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Un des symboies suhrants apperaltra sur la demMre image de cheque mteroflche, selon le cas: le symbols — »• signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbols ▼ signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Thoss too large to be entirely included in one expoeure are filmed beginning in the upper left hend corner, left to right end top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diegrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planchss, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre filmto A dss taux de riduction diffirents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seui clichA, il est f ilmA A partir de I'angle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en has, en prenent le nombre d'images nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 I ^lll». i A B It I S V f7Z1fl^ E 5C A M I N A T I O N OP LORD SHEFFIELD*! OBSERVATIONS OK T H Jl C O M M £ a c «fe ■■•*■. Oy THB TJNXTSD STATE*; ZM SEVEN NUMBER $4 WITH two SUPPtEMEMTARY HOTB« ^^ ^ AMBKXCAN MANU/^GTURES. 4., ^^' * «f # PHILADELPHlAt FROM THE PRESS OF M. CAREY^ |f«X>GC.XC|^ > } ■ *■ No. XXVI. pijfriff of Pttmjj/Poania, to wit* ' ' ■ ■ '". BE It remembered, that, on the fourteenth day of Novembar in the fixteenth year of the independence of the unitei ftatet of America, MATHEW CAREY, of the faid diftria, hsth de- pofited in thi» office, the title of a book, the right whereof he claims at proprietor, in the words following, to wit t ** A brief examination of lord Sheffield's obfervatbns on the «( commerce of the united ftates. In feven numbers. With two ■< fuppkmentary notes on American manufaaures." In confop. Boity to the a£t Af ♦»»• eengref* of die united ftates, entitled, *• An aft for the encouragement of learning, by fecuring the co- pies of maps^ charts and books, to the authors and proprietors of # fuch copies, during the times tlierein mentioned." SAMUEL CALDWELL, Clerk of tit d{/lria court of Pionjflvamdt ■#. ADVERTISEMENT. THIS examination was commenced in the American Mufeum for March, 1791, and continued in the months following, as circumftances permitted, till July lafl;. Further rmexion and opportunity have produced additional fafls and fome relative confiderations, which are intermixed with the original materials of the fix numbers already publiihed, or arc contained in afeventh number, and the two additional notes on manufa£lures, at the end of the pamphlet. It is poflible. that a queftion may have arifen, why an examination of a work, firftpubliflied in 1713, fhouldhave been inftituted in 1791 ? The obfervations of lord Shef- field have gone through fix enlarged editions, and the fame writer having dmeminated ideas, very unfavourable to the united ftates, in his book upon the commerce of Ireland, it was conceived that a developement of his er- rors was due no lefs to thofe who are mifinformcd in Great Britain, than to thole ipterefts which are not un. derftood in this country. It has been frequently obferved, that when American affairs are difcuffed in Europe, lord Sheffield's work is quoted with fymptoms of convidioir and belief. Under circumftances like thefe, an examina- tion of lus allegations, predidlions, and remarks, even at: this day, wiU not, it is noped, appear unfeafonable. .U «''l ..?#^ «* w TABLE O F C O N T E N T S. Of number /. 'TP^E carrying trade, - - - % JL Beef and pork, " : - 4 Teas, - - • - • ibid. Salt from Europe, - • r 6 Shoes, *-•■.• y Paper, • • - • .9 Rum, - - - • '9 The idea» that the united ftates are a country fui' ge- neris, - - - • • II »■ €f number II, Lumber, - - • • Nova Scotia and Canada, • • Linfeed oil, . « • ^ Painters* colours, - . , Coaches and other carriages, • Medicines and drugs, .... Nails, fpikev;! *^*^ other oianufadures of iron and fteel, ^ m - . , 25 Flour and wheat, - • -27 Gunpowder, - •> - 2t The ability of Great Britain to make her fhips the carriers for the united ^3tes, . . 29 15 20 22 ilnd. 24 *>(fi t, »l t 5 t « 3 Of number III, Hats, . - , • 35 Books, • - • • 37 That the Americans will in future give a preference to Britifh manufndures, before aU others — that it will be a long time before the Americans hmU manufa^ure tor themfelves — and that our de« mind for BritiHi goods will ingreafein prc^ortion to our population, " " " 39 That it would he impoliric in Great Britain to ad- inic Amencmi veUels into her Weft India illands, 43 Tlut it would be better for Britain to give up tho liaiuh, than tiie carrying trade, - 46 That the fhiiping Great Britain gains by excluding ' the Americans, will be at hand, . 4;;' That America will never be united again^ 4^ Of number ly. Naval (lores, - . - ' , ^i Pot and pearl aflies, ** • " 5* Horfes, - - • • " - c-j That France will not fuffer America to fupply her with fliips, . , • w <* That the navigation a^ gave, and that an adherence to it wilf fecure to Great Britain the commerce of the world, . . . e($ That it muft always be the fituatio^ of the united dates to court Great Britain^ - • 60 That it will not be the intereft of any of the great maritime powers to prote(ft American veflelsfrora the Barbary corfairs, * - • 6t That the Britifh iflands would be crowded with Dutch, French, and other foreign vcflels, if they were to be laid open, - • 64 Of number V, Population of the united ftates, . •• ^^ M.; # » t ▼« J Emigration y - • •70 Kentucky and the wcftcrn territory, - 7 ^ Thac no American articles are To neceflfary to^ Great Britain as the Britifh manufadhiret, 6c, are to the Americans, ' ' - 73 The quality of American diftilled fplrits, . 74 If the American Hates (hbuld attempt to pay their debts, the lands of the farmers muil for fome time lie under very heavy impofitiont, . . ^j That the Americans could not have traded with the French before the revolution to half the ex* tei\t they did, had it not been for the fpecie th^y took from the Britifh iflands, . - 76 TMt the united dates loft much by tlie reparation from Great Britain, ^ « ^^ Of number VI, Ships built for ordinary commerce, and for fale, ^i That the imports and exports of the united ftates, will continue for a long time the fame, 84 The capacity of the united ftates to fupply "Em* rope with grain and flour, • • 96 Of number yil, " Additional ; containing a table of the principal re- ilri£tions, impofitions^and prohibitions fuftained by the united ftates in their trade with the Britifh do- minions ; and of thofe fuftained by Great Britain in her trade with the dominions of the united ftates ; alfo fome remarks on certain prevalent topics relative to the general bufmefs and inter- courfe between tlie two countries. « Notes, 99 On the progrefs and prefent ftate of American do- meftic or houfehold nianufadurcs, . j,» On American manufadures iu*general, • 121 H vi^- /• p ^ %>* A iHitt UM^t^ATtov/am THE fadstftd bbili^atiom cff ftb w riter hkvt, In tin opinion of maij^ of hit coantnrmen, fo funtHy emlii* red die loucUlone of esqperiencei n»t an attempt to do* monflrate erron in both, may appear to defeTvc little at* iention. The breirity^ however, which is intended tobft obferved, may Induce the parties concerned, to givft tbefe papers an attentive penoal. It is remarked, in the laft edition df the pd>fication referred to, " that ^a knowledge and conlideration of th« Ameiican trade fliould didate to Great Briuin the mtaf^ei Ibe ought to purfue.^' The good fenfeofthatoblenrition^ In relation to the time when it was written, is admitted^ without hefitation, and it is conlidered as equally proper, in regard to th^ prtft||« It is believed, indeed, to com* port moft perfectly wim th^ dignity and true interefts of nations, not to induce into injurious grants thofe foreign powers, with whooo they may find occaiion to treat* No obfervatiohs need be offered, to fhow the refpeiSbbilityj, which is acquired by negociations conduAed with a libe* ral and magnanimous policy. It will be fofBdent to re* Biark, that arrangemftits, fofidly foaodcd in fht mutttal B' ^1' .♦ ' t « 1 ■■«#', irttertfts of the ctfritfafting parties, will always be fatis» fadlory to the intelligent part of their refpedive citizens^ and confequently mod permanent; but that injudicious grants of unreakNiable advantages, ^fpecialiy if obtained by deceptive means, di/honour the character of the over* reaching party — lead to murmurs among the people of the ntiilaicen nationy often t^expenflve and bloody wars—* and give immenfe hazard to the commercial enterprizes, which are ufually inftituted in confequence of new trea- ties. It may be contkleiied, therefore, as wifdom in nego* ciating nations/ diligently to fearch for their common iff' terefiSf as the Bitelt ground of treaty. In order to difx cover thefe with eafe, and to view them with juft impref- fions, it is a meafure n€»t only of primary importance, but of indifpenfible neceflity, to remove eftablifbed errors in the public cfecrd. It b not by way of apology, that Shefc prefatory remarks are offered to ail concerned, but io fliow, that a rational purAiit of the interefts of their refpedtive countries, Ihould lead both Americans and £ngli{hmen, to develope the errors, in regard to fadts and (pinions, difcoverable in a publication, which ap> pears to have been the caufe of a change of meafures in the Britifh nation, or to have been intended to vindicate one which it was predetermined to make. It is not propofed to go into a full and regular reply t« the writer of the obfervations, but rather to point out fo many real and efiential errors in his fa£h and predidtions, as may fhakethe unlimited confidence, which has been re* pofed in him by his countrymen, in order to lead to a dif- ferent legiflative department towards us. Little regard will be paid to order, vt this curfory enamlnation ; but any important objed, which prefentsitfelf, will be brief* ly noticed. ] THE CARRYING TRADE, ' in the opinion of lord ShefEeld, is loft to the people in- habiting thele ftates, by their choice of independence. Let us exantine the proofs. His feventh table ftates the (/■•*■; ■.»*. i be fatisv ; citizens^ ijudiciout obtained the over- people of ly wars— terprizes, lew trea- in nego« itnmon itt' er to diff ft impref- portance, ed errors ogy, that rned, but s of their cans ahd i to fadts ^hich ap> afures in vindicate r reply t* int out fo edidlions, been re- to a djf. e regard ion; but be brief* J E. sople in- :ndence. Atcs the t i 'i '■ lawwrcf tonnage of all the Britifli provinces in North*^, America, in 1770, to have been 365,100 tons. Fromiliit amount are to be deducted the entries in Newfoundland^ Canada, Nova*Scotia, the two Floridas, the Bahamas, and Bermuda, being 33>45<8 tons, which leaves the en. tries in thofe provinces that are now the united dates, at 1319641 tons. We are alio to dedu& the Ihips ow ned by Britiih fubje^ts, not refident in thofe thirteen provinces. Champion conliders thele to have been nearly the whole in the European trade, it is believed erroneoufly ; but they mud; have been very confiderable ; yet the return of entries of American vellels for the lalt year, rendered by our treafury to thehoufe of reprefentatives, though known to have been incomplete, from inevitable caules, amounts to above 36^,000 tons, exdufive of fl/hing vellels*. It is manifelt, then, that the carrying trade, which re- iults almolt unaided from an agriculture that fully la(^ ^50,000 tons of veflels to foreign ports, 13 conliticrabjy greater than what we enjoyed as Britilh provinces. A very beneficial coailing trade (employing above ioo,oco ):ons} has moreover grown up, partly from the va- rie^r x>f our produdions and mutual wants, and partly from .the introdudlion of manufa^ures, v^hich it was be- -< lieve^l we could never atitain, and with which Great- Britain alone ufed to fupply us. Ihe building of fliips has alfo increafed, as we undertake hereafter to Ihow, and the tonnage owned by the merchants of the united ft^fis, or late American provinces, was never lo great as at the prefent moment. It is believed, moreover, that the Ame- rican carriers derive greater profit from the bufmefs, than tiie Britilh nation, who build ihips two-thirds dearer, and who maintain themfelves in what they poifefs of the car? fying trade, at theexpenfe of great bp^^)ties out of their public treai'ury, by burdenfonie reilridions on all theij: dominions, but theifland of Great-Britain; andbyregu- * Our Humerpus cva&tn not being entered, but only renewing tb ir licences in that trade, once a year, tot in no part ot thf ;}6 3,000 tonsc ^ ^ t 4 S ti«S«ls to fkiMSar Mr ftapfing, wbkh inepnifli 9k Ji4t$ t $ JB F Aw^ P R P; fin the opinion of our amhor, are not likelf t0 bttono cahnderable articles of dii»ii^, fo as fo interfere ^\%n ilivland ftr ioooo barrels, beGdes 1,500 barrels ef ba« ton, 5,200 head of honied cattle, and an equal nombe|f ^ hogs. The meditim pkjc:e oftbe porit was thirtyrfevett ihiUinn fterlingi, or Jil^ 8| dollars per ba|t6l, ind that Jf be on twi as good, if npt better, terms^ -^n the Bqtcb) or any other nation an Europe, ther§ $f m dai^et ^ iMt^ the American market,^ ** llist the allowin|; of diedrawbac)t opon teaseiqportf '#d ftom Gf«ajE4lr}Cain, will genendly enable the £ngU^ •g^tmmmd tln^ tea trade *9Mttirka,** I ^ loniihip bad forgotten that G^iitbn is an open msf' Ist, «|pifr ^^cMk to all nations. T» American m^ ilave aBCcoedii^ gone thhher, not 01^ in the ord1nl|ir fi»^oni, bot in thofe, vikich tfaaJfy re/ffam Smfem ex, ^pdUians^ Tbr untied ftates produce the g^t article of ^mnref^M}9fm^mo^'e%^ which i^ei^ this tra^ie pev ^iwariy eoikveoi^iit to diem. The leas. Imported by our merchants dire£Uy from Qiina, .in tl^ laft year, were ppi mUkms fix haidred md onethoufM ehht hndted Ofuf J^'tm potf i m , which is^oH^ e()i»1 to our confomptiolk %>uld we obt^ oel^i and thei^oifiteijii^nti^ofl^^ - jBwgdo ^^rs, of which eor peope are univerf«% and paffionaii^ ItHid. T^Rre.woc impiHIwdafiR) from T \^i^ft miida pf teas, IhiDC from iiMen port 4^M Britfif, lo dit m!;treme diradvantage of the ib^pcrt> im^ to tmftreat 'pijiatf of our merichants. But the valuei itf commcM^tSet hi #][|y f^q mafkets are tfie bell ilhtftratioi| of thtjelatioiiof (hofe it^ets to each other. TheartidO ^ tea wiUt tbere^«e bf p;iSBtd, over, vtmr the ft^lowing ftafiementofthe euniftrpr^ ^ >ii?vrn ifay ip, AtiienM i.l i*/. ih ..A /' ■•*>*■'«■> 1 ■ »'«»-^ ^■._ c « % 1^ PhiHidelphb, on the 5th^ ' day of Novemberi 179O1 atirr paying the duty in- ward. Sterling. ?<***» 1/3 1 v 30 cents, Souchong, 3/4 f or y^ cents, liyfon, 4)5 orioocentSy In London, on die j;th dm of November, 1790, aU, ter dedu^ng tlie drawi backsofiil. ios.p.C6iit* Sterling. Bohea, 1/5 1 or 32 centt. Souchong, Vo or 100 cents. Hyfori, 6/ori33tj»ent8. 1 he fainecircumi^nces, which facilitate and inlure thl| fttainment of the requidte quantity of teas, ipt only by means other than Britiih, but indeod byArniricat means, certify to us the acquilition of the neceifary fupplies of porcelain, nankeens, iilks, and all other China commodU ties : and upon the whole, we dare venture to appeal tQ ihe books of the infpe^or general of the BritMn com* . pierce, when we a^rrn thaf Grea^Britain does not lup» {^ us with a fui^, where for^ijjn (alt is ufcd. . > V^^^ ^, ^^ /jn^ Qriju/h fait is. wh^t is called ji?ic«iti Ikpnkii, from ^fr%^l.fize Qf the cryljfaJs. Of this i^nd the price is greater tHan thai of the coiirfe, ahd not a twentif t^ bu(Iiel was imported before the prefect yeai*,*)!; Being little ufed but at tile table, and inconvenient to tranfport to the in- terior country ; but the new duty, near the eighth of a Nj^cao dollar^ will gender its importation very unpro«> t}1 iflSble !n future. A buihel df rockior allum tiHi^ a(l ItJi termed, from the fizeof thecryftals, vt^ill co as far in ufe^ as a bufhel and an half, or two bufhels of the fiiier kind t and the duty is equal. The price, as before obferved, it lefs. Befides, our grain and lumber (hips to Portugal, our tobacco fliips to France, our com, flour and lumber (hips to Spain, our veffels to the Cape-de-Verd and Weft-In- dia ulands, are accommodated by ball.afts of fait, whkll 18 cheap and abundant in thofe places, it never fails t% yield fome profit to tin; owner of the (hip, (though it ^ill veiy feldoin pay a freight) and it b exceedingly be- neficial to the timbers of a veflfel. The liberation ot this article in France will occafion it to be better made there in future, and theFimch will confequently fupply us with larger parcels than heretofore, 'the approximation of our ietuements to the fait fprings, and the increafe of white ptmulation on the fouthem fea coafts, will occafion great additions to the quantity made at homp. Should any im- pediment be thrown in the way of the reception oiFour lumber and other coarie articles, and of our vefl^ls in Great-Britain, the importation of fait, and indeed of mofi other coarfe Britifh articles, will be .exceedingly diminifh- ed, as they ar«s brought now to ballaft our recuni vefTels. It appears, m e^mining better documents than were procurable at the firft publication of this paper, that our Bntifh lumber trade had induced a greater retura in fait, than was at that thne fuppofed ; and as troth' h the fole object of this examinatiot>| the error is made known Y^itbout hefiiation. S HO E S, Our writer fays, were, and muft continue to be hn* ported in coniiderable quantities, and principally from Britain. 'Tis probable thacnot lels than eight millions, of pairs of (hoes, boots, half.boots, guetres, ili^wrs, clogs, and gololhoes, are annually conlunied in or exported froin the united (tates. Our population proves to be near S^QOofiQOi and if eaeh peribn ^vears a quantity ofjlie 1 9 i ,dime dutni^ift^ watt, emmmkHi tt iwb ttjh ef Aoil pee aniMMD. the auinber wiu be made up. If the laediuni 1raliiebe€idceaet75oriiibor3/4| Bm&gptruar^ thil valittbk tfiicle wiH amoant t6 fix millions oTdoUan. Of this prod^^o«8 Ihould be divided into 132 parts, it Would ftand thus. MelaOes imported would be Bt^itifl), Danifli, and other rom, taflia, bratidy, geneva, arrack, cordials, and other diilSled fpirits imported, would be» Spii'itsdiftilledfrom the native fruits and gr^in of the united ftates would be ac kaft Total parts* 37 35 It is afcertained, that theBritifli fpints are not more thai| It p»rts of thefecond item of 37 ; and it appears that tht Wefl'India rum^ fupplied by all nations, is reduced to about one fottfth of our confumption and fale to foreign nati-* * There it reafon to afHrm, that the two firft articles have decreafed* and that an tncreafe in the quantity of the aitide which fellowSi them, hat taken place. , * c t I« 1 ons of diftilled fpirits. How long wc Hiall continoe to take even that proportion^ is very uncertain. Breweries are multiplying: their value is becoming maniteft. Grain and fruit diftineries are rifing up every where. From in« terior tituations two gallons of fpirit, extraded from a buihel of rye, can be brought to markets where it will realize to the farmer two thirds of a dollar for his grain, at lefs expenfe than if Inade into flour, and carted to the fame fpot. The country is abundantly fupplied with ftills ; a nd were the Britifli iflands to be refuled our flour and grain by their own government, as lord Sheffield advifes, this country would be compelled to indemnify itfelf by making grain Ipirits and malt liquors in beu of their rum^ which it IS reatonoble to fuppofe we fhould no longer im- port; and mdeed the exportation of liquors of all kinds, made from grain, will probably become very confidera-' ble. Some countries refufe pur flour : and the freight to Europe is a heavy charge upon grain. This will induce brewing and diftillation, even wnen markets abroad are not bad; but when prices in Europe are very low, we fliall be more ftrongly impelled to them. Fruit fpirits mud be made coptinually, and will add much to the aggregate of didilled liquors. The grain confumed in Great-Britain, in their breweries and diftilleries, is computed to be twen- ty-four millions of bufliels, though they are obligee^ to import confiderable quantities of wheat, oats, floor, 6r. and though they have rum colonies to fuppert,and tofup- ply them with fpirits. Holland alfo carries on the liquor nianufadories to a great extent, though unable to feed it- felf. The ability in the united ftates to do the fame, can- not be doubted, and willcertainly increafe. The facilities, which are or may be granted to our (hips and trade by foreign nations, who maive fpirits from the vine, the cane, or grain, will induce returns in brandy, rum, or gin, which will diminifh the American demand for Britiih rum. C II 3 TheiJea that the urAtedflates are a country f/ui generis. This poHtion the writer of the obfervations treats as peifedly whimfical — as a ^re of rhetoric conveying no diftinft idea, or an effort of cunniug, to unite, at the fame time, two inconfiftent characters. Yet it will not be difficult to demonftrate to an unprejudiced mind, that the circumftances, in which the people of thefe dates were placed, were different from thole of any other nation ; and that there were fome peculiarities in them, confider- ■ ed with refpeCt to Britifli affairs, which rendered it a feri- ous queftion, whether they did not require a particular arrangement. It is true, that the citizens of the united ftates liad *' renounced the duties of Britifli fubje£t&,'' or, in other words, that they had affumed an independent ftatlon : but this meafure was ^y juftified^ if we may fo fpeak, by Britain's abandoning the ground, which produced the war— /A^ affertm of the right to bind thefeo- fie of America in all cafes whatfoever. It will be acknow- ledged, toe that we nianufadhired lefs at that time than any other nation in the world ; confequently we were a more profitable commerqiai connexion. We fliipt, in (MToportion to our population, more raw materials, and proviiions, which they want, than any otho* nation ; for it appears we load 650,000 tons of fliipping, and that their cargoes are almoft entirely unmanufa^red. We were, by much, the firft cuftomer for Britifli manufactures ; for it appears by their es^Lports for 17S4, that the greatell va. lue was fliipped to the united ftates,. being £. 3,641,007, fterling, including no raw arddes ; and that the next greateft foreign fliipment was to Hdland, being only /. ifif 7',48o, part of which was for German confump- tion— and that in the year 1785, alfo, the greateft value was fliipped to the united itates, being £, 2,308,023 as. fterlin^, and that the next greateft foreign fliipment was likewiie to Holland, amounting to f, 1,605,303, part of which was not manufactures. The exports to Ruflia in eadi of thofe two years was lefs than half the exports tp New- York or Pennfylvania. It is to be remembered, too, how great a proportion of the Britila export tra^e theif C n 3 ffiipments to America conftitoted. In 1784, t|)pir whole exportations were /. 15,733*^47$ »^ in 1783, /* \6 yjo 228'' In addition to gopds from Britain, Wjt tpok very Wgii qinntitiea of linen and other dry goods from Iff lanid; ?q4 •n enormous value in rum, and pfher produce of tbeU* Well-India iflands ; and further ^e were a i^ion of plant? •rs and farmers, wbofe quantities of unimproved f^Uiji-; cultivated lands were manifold pe^tfr than tfaiiie whicb •were or are yet brought intoufe, and cpnieq;>iently;» great and conftant demand might be re^fprisbly eKpe^M to ex-s U\ for thofe fupplies, which Britain, ypon reafpoablii terms pf intercourife, would be able tQ fumifli. pur d)(V tant r^uation, and the tranfportation of goods, wbicli will lade 650,000 tons of ihippiAg> were circumftancesiik v.eu^ablc to the carrying trade of Qiyr likieral conpeaUonii and allies, which no other country pnefcnted to Oreat- Britain*— We have bithcrtp fiiflercd her to particSpatifr freely in this, for it appears, that in the laft year, ajOjOob i^pns of British veffela, a fourth of all their private ftips, were loaded in pur ports. If then the united ftates aftaajiy funaifli tjbe moft' folic^ iteow of Britifli foreign commercey-r^if the faw ihateri^ they aflTord be tlKe&ntial elemenispf a large proportion of t^ Britiih QMnitfafhires-r-ifovr demands frcnn that natiph be not only much the largely, Ittut alfo <^ kinds the moft profitable to them— if our peculiar lituation would haviji djrawn us; in a greater degree, than aoy ot^r country to agriculture, and from manpfadures-rrif our language, pur religion, oup theories of liberty and law, were the fame as theirs— -the idea of our being a i^toi^ peculiar^ * Recent and authentic information warraott the aflbrtioa, that 4he united ftatep^'Jpjr fix yearii fubfequeot to the ttxa^ of Pant in 9783, inaported n^e gdod«froiB Great: J^ri^aiff than wene import? cd from thence by any othsr country, by thf difference of a^t lep4 half a million of'fterling v^onsy, and probably more, t^o* tbejir exports to foreign tMtious were compofed io j^^ of our tpbacco^ rice^ indigo, &c. '• — . ' , > t «3 3 drcumibnced, fuch a people ai exift not elfewherf, cim- not, in candour, be treatea as fanciful t and, indeed, did not the ferioufnefs of a fubjefl, which involves the inter- efts of two nations, fupprefs every feeling, which miEht teno to obfcure them, the indecorum and acrinK%, with which this and other paj^es of" the obfervations" are foil* ed, ought qot to pafs without due animadveriion. The profecuticn of this examination will be continued in a fubfiiquent paper. In the mean time, what has been already thrown out; may be duly and temperately confi- dered. Tbeprelent leafon is interefting and critical. The 5>blicy, which the united ftates ought to obferve, in th^ 'egijhaim of cmmierce, is likdy to bt formally difcufled* At luch a moment, fads, accurately afce^tained and can- didly ftated, areof the utmbft importance ; for how fhaO we fo well reaibn, as from what we know? It is to be Retired, that the light of indij^able truth may enable our own legiQators and tbofe of foreign nations, to difcove^r the jg^ound of common intereft, ian^ that no erroneous inaxim% however fandioned, may dofe one avenus of mutually beneficial communicatioQ. ^ v .< •. -'■ .w ■ ♦ * '* )K" jWtI # SECOND NUMBEI. IT was preinifedl, in the firft number, that no particiilar attention would be paid to order in this examination. We ihaB therefore proceed to remark upon timber, fcant* ling, boards, fhingles, ftaves, heading, and hoo{is^ uudec the general denomination of LUM&ER. * ■ Thefe artides are of the greateft importance to thii Irifli provUion trade, to Britifii commerce and mauufac* tures in general, and particularly to the profitabli gjjjj^ nagement of Weft India eftates. Lord Sheffield is of ipr nioR, that *' mdl of them may be imported from Canada and Nova Scotia, on as eood, if not better terms, than from thefe Ibtes ;** and that ** Nova Scotia will, at leaft for fome time, have little elfe to depend on, but her filheries, provifions and cutting of lumber.^' But theex* perience of 1790, feven years after thofe provinces began to regain order, inilru6ls us, that there were fhipt in that year, from the united ftates^o Nova Scotia alone^ V t 16 1 ^40,000 of ftaves and heading, 924,980 feet of boarfls^ 185,000 fliingles, and i6,eoo hoops. The legiflature of Jamaica (the imports of which if- land direduy from the united dates, might be eftimated^ in 1784, at half our fliipraents to the Britifh Weft In- die») accompanied their addrefs to the Britifli paliament, >vith pro6^ jiiat ^ly 20 bundles Iy titie former^' and Britifh veflels Aippiy the latter^ alihoaeh the" home^ dominions ef France were incapacitated from fttmifliidg; their uTual^uantiij «f proVifions^ At KingfiOn inf Jainaica/i^^ June. Odr . Nov. , ddlls. doHs. dolls, dolls, dolls. Super, flour, p. lb. io«20to lo. 50 Common do. do. 9*37l Ship bread, do. 5.25 tln<^an meal, do. 5'^5 Rice, per too lbs. Z'ZTi ,Pork, do. Jiams, per lb* •igk{ ;Butterdo* Pine boards, 14. rR. O. hhd. (hn^es, 24. Wooden hoops, ^o. 7'5^ 6.TS 4.30 4*50 4. »f 14. . 27. J 36. At Cape Francois*^ 1 750. dolls. Superfine flourj per bbU 10, Common do» ;Shi£ bread, , J|HpBnn meal) """^ke, per io8 lb* Beef, do. Hams, per lb. Butter, do. Pine boards, K. O. hhd. ftavesf ^ do. do. 9. 3-54 6.6 '9 15.76 U oa. dolk. 6.50 5« 2.50 2.91 7- •9 I2iI2 16. 7.50(08.25 7*12107.56 •4.87 4.50 to 5.25 .ii5 «5 ft7» 30» Nov. dolls, dolls* 6 to 6.50 5 «> 5*45 7. to t. .t2 10.91 12. N. B. Wooden hoops vary in Cape-Francois from 14 to 28 dollars. * Tht dtttiett from one to tt\ per cent, are included; t The French Weft-Indiant ufe very few white oak hhd. ftivcfl» nalcing little rum, or tafEa, and having a fufficiency of old cailu^, Ib which brandy has bten imported. ^It^tiot Mfy to afcertaih thepreiiJTe degree in which.di^ "^j^iikUMltmiSm^ wiffe lan?fs^frpm. their ow||| dm\mt!9*i M»t njjjpH lig^t M tljr^wa mop the enquiry,.] bjif the iDf(j|^fi|i^qp ^f the jaiipaiqi legHjai^ire : and it a|^,4 p^, ti^ttjofe l^iM^Sivracan pwts %9ito ^wje. The^) nqfi|h^n)^cd/Ef9iw«tf!?i>pvdi tplpipqiSj^omx^ now, moiig) tWw tlu^ e3^>avc^d in 1794 '^f^4^ oqr.re^m-n of cx-.j ppjts of lupilJ^ tobljw^ Weij^I^a ||5fjpd% J^^ year, exceeds the q^ag^ti|y, ft)ip%|fe^rbj?fprp tlje rey<^ lution, the fupplies from Canada i^nd Nova-Scotia, eveir now, mufl^^eceC^J^J^.Yoy inccfii^era^^^ The ftate of Georgia, which is penetrated by larj^ nyprs, would pr^|£ ^m^ mm-^PS^^^^^"^, flip the BjFmri>^g9ii8Wii& willj^cawr^ ip. ^j^c neajt t^jveiw 1^ clipEiatf, ^t^^J^p^ts, ^hich ar^ mpft,fQpyenirnt|]^ iwSf thp(^ ofp^9?^i%^ more fp j);a^| opf ii; in the middfe M. ^t: * Aftw tht ftrft pttblicaUon oftliit cxamiaaSioii a prpclamatioft' •f the govcTMr eC JNova fieotia was teaemcd ta the uoit«d §xtiu$. jpormitting th« ioiportation of tyery fftceirt o£ ^kMvb«r, ftpm h^nec^ intot^at provii^fp, for £ix months qf ^ 79,'> during^ aU tfvhidi the ,St< j^wreqcf m fy^ frmn ice. As ^^xifould hsvepref<^re^,ti| 4raw their iifp|il^s 4a^^f the term o^ the lichee, froin Qua^^t^. tf that coyntry co^il^ have i(i^ni^ tIkieinTr'and as lumber 4c^, lio^ dcj^nd on (eaj(pi^v ^ i* PP^f "^^. ^^99*9!^ &V^* ^^^^ ^ 4iifeE> , ^tures, an itrefr^ikie proof Is afForqed, tkat Gahada cannolf|P»^< ply the dcmanii of ^#^4 S^^i^t much iefi oniw Weft. Indies, M^ fhat Nova> Scotia wants pooiulation, or timber, or both, tbehahljt her to furntfli' itii^bttfr «Dough/or her tvm dtmamd. It feienas high.' )y probable, ibatwitbout aur lumber t tbeHyt-Iadia tradt oftb»,iatr* ikimSritift sibrnta ^ouUfajftr deeplyt they having neither g ra^^ ^ur^ hifeuit, nor lumber, to iill up the veflffl»« which takeout their parcels of fifli { and, it is alfo probable, that a prc^hibition oi| our part, were we inclined to it, would afeft their fiiheries, by en« hancing the price of .caiks for its package. Ihe cpft of caflcs in Mova Scotia, at this time, is a heayier charge on ^tr fi/h, diw .our impo0^ ^1 jt new Qiads, , ,i'ji 0^r'^,~ Soutb-Cirolina will bring into theabuhdatitlumber-majr^ ket of Charlefton, a new and large (bp()ty. North-Carolina has very great magazines of timber^ stnd the opening di the Pafquotanlc canalwiU give it to ail the ports orwe Chefapeak. The middle and eaftern flates ate more ex* ^ haufted ; but larg^ q^^ntitibs will long be exported fror^^' the Delaware^ much larger frorh the Hutdfoti^ and ftilll greater from the province of Maih^. ' . r NOVA SCOTIA AND CANADA, - ^reat roiramteH placed by this and other Englifli writ- es on tiie fuppfies; which may be derived by the Wcft-In- ' ^taiflands from the northern Britiih colonies. Ithasbeen^ already Ihown, that they hitherto afford little or no luni-' ber.Of rice and naval ftores they cannot furnifh any, pro-; ' ducing none. Of flbilir, Ganadia can yet have fupplied but a' Ihiall proportioh, having few mills^ having to fuppiort cattle^ through long winters, and her climate preventing (hip* ments durmg half the year* . The voyage is a very heavy pne, being long and pti a $ngle freiglut. Npva Scotia can Itever fu^y much oi this article, and has taken from the united ftates above 40,900 barrels of meal and bread, within the laft year, belides Bo,ooo bufhels of grain. Canada is too remote to fend fuf^lies of cattle, hogs, iheep, and horfes • and our exports of thefe animals to l^Jova Scotia, prove they have not yet any to fpare. Of pfed cattle 899, of horfes 1 2, of Iheep 2,244, of hogs 307, and of poultry 2376, were fhipped fron^i the unitej. ^ates to the northern Britiih coloojes, in a little morQ than one year, from the autumn of 1789 to ^hat of i^po. Very little beef, pork, hams, tongues, taUow, lard, but- ter, cheefe, candles, or foap, can be fparedtothe Weft. Indies, by countries which import black cattle, hogs,flieep, and poultry. The documents adduced by the Jamaica legiflature * Canadian flour will always be fubj«£tto fpoiling, as it muft b« nade in fumiher. * e ti 3 fZ ment ftnther to ihow.that betweentHe 3d of AprH, 1 *>9|^ and the 26th of Odbbdr, 1784^ iliey had receiveti^ i^j that populous and extenfive ifltndy from Canada, St.; John's*, and Nova Scatia»no ilour-f-no Indi^in cortigl^n^r or oats-^no fiiip bread or other bifcuit-^no Indian c^ other meal— no horfes, cattle, (heep, hogs, or powltry— 7 10 barrels of rice— 180 buftiels of potatoes— 751 hogli heads, 37 tieross, 39 half tierces and 457 barrels of ^j 45 barrels of oil, 100 oars, 710 Ihaken calks {or puncheon • packs) 21 maflsand fpars, with the fmall par(;els of luin* ^ ber mentioned under that hea^, and no otl^er goods. They alfo Ibo^, that all the imports of Jamaica from Canada, Nova Scotia and, and Su John's, were, o^ an average of the five years, fron^ 1768.10 I77J> but 33 jbarrek of flour, 7 hogiheads of fith^ 9 barrels of oil, 3 . barrels of tar, pitch tod turpentine, 3<^ ,thouf«knd ai Om*; gles and (bves, and 27,23 c feet of lumber. How far it hala been in the pow^r of the northern Brir tUh colonies^ or of the Britifh^j&uropeiin dominions, tp^ fprnifli their Weft-India iflands with flour, bread, and Indian com, will further appear fti^vn die following fads. It is ftated by lord Shekiield, that there were imported from hence mto thofe iflands, in a year of great plenty and trade, before the revolution, 132,426 barrels ol flour iind bifcuic; but our returns for 13I months, already mentioned, (how that their late demand from us in that term was 139,286 barrds of flour alone j and 77,98:^bar. r;els of Indian meal, middlings, ihip-ftuff, rye meal,%id bifcnit. Their former annual fupply of Indian corn, re- ceived from hejicf, was 401,471 buHiels ; and their re- cent importationsprove to have been 516,794 bufliels, in the fpace of time ilated in our late return. It isunnecefTary to dwell longer upon the fuj^lies which the remaining Britifh American colonies were expedtd to afford to their Weft- India plantations. An experiment of years has been fairly made'— The returns from their cullom houfes, and from thofe of the ifland«, will inform the government of Great-Britain what they really furnifli at this time, and the proportion it bears to the whole ^e» * Meaning Ncw-Brunfwic, ^mmdp This head will therefore be pafled over with it^" rtiterjition of a ^ r«aiai^ks^hat ow Br itUh Weft.Iix* db ifiands arc proved to Ipave been nuiebted to the,iiiDiterhere thofe aftides are. i^rohibitedi or heavily dutied, ful^ prove, thaf^tUey depend /or tbeni on Ireland aloAe^ and rece^eiib ierfible .rrll|Bf> finm the Britl(h American colonies. Thfl(ir< inability to ftii^ nHh Supplies of prOviOons to ihe ^'^ift.ln^ iflands if fairly t« be prdbmed firom the pi^e)clan»tipn4}f tfaegov«r] cnior of Nova-^Scotia, already mend«H»ed, whkb, be- IKes the article (»f iutaber,' permits this 'importation from- tikt united ftates, of grain/ flour, biTcUit, cattitt> iheep, IKHiltry, (dK. through the w/bolefeaibn i)f 1 791, when the St. Lawrence and bay of Fundy are eert^ly ^viga* ble» and the province oi Canada is exporting its fqrplut produce. "■ ^ , ' • *; - .^/r:fr " h I fi S E Z D O t t. This article is faid, in the obfervations, tQ be made Sq lorrte parts of America, from the refufe of the flaxfeed, and that the quantity is tinfling, compared with the con- famptioni It is added, that connderable quantities went from Britain to Amenta^ before the war ; and the UngUffa nation are left to believe, that tliis will continue to b^ the cafe, though diey adually import feed fropi hence to make oil. ■■'•'■ ■ • The ^wth of flax is exceedingly increafed in th!i£ country, and particularly ^n interior lituations. Oil mills having become more numerous, the feed in thofe inland places is manufiadured into oil. This will bear an expenfe ^ tranfportttbBi which fo bulky an article as the iac^ .^3 ■^ '^mnnot iuftain. Hence the jirefeDI ^i4e of llnftcd oil, «|l cer it is brought down to the PhiUiictphM market, is abo«c -3/1 fterlingy while the price in LonclOn is finoiD 2/3 to^ Thelrifhdemand for bur fted is oboOt 42,000 hhds. : cf* ter dedufting that, the remainder miffl be made Into ^ herei Or (Upped to. Europe for diat purpofe. Thi&ma- nufaAory faeingn^fte^Ud br Wrfer mills, there can be ao , doubt, that liheribcmer di^pofitba of the furphisieed will rbe made* P A I N T E R S» C O L O U R S. Several of the ochres are found in abundance in Vkv :;ffinia, CohniBdicUt, and'tother 1»Hs-of the united ^ftates. Ibe interior lituation of the Vu^ia lead mine, whidi. now yields >Yery copioofljr, will fOoaotcoaiion them^ •nufafhire of white lead, and of ill the^prepaifationaOf 'lead, from> thr/ame eaufis that'faas been mentioned in -ithe cafe of Imleed oil, and lye fpirits— >econoimzioe la 'the tranibortation* The patent cc^ours have ibeen Ivim ' tated witbj^at fuccefs. The trade with Holland and the ' German towns, as aUb with the 1 Aifediterranean and the •Baft Indies,igives usihany cOloUrs that were former^ imported From Britain, lilce; apoihccarie^ articles, ftt ia»f imenfe aiflvances. CQACHES AND OTHER CARRIAGES. The importation of thefe wa^ formerly vfrry greats Virginia, in 1 7S8, had j6o coaches and chariots, 365 phaetons and other pleaforable four-wheeled carriages, and 1,967 one- horfe chairs and f(^as. New Jerfey, an : 1789, had 38 coaches/ chariotsy^and jrfiaetons, i,54a-one horfe chairs and folas, and a very great nurtiber OTplam decent light- waggons, on fleel or wooden fpring^ Frot«i thefe fa&s, and limilar ones in the other parts of ihe umon, it is certain that the pleafurable carriages t/t the uhked ftates would amount to a very large fum. Though to be obtained on credit from England, no jnore than ^.5,000 ilerling in carriages^ or parts of car* t u „I m J . ^ • flaiesy were imported in the year followins Augoil t7^i including thbfe of litnnerous travellers ind emigra- - tors : and 220 carriagtj W#re exported to fcxvign coim- . tries, within the fame year. All the woqd and iron work^ the harnefs and other leathern materials, fre- -quently the brafs work, frinte, lace, and lately the plated work, are made in Arnica. Lord She^c|d feems to have expected a confiderable importation of iithefe articles : but he did not advert to the poffibility, that the manufadhirersthemlelves would emigrate tousj which is every day uking place* /'MEDICINES AND DRUGS .*3;** Will be imported from Great Britain," fays the writer of the obfervations, " on account of the know. )edge, which the phyficians, furgeons anid apothecaries, in the American ftates, have of the method of preparing and procuring them diere." Men of the requifice ikiU from other countries are to be found in moft of our principal feaports. To thefe many of the chemical and 'Galenic operations of Holland, France, and Germany are ' not unknown. Saltpetre, muflc, camphor, rhubarb, and other £aft India articles in this line, have been ihipt oc- cafionally from the united fiates,' in condderable parcels. Bark, fulphur, balfam capivi, and many othei;. medicinal productions, have been obtained froan Spain, the Mediter- ranean, the Weft Indies, and other places. Holland par- ticipates largely in our importations of cb/mical prepa- ■ rations; but many, which ufed to be imported, are begun to be manufadured here : and esqportations of them to advantage, have, in fome iijftances taken place. The knowledge which our medical gentlemen have acquired abroad, and in their profefTional reading at home, of the methods of procuring drugs, has been communicated to our merchants : and their information of the methods of preparing chymical articles, has been often put in praAice here. There is, no doubt, a confiderable trade in thefe commodites from Great Britain. But it is, even now, affeded by the above circumilances, and is not by :j# tny means a monopoly., From our free and enterpriflng , 6oirim«rce, the natural produdlions of the country, and chymical (kill, it mud decreafe every year. Great Britain pofTeflfes, from nature, lefs of thefe commodities than the united dates. Foreign tradej, and (kill employ- ed at home, will give us » great (hare of thofe, y^kich are not fpontaneous productions of our various foil and climate. , % haiU^J^lkv, and other tnanufaSlures tf iron, and thofe qf Are placed fecond on the lift of- articles, in which It is alleged Great Britain will fuftain litde competition : and lord Sheffield remarks, that " whatever we make of them, is at theexpenfe of at leaft three times the amount of what thefame articles could be imported for from Europe.'* The iron branch is hidily important and growing in the tmited ftates. In Maflachufetts, there were feventy-dx iron works, many of them fmall, in 1784. The Virginia Works make abovt 5,300 tons of iron. The Hitting and tolling mills of Pennfylvania, are afcertained to cut and toll 1500 tohs or 3,36o,ooolbs. per annum: and focoft- pletely do they obviate the objeAion of manual labour, which is conftantly urged againft American manufadures, that they onploy but twenty-five hands. In that ftate^ thete drevklfo fncteen furnaces and thirty feven large forges: in New Jerfey alone, in the year 1789, the tiumber of forges were feventy-nine and of furnaces eight. And though the details are not fo well known, they are very nUinerous in Maryland and moft of the dates. Thefe works are annually increadng, and particu- larly in interior (ituations. The nails and fpikesconfunied yearly in the united ftates, (calculating on 4,000,000 people, at ten to a houfe, including negroes, which gives 400,000 houfes) allowing ten pounds for the ave- rage ufe of all the perfons living in each houfe, in building, repairing, fencing, and in their budnefs, and manufadtoring, would be 4,ooo,ooolbs. Of this quantity there were imported in the returned year, 1,800^000 '■ «' ■ Sii • V it; f '.' ■■'f , i%. ;f ■:s t »6 1 Ibst and about 2,100,000 pounds muft, therefore^ hav9 bnen made at home. The remainder of the flit and rolled iron it eUher exported or made into tire, hoops, fprings for carriages, or fome fubftitute for foreign in- portations. Ship>biiiHdtne alio demands very large quao« titles of iron work, rlough-fliares, carriages, astes, faws, hoes, fpades, (hovels, and kitchen utenfils, and many other articles employ the American workers in this raw material. AlxxK one half of the fteel, cOnfum- ed in the united ftates, is home made, and new furnaces are building at this moment. The works being few, and ^e importation afcertained, this {a£k is kn^n to be accurate. Bar iron befoie the revolution, was ufually fold for (ixty four dollars. It fell, after the war, to the fame price ; and large quantities of iron in bars and pies were exported. The progrefs of manufadures has raifed thele articles to the higheft prices ever known in peace ; and only too tons in bars, and 3C55 tons in pigs were exported in thuteen months and a half of 1789, and 1790. The exportation of this quantity wai principally to throw the requifite weight into the bot- toms of fliips laden with cargoes of tcbacco or lumber. Lord Sheffield ftates, that we fliipped 2592 tons of bar iron, and 4624 tons of pig metal per annum, in feveral years before the revolution, when it is known our com« merce and population were not at the higheft. It is alio to be obferved, that we now import confiderable quan- tities of bar iron from the Baltic and its vicinity, par- ticularly into the eaftern ftates. One thoufand two hun- dred and e^hty -eight tons of bar iron, were imported from St Peterfburg alone, in the year 1790, and above forty tons of iron hoops and nail rods. From thefe fads may be coUe£led convincing proofs of the ftate of the iron ma- nufaflures of this country, ftrongly oj^fed to the pre- fumptions of lord Sheffield, as well with refpeft to the deamefsof thoSk manufactures, as the monopoly of our il^ies. I ■> .!ff. t ay 2 FLOUR AND WHEAT- Theft ineftKmable commodities are not, in tbe opinlen •F lord Sheffield, the beft ftaples for the nnited ftatet to depend on ; becaUfe, as he obierves, in general the de> nlandin Europii is meertain. He again repeats his un- founded notion of a competition between us and Nova' Scotia for tlte fiippty df Europe, in thefe articles ; and adds, that it is a fertWMite cohfeqnenee of American inde. pendence, that tbe Britifh European iflainds may regain the fupply of their Weft Indies, with bread and floiir, and that they caii futhnOh them cheaper than we. In re- gud to the pr«(peds from Nova Scotha, enough hai Been already widr, shidparricularly till they difcover fymp^ itvns of intentil refbtirces for their own ufe,. by cea(iiig tt» iTHport graih ahd flour from the-noited (tates. As w the European cdim ttade, authentic and importanv ii»- formation, indeed, is to be derived ftwn a report of the BHtifh privy council, of March, ip^po, which is faid ttf have been drawki by k)rd Haiwldbury. It is wifely ob* ferved, in that report, that the cukure of grain is the moft important obje^ that can receive the public atteta* tion : and it is ftated that the demand of Great Britain, for flour andgrain>lm5 (nrodiiced an average balance a* gainft the nation, of 2'29i>ooo fterling, for the lad Sihettfen years, although from the year 1746, to the jwar 1765, they ha4 annually sained, by their com traded ^51,000 Aerlinz on a medium. Ireland, it is true, has ^atly increafed its exports of grain, flour, and bi£> cuit, but by no mearls in proportion to this falling off k^ Great Britain^ and its whole exports of flour and grain are much lefs than our fliipments to the Britifli weft Indies. Their lordfhips proceed to itate, that in confequence of infcnrmation received by them from tlic principal c(am countries of Europe, they are of opinion, that the quantity of grain raifed in Europe, in com* mon years, is not more than equal t# the ordinary cbn» fumptionof its inhabitants; and that, in the event of a failure of their crops, a fupply can only be expetSied from j4merka. In verification of this formal official coniniufli^ » cation, on a fubje^l of fuch high importancei we fSad^ that the influence of the late fcarcity in France, not on- ly pervaded all Europe, but was extended to the nio(| interior counties of thefe dates. Wheat was fold on that Qccafion three hundred miles frpm the ocean, for prices that have been ufually acceptable in our Tea port towns ; and at the places of (hipment, it was advanced to rates l^yond what h^ ever occurr^ fince jth^ fet^leinent of the country. When we remember, that by grain liquqrs we may avoid the purchafe of eleven millions and a half of gal- lons of the fpirits, or ingredients for fpirits of foreign nations ; that by grain thefe ftates are rendered tn^ alternate ground of dependence of every European nation, in time of need ; that we are protected froqi the poilibility of dreadful famine by thi^ blefl'ed produc- tion ; that grain is the raw material in which fpme con- fiderable manufacturers work, and which all mud necef- farily coiifume ; we muft fmile at the ideas which lord Sheffield has hazarded^ in regard to thofe precious i^ples. yheat and flour. * . GUNPOWDER, It is alTerted, will be imported cheaper than it cai| \it roanufadtrnTd in America. The priqe of this article has been reduced in the Philadelphia market, to fixteeii dollars, or ^.3 ixr. fterling per ipo wt. by tlie free importation of brimflone and faJtpetre from India and other countries. Our merchants ufually pay for it in JBngland at the rate of y^ to yd fliillings flerling, after deducting the drawback on exportation. Twenty-one powder mills have been ere<^ed in Pennfylvania alone, lince the year 1768 or 17 70— much the greater part of them iince the commencement of the revolution war : four new ones are now building in that (late, one at Baltimore, and others in different parts of the united fiates ; and it is certain they will be multiplied in pro- |X)rtion to the demand, whether it be for home con- fumption or exportation. Of the quantity commonly in t »9 1 hand in the Philadelphia magazine, not more than feve^ per cent, is of foreign manufadure. Saltpetre and ful- phur are found in confiderable quantities, particularly in the interior parts of Virginia : but at prefent the com- mercial fupplies are fo plentiful v id cheap, that our in* ternal refpurces are little ufed. baltpetre is cheaper u^ Philadelphia than in L^adon. The ability of Great Britain to make her /hips the carriers for the united Jhtes, It is explicitly declared, in tl^e 39th page of lord Sheffield's introdudtion, that the adoption of the ground prc^fed by him, will infure to Britifli fliips the carry^ Uig trade m. the united ftates ; <' for (he adds) it is cer- tain, if our navigation laws be maintained, it will not an- ^ver the Amqricans to keep many (hips. " This, it will be admitted, is, to us^ if true, a very interefting pofition^ and demands our moft ferious attention . It will, however| be very eafy to (bow, that the private ihipping of the united dates does not depend upon Britiih laws. The tables, that accompany the report on the American fiflieries, from the department of ftate, cjearly prove, that w(f are not dependent on Great Britain for that branch of commerce. In the regulation of our coaftine trade, which eqqiploys above 100,000 tons of Ibijj^ing, ana yrhich will increafe with our population, manufactures, andufe cf coal, Britifh laws can have no operation. In our conferee with the Baltic, and the North, with the Ne- therlands, the Hanfe towns, France, Spain, Portugal, the freights, mod parts of Africa and India, and the colonies of the European nations, except the Britiih, their navigation ad cannot affect i|s. It appears moreo- ver, that our ifhips are fo '' many,'' as to have amountecf to 360,000 tons of velfels laden in our ports, by a return which M incomplete, while thofe of Great Britain and her dommiompwere 225,000 tons. But it is poffible, tha( confiderable deductions from the Britiih tonnage may happen. There is little doubt, that the diminutions c^ bur importations from their dqminions, which have ta« % C 3" 3 Iken place, in regard to China merchandife, and other, ' Imlia goods, Ruifian, Dutch, and German goods, paper^ iaib> flieet iron, fteel, Oioes and boots, gunpowder, lead^- coat, fait, malt liquors, loaf and brovm fugars^ coffee, cocoa and fpiritous liquors, by reafonofour intercouriie with other nations, and the improvement of our own xrfources and manufactures, will be followed by further commercial acquilitions from liberal nations, by the cmallant introdudion of new foreign manufadures^ ^ amd the dl^iovery and attainment of new internal re- Ibiirces. If, tor example, cotton be raifed and imported, and fpinniiig mills be ere pofedto provoke either infults or injuries, and in a Citu- ation not to fubmit to a wanton impoHtion of either^ holds out as great promi(es of human haj^ineis, as any, of which the foreign creditor can have been a citizen. He is fure of a kind recepticm, and of the protedion of the laws and coaftitution. A third caufe, which has produced an extraordmaiy in. tercourfeinthefliapeof importations from Great-Britaii^ has been the want of credit from other nations. We now annually import from Great Britain about 900,000 dollan^ in articles not of her growth, produce, or manuFadure ; and though we have reduced this from about 2,200,000 dollars fince the feparation of the two countries, there is yet that great value expenfively, becaufe circuitoufly, im- ported. 1 he purfuitof the accudomed track, eftablilted in the time of the oldBritifli monopoly, has been one cauki of thefe unnatural importations — ^but thechief caufe was fAp credit we found from England. 1 he Britifli inerchanti will probably continue to aiibrd the greateft accomiaioda* *". t 32 3 iTom&of this kind ; but it is evident, that the citizens of other countries will furnifh us with credits,and fomet'nies in more eligible Ihapes. They will give us their ca(h articles and their coin, to be employed in ready-money trades at home and abroad, in manufadlures and foreign commerce. In proof of this may be adduced the refpondentia credits in India and China, the purchafes into our public funds and feve- ral bank flocks, the inveftment of monies in our lands, and in our navigation, trade, and manufaAures. The medium imports from Great-Britain for fevefal years be-^ fore the revolution, appear, from European accounts, to be to the medium imports for an equal terra of years an- tecedent to i/fo, as 27 to 23, though our population has probably almoft doubled ; and though much larger importations than heretofore, by perfons inoending to remain here, have alfo contributed to fwell the quantity in the latter term. What is to follow in this way, time, it is believed, will very quickly fhow. In addition to the foregoing caufes, which feem likely to occafion a diminution ofthe proportion of (hipping em- ployed diredly and indiredlly by Great-Britain in the American trade (including the exportation of our produc- tions from the Britifh ports to other markets in Europe) one other, which does not feem to have fufficiently en- gaged their attention, may produce, it is believed, con- iiderable eiFe£ls. The regulations of the Britifh naviga- tion a£t do not appear to have been duly examined i}y other powers, with a view to the adoption of fuch of them as will apply beneficially to their own affairs. If they have had effects fo favourable to the fhipping and naval power of Britain, it is pofTible they might be, in a greater or lefs degree, beneficial to other countries. The prefent appears a lit fenfon for fuch an examination : and we can- not fuiFer, if we enter on it with temper and difcretion. That it would diminifli the number of Britifh vefTels, for example, if the united flates and all other maritime coun- tries, fhould deem it expedient to ena£l into a law of their refpedtive nations, the claufe of the Britifh ftatute, by which the importation of all foreign goods is confined to native bottoms and to thofe of the nation producing the t 3f3 1 articles, cannot be doubttd. Whether this regulation wiQ be convenient to the united (lates-^to France— to Spain— to Portugal — to Ruifia— to Prulfia— whoj exporting twenty or thirty times the bulk of goods, that Greatt* Britain (hips, do not enjoy a part of the carriage for fo- reign nations, equal to what flie poflefles,. is a queftioa ihofe nations are feverally to confider and determine^ Fa£ts, in the mean time, ar« interefting. In the year 1772, as mr. Andcrfon informs, the imports and exports of the Baltic were made in 6680 vefl^ls, of which the Britiih were 1*94, the French, Spanifli, Portuguefe, an4 Ruilian only 45. The commodities carried thither (in ad* dition to their ownimanufa£tures),were the produce and fa brics of all the: countries of Europe and of tbe £aft and Weft^Indies, which, by their navigation a6t, could not ha:re been imported into Great-Britain in like manner. The fame may be faid of the cargoes they brought away> fo far as they were carried dwredWy to the ports of other nations, or were reihipt from their own ports in their ori- ginal form. The fame writer ftates the Britifli entries in Lifbon, in the year 1788, to have been 351, and thofe of Portugal, in her own metropolis and emporium, to have 'been only 283. The Spaniards had but 31, the Ruflians one, the Pruilians one, and Dantzickers one. By the fame authority we are inftruded, that the Britifh entries in Malaga in 1787, were. 189, the Dutch 24, the Portu- guefe five, the Ruflians, Pruilians, and Dantzickers, none. In the year 1778, the Britifh entries in Cronftadt, the port of the city of St. Peterfburg, were 252 ; thofe of Ruflia, though in her owncapital, were only twelve, of Spain fix, of Portugal two, of Hamburg and Bremen five. In the year 1790, the Britifh entries, in the fame port, were 517 out of 932 : and we have recently feen, that the Britifh have I'upplied themfelves and the other nations of Europe, with cargoes of our commodities amounting to 230,000 tons, while thofe Europeans carri- ed for themfelves no more than onefixthof the quarthy. It is not intended fo difcufs, in this place, the policy of adopting fo momentous a regulation as that alluded to, ©bfervations on which are rendered peculiarly delicate by F t J4 3 die (Ituation in which it is placed by the national legifla* cure. The inftance, it is conceived, however, will for- cibly inculcate the utility of the examination fuegefted in the beginning of this paragraph, and will lead to ufeful reflexions on the confequences, which fuch an examina- tion may induce. The fa^s, by which it is illuftrated, ap- peared too ferions and important to Americans and to foreigners, not to be adduced. It will be perceived, that it is equally the intereft of thofe who are Endi/hmen, to tonfider the eSe€cs of fuch an examination of the Britifb trade laws, and of thofe who are not. Some of the con- vi^ons, which fuch an enquiry^ made with judgment^ would create in the minds of candid men, would proba« bly be, that Great-Britain cannot make her ihips the car- riers for the united ftates ; and that rather than make the attempt, it would be better far to commence the forma« tion of liberal arrangements, folidly founded in the mifc tual intereiU of the two nations. kiiiSiiitSt^ ■ .*.;,..•* THIRD NUMBER. I N the profecution of this examination^ our attention is drawn to the ardcle of FINE AND COARSE HATS. The writer of the obfervations remarks, that thie high price of wo«l and labour muft induce the Americans to import the felt and common hats. The increafe of ouV population, as in other new countries, has been accom- panied by an increafe of the quantity of wool. Sheep have been found, on frequent and fair experiments, to be very profitable to the farmer. Importation, though hitherto cafual, has fupplied us with fome wool. Hattert are found in every part of the united ftates. The follow- ing table, which was contained in a report made by a com- mittee to the manufaduring fociety of Philadelphia, will fhow the Aate of the hatting bufmefs in Pennfylvania, and difcovers a fa£t little known to her own citizens, that 12,340 hats are annually made in the four couQUes bpr ypo4 the Allegany mQuntains*. ■ w I 36 1 Hatters. Fur hats. WooHiatt, i the city and county 7 of Philadelphia, ^ 68 31,637 7,600 Montgomery, 10 800 1,000 Delaware, 14 1,500 4,000 Weft-Chefter, - 14 1,300 4,000 Lancafter, 16 3,000 15,000 Dauphin, 10 1,200 4,000 Bucks, 12 1,000 1,000 Berks, - 3^ 2,200 54,000 York, 26 2,600 go,ooo Cumberland, - 16 1,300 9,000 Northumberland, ID 700 5,000 Northampton, 12 1,000 7,000 Bedford, - • 8 800 2,000 Fi-anklin, 10 800 2,000 Luzerne, 6 400 1,400 Huntington, y . 6 1,400 2,000 Mifflin, J 400 2,000 Weftmoreland*, - 10 600 gj^OOO Fayette*, 7 400 1,540 Allegany*, - r 6 400 1,600 Waihington*, • 10 800 . 4,000 315 54,237 161,740 From this return, it appears that every county in thp ftate participates in the hatting bufinefs, thejre being nonjQ but what arc in the above liftf . ' The united dates are found to contain near 4,000,009 inhabitants, and of that number the whites are conje^. |:ed to be about 3,300,000. If a hat per annum, be allow- ed for every third perfon of thislafl number, i,ioo,ooq hats per annum, would be a fupply for the united ilates, and the above 215,000 made in a fmgle ftate, may be confidered as more than equal in value to one fifth of the demand, a quarter of the number being of fur. It is to be remembered, that leathern hats and fur caps are not rare. Jy (ecu in the interior cpuntry. This branch has not i" The county of New.London, in ConneAicut, contain^ feye|i^* twn batters, who make yearly 10,000 wool and fur hats. ^^^kJ& ■'m i 37 3 grown up fuddenly in America * but was commenced among our Hrft manufaftures, and has made a regular progrefs with the population. The furs of the country have at once held out a llrong temptation and afibrded the eafy means. Latterly, the increale of wool has given a great extenfion to the manufacture. The practical difficul- ties, fuggefted by lord Sheffield, can gainJicile credit un- ,der fo luccefsful a courfe of the buiinefs : but the truth is, that few handicrafts are more quickly acqpired by ap- jprentice^. BOOK S, *' All fchool and common books," in the opinion of lord Sheffield, ** may be fent cheaper from Britain, than they can be printed in America.'' The great and con- ilant increafe of paper mills in the united itates, the ex- tendon of thofe longeil erected, the eftablifhni^ni of type founderies, and the introduction of engravers and book- binders, have made a greater change in regard to tht bu' finefs of book printings than has happened with refpeCt to (jiny other equally valuable branch of manual art.* The Latin and Greek fchool books are imported in greater numbers than heretofore ; becaufe our population is con- (iderably increafed, (ince the feparation from Great>Bri- tain, and the ufe of them is too limited to render an edi- tion profitable : but a very great proportion of the En- glilh fcbool books (which are in general ufe) are printed here. Of fome kinds there are none imported ; and fe- yeral of them, with alterations and improvements, have been publiihed. A number of the law books, which are mod demanded, have been reprinted with advantage : and an edition of the Encyclopaedia, in fifteen large quartos, containing about 5 per cent, more matter than that print- ed in Qreat-Britain, is npw publifhing at feventy dollars, * The advertifement of a tingle book-ftore in Philadelphia, pub. Uflied in the gazettes of the prefent yeai'i contaiiu leventy editions 9f di^erent books printed in the united ftatet^ ii *ti ^i-. w ¥ n L 3« ] #r fifteen guineas — precifely the price charged tofubfcrtb- ers for the Briiiiheditioni The cuts in the American co- py are equally numerous, and are really the beft. There are two circutnftances, which will eftabiifli the book-printing bufinefs in this country — the opportunity of publilhing immediately, for the American demand, all books in every European language*, within the term of the copy right; and the printing of moderate l\zed and plain editions, inflead.of the large, ornamented, and ex- penfivc copies which are now the fafhion in Europe. A fuperb quarto, on the beft vellum paper, with an elegant, but unneceflary copperplate frontifpiece, richly gilt and Jeitcrcd, (the drel's in which modern writers often intro- duce their works) colls more than is agreeable to the people of this country, who dcfire valuable matter for their money. The freight, duties, and other charges of importation, depending either on the bulk or value, are very much enhanced ; and our printers find it eafy to Embrace the opportunity which thefe cirumflances af. ford them, to furnifli their countrymen with a cheap ot^vo, and fometimes even a duodecimo, in it» (lead. German fcliool books are much demanded in this country, as may be fuppofed, when it is remembered how numerous, in the united flates, the perfons are, who read and fpcak that language — probably 250,000 to 180,000 of our people. Thefe books are either im- ported from Holland, or the Hanfe towns, or printed in America. England fupplies none of them. The extenlion of the French language, together with the intercourfe between the united (tates and that nation, which took place in the year 1776, and the alliance in 1778, with which it was followed, will naturally be fup- pofed to have increafed the demand for French books. Thefe are principally imported from France, the Hanfe towns, Holland, and Flanders ; ;md fome few are printed in America. ♦ The firft premium for excellency in printing wa« adjudged by the Pennfylvania manufafturing focietjf to the publifliers of « >ooj|c in the Germatt language, in the inland town of lencafter* 7 t 39 3 Book* in tfiefe two languages could not be importedi before the revolution, from any country, except Great Britain : but are now drawn, as above mentioned^ from other foreign fources, or the American printing prefles. That the Americans vfili in future give a prefereMce^rdri' iijh manufa£iurej before all others — that it will he a long time before the Amerieans vtill manufa^ure for them" fehes-'^nd that our demand for Britijh goods will in^ creafe in proportion to our population. The manufadures of Great Britain and Irebnd art yery generally good, often excellent, and almoft always as handfome as the nature of the article will admit. Vet, there are not wanting proofs, that we (hall take conGderable quantities of goods from other countries. Twenty-two (hips, for example, arrived in the united ftates from St. Peterlburg, in the year 1790, with cordage, ticking, drillings, diaper, broad linens, narrovir linens, printea hnens, cralh, liheetings, ravens duck, Ruflia duck, nail rods, and rolled iron for hoops. The remainder of their cargoes were bar iron, hemp, and flax, which were intendea to be manufa<^ured here. Nan- keens, filks, long-cloths, porcelain and fome fmall arti- cles, are imported regularly from China : and muflhis, plain, ftripedf figured^ and printed, with filks, and a va- riety of other articles, are imported from India. It being manifeftly injurious to the manufaduring intered of eve- ry nation in Europe, even to import, and much more fo to confume tbefe goods, there can be no doubt, that they will be fupplied to us in the £ail Indies, with more readinefs every year ; and if a few more callico prin- ters were to eltablifh themielves among us, the impor- tation of printed callicoes and cottons might be exceed^ ingiy diminiHied. The importation alfoof dowlas, ozna- burghs, ticklenburgs, and othe. German linens, and of Haerlem ftripes, and tapes, from Bremen, Hamburgh, and Amfterdam, together with the manuf tdlory of every ton of hemp, and almoft f very ton of ilax, which we t 40 i failc of import, has very much afFe£led the Aritifh ih^ Irilh linen trade. It appears from various documents, that the avcr?gc exports of their manufa^ures to the u^ nited ftaies for feveral years prior 'to the year 1789; were near half a million of dollars lefs than the averagd exports of feveral years immediately antecedent to the war, though our population has probably doubled in the lali: twenty-five years. It is not improbable, however, that the great quantities of goods ftiipt fiuce 1789, in confequence of the jealoufy of American manufafiures, the apprehenlions of a rupture with Spain, and the ef- forts of the Britidi cotton manutafturers to banifh Eaft India goods from our markets, would fbow a confidera- ble increafe in the laft and prefent years. In fhorr, the united ftates are an open market ; the American mer- chants are men of judgment and enterprife ; and con- fequently the goods of every country in the world, which are adapted to our confumption, are found in our ware- houfes. It is certainly true, that among thetn are very large quantities of BritiOi raanufadures, being much and julfly approved, and being imported on convenient credits by our merchants, and copioufly (hipped by Britifli mer- chants and manufadlurers on their own account, to their correfpondents here. If properly condudled on both fides, it may yet be a very ben^ikial trade to the two countries ; but it has not excluded the valuable goods of other nations, nor has it prevented a great progrefs of our own manu- fadures, particularly in the family way. Cordage, gun^ powder, fteel, nails, paper, paper-hangings, books, fta- tionary, linfeed oil, carriages, hats, wool and cotton cards, ftockings, flioes, boots, fhot, and many other ar- ticles are made in confiderable quantities, feme of them as far as fifty per centum on the demand, and others in quantities nearly equal to the confumption. Liberal wa- ges, and cheap and excellent living, free from any cx- cife, except a very fmall one, (compared with any in Europe) upon fpiritous liquors, operate daily to bring us manufacturers and artizar s in the manual branches j and we are beginning to fee the great, and to us, the peculiar value of labour-faving machines. The rate of • t-4i 1 namial labour is no obje^on againfl: them, but abfo lutdyin thtir favour; for it is clear, that they yield thr greateft profit in countries where the price of labou, 18 the higlie(t. The HrO judicious European capita lilU who (hall taice good fituations in the united dates, and cdabliHi manufa^ories, by labour- faving machines, mult Tapidly and certainly make fortunes. They cannot, it is prefumed, be long infenfiblc of this; but if they fliould**" continue fo, the appreciation of our public flocks will probably bring fome of our own capitalids into the bu« (inefs. The public creditors, the owners of perhaps if* teen millions fterling, of now inadive wealth, n)ighc at this moment do much towards the introdu<^lion of the cotton mills, wool mills, flax mills, and other valuable branches of machine manufa^uring. It is pail a. doubt, that were a company of perfons of charader and judg- ment to fubfcribe a flock for this p urpofe, of 500,000. dollars in the public paper, they might obtain, upon a depodt of it, a loan of as much coin from ibme foreign nation, at an interefl lefs than fix per cent. Was fucb a company to be incorporated, to have its flock transfer- able as in a bank, to receive fubfcriptions from 400 dollars upwards, to purchafe 500 or 1000 acres of land Avell fituated for receiving in:ported materials and ex- porting their fabrics — were they to credl works in the centre of fuch a body of land, to lay out their grounds in a convenient town-plat, and proceed with judgment and fyllem in their plan, they would be f ure of luccefs in their manufadories ; they would raife a valuable town upon their land, and would help to fupport the value of the public debt*. Were a few eftabliihments like that defcribed to take place (and there are room and funds for many of them) even the manufadlories of piece goods, of every kind in which machinery could be applied, would foon be introduced with profit into i<2 * This meafure, which was in contemplation at the time when thefe papers were wiitten, has been fmce digefted and commenced. The capital already engaged amounts toiibove 250,000 dollars. , G ■^■' [ 4» I fhs united dates. It cannot, on cool feflexioti, be t0t pelted, that a country remote from all the manufadhiring nations, and able to produce the requiGte raw materials, will continue to depend on diftant tranfmartne fourceiy for tbemafsoi hernecefTaryrupplies. The wonderful progreft of othrr nations, which have commenced manufadlures un- der difadvantages much greater than any we have to con- tend with, wiU powerfully incite us to exertion. Until the year 1667, a piece of woolen cloth was never dyed and drefTed in England. This great manufa^re was quickly after improved by the ikiTl of foreign emigrants, (a mean at our command) ; and fo rapidly has the woolen branch advanced, that it was ellimated, in 1783, at the immenfe fum of /. 16,800,000 fterling (above fevcnty. four millions of dollars) per aanum, and was equal in value to all the exports, and foperior to all the reve- nues of Great Britain It may, perhaps, be afkcd, why manufacturer were not edabiifned in the late war i Any man, who makes a comparifon of a variety of branches as they were in 1774, and as they flood in 1782, will perceive a great advance to have taken place, though manufactures were little encouraged, through the intermediate eight years, Inrreafon of the total occupation of government in the profecution of the war : their im- portance moreover was not duly eflimated. The Britifh ma- nufacturers, who can now emigrate with the greatefl con- venience, then viewed the people of this country as ene- mies. Neither they, nor the people of other nations cared to rifquethemfelves in an invaded country^ nor would they hazard a capture in their pafTages hither. Notwithftanding tbefe impediment.' , the mauuraCtorers of the united flatet have been found to be the mofl fuccefsful competitors Avith thofe of Great Britain in the American market. Ihey have not made fine linens, fine cloths, filks, fluffs, and other articles requiring a great degree of fkill, labour, or capi. tal ; but they have made common cloths of linen, wool- en, and cotton, fleel, nails, flieet iron, paper, gunpowder, cabinet work, carriagesj fhoes, and fabrics of the fimple but moil important kinds. |^ Seefupplementar^ note, com- t 43 i xtnisHg the progrefi gnd prefentftate 0/ American dmejhe •r houjehotd mamfk£lures, which follows, No. VII. That it would be Impolitic In Great Britain^ to admit Ame^ rican veffils into her t^ejt India iflands. This is a very momentous queftion to Great Britain ; and therefore whatever may be the real merits of it, the people of that country might have been expe^ed to con- (ider it with Hrft imprefTions unfavourable to the admif. (Ion of foreigner^. It is alfo probable, that the Americans may have taken a partial view of ^he fubjedl, from the interelt they have to obtain a participation in the Britifh Weil India trade. There are two pcMlitions of lord Shef. Held, relativ* to this fubjed, which appear conformable with truth and reafon, and in which it is of gre.it con- (equence, that we fliould, on mature reflexion, agree. The firft is, " That the cult'wfition of the Britifh Wejt In- diaijlands might he carried much farther than it it,** which Jifc f.ipports by obfervino;, " that the produce of the ijland tf Jamaica might be trebled at leaji,** The fecond is, ** That the nation which may hereafter be in poffeffion of the moft extenjive and 9eJ}-culiivatedfugar ijlands, will take, the lead atfea.** If the firll of thefe pofitions be true, both in regard to the Britifh Welt Indies in general, and the ifland of Jamaica in particular, then it becomes a matter of the utmoft importance, by reafon of the fecond poOtion, to adopt the belt pollible fyftem for promoting the cultiva- tion of the vacant lands and improved eftates in the fe- ▼cral iflands. Perfons, who have contended -with the difficulties and expenfes of fettling new plantations, and who are acquainted with the management of Weft India eftates, will be fenfiSle, that Aeap fupplies of building materials, and other neceffary incipient arti- cles, give the greateft facility and certainty to thofe who are ftruggling to effeflt a new fettlement : and keeping ^ownthe contingent expenfes of planting a^d raifing produce, and of packing and preparing the crop for market, is manifcftljr a furc mean of incrcafing the prot f 44 1 lits of an eftate. In this point of lights it mud be ii^. meiTfely againft the Britifli Weft India producers pf 7,500,000 gallons of rum, and 2,000,000 cwt. of fugars, with cotton, coffee, piemento and other articles, that they receive their (laves, boards, provifions, and other fupplies, oh terms fo much higher than the French, the Dutch, and the Danes. While the iflands of France were fiirniflied in th« laft year, by French and Ameri- can bottpms, with red oak hogfliead ftaves, at 12, 14^ and 16 dollars-. -with hoops, at 1410 iS dollars — with pine boards, at 11 to 16 dollars*— with Indian meal, at 2| to 31^ dollars per barrel— with fhip lo^ad, at 3I dol- lars, and with rice, at 3 to 3|. dollars per 108 pounds ; the Britifli planters in Jamaica were obliged to pay for red oak hoglhead ftaves, 24, 27, and ^i dollars ; fpir wooden hoops, 27, 30, and 36 dollars ; for pine boards, 24, 27, and 30 dollars; for Indian meal 4^ to 5^ dol- lars ; for (hip bread the fame ; and for rice per loo pounds 3y to 51 dollars. Let condderate men deter- mine, whether the Britifli colonial agriculture muft not be deprelTed, and that of the French be exceedingly elevated, under fuch circumftances. It is plain that the latter will find it eafy to extend their plantations into grounds now uncultivated, if the Briti/li planters fhould be able to endure their difadvantages. In conforqaity with this reafoning, we find that the produce of French St. Domingo, Ihipt to Europe, which, before the late war, isftated by lord Sheffield to have employed no more than 450 fhips, was fufiicient, in the year 1788, to load for France 580 ihips, of 370^ tons on a medium, and 1 10 of 740, tons, (exciufive of the numerous French and foreign veflels employed in the trade with Nertk aild South America,) amounting in the whole to 296,431^ tons, nearly equal to one third of the private (liips of Britain. The whole of the velTels loaded in 1787, from all the Britifli Weft India iflands to England and Scot, land, amounted to but 132,222 tons. In 1788 the quan'. tity was the fame, and as the writer of the obfervation's admits that the produce of Jamaica was before the wat two thirds in value (though lefs in bulk} of that of Si i m I 45 1 Poipingo, the Britifh colonial agriculture muft have a j. vanced, if *t all, in a much lefs degree than that of the French. This great kicreafe of the French navigation, refulting from a profperous Weft Indian agriculture^ abtm- dantly and cheaply fuppUedj is a verification of the predic- tion of lord Sheffield^ M'hich was mentioned above, an^ induces the moft reafonable doubts, whether it would bfs really impolitic in Great Britain to admit American vefi* fels into her Weft India iflands. As it is of great impor- tance to this argument, to eftablifli the actual increal'e of the French produce upon ftronger ground than even tho higheft proba||||lt:y, it may be ufeful to ftate, that the fu* gars exporti|i from St. Domingo, in 1786, were near 133 millions «if pounds; in 1788, near 163 millions and an half; that the coifee in 1786 was about 51 millions of pounds; and, on the average of 1787 and 1788, rear 70 millions ; and that the cotton, in 1786, was 5,200,000 pounds— and, on the average of 1787 and 1788, above 6,500,000 pounds — and that the nielafies, which in 1786 was 21,855 hhds. was increafed, in 1788, to 29>503. The augmentation of the French veilels, employed from St. Domingo alone, appears to be equal to 108,000 tons. If the whole of their fugar colonies have profpered in the fame degree, it is probable their acquifition of fhip- pi|^ may be fafely eftimated at 162,000 tons, which is 47,000 tons more than Iprd Sheffield fuppofes to Iiuve been employed, before the American revolution, be- ' tween the Britifh fugar iflands and all the American provinces, and is very far beyond the tonnage employed at this time in the trade of thofe iflands with the united ftates. The Britifli publications reprefent it to be lefs than '21,000 tons, making three voyages per annum, the ag- gregate entries of which they conlider as about 62^000 :.> tons. It is alleged, that American veflels cannot be admit- ted without oifence to other countries : but that has uot been found an objedion to the admiflien by the French. Nor, if the regulation were properly made, would th^ allies of England have any caufe of complaint ; for they might participate in the trade, if they could find advan* C 46 3 in fo doing, which however would not be the cafe. The ihips of Ruflia, of Holland, of Great Britain, of Spain, of Portugal, of the iinited flates, and of all other foreign countries, may enter the French iflands with the 6me kinds of goods, even American articles. The £n- UJifh, indeed, would be much moreproleded in the ifland trade than the Fi*ench ; becaufe by other claul'es in their laws, the goods brought by each flag muft be its own na- tional produ<^ions. It may be argued that the Americans would take a brge proportion of the carriage to the Britith iflands : but this, if trje, is the ftrongeft proof, t^t can be ad- c&iced, of the expediency of the raeafure, afi^lcutated to promote the colonial agriculture, and thus illd and fup- port the navy of Great Britain. France, it it feA, by ^tte mode propofed, has added mach more to her Hiip* fing, in the trade of a finale ifland, than England en- joys in the monopoly of the intercourfe with all her iflands, lay the mode (he purCues.The Brinfli (hipping, toe, if our» were admitted, would certainly maintsun themfelves in a confiderable portion ef the trade : and in proof of this, tt may be obierved, that the French employ of their own veiTels in theu: Weft India trade from this coun- try, near two thirds of the tonnage, that is engaged in theircommerce between thefe ftates and the kingdom||f France. It is material to obfente, that in the intercourfe lietween the French iflands and the united ftates, theton> n.fge of the Brinfh, Dutch, Spanifli, Danes, Swedes, and Fortuguefe, does not amount to two per cent, upon the wnoie of the veflels employed. That k would be better for Britain to give up the iflands than their carrying trade. As the arguments adduced by loril Sheffield, relate only to the carrying trade between the united dates and the Briti(h Wefl; India iflands, tiie obfervations will proceed on the fame ground. The whole freight be- tween the two countries prior to the war, he eltimates at/.a45,ooOf rather thau lofe whicbi he thinks it better ■■1?'- l^' ■^«' t 47 3 to give op thofe valuable ifbmds^ the produce %liei«d( according to various eftimations, it worth three or foot milUonsilerling, and whofe inhabitants arc very free am* fuiners of Britifh maliufadhires. A M^dent adminilfan* tion (hould beware of a writer, whoSMve* himfelf (y too ardently maintaining a favourite hy]mneiis. Butai«- linquifliment of the firade, on the part of Great Britain^ is notdefired ; nor cfan a lofs of it be fuppofed to foUoir the admiflion of our veflels to a participation in it. Ifac ihips always employed in the circuitous voyage wouM ftill continue to purfue it ; thofe belonging to the Weft Indians themi)plves, the Bahamans, the Berniudian% and the northern Britifli colonies, would fiiU «njoy a large propdrtton : the remainder would be done by die Americans, who now fuffer the BritiOi nation to empleya large quantity of tonnage in imports from, and exports to foreign countries, other than firitiih, without any Wf ciprocation. That the /hippifig Great B' v« rains,hy exdutTmg Otf Americans fWUt tte at hand* Lord Sheffield undertakes to fay, that the navigatMMi of thofe provinces, which are now the united ftates^ operated as a drain of Britiih feamen ; and conveys m idea, that the failors employed here, were of no ufe tm Britain. The prompt manning of theic^ fliips on this ftation^ the cheap and certain fupply of Iheilr Weft In- dies, in the war of 1755 to 1762, the diftrefs tothe French and Spariifli trade by American privateeil|£itii9 affair of cape Breton, the great exportation of pria« goods from this country, and other weighty fadls, might be adduced to prove this not the fmalleft of his errors. Airnming that we were too remote to be of any ufe ia time of war, he proceeds to aconcluiion, that the iiavi* gation employed in the fupply of the iflands, will be nereafter nearer home, inferring that it will belong to the merchants of their European dominions. Tlii» pay be in a great degree the cal'e, as*to ciie fugar .,^.i, t 4t 1 Alps, whic^ make the circuitous voyage from Europe t« the united ftates, the Weft v Indies and Euro^; and it was equally fo, as to that defcriptipn of traders^ before the rcvolutidn ^Jpt the direft intercourfe (between thefe ftates and the iPifli Weft India iflan^, firom which we arc excluded, muft, from the nature of the trade, be carried on principally in veflc|s owned in thofe iflands, whole fituation is n^ore remote than ours, and by Britifli fubjeds rejiding in our ports, Bennudians, and the peo- ple of the northern Britiih colonies, all of whom are a^ diftantaswie. 77:01 Jmerta could nrter be united t^ain, Was a fettled opinion of the writer of the ob- fervatibns. He did not perceive that accident, prin- cipally, had caft us into the form of thirteen ftates. It is true, that the extreme injuries of difunion were not Hienerally foreign by many of our own citizens. The "utility — the jajSeflity of ftrengthening the national government, had not come home, as it has fmce done, to the minds of the American people, ^any of their friends, however, faw with regret, and fome of thofe who were not their friends, perceived with a fatisfadion not the moft honourable, that the profpe£ts of indivi- dual happinefs, and of national profperity, had ceafed to be fair. The moft miferable ill, that can afflid the political body, the want of a ft wganizationy had brought on alarming convuluons; and there were no evils which were not to be apprehended, unlefs a change of fyftem could be effe^ed. In this moment, the friends of order came forth. The jarring interefts, ou the elfe£ls of which the writer relies, were made to harmonize. The difference of " manners, of cli- mates, and of ftaples,'* did not intervene, according to his expe^ations, as infurmountable obftacles to amity and union. That hearty co-operation, the hope of which is treated as prepofterous, has actually taken place: and tfte American people now univerfally per- ceive> << that whatever meafures have a tendency t« M t 49 3 dtiTolve the union, or contribute to violate or lelTeu the fovereign authority, ought to be coiilidered as hoitile to tkeir liberty and independency/' It remains, then, for thofe, who have believed in thefe predictions of ruinous contentions among the people, and an enfeebling difcord in the councils of th« united ftates, to confider, in fo different a courfe of things, the condutH: which ought to be obferved : and for us it remains fteadily toprocee'' in the good work of rejforing zxid firmly fecuring public order, as the certain 9nd only means of private and public happinefs. H #■ % •V r O U R T H N U M B E R, ■'». ** ^T^HE article, which next prefents itfelf, is that NAVAL STORES. It appears to lord Sheffield, that RulFia will interfere much with the American itaies, in the iupi^ly oi liiefe commodities. The quantities exported, agreeably to ta$ table for 1771, and our returu in 1791, appear 10 Have been, In 1771. Barrels, •f pitch, 9j'44 tar, 82,075 turpentine, 17,014 refm 223 }■ fpirits of tur- pentine, 41 Total 108,497 J 85,067 worth then 28,3*0 156,000 316 doUars* l93 Barrels. 1 In the re* 8,875 ' "'«'"'» /^ 13* mo. .worth now 5^' 7,045 aoiiars.^ iihy77} From this increafe of value, it appears, that the united dates have not fuffered from the competitidii, of Ruilia, or any other country; but that in tliis article, like moli: tthersj W6 experience the advantage ot being an opm per ,S i t Si 3 tnarket, free from the Britifli monopoly, which exified before the revolution. In addiiion to this large export- ation, confiderable quantities have been confumed, in manufadures which have been introduced or extended iince the year 1771 : and a very hirgc quantity has been purcliafed for the repairs and ilores of 770,000 tout of veflcls, of various nations, employed in the foreign tradjC, the coading trade, and the fi(heries, and in the building of (hips, which greatly exceed ihc number built on a medium of 1769 to 177 1. POT AND PEARL ASHES. - THESE articles, lord Sheffield ventures to affirm, can be made to greater advantage in Canada and Nova Scotia, than eliewhere in America, on account of the plenty of wood, and owing to the great quantity of fuel rconfumed in a long and fevere winter. It is well know n> that the people of this continent do not attempt to make thefe falts out of any of the terebinthine woods*, (though it is faid to be pra^iiisd in the north of Europe,) and that (the growth of trees in the remaining Britiih cdonies, is principally of thofc kinds. Abundant proof that they have little oak, is derived from the fmall quantity oS ilaves, heading, oak timber, and oak planks, which they export, and f^om the quantities of them, which they import from the united flates. But had they the proper kinds of fuel, that would not be fufficient ; for a certain degree of population is necelTary to this manufacture. The number of 'people in the whole of the northern Britifli colonies, is perhaps 160,000 or 1 80,000, while the united iftates have more than twenty times their number, of >whom two-th%ds inhabit fcenes much more abundant in wood and timber than Canada and Nova Scotia. Their cudoni houie books will iliow what pot afli tbofe ^colonies export. Although our writer fuppofes, that the f • The barks of hemlock, pine, fir, and latrch, are fjii^ ^ ^9 ytry pro4uftiyc of pgta,flti» '■^d:-.' '^J C 53 3 united dates wUl yield lefs than they have icretofare dim^ we iind, that the return of the treafury exhibited the great quantity of 8,568 tons, though the export, on th« medium of 1768, 1769, and 1770, was only 200,8 toni^ and 5 cwt. In treating of pot-afli, lord Sheffield takes occaCion to digrefs to the article of coal, and obferves, that to cn- courace the Britilh collieries, and carrying trade, they ihould prevent the getting of coal on the ifland of Cape . Breton. It was among the difadvantages, which, it uaf alleged, the united dates would fuftain by the fepara* tion from Great Britain, that the collieries of Cape Bre. ton were to be particularly barred againil them. This^ like many other evils, which were apprehended, has va.- niftied on a recurrence to the reiburces of the countiy. The collieries on James river will not only abundantly ibpply the extenfive territory watered by the rivers of tht ;i^ Cheiapeak and by that J^ay itfelf ; but they proroife to ififord a very valuable nurfery for feanien in the tranf- ~ portation of their contents to all the fea-pcrts of the united ftates. They already furniOi coal on terms much lower than the mminium of the Hrii cofl: and charges |of importation : and as labour is declining in price, and ^ ihort water communication, between the mines and the Shipping place, is nearly completed, there is no doubt that foreign coal will be rendered a very loiing commo* dity, and thait it mull finally be excluded from our mar? kets. The interior country is plentifully fupplied by 9»m tore with this valuable fofiil. HORSES, Lord Sheffield treats of this article with great ingenur ity. He railes expectations in the government and pecv> pie of Great Britain, that the Weft Indies may draw fupplies of thefe ulefd animals from Canada, and confiderf Nova Scotia as having greatly the advantage of Canada and the united ftates in her capacity for the exportation of them. It is ftated as certain, that a trade for horfes will be carried on by that province. The diftance of Crea^ I ! C 54 ] Britarn and Ireland do not appear to reft rain his (an« guiiie hopes, that horfes may be Ihipt to the W efl Jnciies worn thofe tvro countries. Ke proceeds further, and iug* gelts the fupply of the probable deficiency of hories witl;^ mules from Barbary, from whence they are to be ob« tained in abundance, (thoiigh at a high price) and from Porto Rico and the MiiriilTppi, In fliort, knowing the imponance of horfes to the Weft India planters, he tal^ei great pains to Ihew, that they may reiinqui/h, without inconvenience, the cheap and certain fupphes which they formerly enjoyed, and which the French. Panes, and Dutch now enjoy by means of deep-wailted American vefTels, manned by perfons accuilomed to the bufmels. There is, perhaps, no article, in proportion to the va- lue, in which the Dritifh iflands fufier more deeply by the prefent footing of their intercourfe with thele llates^ than in chat of which we are now treating. 1 his country is particularly fitted for the railing of horfes, and afibrd* them in very increafed numbers. The exportation •£ them in the year 1 770, which was entirely to the Weft India iflands, was, by lord She^eld's tables, 6,6f 2 ; and the exportation of them by the treafury return, already fefierred to, was 8,628, bcfides 237 inples, The laft arti- cle has been added to the lift of exports, fmce the year 1770, and promifes to become very confiderable, though mules have not a place in lord Sheffield's book among the iupplies which may be derived from the uni- ted ftates. The Britifh Weft India iflands are ftated to have taken off, before the revolution, two fifths of the above number, or 2/S76 horfes; but it appears by the late return, that there were fhipt thither, in thirteen months and a half, no more than nine hundred and fix- teen horfes and mules ; from which it is manifeft, that the prefent mode of carrying on the trade deprives them of above two thirds of their former fupply of thefe ani« mals, which are admitted in the obfervations, to be '* ejl fentially neceffary.** The price of thofe they do obtain^ »}uft of courfe be much enhanced by an unfatisfied de- ftiand three fold^^reater than the imporution^ and by the r 55 3 •scpenfe of conveying them in Britfli fliips, which, belnjf very generally in the doubIe*tlecked form, are dangerous for the tranfportation of horfes on ileck, and carry them at an nn nenle freight in the hold. Here is another ve« ry injurious inftance, of deprefling the Weft India agri- culture. The cafe with the Dutch is very diiferent. Their fugar colonies, though much lefs poprlous than thofe oi Great Britain, received in the above term, about feven hundred and (ixty horfes and mules. Tho French, as in regard to the other articles of neceflary fupplies, not produced by their own dominions, receive thefe animals, without impediment, in our veflels, and then: o^n, indifcriminately. The precife number, which was ihipt to their iflands, before the revolution, is not afcer« tained t but, as lord Sheffield alleges, that the whole num- ber exported to the foreign fugar colonies was, in 1 770, about 4.015, fome part of whith the Dutch and Danes received — and as it appears by the late return, that about 7,000 horliss and mules were fhipttothe French fugar plantations, during its term, it is manifeft, that they have increafed their imix>rtations to, 90, or 100 per cent. It is unneceffary to reiterate here, that they will receive proportionate advantages in their colonial agriculture, (and tottie fhips emploved in tranfporting its produce) from fo capital an addition to one of their molt ufeful fupplies. Th(U ** France vuW not/uffer America /• fippfy her wtb JfJlpS,** IS contradicted by thefadt*. That kingdom by ^eje£^♦ ing American velTeis, would have fo far lacriticed her c irrying trade to the manufailure of fliips. She wiiel/ • Immediiieiy •fter the firft publication of this paper, the French I egulatioit, confining their flag to native fhips, wat receiv- evl in A'nerica. What >vill be found umier this head, which was v^iitten befoe the re" uion was knowOi may iwve a* a finccre «0uuncut on thik new teftjriilion* '3t- Hi iHP^VH ! *«.• t 56 1 ' furcfiafei, vtpoti the chcapcft tema,*th craSks for lier marine nuriery. The Hrtt and great ohje<^ of the mari- lime powers oucht to be, the increafe of the number of fheir faihrs, which is beft done by multiplying their chances of employment. Among the means of doing this^ one of the moil obvious and rational is, the tmltifSctrtim •/ veJfeUJTht French-built (hips coft from 55 to 60 del- lars per ton, when fitted to receive i cargo, and exclu* fively of Tea (lores, infurance, the charges of lading, outward pilotage, and other expenfes inadental to the employment, and not to the building and outfit of a veflei. Tlie American live-oak and cedar iliips, to which none are fuperior, coft in the fame fituation, from 33 to 35 dollars, fiuifhed very coTnpletely. If the French require 10,000 tons of new vdfels, on any occafion, or in any term of time, they may be procured in the united ftates, on a computation of the medium price of 34 dollars per ton, for the fum of 340,000 dollars : but, if bought at 55 dollars, the lowcft price in France, they would coft the much greater fum of 550,000 dollars. No argument is neceflary to Hiow, that fuch a nation, caterts paribus, muft produce feamen more rapidly, than thofe v/ho re* fufe thefe cheap veifels. It would appear much lefs unreafonable, that the go- veniraent of the united ftates fhould prohibit the fale of Ihips, {the means of obtaining naval /irength,) to foreign na- tions, than that any of them fhould rejed the great advan- tage of .0 cheap and excellent a fupply. And fhould the French, Britilh, and other fweign nations continue to deciins the purchafe of American-built Ihips, there can be no doubt, that we Ihall take a greater portion of the carrying trade i(x ourfelves and Other countries, from that cau^. That the navigation a^gave, and that an adherence to it, luiilfecure to Great Britain the commerce of the world, THERE isnodoubit, that Great Britain has hereto* 4 ir J fore ob^ined, in proportion to tlie number of iti people^ 1 very great (hare of trade both foreign and inter* nal. JSut the value of her imports in 1774, was not ten per cent, mwe than that of the imports of France. H(41and* had, at the fame time, a very great trade ; as had feveral other countrtft in Europe. It would have been beyon^i the truth, if lord Sheffield had faid that BritfuaiHTd a fifth << of the commerce of the world/' h may appear, at firft view, of little ufe, and even invi- dious, to notice this remark: but it is realty of imptrtanee fo a reajhnabie and accurate efthnation of tImigSf to cwre£i Juch extrav^ancies, Thefe hyperbolical expreflions tend to miflead. They occafion a people erroneoufly to fup» pofe, they have the world at their command, and ren- der the moft falutary and reafonable arrangements more difficult than they ought to be. They alfo help to fwell the popular torrent againft a clear-Hghted, honeft, and candid minifter, who may attempt meafures, fit in them* felves, and even neceffary to the national interefts. But whatever may have been the trUth of the afler- tion, that Great Britain heretofore engrofled the com* merce of the world, a different courfe of things has ta- ken place, and is to be expelled hereafter, with regard to her and every other country. It is manifeit, that a prodigious, and almoft univerfal revolution in the views of nations, with regard to the carrying trade, has taken place. The extenfion of the fpirit of ccMnmerce and the confequent inclination and capacity for naval power, have occafioned this change. The jealoufy of trade, which gave birth to the Britifh navigation ad, is now felt at well by the fovereigns, as by the citizens, of every coun- try in Europe. They have become fcnfible, that com- merce is at once a great fource of private wealth and of national power.. Ine general prevalence of thefe viewif! is daily producing commercial regulations^ (injurious of- *^r. Eden ftated,fince the American war, that the exports an4 imports of Holland, in foreign goods only, wers it,ooo,eool;( iwling, :m t 5« 1 f^H to the country making them) intended t« fecnre t# the citizens of each nation thck benefits, which vtert formerly enjoyed by the carrying and roanufa^rine fiates. Thofe, who have heretofore enjoyed the trade of 6ther countries, and in a yery extenfive degree, muftne- ceflarily be die firfl to feel the inconveniencies of this change of meafures : and they muft eventually esqperienct them in proportion to their former advantages. The pri« irate (hipping of the Hanfe towns and of the united Ne- therlands, have already felt the confequences of thefe views. Tliofe traders, indeed, misht once have almoA claimed the commerce of the world. There is confide-^ Table danger, however, that this anxlons dellre ci trade may occation fome of the maritime nations to give to» free and ftrong operation to principles, which are not ex** ceptionable in the prefent (late of things, if prc^rly di« 9e£i;ed and retrained ; for it is manifeft, that countriet with a great agdcultural intereft, will err exceedingly in purfuing;, as far as pofTible, meafures, which may not be found inconvenient to nations oppofitely circomftanced. With refpe£t to Great Britain, the objed of her na» ligation a£t was to expel the Dutch from her cari^Hi^ trade, and tbns to decreafe the ability of her rivaki to maintain and fiiddenly to increafe their navy. Situated as things then were, the Britifli were probably right, as to the object in view : aid from the ittfei^biUty of Europe to the nature and operation of the Ef^Iifi marine code, they gained incidentally, and for a lone time, immenfe advan« tages in. the commerce of other ftates, for which they originally did not look. Thisjhuation of things is now tho<* roughly underftood. The (hippmg of Britain in confequence will hereafter find rivals in the private vefifels of feveral for* cign conntries, and there appears the utmdft improbability, that (he can continue to retain any f^raordinary (hare of the carrying trade for other fiatidns. The tenure of It is manifeftly in the greateft degree precarious ; be- caufe it abfolutely depends tm the laws of other coun- tries, and on the continuance of inattention in their com- Siercial citizens. The value of the carryiii^ trade^ it may alfo be ob« ¥-'■ TIT J. w^ r 59 1 ferVed, Is very materially altered. Ihilead of being, at fbrmerly, a profitable monopoly (if we may fo fpeak) in the hands or two nations, it is now diffiiTed among ten or twelve. The great advaatages, too, which accrued to Britain irom cheap proviHons— fuperior and cheap {hips— and low wages to feamen, are now loft. Bread and meat, from the increafe of manufadhirers, are im« ported into that iQand— wages have confiderably advan* ced, if we take into the calculation the great fiihing boun- ties—the expenfes of (hip building have increafed— the French* are admitted to have obtained the pre-eminence in naval architecture, and it aj^pears, from a minute return, exhibited in Anderfon's commerce, that the oak timber of Great Britain, in forty years preceding 1771, hadde* creafed nine tenths ; and that it had advanced in price above 40 per cent, in the courfe of the nineteen antece*. dent years. It will not be forgotten, that the expends* Cure of twenty years, including a naval war, in which an unparalleled number of (hips was built^ has fince occurred further to>»exhauft their itock of (hip timber. Nor ihould it be overlooked, that vaft demands were made for thi* article to replace the private (hipping which were loft t« the Britifh nation by the American revolution. The con- fumption of ihip timber from 1774 to 1785, appears, from the papers of the Britifli fociety for naval archi* tedture, to have been three times as great as in any equal tvrm before. The fudden command of feamen by means of im/r«^ tnent is too ftreng an operation of the executive power, too great an outrage againft the rights of men, and the facred peace of families, long to be endured in the pre* fent courfe of European affairs. Thofe prompt exertions' of naval fh«ngth, by which Great Brhain has heretofore gained advantages, will be a£feded by an alteration m this particular, at leait fo far as regards unprofitable^ unjuft, and ambitious wars, into which all nations areoci^^ cafionally led. w^. f See pap«ri of |be Britifh fociety for naval arcihite^ur«» t & 3 Thefis remarks, it is prefumed, w'lSi not be niTconftrw- ed, as of an invidious nature, h is a feafon rehiring a irueftate of thh^s. They arc int^ded as difpafiionate and reafonable aufwe^s to the extravagant aflertiops and the contemptuous menaces of the writer of the obiervai- tions/whofe dodrines are as pernicious to Great Britain', as they are injurious to the united ftates. *^ Should a qttar' rel take place between the jimertam ftates and Great Brim, tain,Jdmeftout frigates," he affirms, " wduid completely tonrntOfid the commerce of this mighty continent.** It Would not be improper to aik, what argument it this very intelligent writer poflelled of, to prove that fb great ^ permanent difparity will exift in favour of a na-» tion, whofe exports are now to their expenfes, as 1 8 to 1 6,' over a nation whofe export^ to their expenfes areas i8 to 3 ? Why, can he inform us, fhould the Britifh exports^ m* imports, neither of which will load 650,000 tons of veflels, afford a certain and permaneni bajis for a powerful navy, if thofe of the united ftates, which will lade 650,000 tons of veflels, and are fteadily increafing, do not juftify, under proper management, expedations equal to a few ftout frigates? Such hiifcalculations, on the inrt of any foreign nation, muft lead to correfponding im[MPoprieties in their deportment towards us^ or they muft be candidly rejected. ' ' That it mufi atways be thejituation of the umted ftates iff- court Great Britain* TO evince the fallacy of this portion, nothing more is Sieceflary than to recoiled fome leading circumftances iii the trade of the two countries. Great Britain exports about ^. 1 8,000,000 fterling, per ann. of which/. 13,000,000 Iterling are her own manufadlurr^. It will not be pre- tended, that we, as the principal cuftomers, are to court the venders of theje goods: A portion of the remaining /. 5,000,000 is made up of our tobaccoes, rice, indigoes^ ^infeng, and other productions, exported from their do- minions in an unmanufadured ftate. Of thefe, it will lyot be fuppofed we can be anaumitto make impir(ations» f i ««■■ J Itie greater part of the remainder in inrdc up of IndJa, Kiiflian, German, and other articles, ri' foreign growid^ or manufadure, whieh Britain cannot fumifh but at fe- cond hand ; for which, confequently, we are not under tlie neceflity to court her, and which neither we nor any other nation ihould receive from her £urope,^n domini- ons, were we to purfue her navigation principk^s. The re-ihiptcommodities of Ireland, too, formnoincoi^dera- Ue item in the lift of Britifh exports. For thefe we could be under no obligation to Great Britain, being manufac- tured goods, on the (hipment of flK>ft of which to thefe ftatesand all the world, the Iriflihave long granted a very encouraging bounty. In regard to our exports to Great Britain, they confijf principaily of the effbntiril elements of bermamf azures f shipping, and navy. Thefe are not only (in the language of lord Sheffield, when fpeaking of the nnifian exports) more precbus to her than gold, but are abfolute necelFaries. Lumber of all kinds, bark, cotton, flax, uron, filaxfeed, wax, indigo, pot afh, tar, pitch, tur- pentine, ildns, and furs, are among the articles here con- templated. To thefe may be added, wheat, flour, and Indian corn, taken in fmall quantities, except when neceflity compels large importations ; alfo tobacco and rice, which are confuined in a fmall proportion in Bri- tain, but contribute to fwell her exports, and increafe her carrying trade to other countries. ' IHs manifeft, that all thefe esqxiirts are much to be dedred on her part, and that it would be moft proHtable to the united ibtes, to manufa^iure the rout materials , and to expend the pro- vijions on their own manufaSlurers ; and to furniih the rice and tobacco, by the diredi voyc^e, to thofe nations which are fupplied circuitoufly through Britifli ports. In ano* ther point of view, the intercourfe with Great Britain is not particularly to be courtied by the united dates. It hat been already obferved, that we imported of their manu- fadhires, in 1784, /• 3,648,007 fterling, and in 1785 ^.'2,308,013, which appear, on a medium of thofe two years, to have been equal t« above one third dtthemanu- futures thty exported, to all other foreign nations/ How immenfely beneficial, h^ indi/penjibly necejfary to the Britiili -n A feianufaftiirers, are fuch confumers ? Let it be aflced, anil candidly anfwered, if they or we are to court fuch bufu neis? If any inviting meafures are to be adopted by this country, it would be more wife to court the capital- ift&» manuhi6turers, and artizans, of the feveral kingdoms of Europe, which are overcharged with private wealth lod population. It may be urged, that we are ftrongly induced to court Great Britain for credit. 1 he ani'wer ii, that {he cannot venture to withhold her fabrics, what- ever may be our time of payment ; for in the prefent fiate of things, a yeast's abfence of Britiih fabrics firom jOur markets, would give an imroenfe fpring to our own tnanufadtures. But there is aftrong fymptom of the ability eft' the united ftates to do without a very extenHve cre- dity troQ) any particular nation, in the abundant fupplies of China and £ait India goods, which are impoited frmn every part of thofe countries with which we trade, amounting, probably, to more than a fifth of our con** fuiiiption of foreign commodities. This independency on any particular naticHi, which is in the higheit degree ta be deHred, will be fenfibly promoted by the eftablifli* ment of our good name in other foreign countries, by iAreugthening our new and whplefome guards around the lights of property, and by the recent multiplication and extenfion of banks. Though no fuch pecuniary inltitUi* tion exiiled ten years ago, iix banks are eftabliflied inow in five different cities ; and their capitals exceed at this time a moiety of our importations. The accom- modations and farilities which will refult from them, muft exceedingly promote the independency of the Ame- rican merchant and coofumer, on foreign credits. Thtt " it vnU mt be the mtereft of any of the great ma" riihne pmuers, to prqtet^ the Jinericau veJfeU from the Uarharyjiates»^^ THE lull of power has feldom given rife to a lefe reputable fentitnent in the bofom of an individual than that which we are now to notice. Like the initrudion fif the ilagitious father to bis fon^ to get moneyi it is ad- V C 63 1 fifed, that nauatftrength (hould be fecured, ^/ij rf md fas. But it is not alTerted, that «ny nation maintains tMi doctrine. It has been urged in anfwer agamft us, that we import Oaves, which has in a very great degree ceafed % for the veffels froai Africa, in the whole returned year, were lefs than four hundred tons. But let the circum* ftances of the cafe be examined and candidly conftdered^ When high duties on the importation of flaves were im* pofed before the revolution, by fome of the colonial a£> iemblies, they were rendered of no tSeOt by the negative tf the crvmty upon the fame principles, that now deter* mine the condudl of many of the European (hipholdery and manufacturers— becaufe the abolition of the flavs trade would curtail their refpe£tive profits. During; and (ince the war, moft of the dates have prohiiiMted thoK im<* portations : ieveral have abediflied (lavery : and we find as above hinted, that no more than 385 tons of fhi[^in^ arrived from Africa in twelve months uib&qnent to An- guft 1789, in all the fbtes, belonging to us, and all other nations. Whether thefe had onboard any (laves, is not known. Great Britain cannot prefs a country, thus condud^ ingitfelf, on the fubjeft of the fljive trade, feeing that bee colonies continue to import tens of thoirfands pef annnm« But it is conceived that the reverfe of lord Sheffield's po<« fition is true, and that it is the intereft of moll of the g^eat maritime powers, to purfue meafures, which might tend to free the Americans from the pii^cies of the Barbaqr ftates. It may be among the means of transferring (o thofe nations, from Great Britain, " a part 0/ thefve* reignty of the ncearC and " a part of the commerce of the world, which f it is alleged, her naval power has fecured tt her." The balance of power, if it be accurately defined, muft be ftated to comprehend now the balance of navii power. To attain and preferve that, the firft ftcp is ma- nifeflly to diveft any nation, which may poflefs it, df ** the fovereignty of the ocean." That fovereignty can comport with the true interefts and dignity of no othef kingdom. It will be more advantageous to the feveral na* tions, who are not actually the firft in the fcale of naval power, that the united itates ihoulU acquire a portion of jf u t 64 I the marina forte of a nation, too potent hj fea, thair that fuch nation, if it really has been the cafe, fiiould continue to give Jaw upon the ocean : and it is manifeft, that no one of thofe nations can be iatisfied, that any other (hou)d prefcribe the law there. The deftru^n of no particular kingdom is alleged to be requifite to the well being of this, or any other country : but it cer- tainly is not nece0ary, that the other nations of the world ihould promote, w acquiefce in meafures, calcu- lated to fupport any one (ungdom in a naval didator- jhip. This degree of marine ftrength is not requifite for the felf-defence of any nation ; and it may evidently be perverted to interrupt the commerce and to diftufb the tranquillity of Europe. Whether this has been cafe, (coh-< cerning which no aflertion is here made) it remains for the parties concerned feverally to determine. If it has been, if it may be, and if it probably will be, then it tifo remains for them to decide, whether it be dieir true intereft to jom in the honourable league with the Barba- rians againft the honeft commerce, and the perfonal li- bertiei of the citizens of the united fiates. 'UheSriti/hiflanJsvmldbe croudediuUh Dutch, French^ dni pther foreign veffih, if they were to be laid open,** A dire£l contradi^on cannot be eiven to this aflertion : but probabilities are ftrongly againit it. The free ports of the French iilands are thus bid q>en ; yet the whole tonnage, which ufually pafles between them and the united iUtes, in the courfe of a year, excluHvely of their own ihips, thofe of the united dates, and thoie of Great Britain, do not exceed two per cent, c^ the whole ton- nage employed in the trade ; and though the Britifh vef- fels have an equal opportunity with the ihips of France and of thefe ftates, yet they carried but eight fmall car- foes to all the French iflands, during the returned year, rom the nature of the Weft India trade, and of the commodities tranfported, it cannot be fupported, unlefs the veifels be owned by the inl»biunts of the iflaiujii r 65 1 # thofe Gj^ this country. Similar fa^s occirr, !nexamin« ing the trade with the Dutch ports in the Weft Indies^ and on the main ; and the fame obfervations, it is con- ceived^ w««ld juftly apply to them. But what are thofe foreign velTels to carry to the Enelifh iflands ? By the other Britifh regulations, they coukl tranfport i^o /fmeri- can articles, and they cannot fhip from their own do- minions, with a chance of profit, any of the commodi- ties which are permitted to be imported from forisign countries^ into the Britilh Welt Indies. *^ K ifiJk- *■' i^ M •-*> •^^ riFTH MUMBElL m THE next ei^^blrs in the obTervationi of lord Shef« field, pB which it is necefTaiy to animadvert, aM feme which are not inconfiderable, withrefpefi to tfaft a^al and ptobable POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES. HE it of opinion that onr population is not likely tft increiale as^ it has done on our coaits ; that we Ifad fdles off in nuinfa«rt in 1784; and that the enugratian from the united dates would be very coniiderable. The fiate of Rhode Ifland was proved by a£hial enumeration, iflf 178^, to contain 51,896 perfons. The unhappy condition of that government, and the confequent interruption d its trade, fiflieries, and roanufadures, from 1780 to thtf beginning of 1790, occaGoned great emigfationt froai thence into the other ftates. Yet the cenfus, which war completed before the firft day of May, in the prefent year, amounts f 68,825^ Delaware, which, like Rhode Ifland, has no back country, and lies upon the coaft, lil^at eftimated at 35,000 perfons, in a return, which Ic^d 3h ted ftates for the diltridl of Pet>nfylvania, and learn by 'this limple but authentic document, the ingredients of which our towns are compofed, even in a ftate whofe territory is not one fourth fettled. It will there be fecn^ that while our planters' and farmers' fons are fubdivi. ding their lands, or moving forward into lefs populated fcenes, many of the fons of our artificers and manufap- tqjrers^ and m9ny perfons of thofe occupations^ f|-pm t p^t f,t I 70 1 eign countries, are taking their ifationi on the vacant lots in our old ftreets, or commencing new ones. Tht fiber and intluJHws journeymen' of Europe, luho can /career lyfuppwi the expenfes of livir^ there, jften become juccejp» /«/ mt*fter wtrkmen here. It may be iafely affirmed, that the Scotch combine the advantages of fobriety, induftry, frugality, and ikiU, in as great a degree as any manufac- turers in Europe ; yet they inceflantly emigrate to us, and are remarkably fuccefsful in their various branches. EMIGRATION. GREAT pains are uken by the writer of the obferva- tions, to place the emigrants to America in the moft dif* couraging circuniitances of diihrefs and contempt. ** Emi" gration," fays he, " is the natural refource of the cul- prit/' Thofe, who are acquainted with the hiftory of Europe, llnce the beginning of the feventeenth century, and of the colonies lettled from thence, know, that the emigrants hither have been, generally fpeaking, the en- lerprijing, and their followers, or ihk opprejfed fubje£fs of unjujt cwil or religious rulers — the latter in the greatell degree. There is not a ftate in the union which doesnot contain one or more fed:s, which have fled from religi- ous perfecution. Nothing can be more rational, than that perlbns of Jmcere piety and tender cQnfciences, (hould ieek a country, in which the ailertion of mere tolemtlon is deemed as abfurd, as the denial of religious liberty is thought to be criminal. Hence congregationalifts, quar kers, baptiils, and others, have |lcd hither from England ; ^eceders and epifcopalians from Scotland ; catholics from Ireland ; hugonucs from France ; protectants from the dominions of the cathplic princes of Ge^iany ; and ca* t holies from thofe of the. proteftant princes. Iwo cen* turies have not elapfeii, iince all the dominions of the nni- ted ftatcs were an howling wildernels. 1 hey now contain pear four millions of people. From whence have they been jjerived ? In g eat numbers from Europe, by incefTant ^treams of emigration. But it may be alked, are thefe pco^}!e happy ^"^ j^^Tpfperous.' Does t^e foil they culti- tff», yield them any return for their labour i They pMf ^ aire for dlemfelves comfortable* habitations, food, rai. ment, and other conveniencies, and have exported in « (ingle year, above twenty millions of dollars in value t How then can thefe people have been ** miferably diG^ pointed in their expe^ations of profperity here V* But lord Sheffield aflures all emigrants, that they will be diftrelTed, nay, ruined, by taxes } and that our pub< lie burdens are heavier than thofe of any country in Eu- rope. It appears, however, that we are now in the mid- ^e of the third year of our general government, and notwithstanding all our late arrearages, and the food- ing of our debts, neither a tax on lands, nor any fpeciea of d\re6t tax, is contemplated. No exdfe upon any ard- de of confumption or ufe is laid or propoled, except a very fmall one on fpiritous liquors, compared with toofe in Europe. Beftdes this, the impoft or duty on fore^ goods imported is the fole revenue, that is raifed upon 3ie people, and it is, on a medium, lefs in currency, tnaii the fame articles pay in fleriif^f in all the principal coun- tries of Europe. W here, then, are thefe infupporublc burdens with which this writer attempts to alarm Euro- pean emigrants? Under the head of emigration, lord Sheffield has laid bimfelf open to a more fevere meafure of juft remarisy than it is agreeable to deal out to him. It ought not, bowever, to be unnoticed, that he gravely brings fort* ward a ftory, on the pretended authority of a letter from Philadelphia, of ** two fine Irifli youths being purchafed by a negro fruit feller, in that city, and em* ployed in hawking fruit about the ftreets, and in the nieaneft employments.'' How dangerous muft be the (ituation of a government, which has a£led upon the in- formation and reafonings brought forward by a mind capable of ufmg fuch means to carry* his points, ad- mitting the letter were genuine ! How unlike a dignified flatefman does lord Sheffield appear, in exclaiming, after this contemptible ftory, " Irijhmen juft emancipated in Europe, go to jimerica to become flaves to a negro P^ and what will be thought when it is known, that in the legiilature of the very ftate (Pennfylvania) in whofe t ft i Mpital lie alleges the faA took place, there*' tboMt tht time of his 'publication, po leis than twenty- eight Iriihmen and fbns of Iriihmen, thdugh the whole, body confifted of but (ixty nine members? We ar6 willing that the fortunes of the Irifli in this country^ ihoulcT determine the expeeiiency of their continuing ' io emigi^ate hither. As fome pains hav«. been taken by him to excite the a^^rehenlions of the Germans alfd^ it may not be improper to obferve, that there have generally been from nfteen to Jghteen members of th^ ^me legulative body^ who were natiyes of Germany q|^ their fous< keritucty arid the iJJeftern ttriritorjf. It was boldly aflferted by lord Sheffield, in I 84, thai the people of the interior country of America, wer6 ** Aie^e nominal fubjedts," and would fpeedily imitate tnd r^ultiply the examples of independence^ The re* jgular organization of the government of th6 territory n'jrth-weltof theOhioAnce that tim^ the arrangement^ •made ihortly after, for the ere^on of Kentucky into a feparate ilate, with the confent of congrefs and Virginia^ the ceilion of the e^tentive country fputli of the T)hio .to congrefs in 1790^ and its temporary eftablifliment as. A kind of fief of the general government (with civil officers appointed by the pre(ident) to be admitted into the union as an entii^ new member, when its population ihould be fufficiently numerous, the adoptimi of the federal conftitution by a deliberate a£t of a fpecial convention of Vermont, and the formal admiffions of that (late and| Kentucky into the American union, at their own deHre, and by an a£l of the iegidature of the united ftates, have;| as far as poiTible^ contradicted the prophecy. Another opinion, in regard to thofe diftant fcenes, is^ that they i^zi derive no benefit from the American dates. At this moment, thti arm of government is extended^ and its funds are appropriated, to protect them againit thd hoililities pf the Indians : and the whole regular mili- tary force, which it has been thought neceflary to fupport, was raifed| and is now employed iu their dcfi^ncf ^ Th? re twenty% le whole. We are 5 country^ ontinuing' taken ky aans alfo^i ere have ers of th* rmany Pit I 84,thatv ■ica, wert ily inutatd The re* it territory •angemcnti cky into a d Virgnia^ fihet>hio lUfliment as. with civil litted into populatiop the federal |conventibn (t ilate and iwn defire, ates, have, fcenes, is, ican dates* extended, lagainft the tular roili- po fupport, fencf^ Th^ AtfaiiHc i-iverl, from the MifnAippi to tde Mohaw^ Itrhich nature has formed as the channels of their trade, can be cleared of natural and political obftruAidnsonly by the me^ures of the Atlantic ftates ; arid n6 lefs than eight fevend plans to that end are now in preparation or execu- tion in as many difTerent places, under the aufpid^of th4 five ftates, within whofe territories the moft favourable rivers and grourds have been placed by nature. Cong^efs alone can tBed the relinquiflimeat of the pbfts, the keys iff the vieftern country. The itnpt'ovemeiit arid opening of the many necei&y reads, leading weilwafd^ iavXk be done by the ads of the Atlantic ftates, and by their funds. Not a year elapfes without feveral ^. propriations of money to tbisobjied. Byajmcre and ct(fe Union between the inhabitants tf the tiie/lem country and thofe upon the coafts, both parties uiill aMthofe eX" penfive, bloody, and frequent ftruggles^ vjhicb every tvhere £jgrace and irjjure adjacent ftates. That m American articles Srefo neceffdry to Great t^rU tatn^ Mi the Britljb manufa£hares^ 6t. are H the Am- ricdns. LOAD Sheffield has already admitted, that raw ma^ terials are more precious to Britain than gold : but this was not condeded to Amefica. Thofe thiags, which are ineftimable when ^evr are to be drawn from countries other than the iin||ld ftates, lofe all theu" value in his eftimation, when to be derived from us. The Britifh nia- nufafhirers well know,that Americao raw materials (like thofe of Rimia, the Indies and Ireland) are precious, indeed, to them, becaufe. in addition to their natural value, and their indifpenrible need oi" them, when once landed in Britain, they cannot be nianufa£hired in America. Timber, plank, boards, mafts, tar, pitch, turpentine, and pig iron for the fupport of their navy and (hipping— ^indigo, potafh, furs, ikins, flaxfeed, iron, tobacco, ftaves, fine oil, 6c. for the employment of their manufa6hirers — rice, wheat, and Hour for their fub- riftence-«>and a large catalogue of the moft necelfary '4. iupplics for the Wcft^Irtdia iflands, which really cannot be obtained elfewhf re, without aninfupportable addition to their coft^ will not be deemed at this time, by a rational and well informed man, of lefs importance to Great Britain, than the manufadlures of that country, v^hich they are aflfiduoufly endeavouring to difperfe through every quarter of the world, arc to us. But it is not intended to wade arguments on this allegation. Every man of information, in the affairs of the two countries, is able to decide on it at firfl; view. Little more appears neceflary than to remind the parties con- cerned, that fuch an aflertion is among the poHtions, Ivhich lord Sheffield has hazarded, in order that the mifleading tendency of his bode. may be duly borne in itiind by the fmcere friends of mutually beneficial ar- rangements. It may not, however, be amifs toobftrye, that although the favourable ideas that faave been fugi^efted by way of anfwer, were juftified by fafts and reaion,wben that work was publiihed, yet the American ground is not a little meliorated by the fubfequent pro- grefs and prefent (late of our manufactures— by the ex- perienced inability cf Canada, »New Brunfwic, and Nova Scotia, to furniih the promifed fuppliesT— by the confequent importations from the united Aates of timber and lumber into Gregt Britain, and of moie than the for- mer fupplies into the Weft Indies-^and by the neceflary dependence of Europe on the united ftates for the pre- cious articles of grain and flour, which has been recently afcertained and admitted by unqueftionable Englilh au- thorities. The quality ofJnurican MJilUedJ^Us, IT is not furprifing, that remarks on the bad quality of American fpiritous liquors fhould run through ** the ob- fervations.'' But the bufinefs of diflilling is fo fimple, that great improvements might have been expected fince 1733. Geneva, in imitation of that of Holland, is now made 1.. fome of our fea ports : the re^ifying •f the ordinary rums is praCtifed by a few with great ^p«, % cannot addition ae, by a tance to country, difperfe s- on this affairs of w. Little pties con- poCitions, that the borne in eficial ar- oobftrye, tve been h&s and American [uent pro- ay the cx- wic, and -by the of timber an the for- necclfary • thepre- n recently nglilh au- I quality of the ob- ib Ample, expected tcUandy is [reftifying rith great t 7S 3 itfccefs. Peach brandy is made in conOderablft qtiantltiesy and, when matured, is the raoH: exqulfite fpirit in the world. Should our rice decline in price, it is not doubted, that the manufacture of arrack will be attempted. The ingredients from which this fpirit is made, have till lately been una ^':ertained in the united dates: but it is now believed, that rice, and coarfe fugar, or melafles, are really the articles. When the fuccefs of the Ame- ricans in the manufacture of malt liquors is remembered^ it will not be doubted, that they will have equal fuccefy in that of. diftilled fpirits. A principal impediment has hitherto been the free and c^ious influx of rival foreign liquors, and the general reception of flour, 6r. in K)- reign^orts. Every obftruCtion to our veilels and lales abfoacl, impofed by the European nations, impels to breweries, diililleries, and manufadures in general, amongft other modes of creating a demand for our grain, and empleyraent for oar capita:ls. *' If the Anwican flatesjhmtld attempt to pgy their debts, the lands of the farmers muji for J ome time lie under very heavy impofitionsJ' y* THIS is^among the many proofs, which our writer has given, that he did not pcwefs the gift of prophecy. The American debt has been confiderably reduced by the falc of ftate and federal lands, and a provifion is made for funding it. A (inking fund has alfo been pro- vided. Yet m tax upon lands has been introduced smong the ways and means. The whole American debt would not require a tax upon e:ich individual, of four pounds (lerling, to extinguifh it forever. That of Greai Britain wtuld require a lax c*f more than twenty- four pounds ten (hillings (Itrling. Our popubtion is ra- pidly increafmg, while theirs is comparatively (tationary. There is a like difproportion in our favour in the ordi- nary and extraorlinary expenfes of government and defence. The French debt is 250 per cent, heavier than ours, in proportion to numbers. This brief , but very im- portant article "will mt fail to receive Aite attemim from C 76 3 th<£e wh Jtrt^erely dejlre to make a juft eftlmaie of thjs tffmrs (ftbe united Jtates ; nca* will it efcape the obfcTf yations of thofe foreigners, who may be engaged iq refearches into our a^irs, or in pl^nspf emigration, Set- tlement, and landed purchaies in this country. It will fplfo l^e a fource of the moft comfortable reflexions to our own citizens. The people of Europe, who have read lord Sheffield's book, will be furprifed to hjear that there are no perpetual revenues, n« ^mp duties, nq window or hearth taxes, no tythes, no excifei upon beer, hops, malt, fbap, candles, coal or other fuel, or indeed on any other article in the united^ates, except- ing only about five pence fterling on dillilled fpirits. <* That the yfmericans could not have tradedwith :ht French before the revolution to half the extent they did, had it not been for the fpecie they took/rom the Britifh ijlands. if This remark is apj^ied by the writer to our French Weft India trade. To judge of the truth of it, a com- parifon of the prefent with the former ftate of that branch of our commerce will be fufficient. It will not be doubted, that during their troubles, and (to take a ^ece^t term) for a year preceding the firft day of May lait, our imports and exports firom and to the French Weft Indies, were greater than in any yeaf b^Sre the war. Yet oup: veflels could not procure fpede in the Bri- tifli idands, being prohibited from entering them. Pick- led and dried fiih, beef, rice, Indian cprn, oats, beans, peas, onions, llndian meal, boards, plank, fcantling, ihingles, handfpikes, oars, fquare timber, 0aves, head, ing, hoopr,,uorfcs, live ftock, poultry, boats, and veiTels, (6r. to an amount greater than the ihipnients to all the Weft India iilands, other than Britifli, before the war, have been exported to the French iilands within the term o^ one year. The couffe of things, in feveral rc- fpeftSy will probably lefTen our importation of niela{res<: and taffia, (or rum) which we have been accuftomed |o draw from thence. Befides beer and cider, diftilled fpirits are now made from fruit apd gfain, in fuch quan? * te of thfi nc obfer? raged ip ition, Cet- ^ It will iexions to vho h^ve hear that duties, nQ :ife& upon er fuel, or cs, except- fpirits. I :he: Trench did, had it fh iJlandsJ' Dur French 'it, a com- diftillcd fuch quan- per. C 77 3 titles as to conftitute more than one third of our con, fuinjjcion and export of ftrong liquors, other than wincfl. Plentiful harvells of fruit neceffarily increafe the manf)* fadure from that inoredient ; becaufe it is to* pe. riihable to export. Abundant harvefts of grain, or low markets abroad, have a iimilar effe^l on diifillation from that material. The meafures of the national aflembly of |>'rance, in regard to tobacco, will add to the many ob'. jjedions which before exifted againft the ufual cultivation of it. Barley, rye, and oats, from which the grain -li^ quors are principally made, as alfo wheat and Indian jcorn, will be produced in much larger quantities, ihould we decline the cultivation of tobacco in any confiderable degree. If we continue, after a fhort time, to import (cfaoice rums, brandies, and arrack, to the amount of fiv« per cent, on our whole coniumption, and manur ^^^^ ^^^ provincial parliaments (the executive head of the empire by himfelf or a reprefentative and the legiflative houfes of each) fhould ena6l all laws. Thounhiomeconccinons to what » ■ ' ,' "r *f ife '■» . *■ A confidered.M "/^ neceffity rftht eqpt,** were fiarii* ^ made,, linwting the pradlical extenfion of ;hi8 foond jicdry, yet it is pl«in, that unlefs it could have been fiibilantially adhered to, in the adminiftration of the Atncricaa govermpejits, no reliance ^uld have bee^ fhced on the continuance of that deg^ of profperityi which exited, nor on the atuinment of that height, which circuinftincei otbefwife promifed. The wonderful advancemcn|pf Great Britain in almoft every piyrticiilar^ except her public debt, during the pcefent century, and the comparatively jmall progrefs. of Ireland in this iametenn, alford a ftriking example of what might have happened to this country, and furnilh the beft reafonv Iftlielieye, that .the united ftates (as to mere emolument) \safn^ gained prodigioufly by commuting^lbr th#.great mp$e and wtdelined power of two leglJllative bodies, P(^ rival and effetdially foreign, the advantages of rning themfelves in all ref(^£b, according to the jnnident di£btes of their own intereib. As to the moris lii^x)rtant article, of m genuine free con^titut'tQn, unex* MMrated by fwiitical eiithufiafm, and unvitiated by any aUoying ingredients, America may with modeUy affirm^ that^bp is neacer to that primary "i'i^e6^^i^^jfae enhanced' value of merchant ihips to an indenalf^^tanj'' maritime country^ Thfe quantity built in the^ i^^tli, on the average of 1/60, 1770, and 1771, which are tffl lat^ft years in lora Sheffield's tables, was 21,726 tons. An account equally minute, for any recent ter^, has not been Obinned ; bi^ it isknoWrt. that in fifty.threecuftom houfe dft-i^ls (and thei'e are nfceen more,) 29,606 tons of Hiip^ng were built' bi^ween the fotirth day of March I7p0; and the fourth day of March 1791. This is W M * ■5? C 8J ] lievec! to be, in many inftances, the tonnage paid for t« the carpenters ; andj, in thofe cai'es, is iefs than tlie vefielt really meafure ;' as they are a body of worldnen, who generally deal liberally. The remaining fifteen dif- tri^ts will not be found to have built in proportion to the fifty. three, whole prefent building isttated: but the quan^' tity already known^ is coniideraoly beyond the medium of lord SliefHeld's tables, tor 1760 to 1771, above men- tioned. In the cafe of New York, the whole is known, and is two iMHidred and thirty-eight tons moire than the former tables. In New Jeriey, the building in fome diitridb is unknown, and the differeiKe is two hundred and eighty -eight tons in favour of the late return. InCon^ iiedlicur, the whole of the buildiag is flated, and it is five hundred and thirty-four tons in favour of the latter term. In Peuiifylvania and Delaware^ the whole isalfo W^ known, *^ and the late return exceeds the former by 9,900 tbns. Ill North Carolina, a return of three diAriA» (out of hve) only is obtained ; and ii exceeds the former average by nme hundred and twenty-five tons. Intheitate of Hhode illatul, the whole is. ^f^ertained, and it e»> ccedb the former average by about one hundred tons. The port of Baltimore alone, in Maryland, exceeds all tihe fhip^uilding of that ilate, iu the greatefl of the ihree years, by near one huntired per cent. The xeSeli, built iu' ConnecUcut, in tiie returned year, are forty per cent, more than the medium of lord Sheffield's tables ; aud Mailachufetts exceeds the former medium by 3,713 tpos. * It is true, however, that thii buHnefs in one of the prin- . dpal building dates, has fallen off; but there many of f he vefleisy intended for iale, were ufually built ; and it is admitted by lord Sheffield, that thoie were our worft veiTek. It is material to the imiced dates, and CF>titles us fo A lar^r crpd^it in an accurate eliimation of things, that much M^cre of our military Hores, cordage, twine, nails, and fpikes, fail cloth, plumbers' work, refin, fpi- rits of turpentine; linfeed oil, paints, brafs an^ copper work, and otjier Iefs important articles exp^ended in bmlding and arming Ihips, are of the produce and manu* 'iff . - ^ > lid for t« he vefiblt len, who Ftecn dif- tion to the the quan<* e medium >ove men- is known, e than the g in fome hundred rn.lnCon>' [id it is five the latter hole isalfa former by ret diftnA» the former In the itate and it e»> idred tons, exceeds all teft of the cent. The year, are Sheffield's medium by -if )f the prin- jre many of jilt ; and it our worft pFttitles us of things, kge, twine, refm, fpi- aiijl copper [{Hbnded in laud manu^ t »3 1 faAure of the country, than was the cafe !n 1771. It is alfo an important truth, that much greater numhers of /Toreign velfels are repaired, altered, luppHed w ith curd. i)ge and fail cloth, painted and otherwiie wrought upon by our various workmen, th^ money for which, may be fairly carried to the account of this branch. At the time when lord Sheffield wrote,it was not known how much the oak of Great Britain had detrenfied. We have already noticed this point ; and it may be further re- marked, that'it cannot but decre^ile yet more, as the fup- plies of oak from the Baltic, are often intercepted by the competition of Prullia, Sweden, Denmark, Huiiia, Por- tugal, Holland, Spain and France, all but the Hrit of which vigorouQy maintain their naval power ; andPrufHa has become very conliJerable in private fliips. Lord Sheffield thinks that the cheapnefs of American (hipping arofe from their being ill-found and deticient in iron. There is little doubt that the extreme cheapnefs of thofe built for fale, was occailoned partly by the caufe he men- tions : but the beft double-decked or galley-built fliip?, with live-oak lower timbers,, and red-cedar top-timbers, with white-oak plank on their bottoms, and either that timber or the yellow pine for their fides, can be built and fitted for taking in a cargo, at thirty-four dollars, or £.7 13s. fterling per ton; and as good a veffel can- not be procured in Great Britain, France pr HpUand, ' under fifty -five to fixty dollars* . * The (npert of the Britlfh fot'iet^ for naval archite£lure admit, that fliipi fit for the Eaft India fervice are advanced in their coft, fince 1771, forty fttillings fterling, nearly equal to nine dollars, per ton } that timber it confiJerably dimioilhed in quan- tity, and enhanced in value, in the Inft twenty years— that the body of working fhipwrights, in 1789, were much inferidr to thofe of twenty yean back } and that the late a6ls of parliament refpef^l^ regifters of (hips and other regulations intended to in- creaie iliiti(h fliipbuilding, had not operated in their favour^ Profit^1>le employment for vety expenfi've and numerous (hips cai^ npt be created and extended by a mere legislative yfa/. ■« * . . »,.v *.:.:... ..•^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) /, {/ 'ks ^.l< 4^' 1.0 I.I 2.2 Hi m m, 14.0 20 11-25 i 1.4 IE 1.6 Hiotographic Sdences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MSSO (716)872-4503 v V s> 4!^'t^\ ^ < y '% 4 »♦ ♦ t »4 3 As tbe buUdiog of coafting aAd fiihing veflelsy.^^ts in jiew forois iiv ow ipiprciving m^f^^ navigation, vdlcll onvzrvjmcosittmffkmBfpvj^ and for a very iivtrfi^d forqgn trade, will n<9|t qfly )ce^ the art ^ ihipbml(Ui)g>t its pfektft hei^t, but wiU advanpe' it in all re^iecb, it apgpv9 to be Y«iy dp^li^fnl, Whetber yre {kixM anxiou% defare to fupiiiy forl^ers' with itidb chei^ nieans of riv^lJ^g us ki the C9rrying trade and fiflieries. Qiv tbip and £c»t yards 9re not confiojed to a . ipot, but indeed aire more difiufed th^n formerly^ "B)eii0 is no itite wbde citizens do not pucfue the bii(iii.e6« and It 19 conunenced upon the wefiem waters^* Bel^re ib^ revolunon, abpve nf|}f our vq(^ls were paid for by a lyarter of credit izpods f qr the labour and fkill of the as> 4»ficer ; inftead oT which be now niore £^equenUy receivtip Veddy payments in fcM coin. • ■ - . **Tbat ibe in^orts and exports if the umted ft^es vuU cmt^m/or a kif^ tinnf tkejame" :' . t^BIS will be fpuif^ pn examination very enroneouy. iAMi>^P^1^9^9reJhipi)edin an incneaied ratio cf Nineteen to four. Thp Am^ican mercbiintt ;were once ^reat ^cppners of i|*pn, hen^p, ra;^r bides, and other ar- pdes^ whif^ they now import in large quantities. Tbe importations of courife linens, paper, hats, ihoes, fteely nails, carriage^ maft liquors and^niany p;hf:r articles aj^ confiderabW reducctl. $b<)i^d impediments' be thrown ib the way of our fifheries, ilJdipping and foreign commerce, pdicy, intereft and feeling will pronipt lis to purfue with ideciHon and ardour the oE^feA of mamfadlm^si'^hkh Will give employment to our own capital, aUd that, whicJl Ve may denve frqiii foreigners. It pnuft be maqifeft, for tea^ample, that if we are to receive rum in foreign hot* toms, and t»be refufed the tranQx)rtation of ine flour an^graki, which "^rie wanted in returu, we fliall not long continue to ufe foreign fpirits. Otir brewe»,;idrea(ly ^pply us with more beer than we confiime. I!% more thah 70,000 gallons and 17,500 doxen bottles haye been impifiirted in an entire year^i exuding in Auguit 1 790;^ thee «? * # tfajM^ which quantity is made with eafe, hy a findb lMt«W««7» 011 » Very mqcteratt fcak, 'Ihis hr^Bcliiuu IC creafed and flouriflied ia the Jaft two years, and an ex* porution, mater than the importatioa above dated, has fcertainly m^ pbce. The hoiDe-madecfifty^d^fsai^ already ipore tl^ twke as^ieat in gomdiy/as' die fjpL iricsiaBparted. If our tobacco fhipi are eKciudiRl frooi France, th^ wilt not bring usbru^dfes; aiul tfiegi^^p nut will be rai^ on our tobacco bods, wUl yiel^^ri* tous and mak Uc^r^ to enable us lo reiin^^ ^veig« brancfy'^ Should a conliderable partdF our capita) faefii^ ced out of niyigation luid forngn trade, tfar goveramea^ «rithout inipofing,gv»«r4l^ heavy protei^g ^luies, bili^ (lenfotec to the|iiatioR/ n^ty give employ unmr ftr iim ^Dipney) by hbhtkig out e^»^aV encouragement ti^ turn hrimtih tt(n^r •f ^ ll^<><^ hrai|ichiKV ^f Amffi^ i^ufa^uve, th^ «frit«r oC tli|||i||^ docs vpt heiit^Yip xo^ aftrni^ tlUt t|)c ibpes v4 bo^, fft^ory ^ oUwr ^%|f»qf Inthtf* gui^fr^, |ii\tfl^ Wf^jH WP^ •»«»«»% plsyin| cui^, |p«ftcfH>ar4« boo^ft,l^i«m cs«t% ai^ woqjtsnclotbv hofiery, dirc^, ^u^sj wficliu^c^kttpacard^ watcher manufa^fes of $pll4, Qi,y«$ icQO« $^^» braf9» lead, ppyrter, aft# copper, cordage, twine, fiul cloth,^carriage« of all kind*, ^t li- quors, new fliips and bqs^t l^tbefipi gloves and breeches, parcti- ]itaent, glue, cabinet wares, lioreed otl, foap, candies, potafli, difti|« '"' • ■ ..1 ■ f ■...,.- . . . , - , , ' ■ . . • * .#^' I 96 i ^ capacity ^She^unfiedjiatcs ittfupply Ewope with gram imifixmr* A fjKeqt piibHcation of lord Sheffield's, upon the Aib- j|ed of the Britifli., corn irade, has lately appeared in ih» country. As in f' ihe obfervatidbs on our com- inerce,^ foin this pamphlet, he endeavours to ihtt# fallacy in all fuch iifeis as favrour.tbe importance of tlft jDuiited ftates to Great ^Britain. As ^this examination hte ]9een neceflarily made with little adherence to form w order, and as the frotht^ion and copmterce if grain, conftv lute, without any exception, the moft ^valuable and moft fcomiiianding of our advantages^ it will not be improper, 4to taice ibme notice of this new atten^ of his Ic^flnp^s, |o diflieminate erroneous information and xfiii^ionft cm American aiHkirs. ■■ y-..,--.,^. ''.:■.,:.'■.. 'i^.^-, >;^ According to thelateft of his taUes,ilie American/)^ imfes, in i77o,jexported bat 46,000 tonsjof bread, flour, and meal, 578,349 buibels of Ind&n ccvn, 24,850 bu(h* ^ of oats, and 851,240 bufliels of wimt : and he de- iires it to be believed, that the united fiates.wili not he able, in this particular, to exceed their exportations b^» fore the revolution. The return of exports*> ib ,pftea iaentioned, contains the Mowing articles^ , 724,623 barrels of flour, 'J . — v .. 75,667 do. of bread, ^-weighmg 77,000 tonit 99>975 <*<>• of meal, j /> ; J kd fpiriti, drugs and chemical pi-eparatiQns, and eardicn wa^e, limde in the year laft paft, exceed tn valtie Che mapufaiikured |p>od8, wt^ich Great Britain fliipt, in jthe fame tenn, to all foreign nations, W the united ftates. ItwiU be proper to obftrve in this place, th^t chocolate, cheefe, wafers, ftarch, hair powder, ivory and horn wires, whips, millenary, ftays, Wthdfor chairs, com fans, wheel- barrows, fpitits of ||rpentine, paints, bruflies,g)ais wares', bricks, Hone and marble waret, repairs of veflels, muftard, loaf fugar, lalt, the great article of nuking up apparel, coopers* wares, and other things of th^ nature of manufaftures, were not indud^ ia |the cftimate above mentioned. * , '*' "^ " f See appendix, paper B« iL . 't ^ram fab^ Mi in cool* iiiiijf »f tne >nhto no or :onftir imeft MhVs ms oil in /wp y flour, nbuih* fit dt^ not be onsb^* ^ftea I torn. Inttionc, it place* Imdhora whtd- bricktf |if fugar, rc«) and Ittded m I «7 1, 1,124,458 buflidsof wheat, ^11,765 do. of rye, 1,109^137 do. 98,842 do. 7,56a do. ff- ',- i -■■•. '■» ■ • - (of which article ii^ wai exported iti 1770.) of Iildian com.. of oats, .. *^ of buclcwhedt, (bf which alfo ntjtd wasexpiAtedin 1770,) of peas and beans, (of wljjch allb none was exported in I770.) It appears, then, that on comparing the aclcnowledged imports of bread andHoar, in 1770, with thofe of the prefent time, a difference of 50 pefr cent, is (howh in ^- volir of our agriculture, and that we Ihip near faiac iimes tlie quantity of Indian com, and one-third inore of wheat^ befides the new articles of beans, peas, isucki wheat and rye. The tobacco, exported iii the abovt term, was at the rate of 36 percent, per annum more than bef(M% the reireluttdn, befides the dificrence in the quantity now manufaAured. Many circumfhnces are combining to tum the attention of the planters of this article in the grain dates, towards wheat, barley, oats, and Indian corn. This is not a new idea in American farming; for although wheat was much lower before the revolution than it now is, the ctdtivation of td)acco in Virdria and Maryland, was aduaOy declining. The more foutnern (tates had not then attempted thie produdion of this article to a^y confiderable t. The lands, which prodnced the above extra quantity of tobacco, would have yielded 800,000 bulhels of wheat; the labour would have produced more; and fuppofmg that half the foil and induftiy, which were a{^lied to tobacco in 1781^, ihould.be appropriated to grain, an addition of 1,400,000 bufhels might be made to our productions of that article. To iupply the tobacco, fome of the rich lands of the more iouthem dates mieht be employed in its cultivation. But lord Sheffield tells »ie people of #ritaiii-with great gravity, that only the weftern parts of Connedicut, and the ftates of New York, New Jerfey, Delaware, Penn- fylvania Maryland, and Virginia, are capable of yield- k\g wheat, tie ihould have added, that thofe ilates coii%^ > pan twice a« much hind as the kio^ndoms of Great Bri« tain and Ireland, thofe iflands being computed at left than iob,ooo (quaife miles by tbeii^ own geographert^, The ftatcs of New Jerfey, Delaware, and MuylancI, fdgeiher with ihree^fifths of Pennfylvania, three-fifths it t^ew York, and abodt one^half of Virginia, tf whkh Be^fuflltkntly near to naturalfy navigable wkter, to raife^ ^rain fi»t exportation, contain above 130,006 fqoare nilles. Kentucky; North Carolina, and^ wdlem parts IMF South Carolina and Georgia; and Vermont, will alfi* add conliderably to our exports of grain^ when- nullr^ Canals, ^c fhall encoivage the mwth and facilitate th^ tranfportation. But the ftate of populadou is the poihit to which candour and jud«nent ought to have led a polK l&al economic): to advert, lie ihonld have rdie£ied> that i3ie united flates, whofe torttory is about a millicnt of Iqoare miles, are not yet cultivated and hibabited, by itiore than 4,000,000 people* ; diat Great Britain and Ireland, with about a tenth of the land (or 100,000 Iq^are miles) have twke the agricultu^ populai^^ | 9nd that the productive powers of this country, (#bicli a|ipear$ to have doubled its people in 25 years, wougft wjured by eight years of a deftru^ve tfn*,) are « meim ^ human fuftemnce^ to which the more^dent nation! of Europe virill,and to whklt all, ia the time of aeed^ null have recourfe^^Jir their govemmenti prevent it^ many of their naanufliiarers at leaft muftlBeefrOm them^ "[irhe fuprenie law of neceflity will have its due Operation^ aoid people, whofe means arer^dered, by injudiciouis re* jplationS, une<]paal to their wants, will certainly refOrt to thofe fcenes where cheaper food and better wages m* iox^ them relief. It is manifeft that the great increitfe of our pfdpnlatioii 1^ been attended with a very (ionfiderable adokion to •ur exports of eatables. The ilatement niad^ in the be* ginning of tluu obfervations, on this ardcle> is a proof of . • The aftual linmber of the inhaUtadts of the unittid fldMi ap» fcars to be from 3)900,000 to 4,oco«ooo. Set appendixy paparley, oats, and even wheat in diftiliing and brewings is a itrong proof of our railing much more than in for- mer times. But it is not to be forgotten^ that conlidera- ble quantities are confined by our mamff^btf'ersi who are rapidly increannjg. It is extremely difficult to tfceri^ fain the |>roportioQ in which thefe vaitiable citfasens coq.^ itribute to the population of our towns. Their numberjs in the city of Philadelphia may h^lp to furnifli ibme f round for a reafonable ^im^j^e* The fiiverfmiths, rewers, diftillers, fhip-carpenter||!^-abinet-makers, cord- vrainers, tallow-chapdlers, foap-bdnbrs, white and bladk- liuiths, fteel-makcrs^ turners, braziers, coachmakers, cop. perfmiths, hatters, tailors, weavers; .d^qrs, leather Breeches malcd*s, glovers, andiuch 0ther perfons as may be nroperly clafleo under the head ol mctmfa^urers (ex,- elouvely (^ houfe carpenters, mafijns, jpainters, vi£tuj(l- jlers, bakers, barbers, and others, who caninot be corredly ^denominated fo) appe^ to be about 2,200 pt9:^s. '^k city aud fuburbs b«ng found to contain near 43,000 aien, tvomen, and child^n, and it .betrig ffenqrally fi^ppofed^ jthatthe adult males are about one-nfth of the whole jnumber, it would appear, that of the 8,600 adult niales^ Contained in Philadelphia, above one-fourth are manju- fa£ture^^ and cionfcqjiently, that of the eatables, ax^ #; bome-roadr drinkablei, confumed in that tpwii) above one-fourth are required for their uib and that of their wives, children, journeymen, apprcnticea, and fervantsf an addition for the grain confiiRied by their horf^s and cows may be fairly made. Thisilate of things, it is be« lieved, is exceeded by many of the towns in the eafterri ftates, and in fome interior fituations, where it is manifeU that fewer are employed in the learned profeflioiMj and foreign commercip, and not. fo many live upon their in? comes. It will not be pretended* that the united ftates are abl^ 40 feed all the natbns .of {Europe, nor that they afford any promife of fo extenfive a capacity in future. Neither are fuch ideas conveyed by the reprefenution of thkm meeffit^ repdres them, the exifting lioenft of the governor of that province to IntrodiKe Americai) floiir» grauny and live ftock Ihra^h the whoie rfthtfltmmtr (l i>d indeed from May to November) when thtnaviati^ if (Q4Md0 it ofen, will anfwer our enqulrlei about the ca4 gijcity of thole provinces to take away the .corn tradil om {England. Under the fame head, and on the follow^ ing page, he further fajrsy << the American ftatet were more than competthws with ui for tlie wheat trade t thty had for feme yeart engrofled nearly the tuheJe of what we had ; and It is computed, upon an average of live years* they had received from Spain and Portugal upwards of £»2W,ooo Oerluig, per annum, for that grain." It wiU Turely bedeenaed very reafonable \n the comnlttee to fuppofe, that the united ftates, which were dated to have fupplied the two kingdoms of Spain and Portugal, for .five fucceflive yeart* with wheat aioMe \o the amouut of /. 320,000 fterling, could have furniflied to Great Britain the lefs fum of /. 291,000 fterling, in all kinds of grain and flour, which they have paki to foreign nattons for twenty years paft. Under the head of ** Ihips built for fale,'' lord Sheffiekl again confirms the ideas of the com* juittee, by (ay ing, in very hatidfome and forcible langoagt^ .<* Amerka had robbed us, at leaft for a time, of a corn trade, that fome lime ago brought in to us as much as ahnoft any article of export/' As his ' .^dlhip Jmfldefs tBn honeft competitbn of fellow citkens <^ the lf|;nt of irobbery, die accuracy of his other conccpdons* wiU* no sdoubt, be duly examined* *t Lord Sheffield leadl to a material error^ tffeiXmfL the juft eftimation of our com trade, when he ilates toooao to be the principal artkle of American comnierce. Ir &• t pears, by the return^of the treafitry, that fiour is tne . mod valuable and (exckiCively of thie comie^ed ankles .of bread, wheat and other grain) it txcetdeiS fobaccp ' hf a quariter of a inillKm of dollars. Wheat (tiicludtng the cooiiaodities made of it) is one-third more valuable «/.1 I '-» [ \ f 9« 1 tti&n tobacco $ and as thU laft prodiiAiofi appeanr M haw been advanced in quantity^ 36 per cent, on a comparifoit with the exportation of the yiut 177O1 when lord She^ jleld ftates it to have beeti our fifft, tlit incraafcd im* portance of wheat if manifiBftec^ If we turn oar eyes from Gtc*i Britain to other countries, the Amerinn grain tfade does not Appear to- be lefs interefting to Europe and her colonief . Spaing Portugal, the wine iflands^ the Bahamas, Betrmtida, tht iu^r colonies, the northern Bin refer- jied to is, that every coun»y which n^anniaaures largely, is ii) actuation of confiderably left danger, if its people ordinarily uie drinks made .from grain ; becauie the dreadful confeqittences of famine m»y be avekJed with certainty and cafe, by converting to the ufe of fbod, the grain whkh witt be regularly procured from agriculture or importatioo, tofopply the demands of the iMrewers md diftilleit. The Dutch have been always unable* to vaife more tluin a finals proportion of their food ; and the modem eftimates of their population countenance the prefomption of a large increafe* They are, moreo* ver, great brewers and dUlillers from g^in : and their fugar colonies, on thefomhem main, have wonderfully advaacedw Thefe fyroptoms of new demand, on the part oBatV parifoii fed im* » other pea^ f SpaiiH da, tht cH fome t. The heirccM increafe bft ^ in tW the able [t is the rdinarily Should d Dot^ r exaniK sthing it ^eulabe whitb morto* id their Illy Ithe parr of the European nations, together with the cetphi fA ^oifitiOns of grain arifin|r fihom the univerfal ilmafe of flianufafturai and attentfm* to foreign trade, are acconii panied by fome important circomftances, that prevent M proportionate {jroou^^ion of that indifpenfible nece^ny. The growth ofpriTaie wealth in many parts of Europe^ l^rticolarly in Aritain, the confe^uent incriafe of horfct for eouipaffes and other putpofes cf plealure| the layii^ (Mit or park jgrowids, and the diveHion of lands from mt tefs prMhabJe produftion of grain to that of grafs, dift ideclenfion of arieeulture in ^chnd, by reafon of the ei^ treme badnefs of their internal arrangements, the fnk bable increafe of Polifli manufa^res, /hould they be^ come free, the contimial efforts of tlw Enrojpe^n mami^ fidurers to draw away the labourers of the farmeri^ the greater prevalence of emigration to thdr colonieh and other countries among the culrivators, than amonk die manufaclurrrt, owing to the wretched fituation m the agricultural poor in countries, where the high vahie of land renders it in effedii a monopoly^ and the prefer* ilniVerfal attenndn to political reformation, which for it time interrupts agriculture, are among the caiKes heti contemplated. ^ Butitis-not unfair to aftc, from what Iburce are tflAe maritime countries of Europe to be fepplied, in theev«rl( of a failure of the crops of me ot inure of thiBSn, ki fh great a tfeg^ee as from the united fkates? The ^jfae '^ grain, flotlr,' meal, aiid bread, from die united ftatcs flvadjr exceeds that of the fame article from the kiiigmim of Naples and its conneded ifland of Sicify, which navebeeh c^nfidered as the granary of the Mediterr. nc1lf»« Po- land, once termed the granary of Europe, is lefs exten« five (indudins Lithuania) than the country of the uni<» ted ftates, which funiifhes grain for Europe. Its export are not afcertained : but there appear iirong prefunip. tions, that it does not fhip throiigh Dantzic andElbing, half as great a value of' grain, and the articles made of grain, as the united ftates. Britain, Spain, Pornigal, PTof. land, and lately Flanders, are obliged to import. Buflk if faid to have fliipt in ifij, wheat and rye to the - C 94 3 mont of near i^oOe^ooo of bufhels, but imports grain li quu r t^ ^' i Kl manufadluret ar« growing, and wart ace frequent in that kingdom. Shiliden imports very largje quantities of rye, and (hips no grain. That article u ■uich the firft among the miports of Deamarlc and Nor* way. Pruflia produces much com, and exports fome : but manufawes are greatly advanced in that kingdom ; and the home cooAimption of grain will probably equal the produ^on, in a few years. In ihort, a careful and impartial furvey of £urope, will confirm the opinkm of the committee of the privy council, that the productions of grain in that quarter of the world, are not, generally fpeak- ing, more than equal to the confumptionotits inhabitants. A moment's recoUeition will remind us, that even thofe countries which do not commonly import grain, are, up- on the oaurrence of fnudl difappointmeius, obliged to leek it from America, and other foreign ilates ; that fome parts of Europe conltantly import from us m large quan* tides; that all of them fteadily, or occaOonally, diredUy, or indirectly, fupply their colonies from hence ; that £nce the manufaClnres of Great Britain have been fo far extended, as to employ fix elevenths of her people, and fixe the extenfion of her manufacture of grain liqudt^ JO particular, her dependence for a portion of her bread iqpon fweign nations, is proved to be unavoidable, by the Bioft fettira maxims of her own political economifts ; that her real deficiency is the irremouable vtant of the re- quiiite ' proportion of agriculturifts ; and finally, that even in the prefent (late of our population^ the upited .flfttes actually contritnite much mof e to the fupply of the nationS'Of Europe and their colonies, with grain, bread, and riour, than any two, perhaps any three countries in the world ; and that their capacity to enlarge that fup- ply, is (leadily and rapidly increa(ing. This fobjeCt has been dwelt upon the longer from its bigh importance to the united (tates, and to the general happinefs of mankind, and from the new proofs which lord Sheffield has given, of a particular indifpofition, that Briuin (hould rely on the united ftates, even in the iioalleft degree, though we give a greater fupport to her prain ate largjB :le u Nor- DOie : ,domt equal il and of the >ns of fpeak- itants. I tbofe re, up. iged to iatfome equan- iireaiy, e; that •n fo far lie, and liqubr^s ir bread , by the oniifts ; the re- of the , bread, tries in t fup- Ifrom its general s which |on, that in the It to her r 95 3 Biinufe£bvenand flilpplng than any t^'o other fciWgn iia« tiont* It is feared, that nqning beneficial can be eKpcded between the countries^ if the errors and prejudices of to pro* fefled a champion againil us, have not a very cautious hear- ing. It y^tW not be deemed unreafonable or improper, to con- doer in that light a writer, who, in his firit book, labours tu /how, that tnc produdion and commerce of gram are bad objeAs of attention to the American ftaies, because (91 he proijounces) Europe feldoin wants it ; and who, in his fecond boolc, takes equal pains to prove, that Ame* rica cannot raife srain for the wants even of Great Bri* uin itfelf, when he finds it eftablifhed on high Britifh au- thority, that their own kingdom and thofe of other nations in Europe, can only look to America for the deficiency of fupply, which rhe increafe of m.inufaflures, of peo- ple, of gntfs and pailurage, of grain liquors, and thm uncertaii^ty of feafons, in one or another of tliem, is confhntly producing. He will prove a bad politician, anil a very faiad Britifh patriot, who fball animate agaii^ the manufafhires of Great Briuin^ the body of Jmetlcm planters and farmers^ by promoting a fevere fyflcm, which fliall debar them of a cbence of making returns for an immenfe demand of Britifh fabrics, in the un- manufa^red produAfons of their foil and labour. Bat independent of the danger to Britain, from liftening at this time, to fo profiefTea an anti* American, a wife na- tion will not give too much atnention to a writer, whole ardent fpirit w monopoly leads him to attempt to cir- cumvent the fame foreign natbn, in her purfuits of com- merce— >Gf manufadures — and even of her gt^eat, beft bufinefs, the tillage of a varipus and productive foil. If the policy pf England ought to be a dereli^ion of fame parts of her fyftem of internal or external commerce in favour of agriculture, let her politicians firmly maintain the doctrine; America will approve their patriotifm. But in doing this, it furely is not necetTary to depreciate the largeft purchafers of thofe manufadures, on which the jBxiftence of more than half their people depends. It ma^ be well to refled too that the induflry and foil, which foreigi> corn laws may tend to deprive of their accufloii|> r 96 1 c^ob^eA, c;*n be applied to the produ£Hon of hemp^llas^ !iifoul, coitott, leathery andiron^ or their preparation m the foriii of fabrics ,tp fuiiiiitute for theirs. It is happy for the united itates, that whenever they are injured in lUie lofs of a vent for any portion of a particular produc- ttoii, they can create a niarlcei fpr it by checking the in- troduction of fome connected foreign commodity^ ip} ium a (uccedancuin for it at home. '^ Though It would not be difficult, in pqrAiing the jpumination cf lord Sheffield's obl'ervations, to adduce many more proofs, that his fads are often erroneous, and iiis obiervations frequently unjuft ; 2nd th^t ,hiis pre- ididdons have not been verifiied, but pftcn c^n^radided i^ experience, the fubjed will not be fiquther ppirfued. It I& coniided, that enough has been faid, to induqe an atf tentiye revilion of his bool;. This, it is believj^, will be liiificient 10 lead the Britilh nation to look in future to iptber fources of iniformatbn. It ni||y be pbferyed, in ex<. iienuation of his Iord(hip's errors, that thjjs .circnmllancet jpf tlie united Hates are coniiderably altered jlince he :Vroie : bi|t this will not juiHfy the confidence ,of his/re- fli^ions, nor apologir^ for the wild errors of them ; ai^ it may not improperly be again remarked to thofe, whp ■9re convinced of tliis great and happy change in our ii- tiution, iince the year 1784, that a condudon the part of ibreigners, wHich might have been deemed prudent when our political horizon was darkly clouded, would be tm- wife now, and might be dangerous to fome of their in- tereils hereafter. Of this Iprd Sheffield's late book provei )iim to be not duly feniible. The united ilates have many features of natural ilrengtb, and many advantages Irom their local polition. The friends of oiher forms of government will admit, that they have exhibited a highly improved example pf a republic, and that they have pradifed upon the plan^ iince it was fgrmed, though not a very long time, with cxtraotdinary fuccel's. i key hav| no occapon tp tatjii^ Vrar for teiritory ; and they are condderabk removed from the danger of foreign encerprifes againft them. ;Their produdions are remarkably diverfified, and con- fequently adapted to various purpofcs and ufes, and are, with a few exceptions, either deceiTaries qf life, or ar- ticles of fuch general demand and confumption, as to be jnearly is much fought. Having been recently apart of an intelligent and enterpridng commercial nation, and having a terf extenfive fea com, the citizens of Ame- rica have been infendbly led to furvey all the regions of foreign commerce, and in palling through molt of them, have manifefted, fmce the reformation of their political fyftem, every talent rcquiiite for the honoura- ble and lucrative purfuit of trade. The redundant (late of private wealth in feveral foreign nations, promifes every addition to our adive capital, that occaHon can re- quire, if we preferve the honefi fpirit with which the re- forms of the general and Itate governments have been lately made, and the wifdom with which they have been adminiftered. The fulnefs of the European population, and the degree in which every walk, commercial, ma- nufafturing, and agricultural, is crouded there, afford reafon to exped; the Heady increafe of our people. Civil and religious liberty, now fettled on rational and tried principles, certify an exemption from all real oppreilion. Being difpofed to promote the freedom of commerce, the united ftates would probably have made no regula. tions, but with a view to revenue, had they not met in aU molt every country, duties and reltrictions in thoir home trade, and charges, prohibitions, and excluQons, in their colonial trade. But although ibme nations will not permit us to (hip them certain of cur articles, others withhold from us certain of theirs, und others impede, abfolutely or in efFe6t, the introdudlion of our own goods in our own bottoms, yet we have hitherto cnn. tented ourlelves with a fmall addition to the rates of our tariff, and to the tonnage on fliips, both together not exceeding ^.87,000 fterling, on all foreign mthns ta- ken together. It will not be alleged, that this Turn will bear a ferious comparilbn with the injuries our agricuU Q '^-^' t 9* J ture, manafa£lurf I, and commerce fufbin from (evtini ot the principal European powers. To obtain relief iiy arrangements as beneficial to fo^ reign ftates as to ourfelTes, ^rill probably be the liberal aim of our government. It is confidently expe£ted) that mutual beneftts will create and cement a ftrong and lad- ing friendfhip in the cafe of thofe naitiona with whicB^ fiKh arrangements (hall .be formed; and with regard to others^ tne wifdom of the legiilature, qo doubt> wi^ bie feduloudy exercifed either temperately to meet them ii|||pie requifite policy and firmnefs, or to transfer from t^l^Mnds, to thcle of more equitable nations, the uo* ftq^lP jsenefits they receive from us — or to derive from odr owa Ikill, capital, credit, and induftry, the accon- modation%,4nd iuf^Ues which they have heretofore fiirmihe4||tt% terms of great advantage to themfelves^ but which^ii|| besa inadequately fcciprecated to^ tfa» united ftatdb^ ■In}* m :. «EVENTH NVmbE lU '%■ mmm ■f; jCpUahm^ a table (f the principal reftri^off, Impofiiwt and prohibitions fitfle&ned by the united flateSy in their trade tuith the Briti/b dwmnionSf and of thofe fujiainedby Great Britain in her trade with the donunions of the united ftates t al/h fome remarks om certain prevalent topics, relative to the general bujmefs and iniercourfe between the two coutaries, . THE intention of the foregoing examinaticm being folely the corre^on ofefror in the (latdN^t 3i fads, and in the opinions or conclutions deduced from them, it will not be iinprq)er to purfue the fubjed with the fame views, a little further. An >ldea, that the by. lance of favour or indulgence is received by the united ftates, frequently appears in the publications, and is faid to prevail in the nondsof perfonsof weight and influ. cnce in Great Britain. It may not therefore be ufeieft to fning up to view the (Mrincipal fads relative to the .queftioli of reciprocity (^ commercial regulation. An at- tempt will be made to throw this ftatement into the form of a table^as ijC yM be the more cle^ and impreC- C Jtoo 3 GREAT BRITAIN Prohibitt Amirican veflelt from entering into the porta of feveral paru of her dominions, viz. the Weft Indiei, Canada, Nova Scotia, New Brunfwic, Newfoundland, Cape Breton, Hudfon*s Bay, Honduras Bay, and her Eaft India fpice market. She impofes double light money on American veflels in moAof her ports. She prohibits the navigat- ing, ad libitum^ of American veflels* by native or othqr fea- men. She prohibits the employment of American-built ihtps by her 0|rn citizens, in many branches 6f trade, upon any terms. She charges a duty on Ame- rican faiUdoth, made up in the united ftates for Britifli Aips. She prohibits the importation of goods from feveral parts of Iter dominions into others, in American veflels, upon any terms. She prohibits the importation ^ goods into Great Britain, by Ameriean veflels, from any «their country than the U. S. She prohibits the importa- tion into Great Britain from the united flates, by American vef. Cels, of all goods not produced by the united ^te% THE UNITED STATES • ■ ■ ■ ( Admit Brilifli vefltls into off their ports, fubjef^ to a tonnage duty of 44 cents, or 24 fterling pence, more than American ivflels, and an addition of one tenth to the amount of the im« poft- accruing on their iear^s. They do not Impofe extra light money on Britifii veflels in any of their ports. They admit the navigating of Britiih veQels by native or other feamen, «ttt l^itifti fliips, into her European dominions. They do not prohibit the im« portation of any goods previ> oufly brought into Great Bri- tain, from that kingdom into the united ftates, in either Britifli or American bottoms. They do not prohibit the ex- portation of any article from the united ftates to Great Britain. They do hot lay a duty on the exportation of any article whatever to Great Britain, They do not prohibit tlie im- portation of any manufacture whatever from Great Briuin* % They impofe moderate duties (lower than any other foreig^ nation by », 3, and 4 for one) on the produce and manufa^ures of Great Britain, except in a very few inftance8,and exclude fear ce* ly any articles by duties equal to their value. They prohibit none of the agricultural produCltons of Great Britain or her dominions. They treat Great Britain a* favouiably as ahy iMtion what- everr^ to ihips, imports, and exports, and in all othw. r«* fpe£l8. V They do not prohibit the im* portation of anyBritifti article in Britilh veflfds or any but American vcffels. eREAT BRITAIN. THE UNITED STATES. 8ht does not pmnit an Amc* irican citizen to import goods into fome of her doninionst and to fell them there even in BrittOi veifeis. In other paru of her dominions, (he lays an cxtrft tax on hinit or hit falei. She impofiit heavy dutiea on jeertain article* of the produce of the American fi{beric«« and imfupportable duties on othert, ^n foipe parts of her dominions t and in other parts, (he pr97 J Injure her ; and many of which injiire Ireland^ the Weft Indies, and the remaining colonies. If it is in the power of Great Britain to draw from other countries, the articles flic obtains from us of bet- ter quality, and upon lower terms, which is often aflerted to be polTible, it is not to be forgotten, that by cealin^ to receive any goods from the united dates, the benrht of employing her fliips wil) be fs far loll. Xhe artiilef rejeim- portation agreements, and the interruptions of the war, the Britiih manufactories were more flouri/liing, than dur- ing the previoi|s peace, when our demand was the grcateft. There appear to be fome reafons, however, for doubt. hig the truth of this aflercion. The tables in Ander- fon's commerce, already mentioned, itate the export^ of the year 1774 at ^.17,60^,447, and thpfe of 1781, at ^. 1 1,470,389. This declenlion was regular, alniolt every year's exports t)eing lefs than thpfe of the preceding. Thefe faCts are the more remarkable, as the imports of Great Britain in 1781, were greatef ^han thole in 1776, or in any intermediate year, and the price;^ pf raw artiy cles and provifions exported, were higher. It is to be iiil^f§rvcd, alfo, tha^ large cxpons fof tl^e Pfitifli m^V* C 108 3 chant* and dealers, who fold extra (upplies to their V9 inies and navjes in America, the Wetk and £aft Indies, Gibraltar, <^r. were made, for the ufe of the great num- ber of officers, foidiers, and feamen, employed in thoV^ iilaces. The extra public purchafes of cbthing, tents, arms, cordage, fail cloth, porter, and other mamifaSiureft articles, for their fea and land forces, yiuft have been im- menfe, when we reHr^, that about /. 14,000,000 per annum, on an average of the term of the war^ was ad- ded to their debt, betides the great fums of money col- iefled and paid within the year ; and that the fupplics granted for 1781, exceed thofe of 1774 by /. 19,^00,000, a larger fum by 100 per cent, than Great firitam ufually exported in manufactures prior to the late treaty of peace. The expenditures of fuch a war, rouft, indeed, occafion the woolen, linen, leathern and metal branches, and fe- veral others, to flourifh exceedingly i but the confe- quences in regard to the increafe of burdens on the peo- ple, and to the national profperity, muft be viewed ifl the n)oft ferious light. In the time of th^ war, too, for- eign mauufa£i[ures could be lefs eafily introduced into their own markets, which left the demand for confuniption aqd importation tobe fupplied by their own people. It is to be obierved further, that the eight years which followed i yy^, yrere thofe in which machinery was firft rendered confide? fably profitable inGreat Britain. Before theAmerican war, the cotton branch was very inconfiderable in that coun- try ; but though it has increafed wonderfully Hnce the peace, it mufl nave felt a very large advancement dur- ing the term in which our regular importations from thence were cut off. Other branches were aided dur- ing thofe years, by the introduCHon of machinery, nif- siual flight, and new procefTes, fo as to diminifn the effects of the interruption of the American demand. It is in the higheil degree probable, that the lofs of our confumption would be fenfibly felt at this time. In a feafon of peace, the enormous extra demand for the ufe of their armifs and navy does not exifl. Ireland now menaces Great Britain with the diminution of her importations. Su(;h extraordinary new inventions of mechanical aid are iipj[ t\ • IP be expeded agnin-^and the united ftatei might derivf a very conHderablc degree of independency on BritiH^ manufa^ures, by the adoprion of labour-faving niachioei^ ^tbe peculiar value of which, to them, they are beghi- nino; to perceive) in the UKton, 6axen, hempen, lueul anopartof the woolen and filken branches, to all of whic|i raw materials they apply. The capacities of the united ftatet for eftablidiuig thefe mills, andmanufa£hiresin ser ^leral, will be exemplified in the cafe of New Jtr&y,. which by a return in 1 784 is afcertained to have had then 41 fulling mills, 8 furnaces, 79 forges, 366 fa w mills, 508 grift millS| and 19a tan-yards, though her population appeii^ to be about one part in twenty-one of that of the uuite^ ftatC8.Were the united Netherlands to feize a moment of uneaHnefs between us and Great Britain, and were they to devote their (hipping and immenfe private capital to xhe fupply and promotion of machine manufa^res, they iwould prove dangerous rivals to England in all foreign markets : and the fame may be faid in regard to the ef- forts of pther cgiintries, if they were fcriouflv to under* take manufa£bires by labour-faving machinery. It may be fairly aiked, what country fupports the lUr vy of Great Britain, in fo ^reat a degree as the united ftates, by the employment they give to her ihips > Thp Huflrun trade furniflies cargoes for much lefs than 230,000 tons, which istheexaA quantity of Britifli vef- els that cleared from thefe ilates, in the year, follow^ jng Auguft 1789. The whole Baltic tvide of Great Bri- tain, with all the countries of the various powers that lie within the found, important as it is to her, does no^ jBU more. Their trade with Holland, France, Spain, and Portugal, does not all together employ as many vef* fels. Their ^ple fifliepes, American colonial trade, and Weft India trade, do not employ and load more. And how^ itji^y be further aiked, are the united ftates re- quited /or thus ftrengthening the acknowledged bulwark of Great Britain, by annually giving a complete lading tip the unequalled quantity of 230,000 tons of her private y^flf Is i T^e whole of the American veilf Isj^ which have ar: '# *<• '^ [ no J rived in our port?, in the fame year, from i^ll the counjrief «nd phces fubjefl to the Britifh crown, amount to m* toore than 43,580. tons. Yet there are not wanting fietfons, who will affirm, that the balance of favour 1$ igiven to the united ftates : and, that Great Britain is fo far injured by our deportment, a« to juftify a retalia. :tion upon us ! There are fome confiderations drawn from the ftate of things in Europe, which ought to render the Sritifh commerce with the united ftates and the confumption of Britifh manufactures by the citizens of thi$ country, mat- ters of greater than former importance, The infufion of republican qualities into the governments of that jquartcr of the world, will be followed by the extenfion ** of trade, internal and external. The chara^er of the merchant and manufacturer will be duly elteenied, and large portions of dormant capital, and numerous claf. lies of inadive men, will be turned by circumitances to employments, which will have lolt their ancient ima- ginary difrepute. The tendency of fuch events, in re- gard to the Cupply of raw materials, ami in regard tQ manufactures which America now draws from Great Bri< tain, will not be difficult to difcover. A reliance is ibmetimes placed upon the difpodtion of the fouthern parts of the united itates of America, in fa- vour of fuch regulations of commerce,- as would be a- greeable to Great Britain — that is, the eafy and unin- 'cumbered admiilion of her fliips and manufactures into our ports. Whatever truth there may be in regard to fome of thofe Itates, it is known they aire far from unani- mous, on that fubjeCt. It may l)e queltioned, too, whether meafares, which would create difputes, and interrupt the Britith trade with America, would not be difagreea- ble and inconvenient to the merchants and manufac- turers of Great Britain, as was manifeilly the cafe on the occafion of the late ditference with Kuflia. Ports circum- ibnced as Liverpool and Lancafler, which have large .concerns in Ihips and comparatively little other trade but "ps carriers and Ihipholders, may be difpofed to promote l^ny jueafures^ that will advance navigation^ . at (hp fv « t "» 1 iBP^ f^d; 0t general commerce^ manufactures, and apyitk fOirt ; but the great capitalifts s^nd merchants ot Lon«( don. Briftol^ and Glafgow, 6r. and the manufa^rera tot Mahchefter, Sheffield, Birmingham, Norwich, Yorlfri ihire, 6c, will view with due ferlQufheis, the probabint^ jof diverting our trade into other channels, and the dei^ liberate and decided roeafures to promote American ma* nufaChires, which the reftraints upon our navigation and commerce may hereafter produce. The ebje£iions of tboiqr |>arts of the fomhern ftates, which may be averfe to fur- ther impofitions on foreign merchandife, will be moderatetJ by tbeir convictions, that American manufadlurers ma^ be brought to confume and work up tlieiir produAions at home, and to furnifli them in return by not very flow degrees, with the fupplies they npw derive from sbroad| At the time wl^en this examination was commenced|| ^was believedj from many fympitoms, that the truer ^te' of things, j^n this country was little known or unj; derftood in Crireat Britain. Thfi p^rc^udices aatun^ arifing fromi To warm a eonteft as thai ^ ^775* tbedilj* orders which gr'ew Out of a lax and ill qige^tea gpyern^ ment, and the errors incidental to an inexperiente^ country, fuddenly alevated from a colony to an empire^^^— all contributed to deceive and miflead Great Britain, in her eftijnation of the united ilates. Ihe volume of lord Sheffield was foppofed to increafe the public mif* conceptions. His work upon the Iriih commerce in 1 785, reprefeiited the American ftates in the fame unfavoura* ble manner in feveral paflagcs. Symptoms of error in the opinions of other perfons of reljxttable (landing in the Britilh comniuiiity, were, unfortunately, obicrva». ble. It appeared, therefore, to be a matter of great im« portance to both nations, that an attempt iiiould be mads to point out paltand to correct exiiting mittakes. While it has been detired in doing this, to excite no painful fenfations hi the minds of thole who are connected with the inter- elts of Great Britain, it has not been deemed necellary or tit to luiipreis any truths, becaufe they might prove «n.iice[ -table to perfons if any fuch there be, who may Want magnanimity enou^li to receive them with modera-v '«^ ^^^• lion, dnd to examine them with candour. The faMsa^re of tlunes in the united dates and Great Britain, re^es or admits of a treaty of friend, jliip and commerce* ■*!•■ .♦ •■*'*-- .• r \ t 1 lUPJLEWENf AR^ JN0T4 toticerfiiH^ the pragrtfs ani prepitftatHofJmerkan^Q^ ipitf&c, or houfehold mam^aiStwres* IN the paiRtge of the obrervatlous, which fornix the head of paper No. 3, to which this note belongs^ dia writer predids, that we ihall give a preference to Britifli manufadures ; that we fliail not nianufaifture for oiir- 1^1 ves ; and that our demand for Britiih goods wiU in- creafe, in proportion to our population. The f»^, in bppofttion to thefi: ideas^ whidi relate to the fupplies drawn frooi foreign nations, liave already been Aated ; as have molt of thofe which regard American manufactures, produced by thofe who purfue them as a Jef orate dccupation or calling. But Lord Sheffield does not appear to have forefeen the prefent Hate of cur family or ^b^/'o/^mannfa^res* The proerefs and prefent ftate of this invaluable branch of the national induftryi exceeds every idea, ic is believed, that has been formed of it, either in this country or in Europe. In all theftates inhabited almoft eii- w W ' ':t i *■« £ iM 3 * iittiy by white peopjdy domeftic manufa^hires are knowil to be very con(idcrab!e, yielding a confiderable furplut for the ufeof the othef parts of the union. But itisge^r nerally fuppofed, that in the ftates where the black peo« pie are numerous (and efpecially near their fea coads, -where imported goods can ht conftantly and eafily ob- tained) little or no manufa^ures are made. Hie follow- ing abitradt from a minute ftaterttent of the houfehold fiianufadures, in one neighbourhood, of twenty families (rich and poor) indifinriminately taken, and in a part of Virginia, on a navigable river emptying into the Atlantic «ceany where the whites are, to the blacks, as one to two, will (how than much more is probably made, than is ge^ nerally believed to be the cafe. Male and female houfe keeperf, > • Total number of white and black pcrfons, « Fine table linen, fheeting, fliirting, &c. yardt, Vegfo clothing, blanketing &c. yards. Value of fine cloth, &c. fcr yard, - * Value of coarfe do. per do. « « Pifiirs of fine ftockings, • Pair* of coarfe do. Higheft value itfade in one family^ * • Xoweft do, * * . - Total value of the manufaAuretof the ao familici, Tamilies which did not manufaAure, Term, - - . - the year 1790, The following table, obtained in the like indifcrimi- nate and impartial way, has alfo been exhibited from another county of the fame ftate| the fituation of which is interior.- Families, rich and poor, * - • Yards of linen, - * * - Yards of woolen, - • * Yards of cotton, - • - • Pairs of ftockings, -" - * pairs of fhoes made on the eftatet, < * Total value, . - - dolls. Term, - - . the year A pcrfon of reputation, who furnifhed the latter ftate- aient, accompanied it with an allurance^ that it might *9 301 i,90f 1,007 cents Iro 4» »5» loS *67 .«! l,67o|j I dolls. a# 1,095. 344 »74 •37 «79» J 790 fe "'' ■*# knowil furplut it is ge* ck peo* ifily ob- foUow- mfehold families part of Atlantic > to two, an is ge' f 3<>» s,90f 1,007 ;cnti 40 4» 15» loY «*7 j,67o| 1 'ear 1790. »11«. % ndifcrimi- ted from of which i>09S 344 s>6Ss »74 •37 179» j;f90 ttcr (ta'tc- it iniglit lilt, rear r V.5 ! fw confidered as a fair average of thefamify manufa^ures throughoac the adjacent counties. . Thefe papers have been obtained under circumftances that juilify a reliance on their truth, and are believed to be very little variant from the medium of the (late of Vir« ginia. Though they cannot be made the bafis of a fatif. Kit^ory eiHniate, the following brief one is hazarded merely to fhow the'refult. In Virginia (exdufively of Ken- tucky) 70,815 families appear on the late cenfus. The loweft of the above returns (1,670! dollars) is at the rate of 83I dollars to each family for hoine«made hojiery und chths of wool, flax, hemp and cotton only. Twci thirds of this rate upon the whole number of families (cutting off a third, to make a moderate caculation, and Omitting odd numbers) give the prodigious i'um of 3,900,000 dollars for thofe articles of mere domejiio manufacture (exclufively of the work of regular tanners, (hoemakers, blackfmiths, weavers and other tradefmen^ in Virginia, and taking the united dates at 3,900,000 perfons, would appear to juftify a computation of above 90,000,000 dollars for the whole. ' Through fimilar means, but on the examination of .other peribnsin the counties of Accomack and Northamp- ton, lying on the bay of Chefapeak and the Adantic ocean^ it appears, that 3 15,000 yards of flaxen cloth are made in a diftrift containing 2,729 families : alfo 45,000 yards of woolen, 30,000 yards of cotton, and 45,000 yards of linen gnd woolen cloth, and a quantity of coarfe (lockings nearily equal to the demand. It is added, that all the (hoes, and three fourths of the clothing of that coun- ty, are made by the tradefmen, or within thefamilies, who refide in it. The raw materials, including the cotton, 9re the growth of their farins. Another communication through the fame channel^ Aates the manufadliures pf iron to exceed all others in Virginia (which muft be erroneous, if houfehold maniir fadtures, as well as trades, be taken into die calculation) ^nd that the greater part of the farmers and planters tap . yhe hides of the cattle they confume. Two pthcr communications froi?i the J^mc ftaie iq^ form, that thcfamllks in certain vicinities mentioned ii| w '■!'* I 1I< 1 ^heiBy make ont medium near 200 yards each of coircif • vroolen, and linen goods — and that five-dxths of thy flioes, cloth, and (lodcings, which are ufed in that coun- try, are made in the houfehold way. Thefe two hijk ftatements contemplate four counties. Similar information from the interior parts ef Southr Carolina (tho* lefs firong andextenfive) has alfo been ob- tained, accompanied with a variety of fpecimens of fubftan« tial midling and coarfe cotton, woolen, and linen ^oods, of which it is ftated, that the inhabitants of that country ma- Aufadhire, entirely in the family way, as much as they have occation for, " cotton, flax, and hemp, being plentiful^ and there bemg a condderable ftock of eood (heep ;" <' that there is a great deal done in the houfehold way,'.' und ** that the greateft exertions are made ;" ** that they have been long in the habit of doing fometh.ing in family manufa£hires, but have improved much in the laft two years ; and that the weaving is done by the females,^ ^hich leaves the induihry of the males to be applied td tgriculiure. It is well eftabliflied, that fmiilar habits previut m the Interior country of Geor^; and in the midland and Veftem counties of North Carolina, they are as attenw tive to domeftic manufactures as the people of Virginia. Such istheftate of domeffic or household manufaSures in the fouthem ftates, where abundance of very fertile and cheap lands, and a large portion of black population, are plied to ait ra the land and attenw Virginia, afaaures nrtileand tion, are , to have ugal and •eamor? Ve led to res as re- ity of th^ ion from s arc car- de in th^ \i the cuT- indudr I it; 1 Jdg fnl-cloth } bed-ticks, fome cotfdh goods^ hbd^ry, JOafli^ aknd fpikes, ibme filk buttons, haiidkerchiefs, riband)^ andftuffs, iewingfdk, threads, fringe, and pot and pearf aflies. It is obferved, that there is fcarcely a family iil the (late of Connecticut, fo rich or fb poor, as nof afiu'ifi. 6ufly to attend to domeftic inanufa^lures ; that they are extending and improving very faft in quantity, variety, and quality ;-^and that confiderable parcels of houfehd^ Imens, 6^. are carried out by land and exported by water to the middle and fouthern dates. Here then is ^furplus of houfehold manofa^hjres fold otd af the /fate. It is an acknowledged fadt^ that New England linens havt fliffefted the price and importation of that article frdni New York toGeo«^ia. The foregoing ftatement is not Intended to comprehend the manufa^ories of woolen tk>ths, hats, cotton goods, fail->cloth, checked and plaitu Iktens, flioes and boots, bell metal, buttons, wool and cotton cards, flaitfeedoil, foap, candles, nails, anchor^^ axes, fpddes, ftiovels, cabinet work, carriages, faddlei, books, ^c. 6e. conduced as rcgolar and feparate trades hf individbali^, compftnies, and aflbciatbns, whhich are ,very conliderable. An cn^trfry has aWb been madie, by a perfon of judg- ment, in the ftate of Maflachufetts, who alleges, that the inlpiortatk>ns of foreign manttfa^ures into that ftate, are lefe by one half, at this time, than they were twen^ years ago, though there has been a prodigious itTcreafe of population, and though confiderable quantities of ^ome-made articles, are tranfpof ted by land and water, ^0 other parts. This is afcribed, in a very great dejrre*, to the domeftic manufednres, which are obfcrvabfe in the dreflfes and furniture of the people, and in the out- Ward cargoes of the coaftirtg and other trading veflcis. The informant here contemplated, produced documents" ;to Ihow the magnitude of fome of the regular trades, among which were io,ooo dozen pair of cotton and wool cards, much the greater part of which arc applied to domeftic manufactures throughout the united ftates. 2,400 pieces of fail cloth per annum, at a fngle fadoryj 100 tons of nails per annwn; at tjic Taunton fadorjr C ii« 3 iloMf and 150,000 pair of (lufFand filk (hoes .in the Hn* gle town of Lynn, of which 10,355 pair had been fhipt By one famiJy to the Philadelphia market in a fingle year, although the nianufa^urers of that city, in the fame line, are very expert and numerous. Another infonnanthas furnifhed a return, from which it appears, that in the laft year thread and filk laces, and edgings, black and white, amounting to 41,979 yards, were mantifa^ured in the family way, and not in regu* lar factories, in the town of Jpfwich in MaflTachufetts, which contains, by the late cenl'us, 4,562 men, women, and children. Pattern cards, containing; thirty-dx fpeci- niens of thefe hitherto unnoticed manutadures, have been exhibited. This town[hip comprehending a fmall feaport, and conlequently being open co foreign goods, and the freight of focompad: an article as lace, being very fmall, it will be confidered as a curious fad, that this manufac- ture ihould have grown up there to fo great a height. It is added in the information, that laces are made in varU Dus parts of MaOachufetts, though no where in fo great ^ degree. It is alfo underllood to be a domeftic roanu> failure in feveral parts of Connedicut. The exiilence and continual increafe of domeftic ma- nufadures, in Rhode Ifland, and New Hampfhire, are eftabliihed on (imilar authority : — and the growth of re^ gular trades is very great in the former, in proportiop ,to its population. It is fuppofed to have fucceeded as well as any fcene, in its attempts in the cotton branch, by labour-faving machines. The following parcels qf goods were mauufadured, in thefamify way, in the firfl: ^ine months of 179 1, in the town of Providence, though it is a feaport, and has a number of regular fliops and fac- ^ries, for making feveral of the fame fpecies of goods* Linen cloth, - • 25,265 yards. Cotton do. m f, , 5)^5^ do. Woolen do. - p 3>i^5 do. (Carpeting, - f - 512 do. $tockings, . - . 4^093 pairs. Gloves and mitts> - -- 859 do. Ffhige, - - - aOp yard| t ««9 3 Three millions of nails (by tale) and 30,000 yards Ot woolen cloth were made, in 1790, in the town and vid* nity of Providence. The induftry of Farmers and houie« wives contributed materially to the manufacture of tfaef* articles. The extent of the woolen branch of domeflic mano- failures, in New Hamplhirc, is evinced by the great number of its fulling mills ; for they have no conliderable faftory employed on that raw material. The fame may be obferved in regard to the general knowledge of the art of weaving, among the wives and daughters of the farmers in that (late. 1'his fa£t is very frequently obfer- vable throughout New England,- and fome other parts of the united dates. The number of fulling mills in New Jerfey, which have already been ftated to be forty- one^ is a proof of their domeitic manufactures; as they have not any factories. In the vicinity of the town of Reading, in Pennfylvania, are ten fulline mills, which induces tlie fame concluTion there ; and mey are very numerous throughout the (tate. The export of fia>ueed is equal to that of former times ; the manufac- ture of oil confumes a far greater quantity than hereto- fore : wherefore a large growth of flax is to be infer- red ; and as we have very few linen fadtories, and the exportation of flax has ceafed, a great domeftid manufac- ture of linens mult exift. The i'ale of fpinning>wheel irons,, in one /hop in the city of Philadelphia, in thecourfe of the lait year, has amounted to 1,500 fets, which, though a fmall fa6t, is Itrongly indicative of the ex- tent of domeflic manufactures, as fpinning wheels are rarely, if ever, exported, or ufed in regular factories. The quantity fold is 29 per cent, greater than in any for- mer year. Nail-making is frequently a houfehold bufmels in New England, a finall anvil being found no inconre- fiience in the corner of a farmer's chimney. Bad wea- ther, hours of difengagenient from the occupations of the farm, and evenings, are thus rendered i'eafons of ftcady and profitable induftry. Public eftimaies of the grain and fruit diltilieries of the united Hates, have |eqn made at 3;5oO;Ooo j^allons -, much the greater part ■m I I20 3 #f which is &ude by farmers and plameri. The \mp6f'' tatioa of cheefe from all countries into the united itates, was only forty (ons, in the year ending in Auguft 17190 : •nd we exported a much larger qji^ntity iu the {am# term, from which a great manufadure of that ar^clc {in the domeftic way, of courfe) is to be inferred. In fliorr, domeftic manufa<^gres are great^ various^ and almoft «m- vcr/al in this country. The implements hitherto u&d in houfchold manufac- tures, have been of the mod ancient kinds. The art of dying has been advanced in fanulies little further than what was communicated by a recipe as brief as thofe in a book of culinary inftru^ions ; the colouring in^edi- ents have generally ^been fuch as nature banded to the thrifty houfewife. The operations, from tlue raw to the manufactured (late, have often been the (iropleft ^at can be conceived. Under circumftances like diefe, it will not be too fanguine to exped that the diiTemination of ufeful inlbrudtion in the prac- tice of dying, in the nature of colours, and concerning other parts of the buHnefs, the introduction of the new improvements in the {n«paring and fpinning machinery, on a (bale as convenient as the i^mmon weaving ai:qpara- tus, aud the general ufe of the fiyingihuttle, and the dcHi- ble loom, may give a twofold value to this moft precious branch of the national indudry. It will not be deemed one of the leaft favourable circumftances in the afiairs of a country fo eminently capacitated for agriculture as the united Itates, that the profperous courfeof that great em- ployment of their citizens, is accompanied with an afli- daous profecution of this economical domeilic occupation, by perions of all ages and fexes, in hours and feafons, wliicli cannot be employed in agricultiural labour or in their ordinary family duties* *#■ # kfyt)tTtOUAL NOTD, On maaiufaihBrtt hi generals THE fidlowiog repKfenudon of tlie minufadurea at prdent exi(tiog in the united ftates, will tend to exhibit the ground or reliance which they afford at this time; and prefents the moft encouraging alTurances qf their dead/ progrefa to permanent eftabliOinient. I. Tmmed and tavted leather , dreffedjklns, viith ondviHhotd the hair or fur, and numfaShwes thereof, form one Qi the beft eftabliflied and moft important branches. The confump^n and esqportation of the following articles^ made whoHy, or in part of leather or flcins, are sreat, and, in (everal inftances, general, and the importation of them, excepting the articles of gloves and fur trimmings, is very inconfiderable. Rigging hides, parchment, ihoes, boots, and flippers, common harnefs of all kinds, bar- nefs and leathern materials for pleafurable carriages, fad* dies and bridles, houfings, holiters, faddlebags, portman* teaus, boot ftraps, leathern and hair trunlu, fire-buckets, military articles, fuch as flings, belts, cartouch boxes and fcabbards; leathern breeches and fome vefts and draw* R ,w4>'; *^ffl' \^ E Ml 5 ers ; men's and youth's, and fome women's gloirei, Ibf inuf a do- other ^et iron, )t8 and id other afurable anchors^ IS, fome ins and ifonablt articles t 121 1 become InconfiderabTe during the exifting petce. TIm abundance of mill feati, ore and fuel in the united ftatcs, a moft extenfive demand, and the heavy charges of imporr tation, are amonc the drcumftances which have given a ii^dkable ellabliQunent ro the i^on maniifadories. IV. Manufa^uret of woti mi mixtures thereof with coitcn 0HdfiaXt form another branch of peculiar importance, from their being princqially the produ£bions of dcMncftic induTo try, at times and feafons which can be fpared from other occupations. Tbefe are broad and narrow cloths, chiefly oy8' hats, a few carpets, fringie, cord, and tailels. This raw material will eventually prove univerfa! u) tbf united ftates, and b already found in every ftate, mm The foiir preceding branches may be thrown into the firft clafs, m regard to pre&nt importance, and are eflar blifhed in a conJtAerabk degree. They are increafing ra. pidly, and particularly the three firft, from the facility of procuring very large quantities c^* the requifiie raw materials, the introduAiort of various new implements and machinery, the abundance of fuel, lime, baric, and other articles employed in their manufadure. The lat- ter is fleadily progreflive in quantity, and has improved rapidly within the lall two yeairs. . v; MamfaSiurei of cotton, r.nd mixtures thereof with ftaj( itmd hemp, as alfo -with vtool, conftitute a growing and ve- ry promiftng branch. In feveral of the dates, factories of this raw material have been commenced. Very con- (iderable quantities of goods are made of it, in the ^Q^fet^old way, and particularly in the fouthern /t^s. 5 »f-. ' ,'. 0f all of which it is a produdipn. The articles ufuaBjr made art corduroys^ velverets, jeans, fiiftians and plaiti and ftriped cloths, for women's ufe, hofiery, thread, fringe, cord andtaflels, counterpanes and coverlets, can* dle-wick, and, when mixed with wool, very large qnap* tities of neero clothing. Connected with this branch is the bufinefe of callico printuig, in which fome promifr ing attempts have been made. VI. Ships 4md boat J, with their numerous and requiHte ap« purtenances, conftitute a branch much lefs valuable m money than the preceding ; but confideringhow neceflary^ they are to agriculture and manufadhires, as well as to (bommeree and the filheries, they appear to be of primi|<« ry importance. Thefe are conftru^led upon the moil fi^« vourable terms, and with great perfection. VII. Paper §/ all iimls, forms a very beneficial branch, of eonfiderable and increadng extent. The fpedes made are paper hangings, playing cards, pafte-boards, fullers or prefs papers, meathing and wrapping paper, writing ^nd printing paper of various kinds and qualities, except the largefl and moft coftly ; appurtenant to this branch is the very increafing and highly ufeful butinefs of boo^ printing. From the abundance of mill feats, and the re- fpedtable eftablifhment of the paper manufaiftory in fom^ pf the ftates, it is manifeft, that a much more conddera? ble faving or gain niight be derived to the copntry, with the requiute attention to the prefervation of the old anj other wife ufelefs materials. VIII. Sugars refined in various degrees, form a branch fo pern fedtly e(labh(hed as to require little attention, but to th^ ^cquifition of the raw material. ufuaUjr d pUii) thread, S) can* eqnap* branch pronufv ifite ap< uable m icceffaiy ell as to f prims^-^ mpft h" [onch, of |es made I, fullers writing except ranch is the re- in fom^ infidera- ., with old and fo per-j It to th<^ ' PC' ; . Cabmet vttrer and turnery, both of the fimpleft and moft elegant lunds, are made in quantities commenjurate itrith the demand, as well of native as foreign materials. ConneAed with thefe infome degree, is the manufa^hire of many kinds c^mufical inlfaruments, which has gained » footing within a few years, that promifes aneftabTifhment adequate to the occalions of the united ftates. Other manufaAures of wood are made in great quantities, fuch as coopers' wares, com fans, and other implements of hufbandry, almoft every fpecies of mill work, and lately the moft valuable and curious mannfafhiring machinery ia various branches. Wares of the precious metals , (gold and filver) indud* ing fet work, and jewellery, are made in great variet/ ana extent. The latefl; addition to this branch is the manufadluring of plated ware, which, however, is not yet coofiderable or eftabliihed, MamtfaSiures of the mixed metals and of lead and cop" per, haveobtained various degrees of eftablifliment. Thofe of hrafs are the mod extenfive, and, combined with iron And wood, there b a conliderable variety. Houfehold Utenfils, technical and philofophical inftruments and materials, furniture and materials for houfes and carriages, and for the building and furnifliing of (hips, a few barrels and fome furniture of fire arms, are manufa^hired of brafs. Pewter and hard metal are very much confined to family utenfils, diftillers worms, printing types, and buttons. The laft article is made with great neatnefs and variety in a few (liops. Lead is vironced into ball, Hieets, and every form requilite for the building and fi- nifhing of houfes and vefTels, and for the linings and co-^ yerings of wood, which is expofed to water. Succefsfbl ;)ttemptsto manufa^ure leaden fhot of various fizes, have ^eqo^ade, S )( t m6 I Copper wares of variout kinds, are made in th^ united ftates. Thefeare utenfiTs for diftillers, fugar refiners^ .brewers, and other man^faQurers, and for domeilic and (hip ufe, anides to he applied in the building of veflTels. ^d in fhort, all ihofe things which are requiiue to uftfoi dnd ordinary purpofes. Tin wares^ for all vfdPul pimpof^s^ wft wiell mamifac* tiired. MamfaShtres frmi fndts, grain, ,and feeds^ are very tonfiderable. Of thenril, diuitted fpirits are the whole, Oi fitnilar li<}uors from apples, the quantity is large ; of '^ofe from peaches, it is much lefs, but|he quality, whea jkhe liquor is matui sd, is estquifite : both are increafnig. Of the manufadures from grain and feeds (exclufive of iQealof all kinds and bifcuit) there is a greater va* Iqe. Thefe are diftilled fpirits, 'malt, malt liquids, (larch^ juir powder, wafers, and oil. Thefe articles could hft inade in quantities commenfurate with the deoi^nd ; a|a4 i^ ieveral branches are well underftpod* The mmmfaihre ^ gunpfwder, has atdvanced with thf ffireateft rapidity to the point of defire in regard both t4 ,f|uantity and quality. The hazards and expenfes of im? I^ortation, the cheapnefs of charcoal, of the requifite pack^s, and of mill feats and ntill work, in the unitecl fiates, are among the principal caufes^ which liaye |^ror ^uced fo ac9elerate4 a prpgrefs. Mamfaihtre^ ofglafsi if earthen vm'e, gndtfftm, nnx» edimih clay, are all in an infant ftate. From the quantity fnd variety of the materials, which muft have been de- pdited b^ nature in fo extendve a region as the united Itates, from the abundance of fuel which they contain, from the expenfe of importation, and lofs by fradure^ ^hidi falls on glafs and earthen warps^ froni die fipipli* % #■ f. aniteij finersi tic ana vcflels. .' *> aaufac* re very > whole, rge; of y, when :reafing. ilofive of jter va. B, ftarcky could b^ ad J ap4 with the both t4 es of init recjuifite le unite4 layc pro* quantity been de- Ibe united contain, fradurci t ttj 3 dty of many of thefe manufa^lures, and from the ^jfttajk confumption of them, impreifions of furprife atthisitate of them, and a firm perfualion that they will receive the early attention of foreign or American capltalilU, are at OQce produced. Coarfe tiles, and brick$, of an excellent quHity, potters' wares, all in quantities beyond the home confumption, a few ordinary veifiris and utenfib of (tone mixed with clay, fome muftard and fnulT bot« ties, a few flaflu or flaggons, a Imall quantity of flieet glafs and of vellels for mnily ufe, generally of the iiifiB« f ior kindS; are all that are now made* . ^ XV. d/Umfaihres firwti the fat and hones tffea and Umd akk tnals, fonn a daiV of conGderable importance. Thefe are tiie feveral kinds'd^ oil, foap, fpermaceti and tallow caxt* dies, articles made of whalebone, fal ammoniac, and vo« latilefalt. mm ^tm IN addition to the above branches or dafles, thdhe are manufa^hired, (be(ides the quantities requifite foe the home demand) a confiderable value for exportation, of the following mifcellaneous articles— potaihes and pearlaAies^ chewing and fmoking tobacco and fnnif, cheefe, working and pleafurable carriages, Windfor and varnKhed chairs, oil of turpendne and rofm, wool and cotton cards, and other implements and utenfils for manufaduring : mid a large value for home confumption of fur hats, bruihes for domeibc and technical purpofes, whips and canes^ manufa^res of horn, mill ftones and hewn ftoml lampblack, ochres and other painters' colours, fome gale^ nical and chemical preparations, clocks and watchei, wearing apparel, and a few manufadhires of filk. '% % -T'iS m ■# fschedu the oft\ DI »i A, N. uw^'- t Paper A.^ Schedule of the whch number of perjons within the fiveral diJIrmsOt the untied pates, according to an aa <^ providing: for the enumeration, . of ihe inhabitants of the united JIates;* pajfed March the jfi, 1790. II i r^-^ PI»TRICTS. MN pi; * Vermont, N. Hampihire, C Maine, 2 Mai^chnfetts, Rhode-Ifland, ConnetfUcut, New- York, Penn^lvania, Delaware, Maryland, < Virginia, ^ Kentucky, North-Carolina f S. Carolina, Georgia, S. W. territory, N.W. territory,:}: SI -Si i 22,435 36,086 24,384 95,453 i6,oif 60,52^ 83,7CX) 45,251 110,788 11,783 55,915 110,936 I5,»54 69,988 15,103 22,328 34,851 24,748 87,289 15,799 54,40? 78,122 41,416 106,948 12,143 51,359 116,135 17,057 77,506 40,505 70,160 46,870 190,5821 32,652' "7,44^ 152,320 83,287 206,363 22,384 101,395 215,046 28,922 140,710 S/aves. Total, 14,044 25,739 85,539 Mi,i8i 96,540 7 378,7875 68,825 237,946 MO, 1 20 184,139. 434,373. 59,»94 5I9,73& 747,610 > 73,6775 393>75i 82,548 J. I 35,691 Truly ftatcd from the ori3« 3 Bombflielli, . lo Bricks, 8.70,550 Beer and porter^ 47* Bnuidy, 97 Cordials, 336 Cordage; ' Carnageg, 220 Candles, tallow, 149,680 Candles, -\irat, 5,274 Candles, snynle^ 249 Cider, « 441 Cottort, 2,027 Coffee, a54»75» Choic:o1{U:e> 39,884 Cocoa, 10,6^3 Cafla and cinnmnon> 9,39^ Pcerfldns, Duck, American, » 77 I)uck,Ruifia, 320 Earthen and glaHi maxp, £111^6 (prtice, 115 Fkdi^ieed, 40,019 Wto, 31,970 Furs, Fumitnre Finery. 'Filh, dried, 378,721 Fjfli, pickled> 36,804 on, wMIe, 15,765 Oil, fpermaceti, 5,431 Cimdles, do. 70,397 ^Whalebone, 121,28.1 Grain, - " ' r Buclj^ivheat, 7, 563 Com, f,i02,ii[7 1 Oats, 98,843 r Ry«» 21,765 .Wheat, t,l 24,458 Ginleng, 8)3 ^nttpowMr, , 5,860 g&t,^ >8>o25 jSito fl Bl ttttciu #03 Brought over tons, caiksy do. boxes. Dbs. do. do. , barreb^ balesj lbs. do. do. do. bc^tjf, do. boxej?, caiks, lbs. quintals, Wrels,- do. do; lbs. do. buihcls, do. t ' do. do* do. caiks, lbs. galls. 845,733. 5^ 100 3,617. JO 4,613 3,oid 637^ * ■ 5,739 54,876 3,461 " S% 58,408 45,753 3>537 950 9»7i5 53,P<=^ 777 3,200 >,999 606 336,072 . 1,468 *0,515 8,351 828,531 "3,if*; 124,908 79,542 27,724 20,417 «f|; 3,572 |,o83,58< 30,900 13,1*81 1,398,998 47,oM 861 16,989 450 Carried over 5»i5o>948 m .£%' i^< 5« An ,9gp >998 86i )i948 t «33 1 Brought over hSS5 200 Jr,4o6 237 to,o$8 tons. tdus, do. HnSrij^^iSer, iJ;5^4 ib«. Hacs, 663 Hay, i,u6 Honui, Ironmoiigeiy^ Iron, gg. Iron, bar, Indigo, . Liifti flock* 'Homdd cattle, Hbries, Mules, SWp, HojES, , .Pomtry, "3.^04 do2« Lumber, 'Staves & head-3^6,4013,301 Shingles, 67,33i,iiJ Shook hogflieaas, S2,^t Hoopsj 1,908,31 6 Boiids, 46,747,730 Hsmdlpiket, 2,36k ICaiks, 2,423 Scantlmg, ^77i9>638 Lumber difft. kindit (^ Umber do. Leather, 22/^98 Logijv^ood, 204 Lignum vitse, 176 Lead and ibot, 4 Mahogany, Medicmes and drngs, Merchandlise, do2. feet. feet, do. lbs. ton^, do. do. 4«% I2,8ji Mekfles, Muflcets, Nankeens, PU, linfeed, ^;Provifions» iTlovir. 2 Bread, I5>f37 koo 724,62^ 75,667 9$>>973 farricd gallons, bales barreU t 9'9>9% ^7,48» y»63i2ii> *i2o,iylr 3«>ooi J9»>i^ «6o,21| 95,36^ ia8,5:oi 139,328 5,3oi ?,9»i 1,76b Bid 18,53^ . 1,73^ 28,156 500 2,31'f 1,96a 4,59*,2^ «iiii ■A- -^, C »J4 1 ; 'Peas and beatitf, 38>75a Beef 44,66 a Pork, 34,46a Hams and bacon, 25^,SS5 Butter, 8,379 Cheefp, 144*734 Potatoes, 5^318 Tongues, 641 Onions, vegetables, - Hogs lard, 6,355 Honey, 165 J^Oyftert, pkkled| 272 Pvnento, 71 S Pepper, j6,ioo Paper^ 169 Paint, 4*650 Pitch, 8,875 RawhldeS| 230 Hawfilk, 177 Rofin, 316 Rice, 100,845 Rum, American, 370*331 Xum, Weft Indiji, I3,62| Raiiins, 213 Salt, 31,935 Sago^ . 2,319 Soap, 597 Snuff, 15,359 Seeds and roots. Shoes and boots, Sadlery, Starch, Sugar, loaf, 16,429 Sunr, brown* 33*358 Sal&fras, 49^504 Steel, 163 Stones fawed| 1 70 T'allow, 200,020 TobaccOk Brought over buih. barrels, t. firkins, }hs, barrels^ do. firkins, do. bags lbs. reams, lbs. barrels, \\»» barrels, tierces, calls. do. cafks, ^xes, lbs. 5^863 'psaxif lbs. do. do. bundles^ lbs. 118,460 ^hhds. 2,^72 chefts. doH«, "»743»475 25,746 a79»55l 308,099 i«,728 4^,587 8,830 6,000 1,598 33,936 3ii475 ' 999 272 4,928 ;,440 9^3 17,488. 485 .489 ^78 T,753,79^ ^35,403 5,795 1,305 8,236 3*967 5,609 3,135 5,74X 5,541 1,135 3,432 Ifc 22,37 ^ 5S5 550 20,723 4,349>567 121,503 farried over 19,852,87 -*. i,.,V 978 [,582 1^ %• tns '' dolli. Broti ight over 19,853,874 136,116^ 'far, 8^,067 barreli. Turpendnej 38,326 do. 73,541 Do, fpiritii 193 do. 1,03a. Tow clotb> 67 pieces^ •12 Vinegar, 34 caflcs. IVinM, 1,074 KT' 83,249 yrtu, •3I1X58 57,597 To the lunth-veft coaft of America, 'jlkmoimt of feveral returns received \ fince the t5tli Febmaiy 1 791. 3 30,194,794 I0,30A •10,810.84. Tom/, *2o,4l 5,966.84 m ^ Qnarterlj retnms from feveral finall diftrias, ara deficient. Afumtnary of the value and deftination of the experts oft6§) united flat eSf agreeably to the foregoing abftraCl, TO the dominions of France. — — 4,698,735*48 To the dominions of Great Britain, — 9,303.416,47 To the dominions of Spain, -^ 3,005,907.16 Ta die dominions of Portugal, — t,383,46c. To the dominions of the nmt.netherlands, 1,963,880. 9 To the dominions of Denmark, — 334,415.5% To the dominions of Swedeni — 47,340 To Flanders, — — 14,398 To Germany, — — 487,787.1% To the Mediterranean, — •— 41,398 To the African iflands and coaft of Africa 1 39,984 To the Eaft-Indies, — — I35,i8i To the north-weft coaft of America, 10,362 t Dollars, 30,415,966.84 IN addition to the fbregpine, a confidenible niunber pf packages have been exported from the united ftates, the value of which, being omitted in the returns from the cuftom-houles, could not be introduced into this abftra^ Zreafury department, Feb. jSthf ly^i, TENCH COXE,a04mt/hri(4rr? t :-'% r. Both iMtely prinUi h M^HEW CjiRET, tlie POWAY TRANSLATION of the Viilzate Biblei' in clemv quarto. Price, neatly bound, sL 51.— elf^ l^ly Qound and gilt, sU 10s. aa. ^ . . 'f' BLAQL's SERMONS, complete, in two voflumM, lamd^ PricCi two Do0ars^ lif]CCKEB.*» TREATISE on the Importance of Rdj^ glous OpinionB. Piice> four fifdjii of a liotiar. nUiit CONSTITUTIONS of the feyeral United States, ^th the FEDERAL CONSTITUTION. Pricff, %# eighths of a Dollar. rfMik, HISTORY of Charlcf) Grvidifon, abridged t SaidC/fRErw/UnuiJi/hhafiwD^fit, ^*>C BEAUTIES OF POETRY, BritUh and Atoeri«l|i, qpiitahung feme <»f the inoft admired pieces in ^ "" '" Language. ffe has alfo in the Prfft, and will puhlijh iSmfev) JVteh, BEATTIE's ELEMENTS OF MORAL SCIENCE. .f [Wtm^MfK fii, who have been diiappointed in their >r complete Sets of the /imertcan Mufctim^ t^^at the PuMifher is now engaged in rc- !a|ii$ficient numbers, and will in future have «f Cbts. Price, neatly bound in nino P#lars and two fifths. •>;*^ 1^ ,.•*> • their 'T :,^^^'^^