till we reach the mouth of the Ural river. 3. Up this river we go some distance, then cross to the Ural Mountains and sail down the Petchora river to the Arctic Ocean. We now turn to the west and enter the White Sea; down which we sail, and, by river, crossing to Lake Onega, are soon at St. Petersburg again. G4 RUSSIA IN EUllOPE — NORWAY AND SWEUKN. EXAMINATION LESSON LVII. Russia-in>Europe. Q, Trace on the map of Europe, p. 61, the trip Just made. Q. Point out on tlic samo map the position and boun- daries of Kussia-iu-Europc. Q. Point out and name its principal seas and gulfe. Q. Point out its principal capes and peninsulas. Q. Point out and name its principal mountain-ranges. A. The Ural and the Caucasian Mountains. Q. Point out and name its principal rivers. A. The Petff«*wmwTg.T.:ffyH« two cuuiitrlunf A. An extensive mountain- range. Q, I'diiit out and uiiuii- tlic |iHiicl|iiil lukea, A, Malar, Woncr, and Wntttir. Q. roint out luid uiiiiic tlii' |ii'iiicl|iiil rivorfl. A. Muonio, Tornca, Dahl, (jo-tlia, and GIOUIIIH'M. ^. U'luit nri) llui chief I'xiiovlHlf A. Iron, copper, I'sli, litirseH, ka. Q. Nanu< tliu cii|iitul of ouch country. A. Stof kholiii, the c;ii>ital of Sweden, and CMiristiama, the capital of Norway. Q. AVhci-o in J.milnud, itnd to wlioni docn it ImIohjjI' A. It lies to the north-east of Sweden, and belongs partly to Sweden and partly to llussia. CONVERSATION XXXIV. Conversational Trip through Denmark. Leaving Prussia by the Elbe river, we reach Denmark, (ioing northward along tho coast, we pass many islands, and enter the Cattegat. Rounding this, wo pass on southward, and soon enter tho river Elbe again. EXAMINATION LESSON LIX. Denmark. Q. roint out tho ponitiou and boundnrics of Donmarlc. Q. Nnmo tho principal IslundM off itn cast const. A. Zealand, Funen, and Laaland. Q. What are tlic chief oxi)ort8? A. Fish, agricultural products, feathers, &c. Q. For what is Denmark chietty noted? A. For its peninsular form. Q. Point out and name its chief cities. A. Copenhagen, the capital ; Elsinore, &o. CONVERSATION XXXV. Conversational Trip through Holland and Belgium. 1. From Denmark we reach Holland, either through Hanover or by the North Sea. Sailing down the low flat coast, we pass numerous islands until we come to the mouth of the Rhine. Passing this wide river-delta, we reach Relgium. 2. Jjandiiig at the boundar\'-line between France and IJelgium, we follow it into Holland until we reach tlio Rhine again. Crossing it, we still go on fartlier north until we arrive at Amsterdam, the capital of Holland. EXAMINATION LESSON LX. The Kingdoms of Holland and Belgium. (j. Point out the boundai'icM of ilollund and llelf^iiim. Q. What principal river has its outlet on the coaHttf A. The Rhine, which rises in Germany. Q, What are the cliief <<.\portH? ^1. Cheese, gin, tulips, lace, linen, clocks, kc. Q. lM)r what Is Holland chielly noted? A. For its numerous canals, imd for its dykes or coast-embaii';ments to keep o'lt the sea. Q. l''or what is llel^ium chielly noted? A, For its oil-paintings; and for having been one of the principal battle-Ilelds of Europe. Q. I'oint out and name the capital citi . A. Amsterdam, the capital of 'i »lland; and Brussels, the capital of lielgiuu, CONVERSA^i ION XXXVI. Conversational Trip through Germany Proper. We have already gone through Austria, Prussia, Denmark, and Holland, — parts of which are included in iie Germanic Confedera- tion. Following tho course of tho Elbe, wc pass through Saxony and several other small kingdoms. Duchies, Grand Duchies, &c., which are known as Germany Proper, and which are also included in the Confederation. EX..>'liNATION LESSON LXI. The Germanic Confederation. Q. Point out and namo tho Bcvoral countries in tho roiiuanic Confederation. A. Parts of Austria, Prussia, Denmark, and Holland ; and Germany Proper, including the kingdoms of Hanover, Saxony, Bavaria, and Wurtemberg ; and 27 smaller states. 66 GREECE — TURKEY-IN-EUROPE — CONTINENT OF ASIA. Q. For what object are these states confe'leratodf A. Chiefly for commerce and self-defence. Q. Point out & name the chief rirers in those countries. A. The Oder, Elbe, Rhine, and Danube. Q. AVhat are the cliief exports? A. Flax, grain, timber, fruit, &c. Q. Name tlie capital cities of some of tliese States. A. Hanover, the capital of Hanover ; Dres- den, of Saxony ; Munich, of Bavaria ; Stut- gard, of Wurtemberg. CONVERSATION XXXVII. Conversational Trip through Torkey-in- Europe and Oreece. 1. To reach Turkey from Holland, we sail up the Rhine until we can cross over to the Danube. Sailing down this noble river through Austria, and Turkey -in -Europe, we soon reach its mouth, on the Baltic Sea. From this point we proceed southward as far as the Bosporus, and, passing Constantinople, the capital of Turkey, sail through the Sea of Marmora into the Grecian Archipelago. 2. Sailing through this archipelago, we soon reach the once classic shores of Greece, and Athens, its capital. From Athens wo sail southward, and, rounding Cape Matapan', sail northward to the Ionian Islands. Pass- ing them, we again reach the Turki';h coast. Following this coast up the Adriatic, we again reach the Austrian boundary. From this point we can easily cross the country to the river Danube again. EXAMINATION LESSON LXII. The Kingdom of Greece. Q, Trace on the map of Europe, p. 51, tlie trip just made. Q. Point out the position and boundaries of Greece. Q. Point out and name its principal cape. Q. How is Greece divided? A. Into Hellas, at the north ; and the Mo- rea, a peninsula at the south. Q, Point out the principal islands off tho coast. A. Candia, belonging to Turkey; and the Ionian Islands, under British protection. Q. What are the chief exports? A. Honey, currants, figs, and other fruits. Q. For what is Greece chiefly noted? A. For its ancient greatness. Q. Point out and name its capital city. A. Athens, on its eastern coast. EXAMINATION LESSON LXIII. Turkey-in-Europe. Q. Point out tho boundaries of Turkoy-in-Europo. Q. Point out and name its principal mountains. A. The Carpathians at the north. Q. Point out and name its principal livor. A. The Danube, at the north. Q. What are the chief exports? A. Carpets, silks, leather, drugs, fruit, &o. Q. For what is Turkey-in-Europo chiefly noted? A. For its ancient history as Macedonia, &c. Q. Point out and name the capital city of the c: apiro. A, Constantinople, on the Bosporus. EXAMINATION LESSON LXIV. The Continent of Asia. Q. Point out the position and boundaries of Asia. Q. Point out and name its principal capos and bays. Q. Point out and name its principal seas and gulfs. Q. Point out and name its chief peninsulas. A. Turkey-in-Asia, Arabia, Hindostan', Ma- lacca, Corea, and Kamtchatka. Q. Point out and name tho principal islands. A. Ceylon', Hainan', Formosa, the Japan Isles, Saghalien, and New Siberia. Q. Point out am" ^mo the principal mountain-ranges. A. The Yablonoi, Altai, Thian-shan', Peling', the Eastern and Western Ghauts, Himalay'as, and the Ural and the Caucasus in part. Q. Point out and name tho groat rivers in Asia. A. Indus, Ganges, Mekong, Yang-tse-ki-ang', Ho-ang-ho', /moor, Lena, Yenisei, and Obi. Q. Point out and name tho principal doeert. A. The great desert of Gobi, in Tartary. Q. Into what countries is Asia divided? J.. Into Russia - in - Asia, Turkey-in-Asia, Arabia, Persia, Independent Tartary, Bokhara, sr fruiti. .XIII. •Europe, tains. ruit, &c. lotcd? idonia, &o. the o: ipiro. as. LXIV. of Afiia. and bays. ,ud gulfs. 8. astan', Ma- ids. the Japan ntain-rangcs. n', Peling', [Tmaltty'as, art. Asia. tse-ki-ang', and Obi. rt. Tartary. ^- in -Asia, , Bokhara, Ik»«t.liTXSS OTEH. ^It! CS^CaatxMJik Afghanistan', Beloochistan', Hindostan', Bur- mah (or Birraah), Siam, Laos, Anam, Ma- lacca, China, Japan, &o. Za^aniLkr XUS UJITS SEUUrnOidk. Q. What countries Ho east of Persia?— oast of Hindo- stan?— north of India?— east of the Caspian Sea?— What islands lie to the east?— to the north?— to the south?— What range of very high mountains lies north of Hindostan? 68 TRIP TimOUUH ASIA — RUSSIA-IN-ASIA. .^ -'7 f -'^" 8ag- hali'en and tl o Kurilo islands, which bcloog to Japi.n. EXAMINATION LERJ-^ON liXXII. The Islands oi Japan. Q. Point out tho petition of tlic ./apau islands. Q. Name the principal islands of .'npait. A. Ximo, or Kiuiiu, Sikokf, av\d Niphon. Yesso, tho southern part of Saf':hai;en, and tlie Kurile islands, arc dependencies. i!^. Wliat are 1!'0 chief products? A. <>>ppcr, iron, tea, tobacco, and silk. G. For what is Japan chiefly noted? ..lI. For its long seclusion from other nations. Q. Point out and name its chief cities. A. Jeddo, the military capital; Meaco, the ecclesiastical capital; Osaka, Simoda, ko. EXAMINATION LESSON LXXIII. Oceania. Q. Point lut tho groat island-groups of Oceania. Q. Into how many great groups are they divided? A. Into three, called Malaysia, Australasia, and Polynosia ; and these are again subdivided. EXAMINATION LESSON LXXIV. Malaysia. Q. Point out the position of tho Malaysian group. Q. Name the principal islands in this group. A. Java, Borneo, Celebes, and the Philippines. Q. Name the Dutch islands in Malaysia. A. Java, Celebes, part of Borneo, Timor, &c. Q. Name the Spanish islands in Malaysia. A. The Philippines, a group of three large and twelve hundred smaller islands. slands of 0, or Kiu- principal and out and bays, auty, iuul arc t-';ag'- ch bclowg '■ XXII. mds. d Niphon. alien, and silk. icr nations. Mcaco, the I, ko. JiXIII. jcanift. divided? Lustralasia, lubdivided. .XXIV. n gronp. ip. Philippines. Timor, &c. three large 3hL;>UuiUix£XSK:&.aDSS£U^jraiiajar>rr- Q. Name f Portuguese islands. A. Ti-mor in part, Flo-res, So-lor, &c. Q. Point out the largest island in Malaysia. Q. What countries lie west and north of Malaysia? Q, What 8 large islands lie south and cast of Malaysia? Q. Name the British islands in Malaysia, A. Labuan', and part of Borneo. Q. Point out the largest island in Australasia. 74 AUSTRALASIA — TRIP THROUGH OCEANIA — AUSTRALIA. PBINOIFAL AHIMALS IH OCEANIA. EXAMINATION LESSON LXXV. Australasia. Q. Point out the position of Aufitrnlasia. Q. Xamo the principal isiiuiiis in this group. A. Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, New Guinea, New Hebrides, Salomon Islands, &c. Q. Wliich of tlicso islands belong to Great Britain? A. Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand. CONVERSATION XLV. Conversational Trip tlurough Oceania. 1. From Japan we direct our course south- ward to the principal islands of Oceania. We first touch at the Philippine islands ; and from them proceed onward in succession to the large islands of Borneo, Cel-e-bes, Java, «&c. 2. From them we reach the great island- eontinent of Australia. Rounding it, we touch at Tasmania, then at New Zealand, and, turn- ing northward, reach the New Hebrides, Salo- mon Islands, and Papua or New Guinea. 8. From it we proceed to the Caroline islands, the Ladroncs, and the islands in Anson's archipelago. From them we sail cast- ward of the Sandwich islands, thence southwest by way of Palmyra's, America's, Cook's, and Navigator's Islands, to the Central Archipelago, thence south-east and east to the Friendly islands, and thus make a rapid survey of these great island-clusters in the Pacific Ocean. Q. Trace on the map the trip just made. Q. Toint out and name the principal animals of Oceania. A. 1, The Kangaroo-rat; 2, the male Kan- garoo ; 3, the female Kangaroo ; 4, Duck-billed Platypus; 5, Sheep; 6, the Lyre-bird; 7, Cockatoo ; 8, Argus-eyed Pheasant ; 9, Vul- ture; 10, Emu; 11, Cassowary; 12, Ap- teryx, or Wingless-bird ; and 13, Black Swan. EXAMINATION LESSON LXXVI. Australia. Q. Toint out the position and boundaries of Australia. Q. Point out and name its capes and gulfs. Q. Into what colonies is it divided? A. Into North, West, and South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales, and Queensland. ^ »$~ I m "0 \t\t- !(■ ? J^ islands in e sail cast- southwest ook's, and rchipelago, 3 Friendly jy of these )cean. Is of Oceania, male Kan- )uck-billed e-bird ; V, t; 9, Vul- 12, Ap- lack Swan. XXVI. Df Australia. Australia, eensland. AUSTRALIA. 76 -120 Xii^?luxBasyXc«30]u In. G-«aiI- G-eogilT I-'O IHO OlZaTnt.Jir'l^U'UUXEK.Ai.C.E. Ai:uii.u:.. Guinea? X W..tmouut«in«-paratcSouaau^i^^^^^^ ^ ^^^ I The Kong Mountains, runnu ^ q". roiut out and nan.0 the clue. -y- g^^^,„. A TimbucW, onJlieJ^iSG'^» EXAMINATION LESSON LXXXIL ..roiutouttS^^ I The Zulu (or ^^^y^j^Xush colonies Hottentot Countries; f^'Jf.^'^'' 5 Natal, Kaffraria, and the Cape. KAFFIU CHIEF OF TEE ^"1-" '^^^^^- .Po^nt out the position and boundaries Of each, iSKS-^Sh rivers. ixrs^e;;:iry:"^^ roint ut aud uame ti.c Pfcipal f -«• I: Cape Town and Fort Natal. eseco«mvieBgovcrnod? ^^^^ EXAMINATION LESSON LXXXIV. The Islands of Africa. i,^;":;;;:rst.r;No.iHMa,oua. Q. Name the Spanish islands. i. The Canary Isles, IFcrnando Po, &c. O Name the rortugucso islands. , «_"-« ft«it,fia. &c. 1 ^ xt is chiefly independent, iananariv , in the centre, is its capital. Lower and ITpper Guinea, &c. .P^rtthechiofdivisionsofLowerGuinea. A. Congo, and Loango. Guinea. hantce, and an slaves. by the Britr ndcpcndent. of each. laizc, &c. in Liberia. a. negambin, &c. ra Lc-o-ne. palm-oil. 1? sments on the e Gambia river, liberated slaves. ibia. N LXXXIV. frica. pal islands of Africa. Ascension, Fer- [q Madeira Isles. gascar. Mauritius, ind Ascension. Jossib^, Mayotta. nando Po, &«• 3. ares, and the Cape- ff Cape Verde). ? Name its capital, dent. Tananarivo,