IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) !^^lonel of foot, and now Brigadier General in America. Including' his TranfatSlions with the Indians, Relative to the Delivery of the /Prifoners, and the Preliminaries of Peace. With an Introductory Account ^of the Preced- 4ng Campaign, and Battle at Buflr y-Run. To which are annexed MILITARY PA P E RSV C O N T A I N I N 6 Refle£lions on the War with the. Savages; a Method of forming Frontier Sett lemems; fome Account of the Ind an Country ; with a Lift of "Nations, Fighting Men, Towns, Diftances, and different Routes." , Publifhed, from authentic Documents, by a Lover of his Country. D U B L I N. Print.ed for, John Milliken» at (No lo,) in Skinner-Row, Mdccxxix. : -/ I (( puthor ■*4- TH E general peace, concluded betwven Great-Britain, France and Spain, ijt the year 1762, although viewed in diftereitt lights by perfons vaiioufly afFetted iiv the mother country, was neverthelefs univerCUly confiderM as a moft happy event in America. To behold the French, who hud fo long in* ftigated and fupported the Indians, in the moft deftru6bive wars arid cruel depi editions on our frontier fettlements at laft connpeilcd to cede all Canada, and reftri^ked to the weilern fide o^' Miffiffippi, was what we had long wi(hed, but fcarcely hoped an accompliOiment of incourowti days. The preci''-on with which our bou^Klaries were expreilcd, admitted of: no ground tt>r iu" turi: difputes, and was matter ot exuUatipn to every one who under flood and, legardbi ihe in- terei); of thefe colonies. We had now the pleaf^* ing profoect of ** entire * fecuruyfrom all ino- legation of the Indians, fuice French intrigue could no longer be employed to feduee, or French force to fupport them." (I * The feverai quotatioDsJn tbis introduftio^ are I taken from \he Annual Regifter, 1)63, which i^ Ivyritten withgre t ele^mcj and truth, (o iiir as the lauthor appears to have been furnilhed with maieiiaJs. A 2 •• Unhappily, »v INTRODUCTION. cc (( 1( cc cc •* Unhappily, however, we were difap- polnted in this expedlation. Our danger a- rofe from that very quarter, m which we ima- gined ourfelves in the moft pcrfetSt fecurity ; and juft at the time when we concluded the <* indians to be entirely awed, and almoft Tub- *^ Jelled by our power, they fuddenly fell upon *' the frontiers of our moft valuable fettlements, and upon all our out- lying forts, wi|b fuch una* nimicy in the defign, and with fuch favage fufyiti the attack, as we' had not experienc- ed, even in the hotted times of -Any former *« war." Several reafons have been ailigned for this |)erfidious condii^); on their part; fuch as an omiilion of the ufual prefents, and fome fetJe- ments nfadeon lands not yet purchafed fromihem. But thefe caufes, if true, couid only zffe& a few tribes, and never could have formed fo gener?il a combination againft us. The true reafon feems to have been a jealoufy of our growing power, heightened by their feeing the F rench almoll wholly driven out of America, and a number of forts now poffefled by us, which commanded the great lakes and rivers communicating with them, and awed the whole Jndian country. They probably imagined that they beheld "in '• every 1 ttle garrifon the germ of a future co- ** lony," and thought it incumbent on them to make one genet al and timely effort to ciufh our power in the birth. By the papers in the Appendix, a general idea may be formed of the ftrength ot the diffe- rent Indian nations furrdunding our fettlements, and their fituation with refped to each other. The Shawanefe, Delawares and other Ohio tribes, took the leaVl in this war, and feem to have 5 difap- anger a- ^c ima- ecurity ; idcd the raoft fub- fellupoa tiements, *uch una- h favage xpcricnc- ^ former I for thii ch as an nc fctds of a regular riege, yet, with incredib'e boynefs, they poded the^nfelves under the banket of both rives f by the walU of tho fort, and contiaued as it were buried there, from day to day, with a(loni(hing patience ; pouring in an inceftint ftorm of mufquetry and Hre ar- rows ^ hoptn:; at length, by famine, by fire, ur by barrailta^ out uie garrifun* to cany their point. . » Captaii^ EcuYERy who commanded there, tho' he wanted feveial neceflTaries for^ fuilaining a fiege, and the fortifications had been greatly damaged by the floods, took all the precautions which art and judgment could fugged f t the repair of the place, and repulfmg the enemy. His garrifon, joined by the inhabitanu, and furviving traders who had taken refuge there, feconded his efforts with re«>lution. Their fi- tuation was alarming, being remote from all immediate aifidance, and having to deal with an enemy from whom they had no mercy to ex- pert. GfiNBRAL Amherst, the commander in chief, not being able to provide in time for the fd^ety of the remote po(U, bent his chief atten- tion to the relief o^ the Detroit, Niagara, and Fort-Pitt. The communication with the tw^ former was chiefly by water, from the province of New- York 5 and it was on that account the t The Ohio and Monongahtla, at the junA'on of which ftanda Fort Pitt. A 4 more fii! I N T R O D C C T if !<*: i\ more tafy to thfow fuccours into thenr. Tf»C lietachmenc fcnt tu the Detroit arrivcti theft; on' the 19th of Jily, 1763; btit Captain Dalyel I « Vfho commanded that detachment, and feventy • of his men, loft their lives in a rencounter with tfie Indians near the fort. Preyioui to this dif- after he had pafled- thro' Niagara, and kh a leinforcement there. Fort Pitt remained all this whi'e in a moflf critical fituation. No account could be obtained from the garrifon, nor any relief fent to it^ but by a long and tcdiois land march of near 200 ii)iles beyond the fetilements ; and through thofe dangerous, pafles where the late of Braddock ^nd others ftill rifes on the imagination. Col. Bot<^ET Was appointed to march m the relief of this fort, with a large quantity of military (lores and provifions, efcorted by the Ihattered remainder of the 42d and 77th regi- ments, lately Teiurncd in a difmal condition from the Weft- Indies, and far from being recovered of tliejr fatigues at the fiege of the Havannah. General Amhe: ft, having iix that time no other troops to fpare, was obliged to employ them in a fervice which would have tequired men of the ftrongeft c( nftiiution and vigour. Early orders had been given to prepare a convoy cf provifions on the frontiers of Pennfyl- vania, but fuch were the univerfat terror and confternation of the inhabitants, that when Crl. Bouquet arrived at Carlifle, nothing had yet feen done. A great number of the plantations had been plundered and burnt by the favages ; many of the mils deftroyed, and the full-ripe crops flood waving in the field, ready for the ^ckle^ but the reapers were not to be found ! lafi( fcrti ed. deftj ii fapp ry pj horfe Ti pcaii hitnfe beftci to reli i8daj denttL ed to I Jigenc^ and cai the intj prqceec Thi dejecHetj and feri i^c forn were fu folding I'egulars the Jeaft ed only beaded, Sufquehai iw fuc prlfing, t <^epcnded none of t ^kcountr INTRODUCTION. k e on yell, with sdif- tf t a I •. moff tained t, but r aoo \ ihofc ck >nd ifch to tity of by the b ''cg*'- >n from ovcfcd annab. ,0 oibcr icm in of the ;pare a [cnnfyl- lor and len Ccl. lad yet itaiions ivages ', [uU-ripe tor tbe found 1 Tttfr Thb greateft part of the county of Cumber- land, thro' which the army had to pafs, was de- ferted, and the roads were covered with diflreiT- ed families, flying from their fettlements, and deftitute of all the neceilaries of life. In the midft of that general confufion, the fapplies neceiTary for the expedition became ve- ry precaiious,, ncr was it lefs difficult to procure horfes and carriages for the ufe of the troops. Thb commander found that, inftead of ex- pecting fuch fupplies from a miferable peoplct he himfelf was called by the voice of humanity to beftcw on them fome (hare of his own provihons to relieve their prefent exigency. However, in 1 8 days after his arrival at Carlifle, by the pru- dent fapprov- it infirro, ibis new even Co and ftxtyl he garri- Icatton. beyond! greatcftl ic cnemyvi lie ftockadel ..ely weak,! ^d been m of Licvl T»« The preferfation of that poft was of the ut* moft confequencei on acpounc of it^ iituation and the quantity of military flores it contained, which if tbe enemy could have got pofieffion of^ would havQ enabled them to continue their attack upon Fort-Pitt, and reduced the army to the greated itreightai. For an obje^ of that imp -r- tancct ^very rifk was to he run i and the Colonel determined to (end through the woods, with pro* per guides, a party of thirty men to join that garriion.. Thjcy fucceeded by forced marches in that hazardous attempr, not having been difco- vered by th(B enemy till they came within tight of the Fort^ into which they threw themfdvesy af- ter reip^jylng fome running (hot. Previous to that reinforcement of regulars* 20 voluntiers, all go^ woodfinen, had been fent tp Fort-Lig^nier by Capt. Ourry, who com- maivded at^ort^dford another very confidera- bljp maga^lnie'of jproviiions, and military fl^es, the principal and centi ita.l flage between Carlifle and Fort-Pitt, being about 100 miles diftance from each. This foft ws^ alfb in a ruinous con> ditiof), an4 very weakly jgarrifoned, although the ^WQ fiiiall interniedrute pol^s, at the croifings of. ti^e Juniata and of Stony- Cretik, had been aban^ doo^d to ilrengthen it Hers the diftrtfl(id families, flattered for 12 or 1 3 nxiles rouqd, fled for prote^ion^ leaving; m>R of ^hfir eflTeiSts a prey to the favages. .. ffiiif%\\e ntc^ff^ty precautions were taken byr ^C oo.qifxian^ing of&cei*, td ptevent furprizc, and re^l open. fpi<;^ as alfo to render inef&£^ual the en^inies tire ai;row'^. He armed all (he tighting iQjep, who formed two c mpanies of vbluntiers, 4o4 iid 4uty witli the garrifon tiU the arrival of two- xii iNTRODtrCTiOM: t^ro ccmpanies of light infantry, detached as fgoft . as pf^flible from Colonel Bouquet's little, array, J 'V These two magazines being f^cured, the C *' ceed, refojved to take, the firft adyantageous . **: opportunity of an attack on the march.'*" In this uncertainty of intelligence under which theoQelpne] Jaboured, .he marchetl. from Fort- JBpdford the. 28ih cf July, and as foon as he reached Fort-Ligonier, he determined very pru- dently to leave his waggons ,ai that pod, and to firoceed only with the pack horfes. Thus dif- burdened, the army continued their route. Before thein lay a dangerous de6le at Turtle Creek, fe- veral.ni^iles in length, commanded the whole way Vj high and craggy hills. This defile he intend- ed to have pafTed the enfuing night, by a double or forced march j thereby, if poffible, to elude the vigilance of fo alert an enemy, propofing on« ly to make a fhort halt in his wa/i to fcfrelh the Troops, at BuOiy-Run. U ct as the exercife of a fpirited and adventurous .* mind, rather thap a jrigid contjeft where all i^ * at (bil^e^ and Autusil deftru^^ion theobje^; ]^ and as a contention between rivals for glory^ r. - ' raihcf Ij[ to ittcr, :nw5kr thcif n into ig nar i they wn all v^day» F inicf- igaropr uretejia » circle, lor, ^nd INTRODUCTION. xy rifihcr tfatn a real ftruggle between fanguinarf enemies. But in an /Vmericaa canipaigii everjr thing is terrible ; the face of the country, the climate, the enemy. There is no refre(hment for the heahhy, nor relief tor the fick. A vaft unhofpi table dvfart, unfafe and treacherous, furrounds ihcm^ where victories are not deci^ five, but defeats are ruinous ; and fimple death is the lead misfortune which can happen to them. This forms a fervice truly critical, in which all the firmnefs of the body and mind is put 10 the fevereft trtal ; and all the exertions of courage and addrefs are called out. 1/ the anions of thefe rude campaigns are of leis dig- nity, the adventures in them^e more interefl- ing to the hearty and m^ij amufing to the imagination, than the evicts of a regular war. *> But to return.to the patty of Englilh, whom we left in the woods. At the firft dawn of light the favages began to declare themfelves* all about the camp, at the dillance of about 500 yards ; and by ihouting and yelling in the muft horrid manner, quite round that exten- iive circumference, endeavoured to flrilce terroc by an oftentation of their numbers, and their ferocity. * After this alarming preparative, they at- tacked our forces, and, under the favour of an inceflant fire, made feveral bold efforts to pe- netrat« imo the camp. They were repujfed in every attempt^ but by no means diteouraged from new ones. Our troopsi, continuaUy vie* toridus, were continually in dangor. They were beftdes extiemely fatigued with a long march, and with the equally long a£iion, of the preceding day j and the/ wirediftreiTed to * the y xvi introduction; * the laft degree by a total want of water, much^ '* more intolerable than the enemy's fice. * Tied to their onvoy, they could not loFe ^ fight of it for a moment, without expofmg, * not only that interefting obje6^, but thetr * wounded men, to fall a prey to ^he favages, * who preiTed them • on every fide. To move. * was impradlicable^ Many of the horfes were * lofti and many of the drivers, ftupefied by * their fears, hid themfelves in the buOies, and * were incapable of hearing or obeying orders * Their fituation became extremely critical * and perplexing, having expecienced that the * moft lively efforts made no impreifion'upon an ' enemy, who always gave way when prefTed*; ' but who, the moment the purfuit was over, ^ returned with as much alacrity as ever to the *^ attack. Befieged rather than engaged ; attafck- * ed without interruption,' and without decifioii^ * able neither to advance nor to retreat, they * faw before them^he moft melancholy iprofpc^ 'of< crumbling away by degrees, and entirely ' pcriihing without revenge or honour, in the *-midft^ of thofe dreadful defarts. The fate of * Braddock was every moment before their eyes j, * but they were more ably cond^tied. *TpE commander w«8 fenfiblc; that; every * thing depended upon^briugiag the favages to a * clafe. engagement, and to ftand their. ground ifv when attacked. Their audacioufnefs, which If. had increafed with their fuccefs, feemed fa- %}vourable to this defign. He endeavoured, ^^ there Fore, to increafe their 'Coniidence as much :^ iience* and formed a circle round their convoy from * m * th; * be, * (hi •rial * fift * feei •of] * ordt * the * ino\ * tend * OM' * with • T •The •ofth •foot * centd * thofe * wood * on, a ^ pidiiy heavy * certaii * maftei INTRODUCTION. xvit lofe ring, their IgCJ, nove. were I by , and :rs- ritical t the on an cffeJ-; over» to the Litack- Cifioir, they orpe(^ mirely in ihe ate of eyes J, every IS to a |,roum' jwhich kd fa- med, much »wing .em'r- lonvoy from f^om the preceding night, which order they ftiil retained. Col. Bouqubt gave diief^ions, that two companies of his troops, who had been pofted in the mod advanced (ItuationB, ihould fall within the circle ; the troops r.n the right and left iihmediately opened their fites^ and filled up the vacant 'fpace,r that they might feem to cover their retreat. Another company of light infantry^ with one of grenadiers, were ordered ** to lie in ambufcade," to fupport the two firft' companies ot ' grenadiers* who moved on the feigned retreat, and were in- tended to begin the real attack. The difpofiti- ons were' well made, and the plan executed without the lead confuiion. •The ravages gave emirely into the fnare. The thin irne of troops, which took pofTeifion of the ground which the two companies of light foot had leit, being brought in nearer to the center of the circle, the barbarians mi{lti them, k'Utd Vinni)S and put the reft to flight. !* * At the inftaat when the favages betook * themfelves to flight,, the other two companin, *' which had been ordered to- lupporc the Mt, * rofe ** frooi theaaihurcadc«'' oterched to the * tmmy^ and gave them tbiir full fire. Thii ac- * eompiiflied their defefttk The four eompatires^ * now uHicedyjIid not give them time to look be- * hind them, but pursued the enemy till they * were totally difperlbd^ * Thi other bodiet of the favagea atlempted * nothing. They. we$e kept inia^Me; during the * engagemciMt by thte left of fihe British troops, * who were (o poi^.ed ,9$, to be really %o. £iU on> * (hem t»poo t^e Ijcafl; motion. Having fatoem wit- * nefles to the defeat (f their comipani^iiM, with* * out any effort to fupport or af^ft thein« they * at length foUowed their example ^nd fled. * This judicious and. fuccefsful manoeuvre cer- ' cped the parly from the i|ici^.immi»eilfd)MeQr. ^ The yi^ory fqcured the field* and de^ritd ail- ^ the adjacent woods* But ftill: tfie mafj^h was * iodifEcult, andithe9*'my had fuffer^ fo much, * and fo many hoffra were ioftt that before ibey *■ were abte to proceed,, they were relu^ntly * obliged to deftroy fach pai t of their convoy of \\. proviftons as they could not (;arry with them * for want of hor(«s. Being, iighcene^ by thi& fa> * crifice, they proceeded |p |iuiky-^R.Uin» where * finding water, they encam^Kd*^** Thk enemy l»ft about &my meti oathis oc* cafion, fome of them their chief warriprsi which they repmed a very fevere ftroke. They had Ukewiie; many wounded in the purfu^ The {)ngltAi loft abouiB fifty min and had aboitt fixt/ WMindedc ,» , - tH8 etoofc antes* to (be^ iHia?- ok be* ittiHcy iag Uic" I, with- pd. bmucbf Of c ihey oavov of iih them y ibU (a- ly wbere lNTROI>0Ci:iON. ^ix 'The ravages, thus flgnally defeated in all their attempts to cut off this reinforcement upon itsr march, begav> to retreat with the utmoft pre- cipitation to ;neir remote fcttlements, wholly giv- ing up their defigns againft Fort-Pitt ; at which place Co\» Bouquet arrived U(h w:th his convoy^i four days after the a^ion ; receiving no further moleilation on the road» except a few fcattered> Aot from a diflieartened and flying enemy. Here the Colonel was obliged to put an end' to the operations of this campaign* not having a fufficicnt force to purfue the eiiem/ beyond the Ohio and tatce advantage of the vi^hMry obtained over them ; nor kavimg any rcafbn to exp«5l. a« timely reintbrcement from the provinces in their diftreiled fituation. He was therefore forced t» content himfelf with fupplying Fore-Pitt, and ci- ther pkice»on thecjmmiinication, with proviit- oils, ammunition,, and- ftores ; ftationing his fmail army to the bed adva^a^ he couidy again(( the approach o.^wintfip, ^ The tranra(Stions of the fticxeedrng campaign^; will be the fubjed of the following work, and we fhall conclude this introdu^iont by (hewing the fenfe which his Majefty was pleiifed to enter- tain, of th«condu£l and braveiy of the ufficerf and army, on thi$ trying occafion* thisoc- which had The 'hey HiAO- tH8 XX introduction: Ht AD-QuARTE&S, NeW-YoRK, JdH. 5, 1764^ ORDERS. HI S Majefty has been gracioiifly plcared*^ to r»/;nify lb ihe commander in chief, ** his Toyal approbation of the conduct and bra- •* very of Col. BoUcyrET, and the officers and' ** troops under his command, in the two adlions •* of the 5th and 6th of Augiift ; in which, hot- ** withftanding the many circumft^nces of dif- *' ficulty and diilrefs they laboured .under, and' *-* the unuftia) fpirit and refolution of the Indians, ** they repelled and deteated-the repeated attacks' ** of the Savages, and conducted their convoy •♦ fafc to Fort-Pitt. ** Signed MoKcrief, " Major p£ BrigadcJ^ To Colonel BouquET, or o|&cer commanding at Fort-Pitt. A:n A N ;-> Hiftorical ACCOUNT ^OT COLONEL BOUQUETS EXPEDITION ^gairtft the OHIO INDIANS in the Year 1764. IN the preceding introduf^ion, fomc account hath been given of the fudden, treacherous and unprovoked atrark, made by the Indians rpon the frentie s of Pcnnfylvania, Maryland* and Virginia, foon after the publication of the general Peace, at a time when vie were but juft beginning to refpire fr m our former calamitieSt and looked for an approach of c^uiet on every fide. 7 he principal tranfaftions. of the campaign 1 763 have likewife been briefly recapitulated, ai>d the reader informed by v^bat means ihe editor became poflTefled of the valuable papers, which have en- abled him to bring the hiftory of this Indian war to a condtifion, and furni(hed the materials ef the foil wing iheets. Colonel BouquiT^ as before mentioned, not having a fufRcicnt number of troop? to garri- "fon 'the different pofts, under his command, and at the fame time to crofs she Ohio and take ad- vantage or tbedejedtien into which he bad thr&wn the enemy, by the defeat at Bulby-Run> was ob- liged a Col. B O U QV E T ' • Expedition liged to reft rain his operations to the fupplying the forts with provifions, ammunition and other ne- ceflaries. In the execution of this fervice* he received no annoyance Irom the enemy, for they now faw themlelves iiot only forced to give up their de- figns againft Fort-Pitt ; but, retreating be- yond the Ohio, they deferted their former towns, and abandoned all the country between Prefque- Ifle and Sandofki j not thinking themfelves fafe till they arrived at Mufkingam. Here they began «to form new fettlements, und Kmaioed quiet during the winter. But, in the mean lime, havine fupplied themfelves with powder, &c. from the Trench traders, (and now littering themfelves that the great diftance of their fettlements would render them inacceifible to our troops) the enfuing fpring 1^64 prefented Ibcfe favage enemies atrefti en our frontiers; ravaging and murdering with their ufual bar* baricy. To chaftife them for their perfidy, General Gage refolved to attack them on two different iides, and to force them from our frontiers ; by carrying the war into the heart of their own coiin< try. With this view, he deflined a corps of troops to proceed undei Col. Bradflieet, to ad anainfl th« Wiandots, Otuwiis, Chipwas aud other nations, living upon or near the lakes; while another corps, under the command of Col. Bouquet, fhould attack the pelavvares, Shaw< fuiefe^ Mingoes, Mohickons, and other nations, between the Ohio and the lakes. These two corps were to a£l in concert; and as tiiat of Col. Bradilreet could be ready much fooner than the other, he was to proceed to Detroit, Michilimackinac and other places. On On Szm rous their wiiil, of ti nient Cb alcogi tendec penctr andai withou offucc they hi to expe *'>em— and pro ^holc e ^0 many prudcnc( vent; ft which, ^ tiry ope I a deta?], , ccable^o pnthisTpJ J ^^0 mufl' (Hence, ar hliemfeivea Ijercdon I*; two ht required q rj«'r mbil ^y about J the nc- •ved dc- be- wns, s late nent«* A with d now ince of ceffiblc refenicd >ntier8 *> lal bar- jcneral liferent lers i by ]ncoun- lorps oi ], load fas an(i lakes-, of Col. ^ Shaw- iiaCions, roncert v )e ready proceed places. On Agiinft the OHIO INDIANS 1 764. 3 On his return^ he was to encamp jnd remain M Sandiikit to awe, hy that pofition, the nume- rous tribes of weflern Indians, Co as to prevent their fending any affiftance to the 'Ohio Indians, while Colonel Bou(]uec (hould execute his plan of attacking them in the heart of their fettle- menti. Col. Bovqubt's expedition was to proceed altogether by land, and was on that account at- tended with great difficulties. His men were to penetrate through a continued depth of woods, and a favage unexplored country ; without roads, without pofti, and without a retreat if they failed of fuccels. When once engaged in thefe deferta^ they had no convoy, nor any kind of affiftance to exped. Every tiling was to be carried with them — their ammunition, baggage, tools, ftoret, and provifiona neceifary for the troops during the whole expedition. And befides, they were liable to many embarraflments, and difficulties which no prudence could forefee, fcarce any caution pre- vent ; fo that, in this account, fundry thingSf which, in the ufual method of conducing mili- tary operations, might not be thought worthy of a detail, may neverthelefs be found highly fervi- ceable-to thoie who may afterwards be employed in this fpecies of war, which is new to Europeans, who muft fubmit to be inftrudled in it by expe- rience, and in many articles even by the favages themfelves. Part ,of the 4td and 60th regiments were or- [^ered on this expedition, and were to be joined by two hundred friendly Indians, and the troops required of Virginia and tennfylvania. The In- dians never came, and the Virginians pleaded ieir inability to i aife men, having already in ^y about 700 militia for the defence of their own frontier, 4 Col, B O U (iU E T ' s 5xpedItion\ frontier. In Pennfylvania, a bill for raifing lOOd men was pafTed May 30ih ; but, with the utmod diligence that could be ufed, the number cquld not be compieated till die beginning of Augud. On the 5th o! that month, the men being af- fembled at Carlifle, one hundred and eighteen miles to the weftward ot Philadelphia, Crovernor Penn, who had ac ompanied Col. Bouquet to thai place, acquainted the two Pcnnfylvania bat- talions with the neceffity we were laid under of chaftifing the Indians *' for their repealed and *' unprovoked barbarities on ihc inhabitants of ** the Province; a juft refentment of which, ** added to a remembrance of the loyajty and ** courage of our provincial troops on former oc- ** cafions, he did not doitbt, would animate ** them to do honour to their country ; and that they could not but hope to be crowned with fuccefs, as they were to be united with the ** fame regular troops, and under the fame able commander, who had by themfelves, on that very day, the memorable 5th of Auguft ia the pieieding year, fuftained the repeated at- ta«-ks of the (avages, and obtained a com pleat *' vidory • ver ihem."- E-ie aifj leminded them *' ff the exemplary punifliments that would be '* irifl 6ted on the grievous crime of defertion, if ** any of them were capaSle of fo far forgetting ** their folemn oath and duty to their king and ** country, as to be involved In it." Col. Bouquft then affumed the command nfthe regu'ar and provincial troops i and the tour follnvjug days were fpent n the neceflary prepa- raMons for their march ; the Colonel giving the rr\tA} exprcfs orders io the -.fRcers and nicntaj obieive ilriit difciplinc, and not .to c mmit ll^e leatt violation of the^civil rights or ^''t; ice ortnsi . inliabiiants. I t4 *nh itio ous him Fori caut vanii nicn. cefTit to cr full i l>ya 1 Augu yond applicj der th( men 1 army a tember. No from Fort and which Septem Dv were fo ^l^e ener on the thofe c Pitt. Whi he recti Bradftreta ^^^quainri conclude tvi ;moft could ift. jhtcca /ernof let to ia bat- ider of :d and Aivs of which, Jty and [ler oc- animate and that led with vith the lOie able on that .uguft itt !ated at- :ompleat led them 'oul'i be ;rtion> if Againft the OHIO INDIANS, 1764. 5 *nha:bitaritSi— HiBi at the fame time, made the itioft prudent regulations for a (Hfe and commodi* ous carriage of the baggage, talcing caire to rid himfelf of all unneceflTary incumbrances. The 1 3eh of Auguft this fmall army got to Fort Loudoun ; but notwithftanding all the pre- cautions taken to prevent defertionj the Pennfyl- vania troops were now reduced to about 700 nien. The Colonel was therefore urider a ne- cc^T^lty to apply to the government of that province to enable him to compleat their number to the full complement';' which was generouily granted by a refolve of the Governor and Commiifioners Auguft 1 6th ; and the army advancing now be- yond the feitled parts of Pennfylvania, he made application to the colony of Virginia, where (un- der the countenance of Governor Fauquier the men wanted were foon raifed, and joined) the army at Pittlburgh, about the latter end of Sep- tember. Nothing material happened in their march from Fort Laudoun to Fort Pitt, (formerly Fort Du Q^iefnc) on the Ohio, three hundred and twenty miles weft from Phrladelphia ; at which plate Col. Bouquet arrived the ijih of September. During this interval, feveral large convoys were iorwarded under ft ongefcorts ; and though the enemy coninued their ravai;e3 all that time on the frontiers, they durft not attack any of thofe convoys, which all arrived fate al Fort Pitt. While Col. Bouquet was at Fort Loudoun, he recei\ed difpatches by exprefs from Colonel, Bradfttcet, dattd f om Pief'q e Iflr Auauft 141I1 acquainting him tlijt he Colonel Bradilrect) had' concluded a peace with '.he DtUwares and Sha- B wanefc; «6 CuL B O U (i.U E T ' s Expedition "wanefc ; but Colonel Bouquet perceiving clearly that they were not fincere in their intentions, as they continued their muiiieisand depredations, he determired to profecutc his plan without teiXifii- on, till heieceived further iniliuftiuns from Ge- neral Gage; who, I'pon the fame p. inc ple«. re- fufed to ratify the treaty, and renewed his orders to both armies to attack the enemy. About the time of Colonel Bouquet's arrival at Fort Pitt, ten Indians appeared on tlie north fide cf the Ohio, defiring a conference ; which i^ratagem the fa\ ages had made uCc of before, to obtain intelligence of our numbers and intentions. Threeof the party confcnted, though with ap- p.irent reludiattce, to come over to the Fori j and as -they could give no fatisfadkory reafon for their vifit, they weie detained as fpics, and their aflbciaresvfled back to their towns. On the 2 0th of September Colonel Bouquet fent one of the above thiee Indians after them with a menage, in fubilance as follows — ** I have *' received an account from Colonel Bradflreet ** th-"^ your nations had begged for peace, which ** he had (ionfented to grant, uponaiTurahce that yo have recalled all your warriors from our .frontiers ; and in confequence thereof, I would not ha^ e proceeded againfl your towns, if I had not heard that, in open violation of your engagements, you have lince murdered fe vera! of our people. " As foon as the reft of the army joins me, >' which I expert immediately, I was therefore determined to have attacked you, as a people whofe promifes can no more be relied on. But I will put it once more in your power to fave yourfelves and your families from total dcftruc- tion, by giving us fatisfadtion for the hoflilities *^ againft C( Ct <( 4« it CC c< <( «i <( t( (( o V •* t! ** re ** 01 in to till mj '• lei( " bfi, He " er,; •* the ** deat •• by ** did ** the ** with ** fed n refen We count t bccaufe . death, and 1 fte» r ""'"" '">' P'"'^ " '"'e.o any rf !"„**""?'=«>' ^^ the fu- " lettere delivered atff, •'" ''">'« '<> ha.e my "Wngmeba:ra„lfc''-<''««'-'3..o "^.''^^nl"i'^J:it'r'^'.ad.-n„h.spo.. ; deaih,. which puniflfmen, ,k u"'! F''">' '» " by (heir former ,r~"h ""y,''^"' defcrved " did no, improve he ell ^^' ""'' """ 'f'hey " with all their prif„,Ter. .K °?" " Po^We " fcel the fail & "f ,"'->'„""8'« "P«it to " r*fentmcm."-: = '*'■ ^ ■'"« vengeance and W's have been fk. ■ [^ount cf ,hi, firft ,','l'„?'°f« P='"'>u-ar in our ac- becaufe the Colcnerr/™ °" r;;^ "'« Indian,, dua in opening rhe cam™; "'"',''""«' '"ed con- •Ms thcfe taithiefs fava ' "^'"l ''y *hat me- "> >eaf-n. •'"^S« are to be beft reduced On the 1 ft of n/>„i. ° Fort Pitt, and "under ?'""'* '"''■''". came '""«iftip with til " d th"r7' '•"/ ^" •'■-' ' B J "^"^ J '"ended regard to 8 Cbl. B O U Q.U E T ' s Expcdiuon to the Englifli, endeavoured to difluade the Co- lonel from proceeding with the army. They told hini that his force was notfufficient to withftand the power of the numerous nations through whofe countries he was to pafs, and afTured him that if ■he would wait a little, they would all come and make peace with him -, at the fame time recom- mending it particularly to him to fend back the two Indians detained as fpies. Thefe little arts being clearly made ufe of to fpin out the feafon lill the approach of winter fhould render it impo- ifih\c to proceed, they made but little impreiHon. He told them that he could not depend on the promifes of the Delawares and Shawanefe; and was determined to proceed to Tufcarowas, where, if they had any thing to fay, he would hear them. In the mean time, he was ufing the utmofl diligence to prepare for his march, and was oblig- ed to enforce the fevereft difcipline. One woman belonging to each corps, and two nurfes for the general hofpital, were all that were permitted to follow the army. The other women in the camp, and thofe unneceflary in the garrifon-, were or- dered immediately down the country into the fettlements. Two foldiers were fliot for deferti- on; an example which became abfolutely necefTary to fupprcfs a crime which, in fuch an exjjediti- on, would have been attended with fatal confe- quences, by weakening an army already too fmall. Colonel Bouquet, having at length, with great difficulty, coUeftcd his troops, formed his magazines, and provided for the fafety of the ports he was to leave behind him, was ready on the 2d of Oi^obcr to proceed from Fort Pitt, with about " 1500 t fc 4i •f «( «c .<( U , «r *• n •'hi «ni **a. « w, publif ihoul *nyQ iolh A fist. { «d in. follow a line /aid pa Us fifting iight i ^cdir. P'e«t thi «f the li u r Id id ife if nd li- the iris fon ipO- ion. the and [icre, hear tmoft pblig- Oman )r the ted to »mp> e or- o the cfcrti- :cffary diti- confe- y too with icd his le pofts the ad about 1500 Againft the OHIO INDIANS, 1 7^- ^ I eginn lowed beech, iHands long, gentiy are higl ifland, good Ja No. 3. quarter. Frie *be arn fcventeei b/ the tcsok* of a I tools Againft the CmO INDIANS 1764. i\ The troops were ordsred to obfcrvc the mc^ prufound filence, and the men to march at two yards diftance from one another. When tlie line or any part of it hahed, the whole were td face outwards; and if attacked on their march; they were to halt immediately, ready to form the fquare when odered. The light horfe were, then to march into the fquare, with the cattle, provi- (luns, ammunition and baggage. Proper difpofi-^ tions were likewifc made in cafe of an attack in the night ; and for encampments, guards, com- munications between the Gentries, fignals, and the like. Things bc'ng thus fettled, the armv decamp* ed from Fort-Pitt on Wednefday October ^^i and marched ab ut one mi!« and an hulf over r rich lovel coumryt with lately timber, to camp No* a, a ilrong pi«ce of ground, pleafant^ ly utuatcdf with plenty of water and food for eattlo. Thursday O^ober 4th, having proceeded about two miles, they came to the Ohio, at the beginning of the narrowf, and from thence fol» lowed the courfe of the river along a flat gravelly beech^ aboi^t ftx miles and a quarter) with two iflands on their left, the lowermoft about fix milei long, with a riftug ground running acrofs, and gently floping on both fides to its banks, which are high and upright. At the lower end of this ifland, the army left the river^ marching through good land, broken with fmail hollows to camp No. 3 ; this day's march being nine miles and a quarter.— - -' Friday 0(£lobcr 5th. Tn this day's march the army paffed through Loggs-towns, Atuated feventeen miles and an half, fiity feven perches, by the path, frcm Fort-Pitt. This place was B 4 noted la CoL BO U <3rU E T • a Expediiioit Jioted before the bril war for th<; great trade car' fieJ on there by the Epgl I'll ^nd French i but its jnhabitaptp, thie Shaivanefe and Dela wares, aban- idoncd it in the year 1750. The lower town exr tended about fixty perches over a rich bottom to the foot of a low ileep-ridge* on the fummit pf jWhich, near the declivity, wood the upper town, commanding a moft agreeable profpe^ over the lower, and quite acrodi the Ohio, which is about 500 yards wide here, and by its majcftic eafy current adds much to the beauty of the place* Proceeding beyond Lo^gVtown, through a fine country, interfperfed with hiils and rich valleys, watered by many rivulets, and covered with ftate- ]y timber;, the^ caoie to c^mp No. 4 ; on a leve} piece of igfOMnd> with a thicket in the rear, ^ }ma',l .prieciptcie rQui^d .|hefi;ont, ,witb ? ruj;! qf wrater M the fiwt, 30$! good fopd for catnip. Thi« 4^l/]s marc^ was ^^i^e miliesj .orije balf, and fift^ three perches. S ATVAD AjY Q^bobcr r^fih, 3t about three miles di^^Qce ffom this.caonp, they came ggain tp the Ohio, p.Mrfuing,itsH;our.(^.balf,a niilefar-ther, and ^hen tMrning «S', «ver a fteep iridge, ihey oroffed 3ig^ Beaver- ci;e«k, which ia^w^nty perches wide, ifee ford .^ony 9ta4 pretty deep, h rqns through p rich v^ale, with a, pretty ^rong cqcront, its banks high, the Mpland a4joinii»g It very good, the tim- ber tall and .young.r — - — About a mile below it.s confluence wiih the Ohio, ilpod ^mprly a Mrgfi tojwn, (On a ilieep ibauk, built b,y the French pfi£}uare logs, wUhi^one chimneys, for;fomeof the Shawanefe, Delaware and Mingo tribes, who abandoned it in 'the year 1 7 58, when the French litferted Fot^t Du Qyefne. Near the forcing of pe»ver-f:iieek alfo j^ojod about feven houfes, which >W6re de^ri^d and deftfoyed by the (odians, yiter ftheir their their ' cooni An Beavfl made fore, i from 4 thefel Vmy, prilcxl Vcrrcr« fciUl 01 the Ind tlay dif; one qu^ ^er-cre< to the witli abi *ic«Atth on a ftro by a hoi w MoNj: Beavcr-c, creek is the coun lets and J- diftant el fetches, fo Agabft thQ OHiO INDIANS, 1764 13 tbeir dcfnt it Bufliy-run^ when they forfaok all their remaining (ealftiients in thit part of t)^e^ 'Coontrjr; at has been m^mioi^4 above* H Ab6ut tko mile^ before the aro^y cam^ ^o Bea\rer-oreBk, one oJFotir people >irl^9 b^ bMn made prifoner by &\ Bt^j^w^es aboujt a week oe- fore, near Fort Bedibrd, having i^ade his efcapc ke to the main branch or M ikingam, about feventy yards wide, with a ^ood ford* A little below and above the forks of this river is Tufcarowas, a place exceedingly heauiiful by fituatiun, the lands rich on both fides ot the river j the' count y on the north-weft fide being an entire level flain, upwards of five miles in circumference. Fiom the ruined houfcs ap- pearing here, the Indians who inhabited the place and are now with the Dela'vares, are fuppofed to have had about one hundred and fifty warriors. Ihis camp No. i a. is diftant ei^ht miles nineteen perches from the f jrmer. Sunday 14th. The army remained in camp ; and two men who had been difpatched by Colo- nel Boi^qiet from Fort- Hilt, with letters for Co- lt nel Bradftreet, returned and repcrted?— • That, within a few miles of this place, they •* had It i6 Col. 'B O U Q^tJ E T » • Expedition '* had been made prifoners by the Delawarei« ** and carried to one of their towns (iKteen miles ** from hence, where xhty were kept, till the V ravages, knowing of the arrival of the army ^* here, fet them at liberty, ordering them to ** acquaint the'Cdlonel that the head men of the ** Dcla wares and ShawaneTe werecominz as foon ** as poifible to treat of peace with them. Monday 15th. The army moved two miles forty perches further down the Mulkingam to camp No. 13, fituated on a very high bank, with the river at the foot of it, which is upwards of '1 00 yards wide at this place, with a fine level country at Tome diftance from its banks, produc- ing ilately timber, tree from underwood^ and plenty of food for cattle. Thb day following, fix Indians came to inform the Colonel that all their chiefs were afTembled a- bout eight miles from the camp, and were ready to treat with him of peace, which they were ear- neftly defirous ot obtaining. He returned for an- fwer that he would meet them the next day in a bower at Tome diftance from the camp. In the mean time, he ordered a fmall ftockaded fort to be built (o depofite provifiont for the ufe of the troops on their return i and to lighten the con- yoy* As feveral large bodies of Indians were now within a few miles of the camp, whofe former inftances of treachery, although they now de- clared they came for peace, made it prudent to truft, nothing to their intentions, the ftri^eft or- iders were repeated to prevent a furprife. ' '.Wednesday i /th. The Colonel, with moft of the regular troops, Virginia volunteers and light horfe, marched from the camp %o the ihfXWff created ior the congieis. And foon after ihe hgunft the OHIO INIMANS, 1 764. i; the troops were ftationed,- lb as to appear Co the bed advantage, the Indians arrived, and wer« conduced to the bower. Being 'feated, chey be- nn, in a flioit time, to finoak their pipe or ca- lumet, agreeable to their cuftom. This ceremony being over, their fpeakers laid down their pipes, and opened their pouches, wherein were their ftrings and belts of wampum. The Indians pre« Tent were. 8enbcas. iDblawares. Kiyaihuta, chief Cuftalogo, chiet with 15 warriors. of the Wolfe- tribe, Beuver, chief of the Tur- ky-tribe, with 20 warriors. Shawanbsb. Keiffinautchtha, a chief, and 6 warriors. Kiyafhuta, Turtle Heart, Cuftaloga and Beaver, were the fpeakers. The general fubiVance of what they had to ofFer, confifted in excufes for their late treachery and mifcondud, throwing the blame on the rafli^ nefs of their young men and the nations living to the weftward of them, fuing tor peace in the moft abjedt manner, and promifing feverally to deliver up all their prifoners. After they had concluded, the Colonel promifed to give them an anfwer the next day, and then difmifled them, the army returning to the camp.— The badnefs of the weather, however, prevented hh iT*eeting them again till the 20th, when he fpoke to them in>fubftance as follows, viz^ ''That their pretences to palliate their guilt ** by throwing the' blame on the weftern nations, *' and the nuhnefs of their young men, were ** weak and frivolou0> as it wm til our power to " have 1 8 Col. B O U eir exprefs confonti their '^ murdering four men that had been iiinc on a ** public mcirage to them, thereby violating the ^^ cudoms held facred among all nations, how- •' ever barbarous; iheir attacking the King's *^ troops Uik year in the wocds, and after being ** defeated in that attempt, falling upon our fron- *' tiers, whe e. they had continued to murder " our people to this day, &c.'*^ — • He told them how trcacheroufly they had vio- lated even their late engagements with Colonel Brad(lieet, to whc.in they had promifcd to deliver up their prifoners by the i oih of September lait-, and to recall all their warriors from the frontiers, which they had been fo far from complying with, that the priA'iiers ftill remained in their cullody, and fome of their people were even now continu- ing their depredations ; adding, that thefe things which, he had mentioned, were only *^ a fmall *' part of their numberlefs murders and breaches >' of faith ; and that their conduift had always r** been equally perfidious.^ Ycu have, faidhe, «< promifed at every fy)rn>er treaty, as you do (> now, that you would; deliver up all your pri- ^'f fonftrs, and ha>e received every time, on that ft( account, confiderable prefents, but have never •' complied with th^t or any other enga^ment. *• I am ** Jar *' be ** Thi " you ♦' thgt ** I " the " fone '* it Is " agair '* rcfln '' no p " giver *' Y( " was, " peace ** usae-j cc • mg p, '' the A " All th " fubje£ ** no Joi ** powei ** people ** gcnerc " of ihc " po/Tibl ** fincerc we CO " the fui " peace- " the fo ** not trt *• Ic] ** deliver " prifonc ** ception tc IC cc CI (t (I (( (t Agalnft the OHIO INDIANS, 1761. 19 ** I am now to tell you, ih«jrefcrc, that we will be no longer' iirpofed upon by your promifes. This army fljall not Ka'cyour country till you have fully complied with every condition th^t is to precede my t'caty with you. •* 1 HAVE brought with me the relations of the people you have mafTacred, or taken pri- foners. They are imfaieni for revenge; and it is with great difficulty that I can prote^ you againft their jud lefentment, which is only retrained by ihe aff. ranees given them» that no peace (hall ever be concluded till you have given us fill faiisfadion." — Your former allies, the Ottawai, Chip- was, Wyandots, and others, have made their peace with us. The Six Nations have joined us againft you. We now furround you, hav- ing poITeffipn of all the waters of the Ohio, the MiiTifippi, the Miamis, and the lakes. All the French living in thofe parts are now fubje^ts to the king of Great- Britain, and dare no longer affift you. It is therefore in our power totally to extirpate you from being a people But the £ngli(h are a merciful and generous nation, averfe to (bed the blood, even of their moff cruel enemies ; and if it was poflible that you could convince us, that you nncerely repent of your pad perfidy, and that we could depend on your good behaviour for the future, you might yet hope for mercy and peace If I find that you faith tully execute the foUowthg preliminary conditions, I will not treat you with the feverlty you deferve^..; **.I GIVE you twelve days fj^om this date; to deliver into my hands at Wakatamake all the prifoners in your pofleffinn, without any ex- ception } Eogltlhmeni Frenchmen^ women and it <( C( (( cc cc IC cc cc cc cc cc iC cc cc cc cc cc cc (C cc « C( zo Col. B O U 0.0 E T • 8 ExpedUlon ^' and children ; whether adopted in your tribe « ** marrried, or living amongil you under any de- nontination and pretence whatfoever, together with all negroes. And you are lo furnifh the faid prifoners with doathing, provlfions, and herfes, to carry them to Fort Pitt. " When you have fully complied with thefe conditions, you fliall then know on what terms M you may obtain the peace you fue for."-*- This Cpeech made an impre^on on the minds ofthe ravages, which, it is hoped, will not f.^on be eradicated. The firm and determined fpirit with which the Colonel delivered himfelf, their conrcioufnefs of the aggravated injuries they had done us, and the view of the fame commander and army that had fo feverely chaftifed theqi at •Bufliy-Run the preceding year, now advanced in- to the very heart of their remote fettlements, af- .ter penetrating through wilderneiTes which they had deemed impafTable by regular troops all thefe things contributed to bend the haughty temper of the favages to the loweft degree of abafement ; fo that eyen their fpeeches feeip to exhibit but few fpecimens of that ftrong and fe- ^rocious eloquence, which their inflexible fpirit of independency has on former occalions infpired. And though it is not to be doubled) if an oppor- tunity had offered, but they wo^ld have fallen Aipon our army with their ufual liercenefs, yet when they faw the vigilance and fpirit of our jroops were fuch, that tiiey could neither be at- i tacked nor fur prized with any/prpfpe^t ol fucefs, theif (pir its feemed to fevdli from the one ex- treme of infolent boldne(5,^o the pther ot abject .timidity. And happy will it b^ for chem and for uii if the tnftancef of our humaoity and tmrcyt i which they experienced in that^criticRl ficuation, Againft the OHIO INDIANS, 1764, a fliall niake as lafting impreilfons on their favage difpofltions, as it is believed the inftances pf our bravery and power have done ; (o that they may come to unite, with th^ir rear of the latter, a love of the forr».er i and have their minds gradu- ally opened, by faoh examples, to the mild dic- tates of peace and <;ivilky. The reader, it is to be hoped, will readily excufe thi^ djgreflion, if itihould be thought one. I now refume our narrative. The two Delaware chie^, at the clofe of thjeir fpeech on the 1 7tby delivered eighteen whit« prifoners, and eighty- three fmull fiicks, exprelGng the number of other prifoners which they had in their poflfei&on, and prom fed to bring in as foon as poflible. None of the Shaw^nefe Kings appeared at the congre(s, and ICei^autqhtha their deputy declined i^peak^ ing until ihe Colonel had anfwered the iPela^ Wves, and (ben with a deje<^l«d fullennefs ;he promifed« in b^alf of hife nation, that they wouM lubmitto (he terms pretcribed to ihe other tribes* The Colonel, however, .detemiined to march iJarther into their country, knowing that the pre* fence of his army would be the beft iecurity (ot the performance of their promifes ; and reqiiifed (bmty warriors the latter. Kjya6Huta fpoke — ** With this ftring of wampum, we wipe the tears from your eyes — we deliver you thefe three prifoners, which are the laft of your flefh and bluod that remain- ed among the Senecas and Cuftaloga's tribe of Dclawares, we gather together and bury with this helc t all the bones of the people that have '* been killed during this unhappy war, which 4 4 44 Ik ti 44 4k t A belt or (Irlng Is always delivered when thus ntentioned. **th€ Ithus rthe Againft the OHIO INDIANS, 1764. 27 the £vll Spirit occafioned among us. We co- ver the bones that have been buried, that they may be never more rememhcred — We again cover their place with leaves that it may be no more fcen, — As we have been long ail ray, and the path between you and us ilopped, we ex- tend this belt that it may be again cleared, and we may t avel in peace to fee our brcrthren as our anceilors formerly did. While you hold it faft by one end, and we by the other, we iball always be able to difcover any th ngthat may diftiirb our friendfliip." — The Colonel anfwered that ** he had heard them with pleafure; that he received thefe three laft prir()ners they had tu deliver, and joined in burying the bones ofthofe who had fallen in the war, fo that their place might be " no more known. The peace you afk for, you '* (hall now have. The king, my mafter and your father, has appointed me only to make war ; but he has other fervants who are em* ployed in the work of peace. Sir William Johnfon is empowered for that purpofe. To him you a e to apply ; but before 1 give you I" leave to go, two things are to be feiiled. 1 ** As peace cannot be finally concluded here, I" you wiU ileli\er me two hoftages for the Sene- y^ cas, and two for Cuilaluga's tribe, to remain r in our hands at Fort Piii, as a fecurity, that I" you fliall commit no further hoftiliiies or vio- I" lence againil any of his mijcfty's fubjeitsi and I" when the peace is concluded ihefe homages 1" fh.ill be dei.veicu fafe back to you. 2. *" i HE deputies you are to fend to Sir I" William J hufon, muft be fuly empowered r to treat for your tribes, and you (hall engage r to aDide by whatever they llipulate. In that '* treaty <( (c m he had detained at Fort Pitt, took the chiefs by the hand for the firft time, which gave them great joy. . The next conference Was on November loth, with the Turkey and Turtle tribes of Delawares, King Beaver their chief and thirty warriors repre- Tenting the former ; andKelappama brother to their chief • with twenty-five warriors the latter. The Sienecas and Cuftaloga's tribe of Delawares were alfo prefem. Their fpeech and the anfwer given, were much the fame as above ; excepting that the Colonel infifted on their delivering up an Englifh- man, who had murdered one of our people on the frontiers and brcught the fcalp to them ; and they (hould appoint the fame number of deputies and dfeh'ver the fame nuifiber of hoftages, for each of their tribes, as had been ftipulated for Cuftalu- ga*s tribe. November ii. King Beaver prefented fix hbftages to remain with Col. Bouquet, and fi^ie deputies to treat with Sir William Johnfon, who were approved of. This day he acquainted the chiefs picfcnt that as he hac great reafon to be dif- farisfied viih tliecondutt ot Nettowiiaiways, the chiet of the Turtle tribe who had not appeared, hethereloie dcpofcd him; and that tribe weie to * The Chief of the Turtle trlbe^ for feme reafon. ch'ofe taablcnt himfcir, chufe fagc or two f w Bro ^ *' You " thers; anc " eyes that I Againft the OHIO INDIANS, 1 764. 29 ctiufeand prefcnt anoiher for his approbation. This thejr did a few days afterwards — Smile not, reader, at this tranfadiion; for though it may not be attended with fo many fplendid and flatter- ing circumftances to a commander, as the de- pding an £aft Indian Nabob or chief; yet to penetrate into the wildernefles where thofe Oern Weft Indian Chieftains hold their fway, and to frown them from theif throne, though but com- pofed of the unhewn log, will be found to require both refolution and firmnefs ; and their fubmit- ing to it dearly (hews to what Uvgree of humi- liation they were reduced. But to proceed. The Shawanefe ftill remain- ed to be treated with, and though this nation faw themfelves under the neceffity of yielding to the fame conditions with the other tribes, yet there had appeared a dilatorinefs and 1. B D U Q.U E T '1 Expdaition ** I infift on your immediate anfwer to the fol' lowing quefttons — « ift. ** Will you forthwith colle£l and deliver up all the prifoners yet in your poflfeflion, and the French living among you, with all the Negroes you have taken from- us iii this or any other war ; and that without any exception or •* evafion whatfoever ?" 2d. ** : Will you deliver fix hoftages into nty hands as a fecurity for your pundual perfor- mance of the above article, and that your nati^ ons ihall commit no farther hoftilities againft the perfons or ■ property of his majefty's fub-^ " jeas?" DENEvissicO' replied that ^* they agreed to give the hoftages ^ required, and (aid that he *V himfelf would immediately return to their *^. lower towns and colled all our flefli and blood that remained among them,; and that we (bot^ld fee them ^tvFortJ'itt f as (bon as pofiible. — That, ^s to 4he/Fiench,.theyirhad no .power over (hem. They were fubje£ts to the king of^Engbind. ^We might, do with them what we . pfeafed ; though he believed they were *V, all returned before this time to their i>wii coun- «* try."^ Th£T then delivered their hoftages, and the Colonel told them ^' that though he had brought *' a Tomahawk in his hand, yet as they had now ** fubmitted,' he would not let it fall en their ^S heads, but let it drop to the ground, .no. more to be feen. He exhorted them .to exercife kindnefs to the captives, ,and \look upon them C( cc cc cc cc cc C( cc C( cc «c f It will appear, by thtrpoftfcript to this account, that the ShawtDcfe have '.fulfilled this engagement. ••now c« £king fcene. They delivered up their beloved captives with the utmoft relu6tance ; ihed torrents of tears over them, recommending them to the care and protection of the command- ing officer. Their regard to them continued all the time they remained in camp. They vidted them from day to day ; and brought them what corn, (kins, horfes and other matters, they had befloweri on them, while in their families ; ac- companied with other prefents, and all the marks cf the moft fincere and. tender affeClion. Nay,, they did not ftop here, but, when the army marched, fome of the Indians folicited and obtain- ed leave to accompany iheir former captives all the way to Fort-Pitt, and employed themfelves in hunting and bringing proviuons for them on the road. A youp^ Mingo carried this fiill further, apd gave an inftance of love which would make a figure even in romance. A young woman of Virginia was among the captives, to whom he had formed fo ftrong an attachment, as to call her his wife. Againft all remonftrances of the im- minent danger to which he expofed himfelf by approaching to the frontiers, he perfifted in fol- lowing her^ at the rifk of being killed by the fur- viving relations of n ny unfortunate perfons, who had been captivated or fcalped by thofe of his nation^ Those . Again^ the OHIO INDIANS, 1764- 35 Those qualities in (avages challenge our juft ^eem. They ihould m3cc us charitably con- iider their barbarities as the effe3s of v/rong edu- cation, and falfe notions of bravery and heroifm ; while we (hould look on their virtues as fure jnarks that nature has made them lit fubjefls of cultivation at well as us s and that we are called by oar fuperror advantages to yield them all the helps we can in this way. Cruel and unmerci- ful as they are, by habit and long example, in war, yet whenever they come to give way to the native di6^tes of humanity, they exercife virtues which Chriftiaao ic«d not bluih to imitate. When they once dete. • to give life, they give every thing with it, ^'.ii, in their apprehenfion, be- longs to it. From every enquiry that has been made, it appears — that no woman thus faved rs inreferved from bafe motives, or deed fear the vio- lation of her honour. No child is other wi(b treat- ed by the perfons adopting it than the children of their own body. The perpetual flavery of ihole captivated in war, is a notion whiclv even their barbarity has not yet fugQ;e(led to them. Every captive whom their afFe^ion, their caprice, or whatever elfe, leads them to fave, is foon in- corporated with them, and fares alike With them- felves. These inftances of Indian tendehiefs and hu- manity were thought worthy of particular notice. The like inftances among our own people will not Uciti ftrange; and therefore I (hall only men- tion one, out of a multitude that might be given on this occafion. Among the captives, a woman was brought into the camp at Muikingam, with a babe about three months old at her bread. One of the Vir- C 4 ginia- 36 Col. B O U Q^U E T 's Ex^cduVim' ginia- volunteers foon knew her to be his wife, who had been taken- by> the Indians about fix months befone. She was imrvediately delivered to her over-joyed hufband. He flew with her to his tent, and cloathed her and his child in proper ap- parel. But their joy, after the firft tranfports, was foon damped by the refletSlion that another dear child of about two years old, captivated with ihe mother, ^nd feparated from her, was ftin miiling, al^o* many children had been bvought in. A FEW days afterwards, a number ©f other prifoners were brought to the camp, among whom w«re feveral more children. The wormii was Tent for, and one, fuppofed to be hers was produced to her. Ac firft fight {he was uncertain, but viewing the child with great earneftneis, (he foon recolle^ed its features ; and was fo overcome with joy, that literally forgetting her fucking child me dropt it from her arms, and catching up the new found child in an extafy, prefled it to her breaft, and butfting into tears carried it off, una- ble to fpeak for joy. The father feizing up the babe (he had let fall, followed her in no lefs tranf- port and afFe(^ion. Amung the children who had been carried off young, and had long lived wiih the Indians, it is not to be expeded that any marks of joy would appear on being reftored to their parents orrela* tives. Having been accuftomed to look upon the Indians as the only connexions they had, having hcen tenderly treated by them, and fpeaking their language, it is no wonder that they confidered their new ftate in the light of a captivityi and parted from the favages with tears. But Againft thfc OHIO INDIANS, 1764. 37 But it muft not be denied that there were even fome grown perfons who (hewed an unwillingnefs to reti»; n. The Shawanefe were obliged to bind feveral of their prifoners and force them al ing to the camp ; and fome women, who had been de- livered up, afterwards found means to efcape and run back to the Indian towns. Some, who could not make their efcape, clung to their (aVage ac-* quaintance at parting, and continued many days in bitter lamentations, even refufing fuftenance. For the honour of humanity, we would Tup- pofe thofe perfons to have been of the loweft rank, either bred up in ignorance and diftrefling penury, or who had lived fo long with the Indians as to forget al) their former connections. For, eafy and unconilrained as the favage life is, certainly it could never be put in competition with -the blef- fings of improved life and the tight' of religion^ by any per&ns who have had the happinefs of en- joying, and the capacity of discerning, them. Every thing being now fettled with the In- dians, the army decamped on Sunday i^th No- vember, and marched for Fort Pitt^ where it ar- rived on the 28th. The regular troops were im- mediately fent to garrifon the different pofts on the communication, and the provincial troops, with the captives, to their feveral province*. Here < ended/ this- expedition, in which it is re> niarkableihat, notwithftanding the many difficul- ties attending it, the troops were never in want of any neceflariet^ continuing:perfe^ly healthy dur- ifl|- the whole campaign} in which no life was loft, except the man mentioned to have been killed at Muikingam. ' In the be^inninz' of January 1765, Colonet fiojjquet arrived at Philadelphia, receiving where- C 5 ' ever 5S Col. BO U Q^U E T 's Expedition ever he came, every poflible mark of gratitude and efteein from the people in general ; and par« ticularly from the overjoyed relations of ihe cap- tivri, whom he had fo happily, and without bloodihed, relVored to ther country and friends. Nor wa§ the legiflaftive part of the provinces lefs fenfible of his important fervices. The aflembly of Pennfylvania, at their firft fitting, unanimoufly voted him the following addrcfs. In ASSEMBLY, January 15, 1765, A. M. To the Honourable HENRY BOUQUET, Efqj Commander in Chief of His MAJESTY'S For- ces in the Southern Department of AMERICA, T'he Addrefs of the Reprefentatives of the Free- men of the Province of Pennfylvania, in Ge- neral AfTembly met. SIR, * nr^ HE reprefentatives of the freemen of the * A- province of Pennfylvania, in general af- * fembly met, being informed that you intend * (hortly to en^ark for England, and moved with * a due fenfe of the important fervices you have * rendered to his majefty, his northern colonies * in general, and to this province in particular, * during our late wars with the French and bar- * barous Indians, in the remarkablie victory over * theiavage enemy, united tooppofeyou, near * Bu(hy-Run, in Auguft 1763, when on your * march for the relief of Pitilburgh, owing, nn- * dcr God, to your intrepidity and fuperior ikill * in command, together with the bravery of your * officers ApuiA the OHIO INDIANS 1764. 39 officers and little army ; as alfo in your late march to the country of the favage nations, * with the troops under your direction ; thereby * ftriking terror through the numerous Indian * tribes around you ; laying a f dation for a * lafting as well as honoura^ peac nth them ; * and refcuing, from favage captivity, upwards * of two hundred of our chriftian brethren, pri- ' foners among them : thefe eminent fervices, * and your conftant attention to the civil rights * of his majefty's fubjedls in this province, de* * mand, Sir^ the grateful tribute of thanks from * all good men ; and therefore we, the reprefen- * tatives of the freemen of Pennfylyania, un^ni- * moufly for ourfelves, and in behalf of all the * people of this province, do return you our mod * fincere and hearty thanks for thele your great * Services, wishing you a fafe and pieaHint voy- * age to England, With a kind and gracious re- * ception from his majefty. * %i^ed, by order of th^ Houfe, •JOSEPH FOX, Speaker. '^di \4 mn i>3bi. . .. u- ■ ' . . .. ' :-:/0:>3i 0; flYT bii ''■' ^ ..'.■. I ...■ .'f r ■ : ' ■ , ■ ' ' ■ •" f>fl}1q V.i^ui Kj)fi^lii.;^ T|io 4« Col. B O U Q.U £ T ' s ExpediuM The Colonel's Anfvrer was as folk>W8, viz. To the honourable the Representatives of the Fr E E M E ti of the prvivince q£ Pennfylvania,^ in General AiTembly met.^ . * Gentlemeki. * WT I T H a heart imprcffed with the moft * V y lively fenfc of gratitude, I return you. *■• my humble and fincere thanks, for the honour. * you have done me in your polite addreFs of the * 1 5th of January,, tranfmltted me to New- York * by your lpeaker« ' N.EXT to the approbation-of His Sacred Ma* * jefty, and my fuperiour officers, nothing couH * afford me higher pteafure than your favour^bl^ ^ opinion of my condu£^, in the difcharge of there * military commands with which I have been in- * trufted. * Gratitude as well as joftice demand of * me to acknowledge,, that the aids eranted by *• the legiflature of this province, and the con- * ftant affiftance and fupport afforded me by the <-- honourable the Governor and Commiffioners in * the late expedition, have enabled me to recover * fo many of his Majefty's fubje^ from a cruel.. * captivity, and be the happy inflrunient of re- * ftoring them to freedom aiid liberty : To you * therefore, gentlemen, is the greater ware of that ^ merit due, which you are generoufly pleafed. * on thi? occitipn.to impute to my fervices. « Your Againft the OHIO INDIANS, 1764. 41 * Your kind teftimony of my conftant atten* * tion to the civil rights of his majefty's fubje£U < in this Provincef does me iingular honour, and *' calls for the returnofmywarmeft acknowledge ^ ments. * Permit me to take this public opportunity * of doing juftice to the officers- of the regular and * provincial troops, and the vohintecrs, who have * ferved with me, by declaring that, under Di- * vine Providence, the repeated fuccei&s of his * Majefty's arms againft a. fanage enemy, are prin- * cipally to be afcribed to. their courage and refo- * lution, and to their perfeverance under the ie- ^ vereft hardibips and fatigue. * I SINCERELY, wifli profperity and happinefs * to the province, . and have the honour to be, * with the greate^ refpef^, Gentlemen, * Your moft obedient, and moft tumble fervane, •HENRY BOUQUET.: fthruary 4, 1765* ■uxv^^ So ok afterwards' tile Colonel received a very polite and afedlionate letter from Governor Fau- quier, dated 25th of December, indoftn^ refolveii ' of the honourable members of his Majefty's Coun- cil, and of the houfe of Burgefles, for the colony and domiiiipn of Virginiit, Thqs^ ^2 Col. B O U Q.U E T 's Expedition Those rcfpe^^able bodies uninimoufly return- ed their thanks to him tor the adivity, fpirit and zeali with which he had rcduqod the Indians Co terms of peace, and compelled thoTc favages to deliver up fa many of his Mijefty's fubjefb whom they had in captivity. They further requeued the Governor to recommend him to hb Majcfty*s minifters, as an officer ot^^ diftingutflied merit, irt this and every former fervice in which he had been engaged^ TfM Colond, in his anfwer, acknowledged the ready aififtaoce and countenance which he had always received from the Governor and colony of Virginia in carrying on the King's fervice ; and mentioned his particular obligations to Col. Le- wis, for his zeal and good condud during the campaign. . The honours thus beftowed on him, his own modefty made him deflrous of transferring to the officers and army under his command; and indeed the mutual confidence and harmony fubfifling between him and them,, highly redound to the reputation of both. He has taken every occaflon of doing juftice to the particular merit of Colonel Re ID who was fecond in command; and afoto all the officers who ferved in the expedition, re- gulars as well as provincials f. The reader will obfetve that the pffbllc bodies who ^ireiTented ' ^thisfe addreites to the J^oloqel, not only wiiDied to exprefs (hdr own gratitude, but ttkewife to be ijnlirumental in recoinn:^en|diBg him ^?JM M^a»f cftiejif hi* f^ryif?^\nxer^i(cd, Aif(^ ■■• ■ ' . . # ^ . ■ ' ■■ . « ■, •' -•. ■' '^ t The Pcnnfylvania troops were commanded by Lieut^nt Colonel Francis, and Licntcnant Colonel ClaylOri. furdy Againft the OHIO INDIANS, 1 764. 43 furely it is a happy circumftance to obtain promo- tion, not only unenvied, but even with the gene* ral approbation and good wiflies of the public. It ought, however, to be mentioned, that on the firft account his Majefty received of this expediti* on, and long before thofe teftimonies could reacSi England, he was gracioufly pleafed of his own royal goodnefs and as a reward of the Colonel's merit, to promote him to the rank of Brigadi- er General, and to the command of the fou- thern diftri£t of America. And as he is rendered as dear, by his private virtues, to thofe who have the honour of his more intimate acquaintance, as he is by his military fcrvices to the public, it is hoped he may long continue among us ; where his experienced abilities will enable him, and his love of the Engliih conftitutien entitle him, to fill any future triift to which his Majefty may be pleafed to call him.— — } ,.. I,: -. 1 ".. / . ' I P0 3T* 1 . . t . Mi »■ ■ I pi II »p» »!■ H POSTSCRIPT. IT was mentioned m the^ift pa;2;e of this account, tha«: the ShawaneTe briup;hc only Jk part of their prifoners with them to Col. Bjuquet at Muikingam, in Novrember laft y and' that, as the featbn was far advanced, he was ob- liged to reft fatisfied with taking hoftages^ for the delivery of the remainder at £ort-Pitt^ ki the en* foinefpring, Th e efcape of thofe hoftagotr fooa afterwards, as well as the former equivocal conduct of their nation, had given re&(bn to doubt the fincerity of their intentions with refpeffc to the performance of their promlfes. But we have the fatisfadtion tot find that they puo£lually have fulfilled them. Tftn; of their chiefs, and about fifty of their war- riors^ attended with many of their women and children* met George Croghan, £fq; depu- ty agent to Sir William Joh^son^ at Fort- Pitt, the 9th of laft May ; together with a large bodyof Del^wares, Senecas, Sanduiky and Munfy Indians; where they delivered the remainder of their prifoners, brightened the chain of friendfhip, and gave every afmrance of their firm intentions. to ^efervc the peace inviolable fbr ever. There i^ost ictivr. 45 THERi ia fomethine remarkable in the appella- tion thev gave co the £ngli(b on this occmon ; calling tnem Fathers inftead of Brethren. Lawauohqija, the Shawanefe fpeaker, de- livered himfelf in the following terms.-^— ** Fathers, for fo we will call you hence- *' forward j iiften to what we are going to fay to you. «< It gave us great pleafure yefterday to be called the children of the great King of Eng- land s and convinces us your intentions to- ** wards us are upright, as we know a Father will be tender of his children, and they « are n*z,e ready to obey him than a Brother. 1 here- fore we hope our Father will now take better care of his children, than has heretofore been " done. • ** You put us in mind of our prooiife to Col« « Bouauet ; which was to bring your flefh and " blood to be delivered at this place. Father, " you have not fpoke in vain — you fee we have ** brought them with us, — except a few that ** were out with our hunting parties, wliich will '* be brought here as foon as they return. *' They have been all united to us by adop- ** tion i and aliho' we now deliver them up to ** you, we will always look upon them as our '* relations, whenever the Great Spirit is pkaied *' that we may vifit them. " Father, We have taken as much care of them, as if they were our own flefli and blood. They are now become unacquainted with your " cufloms and manners ; and therefore, we re- *' queft you will ufe them tei^derly and kindly, ** which will induce them to live conteotedly " with you. ** Peri cc •c « <( C4 II ^ — / 46 P O S T S CH I P, T, . ^* Here is a belt with the figure of our Fa- ** Uier the ICiifg of Great-Britain at one endi and ** the Chief of our nation at the other. . It repre- V fents them holding the chain of friend!fliip ; of war* S ECT I O N I. of THE TEMPER AND GENItJS OF THE Il4» PIAN§. . The love of liberty . b* innate in th^ favage ; and (eems the ruling 'Pji0ibn of the ftatc of nature. His defires and wants, being few, are eafily gra- tified, and leave him much time to fpare, which he would fpend in idlenefs, if hunger did not force him CO huntr That exercife makes him ftrong, a6^ive and, boIJ, raifes his courage, and fits him for w«r, in which he ufes the fame, ftratagems aud crusty as againft the wild beads ; making t See the introduction. f It will appeal by the account of Indian tribes luid towns annexed to thefe papers, that the enemies we have to deal with are neither conteoiptible in fiumbers oc ft^efigth. Wtih the Savages of NCRTH-AMERfCA, 49 no fcruple to employ treachery and perfidy toTan- qui(h his enemy. Jealous of his independency and of his pro- perty, he will not fuiFer the leaft encroachment on either i and upon the Highteft fufpicbn, fired' with fefentment, he becomes an implacable enc-- my, and flies to arms to vindicate his right, or revenge an injury. The advantages f>f thefe (kvages over civilized nations are bo\h natural and acquired. They are tall and well Kmbed, remarkable for their a^ivi- ty, and have a piercing eye and quick ear, which are of great fervice to them in the woods. hiKt beafis of prey, they are patient, and de- ceitful, and rendered by habit almofl infenftble to the common feelings of hi^manity. Their bar- barous cuftom of fcalping their enemies, in the heat of zQion ; the exquiuie torments, often in- flrdled by them on thofe referved for a more de- liberate fate ; their general ferocity of manners, and the fuccefTes wherewith they have often been flufbed, have confpired to render their name ter- rible, and fome times to flrike a pannic even in- to our bravefl and befl difciplined troops. Their acquired advantages are, that they have been inured to bear the extremes of heat and eold ; and from their infancy, in winter and fum- mcr, to plunge themfeh es in cold flreams, and to go almofl naked, expofed to the fcorching fun or nipping frofls, till they arrive to the flate of manhood. Some of them deftroy the fenfation of the fkin by fcratching it with the fhort and {harp teeth of fome animal, difpofed in the fcrm of a curry-coih'b, which makes them regardlefs of briars and thorns in running thro' thickets. Ri* versarenoobftacles to them in their wild excur- fions. 50 REFLECTIONSontheWAR fions. They either fwim over, or crofs them on rafts or canoes, of an eafy and ready coi)ftru6lion. In theif^. expeditions they live chiefly by hunting, or on wild Irui^ and roots w|th^l^(:h the woods fupply them alinpill every where. They can bear hunger and thirft for feveral days, without flackening, on that account, their perfeverance in any propofed enterprize. By coni^ant practice in- hunting, they learn to (hoot with great (kill, either witn bows, or fire- arms ; and to f^eal unperceived Mpon their prey, purfuing the tra^s of men and beafts, which would be imperceptible to an European. They can run for a whole day without halting, when flying from an enemy, or when fent on a mefTage. They flc^r, as if by inftin6t, thro' tracklefs woods, and ^ith aftoniihing patience can lie whole days motionlefs in ambu(h to Airprize an enemy, cfteeming no labour or perfeverance too painful to obtain their ends. They bcfmear their bodies with bear's greafe, . which defends them againft lains ani damps, as well as againft the flings of Mulkitoes and Gnats. It likewife fupples their limbs, and makes them ilippery as the ancient gladiators, who could not he held faft when feized in fight. Plain food, conftant exercife, and living in the open air, preferve them healthy and vigo- rous. They are powerfully excited to war by the cuftom eftablifhed among them, of paying diftin- guifhed honours to warriors. They fight only when they think to have the advantage, but cannot be forced to it, being fure by their fpeed to elude the molt eager purfuii. Their WiththcSavagcs of NORTH-AMERICA. 51 Their drefi confifts of the (kins of fome wild 1)eaft, or a blanket^ a (htrt either of linen, or of dreiTed ikins, a breech clout, leggint, reach* ing half way up the thigh, and faftened to a belt, with mokawfbns on their' fieee. 7'hey ufe no li- gatures that might obftru£t the chrculation of their blood, or agility of their limbs. They (have their head, refer v ing only a fmall tuft of hair on the top ; and flit the outer part of the ears^> to which, by weights, they give a circular fonn, ^xtendin^ it down to their £ouMer0. ' bfmM n ; j Thsy adorn thenifelves with ear arid< nofe rings, bracelets of filver and wampum, and paint their faces with various colours. When they pre- pare for an engagement they paint themfelves black, and fight naked. Their arms are a fufil, or rifle, a powder horn, a fliot pouch, a tomahawk, and a fcalping knife hanging to their neck. When they are in want of fire- arms, they fupply them by a bow, a fpear, or a death ham- mer, which is a (hort club made of hard wood. Their ufual utenfilsare a kettle, a fpoon, a looking glafs, an awl, a fteel to flrike fire, fome paint, a pipe and tobacco-pouch. For want of tobacco, they fmoke fome particular leaves, or the bark of a willow ; which is aimoft their con- tinual occupation. Thus lightly equipped do the favages lie in wait to attack, at fome difficult pafs, the Euro- pean foldiers, heavily accoutied, harrafll'd by a tedious march, and encumbered with an unwiel- dy convoy. EXPERI- 51 REFLECTIONS on theWAR Experience has convinced ur that it is not our intereft to be at war with them ; but if, after having tried all means to avoid it, they force us to it, (which in all probabiity wtll often happen) we (hould endeavour to fight them upon more equal terms, and regulate our manoeuvres upon thofe of the enemy we are to engage, and the na- ture of the country we are to aa in. . It does not appear from our accounts of Indi- an wars, that the favages were as brave formerly as we have found them of late ; which muft be imputed to their unexpected fuccefTes againfl our troops on Come occafions, particularly in 17554 and from the little refiflance they have fince met with from defencelefs inhabitants. It is certain that even at this day, they feldom expofe tl^eir perfons to danger, and depend entire^ ]y upon their dexterity in concealing themfelves during an engagement, never appearing openly, unlefs they have ih uck their enemies With terror, and have thereby rendered them incapable of de- fence —From whence it may be inferred that, if they were beat two or three times, they would lofe that confidence infpir^d by fuccefs, and be lefs inclined to engage in wars which might end 'fatally for them. But this cannot reafonabiy be expedcd, till we have troops trained to £ght them in their own way, wkh the additional advantage of European courage and difciplioe. Any deviation from our eftabliihed military fyf- tem would be needle fs, if valour, zeal, order and good conduct, were fufficienc to fubdue this light- footed enemy. Thefe qualities are confpicuous in our troops ; but they are too heavy, and in* deed too valuable, to be employed alone in a def- trudtive fervice for which they were never intend- ed. With the Savages of NORTH-AMERICA. 53 cd. They require the afliftance of h'ghter corps, whofe drefs, arms and exercifes, (hould be adapt- ed to this new kind of war. This opinion is fupported by the example of many warlike nations, of which I beg leave to mention the following. Thb learned Jefait f who has obliged the world with a treatife on the military affairs of the ancient Romans, tells us, from Salluft §, that this wife nation, our mailers in the art of war, were never hindered even by the pride of empire, from imitating any foreign maxim or inftitution, provided it was good; and that they carefully a* dopted into their own pra6lice whatever they found ufeful in that of their allies or enemies ; fo that hy receiving iome thing fiom one, and Tome from another, they greatly improved a fyftemeven ori- ginally excellent. The defeat of Antony andCraflfus by the Par- thians, of Curio by the Numidians, and many other inflances, convinced the Romans that their legions, who had conquered fo many nation.*^ were not fit to engage light-troops, which, har- rafling them continually, evaded all their endea- vours to bring them to a Clofe engagement ; and it is probable that if Julius Cxfar had not been aiTaifinated, when he was preparing to march a- t Vid Joannis Antonii Vaitrini Lib. de re milit. Vet. Rom. § Neque enlni Romanis fuperbia unquam obditit, quo minus aliena inftituta, (i modo proba fuiffent, imitarentur ; et quod ubique apud focios vel hoftes idoneum vitum elTet, cum itudiodomi exfequerentur. — Aliaque ab aliis accepts, ipfi longe facere meliora quae quidcm digna ftatuilTent. P gainft 54 REFLECTIONSontlieWAR' gainft the- fame P^rthiaiw, to wipe' off the reproach of th6 former dtfcats^, he would have added to hisr legions a greater number of lip;hl troopsi formed' upon i!he principL*$andi method of that nation, anti hsivt left us uleful IdTotis fdr ihtcbnduGt of a Wfat agaioft our favages. ' ■ ' - • ThaT' he did not think' iKe altiidk of irl^^giiiar troops contemptible,, appear^'cltarly iii fevcral' parts of his commentaries, atid particularly inthe African war. The vaHotfS chib^rafiijiients'hcf met with fidbi the ehertry He* Had ihfeti td d^al with, iiccclTaflly tdlf ^6 ftur mind'Maftiy' fichlilar circtim- ftanees in the cotir|(S 6f ourwaVs A^th ihellidtans ;i and the piiinis he took to irtff ruft His^ f6ldiers to ftand nnd repel the (kirmifhes of the nimbife Afri- cans, rhay furnilh ihftru6t!oh'to usih our mili- tary operations againft the fattage Americans. We are, told that while Caefiir was' on his- march •' to Scipio*s * quariicrs, the cnemy^s ■ ■ ' ' ■• "-^'-■^ ••'-horfe' * Labienusi AfraftiufqueiCttin omtil eqiiiiitatu, levi- que armatura,' ex infidiis adorti agmini Caelari? extre- mo fe offeiUBt, atque ex coUibua prinois exfiftuht.— Primo ifsipetu legiomim eqvfitaius, levis armatura hoflium nul^o negotio locq. pulf^ et dejeda eft de coile. Quum jam Cael^r exiffimafTet' hdftes pulfos deterritolque finem lactflendi fadluros, et iter coep- tuiu pergcfC' GapJfTet j iteium cftleriter ex prpximis coilibus eiumpunt ; atque in Caefaris legionatios im- petum faciunt Numidaci levifque armaturas,, mirabiU velocitate praditi ; qui inter equites; pugnabant, et una paritcrqtic cuni^ equitibus accurrere et refugeiie confueverant. Hoc f»pius; facerent* = &c— Gaeiarls autem non amplius trcs, aut quatuor noilites > vetcrani, fi fe convertiffent, ci pila viribus contorta in Numidas infeftos conjecifTent, ampliuB;^uorum miiiium numero td unum terga veitcbant -, ac rurfus ad aciem paflim, .convcrM With the Savages of NORTH- AMERICA. 55 horfe and light-armed infantry, ridng all a^' ** dnce frohi an ambafcade, appeared upon the ** hUt^V a'idr attacked his rear. Hi's legi6ns form- ** ingihcmftlves, foonbeat the enemy from the, ** higher grocud'. And now: thinking Hi fafc, he' ** htpiis to purfue his march, fliit' imm'edlately ** the enemy break.forfh fropi the neigHbotiring;^ hills; and the Numidransf, with the2F li^ht- ali'mied foot, who are wotiderfully nlmMe^' al- ways miXTnjg and keeping e^ual pac6 wirh the cavafty m charging or reti'iing, fall afrefh'toh ** the Rotnaii fool. Thusi they freq(ii^iii?Iy re-' ** ni^wed the charge, and ft ill retTred When he endeavoured to bring therti to clo'fe engaige- liieiW. If but two or three of hfs veretans' fated about and caft their jpiles with vrgbtir,' two thoufand of the enemy wbuld fly, then re- turh'ing rally again, making it their buHhefs to *' harrafs his march, and to prefs upon his rear, following at fome diftance, and throwing their da^ta at the legin8« «c re «c cc C( converfis equis, fc coliigebant, atque in fpattd confc- quebantur, et jacula in Legionairios cdiijicrebant. Cjbsar contra ejufmodi hoftiOlti generti cbpfatJ fuaa, non ut iniperator cxefcitiiln vetieratiurh, vietd^* renique inaxiinis rebus gellis, led utlanitU ttrones gladiatOFes condopefacere : quo pede fefe rtciperent ab hoftc, &c. — MirifiCe ehiAi boftium levis: arwatura- anxiunl exercituni ejus' at^lic (ollicitirm . habebat ; quia et equltes deterrebat proelium inire, propter tquoruni intefrimm i quOd cos jaculis intcficiebat ; et iejglonaritim niilitem dcfatiga^bat, propter velocita- tem. Gravis ehim armartura miles iiuiui atque ab his" infeftatus conftiterat, in eofque impetuni fecerat, illl' vdoci cuiTu facile pericuium vitabanc. D " Cjbsak (C «c «c 56 RFFLECTIONSonihcWAR ** C^$AR, having fo fubtil an enemy to deal *' with, in{lru6ted his foldiers, not like a genera *' who had been viftorlous in the moft arduous *^ exploits, but as a fencing-mafter f would in« ^' ilru6b his fcholars ; teaching them with what pace. to retreat from the enemy, and how to return to the charge ; how fiar to advance, and how far to retire i and likcwife in what place •• and ;jnanncr to caft their piles. For their light- armed infantry gave him the greateft un- eafinels, .deterring his troopers from meeting them, by killing their horfes with their jave- lins, and wearying his legions by their fwifc- *• nefs. For whenever his heavy-armed foot ** faced about, and endeavoured to return their ** charge, they quickly avoided the danger by •« flight." But without goin g back to the ancients, we have feen this maxim adopted in eur days. Mar- Ihal de Saxe finding rhe French army harraiTed by the HufTars and other Auftrian light troops, form- ed alfo feveral corps of them of different kinds ; and the king of Prufiia in his firft war introduced them into his army, and has augmented and em- ployed them ever fince with fuccefs. We have ourfelves made ufeof them in the two hil wars in Europe : But the light troops wanted in America inuft be trained upon different principles. The enemies we have to deal with, are i nfinitely more adlive and dangerous than the HufTars and Pan- dours; or even the Africans above-mentioned. For the American favages, after their rapid in* curfionsy retreat to their towns, at a great dtf- f Lanida, In Latin, is an inftru£ior of gladiators* < vyhich in JBngliih can only be tranflated a Fencing- • mafter.' ■ tance With the Savages of NORTH- AMERICA. 5,7 tknce from our fetdements, through thickety Mroods almoft impenetrable to our heavy and un- wieldy corpSf compofed of foldiers loaded with doaths, baggage and provifions, who, when fa- tigued by a long march, muft be a very unequal match to engage the nimble favage in woods^ which are his native element. Another unavoidable incumbrance, in our expeditions, arifes from the provifions and baggage of the army, for which a road muft be opened* and bridges thrown over rivers and fwamps. This creates great labour, retards and weakens the line of march, and keep^ the troops tied to a convoy which they cannot lofe fight of, without expofing it to become a prey to a vigilant enemy, continu- ally hovering about to feize every advantage. An European, to be a proper judge of this kind of war, mud have lived fonne time in the vaft fbreftsof America; otherwife he will hardly be able to conceive a continuity of woods without end. In fpite of his endeavours, his imagination will betray him into an expe6tation of open and clear grounds, and he will be apt to calculate his - manoeuvres accordingly, too much upon the principles of war in Europe. Let us fuppofe a perfon, who is entirely un- acquainted with the nature of this fervice, to be put at the head of an expedition in America. We will further fuppofe that he has made the difpo- iltions ufual in Europe for a march, or to receive an enemy ; and that he is then attacked by the fa- vages. He cannot difcover them, tho* from e- very tree, log or bu(h, he receives an incelTant fire, and obferves that few of their (hot are loft. He will not hefitate to charge thofe inviflble ene- lilies^ but he wiU charge in vaLi. For they are D 3 at 58 REFLECTIONSontheWAR . IIS cautious to avoid a cloCe en^gcfT>ent, aa in- defatigable in harrafllng hifl (roop$ •, and ^otwith- i^andmg all his endeavours, he will ^ill find him- it\f Airrounded by a circle of fire^ which, like an artificial horlxoii, follows him every where. Unable to rid himielf of an enen>y wl^o ne- ver (lands his attacks, and flies when preffcd, on- ly td return upon him again with equal agiljty and vigour J he will fee the courage pf his heavy troops droop, and their flrength at l;ift fail them by repeated and. inefFc8ual eflbrte.. He muil therefore think of a retreat, unlefs he can force his way thro* the enemy* But how i» this to be' eflfedled ? his baggfigie 4ii)d proKifions -a' e unloaded and Mattered, fsarc of |n$ hpi'Oss and drivers killed, others difficrM by ie^Xt Wil h\$ wounded to be carried by fotdier? 9l:e«idy f^^io^ing imder the fatigue of a long a^tqn. TikS ^efny, encbuiaged by his diilrefs, vill not fail %o en- 4treUfe (he dlforder, by preffing uppn him oti e- very fide, with redoublfid fuf/ ^ndf^vi^ge hpw^ •liAgi. He will probably form a circli? pr i| fquare, to keep ofF fo daring an enemy, rwdy at the l^aft opening to fall upun him with the deftrgj^ive to- mahawk: but thefe difpofitions, thp' a tolerable fliiit for defence, are neither proper fpr %t\ allele, nor a march thro* the vvoods.-r — - This is nor an imaginary fuppofitipn* but the iTfjfe ftate of an engagement with the Indians, this way of fighting, vfhW^ hff^s to I^ave been common to mod Barbarians f* t Vkl. Gaef. Gomm. lib. V. dc bellQ GatHicQ, e£ lib. II. Ue bcl!o cirili. What W5h the'Sivagcs of NORTH^AMERICA. 55 'What is then to fee done to extricate our" lUlle army from inipeaclliig de(lru6tion ? This Is a prpbilcm which I do not pretend to rcfolve. Bat as every man would, in fimilar cir- cumftanccs, ^etcr«inc himfel florae way or other, I will prop )fe my own fentiments, founded upoa (boie obGervations which I believe invariable in dlf engagernents with ravages. The fifft; that their general majtim is to fur- round their enemy. The fecond, that they Hght fcattered, and Dever in a compa£l body. The third, ■ that thejy never ftand their ground iwrhcn attacked, but immediately give i^y» to return to the diai^e. These principles being admUt«dp it follows-- 1% Til AT the troops deftrncd to engage In- la^ns, mull be lightly cbathed, »med, irtd ac« WWlfedf ,2d. TiiAT ,h^V?n|| no fcfiftance to encounter ji^ jtbe^ttack or defence, they ari not to'bfc dirawa up. ui clofe order, \yhich' wouWo^ly eXp'dfe thlfm without n'eceliity to a^ greater tofs. And, laftly, that all their evolutions muft be performed with great rapidity i and the men en- abled by exercife to piirfue the enemy clofely, wheAPUtto flightj and not give them time to rally. , '■ ' ' ThiEse i^einarks willexplaih the reafons of the alterations prppoHsd jn'theforniatioh of a cbrps of troo^^t fpr the ffr vice ot the wod^ It is not, however, to be expeiSled'that this method will re- move aliobftacles, t}rthat{hore light troops can equal the favages in patience, and a6livity ; but, mth difcipline apd pra6lice, they may in a great D 7f meafure 6o REFLECTIONSontheWAR meafiire fupply the want of thefe advantages, and by keeping the enemy at a diftancc afford great relief and fecurity to the main body. S E C T I O N II. GENERAL IBEA OF AN ESTABLISHMENT OF LIGHT TROOPS, FOR THE SERVICE OF 'THE WOODS. I SHALL only venture a few notions fuggefted by experience upon this fubje£t, chiefly with a \iew to recommend it to the conHderation of per< fons capable of propofing a proper method of forming fuch an eftabiiihment: and, in order to be better underflood, I wil| fuppofe a corps of 500 men to beraifed and difciplined for the woods, befides two troops of light horfe, to which a com- pany of artificers might be added. The fitteft men for that fervice would be the natives of Ame- rica bred upon the frontiers, and inlifled between the age of 1 5 and 20 years, to be difcharged be- tween 30 and 35. C L A T H I N G. The doathlng of a foldier for the campaign might confift of a (hoi t coat of brown cloth, lap- pelled, and without plaits ; a ftrOng tanned (hirt, ihort trowfers, leggins, mokawfons or fhoe packs, a Tailor's hat, a blanket, a knapfack for provifi* ons, and an oiled furtout f againft the rain. To this t The following Watch-coat was contrived by an officer, whole name I de not remember. But inftead of « it i( (t it «< CI « << With the Savages of NORTH-AMERICA. 6r this might be added, in winter quarters or time of peace, three white (hirts and ftocks, with a flannel waiftcoat, D s ARMS; of the oiled linen to be put under the hat, a cap might perhaps anfwer better. He writes as follows, viz, " As the Indian war will require frequent incur- ** fions into a wild country, where a man fick or wounded, is in feveral reipe^ts more detrimental to the fervice than a man killed, every thing that may contribute to the health of the men is of mo- *' ment. '* In this view, I propofe a fort of furtout, to pre- ** ferve men, in a great meafure> both from wet and cold. ** Take a large checked Ihirt, of about half a crown fterling per yard, for it (hould be pretty *' fine; cut off the writt-bands, and continue the opening of the bread down to the bottom ; few up the fides from the guiTets downwards ; rip out the gathers in the fore parts of the collar as far as the Moulder ftraps, and refew it plain to the collar.^ " The ftiirt will then become a fort of watch* ** coat like a bed-gown, with very wide fleeves. *' Take a quantity of linfeed oil, and boil it gently ** till one half is diminilhed, to which put a fmall quantity of litharge of gold, and when it is well incorporated with the oil, lay it on with a brufli ** upon the watch-coat, fo that it fliall be every ** where equally wet. ** I fuppofe the watch-coat, hung in a garret, or '* other covered place, and fo fufpended by crooked ** pins and packthreads in the extremities of the *' fleeves and edges of the collar, that one part (hall '* not touch another. In a fliort time, if the wea- '* ther is good, it will be dry ; when a fecond mix- ^![ tare of the fame kind (bt uld be laid on wii ^ a bi:i4 <« iVh?n tl?e reqon4 coat of/ paint- •;* irtgiadry, the g;eaf? vfill. i)Ot CQprie pf^^ aiid the ** fu tout is an eir<:6^ual pr.^re/yatlyc ffoin rain ; it is ** veiy light to carry, aqd bqng pretty full on the *' back, will not orily keep tl^e^ luai), dry, but al(b '^ his paclc and ammunition. ** The flccves are left long and widp. to receive '* the butt: end of ft. 6relp(;k (feured) and to cover «♦ it below the lock. The coat is double breal):ed ** to be lapped pver, according to which fide the ** rain diir^s. A inan will be kept dry, by one of *}~ ihefe furtouts aa far as the k^ees^ If, from the «• vicinity of the enemy, it is improper, tp make fires « at night, he may place his pack on a^ (lone, and, « fitting upon ir, j^hange his (Hoes and legging, and, ** if he pleafes, wrap his. blanket round his legs and <* feet, then drawing the watch: coat clofe to his ** body, it will keep him wafin, as no air can pafs *' thiough it,, and, leaning agai^l^ the trunk of a ** tree, he may pafs a tolerable iiight, both warm -V and dry. •» It would be of fervice to have a fmall piece of " the fame oiled linen to put un.der the hat or cap *< to carry the rain down to the wa,$chcoat or fuitour, •* otherwife whatever wet fpaks thrqu^^ the hat or •« cap, will run d^wn the neck, and, thereby, '" •< fome meafure, defeat the defign of the, watch;- " coat. " Perhaps it might be.ufeful to njix fome dark or ** grcenifli colour with the oil of the fecond coating, " toniake the watch-«oat Ufa remarkable in the '''"^'' EXER, With the Savages of NORTH- AMERICA. 63 V ; . fi XE R C t S'E S. 5 r' The faldicrs being raifed, cloatiied^ and fdrnv- -edintdcompanbsiiDndeir' proper officers, mutl, -before they are armed v foe tatight to keep them- Mycs^ clealiy and to drefs in afoldrer-itke manner. This ^Ul raife. Jh thiim a.heoomiiilig fpirtc, give tbemiafsnroumbl^.opimion of their profefHoh, and prereBye:tbeir:heait& ' ThBB-£Lrft thbg they are to learn is to Walk well, ufterwardsi to Run ; and; ifit order 'tbc)(ct(ie em ulatktnv fmall premiunia might fiiom time, to time be given to rhofe vrhb di(lingul(hiiihei1ilielv^s. They muft theti' run in ranks, wrth^opeaiUesiilnd >whdd in that ofder^, atifirft){lowl)K, and hf dq^rees increiafe their fpeed : tfaii ev^oiutidn ii diSouIt., .hut: of the utmoft con- fisquence to falK tihexpeftedly *ipon the flank of theveneilniyi.. 'llieyi are to dirperfe and rally at ^'ivenr fignali; anid particulat cdlours (hould be givea- to each company, •> for' fchem to r^lly Lyj the nacn mcift bef uied to* leip f over logs and ditchlcst and to casry buk'theffe . proportioned to their itrengtb. . , . , Vsi^ririo (• - . •- ... f Vegetius gives an account of many fimilar '-ex-* ercifes, which the Romans- found neceffary to efta- bii/hamoag their nulitary. Mileg fylvam cxdebar, seilivis ^fdiipPiTiLiu^ii^jiictabatt ad palluiti dimicabat, fal"^ tal^a^ Qicrebat. Exeniplahiijus ei^ercitationiscfebra: funt apju^ Uiv[uin. Sic ille de/ Scipione Africano, 3 decad. lib. VJ. . " Primp die lejrjonejf in armis IV. ** niillium fpatio decurrerunt. Secundo die arma 1^ cmarj ft tcrgerc ante tentoria juflit. Tertio die ** fudibus • X $4 REFLECTIONS on the WAR Whin the young foldiers are perfedi in thcfc cxercifes, they may receive their arms, with which they are to perform the former evolutions in all forts of grounds. They will next be taught to handle their arms with dexterity ; and, with- out lodng time upon trifles, to load and lire very quick, (landing, kneeling, or lying on the ground. They are to £re at a mark without a reft, and rot fufFet-ed to be too long in taking aim. Hunt- ing and fmall premiums will ibon make them ex- pert markfmen. They ought to learn to fwim, pufhing at the fame time their doaths, arms, and ammunition before them, on a fmall raft ; and to make ufe of fnow (hoes. They muft then be fet to work, and be taught to throw up an intrenchment, open a trench, make fafcines, clays and gabions; like- wife to fall trees, fquare logs, faw planks, make canoes, carts, ploughs, hand and wheel barrows, Ihingles and clap-boards, cafks, batteaus and bridges, and to build log houfes, ovens, &c. £y example and practice, the moft ingenious among them will foon become tolerable good car- penters, joyners, wheelwrights, coopers, ar- mourers, fmiths, mafons, brickmakers, faddlers, taylorsj butchers^ bakers, fhoemakers, curriers^ &c> *' fudibus inter fe in modum judse pugnae concur- *< rerent« praepilatitque mifTilibus jaculati funt. ** Quarto die quic? data. Qu'.Jto iterum in armis ** decurfum eft." — Quibus porro nodis obviam catur clephantis. Veget. lib. HI, cap. 24. LIGHT With the Savages of NORTH- AMERICA. 6$ LIGHT horse; and DOGS. I SAID that, to con^pleat this eftabliflimenf, they (hould have two troops of light horfe, fup- pofed of 50 men each, officers included. The men are to perform the fame exercifes as the foot« and afterwards be taught to ride, and particularly to be very alert at mounting and difmounting- with their arms in their hands, to gallop through the woods up and down hills, and leap over logs and ditches. The horfes. ought to be bought up on the frontiers, where they are bred and ufed to feed in the woods, and are ftrong and hardy. They are to be thoroughly broke, made to ftand fire, to fwim over rivers, &c. their faddles and accoutre- ments very fimple, ilrong and light. The num- ber of horfes might be reduced to one half, in time of peace, tho* they would be of little ex- pence, as they might be bred and mantained with- out charge in the irilrtary fettlement. This corps ihould be equipped as the foot, having only a ihort rifle in lieu of a fufil, and a battle ax with a lon^ handle, the only fort of arms they (hould make ufe of in the charge. £v£RY light horfe man ought to be provided with a Blood-hound, which would be ufetul to £nd out the enemies ambufhes, and to follow their tra£ts ; they would feize the naked fava^s, or at leaft give time to the horfe men to come up with them ', they would add to the fafety of the camp at night by difcovering any attempt to furprize . !'■ AR TI- ■* * €6 REFLECTIONS on therWAR ART IF 1 C ER & ' The company of artificers fllQuTrf becompof- ed of the moft ufeftil" tradefhiert, and ought to be maiKitaiped at all' tilnes for'tfie inftVu^Bon of the fbldi.i^rs, the ufe of the fettlemsiit, or the iervice oi th^army, during the campaign. It^illnoVyr fee time, tx^ draw forth this ipiHtary colony and in*- move them, to, the ground Ikid^ qut fur that uffeia the woods, and' at a good' difhnce fi'om the in- habitants. The nature of this fettleraent will hereafter be more particuhi IJ' defcribcdl ^ Necejsity creating induftty, our young fo!^ diers will foon provide themfelvcs whh the «ioll ufeful articles, ahrlin a<:ouple of years be able to raife proyifibns fortherhfelvcs.. Wil.iLE the grcateft^part' woiiM be ettipltiyed in clearing the gfpundi fenciQgv ploughing, row- ing, pflantmg, building and!; miking utenfils and houlhold furniture, otbfers might hirnt with their officers, and remain a fortnrghtora month out of the campi without othdf |wovifions. than a littfe flour, and wlist they cpuld "pl-ocure by hun- ting and* fiftiing: theh to*-b*^ refevcd', arid the whole trained up i . s tha way." ^ \ ' ' The. military, cxercilbiiiuft V^Mbb!!^ up^ and pra^ifed, and j^e^t care taken to inculcate andprcferve piirity 'of n;iannersj .'obfcidience, o^der and decettcy antohk ttie mtni vi^kh Will be fourtd^I'tntlfch ^ijbrln" thfe/wppas^'ihia in ihc heighbpirrhood of toM^rfts. ^^^' ^f^'^^ ^ '' ^^ ' - lii irder-tbniakevttti».niilitar:^''e(kbUflMnent more generally ufeful ; 1 would propofe that the foldiers ihould only receive a very faiall part of •' ' ^ • . their Wiih the Savages of NORTtt- AMERICA. $7, their pay: ;. leaving the remaindec in tuld be enabled to compkat theicfettlemei^c. 1 his inftitutioa appears not only pra^icablQt but eiafyy if attended to wi£h patience, a0>duity and firgok? nefs. The plan. 1 would propofe is as ifr!lQVU$. Methods of forming fuch SexTLEMfiNTS vipoQ the Fionttexs, as piigbL fupppct ihemiklKes dur- ing an Indian War* Let us fuppofe a fettlement to.be focmet},^ for one hundred families, compofed of fiv« perfuns each, upon an average. Lay out upon a river, or creek, if it can be found conveniently, a square of one thoufand feven hundred and fixty yards, or a mile for each fide. That Square will contain - - 640 acres Allowing for ftreets and_public ufes 40 "J To half an acre for every houfe - 50 f /r To one hundred lots at five and half f ^^ ^^'^^^ acres ------ 550 J The four fides of the fquare meafure 7040 yards, which gives to each houfe about 70 yards front to ftoclcade, and ihe ground allowed for IxMlcflng will be 210 feet front, and about 100 feet deep. An acre of ground will produce -at Icaft 30 buOiels of Indian corn* Therefore, two acres are fufficient III I ^''■f^ ' m^^ 68 REFLECTIONSonthcWAR fufficient to fupply five perfons, at the rate of twelve bufliels each perfon. Two other acres will be a pafture for cows and (heep, another acre for hay, to be fown with red clover. The re- maining half acre may be laid out for a garden. ^ Round the town are the commons, of three miles fquare, containing, exclufive of the lots a« bove-mentioned, 5120 acres. On three Hdesof the town, five other Squares will be laid out of three fquare mites, containing 5760 acres each, one of which is refer ved for wood for the ufe of the Settlement ; the other four to be divided into 25 out-lots or plantations, of about 230 acres each, To that in the four Squares there will be one hundred fuch plantations, for the 100 fami- lies. Another townfhip may be laid out joining this, upon the fame plan, and as many more as you pleafe upon the fame line^ without lofmg any ground. ^ Thus With the Savages of NORTH- AMERICA. 69 O „ o M ^ k» o» Vm ? Commons Commons Commons Commons I? 1? Commons Commons Commons § D ^ Commons o 5» u» 9 OA o f fv 'purteaances reipedltively/ marked. Let us now fuppofp this pkm accomplifhed, and fuch corps as the(^ f^y (i;ttled, trained and difciplined, in the manner aj^ove-memioned -, I would afk whether -any officer^ ^atrufted with an expedition ag.iind the favages, would not chuffe to have them in^his army? P may fafely , anfvi^r for all thofe who have been eti^iluypd in that fer- Vfce, ^rat they would j^refer tt»em to double the number oJF the bed Eurppean troops. And whrn they had ferved< the tiipe limited, namely frqm their 1 5 oh; to their 35thjyea)!, w^at yaft faitisfat^i- on would ft be to pay over to them tfieir (hare of i(kvirgs from the publjg ^heft; and, as a reward 6f their faithful toils;, to veil them a9d their heirs with their; feveral plahtitiorvs, .which they woiild Qpw be enabled to cultivate a? their own ? This pTofp^ would engage piany people to enter their fons, i(i (juch corps i.ind thofei veterans, ..whea i^us ^^fchjirged, would' not only bf the means of forming and aniipating others by their example, Jbut in^a(b of a war wpu|d ^U bravely maintain the property they had f<^ honourably acquired, and be the gr^ateft f^curity of the frontier where they are fctM*- , !• Pre- With the Sav?SM of NORTH- AxMERICA. 7 1 Preparations for an expedition in the wcods against §avaces. It is not pra»!licab!e to erpploy l^rge bodies of troops againft Ii^dians^ th.e convoys neceiTary for their fupport vvould be tpo cutnbcrme, id cpuld neither be moved with eafe, nor proiec; It virould b« better to fit out feveral fm^li ex ditions, than one too unwieldy : I will therefore fupppfe that a corps intended to z6t ofFenfively i^all not (exceed the following proportioAS* Two r(?2irnpnt8 of foot -%• ^ 7 - - , One battalion of hunters .f "/^ - '* Two troops of light hprfc - - - One company of artificers -* - ' - Drivers and neceiTary followers - - 900 500 100 In all |8op — r-T" The firft article to provide is the provlfions^ 3^ld next the carriages. The daily ration of a foldier in the woods ij^pitld cpnfift fif qr^e pound an<^ a ha|f of meat i which rpqi^ires 119 carriage) and oi^c ppi^pd gf i9\ir, w^h a ^ijl 9.f fi^jt pipr week. llppN th^( allowance 1 1 800 m^n wiij sequirp fpr fjx > 32; 7,^00 lb. Flpu^, JWpnihs or 182 dajs - - J AtiqwjNCf ofle fqi|f|li fpr accident - - - - *•? *. 8r,900 For fix mppths 409*500 Ib^ Fiour. Meat i ^ ^f^^.. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 125 Li 128 m "^ itt Ui2 112.2 2? 144 "^ ^ U£ 12.0 M — Ill '•'' iUi^ '4 6" ► % /J / ^^ A o 7 Photographic Sciences Corporation ^>" 23 WIST MAIN STRUT WEBSTH.N.Y. USSO (716) •72-4S03 '^ f2 RE F L E C T I O N S on the WAR' Meat for the fame timel with a fourth part more for (^. ^ lu xir i. Kcidenb, or 2048 beev«r'*'+''° "^ '^«"' at 3 00 lb. each J Salt for 26 weeks - - 182 Bufitels. The above quantity would ferve the whole campaign, but one half would be fufficient to penetriatd from the laft depoiite into the heart of the enemy *s country : therefore we (hall compute the carriages for this lait quantity only. Every horfe carries about 1501b. neat weight, therefore, to carry flour for thipee months or 204, 750 lb. w ill require 1 365 horfes. Horses for flour - - For 91 buihels of fait - - Ammunitioii^ vin A - - - Tents - - - - •' Tools - - - - - l^ofpita! - . - ^ Officers baggage and ftaflT i:> ]^v: 136 7 50 20 150 To reduce this exorbitant number of hbrfes^ and the great expence attending it, I would pro- pofe, for fuch parts of the country as would admit of it» to make ufe of carts, dfawn each by four bxdnv and carrying about 13001b or fix barrels oJF flour. The above quantity of 204,756 lb. will then be carried by i&o carts drawn by 640 oxen Spare oxen with the army - - 384 The number of oxen w^ted 1024. This ^Wiihthc^avag«8<5fNC«lTH-AMERICA. 73 This method would not be as expeditious as the carriage by horfes, and would require more time and attention in cutting the road, and bridg- ing the fwampy places, &c. but, en the other band, what an -expence would be faved I and by killing the oxen in proportion as the flour is ufcd, and abandoning the carts, the convoy is daily re- ypfduced, and the grafs near -the encampment will not be fo foon confumed, which is not the cafe with horfes, which niuft equally be fed though unloaded. This is an objed of confequence, par- ticularly near theend of the campaign, when the fcarcity of fodder obliges to move the camps every day, and to .place them in low and difad vantage- ous- grounds. I WOULD therefore incline for the ufe of carts, and they could Jse made before hand by the hunters and their artificers. Th£ oxen ihould be bought in the prov'nces where the farmers make ufe of them in their works. One or two foldiers would drive the cart and take charge of the four oxen. There are few rivers in North-America deep in fummer, and which thefe carts with high and broad wheels, could not ford ; but if the contrary ihould happen, the carts, provifions and baggage, may be rafted over, or a bridge built. In a coun- try full of timber, and with troops accuftomed to work, no river will ftop an army for a long time. By the above method, 3 or 400 horfes would be fufficient to carry the baggage, ammunition, tentsi tools, &c. ■ E X P L A N A- i4 fttFtif€f¥fi0NSerrtheWAH: E XPL A !^ A TTip N 6r f fifr Tovk PLANS. EN CAMP ME N^t. of one thoufknd by fix fttWidi'^d fefcf.' Eigjithiirt'- drcd men of the regular fr66pi/i) intaWi^ on' the four fides, which glvcs'^W^riiy-fdill'ftfclf td' iicW tcfft, containing fix iiScW. TftC h^t^hbrtfe (3^ encanrp withinihe parallellogram. Thii' i^ferv^ (jjjn the center. The provifions, affimunitibn, tdbls^hd ftc^res (8) and the cattle (9) are placed 'bet wiet'rf the two troops of light hbife and in^ r^ferVe-. Thfc' hom- ers (2),encampr on the outfide diagbri^lFy at th^ jFou r angles, bei ng covered by r^dbUhts ( 5 ) ff ^OP Mtacieiin the night. LINE of MARCH, Plate H. Pigt IL ^ PAtcii of the h1lnt^^t»'(a^} 4nf three divilitffisi^de. taching fmall parties (5, 6) to'ttveir froMt- and to their right and left, to fearch the woods and dif- cover the enemy. The artificers and axe-men (4) to xirt a Toad for the convoy, and rwo paths oii t^ right and left for the troops^ Out Hundi-ed'dnd fifty o?ihe regular trooplB (i ) inr tvi^ fJlts, i/^of are' to fbriw the front and the horfes two a breaft. DEFILES. In cafe of a defile, the whole halt until the ground is reconnoitred, and the hunters have ta- Jcen poiTeffion of the heights. The center column then enters into the deftle, followed by the right face ; after them the convoy ; then the left and ^ear hc% with the referve, the light horfe, and the rear guard. The whole to form again as foon as the ground permits. Disposition TO receive the Fig- (3) - EN^MY, The whole halt to form the fquare or pa- rallellogram, which is done thus. The two hrft men of the center colunm ftand faft at«tv7o yards diftance. The two men following- them, ftcp forward and poft themfelves at two yards on the right and left. The others come to the front in ihe fame manner, till the two tiles have formed a rank| which is the front of the fquare* . „r. The With the Sava^^es of NORTH- AMERICA. 7 7 The rear face it formed by the two file-leaders turning to the center road* where having placed themfelves at two yards diftance^ they face out« Vfards, and are followed by their filei, each man pofting himfelf on their right or left, and facing towards the enemy the moment he comes to his poft* As foon as the front and rear are extended and formed, the two long faces, who have in the mean time faced outwards, join now the extremi- ties of the two fronts, and clofe the fquare f. To REDUCE THE SQUARE. The right and left of the front, face to the center, where the two center men ftand faft. Upon the word '* march" thefe ftep forward and ar^ replaced by the two next, who follow them^ 1 and fo on i by which means, that front becomes again a column*^ The rear goes to the right a-* bout, and each of the two center men leads again to the ftde paths followed by the reil:. WH11.E the uoops form, the light horfe and each divifion of the convoy t?'^e the ground aG- iigned , to them within:;the fquare-, ; as if (hey were toencamp^and the.ihorfes being unloaded, two pailaUd lines .will be formed, with, the bags and kegs of providons, to cover the wounded and the men unfit for a£lion. The hunters take poft on the i^Qoft :advantag«ous ground o^ the out fide, and fkiimifb with the enemy, till the fquare is formed ; when, upqn ire,(feiving their or^lers, they retire Within the f^^fif^^; >|vhere |h9j[ t^e, \hfik t T^efe evolutions muli be ;perrora)ed with celerity. E The TS IlETL:«CTI0NSonlheWAlt ^ Thv fibiall p«irtkt< bfrang^rt (:5} ^o hive fiimlkmk thjB lint of fiiarcby reoMin on t^e ootfide^ taleeep olF'(l«t)eBtiMf'i«dobrcnre their inolidiii. WHi»N die firiii^ begins iHe troopai will Have ordei^ t^^lldw thdr kneei^ tiylie klitxpdilid fHl it iitli0ttght:))rb|)ev tori^aftack The four faces, formed by the regular troo^ aid d}vi(did4iito pltcoons ^h*qiurtd, (Dim half* .C9lilp0red> «f'thd!beA^d^ moft adive fbldi^rs^ ii call4i» (ke^ft firing, aad> the oihto loilf the l«- condFirUig^ The eight platoons at the angles are of the fe- cond Fiiingit ia order -to preferirr the fbltn of the fquare during the attack. It ii ettideotthalty by thisidiffioritioii, thecdii- vcty b Jivell coveredi aad theUghtl tivapft,^ deftin* cd fbr the chaige* iiemUin;conceale(H ^ ^^^ linexfkdod eyeotis 'dming an'cng^eiiidnt a^ apt teikrjiiDe terrvr^ and cieittr'Coh:Mfo% amongithe enemy,, it it natural tor egcpedt' thaCithle favagef: MrJllbfrgrdatly difisoneorted.^al the fudderi and un* forefeen eruptidh^. thJat Will fodh>poiiir upow thiom ftom the infide of : the fqtiare*;/ and that, b^ihg v%oroufty titta<;ked'! in front andr Hank : at* theb fame tinrt they ; will jieithbr bet abler to ileftft, nor, when <6nee bKokcviHavc^-tiihet'o 'rallv^ ib( ar >to jibdccandthe^fttofiK l?hi8>niayi bs efiMicd iflithv /oUowing miuinep. • « > ^EN'ERAL ATTACK, Bg.IV. ■ TH«-Rtfffuiiift'ri)'fhwi4fK: ^ ^^'^% <'"'■■ ^ *4iB htirtWrt (2') Uiy dot,' ifliollV^tfyuirti^, thco' the intervals of the itoj^^^inSe^itift^iYit fquare, followed by the light horfe (3) with their lldodhouitei^. TW\tmi9kMmhivt(A^mta with the Savages ofNORTH-AMERICA. 79 ni^ho attack in the front, and of thofe who attack in the rear, will beclofed by the little parties of rang;er8 (5) polled at the angles of the fquare, «ach attack forming in that manner, three fides of a parallelogram. In that order they run to the •enemy (X) and having forced their way through their circle, fall upon their flanks; by wheeling to their right and left, and charging with impc- tuofity. The moment they take the enemy in flank, the Firft Firing of the regular troops march out brifkly and attack the enemy in front. The platoons detached in that manner from the two ihort faces, proceed only about one hundred yards to their front, where they halt to cover the fquare^ while the reft of the troops who have attacked f/urfue the enemy, till they zrc totally dtfperfed, not givinz them time to recover themfelves. The uck^md wounded, unable to march or ride, are tranfported in litters made of flour bags, through which two long poles are paiTed, and kept afunder by two fticks, tied acfofs beyond the head and feet to ftretch the bag. Each litter is carried by two horfes These remarks might have been extended to many other cafes that may occur in the courfe of a campaign or of an engagement, but it is hoped this (ketch will be fufficient to evince the ne- ceflity of fome alteration in our ordinary me- thod of proceeding in an Indian war. £2 APPEN- A cc F A O A anrweri ing CO quire a quantit time 01 complc voys. t ^ t rr APPENDIX L CONSTRUCTION or F O R T 8 AGAINST INDIANS. AS w6 have not to guard h«re againft can* non, the fyftem of European fortiHcation may be laid afidei as expenfive, and not anfwering thepurpofe. Forts againft Indians be* ing commonly remote from our fettlements, re- quire a great deal of room to lodge a fufficient quantity of ftores and provifions, and at the fame time ought to be defenfible with one half of their compleat garrifons^ in cafeof detachments or con- voys. E 3 I AM H APPENDIX L I A^ ther^e of opinion t^ ^fmv^ pr penr t9g(^9 ^i(h a bl<)<:k houfe of l^rick or ftone * at fv^ry an{,ie, joined l)y a wall fliiypkfd by tbe Iblccl^- hoifest would be the ifft defence 9g|iA|i (Mch «- ncmies. A ditch from feven to eight feet dee|^ might be added, with loop holes in the cellars ot the ^fock^l^uf^s fix feet ffom t|ie.g^o|iQd» tode* fend the ditch. ' i Along the infide of the curtains the trader» might build houfes ar.d ftores, covered as well ](s.ihe >bl9€k-i)ci4f<^s with tjle;, or ilate, to guard againft tire arrows, itiece will rei|>a o a fpecigiji irea for free air and ufe, in which as well as in the ditch, gardens might be made and well dug. 7'he powder ma^a^ii)^ might be placed in the center of the area, keeping only a fmalk quantity of cartridges in each block*houfe for pre- i^ntKiife. T^E garrifons of fuch ^rts wQpld^ be free f^om All prizes, even if tbey had no centries, for nothing can get at them, while the doors arc well bolted and barred. r,f • Expeiience bis demon (!ra ted tha^ fOrtificatibns iDft^f of w,oof^ deyond thi; Ohio^ and made them remove -titeir fettlements at leaft €0 mi Yes £ur«h«r weft#ard.. Waa it not for thefe forts, they would fettle clofe on our borders, and in time of war infeft us ever/ day in fuch numbers as would over-power the thin inhabitants^ fcattered on ourextenHve frontier* The .armer unable to fow or reap would foon fait back on our chief towns, or quit the country for want of bread. In either cafe, what would be the fate of the large towns burthened with the whole country, and deprived of fubfiftance and of the inaterials of trade.and export ^ The deftru^ion of thefe forts being* m time of war, the chief aim of the favages, they gather above them to diftrefs the garrifons, and to attack the convoy ; thereby giving us an opportunity to fight them in a body, and to ftrike a heavy blow, which otherwife they would never put in our pow- er, as their advantage lies in furprizes, which are beft efFe6led by fmall numbers. Experience has coavinced them that it is not in their power to £ 4 break «4 APPENDIX I. break thofe ihackles, and therefore it is not pro-* bablethat they will continue a check upon them* llnd fave the difficulty an4 expence of taking poft again in their country. Our forts are likewifethe proper places for trade» which being clofely in- ipe£ted, it will be eafy for us to limft their fup- plies, to fuch commodities as they cannot turn a- gainft us, and to put a fpeedy ftop to all juft taufes of complaints, by giving immediate re- drcfs, A FEW forts, with ftrong garrifons, I ihould judge to be of more fervice than a greater num- ber weakly guarded. In the lalt war wc loft all our fmaU pofts ; but our more confiderable ones, ■ Detroit and Fort-Pitt, refifted all the efforts of the jfav^ges, bytheilrength c^theirgarrifMii. ■ ( ■> ^ I A P P E N. I J N , 4NI»«l|»i4||MI|»i4|»i||»|4|||i4llk' 4|»4t»4Si»'4||»4|»«N»?4|»4l» APPENDIXII. \- TH £ following Paper was written by an Officer well acquainted with the places he defcribes ; and is thought worthy of a place here, as every thing is material which can tncreafe our knowledge of the vaft countries ceded to us^ and of the various nations that inhabit them. Account of the French forts ceded to Gr£AT Britain in LoUxsiaka. The fettlement of the Illinois being in 40 de- grees of latitude, is 500 leagues from New-Oi leans by water and 3 50 by land. The jnoft proper time of the year for going there, is^he bcgi;ining of February. The wateis of the M fllilippi are then high, and the country being overfiowed, there is lefs vo fear from the ravages, who are hunting in that leafgn. ' ES Th* S5 APPENDIX II. The encampments (hould be on the left of the river, as the enemies are on the right, and cannot have a fufficient number of crafts to crofs if their party is large. Thsy generaUy ittack at d^-break, or at the tine of eii|liarking. The Mihabi tarns nilght bring provifions half way, if they weie allowed good pay. The Delawares and Shawanefe He near Fort Du Quefne, f which is about 500 leagues from the Illinois. The Wiandots and ottawas, (who are at the Detroit) are about 250 leagues from the Illinois by land. And the Miamisuabout 2ao by land. Nevertheless as intelligence is carried very hH by the Savages, and as all the nations with whom we are at war, can come by the Ohio, % we mud be vigilant to prevent a furprice. t So the French fbrmetly caUtd what it now Foi^ Bttt. X Part of the navigatba of the Ohio, fininFort* Pitt is defcribed as follows, viz* That the. difficult part of the river is from Fort- Pitt about 50 or 60 oiiicB downwards. There are 5 a illands between Fort-Pht and' the lower Shawa- nefe town on Scioto |. and none of them difficult to par» in the night, but one at the mouth, of Mulking- nam, occafioaed b« a number of trees h'*^% In the channel. From the lower Shawaacfe 'row;a to the fallfk there ve b«ic 9 or 9 iilands. At the fidb, the river is very brcMMjl, with only one paiTag^ on the eaft iVdfit ill which there it water eoougk at all ieafoosot l)ie year to pafs, without difficulty. - Below the fatfs, . the navigation it every way clear* down to the Miffir. A P F E N D I X It $f Thi mouth «f the Oiiio« in tht Miffifippi, is 55 leaguet iram the lUinois. Thirtein leagues from the Miflifippi, on tbe left of the Ohio, it f ort Mafliac, or Afiuihp- txoitf bMilt in 1 7579 t little below the mettth of the river Okerokee f* It is only a ftockadcy whh four baftiont an4 eight pieces of cannon. It majr €omain 100 men; In four da^^s one majrgoby land, from this fort to the Illinois. It is of cDitiequ^nce for the En^tb id prefiirve ity as it fecures tUMr^communicaCioft betuviedn the Illinois and Foft-Pi^C* Fort Vincennes, which is the laft poft belongs ing to Louifiana, is upon the rivtr' Ouabiuche ^, 60 leagues from its conflux with the Ohio. It ft- a fmall ftockade fort, in which there may be si- bout 2a foldiers. There are alfo aiew inhabitants. ThefciH'isesirtremelj'ieVtifo, and prodilcek pkht/ ^cornandtobateo; , fitiidfffiandefi'cim this fort to the Illinois, fs ^5C ka^ues by water. And it mzy be traveHed by knd in fix days. Thb nation of ^vages living at this poft is call- ed Pianquicba. It qui .furnifh 60 .warriors. Altho' we do not occupiy For^ Vincenr es at ^tfent» yet it would be of the. utmoft coRfequencc t River Cherobee falls intotlie Ohio about Soo milei b^Iow Fort-Pitt. T&is liver is in general widie and 0MMil up to the foutb mountainr paflable only with barJEOanQqsi after ^hich it g^ows very fnitll. , : ^Ooabaciie. or WabfiA cmpities itfelf tn|3 the Ohto about 60 miles above the Cheiobeo iiver> on the op-/ 88 APPENDIX II. ^or us to fettle It, as there is a communication from it with Canada, by going up the Ouabst- •che.' .;. .. : ^ '!■. FftOM: this poft to the Odachtanons la 60 leagues, and from thence to the Miamis (fttU go- ing up the OuabaChe) is 6q leagues further ; then there is a portage of fix leagues to the river Mia- mis, and you go down that river 24 leagues to Lake Erie. Mr. DAt;BRY went by that rout in 1 759 from the /Illinois to Venango ||« with above 400 meny ind two hundred thoufand weight of/flour. I Bv the above pacHsr the rout is given up the Mif- fifippty ipart of the Ohio, and up the Ouabache to Fott Vincennes, and likewife to thelUinoisi Again from Vincenaes and the Ouachtaoons hyvfMevt on the wefterly cominunication to the Miamis portage* then by water down that river by the eailerly Tout, into the Lake Erie^ proceeding as far as Prefqu' Ifle» then by the 15 m. portage into butfaio or Beef tiveit lately called French creek^ then down tht fante to Venango on the Ohio. In order therefore, to carry this rout dill fur- ther, wt ftall continue it from Venango to the mouth of Juniata in Sufquehaanah, '^ which brings it wjthm the fettled parts of Pennfyl vartia, via. ' ' i i FtQtn Venango to Licking creek, to miUis. Til Toby's ceek, 13. To a fmall creek, i. To the part- ing of the road, 5. To a large run, 3. To Leycaumey- honing, 9. To Pine creek, 7. To Chuckcaughting, 8 To Weeling creek, 4. To the crofling of dittol 4. To a miry fwamp, 8. To the head of Sufquehanna. 10 To Meytauning creek, 1 8. To Clear Field creek, 6. To the lop of Aileghenj^, i. To the othef Jide, ditto, 6. To Beftver dams, 5. To Franks T6w«, 5. To the Canoe place, 6. To the mouth of Juaiattf* 110. Total 239 miles. ^ Thirty- APPENDIX n. «9 Thirty-fivb leagues from the mouth of the Ohio, in going uptht Miflifippi, on the right* is the river Kaikafquias. Two kaguts up this river, on the lefr, is the fettlement of the Kafkafquias, which is the moft confidei able of the Illinois. There is a fort built upon the height on the other fide of the river, over againft Kaikafquias ; which, as the river is narrow, commands and prote^s the town. 1 don't know how many guns there may be, nor how many men It may contain* There may be about 400 inhabitants. ^ The Illinois Indians, called Kafkafquias, are fettled half a league from the town ; and are able to turn out 100 warriors. They are very lazy and great drunkards. Six leagues from Kaikafquias, on the bank of the MifliAppi, is Fort Chartres, built of ftone, and can contain 300 foldiers. There may be 20 cannon at moft» and about 100 inhabitants round Chartres. . The Illinois Indians at that place, who are called Metchis, can furni(h 40 warriors. Between the Kaikafquias, and Fort Chartres, IS a fmall village, called La prairie du Rocber (the Rock Meadow) containing about 50 white inha- bitants i but there is neither fort nor favages. Near Fort Chartres is a little village, in which is about a fcore of inhabitants. Here are neither favages nor fort Fifteen leagues from Fort Chartres, going up ihe Miflifippi, is the village of che Cafquiars. There is a fmall ftockade fort ; I don't know if there is any cannon. There may be about 100 inhabitants* The «o APFEITDIX U. Tmb Blinois fndiam hr'mg incaf tliii vilb^e are called Caiquian, and can turn out 60 warriors. I COM PITT t there arc about 300 Negroes at Ihemifibis. Tmx country of the Hlmoisis fertile*: producing good wheat and com. AU ktnda of Enpopeait Trmts fucceed there furprisinsly well» and ^y have wild ^apcs with which they make tokraUe wine. Their beer it pretty good. TumKE are mines of lead^ and fome lidt; 'S1ic)c make fu^vC nuifle, and thcne ave ihnt; quarries^ ■Jfl at!?.: .■ Uc4i J-f Mrt%ri^ ■s 1 ntmtxnxnmttmttntmmt\tttm m APPENDIX III. S.OU TfrOlftPHlLADELPHIA tO FoRT-PiTT* ft ft < X I to ttUKoAtti to Carlifle toShippenfturgh: to Fort Loudoun. to Fort Lktkton to thecroffi^gof the Juniata to Fort Bedford to the croffing oi Stoney creek to Fort Ligonkr to Fort Pitt Miles 55 12 H i8 14 20 S6 Qrs. Per. 38 00 CO 5 CO 3 CO 3 oo 3 00 39 t 43 oo 3^4 ' 9 40 A P P E N- f 9» 1 APPENDIX IV. Number of Indian Towns, fituated on an4 near the Ohio River, and its branches, with their diftances from Foit- Pitt, and the diftances of the principal branches from each other at their conflux with the Ohio. y Diftance Diftance r from one from \ another Fort-Piff. First ROUT about N.N.W. Miles Miles to Kuihkufkies Town ■ on Big Beaver- Creek 45 V* up the eaft branch ' of * ^r Beaver Creek to Shan- ■ s ingo iS 6a up ditto to Peniatuning 1 2 74 K O to Mohoning on the Weft blanch of Bea- o' ver Creek 3* 104 i up the branch toSaltLick 10 146 " • to Cayahoga River 32 to Otuwas town on ' Cayahoga 10 156 ^ Second W^X^ APPENDIX. I^. 9S Diftance Diftance from one from ' another. Fort-Picc! Second ROUT W.N.r/. I* h (4 E S O 6 8 (<4 to the mouth of Bi^ Bea- vcr-Creek to Tufcanwai to Mohickon John's Town to Junuhdat or Wyandot town to Fort Sanduflcy to Junqueindundeh Milit 91 4 Mild 166 2l6 240 Third ROUT about W, S. W, 1 t to the Forks of the Mulkingam to Bullet's Town on Mulkingam to Waukatamike to King Beaver's Town on the heads of Hoch- ocking to the lower Shawanefe Town on Sioto river to the Salt Lick town ron theheads of Sioto I to the Miamis fort 6 10 40 25 190 iftS 134 144 171 211 236 426 FouitTH H A PPENDIK W, FOURTH ROUT down the Ohio ; goneialcourfe about S.W. I|o the mouth of Big Bqaver iQreek to the mouth of IV.ittle. Pqaver Creek to the mouth o£ YcHow Crieek to the two Creeks toWeeljiug to Pipe Hill to jthi long. Rcadi ! to the foot of the Reach to the mouth of MuiL* ingam river to the littleCanhswa. r ivcr to the mouth of Hock- hocking^ river to the mouth of LcCort's creek to Kifkeminetas to the mouth of big Can- hawa or new river to the mouth pf big Sandy ^reek to the mouth of Sioto river to the mouth of big Salt Lick river to the Ifland £ h (2 J (& Diftance rrom one another ■^^ Milea 12 10 6 12 18 SO la 13 40 33 8 40 40 30 20 Didance from Fort-Pitr. Mile» 27 39 49 «7 73 85 "5 *75 iB9 128 ^61 2% 309 349 379- 399 t^ APPEND £ t I I to the mouth of little Mineamie or Miammee t river to big ^i^fnmeo or Rocky river to the Big Bones % to Kentucky River to the f'alls of the Oh;io to the Wiabaih, or Oua- bache to Cherokee River to the Miffifippi IX IV. Diftance froip one another Milet 20 SS 50 60 40 95 DifttDce from FortrPut. Miles 454 4»4 504 559 609 740 840 K. B. THi pl$fi«i;memioneid in.iHe lirft three Ibuta »r« 4eUneailed ip Uie foregoing amp* by-ait officer who has an actual knowledge or moft- of them, and has bng fervccl againft the Indiana* 7he Ibunh Rcut down the Ohio was given by an Indian trader* who hat often pafled from Fort^ Pitt to the Falls, i and the diAancjQs he gives of the mouths of the feveral rtven tl»t tall into the Ohio may be pretty certainly depended on. Our maps, hitherto publiCied are very erroneous in placing bma oltbofe civecs. i^ Thefe rorera, .called Little and Qreat MineanifiB or Miammee, fall into the Ohio between Sipto, ^n^ t)ie Ou^bache,, aqd are differeot from the Miamia river, which runs into the weft end of lake Eijey below the Miamis fort. ' X So oialle4 ftom Elephant's bones faid to be fbui)d there. APPENDIX r 96 J APPENDIX V, Names of different Indian Nations in NoRTH-AMKRiCAy wirh the Numbers of their Fighting Men ) referred to in the Notei page 48. 1 TU E following lift was drawn up by % French trader, a perfon of confiderable note, who has refided many years among tiie Indians, and ftill continues at I>etroit, having taken the oaths of allegiance to the King of Great Britain. His account may be depended on, fo far as matters of this kind can be brought near the truth ; a great part of it being ddiyered from bis own perfonal knowledge Warriors Conawaghninas, near the falls^of St* Louis 209 Abenaquis, -\ 5SS.VS..L,w«nceIndi«« •Chalas, J Nipiffins, "i living towards the heads of Algonquins, 5 the Ottawa river Les Tetes de Boule» or Round Heads^ near the above .... 2500 . " Six 350 700 550 J 30 4 00 300 APPENDIX V. 97 SixKationiy on the frpntien of New-Yorky &c. ----- 1550 WiandoCf, near lake Erie - - 300 Chipwai, ) near the Lakes Superior and 5000 Ottawas, 5 Michigan 900 MeiTefagues, or River Indiani» being wan- dering tribest on the lakes Huron and Sii* pertor» - - - - jooo Powcewatamisy near S. Jofeph*s and Detroit 350 LesPuans, ) near Puans 700 Folleavoine,orWild-Oat Indians 3 bay * Mechecoiiakisy 1 Sakit, > South of Puans bay Mafcoutentt} 3 Ouifconfinst on a river of that name, fall- ing into Miflifippi on the eaft-fide Chriftinaux, i g ^. ^. 1 « Aifinaboes, or i '^"°'*,near the lake. 3000 AiEnipoual, J of Ae 6nie name 1500 Blancs t BarbuSy or White Indians with Beards - - - • 1500 Sioux, of the meadows 7 towards the heads 2500 Sioux, of the woods i of Miffifippi 1 800 Miflburi, on the river of that name 3000 * Grandes £aux ^ - - 1000 Ofages, 1 600 Canfes, I 1600 Panjb blancs, > fouth of MiiTouri 2000 Panis piques, ] 1 700 Padoucas, j 500 Ajoues, north of the fame - 1100 Arkanfes, on the river that bears their n;ouiiiana. Wherever we knew the names by wbivh the ' different nitioins are diffinguiihed^ bf the Engliib, we have inferted thbm. But the onhography is yet very unfettled, sind the fevcraf nations marked with an * afterifm arc unknown to us, and therefore they are left as they f^and'in the original iifl. So large a number of fighting men may flartle ns at firft light ; but the account feems no where eXa|gferated, esicejitirtg otily ito the Catawba A PPENDI X V. 99 nation is now almoft extm6k. In fome nations ivhich we are acquainted with, the account falls even (hort of their numbers ; and fome others do not appear to be mentioned at all, or at leaft not by any name known lo us. Such, for infiance, are the Lower Creeks, of whom we have a lift according to their towns. In this lift their warriors or gunSnen are 1 1 Se, and their inhabitants about 6000. Thus a compara- tive judgment may be formed of the nations above- mentioned ; the number of whofe inhabitants will (in this proportion to their warriors, \iz. 5 to i) 4be about 283,000. FINIS.